Wikipedia igwiki https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihu_mb%E1%BB%A5 MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Midia Ọpụrụiche Ńkàtá Ojiarụ Ńkàtá ojiarụ Wikipedia Ńkàtá Wikipedia Faịlụ Ńkàtá faịlụ MidiaWiki Ńkàtá MidiaWiki Templeeti Ńkàtá templeeti Enyemaka Ńkàtá enyemaka Otú Ńkàtá otú Édēchághị́ Ńkàtá Édēchághị́ TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 10212 672615 94878 2026-07-05T10:43:47Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Winnie Gofit''' a makwaara dị ka '''Winifred Gofit''' (amụrụ na Mee 22, 1994) bụ onye egwuregwu igba mgba na [[Naijiria]]. Ọ bụ onye nrite ọla edo nke [[:en:African_Wrestling_Championships|African Championships]] na 2017 na 2018. O burukwa onye nrite ọla ọcha nke Commonwealth Wrestling Championship.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Winnie GOFIT / IJF.org|url=https://www.ijf.org/judoka/9716}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Winifred Gofit, Judoka, JudoInside|url=https://www.judoinside.com/judoka/80625/Winifred_Gofit/judo-videos}}</ref> Aha Winnie sonyere na '''Nigerian Judo Hall Of Fame''' dị ka nwanyị kachasị elu na Nigeria Judo Federation.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Judo Hall of Fame|url=http://judo.sitesng.com/en_Hall+of+Fame.html|accessdate=2020-11-24|archivedate=2020-11-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201116171157/http://judo.sitesng.com/en_Hall+of+Fame.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=International Wrestling Database|url=https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbwrestling/daten.php?spid=752574813E224AD2BE732D573D1FC448}}</ref> == Ọrụ egwuregwu == N’afọ 2017, ọ ritere ọla edo n’ihe omume nke [[:en:African_Wrestling_Championships|Freestyle 75 kg]] n’egwuregwu asọmpi nke [[:en:2017_African_Wrestling_Championships|2017 African Wrestling Championships]] emere na [[:en:Marrakesh|Marrakesh]], [[Morocco]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Wrestling Database|url=https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbwrestling/daten.php?wkid=8C038ECD1F4444209C1BC99B553A0AE0&gkl=8}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Seven Nigerians win gold in Morocco|url=https://punchng.com/seven-nigerians-win-gold-in-morocco/}}</ref> Nakwa na 2017, ọ nọchitere Naijiria anya na asọmpi [[:en:Commonwealth_Wrestling_Championship|Commonwealth Wrestling Championship]] nke emere na [[:en:Johannesburg|Johannesburg]], [[:en:South_Africa|South Africa]] wee rite ọla ọcha na ihe omume ụmụ nwaanyị nke 72kg.<ref>{{Cite web|last=tristan|title=Commonwealth Wrestling Championship|url=https://unitedworldwrestling.org/event/commonwealth-wrestling-championship-0|language=en}}</ref> Na 2018, o ritere nrite ọla edo na mmemme nke ụmụ nwanyị n'arọ 72kg n'asọmpi nke [[:en:2018_African_Wrestling_Championships|2018 Afrikan Wrestling Championships]] nke emere na [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port Harcourt]], Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=International Wrestling Database|url=https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbwrestling/daten.php?wkid=11019ECCC6304146BF074B5BC48433C2&gkl=9}}</ref> == Ebe m si dee == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Category:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1994]] [[Òtù:Category:Onye n'eme egwuregwu igba mgba]] [[Òtù:Category:Nwaanyị egwuregwu]] [[Òtù:Category:Onye Egwuregwu Nigeria]] h9zw9pyvyquzkxs98sehs9x0mwtuhks 0 11007 672561 196781 2026-07-04T23:01:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}   '''''The Set Up''''' nụ ihe nkiri Naijiria nke afọ 2019 bụ ihe nkiri mkpali mmụọ nke ejije ,mpụ na ihe ga-eme na ọdịnihu nke Niyi Akinmolayan duziri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Video: Niyi Akinmolayan talks about new movie ''The Set Up'' - P.M. News|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/07/30/video-niyi-akinmolayan-talks-about-new-movie-the-set-up/|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=www.pmnewsnigeria.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Aina|first=Chineze|date=2019-08-31|title=Nollywood Movie ' The Set-Up' , Crazy Plot and A Show|url=https://medium.com/@chinezeeziamakaaina/nollywood-movie-the-set-up-lgbtq-undertones-crazy-plot-and-a-show-a1c7157e89ed|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=Medium|language=en}}</ref> ihe nkiri a gosipụtara [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Akande]], [[Adesua Etomi]] na [[Kehinde Bankole]] ka ndị isi ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=editor|date=2019-06-22|title=Jim Iyke, Adesua Etomi, Thrill in 'The Set Up'|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/06/22/jim-iyke-adesua-etomi-thrill-in-the-set-up/|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> akụkọ ndị na ihe nkiri a bụ gbasara nwata nwaanyị onye hapụrụ àgwà ezi akparamagwa ya mgbe ọ na-eri eto wee bụrụ onye ohi,iji rijuo afọ na ndụ. Eweputara ihe nkiri a n'abalị iteghete nke ọnwa ọgọstụ nke afọ 2019 ma nwetakwa nnabata na nkwutọ maka ntụgharị akụkọ ndịnaya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Aigbokhaevbolo|first=Oris|date=2019-09-08|title=Niyi Akinmolayan's The Set Up is a smart Nollywood ride|url=https://medium.com/@Catchoris/niyi-akinmolayans-the-set-up-is-a-smart-nollywood-ride-ad9370baab3d|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=Medium|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-24|title=The Set Up (Nollywood movie) Review|url=https://everyevery.ng/the-set-up-nollywood-movie-review/|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=EveryEvery|language=en-US}}</ref> Agbanyeghị nnabata n'ezigbo oke,ihe nkiri a nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na igbe ụlọ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-26|title='Set Up': Ebuka, Daniel Ademinokan applaud the movie breaking grounds in Nollywood|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/set-up-ebuka-applaud-the-movie-breaking-grounds-in-nollywood/e7e45ew|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-06-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200608083710/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/set-up-ebuka-applaud-the-movie-breaking-grounds-in-nollywood/e7e45ew}}</ref> E gosipụtara ihe nkiri a na Netflix n'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ọnwa April , afọ 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Set Up {{!}} Netflix|url=https://www.netflix.com/title/81270837|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=www.netflix.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-20|title=Niyi Akinmolayan's 'The Set Up' is coming to Netflix!|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/niyi-akinmolayans-the-set-up-is-coming-to-netflix/x4xdjjl|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ Ndịnaya == Ụmụ nwanyị abụọ, Grace (Kehinde Bakole) na Chike (Adesua Etomi), ezigbo enyi, mechara bụrụ ndị na-ere ọgwụ iji dị ndụ. Chike bụ onye na-ebu ọgwụ ọjọọ natara ego na ọgwụ karịa ihe akpara ha wee dobanye ya n'ụdị ọnyà aghụghọ mgbe ndị socialites Edem (Jim Iyke) na Madame (Tina Mba) gooro ya ka ọ lụọ onye isi bara ọgaranya (Dakore Akande). <ref>{{Cite web|author=nollywoodreinvented|date=2020-01-17|title=The Set Up|url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/01/the-set-up.html|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=Nollywood REinvented|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndị Sonyere n'ihe nkiri == * [[Dakore Egbuson-Akande|Dakore Akande]] ka onye nketa * [[Adesua Etomi]] dị ka Chike * [[Kehinde Bankole]] dị ka Grace * Jim Iyke di kaEdem * [[Tina Mba]] dị ka Madame (Enitan) * [[Joke Silva|Egwuregwu Silva]] * Ayoola Ayola * Uzor Arukwe == Mmepụta == Ihe nkiri a mere akara nke asaa nke nduzi ihe nkiri nyere Niyi Akinmolayan mgbe ''Kajola'', ''Mee a Paghaa'', ''Ụra'', ''The Arbitration'', ''The Wedding Party 2'' na ''Chief Daddy'' gachara. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-07|title=Nigerian movie The Set Up - What is Niyi Akinmolayan's new movie about?|url=https://nollymania.com/nigerian-movie-the-set-up/|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=NollyMania|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a gosikwara mmekorita nke abụọ n'etiti onye nduzi Niyi na onye edemede Chiza Onuzo ka ''The Wedding Party 2 gasịrị'' ma emepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ Inkblot Productions, na-egosi ihe nkiri nke iri ya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-06|title=Dakore Akande, Adesua Etomi-Wellington, Jim Iyke, others star in new film 'The Set Up'|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/dakore-akande-adesua-etomi-wellington-jim-iyke-others-star-in-new-film-the-set-up/sx3eqxe|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019045733/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/dakore-akande-adesua-etomi-wellington-jim-iyke-others-star-in-new-film-the-set-up/sx3eqxe}}</ref> Emere ụfọdụ ihe nkiri ahụ na [[Lagos]] . Ekpughere Mmalite nke ihe nkiri ahụ na Julaị 3,2019. <ref>{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2019-07-04|title=WATCH the Official Trailer for Niyi Akinmolayan's 'The Set Up' starring Jim Iyke, Adesua Etomi-Wellington, Dakore Egbuson-Akande|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/07/watch-the-official-trailer-for-niyi-akinmolayans-the-set-up-starring-jim-iyke-adesua-etomi-wellington-dakore-egbuson-akande/|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> Emere ihe nkiri a mbụ na FilmHouse cinemas dị na Lagos n'abalị anọ nke ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-06|title=Trust no one and believe nothing - Behind the mystery and glam of The Set Up movie premiere at Filmhouse Cinemas|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/trust-no-one-and-believe-nothing-behind-the-mystery-and-glam-of-the-set-up-movie/e49ll5x|accessdate=2020-06-08|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nrụtụka == == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|10397734}} 1de9gq5szp1u0is8mrk22ysvp0ejbyi 0 11172 672228 190186 2026-07-04T13:21:16Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672228 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}  [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Michelle Bello''' (amuru '''Michelle Aisha Bello''' ; 30 Septemba 1982) bu onye na eduzi ma mmepụta ihe nkiri BritishNaijiria na onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ntụrụndụ na mbipụta na Naijiria, Blu Star Entertainment Limited. A mụrụ Bello na London, England. == Ndu mbido == Nke nta nke ụmụ abụọ, amụrụ Bello na September 1982 nye Abdullahi Dominic na Sylviane Bello. Bello bụ onye Naijiria, French, African-American na onye [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]] . Ọ nọrọ afọ nwata ya na Lagos, Naịjirịa, ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ, ọ gawara England ebe ọ nwetara ma GCSE na asambodo A-level . Ọ bụ mgbe ọ na-etolite na England ka ọ chọpụtara na ọ na-agụsi ya agụụ ike ime ihe nkiri, ọ dịghị eleghachi azụ na ime ihe nkiri. == Ọrụ == Bello gawara United States na 2001 imuta communications (ihe mmụta puruiche na Visual Media) na American University nke di na Washington D.C. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, o mere ọtụtụ ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi na n'oge mmemme ọmụmụ ihe ná mba ọzọ na in Prague, nke Czech Republic, Bello mere obere ihe nkiri 16mm mbụ ya akpọrọ Sheltered. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum America na 2005, ọ laghachiri na Nigeria ka ọ gbasoo ebum n'obi ya nke ịghọ onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri / onye nduzi. Na 2007, Bello na onye na-emeputa ihe nkiri TV a ma ama na onye na-emekwa ihe ngosi Mo Abudu rụrụkoro ọrụ dị ka onye sonyere na-emepụta ihe na ihe ngosi MNet TV Moments with Mo. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ mepụtara vidiyo egwu na-emeri ihe nrite Greenland maka onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ese foto TY Bello. Michelle mepụtara ma duzie ihe nkiri izizi ya akpọrọ Small Boy na ngwụcha 2007. Ihe nkiri ahụ ghọrọ ihe ịga nke ọma ozugbo na US n'ime ihe nkiri narị anọ, a họpụtara ya maka onyinye abụọ na American Black Film Festival na Los Angeles n'afọ sochirinụ. Nhọpụta ndị a bụ Heineken Red Star Award maka 'Innovation in Film' na ihe nrite onye na-eme ihe nkiri nke Target maka 'Ihe nkiri kachasị mkpali'. N'ihu ụlọ, Small Boy gara n'ihu nweta ihe nrite abụọ nke African Movie Academy maka 'Best Art Direction' na 'Best Young Child Actor' na Eprel 2009. Emere ihe nkiri a na Lagos, Nigeria na Mee 2010. <ref>[http://www.bellanaija.com/2010/06/09/michelle-bellos-acclaimed-feature-film-small-boy-premieres-in-lagos/ Small Boy Movie premiers in Lagos]</ref> ya na ndị ama ama Nollywood na ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-eme ihe bịara. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Bello laghachiri na United States wee nweta nzere masta na Communications, ọkachamara na Film Directing, na Mahadum Regent dị na Virginia. O ji ohere ahụ mepụta nka ya wee mee ọtụtụ ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi. Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum Regent, a họpụtara Bello ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ICM Talent Agency nke a ma ama na 2011 Cannes Film Festival . Ọ gara ememme ihe nkiri Sundance n'afọ ahụ dịka akụkụ nke mmemme klas nke mahadum haziri wee zute ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri a ma ama n'oge ọ nọrọ. Enyere Michelle ihe nrite Trailblazer a ma ama na nke chọsiri ike na ihe nrite Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards 2014 na nso nso a, nke mere na Lagos, Nigeria. Ndị ọka ikpe ndị votu kwuru na a na-enye ya ihe nrite a "maka ntinye aka ya na igosi nkà ya, nka ya na ikike ya maka ụzọ dị mma na sinima Africa". Ihe nrite a biara ya na ụgbọ ala Hyundai ọhụrụ. A họpụtara Flower Girl n'onwe ya maka ihe nrite AMVCA anọ gụnyere ihe nkiri kacha mma na onye na-akwado, onye na-eme ihe nkiri wee gaa n'ihu nweta, onye edemede kacha mma na ihe nkiri na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma. Michelle na-emepụta ihe nkiri ya nke atọ ugbu a. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/02/flower-girl-goes-to-cinemas/|title='Flower Girl' goes to cinemas|publisher=Vanguardngr.com|date=9 February 2013|accessdate=24 September 2013}}</ref> <ref>[http://www.bellanaija.com/2013/01/22/michelle-bellos-romantic-movie-flower-girl-starring-damilola-adegbite-chris-attoh-eku-edewor-to-premiere-this-valentines-day-view-the-official-trailer-poster/]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Editor|url=http://thenet.ng/2012/11/get-set-for-flower-girl-nigerias-newest-romantic-comedy/|title=Get set for 'Flower Girl' Nigeria's newest romantic comedyNigerian Entertainment Today – Nigeria's Number 1 Entertainment Daily &#124; Nigerian Entertainment Today – Nigeria's Number 1 Entertainment Daily|publisher=Thenet.ng|date=|accessdate=24 September 2013}}</ref> <ref name="Flower Girl Movie">{{Cite web |url=http://www.flowergirlthemovie.com/ |title=Flower Girl Movie |accessdate=2021-11-27 |archivedate=2023-03-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327015921/https://flowergirlthemovie.com/ }}</ref> === Ọrụ ndị ọzọ === N'okpuru nche anwụ Blu Star Entertainment Limited, Bello bipụtara The Film Directory, akwụkwọ na-edepụta ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ụlọ ọrụ Naijiria na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ewepụtara mbipụta nke mbụ na Septemba 2007 na Abuja Film Festival ma ndị ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị gụnyere [https://web.archive.org/web/20130928113453/http://www.nfc.gov.ng/ Nigerian Film Corporation] na [http://www.nfvcb.gov.ng National Film and Video Censors Board kwadoro ya] . == Ndụ onwe onye == Dịka nwata n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'England, ikike egwuregwu Bello mere ka ọ banye na netball ụlọ akwụkwọ, igwu mmiri na ndị egwuregwu okirikiri. Na mgbakwunye na nke a, o wepụtara oge maka akụkụ egwu nke ọdịdị ya ma mụta ịkpọ saxophone na piano. Nna Bello nke Naijiria, Air Vice Marshal Abdullahi Bello (rtd.), A mụrụ na Jimeta, [[Yola]], [[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa State]], wee ruo n'ọkwa wee bụrụ onyeisi ndị ọrụ ụgbọelu kacha nta na Africa na 1980. Ka afọ iri abụọ na ise nke ọrụ ọma gachara ọ kwụsịrị maka ezumike nka n'ọrụ ụgbọ elu Naịjirịa . Nne ya onye America/French, Sylvaline, bụ onye ama ama n'ihe gbasara nka nka nke Naijiria, na-akwalite arụmọrụ na nka n'ụlọ na mba ofesi dịka onye isi oche otu NGO Naijiria akpọrọ Masoma Africa Foundation fnke Arts. Site na nwata, nne Bello kpughere ya na ihe masars egwu, ihe ngosi na ihe nkiri nke ọ na-atọ ụtọ mgbe niile. == Ihe nkiri == * Sheltered (2005), Director/Producer * Small Boy <ref name="Small Boy Movie">{{Cite web |url=http://smallboymovie.com/ |title=Small Boy Movie. |accessdate=2021-11-27 |archivedate=2017-05-10 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510110934/http://smallboymovie.com/ }}</ref> (2009), Onye isi / Onye Mmepụta * Flower Girl <ref name="Flower Girl Movie"/> (2013), Onye isi / Onye Mmepụta * Immoral Dilemma (2016) - Onye Mmekọ == Igwe onyonyo == * Moments with Mo – Oge 1 (2007) Onye mmekọ mmekọ * Sesame Street Nigeria - Oge 1 (2010) Onye isi == Vidiyo egwu == * Greenland (2007) Onye mmepụta == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta == * Onye mmeri: Nhazi kacha mma - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014. * Onye mmeri: Nhazi ụda kacha mma - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014. <ref name=":0" /> * Onye mmeri: egwu kacha mma maka Efya - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014. <ref name=":0" /> * Onye mmeri: Ndezi kacha mma - Nollywood Movies Awards 2014. <ref name=":0" /> * Onye mmeri: Ihe nkiri Nollywood Ọhụrụ ọkacha mmasị - Screen Nation Awards 2014. <ref name=":0" /> * Onye mmeri: The Trailblazer Award - Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards 2014. <ref name=":0" /> * Onye mmeri: Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma - Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards 2014. <ref name=":0" /> * Onye mmeri: Edemede kacha mma (Comedy) - Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards 2014. <ref name=":0" /> * Onye mmeri: Ihe nkiri Africa kacha mma - Black International Film Festival UK 2013. <ref name=":0" /> * Ahọpụtara: Ihe nkiri kacha mma 2013 - Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards 2014. <ref name=":0" /> * Ahọpụtara: Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma - Africa Magic Viewer's Choice Awards 2014. <ref name=":0" /> * Nhọpụta: ọkacha mmasị Female African International Emerging Screen Talent - Screen Nation Awards 2014. <ref name=":0" /> * Ahapụrụ: Ihe nkiri kacha mma - African International Film Festival 2013. <ref name="Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA)"> [http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2009 Small Boy: Africa Movie Academy Awards (AMAA).] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405090903/http://www.ama-awards.com/amaa-nominees-and-winners-2009 |date=5 April 2011 }}</ref> * A họpụtara: Best Lighting - African Movie Academy Awards 2013. <ref name=":0" /> * Nwa ntakiri: African Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) - Award for Best Art Direction 2009. <ref name=":0" /> * Nwa ntakiri: African Movie Academy Awards (AMAA) - Award for Best Young Child Actor 2009. <ref name=":0" /> * Obere Nwa: Nhọpụta na American Black Film Festival na Los Angeles 2008 (ihe nrite Heineken Red Star Award for Innovation in Film) * Obere Nwa: Nhọpụta na American Black Film Festival na Los Angeles 2008 (onyinye ihe nkiri Target maka ihe nkiri na-akpali akpali) * Nwa agbọghọ Ifuru: Ihe nrite ihe nkiri Afrịka (AMAA) 2013 – Ahọpụtara maka ọganiru na ọkụ * Nwa agbọghọ Ifuru: Ahọpụtara nke ọma ka enyocha ya na 2013 Hollywood Black Film Festival na Los Angeles na 3 October 2013 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=http://www.hbff.org/hbff-2013-official-selections/ |title=Hollywood Black Film Festival Official Selections 2013. |accessdate=2021-11-27 |archivedate=2013-09-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927073633/http://www.hbff.org/hbff-2013-official-selections/ }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/hollywood-black-film-festival-announces-official-2013-lineup |title=HBFF Official Selections 2013. |accessdate=2021-11-27 |archivedate=2014-03-30 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330210206/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/hollywood-black-film-festival-announces-official-2013-lineup }}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị na-emepụta ihe nkiri Naijiria * Nwa agbọghọ Ifuru == Nsidee ==  {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20211127055853/http://www.blustarentertainment.com/ Ụgwọ nke ụlọ ọrụ Blu Star Entertainment Limited] * [[imdbtitle:1855348|IMDB]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] t5b3wkerntnfunfr5swqa99v83yf27a 0 11531 672585 577668 2026-07-05T02:00:29Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Toyin Ojih Odutola''' (amuru 1985) bu onye Naijiria-Amerika nke oge a na-ese ihe nlere anya nke ama ama maka eserese otutu mgbasa ozi doro anya ma na-aru oru na akwukwo. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Morse|first=Trent|date=2014-01-08|title=Making Cutting-Edge Art with Ballpoint Pens|url=http://www.artnews.com/2014/01/08/great-art-made-with-ballpoint-pens/|accessdate=2017-09-29|work=ARTnews|language=en-US}}</ref> Ụdị ya pụrụ iche nke ime akara gbagwojuru anya na nhazi dị mma na-atụgharị uche n'ụdị na ọdịnala nke eserese na ịkọ akụkọ. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Sydney Gove|date=2017-02-26|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola Uses Art To Challenge Invented Constructs Of The Self|language=en|work=NYLON|url=https://www.nylon.com/articles/toyin-ojih-odutola-interview|accessdate=2017-09-29}}</ref> Ihe osise Ojih Odutola na-enyochakarị isiokwu dịgasị iche iche site na enweghị mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba, ihe nketa nke ochichi ndị ocha, queer na atụ tụ nwoke maọbu nwaanyị<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Fallon|first=Claire|date=2015-12-09|title=Stunning Ballpoint Imagery Explores Blackness And The Power Of Ink|language=en-US|work=Huffington Post|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/toyin-ojih-odutola-portraits_us_5666e090e4b079b2818ff529|accessdate=2017-09-29}}</ref> A mụrụ Ojih Odutola na 1985 na Ile-Ife, [[Naijiria|Nigeria]], ebe nne na nna ya bụ ndị nkuzi. N'afọ 1990, nne ya, Nelene Ojih, kpọọrọ Toyin na nwanne ya nwoke dị afọ abụọ ga United Steeti ka ọ soro nna ha, Dr. Jamiu Ade Odutola, na Berkeley, California, ebe ọ nọ na-eme nchọpụta na nkuzi kemisitiri na mahadum . Mgbe afọ anọ gasịrị na Berkeley, ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Huntsville, Alabama na afọ 1994 ebe nna ya ghọrọ prọfesọ osote na Mahadum Alabama A&amp;amp;M <ref>https://sciences.academickeys.com/whoswho.php?dothis=display&folk[IDX]=992900</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aamu.edu/academics/colleges/engineering-technology-physical-sciences/departments/physics-chemistry-mathematics/chemistry/faculty-staff.html|title=Faculty and Staff - Alabama A&M University}}</ref> na nne ya nọọsụ. Ojih Odutola bụ onye [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] na ndị [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] sitere na nna ya na nne nne ya. <ref name="vogue.com">{{Cite web|author=Kazanjian|first=Dodie|title=Reimagining Black Experience in the Radical Drawings of Toyin Ojih Odutola|url=https://www.vogue.com/article/toyin-ojih-odutola-interview-vogue-august-2018|work=Vogue|date=17 July 2018|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref> Na 2007, mgbe ọ na-agụsịbeghị akwụkwọ, ọ sonyere na Norfolk Summer Residency nke egwu na ụzụ, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/toyin-odutola/biography|work=Artnet|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yale Norfolk School of Art|url=https://www.art.yale.edu/about/study-areas/summer-programs/norfolk|work=Norfolk-Yale School of Art|accessdate=5 July 2020}}</ref> site na Mahadum Yale na Connecticut. Obere oge na 2008, ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Arts na Studio Art na Communications si Mahadum Alabama na Huntsville . <ref name="JACK">[https://web.archive.org/web/20181126134844/http://www.jackshainman.com/files/4615/4040/0665/Ojih_Odutola_Biography.pdf "Ojih Odutola Biography"], Jack Shainman Gallery, Retrieved 25 November 2018.</ref> Na 2012, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta Master of Fine Arts na kọleji California nke Arts, na San Francisco. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.toyinodutola.com/|title=AllContent|work=Toyin Ojih Odutola|accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ na California College of Arts na San Francisco, o gosipụtara ihe nkiri solo mbụ ya na New York, "(MAPS)" na Jack Shainman Gallery na 2011. Ọ bụ mkpokọta ọnụ ọgụgụ ojii n'otu n'otu na nzụlite ọcha depụtara n'ọnọdụ ya, nke e sere n'ígwé nwere mkpịsị bọọlụ. Echiche ndị dị n'azụ usoro akpụkpọ ahụ dị ka ọdịdị ala gosipụtara ya dị ka olu ọhụrụ na ihe ngosi anya nke akpụkpọ ojii. <ref name="vogue.com"/> Forbes gosipụtara Ojih Odutola na 2012 ndepụta mmadụ 30 ama ama n'okpuru afọ 30 na udi "Art & Style." <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/pictures/mkl45jfhj/toyin-odutola-artist-2/#76d71ec97074|title=Toyin Odutola, Artist, 27 - pg.21|author=Adams|first=Susan|work=Forbes|accessdate=2017-09-29}}</ref> <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/adamlehrer/2016/02/25/artist-toyin-ojih-odutola-explores-and-questions-the-construct-of-blackness/#79c967cbc015|title=Artist Toyin Ojih Odutola Explores and Questions the Construct of Blackness|author=Lehrer|first=Adam|work=Forbes|date=2016-02-25|accessdate=2017-09-29|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, ihe ngosi ngosi ihe ngosi ihe ngosi ya, "Akụkọ A Na-adịghị Anya," na Contemporary Art Museum St Louis, webatara akụkọ akụkọ na ederede n'ime ọrụ ya, na-egosi mgbanwe na omume ụlọ ọrụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-25|title=Toyin Odutola: Untold Stories|url=https://camstl.org/exhibitions/toyin-odutola-untold-stories/|accessdate=2020-09-29|work=Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2016, o gosipụtara "A Matter of Fact," ihe ngosi ngosi solo na Museum of the African Diaspora, na San Francisco, na-enyocha ụdị ọrụ ọhụrụ ọ malitere n'oge obibi ya na Headlands Center for Arts, na Sausalito, California. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola|url=http://www.headlands.org/artist/toyin-ojih-odutola/|accessdate=2020-10-17|work=Headlands Center for the Arts|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ ya bụ akụkọ mkpuchi egosipụtara maka ''Juxtapoz Magazine'' na Nọvemba 2017, n'oge ngosi ihe ngosi solo nke ihe ngosi nka, "To Wander Determined," na Whitney Museum of American Art, na New York. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.juxtapoz.com/news/magazine/features/behind-the-cover-toyin-ojih-odutola/|title=Beyond the Cover: Toyin Ojih Odutola|author=Benson|first=Eben|accessdate=2017-09-29|language=en}}</ref> Ihe ngosi ahụ gosipụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ dị egwu jikọtara ya na akụkọ ifo nke usoro ndị eze abụọ na-achị Naịjirịa, bụ ndị otu ụmụ nwoke akpọrọ aha sitere na ezinaụlọ abụọ jikọtara. Ojih Odutola na-ewebata eserese dị ka mkpokọta nzuzo sitere na ezinaụlọ ndị a, nke sitere na klaasị dị iche iche na-enweghị akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọchịchị colonial. Ntọala dị n'azụ ihe onyonyo a bụ akụkọ ifo na-akpọ ndị na-ege ntị ka ha ghọta eziokwu dị n'azụ ha. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Carroll|first=Rebecca|title=Wandering with Determination and Beauty|url=https://www.wnyc.org/story/review-wandering-determination-beauty/|work=WNYC|accessdate=8 July 2020}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ''Lida A. Orzeck '68 Distinguished Artist-in-Residence'' maka afọ agụmakwụkwọ nke 2017 ruo 2018 na Barnard College na New York. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://barnard.edu/news/visual-artist-toyin-ojih-odutola-join-barnard-college-orzeck-artist-residence|title=Visual Artist Toyin Ojih Odutola to Join Barnard College as Orzeck Artist-in-Residence|accessdate=2019-03-16|language=en}}</ref> Na 2018, o sonye na 12th iteration nke Manifesta international biennial, na Palermo, Italy, na ihe ngosi ya, "Scenes of Exchange." <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-15|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola|url=http://m12.manifesta.org/toyin-ojih-odutola/|accessdate=2020-09-22|work=Manifesta 12 Palermo|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Septemba 2018, ahọpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị nka 21 ahọpụtara maka ihe ''nrite Ọhụụ Ọdịnihu Art'' maka 2019, gosipụtara na ngosi otu na PinchukArtCentre na Kiev, Ukraine, nke mechara mee njem ka etinye ya na ihe ngosi nkwekọrịta maka Venice 58th. Biennale na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://futuregenerationartprize.org/|title=The Future Generation Art Prize|work=Future Generation Art Prize|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-09|archivedate=2019-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119022000/https://futuregenerationartprize.org/}}</ref> A kpọbatara Ojih Odutola na ''klaasị mba nke 2019'', nke National Academy of Design . Nhọpụta nsọpụrụ na ọdịnala nke ndụ niile malitere na 1825, ndị otu ugbu a na-ezobe na-ahọpụta ma na-ahọpụta klas ọhụrụ kwa afọ na-asọpụrụ onyinye dị ịrịba ama nke ndị na-ese ihe na akwụkwọ akụkọ na akụkọ nkà America. Ihe ngosi na ihe osise nke ndị nnọchianya gosipụtara na-akpali ọgbọ na-abịa n'ihu ka ha na-azụlite omenala ya nke dị afọ 200. Ndị Ọkammụta Mba na-enyere aka dị ka ndị nnọchianya maka nka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nationalacademy.org/class-of-2019|title=Class of 2019|work=National Academy of Design|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-03}}</ref> N'August 2020, ihe ngosi ngosi solo nke mbụ ya na United Kingdom meghere na The Curve gallery na Barbican Center, London, akpọrọ "A Countervailing Theory." Kpọmkwem maka kọmishọna a, Ojih Odutola kere ọrụ iri anọ na-egosi ilu mgbe ochie e debere na etiti Jos Plateau nke Naijiria. N'ajụjụ ọnụ onye na-ese ihe na ''The Guardian'', Ojih Odutola kwuru na ihe ngosi a sitere na akụkụ abụọ: ịgụ banyere usoro nkume oge ochie na Central Nigeria; na ịnụ banyere onye ọkà mmụta ihe ochie nke German bụ onye n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na-ekwu na ihe oyiyi ọla a chọtara na Nigeria bụ 'Greeks si Atlantis' n'ihi na ọ 'enweghị ike iche n'echiche nke ndị Naijiria nwere ikike uche iji mepụta ihe ndị dị otú ahụ ziri ezi na ndị mara mma'. N'ime ihe osise ojii na nke ọcha abụọ a na-atụgharị 'edemede n'akụkụ ọ bụla', n'okwu onye na-ese ihe. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2020|title=Interview - Artist Toyin Ojih Odutola: 'I'm interested in how power dynamics play out'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/aug/01/artist-toyin-ojih-odutola-through-drawing-i-can-cope-with-racism-sexism-cultural-friction|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=The Guardian}}</ref> Onye edemede, Zadie Smith, dere edemede na isiokwu nke ihe ngosi na ''New Yorker'', tinyekwara na katalọgụ ihe ngosi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola: A Countervailing Theory {{!}} Barbican|url=https://www.barbican.org.uk/our-story/press-room/toyin-ojih-odutola-a-countervailing-theory|accessdate=2020-09-22|work=www.barbican.org.uk|language=en}}</ref> == Ụdị na mmetụta == Ojih Odutola bụ onye amara nke ọma maka eserese eserese ya zuru oke, kpamkpam ma ọ bụ nke ejiri ink mkpịsị oji mee ya. Ọrụ ya na nso nso a gbasaara gụnyere unyi, pastel, nzu na pensụl. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sfmoma.org/raw-material/|title=Raw Material: A Podcast from SFMOMA|work=SFMOMA|language=en|accessdate=2017-09-29}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, onye na-ese ihe adịghị ewere onwe ya dị ka onye na-ese foto; isiokwu nke eserese ya na-esite n'ọtụtụ mmadụ dị iche iche. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2020|title=Toyin Ojij Odutola {{!}} Artist Profile|url=https://ocula.com/artists/toyin-ojih-odutola/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=Ocula}}</ref> Ọ na-eto onye nkuzi nka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Dana Bathurst, maka iwebata ya na ndị na-ese ihe osise nke Africa-American dị ka Jacob Lawrence, Elizabeth Catlett, Romare Bearden na Barkley L. Hendricks . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/08/t-magazine/yaa-gyasi-toyin-ojih-odutola.html|title=A Portrait of the Artist as a Young African Immigrant|author=Selasi|first=Taiye|date=2017-05-08|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2019-03-02|language=en-US}}</ref> Ojih Odutola enwetawokwa mkpali na mmetụta sitere na akwụkwọ ndị na-atọ ọchị, manga Japanese, na anime. Ọzọkwa, ịmụ ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe n'oge a dị ka Kerry James Marshall, Wangechi Mutu, na Julie Mehretu nwere mmetụta mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bramowitz|first=Julie|title=Toyin Odutola and the Public Struggle|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/toyin-odutola-the-constant-struggle|work=Interview Magazine|date=3 December 2013}}</ref> A na-elekarị ọrụ Ojih Odutola anya dị ka ihe ịma aka ọtụtụ echiche ọdịnala gbasara ọha mmadụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị yana usoro nke akọwara ya. Ọrụ ya bụ ụzọ ebum n’obi sụgharịa akụkọ ndị ahụ gbasara agbụrụ, njirimara, na klaasị n’anya. A na-eme nke a site na usoro mgbasa ozi na elu ọ na-eji yana textures ewepụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ na ọdịdị ala ọ na-egosi na eserese ya zuru ezu. Maka Ojih Odutola, ederede bụ ụdị nzikọrịta ozi na asụsụ ya na onye na-ekiri ya. Akara dị iche iche ọ na-emepụta na-anọchi anya ụdị olumba na ụda olu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/toyin-ojih-odutola-on-connecting-with-others-through-portraiture|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola on connecting with others through portraiture|date=2019-09-19|work=PBS NewsHour|language=en-us|accessdate=2019-12-03}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == Ihe ngosi sọlo ahọpụtara: * 2008: ''A Colonized Mind'', University Center Gallery, University of Alabama in Huntsville, Alabama, tesis solo ngosi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola Biography|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/toyin-odutola/biography|work=Artnet|accessdate=9 July 2020}}</ref> * 2011: ''(MAPS)'', Jack Shainman Gallery, New York, bụ nke gosipụtara ihe ngosi mbụ ya na gallery na New York City. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jackshainman.com/exhibitions/past/2011/toyin-odutola|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola: (MAPS)|work=jackshainman.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-24}}</ref> * 2013: ''Obodo m enweghị aha'', Jack Shainman Gallery, New York, nke na-ekwu banyere isiokwu na malleability na nrutuaka gbasara njirimara na otú ihe osise nwere ike isi bụrụ naanị ihe na-ekewapụ nke mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jackshainman.com/exhibitions/past/2013/toyin-odutola|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola: My Country Has No Name|work=jackshainman.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-24}}</ref> * 2013-2014: ''The Constant Wrestler'', Indianapolis Museum of Contemporary Art (iMOCA), Indianapolis, Indiana. Julie Bramowitz mechara gosipụta ihe ngosi ahụ maka ''Magazin Interview'', nke e bipụtara na Disemba 3, 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/toyin-odutola-the-constant-struggle|title=Interview Magazine: Toyin Odutola and the Public Struggle|accessdate=2019-03-24|date=2013-12-03}}</ref> * 2014: ''Dị ka Oké Osimiri'', Jack Shainman Gallery, New York. Aha ngosi a sitere na aphorism sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ Zora Neale Hurston, Anya Ha Na-ekiri Chineke, ebe Hurston dere, sị: ''"Ịhụnanya bụ lak de sea.'' ''Ọ bụ uh movin 'ihe, mana ka na ihe niile, ọ na-ewere ọdịdị ya site n'ikpere mmiri ọ zutere, ọ dịkwa iche n'ikpere mmiri ọ bụla."'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jackshainman.com/exhibitions/past/2014/toyin-odutola/|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola: Like the Sea|work=jackshainman.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-24}}</ref> * 2015: ''Akụkọ'' ndị na-adịghị ekwu okwu, Contemporary Art Museum St. Louis, Missouri. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://camstl.org/exhibitions/toyin-odutola-untold-stories|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola: Untold Stories|accessdate=2019-03-16|language=en|date=2018-01-26}}</ref> * 2015-2016: ''Nke Context and Without'', Jack Shainman Gallery, New York. Emily McDermott gosipụtara ihe ngosi a maka ''Magazin Interview'' na Disemba 20, 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/art/toyin-odutola-of-context-and-without|title=Interview Magazine: Traveling with Toyin Ojih Odutola|accessdate=2019-03-24|date=2015-12-20}}</ref> * 2016-2017: ''Okwu nke Eziokwu'', Museum of the African Diaspora (MoAD), San Francisco, California. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola: A Matter of Fact|url=https://www.moadsf.org/exhibition/a-matter-of-fact-toyin-ojih-odutola/|accessdate=2020-10-17|work=MoAD Museum of African Diaspora|archivedate=2020-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019031245/https://www.moadsf.org/exhibition/a-matter-of-fact-toyin-ojih-odutola/}}</ref> Onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, David Adjaye, kpọrọ ihe ngosi ahụ dị ka otu n'ime "Kasị Mma nke 2016" na mbipụta December nke <nowiki><i id="mwtg">Artforum</i></nowiki> <nowiki><i id="mwtw">International Magazine</i></nowiki> . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jackshainman.com/files/1614/9436/6770/Odutola_Press_Kit_sm.pdf|title=Leigh Raiford Reviews: Toyin Ojih Odutola, Museum of the African Diaspora|author=|first=|date=April 2017|work=Artforum International|accessdate=2019-01-23|archivedate=2017-09-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170914112147/http://www.jackshainman.com/files/1614/9436/6770/Odutola_Press_Kit_sm.pdf}}</ref> * 2017-2018: ''Ka Wander kpebisie ike'', Whitney Museum of American Art . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whitney.org/Exhibitions/ToyinOjihOdutola|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola:To Wander Determined, Whitney Museum of American Art|work=whitney.org|language=en|accessdate=2017-09-29}}</ref> Zadie Smith gosipụtara ihe ngosi ahụ maka ''British Vogue'' na mbipụta June 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/zadie-smith-on-toyin-ojih-odutola-artwork|title=Zadie Smith On Toyin Ojih Odutola's Artwork|date=13 July 2018|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-24}}</ref> * 2018: ''Nyochaa Aha'', Savannah College of Art and Design 's (SCAD) Museum of Art, Savannah, Georgia, nke a gụnyere na ''SCAD de: FIE'' ngosi usoro maka oge ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scad.edu/event/2018-02-20-toyin-ojih-odutola-exhibition-testing-name|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola exhibition: 'Testing the Name'|work=SCAD.edu|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-24}}</ref> * 2018: sonyere na 12th Manifesta Biennial, kwadoro na Palermo, Ịtali, ya na ihe ngosi solo ya, ''Scenes of Exchange'', nke emere na Orto Botanico di Palermo . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://m12.manifesta.org/toyin-ojih-odutola|title=Manifesta 12: Palermo|work=M12|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-09|date=2018-06-15}}</ref> * 2018: ''The Firmament'', Hood Museum of Art, nke Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://hoodmuseum.dartmouth.edu/news/2018/06/toyin-ojih-odutola-firmament|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola, Hood Museum|date=27 September 2018|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-24}}</ref> * 2018: ''Mgbe Legends nwụrụ'', Jack Shainman Gallery, New York. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jackshainman.com/exhibitions/past/2018/20th-street-22-2-2-2-2|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola: When Legends Die|work=jackshainman.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-24}}</ref> * 2020: ''Theory Countervailing,'' Barbican Center, na London, England, ihe ngosi ngosi ihe ngosi nka nke mbụ ya na UK. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola: A Countervailing Theory {{!}} Barbican|url=https://www.barbican.org.uk/our-story/press-room/toyin-ojih-odutola-a-countervailing-theory|work=www.barbican.org.uk|language=en|accessdate=2020-05-12}}</ref> * 2020: ''Gwa m Akụkọ, Achọghị m ịma ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ eziokwu'', Jack Shainman Gallery, New York, na-enyocha echiche ndị bụ isi na "ọpụpụ na nghọta" <ref>{{Cite web|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola at Jack Shainman Gallery|url=https://www.artforum.com/picks/toyin-ojih-odutola-83978|accessdate=2020-09-30|work=www.artforum.com|language=en-US}}</ref> n'etiti onyonyo na ederede. Emepụtara ọrụ niile dị na ihe ngosi ahụ n'oge mkpọchi COVID-19 na New York. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Jacqui Palumbo|title='Skin is a terrain': Nigerian-American artist Toyin Ojih Odutola on drawing intricate portraits of black life|url=https://www.cnn.com/style/article/toyin-ojih-odutola-new-shows/index.html|accessdate=2020-09-22|work=CNN|language=en}}</ref> Ojih Odutola sokwa na ngosi otu na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche gụnyere: * ''Ihe nrite nka nke ọgbọ n'ọdịnihu @ Venice 2019,'' akụkụ nke 58th Venice Biennale (2019). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://new.pinchukartcentre.org/en/exhibition/future-generation-art-prize-2019-venice|title=FUTURE GENERATION ART PRIZE @ VENICE 2019 - Exhibitions – PinchukArtCentre|work=new.pinchukartcentre.org|accessdate=2019-12-03}}</ref> * ''Gosi m ka m chọrọ ka a hụ m'', na Contemporary Jewish Museum, San Francisco, (2019). <ref name=":0"/> * ''Maka Opacity: Elijah Burgher, Toyin Ojih Odutola, na Nathaniel Mary Quinn'', na Ụlọ Ọrụ Drawing, New York, (2018). <ref name=":0" /> * ''Histórias Afro-Atlânticas (Akụkọ Afro-Atlantic)'', na São Paulo Museum of Art, São Paulo, Brazil, (2018). <ref name=":0" /> * ''Mgbanwe: Masks na Global African Art'', na Brooklyn Museum, New York, (2016). <ref name=":0" /> * ''FORE'' na ''Black: Agba, Ihe, Echiche'', na Studio Museum na Harlem, New York, (2015, 2012, n'otu n'otu). <ref name=":0" /> * ''Ihe osise Ballpoint Ebe ọ bụ na 1950'', na Aldrich Contemporary Art Museum, Ridgefield, (2013). <ref name=":0" /> * ''Ọganihu nke ịhụnanya'', na mkpokọta Menil, Houston, (2012). <ref name=":0" /> * ''Afro: Black Identity na America na Brazil'', Tamarind Institute, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, (2012). <ref>{{Cite web|title=AFRO: BLACK IDENTITY IN AMERICA AND BRAZIL {{!}} Tamarind Institute|url=https://tamarind.unm.edu/afro-black-identity-in-america-and-brazil/|accessdate=2020-09-22|language=en-US}}</ref> == mkpokọta == A na-arụ ọrụ Ojih Odutola n'ọtụtụ mkpokọta ọha, gụnyere: * Museum of Modern Art, New York <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/67272|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola {{!}} MoMA|work=The Museum of Modern Art|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-03}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Whitney nke American Art, New York <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whitney.org/artists/17270|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola|work=whitney.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-03}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Metropolitan, New York <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/780428|title=Unclaimed Estates, 2017, Toyin Ojih Odutola|author=|first=|date=|work=www.metmuseum.org|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2019-12-03}}</ref> * Birmingham Museum of Art, AL <ref name=":0"/> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Baltimore, Maryland <ref name=":0" /> * Frye Art Museum, Seattle, Washington <ref>{{Cite web|title=Recent Acquisitions: Toyin Ojih Odutola|url=https://fryemuseum.org/exhibition/7155|accessdate=2020-09-22|work=Frye Art Museum|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222122744/https://fryemuseum.org/exhibition/7155}}</ref> * Hood Museum of Art, Dartmouth College, New Hampshire <ref name=":0" /> * Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston, Massachusetts <ref>{{Cite web|title=Heir Apparent {{!}} icaboston.org|url=https://www.icaboston.org/art/toyin-ojih-odutola/heir-apparent|accessdate=2020-09-22|work=www.icaboston.org}}</ref> * Mississippi Museum of Art, Mississippi <ref name=":0" /> * Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-09|title=MUSEUM OF CONTEMPORARY ART SAN DIEGO ANNOUNCES NEW EXHIBITIONS|url=https://www.mcasd.org/about/press/museum-contemporary-art-san-diego-announces-new-exhibitions|accessdate=2020-09-22|work=Museum of Contemporary Art San Diego|language=en|archivedate=2020-09-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919230829/https://www.mcasd.org/about/press/museum-contemporary-art-san-diego-announces-new-exhibitions}}</ref> * National Portrait Gallery, London, United Kingdom <ref>{{Cite web|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola - National Portrait Gallery|url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/person/mp165431/toyin-ojih-odutola|accessdate=2020-09-22|work=www.npg.org.uk|language=en}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke New Orleans, Louisiana <ref name=":0" /> * Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-05|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola, "Carried Beauty" (2018)|url=https://www.pafa.org/museum/collection/item/carried-beauty|accessdate=2020-09-22|work=PAFA - Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts|language=en-US}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia, Pennsylvania <ref name=":0" /> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Mahadum Princeton, New Jersey <ref name=":0" /> * RISD Museum of Art, Providence, Rhode Island <ref>{{Cite web|title=Last Portrait of the 18th Marquess {{!}} RISD Museum|url=https://risdmuseum.org/art-design/collection/last-portrait-18th-marquess-201892|accessdate=2020-09-22|work=risdmuseum.org}}</ref> * Society for Contemporary Art, Art Institute of Chicago, Illinois <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Treatment 7 {{!}} Society for Contemporary Art|url=https://scaaic.org/acquisition/the-treatment-7/|accessdate=2020-09-22|language=en}}</ref> * Spencer Museum of Art, Kansas <ref name=":0" /> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Honolulu nke Ụlọ Spalding, Hawaii <ref name=":0" /> * National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC <ref name=":0" /> == Ihe nrite == * 2007: ''Ellen Battell Stoeckel Fellowship Grant,'' Mahadum Yale. * 2008: ''Erzulie Veasey Johnson Painting & Drawing Award'', Mahadum Alabama na Huntsville. * 2011: ''Murphy na Cadogan Fellowship Award'', San Francisco Foundation . * 2017: ''Lida A. Orzeck Distinguished Artist-in-Residence'', Barnard College. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Visual Artist Toyin Ojih Odutola to Join Barnard College as Orzeck Artist-in-Residence|url=https://barnard.edu/news/visual-artist-toyin-ojih-odutola-join-barnard-college-orzeck-artist-residence|accessdate=2020-10-17|work=Barnard College|language=en|archivedate=2020-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026191136/https://barnard.edu/news/visual-artist-toyin-ojih-odutola-join-barnard-college-orzeck-artist-residence}}</ref> * 2018: ''Rees Visionary Award'', Amref Health Africa . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gallery Gurls|url=https://gallerygurls.net/style-more/2018/5/1/toyin-ojih-odutola-honored-at-third-annual-amref-artball|accessdate=2020-10-17|work=Gallery Gurls|language=en-US}}</ref> * 2019: Edepụtara aha maka Victor Pinchuk Foundation 's ''Future Generation Art Prize.'' <ref>{{Cite web|title=Future Generation Art Prize 2019|url=https://futuregenerationartprize.org/en/history/2019|accessdate=2020-10-17|work=futuregenerationartprize.org}}</ref> * 2020: Lauréate nke ''Prix Jean-François Prat,'' Bredin Prat Foundation for Contemporary Art. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Artistes|url=http://prixjeanfrancoisprat.com/artistes/|accessdate=2020-10-17|work=Prix Jean François Prat|language=fr-FR}}</ref> * ''Alphabet: Ndekọ ahọpụtara nke akụkọ akụkọ na eserese'', 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jackshainman.com/publications/odutola|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola: Alphabet: A selected Index of Anecdotes and Drawings|accessdate=2019-03-24|archivedate=2019-03-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324214454/https://www.jackshainman.com/publications/odutola}}</ref> * ''Ọgwụgwọ ahụ, 2015-17'', Akwụkwọ Anteism, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anteism.com/shop/the-treatment-2015-17-toyin-ojih-odutola|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola: The Treatment, 2015-17|accessdate=2019-03-24}}</ref> * ''Maka Opacity: Elijah Burgher, Toyin Ojih Odutola, na Nathaniel Mary'', Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ese Ihe, Ihe ngosi ngosi, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.drawingcenter.org/en/book/370|title=For Opacity: Elijah Burgher, Toyin Ojih Odutola, and Nathaniel Mary Quinn|accessdate=2019-03-24}}</ref> * ''Toyin Ojih Odutola: A Matter of Fact'', Museum of the African Diaspora, ngosi katalọgụ, 2019. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola: A Matter of Fact|isbn=978-1944903688|date=2019-02-05}}</ref> * ''Ozizi Countervailing'', Barbican Center, katalọgụ ngosi, 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Toyin Ojih Odutola Catalogue|url=https://shop.barbican.org.uk/products/toyin-ojih-odutola-catalogue|accessdate=2020-09-22|work=Barbican Shop}}</ref> == Ndemsibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] k415mxphrwjk9dyyy1qsjz37n3d4fdk 0 12854 672372 131382 2026-07-04T15:19:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Usòrò:Salt_evaporation_fields_in_Sinan,_Jeollanam-do,_South_Korea(1).jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ugbo nnu dị ka ndị a na Sinan County na-agba ndị ohu na-azụ ahịa maka ọrụ]] '''Ịgba ohu n'ugbo nnu nke Sinan County''' metụtara nchọpụta nke ịzụ ahịa mmadụ na Sinan County ( ), Jeollanam-do ( « ), South Korea na 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=섬 '염전 노예'…편지 한 통으로 극적 탈출|url=http://news.naver.com/main/ranking/read.nhn?mid=etc&sid1=111&rankingType=popular_day&oid=421&aid=0000672118&date=20140206&type=1&rankingSeq=4&rankingSectionId=102|work=news.naver.com|accessdate=20 March 2022|language=ko|date=6 February 2014}}</ref> Achọpụtara na a tọọrọ ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, ọkachasị ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi ma ziga ha n'ugbo nnu ịrụ ọrụ na-enweghị ụgwọ ọ bụla.akwuru hà.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Choi|first=Kyung-ho|title=Exploitation cases spark a nationwide probe|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2984794&cloc=joongangdaily|work=[[Korea JoongAng Daily]]|accessdate=20 March 2022|language=en|date=11 February 2014|archivedate=25 May 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525200017/http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2984794&cloc=joongangdaily}}</ref> == Ndabere == Ụmụ nwoke abụọ nwere nkwarụ na-enweghị ebe obibi (Kim na Chae) bi na Mokpo na Seoul. Otu ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọrụ na-edebeghị aha gwara ha na ha nwere ike inweta ego site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'ugbo nnu nke Sinan County. Kama nke ahụ, e rere ha nye onye ọrụ ugbo nke nwere ọdọ mmiri nnu maka otu nde won. A zụrụ Kim n'afọ 2012, ewere zụrụ kwá n'afọ 2008. A manyere ha ịrụ ọrụ n'akwụghị ụgwọ na ọdọ mmiri nnu na Sineuido, Sinan County. A manyere Kim na Chae ịrụ ọrụ ruo awa iri na anọ n'ụbọchị; ọ bụrụ na ha arụghị ọrụ nke ọma, a na-eji ígwè ma ọ bụ osisi tie ha ihe. Kim nwara ịgbapụ n'àgwàetiti ahụ ugboro atọ, mana mbọ ya niile kụrụ afọ n'ala. Mgbe ọ nwara nke atọ, a na-eyi Kim egwu ọnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gbalịa ọzọ. N'oge na-adịghị anya, Kim zigara nne ya akwụkwọ ozi. Nne ya kpọrọ ndị uwe ojii na Seoul. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ndị uwe ojii Seoul napụtara Kim na Chae na 6 Febụwarị 2014. Ndị uwe ojii Seoul jidere onye nwe ya na ụlọ ọrụ na-enweghị ndebanye aha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=전라도 섬노예, 어머니에게 ‘소금 사러 온 것처럼 위장하라’ 충격|url=https://en.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20140207500087|work=서울En|accessdate=20 March 2022|date=7 February 2014}}</ref> Ka Kim na nne ya zukọtara, Chae enweghị ike iso ezinụlọ ya biri, ya mere ọ banyere n'ụlọ ọrụ maka ndị nwere nkwarụ. == Nzaghachi == === Ime ụlọ === Nnyocha nke ndị ọchịchị Korea na ndị nta akụkọ nọọrọ onwe ha na 2013 na 2014 chọpụtara ihe dị ka ndị ọrụ ugbo nnu 163, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere nkwarụ uche ma ọ bụ nke anụ ahụ, ndị a na-ejide ma na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị ka ohu. Ihe dị ka ndị nwe ugbo agwaetiti 50 na ndị na-ere ahịa ọrụ mpaghara ka ebora ebubo ma ọ bụ mara ha ikpe maka mpụ ndị metụtara ya . Ọ dịghị ndị ọrụ gọọmentị ma ọ bụ ndị uwe ojii maara maka mpụ ndị ahụ e boro ebubo.<ref>Klug, Foster, Jung-yoon Choi, and Kim Tong-Hyung, "[https://web.archive.org/web/20190107212053/https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/01/02/asia-pacific/social-issues-asia-pacific/escaped-slave-recalls-living-hell-remote-south-korean-islands/#.VKfVwo0cSh0 Escaped slave recalls ‘living hell’ on remote South Korean islands]", [[Associated Press]]/''[[Japan times]]'', 2 January 2015</ref> ==== Ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Seoul Guro ==== Seoul Guro Police Station (akụkụ nke Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency) tụrụ aro ezigbo nyocha nke ọma banyere [[Human trafficking in South Korea|ịzụ ahịa na agwaetiti ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke South Korea]].<ref>Seoul Guro Police Station, press release, 3p</ref> ==== Onye isi ala South Korea ==== Onye isi ala Park Geun-hye ( « ) kwuru banyere mmegbu nke ndị ọrụ na mpaghara Sinan. O kwuru, "O kwesịghị ime na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu, anyị kwesịrị iwepụ ụdị ịzụ ahịa mmadụ a, ya mere ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii nke mba na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọka iwu kachasị elu ga-enyocha agwaetiti ndị ọzọ dịpụrụ adịpụ iji gbochie ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. "<ref>{{Cite web|author=머니투데이|url=http://news.mt.co.kr/mtview.php?no=2014021411380370558|title=朴대통령 "염전노예 사건, 21세기에 충격적인 일" - 머니투데이|publisher=News.mt.co.kr|date=2014-02-14|accessdate=2022-02-18}}</ref> ==== Osote onye isi okwu nke Sinan County Council ==== .<ref>[http://news1.kr/articles/1634431 '염전노예' 폭행·체불 신안군의회 부의장 구속(종합)]</ref>Park Yong-chan (박용찬), a party member of the New Politics Alliance for Democracy (새정치민주연합) and a deputy Speaker of Sinan county council (신안군 의회 부의장), was arrested by the Jeonnam police (전남지방경찰청) on 15 April 2014 for failure to pay three labourers who had worked on his salt evaporation pond, whom he should have paid a total of one hundred million won. He was also accused of beating his labourers. ==== Jeollanam-do ==== Na úbọchị 22 Febụwarị 2014, Jeollanam-do kpebiri idozi mmegbu nke ndị ọrụ n'àgwàetiti ndị ahụ site n'ịkwalite ikike ndị ọrụ nke ọrụ nnu na mbọ há na agba.<ref>[http://www.fnnews.com/view?ra=Sent1201m_View&corp=fnnews&arcid=14022212300669&cDateYear=2014&cDateMonth=02&cDateDay=22 전남도, 염전노예 방지 위해 인력센터 설립]</ref> ==== Ụmụ amaala na Sinan County ==== Mgbe e jidere onye ọrụ ugbo na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, Korean Broadcasting System ( Nwunye otu onye nwe ọdọ mmiri kwuru, "Anyị ekwesịghị inye ndị nwere nkwarụ ụgwọ ọnwa n'ihi na ha ga-eji ụgwọ ọrụ niile zụta ihe ọṅụṅụ na-aba n'anya." Otu nwa amaala kwuru, "Na mpaghara Sinan, onye na-akwụwa aka ọtọ na-aghọ onye nzuzu.. . Nwoke nke ise kachasị baa ọgaranya nwere ndị ọrụ ọdọ mmiri nke ise. " Otu onye uwe ojii eagorobara aha ya k sịwuru, "N'oge m na-eje ozi na mpaghara Sinan, ọbụnadị onye nyocha ndị uwe ojii obodo ahụ leghaara ikike ndị nwere nkwarụ anya."<ref>[http://news.naver.com/main/read.nhn?mode=LSD&mid=sec&sid1=106&oid=213&aid=0000455746] '추적60분' 염전노예의 인권에 무감각한 신안군 주민들 '충격'</ref> ==== Ịntanetị ==== Ọtụtụ ebe nrụọrụ weebụ ịntanetị South Korea dị ka Naver katọrọ ma Sinan County ma ndị uwe ojii obodo. Site na ọnọdụ mpaghara Sinan County, Ilbe Storehouse, ebe nrụọrụ weebụ South Korea katọrọ mpaghara Honam.<ref>[http://mbn.mk.co.kr/pages/news/newsView.php?news_seq_no=1776833&page=1&date=20140504 `그것이 알고싶다` 일베 회원, 전라도 비하하는 이유 밝혀]</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|refs=http://news.nationalpost.com/news/modern-day-slavery-alive-in-salt-farms-on-small-islands-off-south-korea}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://news.naver.com/main/ranking/read.nhn?mid=etc&sid1=111&rankingType=popular_day&oid=057&aid=0000283544&date=20140214&type=2&rankingSeq=5&rankingSectionId=102 Ajụjụ ọnụ nke onye ọrụ a zọpụtara] pmnasbmsqbived18dog7iax0kc7q2lo 0 13208 672295 109253 2026-07-04T13:55:13Z Timzy D'Great 12485 /* */ 672295 wikitext text/x-wiki Otu nta, site na nkọwa mbụ ya, na-ezo aka na otu ndị omume, agbụrụ, okpukperechi, agbụrụ, ma ọ bụ njirimara ndị ọzọ dị ole na ole karịa otu ndị bụ isi nke nhazi ndị ahụ. Agbanyeghị, na sociology nke oge a, otu '''pere mpe na-''' ezo aka n'ụdị ndị mmadụ na-enwe nhụsianya dịtụ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị otu na-achị ọha. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Race, ethnicity, gender, & class : the sociology of group conflict and change|author=Healey, Joseph F.|others=Stepnick, Andi,, O'Brien, Eileen, 1972-|isbn=9781506346946|edition=Eighth|location=Thousand Oaks, California|oclc=1006532841|date=2018-03-02}}</ref> Ndị otu pere mpe na-adaberekarị na ndịiche dị na njirimara ma ọ bụ omume a na-ahụ anya, dị ka: agbụrụ (obere agbụrụ), agbụrụ (obere agbụrụ), okpukpere chi ( obere okpukpe ), usoro mmekọahụ ( ntakịrị mmekọahụ ), ma ọ bụ nkwarụ . <ref>{{Cite book|title=Essentials of sociology|author=George|first=Ritzer|isbn=9781483340173|location=Los Angeles|oclc=871004576|date=2014-01-15}}</ref> N'iji usoro nke intersectionality, ọ dị mkpa ịghọta na mmadụ nwere ike ijide otu n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu dị iche iche (dịka ma agbụrụ na okpukpe nta).  N'otu aka mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwekwara ike ịbụ akụkụ nke otu pere mpe n'ihe gbasara njirimara ụfọdụ, mana akụkụ nke otu na-achị achị n'ihe gbasara ndị ọzọ. Okwu "ntakịrị otu" na-emekarị n'ime okwu nke ikike obodo na ikike mkpokọta, dị ka ndị òtù nke nta dị iche iche na-enwekarị ọgwụgwọ dị iche iche na mba na obodo ha bi. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/louilr63&div=34&id=&page=|title=The Struggle for Civil Rights: The Need for, and Impediments to, Political Coalitions among and within Minority Groups|author=Johnson|first=Kevin|journal=Louisiana Law Review|volume=63|accessdate=2018-08-14}}</ref> Ndị otu pere mpe na-enwekarị ịkpa oke n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ndụ ọha, gụnyere ụlọ, ọrụ, ahụike, na agụmakwụkwọ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The economics of discrimination|author=1930-2014.|first=Becker, Gary S. (Gary Stanley)|date=1971|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=9780226041049|edition=2nd|location=Chicago|oclc=658199810}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=WILLIAMS|first=DAVID R.|date=1999|title=Race, Socioeconomic Status, and Health The Added Effects of Racism and Discrimination|journal=Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=896|issue=1|pages=173–188|doi=10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x|pmid=10681897|issn=0077-8923|url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/71908/1/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08114.x.pdf|accessdate=2019-09-23}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu nwere ike ịkpa oke, ọ nwekwara ike ime site na ahaghị nhata n'usoro, nke ikike na ohere na-enweghị ike ịnweta mmadụ niile. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Verloo|first=Mieke|date=2006|title=Multiple Inequalities, Intersectionality and the European Union|journal=European Journal of Women's Studies|language=en|volume=13|issue=3|pages=211–228|doi=10.1177/1350506806065753|issn=1350-5068|url=http://www.ssoar.info/ssoar/handle/document/22512|accessdate=2018-09-14}}</ref> A na-ejikarị asụsụ nke ikike pere mpe kparịta iwu ndị e mere iji kpuchido ndị pere mpe pụọ na ịkpa oke ma nye ha ohere nha anya n'ọha obodo n'otu ndị na-achị. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The minority rights revolution|author=David.|first=Skrentny, John|date=2002|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|isbn=9780674043732|location=Cambridge, Mass.|oclc=431342257}}</ref> == Nkọwa == === Sociological === Louis Wirth kọwara otu nta dị ka "otu ndị, n'ihi ọdịdị anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ omenala ha, bụ ndị a na-akpọpụta na ndị ọzọ nọ n'ime [[Ȯgbà|obodo]] ha na-ebi maka mmeso dị iche na nke na-enweghị aha, ya mere na-ewere onwe ha dị ka ihe nke mkpokọta. ịkpa ókè". <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|title=The Science of Man in the World Crisis|author=Wirth|first=L.|publisher=Columbia University Press|year=1945|editor=Linton|location=New York|chapter=The Problem of Minority Groups}} The political scientist and law professor, Gad Barzilai, has offered a theoretical definition of non-ruling communities that conceptualizes groups that do not rule and are excluded from resources of political power. Barzilai, G. ''Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities.'' Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.</ref> Nkọwa a gụnyere ma ebumnobi na njirisi nke onwe: otu n'ime otu pere mpe bụ nke ọha mmadụ kwadoro nke ọma, dabere na njirimara anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ omume mmadụ; A na-ejikwa ya n'ụzọ doro anya ndị òtù ya, ndị nwere ike iji ọnọdụ ha mee ihe ndabere nke njirimara otu ma ọ bụ ịdị n'otu . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/12323228|title=Minorities in the new world: six case studies|author=Wagley|first=Charles|date=1958|publisher=New York: Columbia University Press|language=en}}</ref> Yabụ, ọkwa otu pere mpe bụ categorical: onye gosipụtara njirimara anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ omume nke otu pere mpe ka enyere ọkwa nke otu ahụ ma bụrụkwa otu ọgwụgwọ ahụ dịka ndị otu ahụ ndị ọzọ nọ. <ref name=":3" /> Joe Feagin, na-ekwu na otu obere ìgwè nwere àgwà ise: (1) na-ata ahụhụ ịkpa ókè na nrubeisi, (2) àgwà anụ ahụ na / ma ọ bụ omenala nke na-ekewa ha, na nke ndị na-achị achị anabataghị, (3) echiche nkekọrịta. njirimara mkpokọta na ibu ọnụ, (4) iwu mmekọrịta ọha na eze gbasara onye bụ na onye na-anaghị ekpebi ọkwa pere mpe, na (5) ọchịchọ ịlụ di na nwunye n'ime otu. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Racial and Ethnic Relations|author=Joe R. Feagin|publisher=Prentice-Hall|year=1984|isbn=978-0-13-750125-0|edition=2nd|pages=10}}</ref> ==== Nkatọ ==== Enwere esemokwu n'iji okwu ahụ pere mpe, dịka o nwere mkpokọta na ojiji agụmakwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Cultural Diversity Glossary of Terms|author=Diversity Training University International|publisher=Diversity Training University International Publications Division|year=2008|pages=4}}</ref> Ojiji a na-ejikarị okwu a na-egosi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta; Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta na-ezo aka na ike dị iche iche n'etiti otu dị iche iche karịa ndịiche na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ n'etiti otu. <ref name="Barzilai 20102">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1sHzZbXdjggC|title=Communities and Law: Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities|author=Barzilai|first=Gad|publisher=University of Michigan Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0472024001|accessdate=2017-02-27}}</ref> Nkatọ a dị n'elu dabeere n'echiche bụ na a pụrụ iwere otu ìgwè dị ka ndị dị nta ọbụna ma ọ bụrụ na ọ gụnyere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ na ọ bụghị ọnụọgụgụ na ọha mmadụ. Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze akatọwo echiche nke "obere / ọtụtụ", na-arụ ụka na asụsụ a na-ewepu ma ọ bụ na-eleghara ọdịdị omenala na-agbanwe ma ọ bụ na-akwụghị ụgwọ, yana mmekọ omenala gafee oke mba. Dị ka ndị dị otú ahụ, a na-ejikarị okwu a na-ewepụ akụkọ ihe mere eme (HEGs) mee ihe n'otu aka ahụ iji gosipụta ọrụ mmegbu na nchịkwa nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, na otú nke a si arụpụta enweghị nnọchite nke otu dị iche iche n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke ndụ mmadụ. === Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị === A na-ejikarị okwu a bụ obere mba na-akparịta ụka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa na nke mba. <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|author=Daniel Šmihula|year=2008|title=National Minorities in the Law of the EC/EU|url=http://ns.ier.ro/site/documente/rjea_pdf/RJEA_Vol8_No3_Sept2008.pdf|journal=Romanian Journal of European Affairs|volume=8|pages=51–81}}</ref> Mba niile nwere ogo dị iche iche nke agbụrụ, agbụrụ ma ọ bụ asụsụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/07/18/the-most-and-least-culturally-diverse-countries-in-the-world/|title=The most (and least) culturally diverse countries in the world|work=Pew Research Center|language=en-US|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811213739/https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2013/07/18/the-most-and-least-culturally-diverse-countries-in-the-world/|archivedate=2019-08-11|accessdate=2019-11-01}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, ndị pere mpe nwekwara ike ịbụ ndị mbata, ụmụ amaala ma ọ bụ obodo na-enweghị ala. <ref>{{Cite book|title=The representation of minorities and indigenous peoples in parliament : a global overview|author=Oleh.|first=Protsyk|date=2010|publisher=Inter-parliamentary Union|others=Inter-parliamentary Union.627|location=Geneva|oclc=754152959}}</ref> Nke a na-ebutekarị mgbanwe dị iche iche n'asụsụ, omenala, nkwenkwe, omume, nke na-eme ka ụfọdụ dị iche na ndị isi. Dị ka a na-aghọtakarị ndịiche ndị a n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma, nke a na-ebute ọdịda nke ọha mmadụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị òtù nke nta. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Verkuyten|first=Maykel|date=2005|title=Ethnic Group Identification and Group Evaluation Among Minority and Majority Groups: Testing the Multiculturalism Hypothesis|journal=Journal of Personality and Social Psychology|language=en|volume=88|issue=1|pages=121–138|doi=10.1037/0022-3514.88.1.121|pmid=15631579|issn=1939-1315}}</ref> Enweghị nkọwa iwu gbasara ndị pere mpe na mba n'iwu mba ụwa, n'agbanyeghị na nkwupụta mba United Nations maka ikike mmadụ bụ nke mba ma ọ bụ agbụrụ, okpukperechi na asụsụ akọwapụtara nchebe nke otu pere mpe. Iwu mpụ mba ụwa nwere ike ichekwa ikike nke agbụrụ ma ọ bụ agbụrụ n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. <ref>[[Lyal Sunga|Lyal S. Sunga]] (2004). ''International Criminal Law: Protection of Minority Rights, Beyond a One-Dimensional State: An Emerging Right to Autonomy?'' ed. Zelim Skurbaty. (2004) 255–275.</ref> Ikike nke ikpebiri onwe ya bụ isi okwu. Kansụl nke Europe na-ahazi ikike ndị pere mpe na European Charter maka asụsụ mpaghara ma ọ bụ nke pere mpe yana Nkwekọrịta Framework maka nchekwa nke ndị pere mpe nke mba . N'ebe ụfọdụ, agbụrụ ndị nọ n'okpuru nwere ike ịbụ ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu, dị ka ndị ojii na South Africa n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=du Toit|first=Pierre|date=1988|title=Ethnic and minority groups, and constitutional change in South Africa|journal=Journal of Contemporary African Studies|language=en|volume=7|issue=1–2|pages=133–147|doi=10.1080/02589008808729481|issn=0258-9001}}</ref> Na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ọcha na-abụghị ndị Hispanic bụ ihe ka n'ọnụ ọgụgụ (63.4%) na agbụrụ na agbụrụ ndị ọzọ niile ( Mexican, [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|African Americans]], Asian America, American Indian, na Native Hawaiians ) bụ nkewa dị ka "ndị nta". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045217|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: UNITED STATES|work=Census Bureau QuickFacts|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-08-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180816204719/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045217|archivedate=2018-08-16}}</ref> Ọ bụrụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọcha na-abụghị ndị Hispanic dara n'okpuru 50% otu ahụ ga-abụ naanị ''ọtụtụ'', ọ bụghị ọtụtụ. == Ọmụmaatụ nke otu pere mpe == === Obere agbụrụ === Enweghi ihe akaebe na-ezighi ezi ma mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi na-elekwasị anya n'obere agbụrụ dị irè karị n'ịgbanwe omume ahụike dịka ịkwụsị ise siga, mbelata ibu arọ, na àgwà nri ma e jiri ya tụnyere mgbasa ozi ezubere maka ọha mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Targeted Mass Media Interventions Promoting Healthy Behaviours to Reduce Risk of Non-Communicable Diseases in Adult, Ethnic Minorities|journal=Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|date=17 February 2017|volume=2|issue=2|pages=CD011683|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD011683.pub2|pmid=28211056}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a na-ewere [[Ndị Rom|ndị Romani]], nke a makwaara dị ka Gypsies dị ka obere agbụrụ na Europe. Ndị Romani bụ agbụrụ kacha ukwuu na Europe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-global-roma-rights-idUSKCN1RK01Y|title=Roma people: 10 ways Europe's biggest minority faces discrimination|work=Reuters}}</ref> === Obere obodo === Otu obere mba bụ otu ọha mmadụ n'ime steeti dị iche na ọtụtụ na / ma ọ bụ ndị na-achị achị n'ihe gbasara agbụrụ, asụsụ, omenala, ma ọ bụ okpukperechi, mana ọ na-achọkwa inwe njikọ chiri anya na mpaghara akọwapụtara nke ndị pere mpe. otu mmekọrịta si. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=United Nations|title=United Nations Guide for Minorities|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/minorities/united-nations-guide-minorities|work=https://www.ohchr.org/en/ohchr_homepage}}</ref> === Ndị pere mpe na-amanyeghị onwe ha === A makwaara dị ka "obere obere castelike", ndị pere mpe na-achọghị onwe ha bụ okwu maka ndị ebuteburu n'obodo ọ bụla megidere ọchịchọ ha. Na United States, dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ gụnyere mana ọnweghị oke na ndị amaala America, ụmụ amaala Hawaii, Puerto Ricans, ndị America America, <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adams.edu/administration/hr/search-procedures/understanding-cultural-diversity-and-learning.pdf|title=Understanding Cultural Diversity and Learning|author=Ogbu|first=John U.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004223606/http://www.adams.edu/administration/hr/search-procedures/understanding-cultural-diversity-and-learning.pdf|archivedate=2015-10-04}}</ref> na ndị America America mụrụ. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Ogbu and Simons|date=1998|title=Voluntary and Involuntary Minorities: A Cultural-Ecological Theory of School Performance with Some Implications for Education|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/rsoder/EDUC305/OgbuSimonsvoluntaryinvoluntary.pdf|journal=Anthropology and Education Quarterly|volume=29|issue=2|pages=155–188|doi=10.1525/aeq.1998.29.2.155}}</ref> N'ihi ihe ndị dị iche n'ọdịbendị, ndị pere mpe na-achọghị onwe ha nwere ike ịnwe ihe isi ike n'ụlọ akwụkwọ karịa ndị otu obere ndị ọzọ (na-ewepụta onwe ha). Ego ọha na eze na-enyere ụmụaka aka iso ndị ọgbọ dị iche iche na-ekerịta otu ebumnuche. <ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=Subtractive Schooling|author=Valenzuela|first=Angela|pages=116–118}}</ref> === Ndị obere afọ ofufo === Ndị kwabatara na-ewere ọnọdụ dị nta na obodo ọhụrụ ha, na-enwekarị olileanya maka ọdịnihu ka mma n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, agụmakwụkwọ, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa n'ala nna ha. N'ihi na ha na-elekwasị anya na ihe ịga nke ọma, ndị obere afọ ofufo nwere ike ime nke ọma n'ụlọ akwụkwọ karịa ndị ọzọ na-akwaga ọzọ. <ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://www.adams.edu/administration/hr/search-procedures/understanding-cultural-diversity-and-learning.pdf|title=Understanding Cultural Diversity and Learning|author=Ogbu|first=John U.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151004223606/http://www.adams.edu/administration/hr/search-procedures/understanding-cultural-diversity-and-learning.pdf|archivedate=2015-10-04}}</ref> Ime mgbanwe n'ọdịbendị na asụsụ dị iche na-eme ka ihe isi ike na mmalite nke ndụ na mba ọhụrụ ahụ. Ndị kwabatara n'afọ ofufo anaghị enwe mmetụta nke kewara ekewa dịka ndị pere mpe na-achọghị onwe ha ma na-enwekarị ọgaranya n'isi obodo n'ihi ọchịchọ mmụta ha. <ref name=":22">{{Cite book|title=Subtractive Schooling|author=Valenzuela|first=Angela|pages=116–118}}</ref> Otu nnukwu ndị mbata na United States gụnyere ndị Mexico, Central na South America, ndị Cuban, ndị Africa, East Asia, na South Asia. <ref name=":12">{{Cite journal|author=Ogbu and Simons|date=1998|title=Voluntary and Involuntary Minorities: A Cultural-Ecological Theory of School Performance with Some Implications for Education|url=http://faculty.washington.edu/rsoder/EDUC305/OgbuSimonsvoluntaryinvoluntary.pdf|journal=Anthropology and Education Quarterly|volume=29|issue=2|pages=155–188|doi=10.1525/aeq.1998.29.2.155}}</ref> === Obere okike na okike === [[Usòrò:Helsinki_Pride_Parade_I_(5897488480).jpg|thumb| A na- eme mmemme nganga kwa afọ n'ụwa niile maka ndị pere mpe na-enwe mmekọahụ. Na foto a, ndị mmadụ na-ezukọ na Senate Square, Helsinki, ozugbo tupu 2011 Helsinki Pride parade amalite.]] Ndị na-eme nchọpụta ahụike ọha na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ obere mmekọahụ eme ihe iji mata ọtụtụ ndị mmadụ na-eme omume mmekọahụ, gụnyere ndị na-amaghị n'okpuru nche anwụ LGBTQ+. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị ikom na-enwe mmekọahụ na ndị ikom (MSM), ma ha anaghị akọwapụta dị ka nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke. Na mgbakwunye, okwu ahụ pere mpe nwere ike ịgụnye ụdị dị iche iche nke nwoke na nwanyị, dị ka ndị na- emekọrịta ihe, ndị transgender, ma ọ bụ ndị na-abụghị ọnụọgụ abụọ. Agbanyeghị, ndị LGBTQ+ anaghị ahọrọ okwu ndị a na-enwekarị mmekọahụ na nwoke na nwanyị, n'ihi na ha na-anọchi anya ngalaba ahụike karịa njirimara onye ọ bụla. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Mayer|first=Kenneth H.|date=2008|title=Sexual and Gender Minority Health: What We Know and What Needs to Be Done|journal=American Journal of Public Health|language=en|volume=98|issue=6|pages=989–995|doi=10.2105/ajph.2007.127811|issn=0090-0036|pmid=18445789}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, bisexual, transgender, na queer (LGBTQ+) dị adị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ, mmegharị ikike LGBTQ+ n'ọtụtụ mba ọdịda anyanwụ mere ka a nabata ndị LGBTQ+ dị ka ndị otu obere. <ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Mayer|first=Kenneth H.|date=2008|title=Sexual and Gender Minority Health: What We Know and What Needs to Be Done|journal=American Journal of Public Health|language=en|volume=98|issue=6|pages=989–995|doi=10.2105/ajph.2007.127811|issn=0090-0036|pmid=18445789}}</ref> Ndị LGBTQ+ na-anọchi anya ọnụọgụgụ na ọha mmadụ. Ha na-enweta ọtụtụ ahaghị nhata n'etiti ọha na eze sitere na otu ha dị ka ndị LGBTQ+. Enweghị nhata ndị a na-agụnye ịkpa ókè na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ohere na-enweghị ike inweta nlekọta ahụike, ọrụ, na ụlọ, na ahụmahụ na-adịghị mma nke uche na ahụike anụ ahụ n'ihi ahụmahụ ndị a. <ref name=":6" /> === Ndị nwere nkwarụ === Na-eduga na Iwu ikike mmadụ 1998 na UK, ịrị elu na mmata gbasara otu esi emeso ndị nwere nkwarụ malitere. Ọtụtụ ndị malitere ikweta na a napụrụ ha ihe ndị bụ́ isi ruuru mmadụ. Omume a nwere akụkụ nke kwuru na ọ bụrụ na ndị ọchịchị echebeghị ndị nwere nkwarụ mmụta site na omume ndị ọzọ dị ka mmejọ ma ọ bụ nleghara anya, mgbe ahụ enwere ike gbaa ha akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Clements|first=Luke|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt1t8964p|title=Disabled people and European human rights: A review of the implications of the 1998 Human Rights Act for disabled children and adults in the UK|date=2003|publisher=Bristol University Press|edition=1}}</ref> Otu ikike ikike nkwarụ nyere aka n'ịghọta ndị nwere nkwarụ dị ka obere ma ọ bụ njikọ nke obere ndị ọha mmadụ na-enwe nsogbu, ọ bụghị naanị dị ka ndị na-enweghị nsogbu n'ihi adịghị ike ha. Ndị na-akwado ikike nkwarụ na-ekwusi ike na ọdịiche dị na arụ ọrụ anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ nke uche, kama ịdị ala. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ụfọdụ ndị nwere autism na-arụ ụka maka ịnakwere neurodiversity, dị ka ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-arụ ụka maka ịnakwere agbụrụ dị iche iche. A na-elekarị ndị ogbi anya dị ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ na omenala ole na ole kama ịbụ otu nwere nkwarụ, ụfọdụ ndị ogbi anaghị ahụkwa onwe ha dị ka ndị nwere nkwarụ ma ọlị. Kama nke ahụ, teknụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze emebere iji gboo ndị na-achị achị na-emebi ha. ( ''Lee Nkwekọrịta Maka ikike nke ndị nwere nkwarụ'' . ) === Okpukpe pere mpe === Ndị nọ n'okpukpe dị nta nwere okwukwe dị iche na nke ọtụtụ ndị nwere. Ọtụtụ mba n'ụwa nwere obere okpukpe. A nabatarala ugbu a n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ na ndị mmadụ kwesịrị inwe nnwere onwe ịhọrọ okpukpe ha, gụnyere enweghị okpukpe ọ bụla ( ekweghị na Chineke na / ma ọ bụ ekweghị na Chineke ), na gụnyere ikike ịtụgharị site n'otu okpukpe gaa na nke ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, n'ọtụtụ mba, a kpachibidoro nnwere onwe a. [[Egypt|N'Ijipt]], usoro ọhụrụ nke kaadị njirimara chọrọ ka ụmụ amaala niile kwupụta okpukpe ha - na naanị nhọrọ bụ [[Àlakụ̀ba|Islam]], [[Efefe Kraịst|Christianity]], ma ọ bụ [[Judaism|okpukpe ndị Juu]] (Lee esemokwu kaadị njirimara Egypt ). Ihe atụ ọzọ bụ ikpe nke mbelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị pere mpe na Pakistan, ebe a na-atụgharị ha n'ike ma ọ bụ gbuo ha. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/another-hindu-girl-abducted-forcibly-converted-to-islam-in-pakistans-sindh-family-stages-protest/494399|title=Another Hindu girl abducted, forcibly converted to Islam in Pakistan's Sindh; family stages protest|work=www.timesnownews.com|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925100901/https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/another-hindu-girl-abducted-forcibly-converted-to-islam-in-pakistans-sindh-family-stages-protest/494399|archivedate=2019-09-25}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hindu-medical-student-found-dead-in-pakistan-hostel-brother-alleges-foul-play/story-GeJuS3xpHigO3IFhBFvvCJ.html|title=Hindu medical student found dead in Pakistan hostel, brother alleges foul play|date=2019-09-17|work=Hindustan Times|language=en|accessdate=2019-09-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190925100903/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/hindu-medical-student-found-dead-in-pakistan-hostel-brother-alleges-foul-play/story-GeJuS3xpHigO3IFhBFvvCJ.html|archivedate=2019-09-25}}</ref> === Ụmụ nwanyị dị ka obere === N'ọtụtụ obodo, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị enweghị nhata. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị abụghị obere obere, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/minority|work=Merriam-Webster|accessdate=6 February 2020|title=Definition of MINORITY}}</ref> ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ka otu ndị nọ n'okpuru emela ka ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-amụ gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya mụọ ha dị ka otu obere. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hacker|first=Helen Mayer|year=1951|title=Women as a Minority Group|journal=[[Social Forces]]|volume=30|issue=1|pages=60–69|doi=10.2307/2571742}}</ref> N'agbanyeghi na ikike na ọkwa ụmụ nwanyị nwere n'iwu dịgasị iche iche n'ofe mba, ụmụ nwanyị na-enweta enweghị ahaghị nhata n'etiti ndị nwoke n'ọtụtụ obodo. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Multicultural jurisdictions : cultural differences and women's rights|author=Shachar, Ayelet|date=2001|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0511040801|location=Cambridge, UK|oclc=56216656}}</ref> A na-ajụkarị ụmụ nwanyị ohere agụmakwụkwọ, na-eme ihe ike, na enweghị ohere inweta otu ohere akụ na ụba nke ụmụ nwoke. <ref>Women, U. N. (2018). Annual Report 2017–2018.</ref> == Iwu na ọchịchị == Na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mba ụfọdụ, "obere" bụ agbụrụ nke iwu kwadoro ma nwee ikike ndị akọwapụtara. Ndị na- asụ asụsụ pere mpe nke iwu kwadoro, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwere ike ịnwe ikike mmụta ma ọ bụ nkwurịta okwu na gọọmentị n'asụsụ ala nna ha. Mba ndị nwere onyinye pụrụ iche  maka ndị pere mpe gụnyere [[Kánada|Canada]], [[China]], [[Ethiopia]], [[Jémanị|Germany]], [[Ndia|India]], [[Netherlands]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], [[Mpaghara Russia|Russia]], [[Kroatia|Croatia]], na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] .  A naghị enye ndị otu pere mpe dị iche iche n'otu obodo otu nha. Otu dị iche iche pere mpe ma ọ bụ enweghị nkọwa iji nweta nchekwa pere mpe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịmanye onye otu obere agbụrụ ka ọ lelee "Ndị ọzọ" na ndepụta nlele nke nzụlite dị iche iche wee nweta ohere dị nta karịa onye so na otu akọwapụtara. Ọtụtụ gọọmentị nke oge a na-ahọrọ iche na ndị ha na-achị ha niile sitere n'otu obodo kama ịbụ ndị dị iche iche dabere na agbụrụ. United States na-arịọ maka agbụrụ na agbụrụ n'ụdị ọnụ ọgụgụ gọọmentị ya, nke na-ekewa ma na-ahazi ndị bi na ya gaa n'ìgwè dị iche iche, bụ agbụrụ agbụrụ karịa mba. [[Spain]] anaghị ekewa ndị obodo ya site n'agbụrụ ma ọ bụ obere mba, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-ejigide echiche gọọmentị nke asụsụ pere mpe, nke ahụ bụ otu n'ime njirisi maka ikpebi obere mba, n'elu Nkwekọrịta Framework for Protection of National Minorities . Ụfọdụ ndị pere mpe ma ọ bụ ndị siri ike na-enweta nchebe zuru oke na nnọchite anya ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] bụbu Yugoslavia nabatara mba atọ mejupụtara, ọ nweghị nke ọ bụla n'ime ha mejupụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu (lee mba Bosnia na Herzegovina ). Agbanyeghị, ndị ọzọ pere mpe dị ka [[Ndị Rom|Romani]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00421|title=Political recognition of Roma People in Spain. [Social Impact]. WORKALÓ. The creation of new occupational patterns for cultural minorities: the Gypsy Case (2001-2004). Framework Programme 5 (FP5)|work=SIOR, Social Impact Open Repository|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905191302/http://sior.ub.edu/jspui/cris/socialimpact/socialimpact00421|archivedate=2017-09-05}}</ref> na [[Jew|ndị Juu]], bụ ndị akpọrọ “ndị mba ọzọ” na ewepụrụ na ọtụtụ n'ime nchekwa ndị a. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, enwere ike ịwepụ ha n'ọkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere onyeisi oche. A na-arụrịta ụka maka ịnakwere otu obere na ihe ùgwù ha. Otu echiche <ref>For example, J.A. Lindgren-Alves, member of the United Nations Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, speaking at the Committee's 67th Session (Summary Record of the 1724th Meeting, 23 August 2005, CERD/C/SR.1724)</ref> bụ na itinye ikike pụrụ iche nye ndị pere mpe nwere ike imerụ ụfọdụ mba, dị ka steeti ọhụrụ dị n'Africa ma ọ bụ Latin America esiteghị na ụkpụrụ mba Europe, ebe ọ bụ na nnabata pere mpe nwere ike igbochi iguzobe njirimara obodo. O nwere ike mebie njikọ nke ndị pere mpe n'ime ọha mmadụ, ikekwe na-ebute nkewa ma ọ bụ nke ukwuu . Na [[Kánada|Canada]], ụfọdụ  chere na ọdịda nke ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na- [[Asụsụ Bekee|asụ Bekee]] emeghị ka ndị Canada bụ́ French kpasuo ikewapụ ndị Quebec . Ndị ọzọ na-ekwusi ike na ndị pere mpe na-achọ nchekwa kpọmkwem iji hụ na ewepụghị ha: dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmụta asụsụ abụọ nwere ike ịdị mkpa ka ndị pere mpe na-asụ asụsụ wee banye n'usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ wee zọọ mpi otu n'ime ọha. N'echiche a, ikike maka ndị pere mpe na-ewusi ọrụ iwu obodo ike, ebe ndị otu pere mpe na-ahụ ọdịmma ha nke ọma, ma jiri obi ha niile nabata ikike nke mba ahụ na ntinye ha (ọ bụghị nnabata) n'ime ya. <ref>See {{Cite book|first=K.|author=Henrard|title=Devising an Adequate System of Minority Protection: Individual Human Rights, Minority Rights and the Right to Self-Determination|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff|year=2000|pages=218–224|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QFF5nzuAze0C&pg=PA218|isbn=978-9041113597|accessdate=2017-02-27}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==    == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] af0om9d47dnzsehftp9z40quzfr9l3d 0 13251 672160 95757 2026-07-04T12:01:16Z Specialyvonne 56002 672160 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} The '''Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020''' (IWU IKPE) United States nke guzobere obere usoro ikpe n'ime United States Copyright Office maka ndị nwe nwebisiinka ịchọ mmebi n'okpuru US $ 30,000 maka mmebi ikike nwebisiinka. Ewebatara nha ahụ na Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya United States na Mee 1, 2019, wee nyefee ya na Ọktoba 22, 2019. Ewebatara otu ụdị na Senate United States na Mee 1, 2019..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1273|title=S.1273 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): CASE Act of 2019|author=Kennedy|first=John|date=2019-09-12|work=www.congress.gov|accessdate=2019-11-06|archivedate=2019-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114005116/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1273}}</ref> Agụnyere Iwu IKPE, yana ụgwọ abụọ metụtara IP, dịka akụkụ nke mmefu ego omnibus yana ụgwọ enyemaka COVID-19 na Disemba 2020, nke Congress mere na Disemba 21, 2020. Onye isi ala Donald Trump bịanyere aka na ụgwọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ iwu. na Disemba 27, 2020. == Ndabere == N'okpuru iwu gọọmenti etiti, a ga-achụrịrị ikpe mmebi iwu nwebiisinka n'ụlọ ikpe gọọmenti etiti. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ nhọrọ dị oke ọnụ ma na-ewe oge maka obere ndị nwe nwebisiinka, ọkachasị maka ndị nwere ikike nke ọrụ ederede na nke a na-ahụ anya. Mmebi bịara pụta ìhè na ịntanetị na-ewu ewu nke mere ka ịkekọrịta ihe, gụnyere ndị mebiri ikike nwebiisinka, dị mfe karị.<ref name="artsnews details">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny|title=US copyright law comes under scrutiny as new legislation makes its way before Congress|first=Daniel|author=Grant|date=March 27, 2020|accessdate=December 21, 2020|work=[[The Art Newspaper]]|archivedate=December 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000033/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny}}</ref> Ka ha na-atụle ihe gbasara nchebe nwebisiinka maka ọrụ ụmụ mgbei, United States Congress ghọtara ihe ịma aka ndị a maka ndị nwe nwebisiinka pere mpe n'ime ihe iji chebe ọrụ nke ha. Na Maachị 2006, Kọmitii Ụlọ na Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ụlọikpe na Ụlọikpe, Intanet na Ngwongwo ọgụgụ isi nwere ikpe nke isiokwu ya bụ "Ngwọta maka Obere Nkwupụta Mbibi Nwebiisinka", bụ nke mechiri site n'ịkụzi ụlọ ọrụ United States Nwebiisinka ka ọ mụọ ihe ngwọta maka okwu ahụ. Ọfịs nwebiisinka bipụtara akụkọ na Septemba 2013 maka ụzọ ọzọ maka ịgba akwụkwọ gọọmentị etiti maka ebubo mmebi iwu nwebiisinka. Officelọ ọrụ nwebiisinka tụpụtara echiche nke obere sistemu ụlọikpe mkpesa nke Ọfịs nwere ike na-arụ maka ndị nwe nwebisiinka na-achọ mmebi ruo.<ref name="co report 2013">{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyright.gov/docs/smallclaims/usco-smallcopyrightclaims.pdf|title=Copyright small claims: a report of the register of copyrights|publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]]|date=September 2013|accessdate=December 21, 2020|archivedate=October 17, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017043416/https://www.copyright.gov/docs/smallclaims/usco-smallcopyrightclaims.pdf}}</ref> == Ndokwa == N'ịgbaso usoro nke ụlọ ọrụ nwebiisinka tụpụtara, iwu CASE ga-ewepụta bọọdụ nkwuputa ikike nwebisiinka n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka. Kọmiti nkwuputa nwere ike kpebie nkwuputa mmebi nwebiisinka nke onye ọ bụla ji ikike nwebiisinka gbara akwụkwọ, nkwupụta nke enweghị mmebi nke ndị ọrụ wetara, na nkwupụta ụgha (n'okpuru Digital Millennium Copyright Act). Ndị ọka iwu atọ ga-enwe bọọdụ a, abụọ n'ime ha ga-amarịrị na iwu nwebiisinka. Maka ọrụ ndị e debanyere aha n'oge na Office Nwebiisinka, mmebi iwu kachasị ga-abụ US $ 15,000 kwa ọrụ yana US $ 30,000 maka nkwupụta, ebe ọrụ nwebiisinka edebanyeghị aha tozuru oke maka ọkara ego ndị ahụ. Kọmiti nkwuputa nwere ike ọ gaghị enye iwu mana ha nwere ike ịnye otu ndị ọzọ iwu ka ha kwụsị mmebi iwu ma ọ bụrụ na ndị otu ahụ ekwenye.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020|url=https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/copyright-small-claims.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101004147/https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/copyright-small-claims.pdf|archivedate=2021-01-01|accessdate=February 8, 2021|work=U.S. Copyright Office}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2426|title=§1504(c)(1), H.R.2426 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2019.|author=Jeffries|first=Hakeem S.|date=2019-10-23|work=www.congress.gov|accessdate=2019-11-06|archivedate=2019-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101093527/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2426}}</ref> Usoro a bụ nke afọ ofufo; ozugbo a gbara akwụkwọ mkpesa, ndị zara ajụjụ nwere ụbọchị iri isii iji pụọ. Ọ bụrụ na onye zara azaghị apụ, Board Claims ga-eme mkpebi ikpeazụ na ntule nke mmebi, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla. Usoro a adịghị maka ịchọ mmebi megide mmebi iwu sitere na gọọmentị etiti ma ọ bụ steeti ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mba ofesi, ma ọ bụ maka nkwupụta ewepụtara n'okwu ikpe na-echere.<ref name="nrl">{{Cite web|author=Weller|first=Susan Neuberger|date=January 8, 2020|title=Congress Considers Creation of a "Copyright Claims Board" as an Alternative to Handle Small Copyright Claims|url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/congress-considers-creation-copyright-claims-board-alternative-to-handle-small|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022072955/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/congress-considers-creation-copyright-claims-board-alternative-to-handle-small|archivedate=October 22, 2020|accessdate=December 21, 2020|work=[[National Law Review]]}}</ref> == Akụkọ iwu == == Nkwado == Na June 26, 2019, na nkwupụta nye Kọmitii Ndị Nnọchiteanya Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe, US Register of Copyright Karyn A. Temple kwupụtara nkwado ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka US maka obere usoro ikpe ikpe. N'okwu ya, o kwuru na "...obere dollar mana ka bara uru ọrụ nwebiisinka na-emebikarị n'enwetaghị ntaramahụhụ, na ndị na-emepụta ihe na obere ụlọ ọrụ na-enwekarị ihe ngwọta dị irè ... N'ihi nke a, Ụlọ Ọrụ nwebisiinka siri ike. na-akwado obere ụlọ ikpe nkwuputa ahaziri n'usoro atụmatụ nke akọwapụtara na akụkọ 2013 nke Nwebiisinka".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-june-26-oversight-hearing.pdf|title=Statement of Karyn A. Temple, United States Register of Copyrights, Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States House of Representatives|date=June 26, 2019|work=Copyright.gov|accessdate=November 1, 2019|archivedate=November 4, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210905/https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-june-26-oversight-hearing.pdf}}</ref> Ndị otu dị ka Copyright Alliance, Professional Photographers of America, American Society of Media Photographers, International Authors Forum, Authors Guild the Graphic Artists Guild, NAACP, AFL-CIO, American Conservative Union, na American Bar Association, yana Ụlọ Ahịa nke United States, na ọtụtụ puku ndị okike onwe ha na obere ụlọ ọrụ na United States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://copyrightalliance.org/news-events/copyright-news-newsletters/copyright-small-claims/|title=Copyright Small Claims|work=Copyright Alliance|accessdate=May 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/big_day_for_copyright_advocacy_on_capitol_hill_says_professional_photographers_of_america_ppa/prweb16283326.htm|title=Big Day for Copyright Advocacy on Capitol Hill, says Professional Photographers of America (PPA)|work=PRWeb|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906044828/http://www.prweb.com/releases/big_day_for_copyright_advocacy_on_capitol_hill_says_professional_photographers_of_america_ppa/prweb16283326.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asmp.org/advocacy/press-release-asmp-applauds-senate-judiciary-committee-for-passing-the-case-act-s-1273/|title=Press Release: ASMP Applauds Senate Judiciary Committee for Passing the CASE Act (S. 1273)|author=ASMP|date=2019-07-19|work=ASMP|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-09|archivedate=2019-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809113345/https://www.asmp.org/advocacy/press-release-asmp-applauds-senate-judiciary-committee-for-passing-the-case-act-s-1273/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.internationalauthors.org/news/copyright-law/us-authors-make-case-for-small-claims-court/|title=US authors make CASE for small-claims court|date=2019-07-17|work=International Authors Forum|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-08-09|archivedate=2019-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809113346/https://www.internationalauthors.org/news/copyright-law/us-authors-make-case-for-small-claims-court/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/please-support-small-copyright-claims-case-act/|title=Please Support Small Copyright Claims (CASE Act)|date=2019-07-09|work=The Authors Guild|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-09|archivedate=2019-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809113344/https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/please-support-small-copyright-claims-case-act/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://graphicartistsguild.org/update-on-the-case-act/|title=Update on the CASE Act|work=Graphic Artists Guild|accessdate=July 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aflcio.org/aboutadvocacylegislative-alerts/letter-supporting-legislation-would-protect-artistic-creators|title=Letter Supporting Legislation That Would Protect Artistic Creators {{!}} AFL-CIO|work=aflcio.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210902/https://aflcio.org/aboutadvocacylegislative-alerts/letter-supporting-legislation-would-protect-artistic-creators}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conservative.org/article/acu-leads-coalition-letter-in-support-of-the-case-act|title=ACU Leads Coalition Letter in Support of the CASE Act|author=ACU|date=2019-10-09|work=ACU|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210904/https://www.conservative.org/article/acu-leads-coalition-letter-in-support-of-the-case-act}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uschamber.com/letters-congress/us-chamber-letter-supporting-s-1273-and-hr-2426-case-act|title=U.S. Chamber Letter Supporting S. 1273 and H.R. 2426, "CASE Act"|date=2019-05-02|work=U.S. Chamber of Commerce|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114022738/https://www.uschamber.com/letters-congress/us-chamber-letter-supporting-s-1273-and-hr-2426-case-act}}</ref> Ndị na-akwado iwu ahụ na-akwado nchọpụta nke Ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka na obere ụlọ ikpe ahụ ga-enye ohere ọzọ nwere ego karịa ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti, ma mee ka ndị okike nwee ike ichebe ihe nwebisiinka ha nke ọma. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, Kọmitii Nkwupụta ga-enwe ike ịchọpụta ma ojiji nke ọrụ nwebisiinka bụ ojiji ziri ezi. Na nzaghachi maka nchegbu nkatọ, nkwupụta nye ndị kọmitii na-ahụ maka ikpe ikpe nke Senate na Julaị 30, 2019, Temple Register kwuru, "Enwere m obi ụtọ ịhụ na iwu nke ewepụrụ nso nso a na Kọmitii Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Senate nwere ọtụtụ ndokwa. iji nyere aka lebara nchegbu ndị a anya ... Ndokwa ndị a, yana nnukwu ọkwa chọrọ na usoro nchekwa maka ndị na-aza ajụjụ, ga-enye nchebe dị mkpa megide iji CCB site n'aka ndị na-azọrọ okwukwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-july-30-oversight-hearing.pdf|title=Statement of Karyn A. Temple, United States Register of Copyrights, Before the Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate|date=July 30, 2019|work=Copyright.gov|accessdate=November 4, 2019|archivedate=November 4, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210901/https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-july-30-oversight-hearing.pdf}}</ref> == Nkatọ == Ndị otu na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ọha na eze dịka Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), Public Knowledge, na Authors Alliance emegidewo ụgwọ ahụ, na-ekwu na Iwu CASE ka ezughị iji chebe ndị mmadụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị site na "ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị mgbagwoju anya" (ụlọ ọrụ, nwebisiinka "trolls" na ndị na-emegbu ndị<ref name="Authors Alliance">{{Cite web|url=https://www.authorsalliance.org/2019/06/04/copyright-law-has-a-small-claims-problem-the-case-act-wont-solve-it%EF%BB%BF/|title=COPYRIGHT LAW HAS A SMALL CLAIMS PROBLEM. THE CASE ACT WON'T SOLVE IT|author=Sheehan|first=Kerry Maeve|date=June 4, 2019|accessdate=July 15, 2019|work=Authors Alliance|archivedate=October 12, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012215314/https://www.authorsalliance.org/2019/06/04/copyright-law-has-a-small-claims-problem-the-case-act-wont-solve-it%EF%BB%BF/}}</ref> yiri ya).<ref name="Stoltz-171129">{{Cite web|author=Stoltz|first=Mitch|date=November 29, 2017|title=Congress Shouldn't Turn the Copyright Office Into A Copyright Court|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/11/creating-copyright-court-copyright-office-wrong-move|work=Electronic Frontier Foundation|accessdate=November 20, 2018|archivedate=December 9, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209054430/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/11/creating-copyright-court-copyright-office-wrong-move}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publicknowledge.org/press-release/public-knowledge-opposes-copyright-bill-creating-unaccountable-small-claims-court|title=Public Knowledge Opposes Copyright Bill Creating Unaccountable "Small-Claims" Court|author=Stella|first=Shiva|date=May 1, 2019|accessdate=July 15, 2019|work=Public Knowledge|archivedate=July 14, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714023230/https://www.publicknowledge.org/press-release/public-knowledge-opposes-copyright-bill-creating-unaccountable-small-claims-court}}</ref> Ndị nkatọ a na-arụ ụka na ụlọ ikpe ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka nke e guzobere n'èzí usoro ikpe ga-abụ iwu na-akwadoghị, usoro ịpụ n'ụlọ ikpe a ga-emeghe ndị na-amaghị ihe ka ha kpuo ìsì na obere ihe ọ ga-eme, na oke iwu nke ụlọ ikpe ahụ na-enye ohere maka ntaramahụhụ dị oke egwu.<ref name="Authors Alliance" /> Ndị ọkachamara iwu ndị ọzọ kwuru na ndị nwe nwe nwebisiinka buru ibu nwere ike ilekwasị anya n'iji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma manye ndị na-eji ojiji iwu nke ọrụ nwebisiinka ka ha kwụsị iji ha ma ọ bụ chọọ nkwado iwu maka ụlọ ikpe ahụ.Library Futures, nke na-ekwu okwu n'aha ọbá akwụkwọ, akatọla na, ọ bụ ezie na a na-echebe ọbá akwụkwọ na ebe nchekwa, ndị ọrụ ọbá akwụkwọ adịghị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Shockey|first=Nick|title=Protect Library Workers from the CASE Act|url=https://www.libraryfutures.net/post/protect-library-workers-from-the-case-act?fbclid=IwAR2efU88espHaYqRHM6OmwQmLTfCsOPrqL-gAOHPL2lo1NXmuxLp8xd4NNM|work=Library Futures|accessdate=23 September 2021}}</ref> Enwekwara nkatọ site n'aka ndị na-akwado obere ndị na-emepụta nwebisiinka, na-ekwu na ndokwa ịpụ apụ na-enye ndị na-emebi iwu ikike dị ukwuu ịjụ iji Ụlọikpe Nkwupụta ma na-amanye ndị okike iji ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti chọọ ntaramahụhụ.<ref name="artsnews details">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny|title=US copyright law comes under scrutiny as new legislation makes its way before Congress|first=Daniel|author=Grant|date=March 27, 2020|accessdate=December 21, 2020|work=[[The Art Newspaper]]|archivedate=December 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000033/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGrant2020">Grant, Daniel (March 27, 2020). [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny "US copyright law comes under scrutiny as new legislation makes its way before Congress"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ Art|The Art Newspaper]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000033/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny Archived] from the original on December 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndetu == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Ịgụgụ ọzọ == *  . *  . *  . *   *   *   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.congress.gov/115/bills/hr3945/BILLS-115hr3945ih.pdf Ihe odide zuru ezu nke House bill 3945] * [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2426/text Ihe odide zuru ezu nke House bill 2426] * [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1273/text Ihe odide zuru ezu nke Senate bill 1273] * [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/133 Ihe odide zuru ezu nke House bill 133] * [https://ccb.gov/ Copyright Claims Board] q988zwovsmcpvg79tzy9rncdfts9ci2 672164 672160 2026-07-04T12:07:14Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 672164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} The '''Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020''' (IWU IKPE) United States nke guzobere obere usoro ikpe n'ime United States Copyright Office maka ndị nwe nwebisiinka ịchọ mmebi n'okpuru US $ 30,000 maka mmebi ikike nwebisiinka. Ewebatara nha ahụ na Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya United States na Mee 1, 2019, wee nyefee ya na Ọktoba 22, 2019. Ewebatara otu ụdị na Senate United States na Mee 1, 2019..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1273|title=S.1273 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): CASE Act of 2019|author=Kennedy|first=John|date=2019-09-12|work=www.congress.gov|accessdate=2019-11-06|archivedate=2019-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114005116/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1273}}</ref> Agụnyere Iwu IKPE, yana ụgwọ abụọ metụtara IP, dịka akụkụ nke mmefu ego omnibus yana ụgwọ enyemaka COVID-19 na Disemba 2020, nke Congress mere na Disemba 21, 2020. Onye isi ala Donald Trump bịanyere aka na ụgwọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ iwu. na Disemba 27, 2020. == Ndabere == N'okpuru iwu gọọmenti etiti, a ga-achụrịrị ikpe mmebi iwu nwebiisinka n'ụlọ ikpe gọọmenti etiti. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ nhọrọ dị oke ọnụ ma na-ewe oge maka obere ndị nwe nwebisiinka, ọkachasị maka ndị nwere ikike nke ọrụ ederede na nke a na-ahụ anya. Mmebi bịara pụta ìhè na ịntanetị na-ewu ewu nke mere ka ịkekọrịta ihe, gụnyere ndị mebiri ikike nwebiisinka, dị mfe karị.<ref name="artsnews details">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny|title=US copyright law comes under scrutiny as new legislation makes its way before Congress|first=Daniel|author=Grant|date=March 27, 2020|accessdate=December 21, 2020|work=[[The Art Newspaper]]|archivedate=December 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000033/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny}}</ref> Ka ha na-atụle ihe gbasara nchebe nwebisiinka maka ọrụ ụmụ mgbei, United States Congress ghọtara ihe ịma aka ndị a maka ndị nwe nwebisiinka pere mpe n'ime ihe iji chebe ọrụ nke ha. Na Maachị 2006, Kọmitii Ụlọ na Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ụlọikpe na Ụlọikpe, Intanet na Ngwongwo ọgụgụ isi nwere ikpe nke isiokwu ya bụ "Ngwọta maka Obere Nkwupụta Mbibi Nwebiisinka", bụ nke mechiri site n'ịkụzi ụlọ ọrụ United States Nwebiisinka ka ọ mụọ ihe ngwọta maka okwu ahụ. Ọfịs nwebiisinka bipụtara akụkọ na Septemba 2013 maka ụzọ ọzọ maka ịgba akwụkwọ gọọmentị etiti maka ebubo mmebi iwu nwebiisinka. Officelọ ọrụ nwebiisinka tụpụtara echiche nke obere sistemu ụlọikpe mkpesa nke Ọfịs nwere ike na-arụ maka ndị nwe nwebisiinka na-achọ mmebi ruo.<ref name="co report 2013">{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyright.gov/docs/smallclaims/usco-smallcopyrightclaims.pdf|title=Copyright small claims: a report of the register of copyrights|publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]]|date=September 2013|accessdate=December 21, 2020|archivedate=October 17, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017043416/https://www.copyright.gov/docs/smallclaims/usco-smallcopyrightclaims.pdf}}</ref> == Ndokwa == N'ịgbaso usoro nke ụlọ ọrụ nwebiisinka tụpụtara, iwu CASE ga-ewepụta bọọdụ nkwuputa ikike nwebisiinka n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka. Kọmiti nkwuputa nwere ike kpebie nkwuputa mmebi nwebiisinka nke onye ọ bụla ji ikike nwebiisinka gbara akwụkwọ, nkwupụta nke enweghị mmebi nke ndị ọrụ wetara, na nkwupụta ụgha (n'okpuru Digital Millennium Copyright Act). Ndị ọka iwu atọ ga-enwe bọọdụ a, abụọ n'ime ha ga-amarịrị na iwu nwebiisinka. Maka ọrụ ndị e debanyere aha n'oge na Office Nwebiisinka, mmebi iwu kachasị ga-abụ US $ 15,000 kwa ọrụ yana US $ 30,000 maka nkwupụta, ebe ọrụ nwebiisinka edebanyeghị aha tozuru oke maka ọkara ego ndị ahụ. Kọmiti nkwuputa nwere ike ọ gaghị enye iwu mana ha nwere ike ịnye otu ndị ọzọ iwu ka ha kwụsị mmebi iwu ma ọ bụrụ na ndị otu ahụ ekwenye.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020|url=https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/copyright-small-claims.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101004147/https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/copyright-small-claims.pdf|archivedate=2021-01-01|accessdate=February 8, 2021|work=U.S. Copyright Office}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2426|title=§1504(c)(1), H.R.2426 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2019.|author=Jeffries|first=Hakeem S.|date=2019-10-23|work=www.congress.gov|accessdate=2019-11-06|archivedate=2019-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101093527/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2426}}</ref> Usoro a bụ nke afọ ofufo; ozugbo a gbara akwụkwọ mkpesa, ndị zara ajụjụ nwere ụbọchị iri isii iji pụọ. Ọ bụrụ na onye zara azaghị apụ, Board Claims ga-eme mkpebi ikpeazụ na ntule nke mmebi, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla. Usoro a adịghị maka ịchọ mmebi megide mmebi iwu sitere na gọọmentị etiti ma ọ bụ steeti ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mba ofesi, ma ọ bụ maka nkwupụta ewepụtara n'okwu ikpe na-echere.<ref name="nrl">{{Cite web|author=Weller|first=Susan Neuberger|date=January 8, 2020|title=Congress Considers Creation of a "Copyright Claims Board" as an Alternative to Handle Small Copyright Claims|url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/congress-considers-creation-copyright-claims-board-alternative-to-handle-small|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022072955/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/congress-considers-creation-copyright-claims-board-alternative-to-handle-small|archivedate=October 22, 2020|accessdate=December 21, 2020|work=[[National Law Review]]}}</ref> == Akụkọ iwu == == Nkwado == Na June 26, 2019, na nkwupụta nye Kọmitii Ndị Nnọchiteanya Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe, US Register of Copyright Karyn A. Temple kwupụtara nkwado ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka US maka obere usoro ikpe ikpe. N'okwu ya, o kwuru na "...obere dollar mana ka bara uru ọrụ nwebiisinka na-emebikarị n'enwetaghị ntaramahụhụ, na ndị na-emepụta ihe na obere ụlọ ọrụ na-enwekarị ihe ngwọta dị irè ... N'ihi nke a, Ụlọ Ọrụ nwebisiinka siri ike. na-akwado obere ụlọ ikpe nkwuputa ahaziri n'usoro atụmatụ nke akọwapụtara na akụkọ 2013 nke Nwebiisinka".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-june-26-oversight-hearing.pdf|title=Statement of Karyn A. Temple, United States Register of Copyrights, Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States House of Representatives|date=June 26, 2019|work=Copyright.gov|accessdate=November 1, 2019|archivedate=November 4, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210905/https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-june-26-oversight-hearing.pdf}}</ref> Ndị otu dị ka Copyright Alliance, Professional Photographers of America, American Society of Media Photographers, International Authors Forum, Authors Guild the Graphic Artists Guild, NAACP, AFL-CIO, American Conservative Union, na American Bar Association, yana Ụlọ Ahịa nke United States, na ọtụtụ puku ndị okike onwe ha na obere ụlọ ọrụ na United States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://copyrightalliance.org/news-events/copyright-news-newsletters/copyright-small-claims/|title=Copyright Small Claims|work=Copyright Alliance|accessdate=May 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/big_day_for_copyright_advocacy_on_capitol_hill_says_professional_photographers_of_america_ppa/prweb16283326.htm|title=Big Day for Copyright Advocacy on Capitol Hill, says Professional Photographers of America (PPA)|work=PRWeb|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906044828/http://www.prweb.com/releases/big_day_for_copyright_advocacy_on_capitol_hill_says_professional_photographers_of_america_ppa/prweb16283326.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asmp.org/advocacy/press-release-asmp-applauds-senate-judiciary-committee-for-passing-the-case-act-s-1273/|title=Press Release: ASMP Applauds Senate Judiciary Committee for Passing the CASE Act (S. 1273)|author=ASMP|date=2019-07-19|work=ASMP|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-09|archivedate=2019-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809113345/https://www.asmp.org/advocacy/press-release-asmp-applauds-senate-judiciary-committee-for-passing-the-case-act-s-1273/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.internationalauthors.org/news/copyright-law/us-authors-make-case-for-small-claims-court/|title=US authors make CASE for small-claims court|date=2019-07-17|work=International Authors Forum|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-08-09|archivedate=2019-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809113346/https://www.internationalauthors.org/news/copyright-law/us-authors-make-case-for-small-claims-court/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/please-support-small-copyright-claims-case-act/|title=Please Support Small Copyright Claims (CASE Act)|date=2019-07-09|work=The Authors Guild|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-09|archivedate=2019-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809113344/https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/please-support-small-copyright-claims-case-act/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://graphicartistsguild.org/update-on-the-case-act/|title=Update on the CASE Act|work=Graphic Artists Guild|accessdate=July 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aflcio.org/aboutadvocacylegislative-alerts/letter-supporting-legislation-would-protect-artistic-creators|title=Letter Supporting Legislation That Would Protect Artistic Creators {{!}} AFL-CIO|work=aflcio.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210902/https://aflcio.org/aboutadvocacylegislative-alerts/letter-supporting-legislation-would-protect-artistic-creators}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conservative.org/article/acu-leads-coalition-letter-in-support-of-the-case-act|title=ACU Leads Coalition Letter in Support of the CASE Act|author=ACU|date=2019-10-09|work=ACU|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210904/https://www.conservative.org/article/acu-leads-coalition-letter-in-support-of-the-case-act}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uschamber.com/letters-congress/us-chamber-letter-supporting-s-1273-and-hr-2426-case-act|title=U.S. Chamber Letter Supporting S. 1273 and H.R. 2426, "CASE Act"|date=2019-05-02|work=U.S. Chamber of Commerce|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114022738/https://www.uschamber.com/letters-congress/us-chamber-letter-supporting-s-1273-and-hr-2426-case-act}}</ref> Ndị na-akwado iwu ahụ na-akwado nchọpụta nke Ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka na obere ụlọ ikpe ahụ ga-enye ohere ọzọ nwere ego karịa ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti, ma mee ka ndị okike nwee ike ichebe ihe nwebisiinka ha nke ọma. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, Kọmitii Nkwupụta ga-enwe ike ịchọpụta ma ojiji nke ọrụ nwebisiinka bụ ojiji ziri ezi. Na nzaghachi maka nchegbu nkatọ, nkwupụta nye ndị kọmitii na-ahụ maka ikpe ikpe nke Senate na Julaị 30, 2019, Temple Register kwuru, "Enwere m obi ụtọ ịhụ na iwu nke ewepụrụ nso nso a na Kọmitii Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Senate nwere ọtụtụ ndokwa. iji nyere aka lebara nchegbu ndị a anya ... Ndokwa ndị a, yana nnukwu ọkwa chọrọ na usoro nchekwa maka ndị na-aza ajụjụ, ga-enye nchebe dị mkpa megide iji CCB site n'aka ndị na-azọrọ okwukwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-july-30-oversight-hearing.pdf|title=Statement of Karyn A. Temple, United States Register of Copyrights, Before the Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate|date=July 30, 2019|work=Copyright.gov|accessdate=November 4, 2019|archivedate=November 4, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210901/https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-july-30-oversight-hearing.pdf}}</ref> == Nkatọ == Ndị otu na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ọha na eze dịka Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), Public Knowledge, na Authors Alliance emegidewo ụgwọ ahụ, na-ekwu na Iwu CASE ka ezughị iji chebe ndị mmadụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị site na "ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị mgbagwoju anya" (ụlọ ọrụ, nwebisiinka "trolls" na ndị na-emegbu ndị<ref name="Authors Alliance">{{Cite web|url=https://www.authorsalliance.org/2019/06/04/copyright-law-has-a-small-claims-problem-the-case-act-wont-solve-it%EF%BB%BF/|title=COPYRIGHT LAW HAS A SMALL CLAIMS PROBLEM. THE CASE ACT WON'T SOLVE IT|author=Sheehan|first=Kerry Maeve|date=June 4, 2019|accessdate=July 15, 2019|work=Authors Alliance|archivedate=October 12, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012215314/https://www.authorsalliance.org/2019/06/04/copyright-law-has-a-small-claims-problem-the-case-act-wont-solve-it%EF%BB%BF/}}</ref> yiri ya).<ref name="Stoltz-171129">{{Cite web|author=Stoltz|first=Mitch|date=November 29, 2017|title=Congress Shouldn't Turn the Copyright Office Into A Copyright Court|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/11/creating-copyright-court-copyright-office-wrong-move|work=Electronic Frontier Foundation|accessdate=November 20, 2018|archivedate=December 9, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209054430/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/11/creating-copyright-court-copyright-office-wrong-move}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publicknowledge.org/press-release/public-knowledge-opposes-copyright-bill-creating-unaccountable-small-claims-court|title=Public Knowledge Opposes Copyright Bill Creating Unaccountable "Small-Claims" Court|author=Stella|first=Shiva|date=May 1, 2019|accessdate=July 15, 2019|work=Public Knowledge|archivedate=July 14, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714023230/https://www.publicknowledge.org/press-release/public-knowledge-opposes-copyright-bill-creating-unaccountable-small-claims-court}}</ref> Ndị nkatọ a na-arụ ụka na ụlọ ikpe ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka nke e guzobere n'èzí usoro ikpe ga-abụ iwu na-akwadoghị, usoro ịpụ n'ụlọ ikpe a ga-emeghe ndị na-amaghị ihe ka ha kpuo ìsì na obere ihe ọ ga-eme, na oke iwu nke ụlọ ikpe ahụ na-enye ohere maka ntaramahụhụ dị oke egwu.<ref name="Authors Alliance" /> Ndị ọkachamara iwu ndị ọzọ kwuru na ndị nwe nwe nwebisiinka buru ibu nwere ike ilekwasị anya n'iji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma manye ndị na-eji ojiji iwu nke ọrụ nwebisiinka ka ha kwụsị iji ha ma ọ bụ chọọ nkwado iwu maka ụlọ ikpe ahụ.Library Futures, nke na-ekwu okwu n'aha ọbá akwụkwọ, akatọla na, ọ bụ ezie na a na-echebe ọbá akwụkwọ na ebe nchekwa, ndị ọrụ ọbá akwụkwọ adịghị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Shockey|first=Nick|title=Protect Library Workers from the CASE Act|url=https://www.libraryfutures.net/post/protect-library-workers-from-the-case-act?fbclid=IwAR2efU88espHaYqRHM6OmwQmLTfCsOPrqL-gAOHPL2lo1NXmuxLp8xd4NNM|work=Library Futures|accessdate=23 September 2021}}</ref> Enwekwara nkatọ site n'aka ndị na-akwado obere ndị na-emepụta nwebisiinka, na-ekwu na ndokwa ịpụ apụ na-enye ndị na-emebi iwu ikike dị ukwuu ịjụ iji Ụlọikpe Nkwupụta ma na-amanye ndị okike iji ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti chọọ ntaramahụhụ. == Ndetu == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Ịgụgụ ọzọ == *  . *  . *  . *   *   *   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.congress.gov/115/bills/hr3945/BILLS-115hr3945ih.pdf Ihe odide zuru ezu nke House bill 3945] * [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2426/text Ihe odide zuru ezu nke House bill 2426] * [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1273/text Ihe odide zuru ezu nke Senate bill 1273] * [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/133 Ihe odide zuru ezu nke House bill 133] * [https://ccb.gov/ Copyright Claims Board] ro1c2n2uzl4di0xheshuifgkzml7p32 672427 672164 2026-07-04T18:04:18Z King ChristLike 13051 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/Specialyvonne|Specialyvonne]] ([[User talk:Specialyvonne|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Celetex|Celetex]] 95757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} The '''Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020''' (IWU IKPE) United States nke guzobere obere usoro ikpe n'ime United States Copyright Office maka ndị nwe nwebisiinka ịchọ mmebi n'okpuru US $ 30,000 maka mmebi ikike nwebisiinka. Ewebatara nha ahụ na Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya United States na Mee 1, 2019, wee nyefee ya na Ọktoba 22, 2019. Ewebatara otu ụdị na Senate United States na Mee 1, 2019..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1273|title=S.1273 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): CASE Act of 2019|author=Kennedy|first=John|date=2019-09-12|work=www.congress.gov|accessdate=2019-11-06|archivedate=2019-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114005116/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1273}}</ref> Agụnyere Iwu IKPE, yana ụgwọ abụọ metụtara IP, dịka akụkụ nke mmefu ego omnibus yana ụgwọ enyemaka COVID-19 na Disemba 2020, nke Congress mere na Disemba 21, 2020. Onye isi ala Donald Trump bịanyere aka na ụgwọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ iwu. na Disemba 27, 2020. == Ndabere == N'okpuru iwu gọọmenti etiti, a ga-achụrịrị ikpe mmebi iwu nwebiisinka n'ụlọ ikpe gọọmenti etiti. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ nhọrọ dị oke ọnụ ma na-ewe oge maka obere ndị nwe nwebisiinka, ọkachasị maka ndị nwere ikike nke ọrụ ederede na nke a na-ahụ anya. Mmebi bịara pụta ìhè na ịntanetị na-ewu ewu nke mere ka ịkekọrịta ihe, gụnyere ndị mebiri ikike nwebiisinka, dị mfe karị.<ref name="artsnews details">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny|title=US copyright law comes under scrutiny as new legislation makes its way before Congress|first=Daniel|author=Grant|date=March 27, 2020|accessdate=December 21, 2020|work=[[The Art Newspaper]]|archivedate=December 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000033/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny}}</ref> Ka ha na-atụle ihe gbasara nchebe nwebisiinka maka ọrụ ụmụ mgbei, United States Congress ghọtara ihe ịma aka ndị a maka ndị nwe nwebisiinka pere mpe n'ime ihe iji chebe ọrụ nke ha. Na Maachị 2006, Kọmitii Ụlọ na Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ụlọikpe na Ụlọikpe, Intanet na Ngwongwo ọgụgụ isi nwere ikpe nke isiokwu ya bụ "Ngwọta maka Obere Nkwupụta Mbibi Nwebiisinka", bụ nke mechiri site n'ịkụzi ụlọ ọrụ United States Nwebiisinka ka ọ mụọ ihe ngwọta maka okwu ahụ. Ọfịs nwebiisinka bipụtara akụkọ na Septemba 2013 maka ụzọ ọzọ maka ịgba akwụkwọ gọọmentị etiti maka ebubo mmebi iwu nwebiisinka. Officelọ ọrụ nwebiisinka tụpụtara echiche nke obere sistemu ụlọikpe mkpesa nke Ọfịs nwere ike na-arụ maka ndị nwe nwebisiinka na-achọ mmebi ruo.<ref name="co report 2013">{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyright.gov/docs/smallclaims/usco-smallcopyrightclaims.pdf|title=Copyright small claims: a report of the register of copyrights|publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]]|date=September 2013|accessdate=December 21, 2020|archivedate=October 17, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017043416/https://www.copyright.gov/docs/smallclaims/usco-smallcopyrightclaims.pdf}}</ref> == Ndokwa == N'ịgbaso usoro nke ụlọ ọrụ nwebiisinka tụpụtara, iwu CASE ga-ewepụta bọọdụ nkwuputa ikike nwebisiinka n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka. Kọmiti nkwuputa nwere ike kpebie nkwuputa mmebi nwebiisinka nke onye ọ bụla ji ikike nwebiisinka gbara akwụkwọ, nkwupụta nke enweghị mmebi nke ndị ọrụ wetara, na nkwupụta ụgha (n'okpuru Digital Millennium Copyright Act). Ndị ọka iwu atọ ga-enwe bọọdụ a, abụọ n'ime ha ga-amarịrị na iwu nwebiisinka. Maka ọrụ ndị e debanyere aha n'oge na Office Nwebiisinka, mmebi iwu kachasị ga-abụ US $ 15,000 kwa ọrụ yana US $ 30,000 maka nkwupụta, ebe ọrụ nwebiisinka edebanyeghị aha tozuru oke maka ọkara ego ndị ahụ. Kọmiti nkwuputa nwere ike ọ gaghị enye iwu mana ha nwere ike ịnye otu ndị ọzọ iwu ka ha kwụsị mmebi iwu ma ọ bụrụ na ndị otu ahụ ekwenye.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020|url=https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/copyright-small-claims.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101004147/https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/copyright-small-claims.pdf|archivedate=2021-01-01|accessdate=February 8, 2021|work=U.S. Copyright Office}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2426|title=§1504(c)(1), H.R.2426 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2019.|author=Jeffries|first=Hakeem S.|date=2019-10-23|work=www.congress.gov|accessdate=2019-11-06|archivedate=2019-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101093527/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2426}}</ref> Usoro a bụ nke afọ ofufo; ozugbo a gbara akwụkwọ mkpesa, ndị zara ajụjụ nwere ụbọchị iri isii iji pụọ. Ọ bụrụ na onye zara azaghị apụ, Board Claims ga-eme mkpebi ikpeazụ na ntule nke mmebi, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla. Usoro a adịghị maka ịchọ mmebi megide mmebi iwu sitere na gọọmentị etiti ma ọ bụ steeti ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mba ofesi, ma ọ bụ maka nkwupụta ewepụtara n'okwu ikpe na-echere.<ref name="nrl">{{Cite web|author=Weller|first=Susan Neuberger|date=January 8, 2020|title=Congress Considers Creation of a "Copyright Claims Board" as an Alternative to Handle Small Copyright Claims|url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/congress-considers-creation-copyright-claims-board-alternative-to-handle-small|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022072955/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/congress-considers-creation-copyright-claims-board-alternative-to-handle-small|archivedate=October 22, 2020|accessdate=December 21, 2020|work=[[National Law Review]]}}</ref> == Akụkọ iwu == == Nkwado == Na June 26, 2019, na nkwupụta nye Kọmitii Ndị Nnọchiteanya Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe, US Register of Copyright Karyn A. Temple kwupụtara nkwado ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka US maka obere usoro ikpe ikpe. N'okwu ya, o kwuru na "...obere dollar mana ka bara uru ọrụ nwebiisinka na-emebikarị n'enwetaghị ntaramahụhụ, na ndị na-emepụta ihe na obere ụlọ ọrụ na-enwekarị ihe ngwọta dị irè ... N'ihi nke a, Ụlọ Ọrụ nwebisiinka siri ike. na-akwado obere ụlọ ikpe nkwuputa ahaziri n'usoro atụmatụ nke akọwapụtara na akụkọ 2013 nke Nwebiisinka".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-june-26-oversight-hearing.pdf|title=Statement of Karyn A. Temple, United States Register of Copyrights, Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States House of Representatives|date=June 26, 2019|work=Copyright.gov|accessdate=November 1, 2019|archivedate=November 4, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210905/https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-june-26-oversight-hearing.pdf}}</ref> Ndị otu dị ka Copyright Alliance, Professional Photographers of America, American Society of Media Photographers, International Authors Forum, Authors Guild the Graphic Artists Guild, NAACP, AFL-CIO, American Conservative Union, na American Bar Association, yana Ụlọ Ahịa nke United States, na ọtụtụ puku ndị okike onwe ha na obere ụlọ ọrụ na United States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://copyrightalliance.org/news-events/copyright-news-newsletters/copyright-small-claims/|title=Copyright Small Claims|work=Copyright Alliance|accessdate=May 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/big_day_for_copyright_advocacy_on_capitol_hill_says_professional_photographers_of_america_ppa/prweb16283326.htm|title=Big Day for Copyright Advocacy on Capitol Hill, says Professional Photographers of America (PPA)|work=PRWeb|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906044828/http://www.prweb.com/releases/big_day_for_copyright_advocacy_on_capitol_hill_says_professional_photographers_of_america_ppa/prweb16283326.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asmp.org/advocacy/press-release-asmp-applauds-senate-judiciary-committee-for-passing-the-case-act-s-1273/|title=Press Release: ASMP Applauds Senate Judiciary Committee for Passing the CASE Act (S. 1273)|author=ASMP|date=2019-07-19|work=ASMP|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-09|archivedate=2019-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809113345/https://www.asmp.org/advocacy/press-release-asmp-applauds-senate-judiciary-committee-for-passing-the-case-act-s-1273/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.internationalauthors.org/news/copyright-law/us-authors-make-case-for-small-claims-court/|title=US authors make CASE for small-claims court|date=2019-07-17|work=International Authors Forum|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-08-09|archivedate=2019-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809113346/https://www.internationalauthors.org/news/copyright-law/us-authors-make-case-for-small-claims-court/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/please-support-small-copyright-claims-case-act/|title=Please Support Small Copyright Claims (CASE Act)|date=2019-07-09|work=The Authors Guild|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-09|archivedate=2019-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809113344/https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/please-support-small-copyright-claims-case-act/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://graphicartistsguild.org/update-on-the-case-act/|title=Update on the CASE Act|work=Graphic Artists Guild|accessdate=July 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aflcio.org/aboutadvocacylegislative-alerts/letter-supporting-legislation-would-protect-artistic-creators|title=Letter Supporting Legislation That Would Protect Artistic Creators {{!}} AFL-CIO|work=aflcio.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210902/https://aflcio.org/aboutadvocacylegislative-alerts/letter-supporting-legislation-would-protect-artistic-creators}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conservative.org/article/acu-leads-coalition-letter-in-support-of-the-case-act|title=ACU Leads Coalition Letter in Support of the CASE Act|author=ACU|date=2019-10-09|work=ACU|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210904/https://www.conservative.org/article/acu-leads-coalition-letter-in-support-of-the-case-act}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uschamber.com/letters-congress/us-chamber-letter-supporting-s-1273-and-hr-2426-case-act|title=U.S. Chamber Letter Supporting S. 1273 and H.R. 2426, "CASE Act"|date=2019-05-02|work=U.S. Chamber of Commerce|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114022738/https://www.uschamber.com/letters-congress/us-chamber-letter-supporting-s-1273-and-hr-2426-case-act}}</ref> Ndị na-akwado iwu ahụ na-akwado nchọpụta nke Ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka na obere ụlọ ikpe ahụ ga-enye ohere ọzọ nwere ego karịa ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti, ma mee ka ndị okike nwee ike ichebe ihe nwebisiinka ha nke ọma. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, Kọmitii Nkwupụta ga-enwe ike ịchọpụta ma ojiji nke ọrụ nwebisiinka bụ ojiji ziri ezi. Na nzaghachi maka nchegbu nkatọ, nkwupụta nye ndị kọmitii na-ahụ maka ikpe ikpe nke Senate na Julaị 30, 2019, Temple Register kwuru, "Enwere m obi ụtọ ịhụ na iwu nke ewepụrụ nso nso a na Kọmitii Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Senate nwere ọtụtụ ndokwa. iji nyere aka lebara nchegbu ndị a anya ... Ndokwa ndị a, yana nnukwu ọkwa chọrọ na usoro nchekwa maka ndị na-aza ajụjụ, ga-enye nchebe dị mkpa megide iji CCB site n'aka ndị na-azọrọ okwukwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-july-30-oversight-hearing.pdf|title=Statement of Karyn A. Temple, United States Register of Copyrights, Before the Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate|date=July 30, 2019|work=Copyright.gov|accessdate=November 4, 2019|archivedate=November 4, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210901/https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-july-30-oversight-hearing.pdf}}</ref> == Nkatọ == Ndị otu na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ọha na eze dịka Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), Public Knowledge, na Authors Alliance emegidewo ụgwọ ahụ, na-ekwu na Iwu CASE ka ezughị iji chebe ndị mmadụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị site na "ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị mgbagwoju anya" (ụlọ ọrụ, nwebisiinka "trolls" na ndị na-emegbu ndị<ref name="Authors Alliance">{{Cite web|url=https://www.authorsalliance.org/2019/06/04/copyright-law-has-a-small-claims-problem-the-case-act-wont-solve-it%EF%BB%BF/|title=COPYRIGHT LAW HAS A SMALL CLAIMS PROBLEM. THE CASE ACT WON'T SOLVE IT|author=Sheehan|first=Kerry Maeve|date=June 4, 2019|accessdate=July 15, 2019|work=Authors Alliance|archivedate=October 12, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012215314/https://www.authorsalliance.org/2019/06/04/copyright-law-has-a-small-claims-problem-the-case-act-wont-solve-it%EF%BB%BF/}}</ref> yiri ya).<ref name="Stoltz-171129">{{Cite web|author=Stoltz|first=Mitch|date=November 29, 2017|title=Congress Shouldn't Turn the Copyright Office Into A Copyright Court|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/11/creating-copyright-court-copyright-office-wrong-move|work=Electronic Frontier Foundation|accessdate=November 20, 2018|archivedate=December 9, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209054430/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/11/creating-copyright-court-copyright-office-wrong-move}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publicknowledge.org/press-release/public-knowledge-opposes-copyright-bill-creating-unaccountable-small-claims-court|title=Public Knowledge Opposes Copyright Bill Creating Unaccountable "Small-Claims" Court|author=Stella|first=Shiva|date=May 1, 2019|accessdate=July 15, 2019|work=Public Knowledge|archivedate=July 14, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714023230/https://www.publicknowledge.org/press-release/public-knowledge-opposes-copyright-bill-creating-unaccountable-small-claims-court}}</ref> Ndị nkatọ a na-arụ ụka na ụlọ ikpe ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka nke e guzobere n'èzí usoro ikpe ga-abụ iwu na-akwadoghị, usoro ịpụ n'ụlọ ikpe a ga-emeghe ndị na-amaghị ihe ka ha kpuo ìsì na obere ihe ọ ga-eme, na oke iwu nke ụlọ ikpe ahụ na-enye ohere maka ntaramahụhụ dị oke egwu.<ref name="Authors Alliance" /> Ndị ọkachamara iwu ndị ọzọ kwuru na ndị nwe nwe nwebisiinka buru ibu nwere ike ilekwasị anya n'iji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma manye ndị na-eji ojiji iwu nke ọrụ nwebisiinka ka ha kwụsị iji ha ma ọ bụ chọọ nkwado iwu maka ụlọ ikpe ahụ.<ref name="artsnews details">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny|title=US copyright law comes under scrutiny as new legislation makes its way before Congress|first=Daniel|author=Grant|date=March 27, 2020|accessdate=December 21, 2020|work=[[The Art Newspaper]]|archivedate=December 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000033/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGrant2020">Grant, Daniel (March 27, 2020). [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny "US copyright law comes under scrutiny as new legislation makes its way before Congress"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ Art|The Art Newspaper]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000033/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny Archived] from the original on December 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Library Futures, nke na-ekwu okwu n'aha ọbá akwụkwọ, akatọla na, ọ bụ ezie na a na-echebe ọbá akwụkwọ na ebe nchekwa, ndị ọrụ ọbá akwụkwọ adịghị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Shockey|first=Nick|title=Protect Library Workers from the CASE Act|url=https://www.libraryfutures.net/post/protect-library-workers-from-the-case-act?fbclid=IwAR2efU88espHaYqRHM6OmwQmLTfCsOPrqL-gAOHPL2lo1NXmuxLp8xd4NNM|work=Library Futures|accessdate=23 September 2021}}</ref> Enwekwara nkatọ site n'aka ndị na-akwado obere ndị na-emepụta nwebisiinka, na-ekwu na ndokwa ịpụ apụ na-enye ndị na-emebi iwu ikike dị ukwuu ịjụ iji Ụlọikpe Nkwupụta ma na-amanye ndị okike iji ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti chọọ ntaramahụhụ.<ref name="artsnews details">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny|title=US copyright law comes under scrutiny as new legislation makes its way before Congress|first=Daniel|author=Grant|date=March 27, 2020|accessdate=December 21, 2020|work=[[The Art Newspaper]]|archivedate=December 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000033/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGrant2020">Grant, Daniel (March 27, 2020). [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny "US copyright law comes under scrutiny as new legislation makes its way before Congress"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ Art|The Art Newspaper]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000033/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny Archived] from the original on December 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndetu == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Ịgụgụ ọzọ == *  . *  . *  . *   *   *   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.congress.gov/115/bills/hr3945/BILLS-115hr3945ih.pdf Ihe odide zuru ezu nke House bill 3945] * [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2426/text Ihe odide zuru ezu nke House bill 2426] * [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1273/text Ihe odide zuru ezu nke Senate bill 1273] * [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/133 Ihe odide zuru ezu nke House bill 133] * [https://ccb.gov/ Copyright Claims Board] ru2q2ilwlnyw9qmksjysdx1g3lw5i31 672429 672427 2026-07-04T18:05:52Z King ChristLike 13051 fixed ref error 672429 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} The '''Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020''' (IWU IKPE) United States nke guzobere obere usoro ikpe n'ime United States Copyright Office maka ndị nwe nwebisiinka ịchọ mmebi n'okpuru US $ 30,000 maka mmebi ikike nwebisiinka. Ewebatara nha ahụ na Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya United States na Mee 1, 2019, wee nyefee ya na Ọktoba 22, 2019. Ewebatara otu ụdị na Senate United States na Mee 1, 2019..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1273|title=S.1273 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): CASE Act of 2019|author=Kennedy|first=John|date=2019-09-12|work=www.congress.gov|accessdate=2019-11-06|archivedate=2019-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114005116/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1273}}</ref> Agụnyere Iwu IKPE, yana ụgwọ abụọ metụtara IP, dịka akụkụ nke mmefu ego omnibus yana ụgwọ enyemaka COVID-19 na Disemba 2020, nke Congress mere na Disemba 21, 2020. Onye isi ala Donald Trump bịanyere aka na ụgwọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ iwu. na Disemba 27, 2020. == Ndabere == N'okpuru iwu gọọmenti etiti, a ga-achụrịrị ikpe mmebi iwu nwebiisinka n'ụlọ ikpe gọọmenti etiti. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ nhọrọ dị oke ọnụ ma na-ewe oge maka obere ndị nwe nwebisiinka, ọkachasị maka ndị nwere ikike nke ọrụ ederede na nke a na-ahụ anya. Mmebi bịara pụta ìhè na ịntanetị na-ewu ewu nke mere ka ịkekọrịta ihe, gụnyere ndị mebiri ikike nwebiisinka, dị mfe karị.<ref name="artsnews details" /> Ka ha na-atụle ihe gbasara nchebe nwebisiinka maka ọrụ ụmụ mgbei, United States Congress ghọtara ihe ịma aka ndị a maka ndị nwe nwebisiinka pere mpe n'ime ihe iji chebe ọrụ nke ha. Na Maachị 2006, Kọmitii Ụlọ na Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ụlọikpe na Ụlọikpe, Intanet na Ngwongwo ọgụgụ isi nwere ikpe nke isiokwu ya bụ "Ngwọta maka Obere Nkwupụta Mbibi Nwebiisinka", bụ nke mechiri site n'ịkụzi ụlọ ọrụ United States Nwebiisinka ka ọ mụọ ihe ngwọta maka okwu ahụ. Ọfịs nwebiisinka bipụtara akụkọ na Septemba 2013 maka ụzọ ọzọ maka ịgba akwụkwọ gọọmentị etiti maka ebubo mmebi iwu nwebiisinka. Officelọ ọrụ nwebiisinka tụpụtara echiche nke obere sistemu ụlọikpe mkpesa nke Ọfịs nwere ike na-arụ maka ndị nwe nwebisiinka na-achọ mmebi ruo.<ref name="co report 2013">{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyright.gov/docs/smallclaims/usco-smallcopyrightclaims.pdf|title=Copyright small claims: a report of the register of copyrights|publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]]|date=September 2013|accessdate=December 21, 2020|archivedate=October 17, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017043416/https://www.copyright.gov/docs/smallclaims/usco-smallcopyrightclaims.pdf}}</ref> == Ndokwa == N'ịgbaso usoro nke ụlọ ọrụ nwebiisinka tụpụtara, iwu CASE ga-ewepụta bọọdụ nkwuputa ikike nwebisiinka n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka. Kọmiti nkwuputa nwere ike kpebie nkwuputa mmebi nwebiisinka nke onye ọ bụla ji ikike nwebiisinka gbara akwụkwọ, nkwupụta nke enweghị mmebi nke ndị ọrụ wetara, na nkwupụta ụgha (n'okpuru Digital Millennium Copyright Act). Ndị ọka iwu atọ ga-enwe bọọdụ a, abụọ n'ime ha ga-amarịrị na iwu nwebiisinka. Maka ọrụ ndị e debanyere aha n'oge na Office Nwebiisinka, mmebi iwu kachasị ga-abụ US $ 15,000 kwa ọrụ yana US $ 30,000 maka nkwupụta, ebe ọrụ nwebiisinka edebanyeghị aha tozuru oke maka ọkara ego ndị ahụ. Kọmiti nkwuputa nwere ike ọ gaghị enye iwu mana ha nwere ike ịnye otu ndị ọzọ iwu ka ha kwụsị mmebi iwu ma ọ bụrụ na ndị otu ahụ ekwenye.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020|url=https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/copyright-small-claims.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101004147/https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/copyright-small-claims.pdf|archivedate=2021-01-01|accessdate=February 8, 2021|work=U.S. Copyright Office}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2426|title=§1504(c)(1), H.R.2426 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2019.|author=Jeffries|first=Hakeem S.|date=2019-10-23|work=www.congress.gov|accessdate=2019-11-06|archivedate=2019-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101093527/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2426}}</ref> Usoro a bụ nke afọ ofufo; ozugbo a gbara akwụkwọ mkpesa, ndị zara ajụjụ nwere ụbọchị iri isii iji pụọ. Ọ bụrụ na onye zara azaghị apụ, Board Claims ga-eme mkpebi ikpeazụ na ntule nke mmebi, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla. Usoro a adịghị maka ịchọ mmebi megide mmebi iwu sitere na gọọmentị etiti ma ọ bụ steeti ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mba ofesi, ma ọ bụ maka nkwupụta ewepụtara n'okwu ikpe na-echere.<ref name="nrl">{{Cite web|author=Weller|first=Susan Neuberger|date=January 8, 2020|title=Congress Considers Creation of a "Copyright Claims Board" as an Alternative to Handle Small Copyright Claims|url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/congress-considers-creation-copyright-claims-board-alternative-to-handle-small|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022072955/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/congress-considers-creation-copyright-claims-board-alternative-to-handle-small|archivedate=October 22, 2020|accessdate=December 21, 2020|work=[[National Law Review]]}}</ref> == Akụkọ iwu == == Nkwado == Na June 26, 2019, na nkwupụta nye Kọmitii Ndị Nnọchiteanya Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe, US Register of Copyright Karyn A. Temple kwupụtara nkwado ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka US maka obere usoro ikpe ikpe. N'okwu ya, o kwuru na "...obere dollar mana ka bara uru ọrụ nwebiisinka na-emebikarị n'enwetaghị ntaramahụhụ, na ndị na-emepụta ihe na obere ụlọ ọrụ na-enwekarị ihe ngwọta dị irè ... N'ihi nke a, Ụlọ Ọrụ nwebisiinka siri ike. na-akwado obere ụlọ ikpe nkwuputa ahaziri n'usoro atụmatụ nke akọwapụtara na akụkọ 2013 nke Nwebiisinka".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-june-26-oversight-hearing.pdf|title=Statement of Karyn A. Temple, United States Register of Copyrights, Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States House of Representatives|date=June 26, 2019|work=Copyright.gov|accessdate=November 1, 2019|archivedate=November 4, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210905/https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-june-26-oversight-hearing.pdf}}</ref> Ndị otu dị ka Copyright Alliance, Professional Photographers of America, American Society of Media Photographers, International Authors Forum, Authors Guild the Graphic Artists Guild, NAACP, AFL-CIO, American Conservative Union, na American Bar Association, yana Ụlọ Ahịa nke United States, na ọtụtụ puku ndị okike onwe ha na obere ụlọ ọrụ na United States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://copyrightalliance.org/news-events/copyright-news-newsletters/copyright-small-claims/|title=Copyright Small Claims|work=Copyright Alliance|accessdate=May 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/big_day_for_copyright_advocacy_on_capitol_hill_says_professional_photographers_of_america_ppa/prweb16283326.htm|title=Big Day for Copyright Advocacy on Capitol Hill, says Professional Photographers of America (PPA)|work=PRWeb|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906044828/http://www.prweb.com/releases/big_day_for_copyright_advocacy_on_capitol_hill_says_professional_photographers_of_america_ppa/prweb16283326.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asmp.org/advocacy/press-release-asmp-applauds-senate-judiciary-committee-for-passing-the-case-act-s-1273/|title=Press Release: ASMP Applauds Senate Judiciary Committee for Passing the CASE Act (S. 1273)|author=ASMP|date=2019-07-19|work=ASMP|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-09|archivedate=2019-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809113345/https://www.asmp.org/advocacy/press-release-asmp-applauds-senate-judiciary-committee-for-passing-the-case-act-s-1273/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.internationalauthors.org/news/copyright-law/us-authors-make-case-for-small-claims-court/|title=US authors make CASE for small-claims court|date=2019-07-17|work=International Authors Forum|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-08-09|archivedate=2019-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809113346/https://www.internationalauthors.org/news/copyright-law/us-authors-make-case-for-small-claims-court/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/please-support-small-copyright-claims-case-act/|title=Please Support Small Copyright Claims (CASE Act)|date=2019-07-09|work=The Authors Guild|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-09|archivedate=2019-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809113344/https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/please-support-small-copyright-claims-case-act/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://graphicartistsguild.org/update-on-the-case-act/|title=Update on the CASE Act|work=Graphic Artists Guild|accessdate=July 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aflcio.org/aboutadvocacylegislative-alerts/letter-supporting-legislation-would-protect-artistic-creators|title=Letter Supporting Legislation That Would Protect Artistic Creators {{!}} AFL-CIO|work=aflcio.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210902/https://aflcio.org/aboutadvocacylegislative-alerts/letter-supporting-legislation-would-protect-artistic-creators}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conservative.org/article/acu-leads-coalition-letter-in-support-of-the-case-act|title=ACU Leads Coalition Letter in Support of the CASE Act|author=ACU|date=2019-10-09|work=ACU|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210904/https://www.conservative.org/article/acu-leads-coalition-letter-in-support-of-the-case-act}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uschamber.com/letters-congress/us-chamber-letter-supporting-s-1273-and-hr-2426-case-act|title=U.S. Chamber Letter Supporting S. 1273 and H.R. 2426, "CASE Act"|date=2019-05-02|work=U.S. Chamber of Commerce|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114022738/https://www.uschamber.com/letters-congress/us-chamber-letter-supporting-s-1273-and-hr-2426-case-act}}</ref> Ndị na-akwado iwu ahụ na-akwado nchọpụta nke Ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka na obere ụlọ ikpe ahụ ga-enye ohere ọzọ nwere ego karịa ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti, ma mee ka ndị okike nwee ike ichebe ihe nwebisiinka ha nke ọma. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, Kọmitii Nkwupụta ga-enwe ike ịchọpụta ma ojiji nke ọrụ nwebisiinka bụ ojiji ziri ezi. Na nzaghachi maka nchegbu nkatọ, nkwupụta nye ndị kọmitii na-ahụ maka ikpe ikpe nke Senate na Julaị 30, 2019, Temple Register kwuru, "Enwere m obi ụtọ ịhụ na iwu nke ewepụrụ nso nso a na Kọmitii Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Senate nwere ọtụtụ ndokwa. iji nyere aka lebara nchegbu ndị a anya ... Ndokwa ndị a, yana nnukwu ọkwa chọrọ na usoro nchekwa maka ndị na-aza ajụjụ, ga-enye nchebe dị mkpa megide iji CCB site n'aka ndị na-azọrọ okwukwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-july-30-oversight-hearing.pdf|title=Statement of Karyn A. Temple, United States Register of Copyrights, Before the Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate|date=July 30, 2019|work=Copyright.gov|accessdate=November 4, 2019|archivedate=November 4, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210901/https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-july-30-oversight-hearing.pdf}}</ref> == Nkatọ == Ndị otu na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ọha na eze dịka Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), Public Knowledge, na Authors Alliance emegidewo ụgwọ ahụ, na-ekwu na Iwu CASE ka ezughị iji chebe ndị mmadụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị site na "ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị mgbagwoju anya" (ụlọ ọrụ, nwebisiinka "trolls" na ndị na-emegbu ndị<ref name="Authors Alliance">{{Cite web|url=https://www.authorsalliance.org/2019/06/04/copyright-law-has-a-small-claims-problem-the-case-act-wont-solve-it%EF%BB%BF/|title=COPYRIGHT LAW HAS A SMALL CLAIMS PROBLEM. THE CASE ACT WON'T SOLVE IT|author=Sheehan|first=Kerry Maeve|date=June 4, 2019|accessdate=July 15, 2019|work=Authors Alliance|archivedate=October 12, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012215314/https://www.authorsalliance.org/2019/06/04/copyright-law-has-a-small-claims-problem-the-case-act-wont-solve-it%EF%BB%BF/}}</ref> yiri ya).<ref name="Stoltz-171129">{{Cite web|author=Stoltz|first=Mitch|date=November 29, 2017|title=Congress Shouldn't Turn the Copyright Office Into A Copyright Court|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/11/creating-copyright-court-copyright-office-wrong-move|work=Electronic Frontier Foundation|accessdate=November 20, 2018|archivedate=December 9, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209054430/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/11/creating-copyright-court-copyright-office-wrong-move}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publicknowledge.org/press-release/public-knowledge-opposes-copyright-bill-creating-unaccountable-small-claims-court|title=Public Knowledge Opposes Copyright Bill Creating Unaccountable "Small-Claims" Court|author=Stella|first=Shiva|date=May 1, 2019|accessdate=July 15, 2019|work=Public Knowledge|archivedate=July 14, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714023230/https://www.publicknowledge.org/press-release/public-knowledge-opposes-copyright-bill-creating-unaccountable-small-claims-court}}</ref> Ndị nkatọ a na-arụ ụka na ụlọ ikpe ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka nke e guzobere n'èzí usoro ikpe ga-abụ iwu na-akwadoghị, usoro ịpụ n'ụlọ ikpe a ga-emeghe ndị na-amaghị ihe ka ha kpuo ìsì na obere ihe ọ ga-eme, na oke iwu nke ụlọ ikpe ahụ na-enye ohere maka ntaramahụhụ dị oke egwu.<ref name="Authors Alliance" /> Ndị ọkachamara iwu ndị ọzọ kwuru na ndị nwe nwe nwebisiinka buru ibu nwere ike ilekwasị anya n'iji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma manye ndị na-eji ojiji iwu nke ọrụ nwebisiinka ka ha kwụsị iji ha ma ọ bụ chọọ nkwado iwu maka ụlọ ikpe ahụ.<ref name="artsnews details">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny|title=US copyright law comes under scrutiny as new legislation makes its way before Congress|first=Daniel|author=Grant|date=March 27, 2020|accessdate=December 21, 2020|work=[[The Art Newspaper]]|archivedate=December 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000033/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGrant2020">Grant, Daniel (March 27, 2020). [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny "US copyright law comes under scrutiny as new legislation makes its way before Congress"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ Art|The Art Newspaper]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000033/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny Archived] from the original on December 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Library Futures, nke na-ekwu okwu n'aha ọbá akwụkwọ, akatọla na, ọ bụ ezie na a na-echebe ọbá akwụkwọ na ebe nchekwa, ndị ọrụ ọbá akwụkwọ adịghị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Shockey|first=Nick|title=Protect Library Workers from the CASE Act|url=https://www.libraryfutures.net/post/protect-library-workers-from-the-case-act?fbclid=IwAR2efU88espHaYqRHM6OmwQmLTfCsOPrqL-gAOHPL2lo1NXmuxLp8xd4NNM|work=Library Futures|accessdate=23 September 2021}}</ref> Enwekwara nkatọ site n'aka ndị na-akwado obere ndị na-emepụta nwebisiinka, na-ekwu na ndokwa ịpụ apụ na-enye ndị na-emebi iwu ikike dị ukwuu ịjụ iji Ụlọikpe Nkwupụta ma na-amanye ndị okike iji ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti chọọ ntaramahụhụ.<ref name="artsnews details">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny|title=US copyright law comes under scrutiny as new legislation makes its way before Congress|first=Daniel|author=Grant|date=March 27, 2020|accessdate=December 21, 2020|work=[[The Art Newspaper]]|archivedate=December 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000033/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGrant2020">Grant, Daniel (March 27, 2020). [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny "US copyright law comes under scrutiny as new legislation makes its way before Congress"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ Art|The Art Newspaper]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000033/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny Archived] from the original on December 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ndetu == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Ịgụgụ ọzọ == *  . *  . *  . *   *   *   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.congress.gov/115/bills/hr3945/BILLS-115hr3945ih.pdf Ihe odide zuru ezu nke House bill 3945] * [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2426/text Ihe odide zuru ezu nke House bill 2426] * [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1273/text Ihe odide zuru ezu nke Senate bill 1273] * [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/133 Ihe odide zuru ezu nke House bill 133] * [https://ccb.gov/ Copyright Claims Board] 14kosjf1q4brozpvzrhzqxj4z1x7yre 672430 672429 2026-07-04T18:08:09Z King ChristLike 13051 corrected heading 672430 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} The '''Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020''' (IWU IKPE) United States nke guzobere obere usoro ikpe n'ime United States Copyright Office maka ndị nwe nwebisiinka ịchọ mmebi n'okpuru US $ 30,000 maka mmebi ikike nwebisiinka. Ewebatara nha ahụ na Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya United States na Mee 1, 2019, wee nyefee ya na Ọktoba 22, 2019. Ewebatara otu ụdị na Senate United States na Mee 1, 2019..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1273|title=S.1273 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): CASE Act of 2019|author=Kennedy|first=John|date=2019-09-12|work=www.congress.gov|accessdate=2019-11-06|archivedate=2019-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114005116/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1273}}</ref> Agụnyere Iwu IKPE, yana ụgwọ abụọ metụtara IP, dịka akụkụ nke mmefu ego omnibus yana ụgwọ enyemaka COVID-19 na Disemba 2020, nke Congress mere na Disemba 21, 2020. Onye isi ala Donald Trump bịanyere aka na ụgwọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ iwu. na Disemba 27, 2020. == Ndabere == N'okpuru iwu gọọmenti etiti, a ga-achụrịrị ikpe mmebi iwu nwebiisinka n'ụlọ ikpe gọọmenti etiti. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ nhọrọ dị oke ọnụ ma na-ewe oge maka obere ndị nwe nwebisiinka, ọkachasị maka ndị nwere ikike nke ọrụ ederede na nke a na-ahụ anya. Mmebi bịara pụta ìhè na ịntanetị na-ewu ewu nke mere ka ịkekọrịta ihe, gụnyere ndị mebiri ikike nwebiisinka, dị mfe karị.<ref name="artsnews details" /> Ka ha na-atụle ihe gbasara nchebe nwebisiinka maka ọrụ ụmụ mgbei, United States Congress ghọtara ihe ịma aka ndị a maka ndị nwe nwebisiinka pere mpe n'ime ihe iji chebe ọrụ nke ha. Na Maachị 2006, Kọmitii Ụlọ na Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe Na-ahụ Maka Ụlọikpe na Ụlọikpe, Intanet na Ngwongwo ọgụgụ isi nwere ikpe nke isiokwu ya bụ "Ngwọta maka Obere Nkwupụta Mbibi Nwebiisinka", bụ nke mechiri site n'ịkụzi ụlọ ọrụ United States Nwebiisinka ka ọ mụọ ihe ngwọta maka okwu ahụ. Ọfịs nwebiisinka bipụtara akụkọ na Septemba 2013 maka ụzọ ọzọ maka ịgba akwụkwọ gọọmentị etiti maka ebubo mmebi iwu nwebiisinka. Officelọ ọrụ nwebiisinka tụpụtara echiche nke obere sistemu ụlọikpe mkpesa nke Ọfịs nwere ike na-arụ maka ndị nwe nwebisiinka na-achọ mmebi ruo.<ref name="co report 2013">{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyright.gov/docs/smallclaims/usco-smallcopyrightclaims.pdf|title=Copyright small claims: a report of the register of copyrights|publisher=[[United States Copyright Office]]|date=September 2013|accessdate=December 21, 2020|archivedate=October 17, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017043416/https://www.copyright.gov/docs/smallclaims/usco-smallcopyrightclaims.pdf}}</ref> == Ndokwa == N'ịgbaso usoro nke ụlọ ọrụ nwebiisinka tụpụtara, iwu CASE ga-ewepụta bọọdụ nkwuputa ikike nwebisiinka n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka. Kọmiti nkwuputa nwere ike kpebie nkwuputa mmebi nwebiisinka nke onye ọ bụla ji ikike nwebiisinka gbara akwụkwọ, nkwupụta nke enweghị mmebi nke ndị ọrụ wetara, na nkwupụta ụgha (n'okpuru Digital Millennium Copyright Act). Ndị ọka iwu atọ ga-enwe bọọdụ a, abụọ n'ime ha ga-amarịrị na iwu nwebiisinka. Maka ọrụ ndị e debanyere aha n'oge na Office Nwebiisinka, mmebi iwu kachasị ga-abụ US $ 15,000 kwa ọrụ yana US $ 30,000 maka nkwupụta, ebe ọrụ nwebiisinka edebanyeghị aha tozuru oke maka ọkara ego ndị ahụ. Kọmiti nkwuputa nwere ike ọ gaghị enye iwu mana ha nwere ike ịnye otu ndị ọzọ iwu ka ha kwụsị mmebi iwu ma ọ bụrụ na ndị otu ahụ ekwenye.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2020|url=https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/copyright-small-claims.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210101004147/https://www.copyright.gov/legislation/copyright-small-claims.pdf|archivedate=2021-01-01|accessdate=February 8, 2021|work=U.S. Copyright Office}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2426|title=§1504(c)(1), H.R.2426 - 116th Congress (2019-2020): Copyright Alternative in Small-Claims Enforcement Act of 2019.|author=Jeffries|first=Hakeem S.|date=2019-10-23|work=www.congress.gov|accessdate=2019-11-06|archivedate=2019-11-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191101093527/https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2426}}</ref> Usoro a bụ nke afọ ofufo; ozugbo a gbara akwụkwọ mkpesa, ndị zara ajụjụ nwere ụbọchị iri isii iji pụọ. Ọ bụrụ na onye zara azaghị apụ, Board Claims ga-eme mkpebi ikpeazụ na ntule nke mmebi, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla. Usoro a adịghị maka ịchọ mmebi megide mmebi iwu sitere na gọọmentị etiti ma ọ bụ steeti ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ mba ofesi, ma ọ bụ maka nkwupụta ewepụtara n'okwu ikpe na-echere.<ref name="nrl">{{Cite web|author=Weller|first=Susan Neuberger|date=January 8, 2020|title=Congress Considers Creation of a "Copyright Claims Board" as an Alternative to Handle Small Copyright Claims|url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/congress-considers-creation-copyright-claims-board-alternative-to-handle-small|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022072955/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/congress-considers-creation-copyright-claims-board-alternative-to-handle-small|archivedate=October 22, 2020|accessdate=December 21, 2020|work=[[National Law Review]]}}</ref> == Akụkọ iwu == == Nkwado == Na June 26, 2019, na nkwupụta nye Kọmitii Ndị Nnọchiteanya Na-ahụ Maka Ikpe, US Register of Copyright Karyn A. Temple kwupụtara nkwado ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka US maka obere usoro ikpe ikpe. N'okwu ya, o kwuru na "...obere dollar mana ka bara uru ọrụ nwebiisinka na-emebikarị n'enwetaghị ntaramahụhụ, na ndị na-emepụta ihe na obere ụlọ ọrụ na-enwekarị ihe ngwọta dị irè ... N'ihi nke a, Ụlọ Ọrụ nwebisiinka siri ike. na-akwado obere ụlọ ikpe nkwuputa ahaziri n'usoro atụmatụ nke akọwapụtara na akụkọ 2013 nke Nwebiisinka".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-june-26-oversight-hearing.pdf|title=Statement of Karyn A. Temple, United States Register of Copyrights, Before the Committee on the Judiciary, United States House of Representatives|date=June 26, 2019|work=Copyright.gov|accessdate=November 1, 2019|archivedate=November 4, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210905/https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-june-26-oversight-hearing.pdf}}</ref> Ndị otu dị ka Copyright Alliance, Professional Photographers of America, American Society of Media Photographers, International Authors Forum, Authors Guild the Graphic Artists Guild, NAACP, AFL-CIO, American Conservative Union, na American Bar Association, yana Ụlọ Ahịa nke United States, na ọtụtụ puku ndị okike onwe ha na obere ụlọ ọrụ na United States.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://copyrightalliance.org/news-events/copyright-news-newsletters/copyright-small-claims/|title=Copyright Small Claims|work=Copyright Alliance|accessdate=May 6, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prweb.com/releases/big_day_for_copyright_advocacy_on_capitol_hill_says_professional_photographers_of_america_ppa/prweb16283326.htm|title=Big Day for Copyright Advocacy on Capitol Hill, says Professional Photographers of America (PPA)|work=PRWeb|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-09-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190906044828/http://www.prweb.com/releases/big_day_for_copyright_advocacy_on_capitol_hill_says_professional_photographers_of_america_ppa/prweb16283326.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asmp.org/advocacy/press-release-asmp-applauds-senate-judiciary-committee-for-passing-the-case-act-s-1273/|title=Press Release: ASMP Applauds Senate Judiciary Committee for Passing the CASE Act (S. 1273)|author=ASMP|date=2019-07-19|work=ASMP|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-09|archivedate=2019-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809113345/https://www.asmp.org/advocacy/press-release-asmp-applauds-senate-judiciary-committee-for-passing-the-case-act-s-1273/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.internationalauthors.org/news/copyright-law/us-authors-make-case-for-small-claims-court/|title=US authors make CASE for small-claims court|date=2019-07-17|work=International Authors Forum|language=en-GB|accessdate=2019-08-09|archivedate=2019-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809113346/https://www.internationalauthors.org/news/copyright-law/us-authors-make-case-for-small-claims-court/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/please-support-small-copyright-claims-case-act/|title=Please Support Small Copyright Claims (CASE Act)|date=2019-07-09|work=The Authors Guild|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-09|archivedate=2019-08-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809113344/https://www.authorsguild.org/industry-advocacy/please-support-small-copyright-claims-case-act/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://graphicartistsguild.org/update-on-the-case-act/|title=Update on the CASE Act|work=Graphic Artists Guild|accessdate=July 24, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://aflcio.org/aboutadvocacylegislative-alerts/letter-supporting-legislation-would-protect-artistic-creators|title=Letter Supporting Legislation That Would Protect Artistic Creators {{!}} AFL-CIO|work=aflcio.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210902/https://aflcio.org/aboutadvocacylegislative-alerts/letter-supporting-legislation-would-protect-artistic-creators}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conservative.org/article/acu-leads-coalition-letter-in-support-of-the-case-act|title=ACU Leads Coalition Letter in Support of the CASE Act|author=ACU|date=2019-10-09|work=ACU|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210904/https://www.conservative.org/article/acu-leads-coalition-letter-in-support-of-the-case-act}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uschamber.com/letters-congress/us-chamber-letter-supporting-s-1273-and-hr-2426-case-act|title=U.S. Chamber Letter Supporting S. 1273 and H.R. 2426, "CASE Act"|date=2019-05-02|work=U.S. Chamber of Commerce|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-04|archivedate=2019-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191114022738/https://www.uschamber.com/letters-congress/us-chamber-letter-supporting-s-1273-and-hr-2426-case-act}}</ref> Ndị na-akwado iwu ahụ na-akwado nchọpụta nke Ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka na obere ụlọ ikpe ahụ ga-enye ohere ọzọ nwere ego karịa ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti, ma mee ka ndị okike nwee ike ichebe ihe nwebisiinka ha nke ọma. Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, Kọmitii Nkwupụta ga-enwe ike ịchọpụta ma ojiji nke ọrụ nwebisiinka bụ ojiji ziri ezi. Na nzaghachi maka nchegbu nkatọ, nkwupụta nye ndị kọmitii na-ahụ maka ikpe ikpe nke Senate na Julaị 30, 2019, Temple Register kwuru, "Enwere m obi ụtọ ịhụ na iwu nke ewepụrụ nso nso a na Kọmitii Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Senate nwere ọtụtụ ndokwa. iji nyere aka lebara nchegbu ndị a anya ... Ndokwa ndị a, yana nnukwu ọkwa chọrọ na usoro nchekwa maka ndị na-aza ajụjụ, ga-enye nchebe dị mkpa megide iji CCB site n'aka ndị na-azọrọ okwukwe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-july-30-oversight-hearing.pdf|title=Statement of Karyn A. Temple, United States Register of Copyrights, Before the Subcommittee on Intellectual Property, Committee on the Judiciary, United States Senate|date=July 30, 2019|work=Copyright.gov|accessdate=November 4, 2019|archivedate=November 4, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104210901/https://www.copyright.gov/laws/hearings/testimony-of-karyn-temple-for-july-30-oversight-hearing.pdf}}</ref> == Nkatọ == Ndị otu na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ọha na eze dịka Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), Public Knowledge, na Authors Alliance emegidewo ụgwọ ahụ, na-ekwu na Iwu CASE ka ezughị iji chebe ndị mmadụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị site na "ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị mgbagwoju anya" (ụlọ ọrụ, nwebisiinka "trolls" na ndị na-emegbu ndị<ref name="Authors Alliance">{{Cite web|url=https://www.authorsalliance.org/2019/06/04/copyright-law-has-a-small-claims-problem-the-case-act-wont-solve-it%EF%BB%BF/|title=COPYRIGHT LAW HAS A SMALL CLAIMS PROBLEM. THE CASE ACT WON'T SOLVE IT|author=Sheehan|first=Kerry Maeve|date=June 4, 2019|accessdate=July 15, 2019|work=Authors Alliance|archivedate=October 12, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012215314/https://www.authorsalliance.org/2019/06/04/copyright-law-has-a-small-claims-problem-the-case-act-wont-solve-it%EF%BB%BF/}}</ref> yiri ya).<ref name="Stoltz-171129">{{Cite web|author=Stoltz|first=Mitch|date=November 29, 2017|title=Congress Shouldn't Turn the Copyright Office Into A Copyright Court|url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/11/creating-copyright-court-copyright-office-wrong-move|work=Electronic Frontier Foundation|accessdate=November 20, 2018|archivedate=December 9, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209054430/https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2017/11/creating-copyright-court-copyright-office-wrong-move}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.publicknowledge.org/press-release/public-knowledge-opposes-copyright-bill-creating-unaccountable-small-claims-court|title=Public Knowledge Opposes Copyright Bill Creating Unaccountable "Small-Claims" Court|author=Stella|first=Shiva|date=May 1, 2019|accessdate=July 15, 2019|work=Public Knowledge|archivedate=July 14, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190714023230/https://www.publicknowledge.org/press-release/public-knowledge-opposes-copyright-bill-creating-unaccountable-small-claims-court}}</ref> Ndị nkatọ a na-arụ ụka na ụlọ ikpe ụlọ ọrụ nwebisiinka nke e guzobere n'èzí usoro ikpe ga-abụ iwu na-akwadoghị, usoro ịpụ n'ụlọ ikpe a ga-emeghe ndị na-amaghị ihe ka ha kpuo ìsì na obere ihe ọ ga-eme, na oke iwu nke ụlọ ikpe ahụ na-enye ohere maka ntaramahụhụ dị oke egwu.<ref name="Authors Alliance" /> Ndị ọkachamara iwu ndị ọzọ kwuru na ndị nwe nwe nwebisiinka buru ibu nwere ike ilekwasị anya n'iji ya eme ihe n'ụzọ ziri ezi ma manye ndị na-eji ojiji iwu nke ọrụ nwebisiinka ka ha kwụsị iji ha ma ọ bụ chọọ nkwado iwu maka ụlọ ikpe ahụ.<ref name="artsnews details">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny|title=US copyright law comes under scrutiny as new legislation makes its way before Congress|first=Daniel|author=Grant|date=March 27, 2020|accessdate=December 21, 2020|work=[[The Art Newspaper]]|archivedate=December 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000033/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGrant2020">Grant, Daniel (March 27, 2020). [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny "US copyright law comes under scrutiny as new legislation makes its way before Congress"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ Art|The Art Newspaper]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000033/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny Archived] from the original on December 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Library Futures, nke na-ekwu okwu n'aha ọbá akwụkwọ, akatọla na, ọ bụ ezie na a na-echebe ọbá akwụkwọ na ebe nchekwa, ndị ọrụ ọbá akwụkwọ adịghị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Shockey|first=Nick|title=Protect Library Workers from the CASE Act|url=https://www.libraryfutures.net/post/protect-library-workers-from-the-case-act?fbclid=IwAR2efU88espHaYqRHM6OmwQmLTfCsOPrqL-gAOHPL2lo1NXmuxLp8xd4NNM|work=Library Futures|accessdate=23 September 2021}}</ref> Enwekwara nkatọ site n'aka ndị na-akwado obere ndị na-emepụta nwebisiinka, na-ekwu na ndokwa ịpụ apụ na-enye ndị na-emebi iwu ikike dị ukwuu ịjụ iji Ụlọikpe Nkwupụta ma na-amanye ndị okike iji ụlọ ikpe gọọmentị etiti chọọ ntaramahụhụ.<ref name="artsnews details">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny|title=US copyright law comes under scrutiny as new legislation makes its way before Congress|first=Daniel|author=Grant|date=March 27, 2020|accessdate=December 21, 2020|work=[[The Art Newspaper]]|archivedate=December 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000033/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGrant2020">Grant, Daniel (March 27, 2020). [https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny "US copyright law comes under scrutiny as new legislation makes its way before Congress"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ Art|The Art Newspaper]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201224000033/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/us-copyright-law-comes-under-scrutiny Archived] from the original on December 24, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibia == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Ịgụgụ ọzọ == *  . *  . *  . *   *   *   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.congress.gov/115/bills/hr3945/BILLS-115hr3945ih.pdf Ihe odide zuru ezu nke House bill 3945] * [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/2426/text Ihe odide zuru ezu nke House bill 2426] * [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1273/text Ihe odide zuru ezu nke Senate bill 1273] * [https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/133 Ihe odide zuru ezu nke House bill 133] * [https://ccb.gov/ Copyright Claims Board] 1jvg926tl672seforew656qujeudrur 0 13340 672250 125725 2026-07-04T13:36:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Shehu Abdullahi-Nigeria.jpg|thumb]] '''Shehu Usman Abdullahi''' ( bu onye a mụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 12 n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 1993) bụ [[Footbọl|onye egwuregwu bọọlụ]] Naịjirịa nke na-agbara Omonia nke Cypriot First Division bọọlụ ugbu a. == Ọrụ klọb == === Qadsia SC === N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2014, Abdullahi si Kano Pillars, Nigeria kwaga Kuwait Premier League n'akụkụ Qadsia SC na nkwekọrịta ruru $ 480,000, nke Abdullahi natara $ 330,000 na Kano Pillars $ 150,000.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PILLARS GET $150,000 FOR SHEHU ABDULLAHI MOVE|url=http://africanfootball.com/news/440459/Pillars-get-150000-for-Shehu-Abdullahi-move|work=africanfootball.com|publisher=africanfootball.com|accessdate=3 September 2014|date=19 July 2014|archivedate=4 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904145433/http://africanfootball.com/news/440459/Pillars-get-150000-for-Shehu-Abdullahi-move}}</ref> === União da Madeira === Na 6 June 2015, Shehu sonyeere Primeira Liga ọhụrụ C.F. União na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.abola.pt/clubes/ver.aspx?id=553456|title=Shehu assina por duas épocas|publisher=[[A Bola]]|language=Portuguese|date=6 June 2015|accessdate=30 August 2015}}</ref> === Anorthosis Famagusta === Na 2 Septemba 2016, Shehu sonyeere Anorthosis Famagusta nke Saịprọs na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ ruru 20% nke ego a na-ere onye ọkpụkpọ na klọb ndị ọzọ na Europe.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170215000000/https://web.archive.org/web/20170215082727/http://www.themasports.com/thema-football/teams/anorthosi/2016/08/29/%CE%B4%CE%B9%CF%8E%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9-%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AD%CF%83%CF%80%CE%BF,-%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9-%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%8D-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9-%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B6%CE%B5%CE%B9-%CF%83%CE%B5-%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%B9-%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BB%CF%8C-%CE%BC%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AC/ Διώχνει Κρέσπο, παίρνει Σεού και ελπίζει σε κάτι καλό μπροστά], themasport.com</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20180430020602/http://www.reporter.com.cy/sports/football-cyprus/article/103236/ypogafei-stin-anorthosi-diethnis-nigrianos-video- Ένας χάλκινος Ολυμπιονίκης στην Ανόρθωση (video)], reporter.com.cy</ref><ref>[http://www.anorthosisfc.com.cy/ Στην Ανόρθωση ο Abdullah Shehu], Anorthosis Famagusta Official Website</ref> === Bursaspor === Na 24 Jenụwarị 2018, Shehu bịanyere aka maka afọ abụọ na ọkara n'akụkụ Bursaspor nke Turkey maka ego a na-akọwaghị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.anorthosisfc.com.cy/2018/01/metengrafi-siechou-stin-boursaspor/|title=Μετεγγραφή Σιεχού στην Μπούρσασπορ|date=24 January 2018}}</ref> === Omonia === Na 19 Septemba 2020, Shehu bịanyere aka na Cyprus First Division n'akụkụ Omonia . == Ọrụ mba ụwa == [[Usòrò:Seleção masculina Alemã de futebol vence a Nigéria (29021411766).jpg|thumb]] [[Usòrò:Argentina-Nigeria (8).jpg|thumb]] N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2014, onye isi ndị otu egwuregwu Stephen Keshi, kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke [[Nigeria national football team|ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa]] maka asọmpi mba Afrịka nke afọ 2014.<ref name="asdfafd">{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/5720/2014-african-nations-championship/2014/01/01/4514155/nigeria-announce-23-man-chan-squad|title=Nigeria announce 23-man CHAN squad|publisher=goal.com|accessdate=10 February 2014}}</ref> O nyeere ndị otu ahụ aka n'ọkwa nke atọ mgbe Naịjirịa ji ọkpụ goolu merie Zimbabwe.<ref name="afsadfa">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kickoff.com/news/41111/nigeria-beat-zimbabwe-to-win-chan-bronze|title=Nigeria win Chan bronze|publisher=kickoff.com|accessdate=10 February 2014|archivedate=9 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140609041355/http://www.kickoff.com/news/41111/nigeria-beat-zimbabwe-to-win-chan-bronze}}</ref><ref name="asdfa">{{Cite web|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/sports/chan-2014-eagles-win-bronze/|title=CHAN 2014: Eagles win bronze|publisher=sunnewsonline.com|accessdate=10 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140218033735/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/sports/chan-2014-eagles-win-bronze/|archivedate=18 February 2014}}</ref> Naịjirịa họpụtara ya maka ndị otu ha dị mmadụ iri atọ na ise maka 2016 Summer Olympics .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36623763|title=Kelechi Iheanacho included in Nigeria's Olympics squad|date=24 June 2016|accessdate=25 June 2016|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'ọnwa nke ise na afọ 2018, a kpọrọ ya aha na [[Nigeria national football team|ndị otu]] egwuregwu iri atọ nke Naịjirịa maka 2018 FIFA World Cup na Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Crawford|first=Stephen|title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad - Final 23-man lists|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb|work=Goal|accessdate=11 July 2019|date=4 June 2018}}</ref> == Ọnụọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {{updated|11 May 2021}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko Mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |União da Madeira |2015–16 |Primeira Liga |28 |1 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |30 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Anorthosis |2016–17 | rowspan="2" |Ngalaba Mbụ nke Saịprọs |29 |2 |6 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |35 |2 |- |2017–18 |19 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |21 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !48 !3 !8 !1 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !56 !4 |- | rowspan="4" |Bursaspor |2017–18 | rowspan="2" |Süper Lig |14 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |0 |- |2018–19 |13 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |1 |- |2019–20 |1. Lig |33 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |33 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !60 !5 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !60 !5 |- |Omonia |2020–21 |Ngalaba Mbụ nke Saịprọs |30 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |35 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ngụkọta ọrụ !166 !9 !10 !1 !1 !0 !4 !0 !0 !0 !181 !10 |} === Mba ụwa === {{Updated|match played 16 July 2019}}<ref>{{NFT player|54456|Shehu Abdullahi|accessdate=23 June 2018}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" | colspan="3" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |- !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |2014 |6 |0 |- |2015 |4 |0 |- |2016 |6 |0 |- |2017 |6 |0 |- |2018 |6 |0 |- |2019 |3 |0 |- !Ngụkọta !31 !0 |} == Nkwanye ugwu == === Klọb === '''Qadsia''' * Kuwait Emir Cup: 2014–15 * Kuwait Super Cup: 2014 * AFC Cup: 2014 '''Omonia''' * Ngalaba mbụ nke Saịprọs: 2020–21 * Cypriot Super Cup: 2021 === Mba ụwa === '''Nigeria U23''' * Ihe nrite ọla nchara nke egwuregwu Afrịka: 2015 '''Ndị otu egwuregwu Olimpik Naịjirịa''' * Ihe nrite ọla nchara nke Summer Olympics: 2016 == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] lhjjq1jgquvm5o259p0skjj4oc1s1ts 0 13526 672236 89860 2026-07-04T13:29:03Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Pages using infobox person with unknown empty parameters|knownforMichelle Molatlou]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] Michelle Molatlou (1973 - 19 Disemba 2017), bụ onye omere South Africa, onye na-egosi ihe onyonyo na onye bụbu Miss Black South Africa.  A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri telivishọn dịka;  N'aha nke ịhụnanya, Mokgonyana Matswale na ọgbọ. == Ndụ onwe onye == O nwere otu nwanne nwoke, Kgosi Monye.<ref name="dies">{{Cite web|title=Beauty queen and veteran TV star Michelle Molatlou dies|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/entertainment/2017-12-20-beauty-queen-and-veteran-tv-star-michelle-molatlou-dies/|accessdate=2021-11-12|work=SowetanLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ onye ọchụnta ego Malope Mojapelo site na 2006 ruo 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CANCER CLAIMS MICHELLE'S LIFE!|url=https://www.dailysun.co.za/News/Entertainment/former-beauty-queen-and-tv-personality-michelle-molatlou-dies-20171220-2|accessdate=2021-11-12|work=DailySun}}</ref> Ọ bụ nne nke ụmụ nwoke abụọ.<ref name="dies" /> Ọ nwụrụ na 19 Disemba 2017 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri anọ na anọ mgbe ọ na-anata ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa kansa afọ na National Hospital dị na Bloemfontein.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SA mourns actress & former beauty queen Michelle Molatlou|url=https://www.iol.co.za/entertainment/celebrity-news/sa-mourns-actress-and-former-beauty-queen-michelle-molatlou-12478641|accessdate=2021-11-12|work=www.iol.co.za|language=en}}</ref> sf4p4b3niz3crodxb7q6q55z3me3rta 0 13602 672411 628728 2026-07-04T17:30:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672411 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Stella Nyanzi''' (amụrụ na 16 June 1974) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Stella Nyanzi {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/stella-nyanzi|accessdate=2020-08-20|work=www.sahistory.org.za}}</ref> bụ [[Human rights defender|Onye na-akwado ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ]] na [[Uganda|Ugandan]], onye na-ede uri, onye na'ahụ maka ahụike, onye na - onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruoro mmadụ, na onye ọkà mmụta nke mmekọahụ, Atụmatụ ezinụlọ, na ahụike ọha. N'afọ 2017, e jidere ya maka ịkparị onye isi ala Uganda, Yoweri Museveni. N'afọ 2021, a kpọrọ Nyanzi aha n'etiti ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị 100 kacha nwee mmetụta na iwu gbasara nwoke na nwanyị tinyere [[Priscilla Ikos Usiobaifo]] na [[Fatima Denton]]. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apolitical.co/list/en/gender-equality-100|title=Apolitical's 100 Most Influential People in Gender Policy|work=Apolitical|accessdate=20 February 2026}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, na Jenụwarị 2022, a nabatara ya ibi na [[Jémanị|Germany]] na mmemme ndị edemede na-agba ọsọ ndụ nke PEN Germany na-eduzi, ya na ụmụ ya atọ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-27|title='I'm free at last': Uganda's rudest poet on prison, protest and finding a new voice in Germany|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/jan/27/im-free-at-last-ugandas-rudest-poet-stella-nyanzi-on-prison-protest-and-finding-new-voice-in-germany|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=the Guardian|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2022/jan/27/im-free-at-last-ugandas-rudest-poet-stella-nyanzi-on-prison-protest-and-finding-new-voice-in-germany "'I'm free at last': Uganda's rudest poet on prison, protest and finding a new voice in Germany"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-20|title=Who is after Dr Stella Nyanzi? Political activist flees to Germany citing political persecution.. again|url=http://nilepost.co.ug/2022/01/20/who-is-after-dr-stella-nyanzi-political-activist-flees-to-germany-citing-political-persecution-again/|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=Nile Post|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-27|title='I am free at last' – Ugandan activist Stella Nyanzi talks moving to Germany and escaping a dictator|url=https://afronews.de/africans-in-germany/ugandan-activist-stella-nyanzi-moves-germany-finds-freedom/|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=Afronews Germany|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Stella Nyanzi abandons Kakwenza protest for German asylum|url=https://ekyooto.co.uk/2022/01/20/stella-nyanzi-abandons-kakwenza-protest-for-german-asylum/|date=20 January 2022|first=Emmanuel|author=Busingye|accessdate=2022-01-29|work=Ekyooto Uganda|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241225235855/https://ekyooto.co.uk/2022/01/20/stella-nyanzi-abandons-kakwenza-protest-for-german-asylum/}}</ref> == Mmụta == Nyanzi received her Bachelor of Arts in Mass Communication and Literature at Makerere University where she studied from 1993 to 1996.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stella_Nyanzi2|title=Stella Nyanzi {{!}} PhD {{!}} Makerere University, Kampala {{!}} Makerere Institute of Social Research (MISR)|author=PhD|first=Stella NyanziMakerere University · Makerere Institute of Social Research23 09 ·|work=ResearchGate|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-07}}</ref> She received her Master of Science in Medical Anthropology at University College London, where she studied from 1999 to 2000.<ref name=":1" /> She received her PhD in anthropology at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, where she studied social anthropology, sexuality, and youth and health policy from 2003 to 2008.<ref name=":1" /> Nyanzi emeela nnyocha banyere mmekọahụ ndị ntorobịa na [[Uganda]], nakwa na [[The Gambia|Gambia]] na 2005. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Who is Stella Nyanzi? Biography, CV, background, marriage, career and war against Museveni|url=http://blizz.co.ug/stella-nyanzi-biography-cv-background-marriage-career-war-museveni/|work=Blizz Uganda|accessdate=19 March 2018|archivedate=7 May 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190507015646/https://blizz.co.ug/stella-nyanzi-biography-cv-background-marriage-career-war-museveni/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Nyanzi malitere ọrụ ya na 1997 dị ka onye ọrụ ọrụ mmadụ na Mmemme Nnyocha Ahụike Ahụike (UK) na Uganda, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo Septemba 2002.[1] Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ọrụ ọrụ mmadụ na National Institute of Health, Gambia, otu afọ. Ọ kwagara London iji nweta PhD ya.[1] N'afọ 2009, Nyanzi pụtara na Mahadum Makerere dị ka onye mgbaàmà na Law, Gender & Sexuality Research Project, dị ka onye otu Faculty of Law, ebe ọ ọrụ ruo n'afọ 2013 afọ 2013. Ọ bụ ọrụ dị ka onye na Makerere Institute of Social Research ruo n'afọ 2016. [1] Mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe ahụ, a HD ya bụ Project Ma ngwaọrụ, a HD ya bụ Project. mana ọ rọ. E mechiri fì ya ma, n'ihe atụ nke omume àgwà ụmụ nke West Africa nke ihe eji ahọrọ Naminata Diabate Mgbe e jidere ya na 2017, a kwụsịtụrụ Nyanzi na Mahadum Makerere. Ọ rịọrọ mkpebi ahụ na ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke Mahadum Makerere, nke nyere iwu ka e weghachite ya, bulie ya n'ọkwa onye nyocha na-arụ ọrụ ozugbo, ma kwụọ ụgwọ azụ.<ref name="monitor.co.ug">{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Stella-Nyanzi-says-suffered-miscarriage-in-jail/688334-4927622-3oxu3oz/index.html|title=Stella Nyanzi says she suffered a miscarriage in jail|work=Daily Monitor|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-09}}</ref> Mahadum ahụ jụrụ irube isi na mkpebi ụlọ ikpe ya. Ya mere, o tinyere akwụkwọ megide mahadum ahụ na-arịọ ka e weghachite ya na ụgwọ ọnwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Makerere-lifts-Stella-Nyanzi-suspension/1066-4789122-hy36pk/index.html|title=Big win for Stella Nyanzi against Makerere|work=Daily Nation|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Court-sets-date-for-Nyanzi--case-against-Makerere--/1066-4916964-7b2hbxz/index.html|title=Court sets date for Nyanzi case against Makerere|work=Daily Nation|language=en|date=1 January 2019|accessdate=2019-01-07}}</ref> Na nzaghachi, na Disemba 2018, mahadum ahụ chụpụrụ ya, ya na ndị ọkà mmụta 45 ndị ọzọ, na-ekwu na nkwekọrịta ya agwụla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Makerere-University-sacks-Stella-Nyanzi/1066-4906744-uwkb5i/index.html|title=Makerere University sacks Stella Nyanzi|work=Daily Nation|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-07}}</ref> Nyanzi arụwokwa ọrụ ndụmọdụ maka òtù nyocha mmekọrịta dị iche iche na mpụga Uganda na Gambia.<ref name=":1"/> == Nnyocha == Nyanzi bụ onye ọkà mmụta a kpọtụrụ aha nke ọma n'ọhịa ya, ya na isiokwu 61 na 2,049 ka ọ na-erule Mee 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&as_sdt=0,31&q=Stella+Nyanzi&btnG=|title=Google Scholar|work=scholar.google.com|accessdate=2019-01-07}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Ge66gEUAAAAJ&hl=en|title=Stella Nyanzi - Google Scholar Citations|work=scholar.google.com|accessdate=2019-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Stella Nyanzi|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=Ge66gEUAAAAJ&hl=en|accessdate=2022-05-22|work=scholar.google.com}}</ref> Otu n'ime edemede ya ndị a na-ekwukarị bụ ndị na-ekwu maka mkparịta ụka ndị ntorobịa Uganda banyere mmekọrịta mmekọahụ, àgwà maka nyocha HIV n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị Uganda dị ime, nchịkwa ụmụ nwanyị Uganda na mmekọahụ, àgwà ụmụ nwoke Uganda maka iji igbochi afọ ime, <ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/09540120020018206|pmid=11177467|title=The negotiation of sexual relationships among school pupils in south-western Uganda|journal=AIDS Care|volume=13|issue=1|pages=83–98|year=2001|author=Nyanzi|first=S.}}</ref> na omume mmekọahụ nke ọtụtụ ìgwè.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/09540120120063232|pmid=11571007|title=Attitudes to voluntary counselling and testing for HIV among pregnant women in rural south-west Uganda|journal=AIDS Care|volume=13|issue=5|pages=605–615|year=2001|author=Pool|first=R.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2001-02-01|title=Female control of sexuality: illusion or reality? Use of vaginal products in south west Uganda|journal=Social Science & Medicine|language=en|volume=52|issue=4|pages=585–598|doi=10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00162-3|pmid=11206655|issn=0277-9536|author=Green|first=Gill}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/136910500300804|pmid=12295882|title=Men's attitudes to condoms and female controlled means of protection against HIV and STDs in south-western Uganda|journal=Culture, Health & Sexuality|volume=2|issue=2|pages=197–211|year=2000|author=Pool|first=Robert}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/13691050310001658208|pmid=21972876|title=Mobility, sexual networks and exchange amongbodabodamenin southwest Uganda|journal=Culture, Health & Sexuality|volume=6|issue=3|pages=239–254|year=2004|author=Nyanzi|first=Stella}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/13691050410001731099|pmid=16864185|title=Money, men and markets: Economic and sexual empowerment of market women in southwestern Uganda|journal=Culture, Health & Sexuality|volume=7|pages=13–26|year=2005|author=Nyanzi|first=Barbara|issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/13691050500245687|pmid=16864222|title=Bumsters, big black organs and old white gold: Embodied racial myths in sexual relationships of Gambian beach boys|journal=Culture, Health & Sexuality|volume=7|issue=6|pages=557–569|year=2005|author=Nyanzi|first=Stella}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta mbụ bipụtara nyocha gbasara ndina ụdị onwe n'Afrịka.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nyanzi|first=Stella|date=2013-07-19|title=Politicizing the 'Sin of Sodom and Gomorrah': Examining the Christian Rightists' War Against Homosexuality in Uganda|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=enchBQAAQBAJ&q=info:sA8mBBju8RgJ:scholar.google.com&pg=PA61|title="Queering Queer Africa," in Reclaiming Afrikan: Queer Perspectives on Sexual and Gender Indentities by Zethu Matabeni|author=Nyanzi|first=Stella|date=2014-10-25|publisher=Modjaji Books|isbn=9781920590499|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/13691058.2013.798684|pmid=23767462|title=Dismantling reified African culture through localised homosexualities in Uganda|journal=Culture, Health & Sexuality|volume=15|issue=8|pages=952–967|year=2013|author=Nyanzi|first=Stella}}</ref> == Mgbalị == Nyanzi na-eme ihe ndị ọkà mmụta kpọrọ "oké obi ọjọọ," nke bụ usoro ọdịnala Ugandan nke ịkpọ ndị dị ike ka ha kọwaa ya site na mkparị ọha.<ref name="ifex.org">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ifex.org/uganda/2018/12/05/stella-nyanzi-profile/|title=Stella Nyanzi: Challenging power through "radical rudeness"|work=IFEX|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ifex.org/uganda/2018/12/05/stella-nyanzi-profile/ "Stella Nyanzi: Challenging power through "radical rudeness""]. </cite></ref><ref name="Thomas">{{Cite web|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-11-15-stella-nyanzi-the-formidable-feminist-foe-museveni-has-failed-to-silence/|title=Stella Nyanzi: The formidable feminist foe Museveni has failed to silence|author=Thomas|first=Kylie|work=The M&G Online|date=15 November 2018|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFThomas2018">Thomas, Kylie (15 November 2018). </cite></ref> E mepụtara ya n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na-achị, dị ka "atụmatụ mkparị, nke a na-eme n'ihu ọha, mkparị ihe ihere, nkwụsịtụ, na ọgba aghara nke mebiri nkwekọrịta nke ọbụbụenyi, mmekọrịta, na uru ibe ya". Nyanzi emeela mkpọsa maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị [[Uganda|Ugandan]], ndị ntorobịa, na ndị LGBTQIA+ +.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/stella-nyanzi-the-formidable-feminist-foe-museveni-has-failed-to-silence-107017|title=Stella Nyanzi: the formidable feminist foe Museveni has failed to silence|author=Thomas|first=Kylie|work=The Conversation|date=15 November 2018|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-07}}</ref> Na 6 Machị 2017, Nyanzi malitere Pads4girlsUg Project, n'ihi nchegbu ya banyere ụmụ agbọghọ na-agaghị akwụkwọ n'ihi na ha enweghị ike ịzụta ngwaahịa ịhụ nsọ. Ọ chịkọtara ọtụtụ puku pads a na-eji eme ihe ọzọ ma kesaa ha nye ụmụ agbọghọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ma nyekwa ụmụaka nọ n'akwụkwọ okwu gbasara ahụike ịhụ nsọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fury over arrest of academic who called Uganda's president a pair of buttocks|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2017/apr/13/stella-nyanzi-fury-arrest-uganda-president-a-pair-of-buttocks-yoweri-museveni-cyber-harassment|work=The Guardian|date=13 April 2017}}</ref> == Njide == Na Julaị 7, 2017, ndị uwe ojii nwụchiri Nyanzi ma kpọchie ya n'ọdụ ndị uwe ojii Kiira maka ebubo iyi egwu na nlelị mpụ.[1] N'October 2017, e mechara tọhapụ ya, bo ya ebubo iji kọmpụta maka ebumnuche na-abụghị nledo, cyberbullying, na ịwakpo onye ọrụ ọha n'okpuru ngalaba 24 na 25 nke Kọmputa Mmejọ Iwu nke 2011.[2] A kpọgara ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Luzira. Na Julaị 11, 2017, e nyere ndị a na-enyo enyo na Butabika iwu ka onye na-ahụ maka mgbaka na-enyocha ahụike uche, dịka onye ọka iwu siri kwuo. Agbanyeghị, Na 10 Mee 2017, a tọhapụrụ Nyanzi na [[Ugandan shilling|USh&nbsp;]] 10,000,000/= (US $ 2904) na-abụghị ego mgbapụta. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Uganda: Dr Stella Nyanzi Released on Bail|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201705100617.html|work=All Africa|first=Betty|author=Ndagire|date=10 May 2017|accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr Stella Nyanzi released on bail|url=http://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Nyanzi-returns-court-today/688334-3920712-3em3w8/index.html|work=Daily Monitor|date=15 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Activist who called Ugandan president a 'pair of buttocks ' gets bail|url=http://www.news24.com/Africa/News/activist-who-called-president-museveni-pair-of-buttocks-gets-bail-20170510|work=News24|accessdate=10 May 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2018, a kpọgara ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/59504-i-feel-safer-in-prison-stella-nyanzi|title=I feel safer in prison – Stella Nyanzi|author=BATTE|first=BAKER|work=The Observer - Uganda|date=19 December 2018|language=en-gb|accessdate=2019-01-07}}</ref> Ọ rịọghị mgbapụta n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọ dị nchebe n'ụlọ mkpọrọ nakwa n'ihi n'ihi ya na ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ chọrọ ịga n'ihu n'ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observer.ug/news/headlines/59147-nyanzi-rejects-bail-sent-back-to-luzira|title=Nyanzi rejects bail, sent back to Luzira|author=URN|work=The Observer - Uganda|date=9 November 2018|language=en-gb|accessdate=2019-01-07}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://76crimes.com/2018/12/24/christmas-in-prison-for-outspoken-ugandan-gay-ally/|title=Christmas in prison for outspoken Ugandan gay ally|author=admin76crimes|date=2018-12-24|work=Erasing 76 Crimes|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFadmin76crimes2018">admin76crimes (24 December 2018). </cite></ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2018, onye ọka iwu ya wakporo ebubo ahụ dị ka iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/News/National/Dr-Stella-Nyanzi-spend-Christmas-Luzira-prison/688334-4902486-1per72z/index.html|title=Dr Stella Nyanzi to spend Christmas in Luzira prison|work=Daily Monitor|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-07}}</ref> === Ikpe iyi egwu cyber nke 2020 na ntọhapụ === N'afọ 2020, e boro Nyanzi ebubo na ọ na-eyi Onye isi ala Yoweri Museveni egwu. A maara Nyanzi maka nkwuwa okwu ya na-akatọ ndị Uganda na iji mgbasa ozi ọha na eze na-agbagha ọchịchị iwu na mmetụta site na satire na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ziri ezi.[1][2] Mgbe ọ dị afọ 16 na Septemba 2018, Nyanzi biputere uri na Facebook na-akwa Onye isi ala Museveni na nne ya nwụrụ anwụ, na-eduga na ebubo cyberbullying na nkwutọ n'okpuru Iwu Kọmputa Uganda, 2011. [2] [3] N'August 2019, ụlọikpe magistrate mara Nyanzi ikpe nke cyberbullying ma tụọ ya mkpọrọ afọ 18. E jidere ya na Nọvemba 2018. [1][2][4] Nyanzi rịọrọ ka a mara ya ikpe n'ihi na ụlọ ikpe dị ala mere ihe n'enweghị ikike ma gbochie ya ikpe ziri ezi.<ref name="Independent">{{Cite web|author=Independent|first=The|date=2020-02-20|title=Dr Stella Nyanzi wins appeal|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/dr-stella-nyanzi-wins-appeal/|accessdate=2025-09-20|work=The Independent Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Writer">{{Cite web|author=Writer|first=Guest|date=2020-02-24|title=Nyanzi's release a victory for free expression|url=https://acme-ug.org/2020/02/24/nyanzis-release-tests-the-effectiveness-of-ugandas-computer-misuse-law/|accessdate=2025-09-20|work=African Centre for Media Excellence}}</ref> Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, nke Justice Henry Peter Adonyo na-eduzi, kagburu ikpe ya, na-ekwu maka njehie usoro, enweghị ike inye oge zuru oke ịkpọ ndị akaebe, na ihe akaebe na-ezughị ezu iji gosipụta iyi egwu cyber, gụnyere ejighị n'aka ma o jiri kọmputa ma ọ bụ na ọ nọ na Uganda mgbe o biputere uri ahụ . <ref name="Independent" /> <ref name="Writer" /><ref name="france24.com">{{Cite web|date=2020-02-20|title=Ugandan activist freed as court quashes charge of 'harassing' president|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20200220-ugandan-activist-freed-as-court-quashes-charge-of-harassing-president|accessdate=2025-09-20|work=France 24|language=en}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 20 Febụwarị 2020 site na ọgba aghara n'èzí ụlọ ikpe, gụnyere esemokwu n'etiti ndị na-akwado ya na ndị ọrụ ụlọ mkpọrọ, na égbè a gbara n'ikuku, ọ bụ ezie na ọ nweghị mmerụ ahụ a kọrọ.<ref name="france24.com"/><ref name="Independent"/> Ndị isi ụlọ mkpọrọ kwuru na, n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro, Nyanzi ga-alaghachi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'oge na-adịghị anya iji mezue usoro iwu tupu a tọhapụ ya kpamkpam. == Aha ọma na nnabata == [[Faịlụ:PMLive_-_STELLA_NYANZI_REMANDED_TO_LUZIRA_FOR_INSULTING_PRESIDENT_MUSEVENIS_MOTHER_480p.webm|thumb|300x300px|Akụkọ akụkọ na-ekwu maka a tụrụ Nyanzi mkpọrọ na Luzira maka ịkparị nne Onye isi ala Museveni.]] Ndị nta akụkọ mba ụwa akpọwo ya "otu n'ime ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru nwoke na nwanyị n'Afrịka," <ref name="ifex.org"/> "onye ọkà mmụta na-eduga n'ọhịa na-apụta n'ọmụmụ ihe ndị na-eme ka nwoke na nwanyị bụrụ nwanyị," <ref name="Thomas"/> na onye ndú n'ọgụ megide "iwu ndị na-emegide eze" na "nnwere onwe ikwu okwu. "Nchọpụta banyere mmetụta nke nna ochie, misogyny na homophobia na Uganda, Gambia, na [[Tanzania]]" <ref name=":0"/> Ụfọdụ na-ewere njide njide ya dị ka ihe ndị ọzọ metụtara ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na nwoke. Mkpesa mba ụwa sochiri njide Stella Nyanzi, na ndị otu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na-akatọ omume ahụ dị ka mmebi nke nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ na nnwere onwe ikwu okwu. Amnesty International kpọrọ oku ka Uganda wepụ "ebubo nzuzu" megide ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/12/uganda-drop-absurd-charges-against-academic-stella-nyanzi/|title=Uganda contravenes constitution in Stella Nyanzi case|work=www.amnesty.org|date=19 December 2018|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-07}}</ref> Pen International, nzukọ onye edemede ahụ, katọkwara njide ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pensouthafrica.co.za/pen-sa-condemns-re-arrest-in-uganda-of-dr-stella-nyanzi/|title=PEN SA Condemns Re-Arrest in Uganda of Dr Stella Nyanzi {{!}} PEN South Africa|author=Mulgrew|first=Nick|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-07}}</ref> Human Rights Watch katọrọ njide ya dị ka "ihe na-egosi na ndị na-ekwupụta echiche nkatọ banyere gọọmentị Uganda, ọkachasị ezinụlọ mbụ, nwere ike ịnagide iwe ya".<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/academic-stella-nyanzi-charged-cyber-harassment-170410183134831.html|title=Academic Stella Nyanzi charged with 'cyber harassment' {{!}} Uganda News {{!}} Al Jazeera|work=www.aljazeera.com|accessdate=2019-01-07}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/04/academic-stella-nyanzi-charged-cyber-harassment-170410183134831.html "Academic Stella Nyanzi charged with 'cyber harassment' | Uganda News | Al Jazeera"]. </cite></ref> Ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi mba ụwa akọwo ihe mere e ji jide ya dị ka nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. NPR kọrọ na njide ya bụ maka inye olileanya "na ndị na-enweghị ike nwere ike imeri ndị dị ike". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2018/05/08/609390039/she-strips-she-swears-she-goes-to-jail-for-the-good-of-her-country|title=She Strips, She Swears, She Goes To Jail ... For The Good Of Her Country|work=NPR.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-07}}</ref> The Washington Post kọrọ na njegbu ya bụ maka ịbụ "onye na-emegide Museveni". ''Al Jazeera English'' kọrọ na njirimara ya bụ n'ihi atụmatụ Museveni ịchị maka ndụ ya na enweghị nnagide ya na ndị nkatọ.<ref name="aljazeera.com"/> The Canadian ''Globe na Mail'' kọrọ na njide ya bụ "n'etiti ya niile [banyere] ojiji ọ na-eji asụsụ eme ihe na nnupụisi ya siri ike maka oke ụmụ nwanyị Uganda. " ''The Guardian'' kọrọ na " mwakpo ya na gọọmentị ya jụrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ maka uwe ọcha maka ụmụ agbọghọ dugara na mkpọsa ego na-aga nke ọma, na ụlọ mkpọrọ. "<ref name="theglobeandmail.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/ugandan-scholar-stella-nyanzi-the-woman-who-tickled-the-leopard/article35159152/|title=Stella Nyanzi: The woman who used Facebook to take on Uganda's president|first=Geoffrey|author=York|work=The Globe and Mail|date=30 May 2017|accessdate=2019-01-07}}</ref><ref name="theglobeandmail.com" /> Na Uganda, o nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị na-akwado ya, yana nnukwu mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na-esote ndị Uganda ọ bụla.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://observer.ug/viewpoint/59557-how-stella-nyanzi-challenges-our-public-use-of-reason|title=How Stella Nyanzi challenges our public use of reason|author=Serunkuma|first=Yusuf|work=The Observer - Uganda|language=en-gb|date=2 January 2019|accessdate=2019-01-07}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị na-anakọta nri maka ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ntv.co.ug/news/national/Stella-Nyanzi-fans-demand-for-her-release-/4522324-4899102-14dxfhbz/index.html|title=Stella Nyanzi fans collect foodstuffs, want activist freed on|author=nationmedia 2017|work=NTV|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-07|archivedate=2019-01-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108050039/http://www.ntv.co.ug/news/national/Stella-Nyanzi-fans-demand-for-her-release-/4522324-4899102-14dxfhbz/index.html}}</ref> Ndị ọkà mmụta Uganda etoola ya dị ka onye na-eguzo megide "ndị na-emekpa anyị ahụ". Ọkàiwu ya bụ Isaac Kimaze Semakadde ka ụlọ ọrụ iwu Uganda kpọrọ "onye ọka iwu kachasị mma maka ọdịmma ọha na eze na Uganda", n'akụkụ ụfọdụ maka ọrụ ya na ikpe a. <ref>{{Cite web|author=BEST SHOOTS|title=Dr Besigye speaks out on Stella Nyanzi Museveni wants to End her Life|work=[[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OrWT77YeptA|accessdate=2019-01-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.ug/isaac-semakadde-legal-rebel-anti-clockwise-thinker/|title=Isaac Semakadde; Legal rebel Anti-clockwise thinker|work=The Independent|date=16 May 2018|accessdate=14 February 2019}}</ref> Na Uganda, "ihe omuma omenala siri ike megide ikwu okwu n'ihu ọha na n'ụzọ doro anya banyere mmekọahụ na mmekọahụ" dị na "ịhụnanya nwoke na nwanyị bụ iwu na-akwadoghị ma machibido agụmakwụkwọ mmekọahụ iwu n'ụlọ akwụkwọ". Otú ọ dị, Nyanzi na-ekwu "n'ihu ọha - na n'enweghị isi - banyere mmekọahụ, akụkụ ahụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'ihi nke a, ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ amaala ibe ya na-asọpụrụ ya ma ụfọdụ ndị na-achọghị mgbanwe na Uganda na-ele ya anya".<ref name="ifex.org"/> == Ịgba ọsọ ndụ == Na 30 Jenụwarị 2021, Nyanzi rutere [[Kenya]]" id="mwAcg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Nairobi, Kenya">Nairobi, Kenya site na bọs, ma site na ọkàiwu ya, Prọfesọ George Luchiri Wajackoyah, chọọ Ebe mgbaba na Kenya, n'ihi mkpagbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke gọọmentị Museveni na-eduzi na Uganda.<ref name="ExileR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/tea/news/east-africa/ugandan-activist-stella-nyanzi-flees-to-kenya-3278594|title=Ugandan activist Stella Nyanzi flees to Kenya|date=3 February 2021|author=Washington Gikunju|accessdate=4 February 2021}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2022, a nabatara ya ibi na [[Jémanị|Germany]] na mmemme ndị edemede na-agba ọsọ ndụ nke PEN Germany na-eduzi, ya na ụmụ ya atọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nwere ekele maka nnwere onwe na nchebe megide egwu na mkpagbu na Uganda, ọ chọrọ ịlaghachi otu ụbọchị, iji nye aka n'ịmepụta Uganda n'ọdịnihu mgbe oge Museveni gasịrị.<ref name=":2"/> == Hụkwa == * Agụmakwụkwọ na Uganda * Ikike LGBT na Uganda * Ógbè Lwengo * Mahmood Mamdani * Sarah Ssali == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mz4s8ba0q6lrax6l85yli73dqgxzczf 0 13761 672614 628949 2026-07-05T10:13:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] [[Usòrò:William_Kamkwambas_old_windmill.jpg|thumb|Igwe igwe nke mbụ]] '''William Kamkwamba''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 5 n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1987) bụ [[Malawi|onye Malawi]] na-emepụta ihe, injinia, na onye edemede. O nwetara aha na mba ya n'afọ 2001 mgbe ọ rụrụ igwe ikuku iji mee ka ọtụtụ ngwa eletriki dị n'ụlọ ezinụlọ ya na Wimbe, 32 kilomita (20 mi) n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Kasungu, na-eji osisi chịngọm na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, akụkụ ịnyịnya ígwè, na ihe ndị a chịkọtara na ebe a na-ekpofu ihe. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ pọmpụ mmiri<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/speakers/william_kamkwamba|title=TED Speaker: William Kamkwamba — Inventor|publisher=TED|accessdate=4 October 2020|archivedate=21 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021112208/https://www.ted.com/speakers/william_kamkwamba}}</ref> na-eji ike anyanwụ eme ihe nke na-enye mmiri ọṅụṅụ mbụ n'obodo ya na igwe ikuku abụọ ọzọ, nke kachasị elu na mita iri na abụọ (39 ft), ma na-eme atụmatụ abụọ ọzọ, gụnyere otu na Lilongwe, isi obodo ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Malawi. == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Kamkwamba n'ezinụlọ dara ogbenye ma dabere na ọrụ ugbo iji dị ndụ. Ọ na-enwe mmasị iso ndị enyi ya, Gilbert na Geoffrey, na-egwuri egwu, na-eji ihe eji emegharị ihe. Ụnwụ nri na-akụda mmụọ manyere Kamkwamba ịhapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ, ọ nweghịkwa ike ịlaghachi ụlọ akwụkwọ n'ihi na ezinụlọ ya enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ akwụkwọ. N'ịgbalịsi ike iji nọgide na-agụ akwụkwọ, Kamkwamba malitere ịga n'ọbá akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ógbè ahụ. Ọ chọpụtara ịhụnanya ya maka eletrik n'ebe ahụ. Tupu mgbe ahụ, o guzobere obere ụlọ ọrụ na-arụzi redio obodo ya, mana ọrụ a enwetaghị ya nnukwu ego. [[Usòrò:William_Kamkwambas_new_windmill.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|William Kamkwamba's new windmill]] Kamkwamba, mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ a na-akpọ Using Energy, kpebiri ịmepụta igwe ikuku.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Atwater|first=Mary|title=Using energy|publisher=Macmillan/McGraw-Hill School Pub. Co|year=1995|isbn=978-0-02-276142-4|oclc=34171724}}</ref> Ọ nwalere obere ihe nlereanya site na iji dynamo dị ọnụ ala ma mesịa mee igwe ikuku na-arụ ọrụ nke na-arụ ọrụ ụfọdụ ngwa eletriki n'ụlọ ezinụlọ ya. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị nta akụkọ obodo nyochara ngwaọrụ a na-atụgharị ihe na ama ama Kamkwamba na akụkọ mba ụwa rịrị elu. Edere blọọgụ banyere ihe ndị ọ rụzuru na Hacktivate na Kamkwamba sonyere na mmemme mbụ na-eme ememe ụdị ọgụgụ isi ya a na-akpọ Maker Faire Africa na [[Ghana]] n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2009. == Ama ama == [[Usòrò:Kamkwamba_and_Mealer.jpg|thumb|Kamkwamba na ntinye akwụkwọ]] Mgbe ''The Daily Times'' na Blantyre, isi obodo azụmahịa, dere akụkọ banyere igwe ikuku Kamkwamba na Nọvemba 2006, akụkọ ahụ kesara site na blogosphere, onye nduzi ogbako TED Emeka Okafor kpọrọ Kamkwamba ka ọ kwuo okwu na TEDGlobal 2007 na Arusha, [[Tanzania]] dị ka onye ọbịa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailytimes.bppmw.com/article.asp?ArticleID=3312|author=Mwafulirwa|first=Sangwani|title=School dropout with a streak genius|work=[[The Daily Times (Malawi)|The Daily Times]]|date=20 November 2006|accessdate=13 August 2011|publisher=BNL Limited}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vdomck.org/2006/11/23/malawian-windmill/|title=Malawian windmill|work=Hacktivate|publisher=Vdomck.org|date=23 November 2006|accessdate=30 October 2009|archivedate=27 September 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927183841/http://www.vdomck.org/2006/11/23/malawian-windmill/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/153|title=TED Talks: William Kamkwamba on building a windmill|work=[[Ted.com]]|date=July 2007|accessdate=30 October 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070821001558/http://www.ted.com/talks/view/id/153|archivedate=21 August 2007}}</ref> Okwu ya kpaliri ndị na-ege ntị, ọtụtụ ndị isi ego na ogbako ahụ kwere nkwa inye aka nweta ego maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya. Sarah Childress kpuchiri ''akụkọ'' ya maka The Wall Street Journal .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB119742696302722641|title=A Young Tinkerer Builds a Windmill, Electrifying a Nation|first=Sarah|author=Childress|authorlink=Sarah Childress|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=12 December 2007|accessdate=24 March 2019|publisher=[[Dow Jones & Company, Inc.]]}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ nwa akwụkwọ na African Bible College Christian Academy na Lilongwe . Ọ gara n'ihu nweta agụmakwụkwọ na African Leadership Academy ma n'afọ 2014 ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Dartmouth College dị na Hanover, New Hampshire .<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://thedartmouth.com/2009/10/20/boy-who-harnessed-the-wind-comes-to-college/|title='Boy who harnessed the wind' comes to College|work=TheDartmouth.com|date=20 October 2009|accessdate=3 January 2015|first=Christy|author=O'Keefe}}</ref> N'ime ngosipụta ndị ọzọ, a gbara Kamkwamba ajụjụ ọnụ na The Daily Show na 7 Ọktoba 2009 (n'oge a na-eji egwuregwu tụnyere dike akụkọ ifo Angus MacGyver maka ọgụgụ isi sayensị ya dị egwu).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/wed-october-7-2009/william-kamkwamba|title=William Kamkwamba|date=7 October 2009|work=[[The Daily Show with Jon Stewart]]|accessdate=13 August 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722064038/http://www.thedailyshow.com/watch/wed-october-7-2009/william-kamkwamba|archivedate=22 July 2011|publisher=[[Comedy Partners]]|first=Jon|author=Stewart|authorlink=Jon Stewart}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, a kpọrọ ya ma gaa nzukọ mmeghe nke Google Science Fair nke afọ 2011, ebe ọ bụ onye ọbịa na-ekwu okwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/observations/2011/01/11/googles-global-online-science-fair-kicks-off-today/|title=Google's global, online science fair kicks off today|author=Matson|first=John|date=11 January 2011|journal=[[Scientific American]]|accessdate=13 August 2011}}</ref> A họpụtara akwụkwọ Kamkwamba, The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind, dị ka 2013 "1 Book, 1 Community" aha maka Loudoun County, Virginia's Public Library system. "1book 1community bụ usoro ọgụgụ mpaghara niile nke na-akwalite mkparịta ụka obodo na nghọta site na ahụmịhe nke ịgụ na ịtụle otu akwụkwọ ahụ. " A zụtara akwụkwọ ahụ site na A.V. Symington na Irwin Uran Gift Funds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=115|title=Irwin Uran Gift Fund|accessdate=24 March 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924035552/http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=115|archivedate=24 September 2012|work=[[Loudoun County Public Library]] System}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=716|title=2013 1 Book, 1 Community|work=[[Loudoun County Public Library]] System|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130825074050/http://library.loudoun.gov/Default.aspx?tabid=716|archivedate=25 August 2013|accessdate=24 March 2019}}</ref> Kamkwamba bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri ''William'' and the Windmill, nke meriri Grand Jury Prize for Best Documentary Feature na 2013 South By Southwest film festival na Austin, Texas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.ted.com/2013/03/13/william-and-the-windmill-wins-grand-jury-award-at-sxsw/|title=William And The Windmill|date=13 March 2013|work=[[TED conference|TED]]|accessdate=17 December 2013|first=Kate Torgovnick|author=May|archivedate=5 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131205230639/http://blog.ted.com/2013/03/13/william-and-the-windmill-wins-grand-jury-award-at-sxsw/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Debruge|first=Peter|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/reviews/sxsw-review-william-and-the-windmill-1200324989/|title=SXSW Review: 'William and the Windmill'|journal=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=17 March 2013|accessdate=24 March 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, a họpụtara The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind dị ka akwụkwọ nkịtị nke Mahadum Florida na Boise State University, nke a chọrọ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ niile na-abata gụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.ufl.edu/archive/2011/01/harn-uf-common-reading-program-sponsor-contest-for-students-art.html|title=Harn, UF Common Reading Program, sponsor contest for students' art|date=25 January 2011|work=[[University of Florida]]|accessdate=2 June 2015|archivedate=28 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428183308/http://news.ufl.edu/archive/2011/01/harn-uf-common-reading-program-sponsor-contest-for-students-art.html}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, a họpụtara ya dị ka akwụkwọ nkịtị na Mahadum Auburn na Mahadum Michigan College of Engineering, yana. William pụtara na mahadum ọ bụla iji kwurịta akwụkwọ ya na ndụ ya. N'afọ 2013, magazin TIME kpọrọ Kamkwamba otu n'ime "30 People Under 30 Changing The World". E gosipụtara Kamkwamba n'akwụkwọ Extraordinary People nke Michael Hearst dere ma bụrụkwa isiokwu nke ''abụ'' sitere na abọm ibe ya bụ Songs For Extraordinary People .<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0v5hBQAAQBAJ&dq=hearst+extraordinary+People+kamkwamba&pg=PA6|title=Extraordinary People|author=Hearst|first=Michael|year=2015|publisher=[[Chronicle Books]]|isbn=9781452133393}}</ref><ref>Archived at [https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211205/qf3IQfZFiKY Ghostarchive] and the {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qf3IQfZFiKY&gl=US&hl=en|title=William Kamkwamba|work=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=2022-05-29|archivedate=2020-04-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200429232055/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qf3IQfZFiKY&gl=US&hl=en}}: {{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qf3IQfZFiKY|title=William Kamkwamba|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, Kamkwamba nwetara nzere bachelọ nke nka na ọmụmụ gburugburu ebe obibi na Dartmouth College dị na Hanover, New Hampshire ebe a họpụtara ya na Sphinx Senior Honor Society.<ref name="DNJan2019">{{Cite news|url=https://www.deseretnews.com/article/900052215/meet-the-man-whose-inspirational-life-story-is-about-to-open-sundance-in-salt-lake.html|title=Meet the man whose inspirational life story is about to open Sundance in Salt Lake|work=[[Deseret News]]|accessdate=1 March 2019|date=25 January 2019|author=Meiners|first=Cristy|publisher=[[Deseret News Publishing Company]]}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a gbanwere The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri, nke Chiwetel Ejiofor, onye dekwara ma duzie.<ref name="DNJan2019"/> == Ndetu == <references /> {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com/ Blọọgụ William Kamkwamba] ** ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20201130141351/http://williamkamkwamba.typepad.com/williamkamkwamba/book.html The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind : Ịmepụta ọkụ eletrik na Olileanya]'' * [http://movingwindmills.org/ Na-agagharị Windmills] * William Kamkwamba on Twitter * William Kamkwamba at TED * [https://web.archive.org/web/20201112023753/https://techtv.mit.edu/videos/4282 William Kamkwamba na-ekwu okwu na MIT] * {{IMDb name|3919523}} * Works by or about William Kamkwamba in libraries (WorldCat catalog) [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8nktntyh9z1ze4kzprgtfuq3o1wvx6c 0 13983 672589 656303 2026-07-05T03:02:34Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[File:Tunde Kelani.png|thumb|Tunde Kelani]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Tunde Kelani''' (amụrụ ya na 26 Febụwarị 1948), nke a maara dịka '''TK''', bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Naijiria. N'ime ọrụ karịrị afọ iri anọ, TK bụ ọkachamara n'ịmepụta ihe nkiri na-akwalite ọdịbendị ọdịbendị bara ụba nke Naịjirịa ma nwee mgbọrọgwụ siri ike na akwụkwọ, nchekwa, agụmakwụkwọ, ntụrụndụ na nkwalite ọdịbendị.<ref name="NaijaRules">{{Cite web|title=Help, Our culture, language dying – Tunde Kelani|url=http://www.naijarules.com/xf/index.php?threads/help-our-culture-language-dying-tunde-kelani.39765/|publisher=Tayo Salami|accessdate=11 March 2011|archivedate=22 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222004833/http://www.naijarules.com/xf/index.php?threads%2Fhelp-our-culture-language-dying-tunde-kelani.39765%2F}}</ref> A makwaara ya maka ịhụnanya onwere maka mgbanwe nke ihe odide n'ime ihe nkiri dịka ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya gbasoro ụdị ihe nkiri ahụ gụnyere ''Ko se Gbe'', ''Oleku'', ''Thunder Bolt'', The Narrow Path, White Handkerchief, ''Maami'' na Dazzling Mirage .<ref name="BFI">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Tunde Kelani|url=http://spot.pcc.edu/~mdembrow/Kulani%20Interview.htm|publisher=MasterClass on Nollywood, British Film Institute|accessdate=2022-06-05|archivedate=2014-09-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140911141836/http://spot.pcc.edu/~mdembrow/Kulani%20Interview.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tunde Kelani|url=http://www.ama-awards.com/tunde-kelani|publisher=Africa Movie Academy Awards|accessdate=2022-06-05|archivedate=2014-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222045352/http://www.ama-awards.com/tunde-kelani}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị obere, e zigara ya [[Abeokuta]], ka ya na nne na nna ya ochie biri. Omenala na ọdịnala ndị [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] bara ụba ọ nwetara n'oge ọ bụ nwata, tinyere ahụmịhe ọ nwetara na London Film School ebe ọ gụrụ nka nke ịme ihe nkiri, kwadebere ya maka ihe ọ na-eme taa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Juries Announced for Dubai International Film Festival's Prestigious Muhr Competition|url=http://dubaifilmfest.com/en/news/article/juries-announced-for-dubai-international-film-festivals-prestigious-muhr-co/year/2012|publisher=Dubai International Film Festival|accessdate=5 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tunde Kelani, Cinematographer per excellence|url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/10/10/tunde-kelani-cinematographer-par-excellence/|publisher=Saturday Newswatch|accessdate=2022-06-05|archivedate=2014-02-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222142302/http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/10/10/tunde-kelani-cinematographer-par-excellence/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Zooming in on Kelani's World|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/zooming-in-on-kelani-s-world/111637/|accessdate=17 March 2012|work=This Day Live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Tunde Kelani Exclusive – I relax by working|url=http://thenet.ng/2012/04/tunde-kelani-exclusive-i-relax-by-working/|work=Nigerian Entertainment Today}}</ref> == Mmalite ndụ ya == A mụrụ Tunde Kelani, TK na [[Lagos]] mana mgbe ọ dị afọ ise, e zigara ya ka ya na nne na nna ya ochie biri na [[Abeokuta]] na [[Ȯra Ogun|Ogun]]. Ọ gara Oke-Ona Primary School na Ikija, Abeokuta ma gụọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na [[Abeokuta]] grammar school. N'oge a, nna nna ya bụ onye isi (Balogun nke Ijaiye Kukudi) ma ọ bụ ihe ùgwù ịhụ ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ụzọ ndụ ndị Yoruba, okpukpe Yoruba, akwụkwọ Yoruba, nkà ihe ọmụma Yoruba, gburugburu Yoruba na echiche ụwa [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] na nka na nso.<ref>{{Cite web|title=We'll redefine African Cinema – Tunde Kelani|url=http://www.naijarules.com/xf/index.php?threads/we%E2%80%99ll-redefine-african-cinema-tunde-kelani.1948/|publisher=Nollywood Magazine|accessdate=10 April 2004|archivedate=22 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222004618/http://www.naijarules.com/xf/index.php?threads%2Fwe%E2%80%99ll-redefine-african-cinema-tunde-kelani.1948%2F}}</ref> E webatara ya na akwụkwọ Yoruba site na mmalite nke ndụ ya ma ihe nkiri metụtakwara ya nke ukwuu dịka ndị [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] nwere ọdịnala ihe nkiri njem siri ike n'oge ahụ. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, o nwere ihe ùgwù ịhụ ọtụtụ n'ime nnukwu ihe nkiri Yoruba gụnyere Palmwine Drinkard, Oba Koso, Kurunmi, Ogunde na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Sunday News Watch">{{Cite news|title=Tunde Kelani, Cinematographer per excellence|url=http://www.mydailynewswatchng.com/2013/10/10/tunde-kelani-cinematographer-par-excellence/|work=Sunday News Watch}}</ref> O nwere mmasị na foto site na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị. N'oge agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya, ọ na-etinye ego ma na-ewepụta oge iji mụta foto. Ya mere, n'ụzọ a na-apụghị izere ezere, ọ ghọrọ onye na-ese foto mgbe ọ gụsịrị ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ nwetara ọzụzụ na Western Nigeria Television (WNTV) wee gaa n'ihu ịga London Film School.<ref name="Africa is a Country">{{Cite web|author=Moorman|first=Marissa|title=Not Nollywood: An Interview with Nigerian Filmmaker Tunde Kelani|url=http://africasacountry.com/not-nollywood-an-interview-with-nigerian-filmmaker-tunde-kelani/|publisher=Africa is a Country|accessdate=20 October 2013|archivedate=3 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103040209/http://africasacountry.com/not-nollywood-an-interview-with-nigerian-filmmaker-tunde-kelani/}}</ref> == Mmalite ọrụ ya == N'afọ mgbe 1970, Kelani rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ BBC TV na Reuters, na igwe onyonyo nke Naijiria. Maka Reuters ọ gara [[Ethiopia]] iji kpuchie ọkọchị ahụ na [[Zimbabwe]] ugboro atọ iji kpuchie nnwere onwe n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="Africa is a Country"/> Ozugbo ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na London Film School, ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa ma soro Adebayo Faleti mepụta ihe nkiri mbụ ya nke a na-akpọ Ihe esemokwu nke Rev. Nna Michael. (Idaamu Paadi Minkailu). Ndị ọzọ na-emepụta ihe gụnyere Alhaji Lasisi Oriekun, Wale Fanubi - onye ọrụ ibe ya si Cinekraft, Yemi Farounbi na ihe nkiri nke Lola Fani-Kayode.<ref name="shadow and act">{{Cite web|author=Obenson|first=Tambay A.|title=Get To Know Veteran Nigerian Director Tunde Kelani in New Life/Career Profile w/ The Filmmaker|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/get-to-know-veteran-nigerian-director-tunde-kelani-in-new-career-profile-w-the-filmmaker|publisher=IndieWire|accessdate=3 September 2013|archivedate=21 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221202950/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/get-to-know-veteran-nigerian-director-tunde-kelani-in-new-career-profile-w-the-filmmaker}}</ref> Tunde Kelani arụwokwa ọrụ na ọtụtụ ihe nkiri ndị e mepụtara na Naịjirịa dịka onye na-ese ihe nkiri. Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe nkiri 16mm ọ rụrụ gụnyere: ''Anikura''; ''Ogun Ajaye''; ''Iya Ni Wura''; Taxi Driver; ''Iwa'' na ''Fopomoyo''.<ref name="TK IMDBb">{{Cite web|title=Tunde Kelani Biography|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0445391/bio|publisher=IMDb}}</ref> N'afọ 1990, Kelani bụ osote onye nduzi na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri nke afọ 1990 ''Mister Johnson'', ihe nkiri mbụ nke America mere na Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/3718-mister-johnson-off-the-beaten-track|title=Mister Johnson: Off the Beaten Track {{!}} Current {{!}} The Criterion Collection}} </ref> Ihe nkiri a bụ Pierce Brosnan na Maynard Eziashi, ihe nkiri a dabere na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Joyce Cary dere n'afọ 1939.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Bada|first=Gbenga|title='I once acted as Piers Brosnan houseboy,' Tunde Kelani|url=http://momo.com.ng/news/i-once-acted-as-piers-brosnan-houseboy-tunde-kelani/|publisher=Movie Moments|accessdate=2022-06-05|archivedate=2014-07-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726104845/http://momo.com.ng/news/i-once-acted-as-piers-brosnan-houseboy-tunde-kelani/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mister Johnson (1991)|url=http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mister_johnson/|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Olakitan|first=Yemi|title=Rare Interview with Tunde Kelani|date=29 August 2013|url=http://yorubaacting.blogspot.com/2013/08/rare-interview-with-tunde-kelani.html|publisher=Yoruba Acting and Movies|accessdate=29 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mister Johnson|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0102458/|publisher=IMDb}}</ref> == Mgbanwe edemede == TK mepụtara ebe dị nro maka ịgụ akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị obere ma nke a mechara ghọọ ntụrụndụ kachasị amasị ya. Malite na ọrụ ise nke D. O. Fagunwa, nke gụnyere Igbo Olodumare, Ogboju Ode Ninu Igbo Irunmale, Aditu Olodumare, Irinkerindo Ninu Igbo Elegbeje na Ireke Onibudo, ọ mikpuru onwe ya n'ọrụ ọ bụla ọ nwere ike inweta aka ya n'asụsụ Yoruba na Bekee.<ref name="shadow and act"/> Ozugbo ọ chọpụtara mmekọrịta dị n'etiti akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri, ọ nakweere mgbanwe edemede dị ka ihe nlereanya na-arụ ọrụ maka ịme ihe nkiri ya. Ọ bụghị naanị na ọ hụrụ akwụkwọ ndị ahụ n'anya, ọ hụkwara ndị edemede ahụ n'anya dịka a na-ahụ ya mgbe niile n'etiti ha. Ndị edemede kachasị amasị ya gụnyere Kola Akinlade, Pa Amos Tutuola, [[Cyprian Ekwensi]], Akinwunmi Ishola, Adebayo Faleti, Wale Ogunyemi na [[Wole Soyinka]] .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Filmmaker Tunde Kelani Brings Nigerian Literature to Life|url=http://www.zodml.org/blog/?p=2399|publisher=Zaccheus Onumba Dibiaezue Memorial Libraries}}</ref> Ụfọdụ n'ime ihe nkiri ya kachasị nwee ihe ịga nke ọma bụ mgbanwe edemede ma ha gụnyere: ''Koseegbe'', ''Oleku'', ''Thunderbolt'' (Magun), The White Handkerchief, The Narrow Path, ''Maami'' na nso nso a Dazzling Mirage . O kpebiri ịnọgide na-enwe ihe nlereanya a maka ihe nkiri ya n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ofeimun|first=Odia|authorlink=Odia Ofeimun|title=In Defense of the Films We Have Made|url=http://www.chimurengachronic.co.za/in-defense-of-the-films-we-have-made/|publisher=Chronic Chimurenga|accessdate=9 July 2013|archivedate=20 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130920154616/http://www.chimurengachronic.co.za/in-defense-of-the-films-we-have-made/}}</ref> == Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe == N'afọ 1991, Tunde Kelani malitere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta nke ya, Mainframe Films and Television Productions - Opomulero, ka o wee nwee ike imepụta ihe nkiri ma ọ bụghị naanị inye nkwado teknụzụ. N'ịbụ onye si n'ụwa nke ihe nkiri na akwụkwọ pụta, mgbanwe nke akwụkwọ na egwuregwu maka sinima bụ isi ihe nkiri Kelani na-eme ma site na ha, ọ na-eme ememe ndị edemede na ọrụ ha na ihe ọ na-ahụ dị ka ọha na eze nke na-agụ obere.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Director, Tunde Kelani|url=http://www.africanfilmny.org/2013/tunde-kelani/|publisher=AFF Inc. Films Archive}}</ref> Na Mainframe, o mepụtara ihe nkiri dịka ''Ti Oluwa Nile'', ''Ayo Ni Mo Fe'', ''Koseegbe'', ''Oleku'', Thunderbolt (Magun), ''Saworoide'', ''Agogo Eewo'', ''The Campus Queen'', ''Abeni'', Narrow Path, ''Arugba'' na ''Maami''.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Through African Eyes {{!}} Vol.1 – Dialogues with the Directors|year=2003|publisher=African Film Festival, Inc. and Printinfo JV LLC|editor=BONETTI Mahen and REDDY Prerana}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tunde Kelani Receives Award at Dubai International|url=http://nollywoodmindspace.com/2012/12/19/tunde-kelani-receives-award-at-dubai-international/|publisher=Nollywood by Mindspace|accessdate=19 December 2012}}</ref> Ọrụ ikpeazụ ya, Dazzling ''[[Dazzling Mirage|Mirage]]'', mgbanwe sitere na akwụkwọ akụkọ nke Olayinka Egbokhare, bụ akụkọ ịhụnanya banyere otú onye na-arịa sickle-cell si merie ihere ọha na eze, ajọ mbunobi na ùgwù onwe onye ya dị ala, iji nweta ihe ịga nke ọma, alụmdi na nwunye na ịbụ nne. Site na ihe nkiri ahụ, ọ na-atụ anya ime ka a mara ma lebara anya na ọnọdụ sickle-cell ma nyere ndị mmadụ aka ime mkpebi ndị ka mma.<ref name="YNaija">{{Cite web|author=Okonkwo|first=Oge|title=The trailer is here! Tunde Kelani presents new movie, 'Dazzling Mirage'|date=5 December 2013|url=http://www.ynaija.com/the-trailer-is-here-tunde-kelani-presents-new-movie-dazzling-mirage/|publisher=YNaija|accessdate=5 December 2013}}</ref> == Ọmụmụ Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ihe edeturu |- |1982 |''Orun Mooru'' |dị ka onye na-ese ihe nkiri |- | rowspan="3" |1993 |''Ti Oluwa Nile 1'' |- |''Ti Oluwa Nile 2'' |- |''Ti Oluwa Nile 3'' |- | rowspan="2" |1994 |''Ayo Ni Mofe'' |- |''Ayo Ni Mofe 2'' |- |1995 |''Koseegbe'' |- |1997 |''O Le Ku'' |- |1999 |''Saworoide'' |- |2000 |''Uwe aka ọcha'' | |- |2001 |''Thunderbolt: Magun'' |- |2002 |''Agogo Eewo'' |- |2004 |''The Campus Queen'' |- | rowspan="2" |2006 |''Abeni'' |- |''Ụzọ Dị Mkpa'' |- |2008 |''Ndụ na Slow Motion'' |- |2010 |''Arugba'' |- |2011 |''Maami'' | |- |2015 |''[[Dazzling Mirage|Mirage na-egbuke egbuke]]'' |- |2021 |''Ayinla'' |} == Hụkwa ihe Ọzọ == * Ndepụta nke ndị na-emepụta ihe nkiri Naịjirịa == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d0vytbwdz9schjyt463cd35d43ptlk2 0 14065 672584 175115 2026-07-05T01:39:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672584 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Tope Folarin''' (amụrụ ya n'afọ 1981) bụ onye edemede Naijiria na Amerịka na onye isi oche nke Institute for Policy Studies . O ritere ihe nrite Caine nke afọ 2013 maka edemede Afrịka maka obere akụkọ ya "Miracle".<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200809171112/http://caineprize.com/previous-winners/?rq=tope%20folarin "Previous winners: 2013 Tope Folarin"], The Caine Prize.</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2014, a kpọrọ ya aha na ọrụ Hay Festival's Africa39 dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede 39 Sub-Saharan Africa dị afọ iri anọ nwere ikike na talent iji kọwaa ọnọdụ mpaghara ahụ.<ref>[http://www.hayfestival.com/artistlist-e-h.aspx Africa39 list of artists], Hay Festival.</ref> E depụtara akụkọ ya "Genesis" maka nke afọ 2016 Caine Prize.<ref>Alison Flood, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/may/11/nigerian-author-tope-folarin-in-running-for-second-caine-prize "Nigerian author Tope Folarin in running for second Caine prize"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 11 May 2016.</ref> == Mmalite ndụ ya == A mụrụ ya dị ka '''Oluwabusayo Temitope Folarin''' na Ogden, Utah, nye ndị mbịarambịa Naijiria, ma nwee ụmụnne anọ tọrọ ya - ụmụnne nwoke atọ na nwanne nwanyị, ha niile amụrụ na United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tope Folarin — internationales literaturfestival berlin|url=https://www.literaturfestival.com/autoren-en/autoren-2014-en/tope-folarin|accessdate=2022-03-14|work=www.literaturfestival.com}}</ref><ref name="Rhodes">[https://rhodesscholars.wordpress.com/2007/11/14/tope-folarin/ "Tope Folarin"], How Rhodes Scholars Think, 2007.</ref> O tolitere na Grand Prairie, Texas, ebe ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ.<ref name="WP">Krissah Thompson, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/tope-folarin-finds-his-place-in-the-literary-world/2013/07/23/58156ab4-f314-11e2-8505-bf6f231e77b4_story.html "Tope Folarin finds his place in the literary world"], ''[[Washington Post]]'', 24 July 2013.</ref> N'ikwu okwu banyere nkuzi ya n'ajụjụ ọnụ n'afọ 2016, Folarin kwuru na a zụlitere ya na ụmụnne ya na "nkwanye ùgwù miri emi" maka Naịjirịa na Afrịka. Ụmụaka ahụ chọsiri ike ileta Naịjirịa, mana nsogbu ego gbochiri ezinụlọ ahụ ime nke ahụ. "Echere m na edemede m na-egosipụta akụkụ abụọ a nke ndụ m - mmetụta nke ịdị nso na Naịjirịa, yana ebe dị anya," ka o kwuru.<ref>Akati Khasiani, [http://brittlepaper.com/2016/06/caineprize2016-interview-tope-folarin-akati-khasiani/ "#CainePrize2016 | Interview with Tope Folarin"], Brittlepaper.com, 29 June 2016.</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ debara aha na Morehouse College. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ otu afọ na ọkara dị ka nwa akwụkwọ mgbanwe, nke mbụ na Bates College na [[Mën|Maine]], mgbe ahụ na Mahadum nke Cape Town na South Africa, tupu ọ laghachi US ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Morehouse n'afọ 2004, na B.A. A kpọrọ ya onye agụmakwụkwọ Rhodes nke afọ 2004, na n'oge ọkọchị nke 2004 bụ Galbraith Scholar na Mahadum Harvard Ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọchịchị nke Kennedy .<ref name="WP"/><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wLUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA12&dq=Tope+Folarin&hl=en&sa=X&ei=ntraUva_Mum_sQTz-ICgCg&ved=0CC8Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=Tope%20Folarin&f=false "Black Students Awarded Rhodes Scholarship"], ''Jet'', 5 January 2004.</ref> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara England ịmụ na Mahadum Oxford, ebe ọ bụ onye otu Harris Manchester College, gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 2006 na M.Sc. na mmụta nke Afrịka na M.Sc. na Comparative Social Policy .<ref name="Rhodes"/> == Ọrụ Ya == N'afọ 2013, Folarin ghọrọ onye edemede mbụ bi na mpụga Afrịka iji merie Caine Prize, nke o meriri maka obere akụkọ ya "Miracle". Akụkọ a mere na [[Texas]] na ụka na-ezisa ozi ọma na Naijiria.<ref name="Guardian">Liz Bury, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jul/09/caine-prize-tope-folarin-african-writing "Caine prize won by Tope Folarin's 'utterly compelling' short story"], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 9 July 2013.</ref> Ihe nrite nke ihe nrite - nke a na-emeghe maka onye ọ bụla a mụrụ na Afrịka, bụ onye mba Afrịka, ma ọ bụ onye nne na nna ya bụ ndị Afrịka - mere ka ụfọdụ mkparịta ụka banyere ma njikọ onye edemede ahụ na Afrịka siri ike.<ref>Aaron Bady, [https://web.archive.org/web/20170330192501/http://thenewinquiry.com/blogs/zunguzungu/miracles-and-wonder-faith-and-diaspora-on-tope-falorins-miracle/ "Miracles and Wonder, Faith and Diaspora: On Tope Folarin’s 'Miracle'"], ''New Inquiry'', 27 May 2013.</ref><ref>Carolyn Kellogg, [http://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-et-jc-nigerian-american-tope-folarin-takes-caine-prize-for-african-lit-20130709-story.html "Nigerian American Tope Folarin takes Caine Prize for African lit"], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 9 July 2013.</ref><ref>Simon Allison, [http://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2013-07-11-the-caine-prize-controversy-how-african-do-you-have-to-be/#.WDsAfNKLTZ5 "The Caine Prize controversy: How African do you have to be?"], ''Daily Maverick'', 11 July 2013.</ref><blockquote>"Abụ m onye edemede nke nọ na disapora Naijiria, na Caine Prize pụtara ọtụtụ ihe - ọ dị m ka enwere njikọ na ọdịnala dị ogologo nke ndị edemede Africa. Ihe nrite Caine na-agbasa nkọwa ya na oke ya. Ana m ewere onwe m dị ka onye Naijiria na onye Amerịka, njirimara abụọ ahụ bụ ihe dị mkpa maka onye m bụ. Iji merie ... ọ dị ka akara nke nkwenye. "<ref name="Guardian"/></blockquote>N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2014, a kpọrọ ya aha na ndepụta mmemme Hay Africa39 nke ndị edemede nọ n'okpuru afọ iri anọ nwere ikike na talent iji kọwaa ọnọdụ na akwụkwọ Afrịka.<ref>[https://africa39blog.wordpress.com/2015/03/10/spotlight-tope-folarin-i-dont-want-to-continue-being-an-artist-for-long/ "Spotlight on Tope Folarin: 'I don't want to continue being an artist for long'"], Africa39 Blog.</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na bọọdụ ndị isi nke Hurston / Wright Foundation na United States.<ref name="Guardian"/> Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, A Particular Kind of Black Man, bụ nke Simon & Schuster bipụtara n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2019. N'ime ya, Folarin na-ede banyere ezinụlọ Naijiria, nke ọhụrụ na America, ka ha na-agbalị ịnabata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bookmarks.reviews/reviews/a-particular-kind-of-black-man/|title=Book Marks reviews of A Particular Kind of Black Man by Tope Folarin|work=Book Marks|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-09}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Folarin meriri Ihe nrite maka akụkọ ifo nke Whiting .<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Tope Folarin|url=https://www.whiting.org/awards/winners/tope-folarin#/|accessdate=2021-04-15|work=Whiting Award}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, a kpọrọ ya dịka onye isi oche nke Institute for Policy Studies, ụlọ ọrụ na-eche echiche na-aga n'ihu nke dị na Washington, DC ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-13|title=Big news at IPS: Meet our next director, Tope Folarin|url=https://ips-dc.org/big-news-at-ips-meet-our-next-director-tope-folarin/|accessdate=2021-06-21|work=Institute for Policy Studies|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe == Folarin bi na Washington, DC.<ref>Charlotte Lytton, [http://www.cnn.com/2013/07/09/world/africa/folarin-wins-caine-prize/index.html "Nigerian Tope Folarin wins Caine Prize for tale of deceit in Texas church"], CNN, 9 July 2013.</ref> == Mbipụta ya == * A Particular Kind of Black Man, Simon & Schuster, 2019 === Akụkọ dị mkpirikpi === * "Miracle," Transition, No. 109, Persona (2012), pp. 73–83<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20171104202527/http://hutchinscenter.fas.harvard.edu/transition-109 "Transition 109"]. ''Transition Magazine'' at the Hutchins Center.</ref> * "The Summer of Ice Cream", ''Virginia Quarterly Review'', Fall 2014, Vol. 90, No. 4, pp. 54+<ref>Tope Folarin, [https://web.archive.org/web/20220626074032/https://www.vqronline.org/fiction/2014/10/summer-ice-cream ""The Summer of Ice Cream"], ''VQR'', Fall 2014.</ref> * "New Mom, from a novel in progress," Africa39: New Writing from Africa South of the Sahara, Bloomsbury Publishing, October 2014. * "Genesis," na "Callaloo," Vol 37, No. 5, Fall 2014.<<nowiki>https://muse.jhu.edu/article/565044</nowiki><nowiki></ref></nowiki> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] to2v8p75cb2zo4775ublps9uap0sfo9 0 14948 672387 621021 2026-07-04T16:11:13Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672387 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Gloria Jean Watkins''' (September 25, 1952 - December 15, 2021), nke a maara nke ọma site na mkpịsị aka ya bell hooks (nke a na-ede na obere mkpụrụ akwụkwọ), <ref name="pen-name">{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Dinitia|date=September 28, 2006|title=Tough arbiter on the web has guidance for writers|page=E3|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/28/books/28chic.html|accessdate=February 21, 2017|quote=But the Chicago Manual says it is not all right to capitalize the name of the writer bell hooks because she insists that it be lower case.}}</ref> bụ onye edemede America, onye nkuzi, na onye nkatọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ Prọfesọ a ma ama na Residence na Berea College. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Holland|first=Jennifer L.|title=Tiny you: a western history of the anti-abortion movement|date=2020|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-96847-9|location=Oakland, California}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ihe odide ya gbasara agbụrụ, ụmụ nwanyị, na Ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref name="Guardian obit">{{Cite news|author=Knight|first=Lucy|date=December 15, 2021|title=Bell Hooks, author and activist, dies aged 69|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/dec/15/bell-hooks-author-and-activist-dies-aged-69|accessdate=December 15, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopaedia Britannica">{{Cite web|author=Tikkanen|first=Amy|title=Bell Hooks {{!}} American scholar|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/bell-hooks|work=[[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]|publisher=Stanford University|date=November 27, 2019|accessdate=March 31, 2022|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ ya nyochara njikọ agbụrụ, akụrụngwa, na okike, na ihe ọ kọwara dị ka ikike ha nwere ịmepụta na ime ka usoro mmegbu na ọchịchị nke ndị otu. Ọrụ ya bụ ntọala maka echiche nke oge a nke intersectionality. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Goodman|first=Elyssa|date=2019-03-12|title=How bell hooks Paved the Way for Intersectional Feminism|url=https://www.them.us/story/bell-hooks|accessdate=2026-02-04|work=Them|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=bell hooks|url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/bell-hooks|accessdate=2026-02-04|work=National Women's History Museum|language=en}}</ref> O bipụtara ọtụtụ edemede ndị ọkà mmụta na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ 40, n'ụdị sitere na edemede na uri ruo n'akwụkwọ ụmụaka, yana ọtụtụ ọrụ na-ekwu maka ịhụnanya, okike, nka, akụkọ ihe mere eme, mmekọahụ, na mgbasa ozi. Ọ malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya na 1976 na-akụzi Bekee na Ọmụmụ agbụrụ na Mahadum nke Southern California. O mechara kụzie na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere Mahadum Stanford, [[Yale University|Mahadum Yale]], New College of Florida, na The City College of New York, tupu ọ banye Berea College na Berea, Kentucky, na 2004. <ref name="Get to know Bell Hooks">{{Cite web|title=Get to Know Bell Hooks|url=https://www.berea.edu/bhc/about-bell/|accessdate=December 15, 2021|work=The Bell Hooks center|language=en-US|archivedate=December 15, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215180252/https://www.berea.edu/bhc/about-bell/}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, hooks guzobekwara ụlọ ọrụ bell hooks Institute na Berea College . A gbaziri aha edemede ya n'aka nne nne ya, Bell Blair Hooks, site na iji mkpụrụedemede dị ala iji mee ka onwe ya dị mma ma na-elekwasị anya n'ihe odide ya. == Oge ọ malitere == A ''amụrụ'' Gloria Jean Watkins na Septemba 25, 1952, n'ezinụlọ na-arụ ọrụ n'Afrịka, na Hopkinsville, <ref name="nytobit">{{Cite news|author=Risen|first=Clay|date=December 15, 2021|title=Bell Hooks, Pathbreaking Black Feminist, Dies at 69|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/12/15/books/bell-hooks-dead.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021}}</ref> obere obodo dị iche iche na [[Kentórkị|Kentucky]]. <ref name="medea1997">{{Cite book|author=Medea|first=Andra|title=Facts on File Encyclopedia of Black Women in America|publisher=[[Infobase Publishing|Facts on File]]|year=1997|isbn=0-8160-3425-7|editor=Hine|location=New York|pages=[[iarchive:blackwomeninamer00edit 0/page/100/mode/1up|100–101]]|chapter=hooks, bell (1952–)|oclc=35209436}}</ref> Watkins bụ otu n'ime ụmụ isii Rosa Bell Watkins (née Oldham) na Veodis Watkins mụrụ. Nna ya na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ na nne ya na-eje ozi n'ụlọ ndị ọcha.<ref name="Hsu-2021">{{Cite magazine|last=Hsu|first=Hua|date=December 15, 2021|title=The Revolutionary Writing of bell hooks|url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/the-revolutionary-writing-of-bell-hooks|url-status=live|access-date=December 16, 2021|magazine=The New Yorker|language=en-US|archive-date=December 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216061035/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/postscript/the-revolutionary-writing-of-bell-hooks}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ ncheta ya bụ Bone Black: Memories of Girlhood (1996), Watkins ga-ede banyere "mgbalị ya iji mepụta onwe ya na njirimara" mgbe ọ na-etolite na "ụwa anwansi bara ọgaranya nke ọdịbendị ndị isi ojii nke na-abụkarị paradaịs mgbe ụfọdụ na oge ndị ọzọ na-atụ egwu" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/bell-hooks/bone-black/|title=Bone Black|date=August 15, 1996|work=[[Kirkus Reviews]]|accessdate=December 22, 2021}}</ref> Onye na-agụ akwụkwọ nke ukwuu (ya na ndị na-ede uri William Wordsworth, Langston Hughes, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, na Gwendolyn Brooks n'etiti ndị ọkacha mmasị MA ya), [1] Watkins gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na-ekewa, mechaa kwaga n'ụlọ akwụkwọ agbakwunyere na njedebe 1960.[2] Ahụmahụ a nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'echiche ya dị ka onye nkuzi, o mekwara ka ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ nke omume mmụta dị ka e gosipụtara n'akwụkwọ ya, Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom. [3] Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Hopkinsville High School tupu ọ nweta BA na Bekee na Mahadum Stanford na 1973, yana MA ya na Bishon sitere na Mahadum Wisconsin-Madison na 1976. [4] [5] N'oge a, Watkins nọ na-arụ ọrụ na akwụkwọ ya Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism, nke ọ malitere ide na afọ 19 (19) 1981. [6][7] In 1983, after several years of teaching and writing, hooks completed her doctorate in English at the University of California, Santa Cruz, with a dissertation on author Toni Morrison entitled "Keeping a Hold on Life: Reading Toni Morrison's Fiction".<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dlixAAAAIAAJ|first=bell|author=hooks|title=Keeping a Hold on Life: Reading Toni Morrison's Fiction|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|date=1983}}</ref> Otu n'ime mmetụta ndị na-emetụta ya bụ onye American abolitionist na onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị Sojourner Truth. Truth's "Ain't I a Woman?" kpaliri [[Ain't I a Woman? (book)|akwụkwọ]] mbụ nke hooks.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Min Jin|date=February 28, 2019|title=In Praise of Bell Hooks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/books/bell-hooks-min-jin-lee-aint-i-a-woman.html|accessdate=March 15, 2023}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, a kpọtụrụ onye nkuzi Brazil bụ Paulo Freire aha n'akwụkwọ Hooks bụ Teaching to Transgress . Echiche ya banyere agụmakwụkwọ dị na isi nke mbụ, "ịkụzi ihe".<ref>{{Cite book|author=hooks|first=bell|title=Teaching to transgress : education as the practice of freedom|date=1994|isbn=0-415-90807-8|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|oclc=30668295}}</ref> Mmetụta ndị ọzọ gụnyere ọkà mmụta okpukpe Peruvian Gustavo Gutiérrez, ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ Erich Fromm, onye na-ede egwuregwu Lorraine Hansberry, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sarkar|first=Somnath|date=July 11, 2021|title=Aint I a Woman? {{!}} Feminist Theory of Bell Hooks|url=https://www.eng-literature.com/2021/07/feminist-theory-of-bell-hooks.html|accessdate=March 15, 2023|work=All About English Literature|language=en-US}}</ref> onye mọnk Buddha [[Thích Nhất Hạnh|Thích Nhất]] Hạnh, <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Richards|first=Aleta|date=September 22, 2000|title=All About Love. (Book reviews: love everybody right now)|url=https://go.gale.com/ps/i.do?p=AONE&sw=w&issn=&v=2.1&it=r&id=GALE%7CA83698173&sid=googleScholar&linkaccess=abs|journal=Civil Rights Journal|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=58–61}}</ref> na onye edemede Africa America James Baldwin.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Trescott|first=Jacqueline|date=February 9, 1999|title=A WOMAN OF HER WORDS|language=en-US|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1999/02/09/a-woman-of-her-words/fd1f95a4-b6d7-43ef-b1f7-95c98d30637f/|accessdate=March 15, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bell Hooks tells the story of the first time she met Thich Nhat Hanh - Lions Roar|date=December 21, 2017|url=https://www.lionsroar.com/bell-hooks-on-meeting-thich-nhat-hanh/|accessdate=March 15, 2023|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=hooks|first=bell|title=Why James Baldwin Is Important: Books, Quotes, Essays, Poems, Movie, Biography * Bell Hooks Books|work=bell hooks Books|url=https://bellhooksbooks.com/why-james-baldwin-is-important-books-quotes-essays-poems-movie-biography/|accessdate=March 15, 2023|language=en-US|archivedate=November 20, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120234724/https://bellhooksbooks.com/why-james-baldwin-is-important-books-quotes-essays-poems-movie-biography/}}</ref> Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth bụ ihe dị ike na-akpali akpali maka nko na ụzọ ọ na-esi agba mgba. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bouwer|first=Karen|date=2010|title=Gender and Decolonization in the Congo: Lumumba's Legacy in Literature and Film|chapter=Andrée Blouin: A Sister Among Brothers in Struggle|pages=71–99|chapterurl=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1057/9780230110403_4|location=New York|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|doi=10.1057/9780230110403_4|isbn=978-0-230-11040-3|accessdate=6 September 2025}}</ref> == Ịkụzi ihe na ide ihe == Ọ malitere ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya na 1976 dị ka prọfesọ nke Bekee na prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ agbụrụ na Mahadum Southern California. [1] N'ime afọ atọ ọ nọ ebe ahụ, Golemics, onye mbipụta nke dabeere na Los Angeles, bipụtara ọrụ mbụ ya bipụtara, akwụkwọ akụkọ akpọrọ And There Wept (1978), [2] nke edere n'okpuru aha mkpịsị akwụkwọ "Bell Hooks".[3] Ọ nakweere aha nne nne ya dị ka aha mkpịsị akwụkwọ ya n'ihi na, dị ka o mesịrị tinye ya, nne nne ya "a maara maka asụsụ ya nwere obi ike ma dị egwu, bụ nke ọ masịrị ya n'ezie." [5] Na nkọwa na-adịghị mma nke edemede ya, Hooks kwukwara, sị, "Mgbe mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị nọ na njedebe ya na njedebe '60s na mmalite' 70s, enwere ọtụtụ ọpụpụ site n'echiche nke onye ọ bụla. Ọ bụ: Ka anyị kwuo banyere echiche ndị dị n'azụ ọrụ ahụ, ndị mmadụ dịkwa ntakịrị ... [6] Na mbido afọ 1980 na afọ 1990, hooks kụziri na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ post-secondary, gụnyere Mahadum California, Santa Cruz, Mahadum San Francisco State, [[Yale University|Yale]] (1985 ruo 1988, dị ka osote prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ Africa na Afro-American na Bekee), <ref name="Lee-2019">{{Cite news|author=Lee|first=Min Jin|date=February 28, 2019|title=In Praise of Bell Hooks|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/books/bell-hooks-min-jin-lee-aint-i-a-woman.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021}}</ref> Oberlin College (1988 ruo 1994, dị ka osota prọfesor nke akwụkwọ America na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị), na, malite na 1994, dị ka prọfesụ pụrụ iche nke Bekee na City College nke New York<ref>{{Cite web|author=Leatherman|first=Courtney|date=May 19, 1995|title=The Real Bell Hooks|url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/gloria-watkins-the-real-bell-hooks/|accessdate=December 16, 2021|work=The Chronicle of Higher Education|archivedate=December 16, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216061035/https://www.chronicle.com/article/gloria-watkins-the-real-bell-hooks/}}</ref> South End Press bipụtara nnukwu ọrụ mbụ ya, Abụghị m nwanyị? Womenmụ nwanyị ojii na Feminism, na 1981, ọ bụkwa ntọala maka ọtụtụ ọrụ mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 19, mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ.[1][2] N'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ iri ya, Abụghị m nwanyị? amatara maka ajụjụ ya na echiche nwanyị, ebe ndị mbipụta akwụkwọ kwa izu na 1992 kpọrọ ya "otu n'ime akwụkwọ nwanyị iri abụọ kacha emetụta n'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga".[3] Mgbe ọ na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ The New York Times na 2019, Min Jin Lee kwuru na Abụghị m nwanyị "bụ ngwa dị ike ma dị mkpa maka mmepe echiche nwanyị. Olileanya? [[Faịlụ:Bellhooks.jpg|thumb|nko mgbịrịgba na 2009]] &nbsp;N'otu oge ahụ, Hooks ghọrọ onye ama ama dị ka onye na-eche echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nkatọ omenala.[1] O bipụtara ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 30, malite na ndị isi ojii, ndị nna ochie, na ndị nwoke ruo n'ịnyere onwe ha aka; nkuzi na-etinye aka[2] na ihe ncheta nkeonwe; na mmekọahụ (na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ịma mma na omenala anya).[3] Reel to Real: Race, Sex, and Class in Film (1996) na-anakọta edemede fim, nyocha na ajụjụ ọnụ nke ndị nduzi ihe nkiri.[4] Na New Yorker, Hua Hsu kwuru na ajụjụ ọnụ ndị a kpughere akụkụ nke ọrụ Hooks bụ nke "na-adọrọ mmasị, ọmịiko, na ịchọ ndị enyi".[5] Na Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (1984), hooks na-eme nkatọ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ndị ọcha na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ ghara ịdị n'otu nke ụmụ nwanyị gafee agbụrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Isoke|first=Zenzele|date=December 2019|title=Bell Hooks: 35 Years from Margin to Center – Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center. By Bell Hooks. New York: Routledge, [1984] 2015. 180 pp. 23.96 (paperback).|journal=Politics & Gender|language=en|volume=15|issue=4|doi=10.1017/S1743923X19000643|issn=1743-923X}}</ref> Dị ka nko na-arụ ụka, nkwurịta okwu na ịgụ na ide (ikike ịgụ, ide, na iche echiche nke ọma) dị mkpa maka òtù ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi na na-enweghị ha, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ọ gaghị etolite ịmata enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị na ọha mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Olson|first=Gary A.|date=1994|title=Bell Hooks and the Politics of Literacy: A Conversation|journal=Journal of Advanced Composition|volume=14|issue=1|pages=1–19|issn=0731-6755}}</ref> Na Teaching to Transgress (1994), hooks na-anwa ụzọ ọhụrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ole na ole.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Teaching to Transgress: Education as the Practice of Freedom * Bell Hooks Books|url=https://bellhooksbooks.com/product/teaching-to-transgress/|accessdate=March 15, 2023|language=en-US}}</ref> Karịsịa, nko na-agba mbọ ime ka agụmakwụkwọ na nkuzi dị mfe "ịgụ ma ghọta gafee ókèala klas dị iche iche".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Judd|first=Caitlin|date=December 31, 2021|title=What Bell Hooks taught me|url=https://cambridgegirltalk.com/2021/12/31/what-bell-hooks-taught-me/|accessdate=January 17, 2024|work=Cambridge Girl Talk|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920085144/https://cambridgegirltalk.com/2021/12/31/what-bell-hooks-taught-me/|archivedate=September 20, 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2002, hooks kwuru okwu mmeghe na Mahadum Southwestern. N'izere ụzọ ekele nke okwu mmalite ọdịnala, ọ kwuru okwu megide ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka ime ihe ike na mmegbu gọọmentị kwadoro, ma dọọ ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị o kwenyere na ha na-agbaso omume ndị dị otú ahụ.<ref name="chronicle">{{Cite web|title=Bell Hooks Digs In|url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2002-05-24/93217/|first=Lauri|author=Apple|work=The Austin Chronicle|date=May 24, 2002|accessdate=December 11, 2013|archivedate=December 22, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131222190327/http://www.austinchronicle.com/news/2002-05-24/93217/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Postmarks – Southwestern Graduation Debacle|first=Jean|author=Kilker|url=http://www.austinchronicle.com/columns/2002-05-24/93184/|work=The Austin Chronicle|date=May 24, 2002|accessdate=December 11, 2013|archivedate=October 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141015002703/http://www.austinchronicle.com/columns/2002-05-24/93184/}}</ref> The Austin Chronicle kọrọ na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-ege ntị buuru okwu ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na "ọtụtụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ gafere onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ iji kụọ ya aka ma ọ bụ makụọ ya".<ref name="chronicle" /> N'afọ 2004, ọ sonyeere Berea College dị ka Prọfesọ dị iche iche na Residence.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berea.edu/appalachiancenter/people/default.asp|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100528042644/http://www.berea.edu/appalachiancenter/people/default.asp|title=Faculty and Staff|archivedate=May 28, 2010|publisher=[[Berea College]]|accessdate=December 15, 2021}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2008, nke aha ya bụ: omenala nke ebe, gụnyere ajụjụ ọnụ ya na onye edemede Wendell Berry yana mkparịta ụka banyere ịlaghachi Kentucky.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Belonging: a culture of place|author=hooks|first=bell|date=January 1, 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780415968157|language=en|oclc=228676700}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta bi na The New School ugboro atọ, oge ikpeazụ na 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|date=September 18, 2014|title=Bell Hooks returns for Third Residency at The New School|url=https://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2014/bell_hook_oct.htm|accessdate=December 16, 2021|publisher=[[The New School]]|archivedate=November 7, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107195019/http://www.newschool.edu/pressroom/pressreleases/2014/bell_hook_oct.htm}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ bell hooks Institute na Berea College; n'afọ 2017 ọ raara akwụkwọ ya nye kọleji ahụ. <ref name="Encyclopaedia Britannica" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Burke|first=Minyvonne|date=December 15, 2021|title=Acclaimed author and activist Bell Hooks dies at 69|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/acclaimed-author-activist-bell-hooks-dies-69-rcna8895|accessdate=December 25, 2021|publisher=[[NBC News]]}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ na Berea College, hooks guzobekwara ụlọ ọrụ bell hooks ya na prọfesọ Dr. M. Shadee Malaklou. <ref name="berea.edu">{{Cite web|title=The Bell Hooks center at Berea College - Feminism is for everybody|url=https://www.berea.edu/bhc/|accessdate=November 11, 2022|work=The Bell Hooks center|language=en-US}}</ref> E guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iji nye ụmụ akwụkwọ na-anọchite anya ya, ọkachasị ndị isi ojii na ndị na-acha nchara nchara, femme, queer, na ndị Appalachian na Berea College, ebe dị nchebe ebe ha nwere ike ịzụlite ngosipụta ha, agụmakwụkwọ, na ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Bell Hooks center|url=https://www.berea.edu/bhc/about/|accessdate=November 11, 2022|work=The Bell Hooks center|language=en-US|archivedate=November 11, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221111163317/https://www.berea.edu/bhc/about/}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-ekwu maka ọrụ hooks na nkwenye ya na mkpa nke ụmụ nwanyị na ịhụnanya dị ka ihe na-akpali akpali na ụkpụrụ nduzi nke agụmakwụkwọ ọ na-enye. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na-enye ihe omume na mmemme na-ekwusi ike na echiche ụmụ nwanyị na nke na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ.<ref name="berea.edu" /> Ọ na-akatọkarị ihe nkiri Spike Lee. N'edemede ya, "Spike Lee Doing Malcolm X: Denying Black Pain", Hook na-arụ ụka na "ihe nkiri Lee adịghị amanye ndị na-ekiri ka ha chee ihu, ịma aka, gbanwee. Ha na-anabata ma kwụọ anyị ụgwọ nke enweghị mmasị-ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla." Ọ na-ahụ Lee dị ka "onye nyocha" na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri, na-eme ihe nkiri maka ndị ọcha na-ege ntị na-agbaso mgbakọ nke "akụkọ Hollywood ndị ọzọ".[1] Ọ kọwara ọkara mbụ nke ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka ọkara "ihe ngosi maka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ọhụrụ" na ọkara "ọdachi"; ọ na-akatọ ihe ngosi nke mmekọrịta Malcolm na Sophia dị ka "otu akụkọ ochie" dị ka ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ na-egosi mmekọrịta agbụrụ; na ọ na-ajụ ikike Denzel Washington ịgbanarị aha ya dị ka "ezigbo onye ọ bụla", nke pụtara na ọ nweghị ike igosipụta "ọnụnọ dị egwu" Malcolm. Ihe a niile na-eme Malcolm "yiri onye enweghị olileanya, onye nwere ezi uche." N'ịgụ ihe nkiri ahụ, Lee "nwere mmasị na nkatọ siri ike nke Malcolm banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-acha ọcha" na echiche mbụ ya banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị ka "mgba ọsọ nwoke maka ike n'etiti ndị ọcha na ndị ojii." N'ihi ya, ihe nkiri ahụ hapụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Malcolm n'akụkụ, na "nkatọ nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na njikọ ya na alaeze ukwu na colonialism" na ihe nkiri ahụ "n'ezie" enweghị Malcolm" nkatọ nke capitalism." O kwukwara na Lee dere banyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii otu ahụ ndị na-eme fim si dee gbasara ụmụ nwanyị ọcha. Ọ katọkwara ihe nkiri Paris Is Burning maka igosi ememe bọọlụ dị ka ihe ngosi maka "obi ụtọ" ndị ọcha.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Phillip Brian Harper|title='The Subversive Edge': ''Paris Is Burning'', Social Critique, and the Limits of Subjective Agency.|journal=Diacritics|volume=24|issue=2/3|year=1994|pages=90–103|doi=10.2307/465166}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, n'oge Ngagharị iwe George Floyd, enwere mmeghachi omume nke mmasị na ọrụ hooks na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ụmụ nwanyị, na akụrụngwa.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Bernstein|first=Sharon|date=December 15, 2021|title=Black feminist writer and intellectual Bell Hooks dies at 69|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/black-feminist-writer-intellectual-bell-hooks-dies-69-2021-12-15/|accessdate=March 15, 2023}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ == Banyere ihe nkiri ya, Hooks kọwara onwe ya dị ka "nwoke na-ahụ ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwoke". [1] [2] [3] Ọ na-eji French dị ka asụsụ, na-ahọrọ ịbụ na Bekee. Ọ na-ahụ na ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe ike n'okwu nke aka ya dị ka ndị a: "Dị ka onye bụ isi nke onye na-eme ihe ike, echere m na ọrụ Tim Dean bụ ịbụ onye na-eme ihe ike, na onye na-ahụ ihe ike ọ bụghị dị ka onye ị nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị dị ka onye ị nwere ike ịbụ - nke ahụ nwere ike ịbụ ya - ma onye na-eche onwe ya na onye nwere ike ịbụ onye na-eme ihe ike n'ebe ma ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe ike nwere ike ịbụ onye na-eme ihe ike n'ebe ọ na-eme ihe ike. ụlọ na ọ nwere ike ime ka ọ pụta ìhè ma ọ bụrụ na ọ na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè n'otu ebe, ọ nwere ike ikwupụta na ọ nwere ike ime ihe ọ chọrọ. Alụola m di afọ iri na asaa. Ọ ga-amasị m inwe onye ọlụlụ, mana echeghị m na ndụ m bara uru."[6] Na Disemba 15, 2021, bell hooks nwụrụ site na nkụchi akụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Berea, Kentucky, mgbe ọ dị afọ 69. <ref name="Guardian obit" /> === Okpukpe Buddha === Through her interest in Beat poetry and after an encounter with the poet and Buddhist Gary Snyder, hooks was first introduced to [[Buddhism]] in her early college years.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tworkov|first=Helen|title=Agent of Change|url=https://tricycle.org/magazine/bell-hooks-buddhism/|accessdate=November 11, 2022|work=Tricycle: The Buddhist Review|date=January 9, 2017|language=en}}</ref> She described herself as finding Buddhism as part of a personal journey in her youth, centered on seeking to recenter love and spirituality in her life and configure these concepts into her focus on activism and justice.<ref>{{Cite web|author=hooks|first=bell|title=Building a Community of Love – Lion's Roar|date=March 24, 2017|url=https://www.lionsroar.com/bell-hooks-and-thich-nhat-hanh-on-building-a-community-of-love/|accessdate=November 27, 2022|language=en-US}}</ref> After her initial exposures to Buddhism, hooks incorporated it into her Christian upbringing and this combined Christian-Buddhist thought influenced her identity, activism, and writing for the remainder of her life. Ọ dọtara mmasị ya na okpukpe Buddha n'ihi usoro onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ ọ nyere ya ịghọta na imeghachi omume na nhụjuanya yana ịhụnanya na njikọ. Ọ na-akọwa na Ndị Kraịst na-elekwasị anya n'omume kwa ụbọchị dị ka imezu mkpa dị mkpa nke ndụ ya kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Yancy|first=George|date=December 10, 2015|title=Bell Hooks: Buddhism, the Beats and Loving Blackness|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/12/10/bell-hooks-buddhism-the-beats-and-loving-blackness/|accessdate=November 27, 2022|work=Opinionator|language=en}}</ref> Echiche ndị Buddha, ọkachasị ọrụ [[Thích Nhất Hạnh|Thích Nhất]] Hạnh, pụtara n'ọtụtụ edemede, akwụkwọ, na uri. Mmụọ nke ndị Buddha rụkwara ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịmepụta ụkpụrụ omume ịhụnanya nke ghọrọ isi ihe a na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ ya edere na ọrụ ya. == Ihe nketa na mmetụta == Utne Reader's 1995 "100 Visionaries Who Could Change Your Life" gụnyere nko, <ref name="p853">{{Cite web|author=Brozan|first=Nadine|title=CHRONICLE|work=The New York Times|date=January 23, 1995|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/23/nyregion/chronicle-537295.html|accessdate=August 22, 2024}}</ref> dị ka TIME magazine's "100 Women of the Year" na 2020, ebe a kọwara ya dị ka "''Oge'' egwu rock a na-adịghị ahụkebe nke onye ọgụgụ isi ọha na eze nke na-eru n'ọtụtụ ebe site na ịnweta". Tupu ọ nọrọ na Berea College, hooks nwere ọkwa nkuzi na ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-akwanyere ùgwù dị ka Stanford, Yale, na The City College of New York. Mmetụta ya karịrị agụmakwụkwọ, dị ka ebe obibi ya na United States na mba ofesi gosipụtara. N'afọ 2014, St. Norbert College raara otu afọ zuru ezu nye iji mee emume maka onyinye ya na "A Year of bell hooks".<ref>{{Cite web|title=year of bell hooks {{!}} St. Norbert College|url=https://www.snc.edu/cvc/images/programs/2013-14/bellhooks/#:~:text=In%20its%20inaugural%20year,%20the,April%2015-17,%202014.|accessdate=2024-03-31|work=www.snc.edu|language=en}}</ref> Ihe odide hooks na-ewu ewu n'etiti òtù ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ nke ọnwụ [[George Floyd]] na Breonna Taylor kpaliri na 2020, na akwụkwọ ya All About Love: New Visions na-abanye na ndepụta New York Times bestseller karịa afọ 20 mgbe e bipụtara ya. <ref name="o571">{{Cite web|author=The Associated Press|title=A new generation of readers embraces bell hooks's 'All About Love'|work=NBC News|date=March 12, 2024|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/bell-hooks-all-about-love-success-posthumous-rcna143020|accessdate=August 22, 2024}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * Ojii bụ... Black Ain't (1994) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Riggs-Eloquent-Last-Plea-for-Tolerance-3034313.php|title=Riggs' Eloquent Last Plea for Tolerance|author=Guthmann, Edward|date=May 5, 1995|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=Hearst|work=SFGATE}}</ref> * ''Nye Mgbaghara Ọzọ'' (1995) [79] * ''Nkatọ Ọdịbendị na Mgbanwe'' (1997) <ref name="kumar2007">{{Cite book|title=Something about the Author|publisher=[[Gale (publisher)|Gale]]|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4144-1071-5|editor=Kumar|pages=[[iarchive:somethingaboutau00lisa 1/page/116/mode/1up|112–116]]|chapter=hooks, bell 1952–|oclc=507358041}}</ref> * Mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị (1997) <ref>{{Cite news|title=FeMiNAtions: Despite the pleas and its promotional tone, ''My Feminism'' makes a valid point|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=May 23, 1998|page=18|id={{ProQuest|1143520117}}}}</ref> * ''Olu nke Ike'' (1999) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Voices of Power: African-American Women. Series Title: I Am Woman|url=https://emro.libraries.psu.edu/record/index.php?id=672|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=The Pennsylvania State University|archivedate=December 16, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216061038/https://emro.libraries.psu.edu/record/index.php?id=672}}</ref> * BaadAsssss Cinema (2002) [82] * ''Abụ m nwoke: Nwoke ojii na America'' (2004) [83] * Obi ụtọ ịbụ onye na-atọ ụtọ na akụkọ ndị ọzọ gbasara m (2004) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Happy to Be Nappy and Other Stories of Me|url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/546688/happy-to-be-nappy-and-other-stories-of-me#overview|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=Turner Classic Movies|archivedate=April 10, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410220821/https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/546688/happy-to-be-nappy-and-other-stories-of-me#overview}}</ref> * ''Ọ̀ Bụ Ndị Inyom Anwụla?'' (2004)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Is Feminism Dead?|url=https://www.films.com/id/148|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=Films Media Group|archivedate=December 16, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216061049/https://www.films.com/id/148}}</ref> * Ìhè Dị Ike: Mgbe Mmụọ zutere Ọrụ (2008) <ref>{{Cite news|title=Best Bets|work=[[The Daytona Beach News-Journal]]|date=December 3, 2010|page=E6|id={{ProQuest|856086736}}}}</ref> * Ịhụnanya (2012) <ref>{{Cite news|title=Occupying your heart: Documentary looks at roots behind global activism movement|work=[[The Cairns Post]]|date=April 10, 2013|page=31|id={{ProQuest|1324698794}}}}</ref> * ''Hillbilly'' (2018) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Crust|first=Kevin|date=October 3, 2018|title=Review: Documentary 'Hillbilly' takes on media stereotypes of Appalachia|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-capsule-hillbilly-review-20180927-story.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|language=en-US|archivedate=January 25, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125182223/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/movies/la-et-mn-capsule-hillbilly-review-20180927-story.html}}</ref> == Onyinye na nhọpụta == * ''Ọchịchọ: Agbụrụ, Mmekọahụ, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọdịnala'': The American Book Awards / Before Columbus Foundation Award (1991) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bookweb.org/btw/awards/The-American-Book-Awards---Before-Columbus-Foundation.html|title=The American Book Awards / Before Columbus Foundation|publisher=American Booksellers Association|year=2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130313174235/http://bookweb.org/btw/awards/The-American-Book-Awards---Before-Columbus-Foundation.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021|archivedate=March 13, 2013}}</ref> * mgbịrịgba: Onyinye onye edemede site na Lila Wallace-Reader's Digest Fund (1994) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/12/22/arts/10-writers-win-grants.html|title=10 Writers Win Grants|date=December 22, 1994|accessdate=December 15, 2021|work=The New York Times}}</ref> * Obi ụtọ ịbụ onye na-atọ ụtọ: onye a họpụtara maka onyinye ihe oyiyi NAACP (2001) <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=December 15, 2021|url=https://www.alkebulanimages.com/shop/books/happy-to-be-nappy-board%20book/9781484788417/|title=Happy to Be Nappy|publisher=Alkebu-Lan Image|archivedate=December 15, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215212301/https://www.alkebulanimages.com/shop/books/happy-to-be-nappy-board%20book/9781484788417/}}</ref> * Homemade Love: Akwụkwọ Ụmụaka nke Bank Street College nke Afọ (2002) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://carnegiecenterlex.org/kentucky-writers-hall-of-fame/kentucky-writers-hall-of-fame-inductees-2018/bell-hooks/|title=Bell Hooks|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=The Carnegie Center for Literacy and Learning|archivedate=December 15, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211215190215/https://carnegiecenterlex.org/kentucky-writers-hall-of-fame/kentucky-writers-hall-of-fame-inductees-2018/bell-hooks/}}</ref> * Nzọpụta: Ndị ojii na Ịhụnanya: Onye a họpụtara na Hurston/Wright Legacy Award (2002) <ref>{{Cite news|date=August 21, 2002|title=Footlights|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/08/21/theater/footlights.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021}}</ref> * mgbịrịgba: Utne Reader's "100 Visionaries Who Could Change Your Life" <ref name="Get to know Bell Hooks" /><ref name="UCSantaCruz">{{Cite web|author=Rappaport|first=Scott|date=April 25, 2007|title=May 10 Bell Hooks event postponed|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2007/04/1231.html|accessdate=December 15, 2021|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz, Regents of the University of California|archivedate=August 18, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210818201329/https://news.ucsc.edu/2007/04/1231.html}}</ref> * bell hooks: The Atlantic Monthly's "Otu n'ime ndị isi ọgụgụ isi nke mba anyị" <ref name="UCSantaCruz" /> * mgbịrịgba: <nowiki><i id="mwAqo">Oge</i></nowiki> 100 Ụmụ nwanyị nke Afọ, 2020 <ref>{{Cite news|author=hampton|first=dream|title=Bell Hooks: 100 Women of the Year|url=https://time.com/5793676/bell-hooks-100-women-of-the-year/|accessdate=December 16, 2021|work=Time|date=March 5, 2020|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara == === Akwụkwọ ndị okenye ===   === Akwụkwọ ụmụaka === * {{Cite book|author=Hooks|first=Bell|others=[[Chris Raschka]] (illustrator)|title=Happy to Be Nappy|publisher=[[Little, Brown Books for Young Readers]]|date=1990|isbn=978-0-7868-2377-2|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|title=Homemade Love|publisher=[[Hyperion Books for Children]]|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0786825530|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|title=Be boy buzz|url=https://archive.org/details/beboybuzz00hook|publisher=Hyperion Books for Children|location=New York|year=2002|isbn=978-0786816439|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|author=Hooks|first=Bell|others=Chris Raschka (illustrator)|title=Skin Again|publisher=Hyperion Books for Children|date=2004|location=New York|isbn=978-0-7868-0825-0|ref=none}} * {{Cite book|author=Hooks|first=Bell|others=Chris Raschka (illustrator)|title=Grump Groan Growl|url=https://archive.org/details/grumpgroangrowl00hook|publisher=Little, Brown Books for Young Readers|date=2008|isbn=978-0-7868-0816-8|ref=none}} *   *   *   * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304064830/http://www.feminish.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/bell-hooks-Selling-Hot-Pussy-representation-of-black-womens-sexuality.pdf Pdf.]  *   *   == Edensibia == === Ihe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === {{Reflist}} === Ebe e si nweta ya ===   == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==   == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://bereaarchives.libraryhost.com/repositories/2/resources/137 akwụkwọ mgbịrịgba] (onyinye nchọta nke Berea College Special Collections & Archives bipụtara) * bell hooks isiokwu ndị e bipụtara na magazin Lion's Roar. * South End Press (akwụkwọ ndị South End Press bipụtara) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060222215043/http://www.library.ucsb.edu/libwaves/mar00/hooks.html Mahadum California, Santa Barbara] (ihe osise nke nko) * "Postmodern Blackness" (isiokwu site na nko) * Whole Terrain (ihe odide site na nko ndị e bipụtara na Whole Ter Train) * Ihe ịma aka nke Capitalism & Patriarchy (ajụjụ ọnụ na nko site na Third World Viewpoint) * Ingredients of Love (ajụjụ ọnụ na magazin Ascent) * {{IMDb name|0393654}} * AppearancesnaC-SPAN ** [https://www.c-span.org/video/?169843-1/depth-bell-hooks N'ajụjụ ọnụ miri emi na nko, May 5, 2002] * Lawrence Chua, "bells hooks" (ajụjụ ọnụ), BOMB magazine, July 1, 1994 * [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/dec/16/bell-hooks-remembered-she-reminded-us-of-the-better-world-we-were-working-towards "bell hooks chetara: 'Ọ gosipụtara ihe niile m chọrọ ịbụ'"], ''The Guardian'', Disemba 16, 2021. * [https://mediadiversified.org/2021/12/16/for-bell-hooks/ "N'ihi na mgbịrịgba"], Media Diversified, Disemba 16, 2021. * "Ịcheta mgbịrịgba na nkatọ ya nke 'Imperialist White Supremacist Heteropatriarchy'". ''Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya Ugbu a!'' * "Bell hooks - Are You Still a Slave? Liberating the Black Female Body" (site na YouTube), May 6, 2014. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0fu4sds3j7kg3abq4ok1qqzrhri0kjr 0 15275 672353 91912 2026-07-04T14:33:43Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ọrụ */ 672353 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Joe''' "'''Sdumo'''" '''Mafela''' (25 June 1942 na 18 March 2017) bụ onye South Africa na-eme ihe nkiri, onye edemede, onye na-emepụta ihe, onye nduzi, onye na'agụ egwu, na onye ọchụnta ego.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Modise|first=Kgomotso|title=Joe Mafela’s family confirm actor was killed in car accident|url=http://ewn.co.za/2017/03/19/joe-mafela-s-family-confirm-actor-was-killed-in-car-accident|accessdate=19 March 2017|publisher=Primedia Broadcasting}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A mụrụ Mafela na Sibasa, Transvaal, South Africa, ma zụlite ya na Kliptown na White City Jabavu, na Soweto, nso Johannesburg, mgbe ahụ ezinụlọ ya nọgidere ruo afọ 1990 na Tshiawelo Township nke e wepụtara maka ndị Venda n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na ihe nkiri ahụ, Real News . Ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri South Africa SA Films, n'ime afọ 20 sochirinụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-emepụta ihe na onye nduzi yana onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ chịkwara ndị otu ịgba egwú agbụrụ dị iche iche Mzumba, Sangoma, na Gold Reef Dancers, nke rụrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri, ụlọ ihe nkiri, na họtel ma pụta na kọntinent anọ.<ref name="Moonyeenn">{{Cite web|title=Joe Mafela|url=http://www.mlasa.com/actors/joemaf.htm|publisher=Moonyeenn Lee Associates|accessdate=24 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727081458/http://www.mlasa.com/actors/joemaf.htm|archivedate=27 July 2012}}</ref> N'afọ 1974, Mafela sonyeere na ihe nkiri ojii mbụ e mere na South Africa, dịka Peter Pleasure na ''Udeliwe'' . Ya na onye nduzi Peter R. Hunt (nke a ma ama maka ihe nkiri James Bond On Her Majesty's Secret Service) rụkọrọ ọrụ na ihe nkiri afọ 1976 Shout at the Devil .<ref name="sahistory1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/joe-sdumo-mafela|title=Joe "Sdumo" Mafela &#124; South African History Online|work=Sahistory.org.za|date=2011-02-16|accessdate=2017-03-19}}</ref> Site na ọbịbịa nke telivishọn na South Africa n'afọ 1976, Mafela rụrụ ọrụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile na usoro ahụ. N'afọ 1986, a họpụtara ya dịka onye na-enweghị ọrụ S'dumo na usoro ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke asụsụ Zulu ''<nowiki/>'Sgudi 'Snaysi'' . Ihe ịga nke ọma nke 'Sgudi 'Snaysi ("Ọ dị mma, Ọ dị mma") nke gbara ihe omume 78 na SABC mere ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na usoro ndị ọzọ, nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Mafela Penguin Films na-emepụta. Ọ gbakwara Mafela ume ịbanye na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye nduzi okike nke Black Communications na BBDO South Africa na, kemgbe afọ 1992, dịka onye isi nke Sharrer Advertising na Johannesburg.<ref name="Smith">{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Theresa|title=Acting veteran keeps the passion alive|url=http://www.iol.co.za/tonight/movies/acting-veteran-keeps-the-passion-alive-1.1107398?#.U_iZ0cW1bsQ|accessdate=23 August 2014|work=IOL|date=28 July 2011}}</ref> Mafela chepụtara ma mee ihe nkiri na mgbasa ozi telivishọn Chicken Licken, ma dee ụlọ ọrụ ahụ "Ọ dị mma, dị mma, ọ dị mma" jingle n'oge a na-eme mgbasa ozi Chicken Licsen n'afọ 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Boucher|first=Chana|title=Entrepreneur Profiles – Chicken Licken: George Sombonos|url=http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/entrepreneur-profiles/chicken-licken-george-sombonos-2/|date=4 September 2012|work=Entrepreneur Magazine|accessdate=20 August 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6RyXfChKu?url=http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/entrepreneur-profiles/chicken-licken-george-sombonos-2/|archivedate=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The cast: Joe Mafela|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-11-the-cast-joe-mafela|accessdate=23 August 2014|work=Mail & Guardian|date=11 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Pitman|first=Juliet|title=Entrepreneur Profiles – Chicken Licken: George Sombonos|url=http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/entrepreneur-profiles/chicken-licken-george-sombonos/|date=11 November 2009|work=Entrepreneur Magazine|accessdate=20 August 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6RyXkdVsk?url=http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/entrepreneur-profiles/chicken-licken-george-sombonos/|archivedate=20 August 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 1996, Gallo Records wepụtara abọm ''Shebeleza Fela'', nke nwere egwu a ma ama "Shebeleza (Congo Mama) Ọ bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma, na "Shebeleza" bụ abụ isiokwu n'oge Africa Cup of Nations n'afọ 1996.<ref name="sahistory1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/joe-sdumo-mafela|title=Joe "Sdumo" Mafela &#124; South African History Online|work=Sahistory.org.za|date=2011-02-16|accessdate=2017-03-19}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/joe-sdumo-mafela "Joe "Sdumo" Mafela &#x7C; South African History Online"]. ''Sahistory.org.za''. 16 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Kemgbe ahụ, Mafela dekọrọ ma wepụta ọtụtụ abọm ndị ọzọ nke abụ asụsụ Zulu.<ref name="sahistory1" /> Mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya "ihu ntụrụndụ South Africa", na "Bill Cosby nke South Africa", ọ pụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'afọ 2011 na ihe egwu Retribution .<ref name="Moonyeenn" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.in.com/joe-mafela/profile-141963.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113071111/http://www.in.com/joe-mafela/profile-141963.html|archivedate=2014-01-13|title=Joe Mafela Profile - Photos, Wallpapers, Videos, News, Movies, Joe Mafela Songs, Pics|work=In.com|date=|accessdate=2017-03-19}}</ref><ref name="Smith">{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Theresa|title=Acting veteran keeps the passion alive|url=http://www.iol.co.za/tonight/movies/acting-veteran-keeps-the-passion-alive-1.1107398?#.U_iZ0cW1bsQ|accessdate=23 August 2014|work=IOL|date=28 July 2011}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSmith2011">Smith, Theresa (28 July 2011). [http://www.iol.co.za/tonight/movies/acting-veteran-keeps-the-passion-alive-1.1107398?#.U_iZ0cW1bsQ "Acting veteran keeps the passion alive"]. ''IOL''. [https://www.webcitation.org/6S2jg1mA7?url=http://www.iol.co.za/tonight/movies/acting-veteran-keeps-the-passion-alive-1.1107398#.U_iZ0cW1bsQ Archived] from the original on 23 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Ka o sina dị, Mafela mere mkpesa n'afọ 2012 na o siri ya ike inweta ọrụ ime ihe nkiri. O kwuru na a gwara ya na ọ "mere agadi ma jụọ oyi".<ref name="Moonyeenn" /> Ọ nọ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala na 18 Machị 2017, na M1 n'ebe ugwu Johannesburg, ebe ụgbọala abụọ metụtara. Ọ nwụrụ ozugbo, na-ahapụ nwunye ya na ụmụ anọ. E liri ya na 29 Machị 2017 na Westpark Cemetery na Johannesburg. == Onyinye == N'afọ 2004, e nyere Mafela onyinye Duku Duku pụrụ iche maka ọrụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn South Africa. N'afọ 2005, e nyere ya ihe nrite Theatre Management of South Africa Lifetime Achievement na Naledi Theatre Awards .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tmsa.org.za/naledis2004.htm|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2006-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004213041/http://www.tmsa.org.za/naledis2004.htm|archivedate=4 October 2006}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Zulu'' (1964) * ''Tokoloshe'' (1971) * Mkpu Ekwensu (1976) * Mgbapụ si Angola (1976) * ''Inyakanyaka'' (1977) * ''Egwuregwu Maka Nnụnụ'' (1979) * ''Chi ga-abụrịrị onye ara'' (1981) * 'Sgudi 'Snaysi (1986) (TV) * ''Akpịrịkpa'' uhie (1989) * ''Khululeka'' (1993) (TV) * Madam & Eve (2000) (TV) * Fela's ''TV'' (2004) (TV) * ''Ịrịgo'' n'elu! (1998) (TV) * Ọgbọ: Ihe Nketa (2015-2017) == Ndekọ Egwu == * "Shebeleza Felas" (1995) * "The Fort E No. 4" (2007)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00E5XP5VM/ref=dm_ws_sp_ps_dp?ie=UTF8&qid=1389552252&sr=8-1|title=Joe Mafela|publisher=amazon.com|accessdate=2020-03-04}}</ref> * "Oge Kasị Ukwuu" (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/11dzTE3NKEYigtMx8x1jEI|title=Greatest Moments Of by Joe Mafela|work=Open.spotify.com|date=2015-01-26|accessdate=2017-03-19}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.tvsa.co.za/actorprofile.asp?actorid=7294 TVSA Onye na-eme ihe nkiri] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090922044327/http://www.snaparazzi.co.za/galleries/celebs/joe-mafela/ Ebe ngosi ihe nkiri Snaparazzi] kao07imt044n1pcsykie7pgd6mbn7hw 672359 672353 2026-07-04T14:39:12Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ọrụ */ 672359 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Joe''' "'''Sdumo'''" '''Mafela''' (25 June 1942 na 18 March 2017) bụ onye South Africa na-eme ihe nkiri, onye edemede, onye na-emepụta ihe, onye nduzi, onye na'agụ egwu, na onye ọchụnta ego.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Modise|first=Kgomotso|title=Joe Mafela’s family confirm actor was killed in car accident|url=http://ewn.co.za/2017/03/19/joe-mafela-s-family-confirm-actor-was-killed-in-car-accident|accessdate=19 March 2017|publisher=Primedia Broadcasting}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A mụrụ Mafela na Sibasa, Transvaal, South Africa, ma zụlite ya na Kliptown na White City Jabavu, na Soweto, nso Johannesburg, mgbe ahụ ezinụlọ ya nọgidere ruo afọ 1990 na Tshiawelo Township nke e wepụtara maka ndị Venda n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na ihe nkiri ahụ, Real News . Ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri South Africa SA Films, n'ime afọ 20 sochirinụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-emepụta ihe na onye nduzi yana onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ chịkwara ndị otu ịgba egwú agbụrụ dị iche iche Mzumba, Sangoma, na Gold Reef Dancers, nke rụrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri, ụlọ ihe nkiri, na họtel ma pụta na kọntinent anọ.<ref name="Moonyeenn">{{Cite web|title=Joe Mafela|url=http://www.mlasa.com/actors/joemaf.htm|publisher=Moonyeenn Lee Associates|accessdate=24 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727081458/http://www.mlasa.com/actors/joemaf.htm|archivedate=27 July 2012}}</ref> N'afọ 1974, Mafela sonyeere na ihe nkiri ojii mbụ e mere na South Africa, dịka Peter Pleasure na ''Udeliwe'' . Ya na onye nduzi Peter R. Hunt (nke a ma ama maka ihe nkiri James Bond On Her Majesty's Secret Service) rụkọrọ ọrụ na ihe nkiri afọ 1976 Shout at the Devil .<ref name="sahistory1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/joe-sdumo-mafela|title=Joe "Sdumo" Mafela &#124; South African History Online|work=Sahistory.org.za|date=2011-02-16|accessdate=2017-03-19}}</ref> Site na ọbịbịa nke telivishọn na South Africa n'afọ 1976, Mafela rụrụ ọrụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile na usoro ahụ. N'afọ 1986, a họpụtara ya dịka onye na-enweghị ọrụ S'dumo na usoro ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke asụsụ Zulu ''<nowiki/>'Sgudi 'Snaysi'' . Ihe ịga nke ọma nke 'Sgudi 'Snaysi ("Ọ dị mma, Ọ dị mma") nke gbara ihe omume 78 na SABC mere ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na usoro ndị ọzọ, nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Mafela Penguin Films na-emepụta. Ọ gbakwara Mafela ume ịbanye na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye nduzi okike nke Black Communications na BBDO South Africa na, kemgbe afọ 1992, dịka onye isi nke Sharrer Advertising na Johannesburg.<ref name="Smith">{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Theresa|title=Acting veteran keeps the passion alive|url=http://www.iol.co.za/tonight/movies/acting-veteran-keeps-the-passion-alive-1.1107398?#.U_iZ0cW1bsQ|accessdate=23 August 2014|work=IOL|date=28 July 2011}}</ref> Mafela chepụtara ma mee ihe nkiri na mgbasa ozi telivishọn Chicken Licken, ma dee ụlọ ọrụ ahụ "Ọ dị mma, dị mma, ọ dị mma" jingle n'oge a na-eme mgbasa ozi Chicken Licsen n'afọ 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Boucher|first=Chana|title=Entrepreneur Profiles – Chicken Licken: George Sombonos|url=http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/entrepreneur-profiles/chicken-licken-george-sombonos-2/|date=4 September 2012|work=Entrepreneur Magazine|accessdate=20 August 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6RyXfChKu?url=http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/entrepreneur-profiles/chicken-licken-george-sombonos-2/|archivedate=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The cast: Joe Mafela|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-11-the-cast-joe-mafela|accessdate=23 August 2014|work=Mail & Guardian|date=11 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Pitman|first=Juliet|title=Entrepreneur Profiles – Chicken Licken: George Sombonos|url=http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/entrepreneur-profiles/chicken-licken-george-sombonos/|date=11 November 2009|work=Entrepreneur Magazine|accessdate=20 August 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6RyXkdVsk?url=http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/entrepreneur-profiles/chicken-licken-george-sombonos/|archivedate=20 August 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 1996, Gallo Records wepụtara abọm ''Shebeleza Fela'', nke nwere egwu a ma ama "Shebeleza (Congo Mama) Ọ bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma, na "Shebeleza" bụ abụ isiokwu n'oge Africa Cup of Nations n'afọ 1996. <ref name="sahistory1" />Kemgbe ahụ, Mafela dekọrọ ma wepụta ọtụtụ abọm ndị ọzọ nke abụ asụsụ Zulu.<ref name="sahistory1" /> Mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya "ihu ntụrụndụ South Africa", na "Bill Cosby nke South Africa", ọ pụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'afọ 2011 na ihe egwu Retribution .<ref name="Moonyeenn" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.in.com/joe-mafela/profile-141963.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113071111/http://www.in.com/joe-mafela/profile-141963.html|archivedate=2014-01-13|title=Joe Mafela Profile - Photos, Wallpapers, Videos, News, Movies, Joe Mafela Songs, Pics|work=In.com|date=|accessdate=2017-03-19}}</ref><ref name="Smith">{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Theresa|title=Acting veteran keeps the passion alive|url=http://www.iol.co.za/tonight/movies/acting-veteran-keeps-the-passion-alive-1.1107398?#.U_iZ0cW1bsQ|accessdate=23 August 2014|work=IOL|date=28 July 2011}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSmith2011">Smith, Theresa (28 July 2011). [http://www.iol.co.za/tonight/movies/acting-veteran-keeps-the-passion-alive-1.1107398?#.U_iZ0cW1bsQ "Acting veteran keeps the passion alive"]. ''IOL''. [https://www.webcitation.org/6S2jg1mA7?url=http://www.iol.co.za/tonight/movies/acting-veteran-keeps-the-passion-alive-1.1107398#.U_iZ0cW1bsQ Archived] from the original on 23 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite></ref> Ka o sina dị, Mafela mere mkpesa n'afọ 2012 na o siri ya ike inweta ọrụ ime ihe nkiri. O kwuru na a gwara ya na ọ "mere agadi ma jụọ oyi".<ref name="Moonyeenn" /> Ọ nọ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala na 18 Machị 2017, na M1 n'ebe ugwu Johannesburg, ebe ụgbọala abụọ metụtara. Ọ nwụrụ ozugbo, na-ahapụ nwunye ya na ụmụ anọ. E liri ya na 29 Machị 2017 na Westpark Cemetery na Johannesburg. == Onyinye == N'afọ 2004, e nyere Mafela onyinye Duku Duku pụrụ iche maka ọrụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn South Africa. N'afọ 2005, e nyere ya ihe nrite Theatre Management of South Africa Lifetime Achievement na Naledi Theatre Awards .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tmsa.org.za/naledis2004.htm|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2006-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004213041/http://www.tmsa.org.za/naledis2004.htm|archivedate=4 October 2006}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Zulu'' (1964) * ''Tokoloshe'' (1971) * Mkpu Ekwensu (1976) * Mgbapụ si Angola (1976) * ''Inyakanyaka'' (1977) * ''Egwuregwu Maka Nnụnụ'' (1979) * ''Chi ga-abụrịrị onye ara'' (1981) * 'Sgudi 'Snaysi (1986) (TV) * ''Akpịrịkpa'' uhie (1989) * ''Khululeka'' (1993) (TV) * Madam & Eve (2000) (TV) * Fela's ''TV'' (2004) (TV) * ''Ịrịgo'' n'elu! (1998) (TV) * Ọgbọ: Ihe Nketa (2015-2017) == Ndekọ Egwu == * "Shebeleza Felas" (1995) * "The Fort E No. 4" (2007)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00E5XP5VM/ref=dm_ws_sp_ps_dp?ie=UTF8&qid=1389552252&sr=8-1|title=Joe Mafela|publisher=amazon.com|accessdate=2020-03-04}}</ref> * "Oge Kasị Ukwuu" (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/11dzTE3NKEYigtMx8x1jEI|title=Greatest Moments Of by Joe Mafela|work=Open.spotify.com|date=2015-01-26|accessdate=2017-03-19}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.tvsa.co.za/actorprofile.asp?actorid=7294 TVSA Onye na-eme ihe nkiri] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090922044327/http://www.snaparazzi.co.za/galleries/celebs/joe-mafela/ Ebe ngosi ihe nkiri Snaparazzi] mn3k4vygr7ebu7x8de47cxrzjg4v12c 672360 672359 2026-07-04T14:40:29Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ọrụ */ 672360 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Joe''' "'''Sdumo'''" '''Mafela''' (25 June 1942 na 18 March 2017) bụ onye South Africa na-eme ihe nkiri, onye edemede, onye na-emepụta ihe, onye nduzi, onye na'agụ egwu, na onye ọchụnta ego.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Modise|first=Kgomotso|title=Joe Mafela’s family confirm actor was killed in car accident|url=http://ewn.co.za/2017/03/19/joe-mafela-s-family-confirm-actor-was-killed-in-car-accident|accessdate=19 March 2017|publisher=Primedia Broadcasting}}</ref> == Ọrụ == A mụrụ Mafela na Sibasa, Transvaal, South Africa, ma zụlite ya na Kliptown na White City Jabavu, na Soweto, nso Johannesburg, mgbe ahụ ezinụlọ ya nọgidere ruo afọ 1990 na Tshiawelo Township nke e wepụtara maka ndị Venda n'okpuru ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọ malitere ime ihe nkiri mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ na ihe nkiri ahụ, Real News . Ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri South Africa SA Films, n'ime afọ 20 sochirinụ ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-emepụta ihe na onye nduzi yana onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ chịkwara ndị otu ịgba egwú agbụrụ dị iche iche Mzumba, Sangoma, na Gold Reef Dancers, nke rụrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri, ụlọ ihe nkiri, na họtel ma pụta na kọntinent anọ.<ref name="Moonyeenn">{{Cite web|title=Joe Mafela|url=http://www.mlasa.com/actors/joemaf.htm|publisher=Moonyeenn Lee Associates|accessdate=24 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727081458/http://www.mlasa.com/actors/joemaf.htm|archivedate=27 July 2012}}</ref> N'afọ 1974, Mafela sonyeere na ihe nkiri ojii mbụ e mere na South Africa, dịka Peter Pleasure na ''Udeliwe'' . Ya na onye nduzi Peter R. Hunt (nke a ma ama maka ihe nkiri James Bond On Her Majesty's Secret Service) rụkọrọ ọrụ na ihe nkiri afọ 1976 Shout at the Devil .<ref name="sahistory1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/joe-sdumo-mafela|title=Joe "Sdumo" Mafela &#124; South African History Online|work=Sahistory.org.za|date=2011-02-16|accessdate=2017-03-19}}</ref> Site na ọbịbịa nke telivishọn na South Africa n'afọ 1976, Mafela rụrụ ọrụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mgbe niile na usoro ahụ. N'afọ 1986, a họpụtara ya dịka onye na-enweghị ọrụ S'dumo na usoro ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke asụsụ Zulu ''<nowiki/>'Sgudi 'Snaysi'' . Ihe ịga nke ọma nke 'Sgudi 'Snaysi ("Ọ dị mma, Ọ dị mma") nke gbara ihe omume 78 na SABC mere ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na usoro ndị ọzọ, nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke Mafela Penguin Films na-emepụta. Ọ gbakwara Mafela ume ịbanye na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi, na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye nduzi okike nke Black Communications na BBDO South Africa na, kemgbe afọ 1992, dịka onye isi nke Sharrer Advertising na Johannesburg.<ref name="Smith">{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Theresa|title=Acting veteran keeps the passion alive|url=http://www.iol.co.za/tonight/movies/acting-veteran-keeps-the-passion-alive-1.1107398?#.U_iZ0cW1bsQ|accessdate=23 August 2014|work=IOL|date=28 July 2011}}</ref> Mafela chepụtara ma mee ihe nkiri na mgbasa ozi telivishọn Chicken Licken, ma dee ụlọ ọrụ ahụ "Ọ dị mma, dị mma, ọ dị mma" jingle n'oge a na-eme mgbasa ozi Chicken Licsen n'afọ 1986.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Boucher|first=Chana|title=Entrepreneur Profiles – Chicken Licken: George Sombonos|url=http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/entrepreneur-profiles/chicken-licken-george-sombonos-2/|date=4 September 2012|work=Entrepreneur Magazine|accessdate=20 August 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6RyXfChKu?url=http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/entrepreneur-profiles/chicken-licken-george-sombonos-2/|archivedate=20 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=The cast: Joe Mafela|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-08-11-the-cast-joe-mafela|accessdate=23 August 2014|work=Mail & Guardian|date=11 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Pitman|first=Juliet|title=Entrepreneur Profiles – Chicken Licken: George Sombonos|url=http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/entrepreneur-profiles/chicken-licken-george-sombonos/|date=11 November 2009|work=Entrepreneur Magazine|accessdate=20 August 2014|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6RyXkdVsk?url=http://www.entrepreneurmag.co.za/advice/success-stories/entrepreneur-profiles/chicken-licken-george-sombonos/|archivedate=20 August 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 1996, Gallo Records wepụtara abọm ''Shebeleza Fela'', nke nwere egwu a ma ama "Shebeleza (Congo Mama) Ọ bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma, na "Shebeleza" bụ abụ isiokwu n'oge Africa Cup of Nations n'afọ 1996. <ref name="sahistory1" />Kemgbe ahụ, Mafela dekọrọ ma wepụta ọtụtụ abọm ndị ọzọ nke abụ asụsụ Zulu.<ref name="sahistory1" /> Mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akpọ ya "ihu ntụrụndụ South Africa", na "Bill Cosby nke South Africa", ọ pụtara n'oge na-adịbeghị anya n'afọ 2011 na ihe egwu Retribution .<ref name="Moonyeenn" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.in.com/joe-mafela/profile-141963.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113071111/http://www.in.com/joe-mafela/profile-141963.html|archivedate=2014-01-13|title=Joe Mafela Profile - Photos, Wallpapers, Videos, News, Movies, Joe Mafela Songs, Pics|work=In.com|date=|accessdate=2017-03-19}}</ref> <ref name="Smith" />Ka o sina dị, Mafela mere mkpesa n'afọ 2012 na o siri ya ike inweta ọrụ ime ihe nkiri. O kwuru na a gwara ya na ọ "mere agadi ma jụọ oyi".<ref name="Moonyeenn" /> Ọ nọ n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala na 18 Machị 2017, na M1 n'ebe ugwu Johannesburg, ebe ụgbọala abụọ metụtara. Ọ nwụrụ ozugbo, na-ahapụ nwunye ya na ụmụ anọ. E liri ya na 29 Machị 2017 na Westpark Cemetery na Johannesburg. == Onyinye == N'afọ 2004, e nyere Mafela onyinye Duku Duku pụrụ iche maka ọrụ ya na ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn South Africa. N'afọ 2005, e nyere ya ihe nrite Theatre Management of South Africa Lifetime Achievement na Naledi Theatre Awards .<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tmsa.org.za/naledis2004.htm|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2006-03-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004213041/http://www.tmsa.org.za/naledis2004.htm|archivedate=4 October 2006}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * ''Zulu'' (1964) * ''Tokoloshe'' (1971) * Mkpu Ekwensu (1976) * Mgbapụ si Angola (1976) * ''Inyakanyaka'' (1977) * ''Egwuregwu Maka Nnụnụ'' (1979) * ''Chi ga-abụrịrị onye ara'' (1981) * 'Sgudi 'Snaysi (1986) (TV) * ''Akpịrịkpa'' uhie (1989) * ''Khululeka'' (1993) (TV) * Madam & Eve (2000) (TV) * Fela's ''TV'' (2004) (TV) * ''Ịrịgo'' n'elu! (1998) (TV) * Ọgbọ: Ihe Nketa (2015-2017) == Ndekọ Egwu == * "Shebeleza Felas" (1995) * "The Fort E No. 4" (2007)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/product/B00E5XP5VM/ref=dm_ws_sp_ps_dp?ie=UTF8&qid=1389552252&sr=8-1|title=Joe Mafela|publisher=amazon.com|accessdate=2020-03-04}}</ref> * "Oge Kasị Ukwuu" (2015)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://open.spotify.com/album/11dzTE3NKEYigtMx8x1jEI|title=Greatest Moments Of by Joe Mafela|work=Open.spotify.com|date=2015-01-26|accessdate=2017-03-19}}</ref> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.tvsa.co.za/actorprofile.asp?actorid=7294 TVSA Onye na-eme ihe nkiri] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090922044327/http://www.snaparazzi.co.za/galleries/celebs/joe-mafela/ Ebe ngosi ihe nkiri Snaparazzi] osoplrv4mmsjdz80w13deqbk6aw89qw 0 15358 672582 212730 2026-07-05T00:48:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Martinus Johannes "Tinus" de Jongh (úbọchị irí atọ nà otu n'ọnwa Jenụwarị 1885 nà Amsterdam rụọ úbọchị irí nà asaa n'ọnwa Julaị 1942 na Bloemfontein) bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe kachasị éwù èwù nà South Africa. == Ọrụ == Ónyé nkụzi onwé yá, ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-achọ mma na [[Netherlands]], wéé gaa n'ihu na-ese ihe ógè niile. O nwetara ihe edeturu mgbè Stedelijk Museum dị na Amsterdam zụrụ otu n'ime foto mbụ ya. Ọ bịarutere South Africa na 1921, na-eme ụdị ejiji dị nro n'ime ọdị''na''la Dutch, nkè Still Life na Birds na Hare gosipụtara n'ebe ahụ. Ìhè na ọdịdị ala nke South Africa mere ka ọ hapụ ihe osise ya na-adịghị mma iji kwado ụcha ndị ọzọ. Usoro usoro ya màkà ise ihe osise Cape na ụlọ ọrụ ugbo gabled mèrè ka ọ hapụ ọrụ brushwork ya iji kwado usoro mma palette sárá mbara. Ihe osise ya rere ọtụtụ narị site n'aka onye na-ere ya Louis Woolf. == Ọnwụ == Ọ nwụrụ n'ubochí irí na asaa n'ọnwa Julaị 1942 site na ọrịa kansa akpa ume. == Ndụ onwe onye == Tinus lụrụ Johanna Maria Verhoef n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1911. Há nwèrè ụmụ atọ Wilhelmina, Petronella na [[Gabriel de Jongh]], ónyé ghọrọ onye na-ese ihe n'ala nà South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://tinusdejongh.co.za/tinus-de-jongh/ |title=Tinus De Jongh Art Gallery |accessdate=2022-06-16 |archivedate=2025-04-24 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424030447/https://tinusdejongh.co.za/tinus-de-jongh/ }}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} * [http://sahistory.org.za: sahistory.org.za] * Akụkọ ndụ * The Natal Mercury: 6/Apr/1929, P.9. nryqvo0hacpx18b3z3dvnbqn3vno3bh 0 15599 672215 90004 2026-07-04T13:13:29Z Ceentia 24734 672215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Michele Bruno''' (1941-2016) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-edozi ntụtụ isi na South Africa. Bruno biri na Johannesburg wee bịa na-eme drag na 1960s. Ọ bụ onye Miss Gay South Africa mbụ n'afọ 1969. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Bruno n'afọ 1941 ma nne na nna ya bụ ndị mbịarambịa si Ịtali bịa South Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Gevisser|first=Mark|date=2016-05-19|title=Gay rights pioneer who blazed a trail in Jozi leaves SA richer|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-05-19-gay-rights-pioneer-who-blazed-a-trail-in-jozi-leaves-sa-richer/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222012234/http://mg.co.za/article/2016-05-19-gay-rights-pioneer-who-blazed-a-trail-in-jozi-leaves-sa-richer|archivedate=2017-02-22|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1960, Bruno na-eme ihe dị ka drag queen, ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ụbọchị ya na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-edozi isi na Johannesburg. <ref name=":0" />Bruno jiri nnọchiaha nwoke mee ihe ma were ya dị ka "ụdị nwoke na nwanyị dị iche iche".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Meslani|first=Zane Lelo|date=2018-10-05|title=The Art and Struggles of Drag|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-10-05-00-the-art-and-struggles-of-drag/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'afọ 1960, Bruno sonyere na ihe ngosi drag mbụ na Jewish Guild Theatre.<ref name=":0" />Bruno nwetara ọtụtụ ihere mgbe e jidere ya maka "ịkwado onwe ya dị ka nwanyị" na mwakpo Forest Town nke 1966.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Meslani|first=Zane Lelo|date=2018-10-05|title=The Art and Struggles of Drag|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-10-05-00-the-art-and-struggles-of-drag/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMeslani2018">Meslani, Zane Lelo (5 October 2018). [https://mg.co.za/article/2018-10-05-00-the-art-and-struggles-of-drag/ "The Art and Struggles of Drag"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: url-status ([[Ụdị: CS1 nọgidere: url-ọnọdụ|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref> E bipụtara aha Bruno, tinyere ndị ọzọ bịara na akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Gevisser|first=Mark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytBdAwAAQBAJ&q=%22forest+town%22+raid&pg=PA156|title=Lost and Found in Johannesburg: A Memoir|date=2014-04-15|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-374-17676-1|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-17}}</ref> N'afọ 1969, a kpọrọ Bruno Miss Gay South Africa mbụ.<ref name=":2" /> Bruno gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-edozi ntutu isi ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2016. <ref name=":0" />Ọ bụ otu n'ime isiokwu nke ihe ngosi na Museum nke Africa, "Joburg Tracks".<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Tracking the gay experience|url=https://www.joburg.org.za:443/media_/Newsroom/Pages/2012%20Articles/Tracking-the-gay-experience-.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614232954/https://www.joburg.org.za/media_/Newsroom/Pages/2012%20Articles/Tracking-the-gay-experience-.aspx|archivedate=2020-06-14|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=Joburg|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke afọ 1997 nke Bruno na ihe ncheta nke ihe ndị Bruno chekwaara bụ akụkụ nke nchịkọta Gay and Lesbian Memory in Action (GALA).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Chernis|first=Linda|date=20 May 2016|title=Farewell Michele Bruno|url=https://gala.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/%E2%81%ACmichele3.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614232953/https://gala.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/%E2%81%ACmichele3.pdf|archivedate=14 June 2020|accessdate=14 June 2020|work=GALA}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndị di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị amụrụ na1941]] p91n6z1x7gwset39vgvbkeokyg26mon 672222 672215 2026-07-04T13:17:37Z Ceentia 24734 672222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Michele Bruno''' (1941-2016) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-edozi ntụtụ isi na South Africa. Bruno biri na Johannesburg wee bịa na-eme drag na 1960s. Ọ bụ onye Miss Gay South Africa mbụ n'afọ 1969. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Bruno n'afọ 1941 ma nne na nna ya bụ ndị mbịarambịa si Ịtali bịa South Africa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Gevisser|first=Mark|date=2016-05-19|title=Gay rights pioneer who blazed a trail in Jozi leaves SA richer|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2016-05-19-gay-rights-pioneer-who-blazed-a-trail-in-jozi-leaves-sa-richer/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222012234/http://mg.co.za/article/2016-05-19-gay-rights-pioneer-who-blazed-a-trail-in-jozi-leaves-sa-richer|archivedate=2017-02-22|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1960, Bruno na-eme ihe dị ka drag queen, ọ bụ ezie na ọrụ ụbọchị ya na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-edozi isi na Johannesburg. <ref name=":0" />Bruno jiri nnọchiaha nwoke mee ihe ma were ya dị ka "ụdị nwoke na nwanyị dị iche iche".<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Meslani|first=Zane Lelo|date=2018-10-05|title=The Art and Struggles of Drag|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-10-05-00-the-art-and-struggles-of-drag/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'afọ 1960, Bruno sonyere na ihe ngosi drag mbụ na Jewish Guild Theatre.<ref name=":0" />Bruno nwetara ọtụtụ ihere mgbe e jidere ya maka "ịkwado onwe ya dị ka nwanyị" na mwakpo Forest Town nke 1966.<ref name=":2" />E bipụtara aha Bruno, tinyere ndị ọzọ bịara na akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Gevisser|first=Mark|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ytBdAwAAQBAJ&q=%22forest+town%22+raid&pg=PA156|title=Lost and Found in Johannesburg: A Memoir|date=2014-04-15|publisher=Macmillan|isbn=978-0-374-17676-1|language=en|accessdate=2020-06-17}}</ref> N'afọ 1969, a kpọrọ Bruno Miss Gay South Africa mbụ.<ref name=":2" /> Bruno gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-edozi ntutu isi ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2016. <ref name=":0" />Ọ bụ otu n'ime isiokwu nke ihe ngosi na Museum nke Africa, "Joburg Tracks".<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Tracking the gay experience|url=https://www.joburg.org.za:443/media_/Newsroom/Pages/2012%20Articles/Tracking-the-gay-experience-.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614232954/https://www.joburg.org.za/media_/Newsroom/Pages/2012%20Articles/Tracking-the-gay-experience-.aspx|archivedate=2020-06-14|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=Joburg|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke afọ 1997 nke Bruno na ihe ncheta nke ihe ndị Bruno chekwaara bụ akụkụ nke nchịkọta Gay and Lesbian Memory in Action (GALA).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Chernis|first=Linda|date=20 May 2016|title=Farewell Michele Bruno|url=https://gala.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/%E2%81%ACmichele3.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614232953/https://gala.co.za/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/%E2%81%ACmichele3.pdf|archivedate=14 June 2020|accessdate=14 June 2020|work=GALA}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndị di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ndị amụrụ na1941]] djaewf7fg7jiuxpulymo4xeiww5enh8 0 16407 672278 539969 2026-07-04T13:47:00Z Bigcee007 24507 672278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bridgitte Ellen Hartley''' (amụrụ na 14 Julaị 1983) bụ onye na-agba ọsọ na South Africa nke na-asọmpi kemgbe ngwụcha afọ 2000. O ritere ọla nchara na ihe omume K-1 1000 m na 2009 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships na Dartmouth. Afọ atọ ka e mesịrị, na 2012 Olympic Games na London, Bridgitte ritere ọla nchara ọzọ, n'oge a na K-1 (Kayak Singles ː Women) 500m. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2014, ọ mepụtara ụdị egwuregwu Olympic ya, na ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships na Moscow, ọ nwetara ihe nlereanya ọla nchara nke atọ na asọmpi mba ụwa. Hartley ghọrọ onye mbụ si South Africa na kọntinent [[Eluàlà|Afrịka]] iji nweta ihe nrite na ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships. Hartley sonyekwara na asọmpi K-2 500 m na 2008 Summer Olympics na Beijing, mana e wepụrụ ya na ọkara ikpeazụ. Hartley sonyere na 2016 Summer Olympics na [[Rio de Janeiro]]. Na asọmpi K-1 200m nke ụmụ nwanyị, ọ gwụchara n'ọnọdụ nke iri na atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/canoe-sprint-standings-cf-womens-kayak-single-200m|title=Rio 2016|work=Rio 2016|accessdate=30 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826101734/https://www.rio2016.com/en/canoe-sprint-standings-cf-womens-kayak-single-200m|archivedate=26 August 2016}}</ref> Na asọmpi K-1 500m nke ụmụ nwanyị, ọ gwụchara n'ọnọdụ nke iri na isii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/canoe-sprint-standings-cf-womens-kayak-single-500m|title=Rio 2016|work=Rio 2016|accessdate=30 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826123426/https://www.rio2016.com/en/canoe-sprint-standings-cf-womens-kayak-single-500m|archivedate=26 August 2016}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 2022, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Ndị Na-eme Egwuregwu nke International Canoe Federation (ICF).<ref name="hartley_elected_to_chair_icf_athlete_committee_2022">{{Cite news|author=Burke|first=Patrick|date=12 February 2022|title=Hartley elected to chair ICF Athlete Committee|work=[[Inside the Games|InsideTheGames.biz]]|url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1119177/hartley-icf-athlete-committee-chair|accessdate=12 February 2022}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Hartley na Sandton, mpaghara dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Johannesburg. Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Richards Bay n'oge ọ bụ nwata, ebe ọ malitere ịnya ụgbọ mmiri.<ref name="Macleod">{{Cite news|author=Macleod|first=Dave|date=23 May 2020|title=Hartley reflects on 15 years of competing|publisher=Sports24 (a division of Media24 Proprietary Limited)|url=https://www.news24.com/sport/othersport/watersport/hartley-reflects-on-15-years-of-competing-20200523}}</ref> Ọ gara Pretoria High School for Girls ebe ọ pụtara nke ọma n'egwuregwu.<ref name="Macleod" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Hartley gara Mahadum Pretoria .<ref name="Macleod" /> == Mmekọrịta == * TuksSport Mahadum Pretoria, South Africa == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Bridgitte Hartley at the International Canoe Federation * Bridgitte Hartley at the International Olympic Committee * Canoe09.ca profile at the Wayback Machine (archived August 17, 2009) {{DEFAULTSORT:Hartley, Bridgitte}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] m8p2rl863z40s3epypsv7ycdywrfrni 0 16563 672237 87921 2026-07-04T13:29:08Z Chikwas 56003 Fix reference error 672237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Reginald Lamar Cox''' (amụrụ n'ubochí irí abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwaa Mee, 1972), nke a maara dịka '''M Lamar''', bụ ónyé America na-ede egwu, ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri, na ónyé na-ese ihe.<ref name="2015 NYT Feature">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/19/arts/design/m-lamar-negrogothic-a-manifesto-the-aesthetics-of-m-lamar.html|title=M. Lamar: 'Negrogothic, a Manifesto, the Aesthetics of M. Lamar'|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=January 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Als|first=Hilton|title=Diva Deconstructed|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/07/20/diva-deconstructed|work=The New Yorker|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=13 July 2009}}</ref> Ọ bụ ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri na ónyé na-akpọ piano nke ọrụ ya gụnyere ihe nkiri, ihe ọkpụkpụ, ntinye, na arụmọrụ.<ref name="2017 Theatre Survey">{{Cite journal|author=Wickstrom|first=Maurya|title=M. Lamar: Singing Slave Insurrection to Marx|journal=Theatre Survey|date=January 2017|volume=58|issue=1|pages=68–85|doi=10.1017/S0040557416000697|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/theatre-survey/article/m-lamar-singing-slave-insurrection-to-marx/95A857058F680E467D38DA749BB3EB85|accessdate=7 March 2021}}</ref> Lamar bụ ejima yiri nke ónyé na-eme ihe nkírí Laverne Cox, ma kpọọ àgwà nwanne ya nwanyị tupu mgbanwe na ihe omume abụọ nke ihe ngosi Netflix ''Orange'' Is the New Black .<ref name="2015 HuffPo Cox">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/08/laverne-cox-m-lamar-lgbt-black-communities_n_1262990.html|title=Laverne Cox And M. Lamar Discuss Identity, Collective Trauma, Celebrating The Black Penis And More|work=HuffPost|accessdate=January 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="2014 NYT Cox">{{Cite news|author=Bertstein|first=Jacob|title=In Their Own Terms – The Growing Transgender Presence in Pop Culture|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/fashion/the-growing-transgender-presence-in-pop-culture.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=June 21, 2014|date=March 3, 2014}}</ref><ref name="2013 HuffPo Cox">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/26/orange-is-the-new-black-laverne-cox_n_3660712.html|title='Orange Is The New Black' Star Laverne Cox's Twin Brother Plays Her Pre-Transition Counterpart (VIDEO)|work=HuffPost|accessdate=January 13, 2015}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Reginald Lamar Cox na Mobile, Alabama, ma dị ka nwatakịrị bụrụ abụ dị ka soprano na ukwe chọọchị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rateyourmusic.com/artist/m-lamar|title=M Lamar on Rate Your Music}}</ref><ref name="2014 Out Feature">{{Cite web|url=http://www.out.com/entertainment/art-books/2014/05/23/m-lamar-artist-laverne-cox|title=Exploring M. Lamar's 'Negro Gothic Sensibility'|work=Out Magazine|accessdate=January 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="2017 NYT Feature">{{Cite web|author=Woolfe|first=Zachary|title=A Goth Male Soprano Who Plumbs the Darkness|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/arts/music/m-lamar-goth-male-soprano-prototype-opera-festival.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=12 January 2017}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ ihe osise na San Francisco Art Institute wee gaa Yale màkà ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ihe ọkpụkpụ tupu ọ kwụsị iji lekwasị ányà na egwu.Ọ kwagara New York iji soro Ira Siff, ónyé guzobere ma na-eduga soprano nke La Gran Scena Opera Company, nweta ọzụzụ olu.<ref name="2014 VICE Interview">{{Cite web|author=Colucci|first=Emily|title=The Plantation Is Still Here: An Interview with Artist M. Lamar|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/xd5mda/the-plantation-is-still-here-inside-m-lamars-negrogothic-a-manifesto-exhibition|work=VICE|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=3 October 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, Lamar sonyere na mkparịta ụka ghere oghe na ndị édémédé, Marci Blackman, na Samuel R. Delany kpọrọ "Transgressive Sexual Practice" dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ dị ka ónyé ọkà mmụta na-ebi na The New School.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Swan|first=Shea Carmen|title=She Came, She Saw, She Transgressed|url=https://www.newschoolfreepress.com/2014/11/10/she-came-she-saw-she-transgressed/|work=The New School Free Press|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=10 November 2014}}</ref> O depụtara ederede nke nko na Toni Morrison, yana onye na-ede egwu egwu Diamanda Galásʹs Plague Mass, dị ka ihe mkpali màkà ọrụ ya.<ref name="2014 VICE Interview">{{Cite web|author=Colucci|first=Emily|title=The Plantation Is Still Here: An Interview with Artist M. Lamar|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/xd5mda/the-plantation-is-still-here-inside-m-lamars-negrogothic-a-manifesto-exhibition|work=VICE|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=3 October 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFColucci2014">Colucci, Emily (October 3, 2014). [https://www.vice.com/en/article/xd5mda/the-plantation-is-still-here-inside-m-lamars-negrogothic-a-manifesto-exhibition "The Plantation Is Still Here: An Interview with Artist M. Lamar"]. ''VICE''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> One Archive na Mahadum nke Southern California nyere iwu Lamar's Funeral Doom Spiritual, nké gosipụtara na 2016 dị ka arụmọrụ na ntinye multimedia na ihe, vidiyo, na mbipụta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News From ONE Archives at the USC Libraries and the ONE Archives Foundation|url=http://www.onearchives.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/May-2016-Newsletter-FINAL.pdf|work=ONE Archives Foundation|accessdate=7 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="2016 Impose">{{Cite web|author=Mashurov|first=NM|title=Coffins Across Centuries: M. Lamar's real life Negrogothic Horror|url=https://imposemagazine.com/features/m-lamar-negrogothic-interview|work=IMPOSE Magazine|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=2016}}</ref> Ọrụ ahụ dabere na ndụ na ọnwụ nke Willie Francis, ónyé Black American nke a na-ebo ebubo igbu nwoke ọcha dị afọ iri isé na atọ mgbè ọ dị afọ irí na isé, ikpe Francis nwetara nlebara anya dị ukwuu mgbè ọ lanarịrị mgbalị igbu ya site na oche eletrik, mgbè nke ahụ gasịrị, NAACP gwara ya okwu ma mata na ha abụọ anọwo na mmekọrịta mmekọahụ.<ref name="Hyperallergic Feature 2016">{{Cite web|author=Bernstein|first=Felix|title="Virtuosity Provides Freedom": Thoughts from an African American Composer|url=https://hyperallergic.com/293125/classical-music-can-be-a-sign-of-white-supremacy-thoughts-from-an-african-american-composer/|work=Hyperallergic|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=25 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="2014 VICE Interview">{{Cite web|author=Colucci|first=Emily|title=The Plantation Is Still Here: An Interview with Artist M. Lamar|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/xd5mda/the-plantation-is-still-here-inside-m-lamars-negrogothic-a-manifesto-exhibition|work=VICE|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=3 October 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFColucci2014">Colucci, Emily (October 3, 2014). [https://www.vice.com/en/article/xd5mda/the-plantation-is-still-here-inside-m-lamars-negrogothic-a-manifesto-exhibition "The Plantation Is Still Here: An Interview with Artist M. Lamar"]. ''VICE''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ihe omume a dugara na mmepe nke Funeral Doom Spiritual, nke nwéré mmalite echiche ya na ọmụmụ Lamar banyere nnọchiteanya nke ojii, nwoke ojii, ọchịchọ agbụrụ, na njikọ nke ọrụ Michel Foucaultás na panopticon na Frantzanon Fáz na edemede banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na anya ọcha.<ref name="2014 VICE Interview" /> == Hụkwa == * Omenala LGBT na New York City == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.mlamar.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * [http://mlamar.bandcamp.com Maazị Lamar Bandcamp] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jfr35rq45ie52obo5o6i9nb4eztnh5w 672247 672237 2026-07-04T13:35:07Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 672247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Reginald Lamar Cox''' (amụrụ n'ubochí irí abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwaa Mee, 1972), nke a maara dịka '''M Lamar''', bụ ónyé America na-ede egwu, ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri, na ónyé na-ese ihe.<ref name="2015 NYT Feature">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/19/arts/design/m-lamar-negrogothic-a-manifesto-the-aesthetics-of-m-lamar.html|title=M. Lamar: 'Negrogothic, a Manifesto, the Aesthetics of M. Lamar'|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=January 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Als|first=Hilton|title=Diva Deconstructed|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/07/20/diva-deconstructed|work=The New Yorker|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=13 July 2009}}</ref> Ọ bụ ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri na ónyé na-akpọ piano nke ọrụ ya gụnyere ihe nkiri, ihe ọkpụkpụ, ntinye, na arụmọrụ.<ref name="2017 Theatre Survey">{{Cite journal|author=Wickstrom|first=Maurya|title=M. Lamar: Singing Slave Insurrection to Marx|journal=Theatre Survey|date=January 2017|volume=58|issue=1|pages=68–85|doi=10.1017/S0040557416000697|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/theatre-survey/article/m-lamar-singing-slave-insurrection-to-marx/95A857058F680E467D38DA749BB3EB85|accessdate=7 March 2021}}</ref> Lamar bụ ejima yiri nke ónyé na-eme ihe nkírí Laverne Cox, ma kpọọ àgwà nwanne ya nwanyị tupu mgbanwe na ihe omume abụọ nke ihe ngosi Netflix ''Orange'' Is the New Black .<ref name="2015 HuffPo Cox">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/08/laverne-cox-m-lamar-lgbt-black-communities_n_1262990.html|title=Laverne Cox And M. Lamar Discuss Identity, Collective Trauma, Celebrating The Black Penis And More|work=HuffPost|accessdate=January 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="2014 NYT Cox">{{Cite news|author=Bertstein|first=Jacob|title=In Their Own Terms – The Growing Transgender Presence in Pop Culture|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/fashion/the-growing-transgender-presence-in-pop-culture.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=June 21, 2014|date=March 3, 2014}}</ref><ref name="2013 HuffPo Cox">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/26/orange-is-the-new-black-laverne-cox_n_3660712.html|title='Orange Is The New Black' Star Laverne Cox's Twin Brother Plays Her Pre-Transition Counterpart (VIDEO)|work=HuffPost|accessdate=January 13, 2015}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Reginald Lamar Cox na Mobile, Alabama, ma dị ka nwatakịrị bụrụ abụ dị ka soprano na ukwe chọọchị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rateyourmusic.com/artist/m-lamar|title=M Lamar on Rate Your Music}}</ref><ref name="2014 Out Feature">{{Cite web|url=http://www.out.com/entertainment/art-books/2014/05/23/m-lamar-artist-laverne-cox|title=Exploring M. Lamar's 'Negro Gothic Sensibility'|work=Out Magazine|accessdate=January 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="2017 NYT Feature">{{Cite web|author=Woolfe|first=Zachary|title=A Goth Male Soprano Who Plumbs the Darkness|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/arts/music/m-lamar-goth-male-soprano-prototype-opera-festival.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=12 January 2017}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ ihe osise na San Francisco Art Institute wee gaa Yale màkà ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ihe ọkpụkpụ tupu ọ kwụsị iji lekwasị ányà na egwu.Ọ kwagara New York iji soro Ira Siff, ónyé guzobere ma na-eduga soprano nke La Gran Scena Opera Company, nweta ọzụzụ olu.<ref name="2014 VICE Interview">{{Cite web|author=Colucci|first=Emily|title=The Plantation Is Still Here: An Interview with Artist M. Lamar|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/xd5mda/the-plantation-is-still-here-inside-m-lamars-negrogothic-a-manifesto-exhibition|work=VICE|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=3 October 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, Lamar sonyere na mkparịta ụka ghere oghe na ndị édémédé, Marci Blackman, na Samuel R. Delany kpọrọ "Transgressive Sexual Practice" dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ dị ka ónyé ọkà mmụta na-ebi na The New School.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Swan|first=Shea Carmen|title=She Came, She Saw, She Transgressed|url=https://www.newschoolfreepress.com/2014/11/10/she-came-she-saw-she-transgressed/|work=The New School Free Press|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=10 November 2014}}</ref> O depụtara ederede nke nko na Toni Morrison, yana onye na-ede egwu egwu Diamanda Galásʹs Plague Mass, dị ka ihe mkpali màkà ọrụ ya. One Archive na Mahadum nke Southern California nyere iwu Lamar's Funeral Doom Spiritual, nké gosipụtara na 2016 dị ka arụmọrụ na ntinye multimedia na ihe, vidiyo, na mbipụta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News From ONE Archives at the USC Libraries and the ONE Archives Foundation|url=http://www.onearchives.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/May-2016-Newsletter-FINAL.pdf|work=ONE Archives Foundation|accessdate=7 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="2016 Impose">{{Cite web|author=Mashurov|first=NM|title=Coffins Across Centuries: M. Lamar's real life Negrogothic Horror|url=https://imposemagazine.com/features/m-lamar-negrogothic-interview|work=IMPOSE Magazine|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=2016}}</ref> Ọrụ ahụ dabere na ndụ na ọnwụ nke Willie Francis, ónyé Black American nke a na-ebo ebubo igbu nwoke ọcha dị afọ iri isé na atọ mgbè ọ dị afọ irí na isé, ikpe Francis nwetara nlebara anya dị ukwuu mgbè ọ lanarịrị mgbalị igbu ya site na oche eletrik, mgbè nke ahụ gasịrị, NAACP gwara ya okwu ma mata na ha abụọ anọwo na mmekọrịta mmekọahụ.<ref name="Hyperallergic Feature 2016">{{Cite web|author=Bernstein|first=Felix|title="Virtuosity Provides Freedom": Thoughts from an African American Composer|url=https://hyperallergic.com/293125/classical-music-can-be-a-sign-of-white-supremacy-thoughts-from-an-african-american-composer/|work=Hyperallergic|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=25 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="2014 VICE Interview">{{Cite web|author=Colucci|first=Emily|title=The Plantation Is Still Here: An Interview with Artist M. Lamar|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/xd5mda/the-plantation-is-still-here-inside-m-lamars-negrogothic-a-manifesto-exhibition|work=VICE|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=3 October 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFColucci2014">Colucci, Emily (October 3, 2014). [https://www.vice.com/en/article/xd5mda/the-plantation-is-still-here-inside-m-lamars-negrogothic-a-manifesto-exhibition "The Plantation Is Still Here: An Interview with Artist M. Lamar"]. ''VICE''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ihe omume a dugara na mmepe nke Funeral Doom Spiritual, nke nwéré mmalite echiche ya na ọmụmụ Lamar banyere nnọchiteanya nke ojii, nwoke ojii, ọchịchọ agbụrụ, na njikọ nke ọrụ Michel Foucaultás na panopticon na Frantzanon Fáz na edemede banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na anya ọcha.<ref name="2014 VICE Interview" /> == Hụkwa == * Omenala LGBT na New York City == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.mlamar.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * [http://mlamar.bandcamp.com Maazị Lamar Bandcamp] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] glql56469qqsek40gmlzw9tav2t5ue5 672257 672247 2026-07-04T13:40:05Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 672257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Reginald Lamar Cox''' (amụrụ n'ubochí irí abụọ na itoolu n'ọnwaa Mee, 1972), nke a maara dịka '''M Lamar''', bụ ónyé America na-ede egwu, ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri, na ónyé na-ese ihe.<ref name="2015 NYT Feature">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/19/arts/design/m-lamar-negrogothic-a-manifesto-the-aesthetics-of-m-lamar.html|title=M. Lamar: 'Negrogothic, a Manifesto, the Aesthetics of M. Lamar'|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=January 13, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Als|first=Hilton|title=Diva Deconstructed|url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2009/07/20/diva-deconstructed|work=The New Yorker|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=13 July 2009}}</ref> Ọ bụ ónyé na-eme ihe nkiri na ónyé na-akpọ piano nke ọrụ ya gụnyere ihe nkiri, ihe ọkpụkpụ, ntinye, na arụmọrụ.<ref name="2017 Theatre Survey">{{Cite journal|author=Wickstrom|first=Maurya|title=M. Lamar: Singing Slave Insurrection to Marx|journal=Theatre Survey|date=January 2017|volume=58|issue=1|pages=68–85|doi=10.1017/S0040557416000697|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/theatre-survey/article/m-lamar-singing-slave-insurrection-to-marx/95A857058F680E467D38DA749BB3EB85|accessdate=7 March 2021}}</ref> Lamar bụ ejima yiri nke ónyé na-eme ihe nkírí Laverne Cox, ma kpọọ àgwà nwanne ya nwanyị tupu mgbanwe na ihe omume abụọ nke ihe ngosi Netflix ''Orange'' Is the New Black .<ref name="2015 HuffPo Cox">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/02/08/laverne-cox-m-lamar-lgbt-black-communities_n_1262990.html|title=Laverne Cox And M. Lamar Discuss Identity, Collective Trauma, Celebrating The Black Penis And More|work=HuffPost|accessdate=January 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="2014 NYT Cox">{{Cite news|author=Bertstein|first=Jacob|title=In Their Own Terms – The Growing Transgender Presence in Pop Culture|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/fashion/the-growing-transgender-presence-in-pop-culture.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=June 21, 2014|date=March 3, 2014}}</ref><ref name="2013 HuffPo Cox">{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/07/26/orange-is-the-new-black-laverne-cox_n_3660712.html|title='Orange Is The New Black' Star Laverne Cox's Twin Brother Plays Her Pre-Transition Counterpart (VIDEO)|work=HuffPost|accessdate=January 13, 2015}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Reginald Lamar Cox na Mobile, Alabama, ma dị ka nwatakịrị bụrụ abụ dị ka soprano na ukwe chọọchị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rateyourmusic.com/artist/m-lamar|title=M Lamar on Rate Your Music}}</ref><ref name="2014 Out Feature">{{Cite web|url=http://www.out.com/entertainment/art-books/2014/05/23/m-lamar-artist-laverne-cox|title=Exploring M. Lamar's 'Negro Gothic Sensibility'|work=Out Magazine|accessdate=January 13, 2015}}</ref><ref name="2017 NYT Feature">{{Cite web|author=Woolfe|first=Zachary|title=A Goth Male Soprano Who Plumbs the Darkness|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/12/arts/music/m-lamar-goth-male-soprano-prototype-opera-festival.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=12 January 2017}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ ihe osise na San Francisco Art Institute wee gaa Yale màkà ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ihe ọkpụkpụ tupu ọ kwụsị iji lekwasị ányà na egwu.Ọ kwagara New York iji soro Ira Siff, ónyé guzobere ma na-eduga soprano nke La Gran Scena Opera Company, nweta ọzụzụ olu.<ref name="2014 VICE Interview">{{Cite web|author=Colucci|first=Emily|title=The Plantation Is Still Here: An Interview with Artist M. Lamar|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/xd5mda/the-plantation-is-still-here-inside-m-lamars-negrogothic-a-manifesto-exhibition|work=VICE|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=3 October 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, Lamar sonyere na mkparịta ụka ghere oghe na ndị édémédé, Marci Blackman, na Samuel R. Delany kpọrọ "Transgressive Sexual Practice" dị ka akụkụ nke ọrụ dị ka ónyé ọkà mmụta na-ebi na The New School.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Swan|first=Shea Carmen|title=She Came, She Saw, She Transgressed|url=https://www.newschoolfreepress.com/2014/11/10/she-came-she-saw-she-transgressed/|work=The New School Free Press|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=10 November 2014}}</ref> O depụtara ederede nke nko na Toni Morrison, yana onye na-ede egwu egwu Diamanda Galásʹs Plague Mass, dị ka ihe mkpali màkà ọrụ ya. One Archive na Mahadum nke Southern California nyere iwu Lamar's Funeral Doom Spiritual, nké gosipụtara na 2016 dị ka arụmọrụ na ntinye multimedia na ihe, vidiyo, na mbipụta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=News From ONE Archives at the USC Libraries and the ONE Archives Foundation|url=http://www.onearchives.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/May-2016-Newsletter-FINAL.pdf|work=ONE Archives Foundation|accessdate=7 March 2021}}</ref><ref name="2016 Impose">{{Cite web|author=Mashurov|first=NM|title=Coffins Across Centuries: M. Lamar's real life Negrogothic Horror|url=https://imposemagazine.com/features/m-lamar-negrogothic-interview|work=IMPOSE Magazine|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=2016}}</ref> Ọrụ ahụ dabere na ndụ na ọnwụ nke Willie Francis, ónyé Black American nke a na-ebo ebubo igbu nwoke ọcha dị afọ iri isé na atọ mgbè ọ dị afọ irí na isé, ikpe Francis nwetara nlebara anya dị ukwuu mgbè ọ lanarịrị mgbalị igbu ya site na oche eletrik, mgbè nke ahụ gasịrị, NAACP gwara ya okwu ma mata na ha abụọ anọwo na mmekọrịta mmekọahụ.<ref name="Hyperallergic Feature 2016">{{Cite web|author=Bernstein|first=Felix|title="Virtuosity Provides Freedom": Thoughts from an African American Composer|url=https://hyperallergic.com/293125/classical-music-can-be-a-sign-of-white-supremacy-thoughts-from-an-african-american-composer/|work=Hyperallergic|accessdate=7 March 2021|date=25 April 2016}}</ref> Ihe omume a dugara na mmepe nke Funeral Doom Spiritual, nke nwéré mmalite echiche ya na ọmụmụ Lamar banyere nnọchiteanya nke ojii, nwoke ojii, ọchịchọ agbụrụ, na njikọ nke ọrụ Michel Foucaultás na panopticon na Frantzanon Fáz na edemede banyere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na anya ọcha.<ref name="2014 VICE Interview" /> == Hụkwa == * Omenala LGBT na New York City == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.mlamar.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * [http://mlamar.bandcamp.com Maazị Lamar Bandcamp] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hdsntrvrtyrxso3u5cwkv10he0d9wic 0 17281 672213 89999 2026-07-04T13:11:10Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Michelle Abueng''' (amụrụ na 6 Mee, na afọ 2001) bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ na Motswana nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-aga n'ihu maka klọb Zambia Yasa FC na ndị otu ụmụ nwanyị Botswana. Ọ dọtara uche nke klọb Zambia Yasa Queens mgbe ọ na-egwuri egwu megide Zambia na afọ 2018 African U-17 Women's World Cup Qualifying Tournament, mana ha enweghị ike ịbịanye aka na ya ruo 2019 ebe ọ ka bụ nwata n'oge ahụ.<ref name="Gaz">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thegazette.news/sport/michelle-abueng-botswanas-youngest-export/34594/#.X6hnA1NKjRY|title=Michelle Abueng: Botswana's youngest export|work=[[The Botswana Gazette]]|first=Gaone|author=Kerileng|date=29 October 2020|accessdate=8 November 2020}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu ise n'egwuregwu ya na Namibia na afọ 2020 African U-20 Women's World Cup Qualifying Tournament.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/this-is-heartbreaking-valencia-striker-coleman-in-tears/9lg5d2pp9asq1t1tfzyhumgyd|title='This is heartbreaking' - Valencia striker Coleman in tears after Namibia's heavy defeat|work=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|first=Samuel|author=Ahmadu|date=30 January 2020|accessdate=8 November 2020}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa na 2019 COSAFA Women's Championship na 1 Ọgọst na afọ 2019, na-agba naanị goolu na mmeri Namibia.<ref name="Gaz" /> == Edensibịa == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Michelle Abueng on Facebook [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] iqq40nmvusofsqb99b4jul38xihv7j4 0 17515 672162 632422 2026-07-04T12:05:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sedrick Ervin Huckaby''' (1975) bụ ónyé America na-ese ihe nke a maara màkà iji nnukwu, impasto paint mepụta murals nke na-eme ka akwa ọdịnala na mmepụta nke nnukwu foto nke na-anọchite anya akụkọ ihe méré eme ya site na ihe oyiyi nke ndị ezinụlọ na ndị agbata obi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tylermuseum.org/SHuckaby.aspx|title="A Legacy of Love and Freedom" Unfolds at the TMA--Quilt Paintings by Texas Artist Sedrick Huckaby On View|date=April 12, 2011|work=Tyler Museum of Art|accessdate=March 17, 2016|archivedate=March 19, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319093856/http://www.tylermuseum.org/SHuckaby.aspx}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.utsa.edu/today/2015/02/farethewell.html|title=UTSA Art Gallery features exhibit "Fare Thee Well" through Feb. 20|author=Sherer|first=Scott|work=UTSA Today|accessdate=March 18, 2016}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Huckaby bụ nwá afọ Fort Worth, [[Texas]]. Dị ka ''nwatakịrị'', Huckaby jiri oge na-ese ihe odide site na ihe ngosi TV dị ka Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles na Battlestar Galactica. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gàrà klas na Modern Art Museum, ebe ọ zutere ónyé na-ese ihe Ron Tomlinson, ónyé gbara Huckaby ume ịchụso nka dị ka ọrụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Calimbahin|first=Samantha|year=2016|title=Sedrick Huckaby: Local Artist Gaining National Attention|journal=Fort Worth Business Press|volume=29|pages=28–29}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ nka na Mahadum Texas Wesleyan tupu ọ nata Bachelor of Fine Arts na Mahadim Boston na 1997 na Master of Fine Arts site na Mahadam Yale na 1999.<ref>Samantha Calimbahin. “Sedrick Huckaby: Local artist gaining national attention.” ''Fort Worth Business''. Friday, July 8, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20200208045753/http://www.fortworthbusiness.com/news/arts_and_culture/sedrick-huckaby-local-artist-gaining-national-attention/article_93859204-455a-11e6-b093-e3a02701db95.html</ref> Ọ kụziri ihe na Grant Hill Collection of African American Art na Dallas Museum of Art, na site na usoro The Artist's Eye na Kimbell Art Museum na Fort Worth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/artist_bio/Sedrick_Huckaby/11177439/Sedrick_Huckaby.aspx|title=Artist Biography for Sedrick Huckaby|work=AskArt|accessdate=March 18, 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ osote prọfesọ nke eserese na Ngalaba nke Art na Art History na UT Arlington, ébé ọ na-akụzi kemgbe afọ 2009. Ọ lụrụ ónyé na-ese ihe [[Letitia Huckaby]] na nna ụmụ atọ, Rising Sun, Halle Lujah, na Rhema Rain. == Ọrụ == Huckaby arụwo ọrụ na ihe oyiyi sitere na akwa ruo ọtụtụ afọ, na-ebugharị ha site na ihe ndị dị n'azụ ihe osise n'ime isiokwu nke ọrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://frontrow.dmagazine.com/2010/04/letitia-and-sedrick-huckaby-an-artist-couple-reaches-into-shared-memory-for-inspiration/|title=Letitia and Sedrick Huckaby: An Artist Couple Reaches Into Shared Memory For Inspiration|author=Simek|first=Peter|date=April 23, 2010|work=Front Row Blog--D Magazine|accessdate=March 17, 2016}}</ref> A gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ banyéré ọrụ abstract ya na-emetụta akwa na podcast màkà Painters Table.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://painters-table.com/link/modern-art-notes/sedrick-huckaby-interview|title=Sedrick Huckaby: Interview|work=Painters' Table|accessdate=March 17, 2016}}</ref> A na-egosi ọrụ ya na San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Whitney Museum of American Art, Museum of Fine Arts na Boston, Minneapolis Institute of Art, The Art Institute of Chicago, Nasher Museum of Art na Mahadum Duke, na Blanton Museum of Art. Usoro 2008 ya Big Momma's House gụnyere ihe osise 65, pastel, na eserese e mepụtara n'ime afọ abụọ. Ihe a na-elekwasị anya na nchịkọta a bụ nné nnè ya, Hallie Beatrice Carpenter, ónyé isi ezinụlọ ya na ónyé a maara nke ọma dị ka "Big Momma".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Collins|first=Phillip|year=2008|title=Big Momma's House|journal=Valley House Gallery and Sculpture Garden|pages=38–41}}</ref> Ọrụ ya "A Love Supreme (Spring)" dabeere na egwu jazz nke otu aha ahụ nke John Coltrane, ma gosipụta usoro akwa akwa gafee ákwà ahụ na-ekwusi ike na ịdị arọ na ọdịdị. N'ihe osise a nke nwere mmanụ, ihe osise ndị e sere na ákwà ndị na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-eṅomi ụda na syncopation nke jazz nke Coltrane mgbe ọ na-asọpụrụ akwa ọdịnala [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị Africa America]] nke nne nne ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Kurzner|first=Lisa|year=2008|title=A patchwork of color, life: Quilts procide the texture in painter's series|journal=The Atlanta Journal - Constitution|volume=23 March 2008}}</ref> Usoro ya The 99% - Highand Hills bụ nchịkọta nke foto sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke 2011 Occupy Wall Street movement, na-egosi ọdịiche akụ na ụba nke ndị bi na US site na eserese nke ndị otu obodo na ntinye aka site na onye ọ bụla.<ref name=":1"/> A na-egosipụta ihe osise Huckaby na mbipụta February 2020 nke ''National Geographic'', na akụkọ ''Clotilda'', ụgbọ ohu ikpeazụ a maara nke rutere US na 1860.<ref>Magazine Highlights February 2020, https://www.nationalgeographicpartners.com/press/2020/1/magazine-highlights-february-2020/</ref> == Onyinye na ihe nrite == N'afọ 1999, e nyèrè Huckaby Kate Neal Kinley Memorial Fellowship site na Mahadum Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois.<ref name=":0"/> E nyèrè ya Alice Kimball English Traveling Fellowship site na Mahadum Yale na 1999 nke kwadoro njem ya iji mụọ ọrụ Henry Tanner.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://mentis.uta.edu/explore/profile/sedrick-huckaby|title=Sedrick E Huckaby {{!}} Explore University Of Texas At Arlington|work=mentis.uta.edu|language=en|accessdate=2017-01-28|archivedate=2017-02-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203075119/https://mentis.uta.edu/explore/profile/sedrick-huckaby}}</ref> Ọzọkwa na 1999 e nyere ya Provincetown Fellowship site na Fine Arts Work Center ma mesịa nọrọ ọnwa isii na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2001, e nyèrè ya ihe nrite Best of Show ma mesịa mee ihe ngosi onwé ya màkà 20th Carrol Harris Simms National Black Art Competition and Exhibition na African American Museum na Dallas, Texas.<ref name=":0" /> == Ihe ngosi == '''Ihe ngosi onwe onye ahọpụtara'''<ref name=":0"/> * 2021 ''Siddrick Huckaby'', Blanton Museum of Art, Austin, Texas<ref>{{Cite web|author=Agresta 0|first=Michael|date=2021-06-02|title=Painter Sedrick Huckaby Looks His Subjects in the Eye, From Dreamers to an Ex-President|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/arts-entertainment/painter-sedrick-huckaby-austin-blanton-george-w-bush/|accessdate=2022-01-10|work=Texas Monthly|language=en}}</ref> * 2016 The 99%- Highland Hills, Amon Carter Museum of American Art, Fort Worth, Texas * 2012 ''Okwukwe'' na Ezinụlọ: Sedrick Huckaby, The Grace Museum, Abilene, Texas * 2008 Siddrick Huckaby: Ịhụnanya Kasị Elu, Danforth Museum of Art, Framingham, [[Másáchusẹts|Massachusetts]]<ref>[http://www.danforthmuseum.org/ Danforth Museum of Art]</ref> * 2008 S. ''Sedrick Huckaby'': Big Momma's House, Valley House Gallery, Dallas, Texas<ref>[http://www.valleyhouse.com/ Valley House Gallery]</ref> * 2008- Ihe nketa: Ihe osise nke Sedrick Huckaby, Hammonds House Museum na Resource Center of African American Art, Atlanta, Georgia * 2006- Sedrick Huckaby: Quilts and Portraits, Nielsen Gallery, Boston, Massachusetts * 2006- ''Sedrick Huckaby'', The Greenville County Museum, Greenville, South Carolina * 2006- ''Sedrick Huckaby'', [http://www.galvestonartscenter.org/ Galveston Arts Center], Galvestón, Texas * 2006- ''Sedrick Huckaby'', San Angelo Museum of Fine Arts, San Angelo, Texas * 2006- ''Sedrick Huckaby'', Masur Museum of Art, Monroe, Louisiana * 2006- Sedrick Huckaby: National Black Fine Art Fair, New York, New York (Valley House Gallery) * 2005- Sedrick Huckaby: Portraits and Quilts, Valley House Gallery, Dallas, Texas * 2003- A Love Supreme, African American Museum, Dallas, Texas * 2003- Ebe dị n'etiti Abstraction na Representation: Sedrick Huckaby, Carillon Gallery, Tarrant County College, Fort Forth, Texas * 2002- ''Sedrick Huckaby- Ọrụ'' na-adịbeghị anya, Burlington Northern Santa Fe Corporation, Fort Worth, Texas * 2001- Akụkụ sitere na Life, Evelyn Siegel Gallery, Fort Worth, Texas * ''Ihe osise ndị'' na-adịbeghị anya, Fine Arts Work Center, Provincetown, Massachusetts * 1999- Kate Neal Kinley Fellowship Show, Mahadum Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois * 1999- Sedrick Huckaby: Ihe osise, Wendell Street Gallery, Boston, Massachusetts * 1997- ''Ọrụ Ebube nke Ndụ'', Wendell Street Gallery, Boston, Massachusetts == Nchịkọta ndị a họọrọ == * Sedrick Huckaby na Minneapolis Institute of Art, Minneapolis, Minnesota<ref>[https://collections.artsmia.org/search/Sedrick%20Huckaby Sedrick Huckaby at the Minneapolis Institute of Art]</ref> * Fort Worth Central Library, Fort Worth, Texas * Ebe Ngosi Ihe Mgbe Ochie African American, Dallas, Texas == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325035616/https://www.uta.edu/profiles/sedrick-huckaby Peeji ngalaba Sedrick Huckaby na UTA.edu] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181008112450/http://artandseek.org/spotlight/sedrick-huckaby/ Q & A interview (Jerome Weeks) na vidiyo (Dane Walters) Monumental And Personal And Here, KERA's Art&Seek Artist Spotlight, 14 July 2016] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kmhlmTnZrAI Vidio: Sedrick Huckaby Artist Talk na Valley House Gallery, December 14, 2013] * [https://soundcloud.com/search?q=Sedrick%20Huckaby Ihe osise nke oge a Podcast] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qjw7owwuky2wyil18p9cdklx0gfaka5 0 17768 672583 129337 2026-07-05T01:15:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tomashi Jackson''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1980) bụ onye America na-ese ihe na-arụ ọrụ na eserese, vidiyo, akwa na ihe ọkpụkpụ. A mụrụ Jackson na Houston, Texas, zụlitere na Los Angeles, ma na-ebi ma na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a na New York, NY na Cambridge, MA. A kpọrọ Jackson ónyé na-ese ihe na 2019 Whitney Biennial.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://whitney.org/exhibitions/2019-Biennial?gclid=Cj0KCQiA5Y3kBRDwARIsAEwloL7UkP3KJKK9GiGM10zNnsPkfrb6SYauBr8iDBykN4GNtrRJUhAcqZgaApvhEALw_wcB|title=Whitney Biennial 2019|work=whitney.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-09}}</ref> Jackson na-ejekwa ozi na ngalaba màkà ihe ọkpụkpụ na Rhode Island School of Design.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.risd.edu/people/tomashi-jackson/|title=Tomashi Jackson {{!}} Faculty {{!}} Sculpture {{!}} RISD|work=www.risd.edu|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-13|archivedate=2019-09-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927030548/https://www.risd.edu/people/tomashi-jackson/}}</ref> A gụnyere ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nke MOCA Los Angeles.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Tomashi Jackson Forever My Lady January 11 - February 8, 2020|url=https://www.nightgallery.ca/exhibitions/tomashi-jackson/about|work=Night Gallery|accessdate=14 June 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 2004, e kpughere ihe osise dị mita 20 n'ịdị elu na mita 80 n'ogologo nke Jackson nke akpọrọ Evolution of a Community na mpaghara Los Angeles nkè West Adams.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=April 25, 2004|title=Community Unveiled in Mural|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2004-apr-25-me-mural25-story.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=June 14, 2020|work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref> == Ọrụ nka == Ọrụ Jackson na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ịma mmá na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Jackson na-ezo áká na ọdịnaya dị larịị nke na-ejikọta omume akụkọ ihe méré eme na mgbanwe nka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://msutoday.msu.edu/news/2014/love-economy-is-turning-heads/|title='Love Economy' is turning heads|language=en}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Jackson natara BFA ya site na Cooper Union na 2010, MS site na MIT School of Architecture and Planning na 2012, na MFA na Painting na Printmaking site na Yale School of Art na 2016.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://cooper.edu/art/people/tomashi-jackson|title=Tomashi Jackson {{!}} The Cooper Union|work=cooper.edu|accessdate=2019-03-05|archivedate=2019-04-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411154340/https://cooper.edu/art/people/tomashi-jackson}}</ref> == Ịkụzi Ihe == Ọ kụziri ma kụzie na Cooper Union, Massachusetts College of Art and Design, Rhode Island School of Design, UMass Dartmouth, Mahadum Boston, School of Visual Arts, na Mahadum New York.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Platform: Tomashi Jackson|url=https://parrishart.org/exhibitions/platform-tomashi-jackson/|accessdate=2020-06-14|work=Parrish Art Museum|language=en-US|archivedate=2020-06-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200614184926/https://parrishart.org/exhibitions/platform-tomashi-jackson/}}</ref><ref name=":1"/> == Ọrụ nhazi == Ọrụ nhazi nke Jackson gụnyere Publication-Schmublication na The Broadway Gallery, New York (December 2008), Drawing Atmosphere na Super Front Architectural Exhibition Space, New York, (March 2008) Fever Grass: A Brief Study of Collective Memory and Waste Management in Dangriga, BZ. na The Cooper Union, New York. (November 2008), na Everything There and Not There na The Broadway Gallery, New York<ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Tomashi Jackson|url=http://act.mit.edu/people/grads-alumni/tomashi-jackson/#/profile/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=June 14, 2020|work=ACT, MIT program in art, culture and technology}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == === Ihe ngosi onwe onye ahọpụtara === * 2014 - Ịhụnanya Akụ na ụba: Ọhụụ na-apụta nke Ahụmahụ African American, Mahadum Michigan State, East Lansing, MI<ref name=":0"/> * 2016 - The Subliminal Is Now, Tilton Gallery, New York, NY<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://jacktiltongallery.com/|title=Tilton Gallery|work=jacktiltongallery.com|accessdate=2019-03-13}}</ref> * 2018 - Interstate Love Song, Zuckerman Museum of Art, Kennesaw State University, Kennesax, GA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arts.kennesaw.edu/zuckerman/|title=Zuckerman Museum of Art {{!}} Kennesaw State University|work=arts.kennesaw.edu|accessdate=2019-03-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://arts.kennesaw.edu/zuckerman/exhibitions/past_exhibitions_pages/zma_tomashi_jackson_exhibition.php|title=Tomashi Jackson Interstate Love Song - Zuckerman Museum of Art {{!}} KSU|work=arts.kennesaw.edu|accessdate=2019-03-13}}</ref> * 2019 - ''Oge'' Out of Mind, Tilton Gallery, New York, NY<ref name=":2" /> * 2020 - Forever My Lady, Night Gallery, Los Angeles, CA<ref name=":3"/> * 2020 ''Ịhụnanya Rollercoaster'', The Wexner Center for the Arts na Ohio State University, Columbus, OH<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tomashi Jackson: Love Rollercoaster|url=https://wexarts.org/exhibitions/tomashi-jackson-love-rollercoaster|work=The Wexner Center for the Arts}}</ref> * TBA - Platform: Tomashi Jackson, Parrish Art Museum, Water Mill, NY<ref name=":4"/> === Ihe ngosi ndị a họọrọ === * 2012 - Brucennial, MoMA PS1<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/rhythm-and-blues-tomashi-jackson/|title=Rhythm and Blues: Tomashi Jackson by Cora Fisher - BOMB Magazine|work=bombmagazine.org|accessdate=2019-03-05}}</ref> * 2016 - ''Black Women Artists'' maka Black Lives Matter, New Museum<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newmuseum.org/calendar/view/1061/black-women-artists-for-black-lives-matter|title=Black Women Artists for Black Lives Matter|work=www.newmuseum.org|language=en|accessdate=2019-03-05}}</ref> * 2017 - Na Abstract, Mass MoCA<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://massmoca.org/event/in-the-abstract/|title=In the Abstract|work=MASS MoCA|date=January 10, 2017|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-03-05}}</ref> * 2019 - Whitney Biennial, nke Rujeko Hockley na Jane Panetta<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/25/arts/design/2019-whitney-biennial.html|title=The Whitney Biennial: 75 Artists Are In, and One Dissenter Steps Out|author=Steinhauer|first=Jillian|date=25 February 2019|work=The New York Times}}</ref> haziri * 2020 - Na-ebelata ma na-atụfu: Ihe ndekọ nke Obodo site na Lens Mutated, Contemporary Arts Museum Houston<ref>{{Cite web|title=Slowed and Throwed: Records of the City Through Mutated Lenses|url=https://camh.org/event/slowed-and-throwed/|accessdate=2020-06-13|work=Contemporary Arts Museum Houston|language=en-US}}</ref> * A gụnyere ọrụ ya na 2016, 2017, 2018, na 2019 Art Basel Miami Beach.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.artbasel.com/catalog/artist/23559/Tomashi-Jackson|title=Tomashi Jackson|author=|first=|date=|work=Art Basel|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200607043831/https://www.artbasel.com/catalog/artist/23559/Tomashi-Jackson|archivedate=June 7, 2020|accessdate=March 19, 2020}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b6a5hop72bt5uqkw9i9ida28o6jw10p 0 18530 672581 93732 2026-07-05T00:17:50Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Thérèse Sita-Bella''' (1933 na 27 Febụwarị 2006), a mụrụ Thérèse Bella Mbida, bụ ónyé nduzi ihe nkírí Cameroon nke ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na-eme ihe nkírí n'Africa na [[Kameroon|Cameroon]]. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya n'ebo Beti dị na ndịda [[Kameroon|Cameroon]], ọ natakwara ndị ozi ala ọzọ Katọlik agụmakwụkwọ ya. N'afọ 1950, mgbè ọ nwetasịrị nzèrè bachelọ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị na isi ọbọdọ Cameroon nke Yaoundé, ọ gàrà Paris iji gaa n'ihu na ọmụmụ ya. Ọ bụ na [[France]] ka mmasị ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ na ihe nkírí malitere. == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1955, Sita-Bella malitere ọrụ ya dị ka ónyé nta akụkọ.<ref name="amina" /> Ka e mesịrị, na 1963, Sita-Bella ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na-eme ihe nkírí na Cameroon na Africa niile.<ref name="africancinemas">{{Cite journal|author=Tchouaffé|first=Olivier Jean|title=Women in Film in Cameroon: Thérèse Sita-Bella, Florence Ayisi, Oswalde Lewat and Josephine Ndagnou|journal=Journal of African Cinemas|date=2012|volume=4|issue=2|pages=191–206|doi=10.1386/jac.4.2.191_1}}</ref> Site na 1964 ruo 1965, Sita-Bella rụrụ ọrụ na France na akwụkwọ akụkọ French La Vie Africane, nke ya na ya mepụtara. Mgbè ọ laghachiri Cameroon na 1967, ọ sonyeere Ministry of Information wee bụrụ Deputy Chief of Information.<ref name="amina">{{Cite journal|author=Pouya|first=André Marie|title=Interview with Thérèse Sita-Bella|journal=Amina|date=September 1989|volume=233|url=http://www.africanwomenincinema.org/AFWC/Amina_Sita_Bella.html|accessdate=10 November 2016|language=french}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Na 27 Febụwarị 2006, Sita-Bella nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Yaoundé site na ọrịa kansa eriri afọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cameroon's first woman journalist dies|url=http://www.nation.com.pk/daily/mar-2006/2/latest.php|work=nation.com.pk|accessdate=10 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080317131717/http://www.nation.com.pk/daily/mar-2006/2/latest.php|archivedate=17 March 2008}}</ref> E liri Sita-Bella na ili ozu Mvolye na Yaoundé.<ref name="dibussi">{{Cite web|author=Tande|first=Dibussi|title=Sita Bella: The Final Journey of a Renaissance Woman|url=http://www.dibussi.com/2006/03/sita_bell_the_f.html|work=dibussi.com|accessdate=10 November 2016|archivedate=9 May 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509035356/http://www.dibussi.com/2006/03/sita_bell_the_f.html}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == A gụrụ ụlọ ihe nkírí Sita Bella na Cameroon Cultural Centre aha ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Anchunda|first=Benly|title=Cameroon Cultural Centre gets face lift|url=http://crtv.cm/fr/latest-news/art-et-culture-2/cameroon-cultural-centre-gets-face-lift-14583.htm|work=crtv.cm|accessdate=24 November 2016}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 6n7sfe27k0vgim6ks5actbavvic1h0n 0 18922 672312 130665 2026-07-04T14:03:52Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Mielie meal, nke a makwara dị ka '''nri''' ma ọ bụ '''nri''' ọka, bụ ntụ ọka siri ike (nke siri ike karịa ọka ma ọ bụ ọka) nke e ji ọka ma ọ dị na mpaghara Ndịda Afrịka mee<ref name="Sellick 2010 p. 330"/>, site na milho Portuguese. A makwara ya site na aha asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche dabere na obodo ma ọ bụ mba. Ọ bụ ndị Portugal si Amerịka weta ya n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Amaize|url=https://www.amaize.co.za/index.php|accessdate=2021-04-22|work=www.amaize.co.za|archivedate=2021-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422172520/https://www.amaize.co.za/index.php}}</ref> Ọ bụ nri ndị Voortrekkers riri na mbụ n'oge The Great Trek, mana ọ ghọwo nri kachasị mkpa nke South Africa, n'ihi ikike ya ichekwa na-enweghị friji, ọ dị ọnụ ala ma baa ụba na ụlọ ahịa na ahịa niile. Ọ bụ nri a ma ama na South Africa, [[Mozambique]], [[Lesotho]], [[Eswatini]], [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Malawi]], [[Botswana]] na ọtụtụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Southern Africa, nke a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ [[Ugali|uphuthu]], mmiri ara ehi na-esi ísì ụtọ, [[Ugali|pap]], yana umqombothi (ụdị biya). == Papa na phutu == A na-agbakwunye ihe na-esighị esi nke nri mielie na mmiri na-esi ísì, nke na-emepụta ma ọ bụ porridge ma ọ bụ pap / nshima / sadza siri ike. Mgbe a na-eme achịcha, a na-eji mmiri ara ehi eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ iji mepụta nri na-atọ ụtọ. Porridge na-enwekarị ọdịdị siri ike ma na-erikarị ya maka nri ụtụtụ na ndịda Afrịka. [citation needed] A na-eri papa siri ike na anụ na nri ofe yana oriri akwụkwọ nri. Ọ dị ka polenta Italian ma e wezụga na ọ, dị ka grits na Southern United States, a na-ejikarị ọcha eme ya karịa ụdị ọka na-acha odo odo. == Ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ == Nri nri bụ nri dị elu, nke nwere carbohydrates, protein, abụba na eriri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Calories in Ace Mealie Meal and Nutrition Facts|url=https://www.fatsecret.co.za/calories-nutrition/ace/mealie-meal/100g|work=www.fatsecret.co.za|accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Nri ọka * Mkpu * Sampụl * [[Ugali|Obi erughị ala]] * Ndepụta nri ọka == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="Sellick 2010 p. 330">{{cite book | last=Sellick | first=W. | title=The Imperial African Cookery Book: Recipes from English-speaking Africa | publisher=Jeppestown Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-9553936-8-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seX5e48GbpoC&pg=PA330 | page=330}}</ref> <ref name="Mwakikagile 2008 p. 186">{{cite book | last=Mwakikagile | first=G. | title=South Africa and Its People | publisher=New Africa Press | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-9814258-3-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kn7S2O2vRMC&pg=PA186 | page=186}}</ref>}} 7z9cxt6wbpdxk78mdmsf1y9vjpvv5hm 672315 672312 2026-07-04T14:08:15Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Mielie meal, nke a makwara dị ka '''nri''' ma ọ bụ '''nri''' ọka, bụ ntụ ọka siri ike (nke siri ike karịa ọka ma ọ bụ ọka) nke e ji ọka ma ọ dị na mpaghara Ndịda Afrịka mee<ref name="Sellick 2010 p. 330"/>, site na milho Portuguese. A makwara ya site na aha asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị iche iche dabere na obodo ma ọ bụ mba. Ọ bụ ndị Portugal si Amerịka weta ya n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome to Amaize|url=https://www.amaize.co.za/index.php|accessdate=2021-04-22|work=www.amaize.co.za|archivedate=2021-04-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422172520/https://www.amaize.co.za/index.php}}</ref> Ọ bụ nri ndị Voortrekkers riri na mbụ n'oge The Great Trek, mana ọ ghọwo nri kachasị mkpa nke South Africa, n'ihi ikike ya ichekwa na-enweghị friji, ọ dị ọnụ ala ma baa ụba na ụlọ ahịa na ahịa niile. Ọ bụ nri a ma ama na South Africa<ref name="Mwakikagile 2008 p. 186" />, [[Mozambique]], [[Lesotho]], [[Eswatini]], [[Zambia]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Malawi]], [[Botswana]] na ọtụtụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Southern Africa, nke a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ [[Ugali|uphuthu]], mmiri ara ehi na-esi ísì ụtọ, [[Ugali|pap]], yana umqombothi (ụdị biya). == Papa na phutu == A na-agbakwunye ihe na-esighị esi nke nri mielie na mmiri na-esi ísì, nke na-emepụta ma ọ bụ porridge ma ọ bụ pap / nshima / sadza siri ike. Mgbe a na-eme achịcha, a na-eji mmiri ara ehi eme ihe mgbe ụfọdụ iji mepụta nri na-atọ ụtọ. Porridge na-enwekarị ọdịdị siri ike ma na-erikarị ya maka nri ụtụtụ na ndịda Afrịka. [citation needed] A na-eri papa siri ike na anụ na nri ofe yana oriri akwụkwọ nri. Ọ dị ka polenta Italian ma e wezụga na ọ, dị ka grits na Southern United States, a na-ejikarị ọcha eme ya karịa ụdị ọka na-acha odo odo. == Ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ == Nri nri bụ nri dị elu, nke nwere carbohydrates, protein, abụba na eriri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Calories in Ace Mealie Meal and Nutrition Facts|url=https://www.fatsecret.co.za/calories-nutrition/ace/mealie-meal/100g|work=www.fatsecret.co.za|accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Nri ọka * Mkpu * Sampụl * [[Ugali|Obi erughị ala]] * Ndepụta nri ọka == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="Sellick 2010 p. 330">{{cite book | last=Sellick | first=W. | title=The Imperial African Cookery Book: Recipes from English-speaking Africa | publisher=Jeppestown Press | year=2010 | isbn=978-0-9553936-8-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=seX5e48GbpoC&pg=PA330 | page=330}}</ref> <ref name="Mwakikagile 2008 p. 186">{{cite book | last=Mwakikagile | first=G. | title=South Africa and Its People | publisher=New Africa Press | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-9814258-3-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kn7S2O2vRMC&pg=PA186 | page=186}}</ref>}} jyl7wr5g9xrsjya3i9cw8vrag0ui1fg 0 19275 672392 594944 2026-07-04T16:23:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Sophia Kianni''' (amụrụ na Disemba 13, 2001) bụ onye America na-agba mbọ maka ọdịmma ihu igwe. Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Climate Cardinals na onye kachasị nta na United Nations Secretary-General's Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-03-31|title=Everyone can be a climate activist|url=https://news.un.org/en/audio/2022/03/1115232|accessdate=2022-07-13|work=UN News|language=en|archivedate=2022-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220712093745/https://news.un.org/en/audio/2022/03/1115232}}</ref> == Ịgba mbọ == [[Usòrò:Sophia_Kianni_speaking_at_the_Black_Friday_strike.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Sophia_Kianni_speaking_at_the_Black_Friday_strike.jpg/220px-Sophia_Kianni_speaking_at_the_Black_Friday_strike.jpg|áká_ikenga|thumb|Kianni na-ekwu okwu na Black Friday climate strike na 2019]] Kianni malitere inwe mmasị na ịgba mbọ maka ọdịmma ihu igwe mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na Tehran mgbe otu abalị anwụrụ ọkụ kpuchiri kpakpando. Kianni kọwara ya dị ka "ihe ịrịba ama na ụwa anyị na-ekpo ọkụ n'ụzọ dị egwu".<ref name="Teen Vogue">{{Cite news|author=Kianni|first=Sophia|title=Why I Went on Hunger Strike at Nancy Pelosi's Office|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/extinction-rebellion-hunger-strike|accessdate=April 21, 2020|work=[[Teen Vogue]]|date=December 11, 2019|language=en}}</ref> O mechara sonye n'òtù Greta Thunberg nke a kpọrọ Fridays for Future, wee wepụ oge n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iji kwado ọrụ gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref name="Teen Vogue" /> O nyekwara aka hazie 2019 Black Friday climate strike.<ref name="Nayak" /> N'afọ 2019 ọ ghọrọ onye na-eme atụmatụ mba maka Friday for Future na onye nhazi mmekọrịta mba maka Zero Hour.<ref name="Andrews">{{Cite news|author=Andrews|first=Travis M.|title=We're all video chatting now. But some of us hate it.|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/03/30/video-chat-zoom-skype-hangouts-hate-bad/|accessdate=April 21, 2020|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=March 30, 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Nayak">{{Cite news|author=Nayak|first=Anika|title=Best Sustainable Gift Ideas for Your Environmentally-Conscious Friends|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/story/sustainable-gift-ideas-2019|accessdate=April 21, 2020|work=[[Teen Vogue]]|date=December 20, 2019|language=en}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Sophia_Kianni_with_Jane_Fonda_at_2019_Black_Friday_climate_strike.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Sophia_Kianni_with_Jane_Fonda_at_2019_Black_Friday_climate_strike.jpg/170px-Sophia_Kianni_with_Jane_Fonda_at_2019_Black_Friday_climate_strike.jpg|alt=|thumb|Jane Fonda (n'aka ekpe) na Kianni (n' aka nri) na Fire Drill Fridays DC ihe omume emere n'ihu Capitol Building.]] N'ọnwa Nọvemba nke afọ 2019, Kianni hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ iji sonye n'otu ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe nke Extinction Rebellion haziri bụ ndị bu n'obi ime ngagharị iwe agụụ ruo otu izu ma nọrọ ọdụ na Washington, D.C., ọfịs onye isi oche nke ụlọ Nancy Pelosi, na-achọ ka ya na ha kwurịta okwu otu awa na igwefoto banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Will|first=K. Sophie|title=Extinction Rebellion aims to turn up political heat with hunger strikes|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-protests/extinction-rebellion-aims-to-turn-up-political-heat-with-hunger-strikes-idUSKBN1XU25Y|accessdate=April 21, 2020|work=[[Reuters]]|date=November 21, 2019|language=en}}</ref> N'ógbè ahụ, e nwere ihe dị ka mmadụ iri na abụọ sonyere; mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa, Kianni bụ nke kacha nta, na otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị abụọ.<ref name="Lily">{{Cite news|author=Felton|first=Lena|date=November 18, 2019|title=Meet the 17-year-old climate activist who skipped school to hunger strike at the Capitol|work=[[The Lily (Washington Post)|The Lily]]|url=https://www.thelily.com/meet-the-17-year-old-climate-activist-who-skipped-school-to-hunger-strike-at-the-capitol/|accessdate=April 21, 2020}}</ref><ref name="Holden">{{Cite news|author=Holden|first=Emily|title=Hunger strikers target Pelosi in push for Democrats to take action on climate crisis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/nov/18/climate-crisis-activists-protest-democrats-inaction-hunger-strike|accessdate=April 21, 2020|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=November 18, 2019}}</ref> Kianni abụghị onye otu XR, ọ sonyere naanị n'ụbọchị mbụ nke nnọkọ ahụ, mana o nyere okwu a kwadebere na ajụjụ ọnụ na ndị nta akụkọ, wee gaa n'ihu na-aṅụ agụụ n'ebe dị anya.<ref name="Lily" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=No Food No Future: Hunger Strike for Climate Action|url=https://www.facebook.com/YearsOfLiving/videos/no-food-no-future-hunger-strike-for-climate-action/857182401412352/|work=The Years Project|accessdate=April 22, 2020|language=en|date=March 2, 2020|quote=Sophia went for days without food|archivedate=April 16, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416154921/https://www.facebook.com/YearsOfLiving/videos/no-food-no-future-hunger-strike-for-climate-action/857182401412352/}}</ref> Kianni dere banyere òkè ya na ngagharị iwe maka Teen Vogue.<ref name="Teen Vogue"/> N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2020, a kpọrọ Kianni onye na-ekwuchitere Extinction Rebellion.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mosher|first=Eve|title=Extinction Rebellion Congratulates Oscar Winner and Collaborator Joaquin Phoenix|url=https://www.xrebellion.nyc/news/extinction-rebellion-congratulates-oscar-winner-and-collaborator-joaquin-phoenix|work=[[Extinction Rebellion]] NYC|accessdate=April 21, 2020|date=February 10, 2020|archivedate=July 1, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701233430/https://www.xrebellion.nyc/news/extinction-rebellion-congratulates-oscar-winner-and-collaborator-joaquin-phoenix}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Monllos|first=Kristina|title=How Extinction Rebellion is using social media and marketing to grow a movement|url=https://digiday.com/marketing/extinction-rebellion-using-social-media-marketing-grow-movement/|work=[[Digiday]]|accessdate=April 21, 2020|date=March 18, 2020|archivedate=March 31, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200331094921/https://digiday.com/marketing/extinction-rebellion-using-social-media-marketing-grow-movement/}}</ref> N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2020, mmechi ụlọ akwụkwọ na ihe ndị a chọrọ maka ịhapụ ọha na eze nke ọrịa COVID-19, belatara ọrụ Kianni na kọleji gụnyere Mahadum Stanford, Mahadum Princeton na Mahadum Duke.<ref name="Natanson">{{Cite news|author=Natanson|first=Hannah|title=Their schools and streets empty, teen climate activists find new ways to strike|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/teen-climate-activists-coronavirus-strike/2020/04/10/521a0e5a-7448-11ea-85cb-8670579b863d_story.html|accessdate=April 21, 2020|work=Washington Post|date=April 10, 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Acorns">{{Cite web|author=Malinsky|first=Gili|title=Less Taco Bell, more investing: How a high school senior is learning about money while at home|url=https://grow.acorns.com/financial-lessons-for-high-school-students/|publisher=[[Acorns (company)|Acorns]]|accessdate=April 21, 2020|language=en|date=April 1, 2020|archivedate=April 6, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200406081050/https://grow.acorns.com/financial-lessons-for-high-school-students/}}</ref> Kianni nwere ike ịga n'ihu na ọrụ ya site n'okwu ya na Mahadum Nkà na ụzụ nke Michigan.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Christensen|first=Kelley|title=Michigan Tech virtual World Water Day|url=https://www.mininggazette.com/news/local-news/2020/03/michigan-tech-virtual-world-water-day/|accessdate=April 21, 2020|work=[[The Mining Gazette]]|date=March 19, 2020}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, Kianni kpebiri ime ka mmepe nke ebe nrụọrụ weebụ a haziri ahazi, Climate Cardinals, nke ga-asụgharị ozi mgbanwe ihu igwe n'asụsụ dị iche iche.<ref name="Natanson" /> N'ọnwa Julaị 2020, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations bụ António Guterres kpọrọ Kianni aha na Youth Advisory Group ọhụrụ ya na Mgbanwe ihu igwe, otu ndị isi ihu igwe asaa na-eto eto iji nye ya ndụmọdụ maka ime ihe maka nsogbu ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Blazhevska|first=Vesna|title=Young leaders tapped to invigorate UN's climate action plans, hold leaders to account|url=https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2020/07/young-leaders-tapped-to-invigorate-uns-climate-action-plans-hold-leaders-to-account/|work=United Nations Sustainable Development|accessdate=6 August 2020|date=July 27, 2020|archivedate=August 10, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810091035/https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2020/07/young-leaders-tapped-to-invigorate-uns-climate-action-plans-hold-leaders-to-account/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Lavietes|first=Matthew|title='Bold leadership': Seven young climate activists to have a say in UN|url=https://www.smh.com.au/world/north-america/bold-leadership-seven-young-climate-activists-to-have-a-say-in-un-20200728-p55ga4.html|accessdate=6 August 2020|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|date=28 July 2020|language=en}}</ref> Kianni bụ onye kachasị nta n'ìgwè ahụ, nke dị site na afọ 18 ruo 28.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hobbs|first=Joe|title=First Person: Turning 'apathetic people into climate activists'; a young person's view|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/08/1069402|accessdate=6 August 2020|work=UN News|date=3 August 2020|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ naanị ya na-anọchite anya United States, yana naanị ya na na-anọchi anya Middle East na Iran.<ref name="Ferdowsi">{{Cite web|author=Ferdowsi|first=Samir|title=The Activist Translating Climate Crisis Information Across the Globe|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/7k94dd/the-activist-translating-climate-crisis-information-across-the-globe|work=www.vice.com|accessdate=23 December 2020|language=en|date=December 18, 2020|archivedate=December 22, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201222001812/https://www.vice.com/en/article/7k94dd/the-activist-translating-climate-crisis-information-across-the-globe}}</ref><ref name="Gibson">{{Cite news|author=Gibson|first=Francesca|title=Meet Sophia Kianni, the Irani-American climate activist who is trying to change the world|url=https://www.cosmopolitanme.com/life/climate-change-activist-sophia-kianni|accessdate=23 December 2020|work=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]] Middle East|date=Sep 28, 2020}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba 2020, a kpọrọ Kianni otu n'ime ndepụta nke 20 Humans of 2020 nke magazin Vice, maka ịbụ onye nnọchi anya US maka United Nations Youth Advisory Group on Climate Change na ịmalite Climate Cardinals.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ferreira|first=Becky|title=Motherboard Presents: Humans 2020|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/z3v3my/motherboard-presents-humans-of-2020|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|accessdate=23 December 2020|language=en|date=December 4, 2020|archivedate=December 7, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207191334/https://www.vice.com/en/article/z3v3my/motherboard-presents-humans-of-2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Humans2020|url=https://www.vice.com/en/topic/humans2020|work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]]|accessdate=23 December 2020|language=en|archivedate=December 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201224012512/https://www.vice.com/en/topic/humans2020}}</ref><ref name="Ferdowsi"/> Na Septemba 2021, Kianni bụ otu n'ime ndị isi oche anọ nke ihe omume Youth4Climate na Milan, nke mbụ maka 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference ma ọ bụ COP26.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Youth4Climate: Driving Ambition - Youth4Climate Manifesto released|url=https://www.mite.gov.it/pagina/youth4climate-driving-ambition-youth4climate-manifesto-released|work=Ministero della Transizione Ecologica|accessdate=18 November 2021|archivedate=18 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211118233915/https://www.mite.gov.it/pagina/youth4climate-driving-ambition-youth4climate-manifesto-released}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Spolini|first=Nicoletta|title=Youth4Climate: dopo l'evento di Milano tutti in piazza con Greta Thunberg e Vanessa Nakate|url=https://www.vogue.it/news/article/youth4climate-documento-giovani-greta-thunberg-vanessa-nakate|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]] Italia|date=1 October 2021|language=it-IT}}</ref> Climate Cardinals sụgharịrị Youth4Climate manifesto n'asụsụ 6 nke United Nations.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cop26, i key messages della "Youth4Climate" tradotti in sei lingue|url=https://biopianeta.it/2021/11/cop26-manifesto-youth4climate-tradotto-in-sei-lingue/|work=Bio Pianeta|accessdate=18 November 2021|language=it-IT|date=9 November 2021}}</ref> Na COP26 n'onwe ya, na Nọvemba 2021 na Glasgow, Kianni kwuru okwu n'ọtụtụ ogwe, wee zute António Guterres, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hartley|first=Eve|title=Young activists call Glasgow climate conference 'last chance for humanity'|url=https://ca.news.yahoo.com/young-activists-call-glasgow-climate-conference-last-chance-for-humanity-060013093.html|accessdate=18 November 2021|work=[[Yahoo! News]]|language=en-CA}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba 2021, a kpọrọ Kianni otu n'ime "21 under 21" nke Teen Vogue maka ọrụ ihu igwe ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=McMenamin|first=Lexi|title=Teen Vogue’s 21 Under 21 2021: The Young People Shaping Tomorrow|url=https://www.teenvogue.com/gallery/teen-vogues-21-under-21-2021|accessdate=18 April 2022|work=[[Teen Vogue]]|date=14 December 2021}}</ref> == Ndị Kadinal nke ihu igwe == Climate Cardinals bụ òtù na-enweghị uru nke ndị ntorobịa na-eduzi na mba ụwa nke Kianni guzobere na 2020 iji nye ozi gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe n'asụsụ ọ bụla. A gụrụ ya aha kadinal ugwu, nnụnụ steeti Virginia, na ihe atụ maka ozi na-efe gburugburu ụwa.<ref name="Kart20200512">{{Cite web|title=Youth Activist Uses Quarantine To Start Nonprofit That Translates Climate Change Information From English To Other Languages|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffkart/2020/05/12/youth-activist-uses-quarantine-to-start-nonprofit-that-translates-climate-change-information-from-english-to-other-languages/|author=Kart|first=Jeff|work=Forbes|language=en|accessdate=May 19, 2020|date=May 12, 2020|archivedate=May 18, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518155620/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffkart/2020/05/12/youth-activist-uses-quarantine-to-start-nonprofit-that-translates-climate-change-information-from-english-to-other-languages/}}</ref><ref name="Natanson"/> Kianni sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ site n'afọ ndị ọ nọrọ na-asụgharị akụkọ mgbanwe ihu igwe n'asụsụ Bekee n'asụsụ Persian maka ndị ikwu ya ndị Iran, dịka mgbasa ozi Iran na-ejighịzi okwu ahụ.<ref name="Natanson" /> Ọ na-ekwu na ọ chọpụtara na ihe ọmụma banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe dị naanị na Bekee, ma ọ bụ na nke kachasị mma na Chinese na Spanish, nke mere ka ndị na-asụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ ghara iru ha.<ref name="Kart20200512" /> A malitere Climate Cardinals na Mee 2020, ma nwee ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo otú pụkụ na otu nari debanyere aha ha ka ha bụrụ ndị nsụgharị n'ụbọchị mbụ ya.<ref name="Kart20200526">{{Cite web|author=Kart|first=Jeff|title=Climate Cardinals Website Enlists Students To Translate Climate Change Information, Earn Community Service Hours|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffkart/2020/05/26/climate-cardinals-website-enlists-students-to-translate-climate-change-information-earn-community-service-hours/#7c2658a88c72|work=Forbes|accessdate=May 31, 2020|language=en|date=May 26, 2020|archivedate=May 28, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200528000840/https://www.forbes.com/sites/jeffkart/2020/05/26/climate-cardinals-website-enlists-students-to-translate-climate-change-information-earn-community-service-hours/#7c2658a88c72}}</ref> Ha sokwa Radio Javan, redio asụsụ Iran nwere ndị nkwado karịrị nde mmadụ iri, iji soro ndị Iran kerịta ihe osise na nsụgharị.<ref name="Kart20200512" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Iannaccone|first=Stefano|title=La storia di Sophia Kianni, la nuova Greta dei due Continenti|url=https://www.impakter.it/la-storia-di-sophia-kianni-la-nuova-greta-dei-due-continenti/|work=Impakter.it|accessdate=6 August 2020|language=it|date=August 5, 2020|archivedate=September 25, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925030258/https://www.impakter.it/la-storia-di-sophia-kianni-la-nuova-greta-dei-due-continenti/}}</ref> Climate Cardinals bụ nke International Student Environmental Coalition na-akwado dị ka 501(c)(3) na-enweghị uru, nke na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekere òkè na nsụgharị ya ohere inweta oge ọrụ obodo maka ọrụ ha, ma ọ bụ imezu ihe ụlọ akwụkwọ chọrọ ma ọ bụ melite ngwa kọleji.<ref name="Kart20200512"/> Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2020, otu ahụ nwere ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo pụkụ ise, na nkezi afọ iri na isii.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Loiero|first=Alessandra|title=La consapevolezza di Sophia Kianni: i giovani attivisti e l'aiuto all'ONU sul clima|url=https://www.lavocedinewyork.com/onu/2020/08/03/la-consapevolezza-di-sophia-kianni-i-giovane-attivisti-e-laiuto-allonu-sul-clima/|work=La Voce di New York|language=it-IT|accessdate=August 6, 2020|date=August 3, 2020}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule Disemba 2020, ọ nwere ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo pụkụ asatọ na mmekorita ya na UNICEF na ndị ntụgharị na-enweghị ókèala.<ref name="Ferdowsi"/> == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == Kianni dere edemede 2019 maka Teen Vogue banyere ọgba aghara agụụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Pelosi.<ref name="Teen Vogue"/> N'afọ 2020, o dere edemede abụọ banyere mmetụta nke coronavirus, maka mbipụta Middle East nke magazin Cosmopolitan banyere mmetụta na ememe ezinụlọ ya nke Nowruz, na nke ọzọ maka Refinery29 banyere mmetụta na usoro ihe omume ya kwa ụbọchị dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihu igwe, nke a na-ejikọta ya n'ọtụtụ ebe.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kianni|first=Sophia|title=How coronavirus has affected my celebration of Nowruz|url=https://www.cosmopolitanme.com/life/how-coronavirus-has-affected-my-celebration-of-nowruz|accessdate=April 21, 2020|work=Cosmopolitan Middle East|date=March 29, 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Refinery29">{{Cite web|author=Kianni|first=Sophia|title=What It's Really Like To Be A Climate Change Activist In Quarantine|url=https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2020/04/9700125/climate-change-activist-diary-sophia-kianni|work=[[Refinery29]]|accessdate=April 22, 2020|language=en|date=April 22, 2020|archivedate=April 25, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425181600/https://www.refinery29.com/en-us/2020/04/9700125/climate-change-activist-diary-sophia-kianni}} Also available as {{Cite web|author=Kianni|first=Sophia|title=What It's Really Like To Be A Climate Change Activist In Quarantine|url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/really-climate-change-activist-during-140019964.html|work=[[Yahoo News]]|accessdate=April 22, 2020|date=April 22, 2020|archivedate=April 24, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424100257/https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/really-climate-change-activist-during-140019964.html}} and {{Cite web|author=Kianni|first=Sophia|title=What It's Really Like To Be A Climate Change Activist During Coronavirus|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/lifestyle-buzz/what-it-s-really-like-to-be-a-climate-change-activist-during-coronavirus/ar-BB132KdK|work=[[MSN]]|accessdate=May 5, 2020|date=April 22, 2020|archivedate=July 3, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703080429/https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/lifestyle-buzz/what-it-s-really-like-to-be-a-climate-change-activist-during-coronavirus/ar-BB132KdK}}</ref> O dere otu edemede maka MTV News maka ncheta afọ iri ise nke Earth Day, nke o nyere aka ịhazi, na nke ọzọ na 2022 maka The Washington Post banyere otu o si ebi ndụ na kọleji.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kianni|first=Sophia|title=Earth Day Has Passed. Now What?|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/3164918/earth-day-is-over-now-what/|accessdate=May 5, 2020|work=[[MTV News]]|date=April 30, 2020}}</ref><ref name="WaPo2022">{{Cite news|author=Kianni|first=Sophia|title=Perspective {{!}} How a student tries to be sustainable: Biking, activism and food|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2022/04/13/climate-diaries-sophia-kianni/|accessdate=18 April 2022|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=13 April 2022|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Kianni malitere ịnabata podcast maka The New Fashion Initiative, na-agba ndị ọkachamara na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ejiji ajụjụ ọnụ banyere ịza ajụjụ ọnụ maka mgbanwe ihu igwe.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kutz|first=Cat|title=Meet Sophia Kianni: Young Climate Change Changemaker|url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/blogs/conservation-commons/2021/03/23/meet-sophia-kianni/|accessdate=7 June 2021|work=[[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian]]|date=March 23, 2021|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Kianni na nne ya, nna ya, nwanne ya nwanyị nke obere, na ụmụ anụmanụ abụọ bi na McLean, Virginia.<ref name="Andrews"/><ref name="Acorns"/> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Middle School, ebe ndị otu ya meriri na Statewide Science Olympiad, na Thomas Jefferson High School for Science and Technology, ebe ọ bụ onye na-eme nke ikpeazụ na National Merit Scholarship Program.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Longfellow Science Olympiad team tops in Virginia|url=https://www.insidenova.com/news/education/fairfax/longfellow-science-olympiad-team-tops-in-virginia/article_d48f4ed4-088d-11e6-b026-6b8044e842ab.html|accessdate=April 21, 2020|work=InsideNoVa|date=April 22, 2016|language=en}}</ref><ref name="Natanson"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Two Hundred Thirty-Seven Students Named 2020 National Merit Semifinalists|url=https://www.fcps.edu/news/two-hundred-thirty-seven-students-named-2020-national-merit-semifinalists|work=[[Fairfax County Public Schools]]|accessdate=April 21, 2020|date=September 17, 2019|archivedate=March 9, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200309214812/https://www.fcps.edu/news/two-hundred-thirty-seven-students-named-2020-national-merit-semifinalists}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na 2020, ọ gara Mahadum Indiana . Ọ gara Mahadum Stanford na 2021, ebe ọ na-amụ sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na iwu ọha.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Davis|first=Dominic-Madori|title=This 19-year-old climate advisor who started her own nonprofit and worked on Greta Thunberg's youth strikes spends her days meeting UN officials and grabbing pizza with friends|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/a-day-in-the-life-of-climate-activist-sophia-kianni-2021-6|accessdate=7 June 2021|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=June 6, 2021}}</ref><ref name="WaPo2022"/> Kianni nwetara nlebara anya mgbasa ozi dị ukwuu dị ka ihe atụ nke onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na-emeghachi omume na usoro nkewapụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya metụtara ọrịa COVID-19: CNN, magazin Time, na The Washington Post dere banyere otu ya na ndị enyi ya si ebugharị mmekọrịta onwe onye na ọbụna nnukwu mmemme ha a kagburu na Zoom video chats, na vidiyo TikTok.<ref name="Andrews"/><ref name="Acorns"/><ref>{{Cite news|author=Willingham|first=AJ|title=Stuck at home, families find a new way to bond: creating TikTok videos|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/19/us/tiktok-coronavirus-quarantine-dance-trnd/index.html|accessdate=April 21, 2020|work=[[CNN]]|date=April 19, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=McCluskey|first=Megan|title=How High Schoolers Are Planning Online Prom Parties Amid Coronavirus|url=https://time.com/5805858/prom-cancellations-coronavirus/|accessdate=April 21, 2020|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=March 19, 2020}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] e91y2c582dgqhe1c3qaxghllqt27d1h 0 19793 672597 147261 2026-07-05T09:04:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672597 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles using infobox radio station]] {{Databox}} Wazobia 95.1 FM Lagos bụ ụlọ ọrụ redio Pidgin English nke Naijiria na [[Ȯra Lagos|steeti Lagos]]. E hiwere ya n'afọ 2007 ma bụrụ nke Globe Communications Limited.<ref>{{Cite web|author=jlukmon|date=2020-09-06|title=Full List of radio stations in Lagos State.|url=https://aboutnigerians.com/full-list-of-radio-stations-in-lagos-state/|accessdate=2021-08-26|work=ABOUT NIGERIANS|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826204522/https://aboutnigerians.com/full-list-of-radio-stations-in-lagos-state/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wazobia FM|url=https://onlineradiobox.com/ng/wazobiafm951/|accessdate=2021-08-26|work=OnlineRadioBox.com|language=en}}</ref> A maara Wazobia Fm [[Lagos]] maka ụzọ na-atọ ọchị maka mgbasa ozi. Ụlọ ọrụ redio ahụ na-agbasa ngwakọta nke akụkọ, atụmatụ, egwuregwu, egwu (site na egwu Naijiria a ma ama, hip hop, ndụ dị elu na egwu ụwa na reggae), ihe ngosi okwu, okwu isiokwu na ajụjụ ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wazobia FM Lagos|url=https://streema.com/radios/Wazobia_Lagos_95.1_FM|accessdate=2021-08-26|work=Streema}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wazobia FM|url=https://liveonlineradio.net/wazobia-fm|accessdate=2021-08-26|work=Live Online Radio|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụle == "Owogram.com" depụtara Wazobia Fm Lagos dị ka nọmba otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ redio iri kachasị mma na [[Lagos]] Steeti, na-agbakwụnye na "Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ redio kachasị amasị ọtụtụ ndị Naijiria gara, ọkachasị na [[Lagos]]. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ redio pidgin mbụ na [[Naijiria]] ma na-emepụta mmemme na Pidgin English, ya mere ụdị mmadụ niile na-enwe obi ụtọ; ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị mma maka mmadụ niile.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adelaja|first=Boluwatife|date=2020-01-06|title=Top 10 Radio Stations In Lagos|url=https://www.owogram.com/best-radio-stations-lagos/|accessdate=2021-08-26|work=Owogram|language=en-GB}}</ref> "Alternative Adverts" depụtara ụlọ ọrụ redio ahụ dị ka nke mbụ na ndepụta 10 kachasị elu nke ụlọ ọrụ redio ndị a na-eleta na [[Ȯra Lagos|Lagos]] Steeti , 2019. Ha gbakwunyere na "Wazobia FM na-ege ntị ma nwee obi ụtọ site na ụdị mmadụ niile; ndị ọkwọ ụgbọala bọs, ndị ọrụ, ụmụ akwụkwọ, ụmụ nwanyị ahịa, wdg. Ọ bụ ọdụ dị mma maka mmadụ niile. "<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-10-13|title=10 most visited radio stations in Lagos 2019 and top radio stations contacts|url=https://alternativeadvert.com/blog/radio-stations-in-lagos/|accessdate=2021-08-26|work=Alternative Advert|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-08-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826212809/https://alternativeadvert.com/blog/radio-stations-in-lagos/}}</ref> == Ihe ngosi == * Una wake up show * Our Backyard * You and Yaw * Market Runz * Oga Madam * Kulele Zone * Kulele * Evening Oyoyo * Night Joli * == Ndị na-eme ihe ngosi == * Tuale<ref>{{Cite web|title=My father inspired my being an OAP, says Tuale Baba 1|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/my-father-inspired-my-being-an-oap-says-tuale-baba-1/amp/|accessdate=2022-02-19|work=thenationonlineng.net}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * Ndepụta nke ụlọ ọrụ redio na Naịjirịa * Mgbasa ozi nke Naịjirịa * Wazobia Fm Onitsha * Wazobia FM ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} 04498zq9x817fe5j2artb7bzqu2uqjv 0 22256 672161 671739 2026-07-04T12:05:16Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Diana Frances, (onye mụrụ '''Diana Frances''' Clent) bụ onye Canada na-eme ihe ọchị, onye edemede, na onye njikwa azụmahịa. O dere ma mee ihe ọchị maka ihe nkiri, telivishọn na redio ruo afọ iri atọ, ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke otu ihe nkiri Rock Paper Scissors nke dị na Vancouver. A họpụtala ya maka Gemini Award na onye nke itoolu, Canadian Comedy Awards. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Diana Frances Clent si Langley kwaga Maple Ridge, British Columbia, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, mgbe ihe o mechara kọwaa dị ka "ihe na-akpata ọdachi n'ezinụlọ"<ref name="MapleLocal"/>. Ndị ọzọ kpọọrọ ya, ọ bụrụ nwa ha<ref name="PlaybackRockie"/>, ma soro nwanne nne ya na nwanne nna ya biri mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Maple Ridge <ref name="MapleLocal"/>. Ọ gara ọmụmụ ihe ihe nkiri ma na mbụ chụsoo ihe nkiri Shakespearean<ref name="DownImprov"/>, mana a na-etinye ya ugboro ugboro na ọrụ na-atọ ọchị ma nwee obi ụtọ na nzaghachi ndị na-ege ntị <ref name="MapleLocal"/>. Ọ gụrụ ihe nkiri na Douglas College <ref name="DownImprov"/>. Ka ọ na-abanye n'azụmahịa ntụrụndụ, ọ hapụrụ aha nna ya nke o chere na ọ dị ka "ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị"<ref name="MapleLocal"/>. == Ọrụ == Frances sonyeere Vancouver Theatresports League, ebe ọ mụtara usoro improvisational. Amamihe ya ngwa ngwa mere ka o nweta ọnọdụ na Rock Paper Scissors (RPS) comedy collective<ref name="DownImprov"/>. N'afọ 1991, ọ nọchiri onye na-eme ihe nkiri na mmepụta RPS A Twisted Christmas Carol, egwuregwu improvisational dabere na usoro nke Dickens classic<ref name="ConnerGhosts"/>. Ọ laghachiri ịbụ akụkụ nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ oge ọ bụla nke egwuregwu ahụ ruo 2005, ma mesịa maliteghachi egwuregwu ahụ na 2014.<ref name="YoungAudience"/> RPS dọtara ndị ahịa ụlọ ọrụ ma chọta ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-eme ihe ọchị maka nzukọ yana inye ọmụmụ ihe maka mmekọrịta ndị ọrụ. Dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke RPS, a kpọrọ Frances otu n'ime "Forty Under 40" site na magazin Business in Vancouver na 2003<ref name="FortyUnder40" /><ref name="DownImprov"/>. Frances sokwa ụlọ ọrụ Impolite Company (IMPCO) mee ihe osise<ref name="CarlsonLaughing" />, Urban Improv<ref name="WassermanFringe" /><ref name="CourierAhead" /> na Canadian Content<ref name="ChaiBoothby" />. N'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1997, Frances pụtara na otu egwu egwu egwu I'd Probably Be Famous<ref name="ArmstrongDreams" />. O duziri mmepụta nke The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged) na Jenụwarị 1998<ref name="SunShakespeare" />, ma mee akụkụ nke egwuregwu ahụ dị ka nọmba abụ na ịgba egwú mgbe ọ chọpụtara na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ya nwere ike ịgba egwú<ref name="BirnieShakespeare" />. N'afọ 2001 na 2002, ya na RPS rụrụ ọrụ na egwu egwu ''Blankety Blank'': The Unknown Musical<ref name="BirnieBelong" /> and Design For Living<ref name="PerryCampagnolo" />. N'afọ 2005, Frances malitere ime Leave it to Cleavage, ihe ngosi ọ mepụtara na Ellie Harvie, ebe ndị na-elekọta ụlọ ha na-enye ngwọta oge 1950 maka nonsense nke oge a nke ndị na-ege ntị<ref name="HilbornShadbolt" /><ref name="VernonStyle" /><ref name="ChilliwackCleavage" />. A matara ha site na nhọpụta nke afọ 2004 Canadian Comedy Award maka Best Improv Troupe<ref name="WaddellPoised" />. Arịrịọ maka mmemme ''telivishọn'' bịara na ngwụcha afọ 1990 site na mmalite nke The Comedy Network, nke Frances dere ma mee ihe nkiri na usoro nke ihe nkiri Slightly Bent TV (1999) na Sucker Punch (2001 euo 2002)<ref name="BlakeySucker" /><ref name="CarlsonVariations" /><ref name="VernonDesperate"/><ref name="EdwardsWillis"/><ref name="EdwardsRetooled"/> ma dee maka ''akwụkwọ'' ''akụkọ'' satirical nke afọ 2002 Point Blank<ref name="WaddellWarm"/>. O dere maka CTV's Comedy Inc<ref name="CoquitlamCleavage"/>, ma soro mepụta ma rụọ ọrụ na njem ọchị iji kwado oge nke ise ya<ref name="MapleLocal"/>. O mechara dee maka This Hour Has 22 Minutes<ref name="ChilliwackCleavage"/>. A họpụtara Frances maka Gemini Award maka ide maka The Hour na George Stroumboulopoulos<ref name="PlaybackGemini2009n"/>. Frances mechara deere ndị ''[[Corner Gas Animated]]''<ref>{{cite web |website=Corner Gas|url=https://www.cornergas.com/diana-frances/ |title=Diana Frances |date=8 December 2017 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref> which won her a 2020 Canadian Screen Award<ref name="CSAwin"/> nke mere ka o rite ihe nrite Canadian Screen Award nke afọ 2020{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} She has also written for ''[[The Beaverton]]'', ''[[Aunty B's House]]'' and ''[[Still Standing (Canadian TV series)|Still Standing]]''.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}. Frances emepụtala ihe maka ememme Vancouver na Victoria<ref name="CarlsonLaughing"/>, a na-ekwukwa na ọ na-eweta ihe ọchị improvisational na Yukon mgbe ọ kwusiri ike na akụkụ improvisational n'ememme comedy nke Nakai na 2003. Ndị na-ahazi ya na ndị na-ege ntị nwere mmasị nke ukwuu nke na e debara aha Frances maka ihe ngosi zuru oke n'afọ ndị sochirinụ<ref name="WaddellWarm"/> wee mechie emume 2007 na Leave it to Cleavage<ref name="WaddellPoised"/>. N'afọ 2004, Frances dere ihe ngosi CBC Radio banyere ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe mkpaọchị<ref name="ChamberlainPretty"/>. ''O'' dere ma pụta n'ọtụtụ ''ihe omume'' nke The Debaters na Definitely Not the Opera<ref name="CourierWriters"/>, nyere aka na ihe ngosi na-atọ ọchị The Irrelevant Show, ma jee ozi dị ka onye na-ede akụkọ ''mmekọrịta'' ya na ihe ngosi ya bụ Dating Diana<ref name="MintyCleavage"/>. Frances ka na-aga n'ihu na-edere ''The Debaters'' ihe, nke so zọọ ịgba onye nke mbụ na [[New York Festivals Radio Awards]] nke afọ 2014.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[New York Festivals]]|url=https://radio.newyorkfestivals.com/Winners/WinnerDetailsNew/3bbec9a0-bd04-4401-9dbd-3c4d3fc0d002 |title=Winners Gallery|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=September 2024|nhọpụta ahụ bụ maka ihe ngosi ahụ n'onwe ya, ọ bụghị kpọmkwem maka ntinye o mere, ọ bụkwa naanị nhọpụta ka ọ bụ – ọ dị nnukwu mkpa otu ahụ nke na a ga-etinye ya?}} Frances so RPS rụọ ọrụ na njem abụọ maka ndị agha Canada: njem otu ọnwa na afọ 1997, na-eleta CFS Alert, Bosnia, Egypt, Israel, na CFB Goose Bay<ref name="MapleLocal"/><ref name="InwoodTroupe"/>; na njem ụbọchị itoolu nke Afghanistan na afọ 2003, na-eme na Camp Julien na Kabul<ref name="PedwellSoldiers"/> na Camp Warehouse dị nso<ref name="McCreadieDrafted"/>. N'afọ 2018 na 2019, ya na Elvira Kurt na Friends<ref name="TelegraphJournal" /> and Girls Nite Out<ref name="PostEmotional" /> so na=aga njem ime ngosi. N'afọ 2023, O mere ihe ngosi isii nke ''Leave It to Cleavage'' na Incanto Theatre dị na Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, ya na onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Second City bụ Karen Parker yana onye ọzọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Vancouver TheatreSports bụ Christine Lippa<ref name="Puerto">{{cite web|date=6 March 2023|title=''Leave it to Cleavage'' Brings an All New, All-Female Improv Comedy Show to Incanto March 14 to 31, 2023|website=Out and About Puerto Vallarta|url=https://outandaboutpv.com/leave-it-to-cleavage-brings-an-all-new-all-female-improv-comedy-show-to-incanto-march-14-to-31-2023/}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=August 2024|Nke a yiri ka ọ bụ maka ihe ngosi isii, ọ dị nnukwu mkpa otu ahụ nke na a ga-etinye ya?}} Frances edeelara ọtụtụ ihe ngosi award ihe, gụnyere 2018 ACTRA Awards na ihe ngosi Toronto, nke Colin Mochrie hiwere<ref name="NewswireActra" /> nakwa ACTRA Awards nke afọ 2019 na 2024 nke Martha Chaves hiwere.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} O deela Banff World Media Festival Rockie Awards ruo afọ iri na otu.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} O dekwaara ndị Just For Laughs Galas n'afọ 2017 ruo 2019.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Frances edeelara ndị [[Canadian Screen Awards]] n'afọ 2018{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} ana 2019, nke ikpeazụ ahụ o dere mere ka a họpụta ya maka Canadian Screen Award.<ref name="CSAnomination">{{cite web|url=https://www.academy.ca/2020/monica-heisey/ |website=The Canadian Screen Awards |title=Monica Heisey, Aisha Brown, Diana Frances, Zoe Whittall – Nominees, Best Writing, Variety or Sketch Comedy |date=18 February 2020 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>, o deelakwara Directors Guild of Canada Awards (nke onye hiwere ya bụ Arisa Cox),{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} yana Scotiabank Giller Prize.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Ebe e dere ihe nkiri mbụ nke Frances so mee, [[The Burning Season (2023 film)|''The Burning Season'']], ritere Best Screenplay na ihe omume [[Whistler Film Festival]] yana [[Canadian Film Festival]]<ref name="Donahue2024">{{cite news|first=Anne T.|last=Donahue|title=The Burning Season's heart-wrenching take on infidelity examines the perils of best intentions|date=10 May 2024|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/reviews/article-the-burning-seasons-heart-wrenching-take-on-infidelity-examines-the/#:~:text=Winner%20of%20best%20screenplay%20at,tends%20to%20define%20infidelity%20sagas.|id={{ProQuest|3053032928}} }}</ref> and at the Writers Guild of Canada Awards.<ref name="WGAwin">{{cite web|url=https://www.wgc.ca/awards |title=Awards|publisher=Writer's Guild of Canada |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>. Frances bụ onye ọka ikpe na asọmpi telivishọn sketch-comedy Sketch Troop n'akụkụ Harvie na Tim Progosh. Ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe maka akụkụ Vancouver nke njem obodo iri na abụọ nke Literary Death Match. == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == === Ihe ngosi Improv === * ''A'' Twisted Christmas Carol na Rock Paper Scissors, oge 1991 na 2005, 2014 * The X-Mas Files na Vancouver Theatresports, December 1996 * Blankety Blank: Egwú a na-amaghị ama na Rock Paper Scissors, Eprel 2001, Ọgọst 2002 * Sword Play, Improv Outlet Co-op, August 2004 * ''Hapụ ya ka ọ gaa'' Cleavage: The Original Desperate Housewives, ya na Ellie Harvie, Jenụwarị 2005 * Canadian Content, na Urban Improv, Septemba 2005 === Egwuregwu ndị e dere ede === * ''O yikarịrị ka m ga-abụ onye a ma ama'', July 1997 * The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged), Jenụwarị 1998, dị ka onye nduzi * ''Nhazi Maka'' Ibi na Rock Paper Scissors, Eprel 2002 * ''Ndị agha Canada vs. Ndị Na-awakpo Nuklia'' na Canadian Content, Septemba 2006 === Telivishọn === * Slightly Bent TV, 1999, onye edemede / onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="VernonDesperate" /> * Sucker Punch, 2001-2002, onye edemede/onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="BlakeySucker" /><ref name="CarlsonVariations" /> * Sketch Troop, 2002, ọkàikpe<ref name="StrachanNightmare"/> * Point Blank, 2002, onye edemede<ref name="WaddellWarm"/> * ''Comedy Inc'', onye edemede<ref name="CoquitlamCleavage"/> * ''Oge a nwere nkeji iri abụọ na abụọ'', onye edemede<ref name="ChilliwackCleavage"/> * ''[[Corner Gas Animated]]'', 2018–2019, onye edemede{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * 2018 Canadian Screen Awards, onye edemede{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * 2019 Canadian Screen Awards, onye edemede{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * ''Jonathan Van Ness: Kicks'', 2020, onye edemede{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * ''Anthony Anderson: Awesomesauce'', onye edemede afọ 2020 {{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * ''Overlord & The Underwoods'', 2022, onye ndezi akụkọ {{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * ''Aunty B's House'', 2023, onye edemede {{citation needed|date=September 2024}} === Redio === * ''Ndị'' Debaters, onye edemede / onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="CourierWriters"/> * N'ezie ọ bụghị Opera, onye edemede / onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="CourierWriters"/> * ''Ihe Omume Na-abaghị Mkpa''<ref name="MintyCleavage"/> * ''Mmekọrịta Diana'', onye edemede / onye ọbịa<ref name="MintyCleavage"/> ==Ihe Nkiri O so na Ya == * ''[[The Burning Season (2023 film)|The Burning Season]]'' (2023)<ref name="Donahue2024"/> == Onyinye == * Forty Under 40, Business na Vancouver, 2003<ref name="FortyUnder40" /><ref name="ConnerGhosts"/>. * Onye a họpụtara maka Gemini Award maka edemede kacha mma na mmemme ozi ma ọ bụ usoro, The Hour na George Stroumboulopoulos, 2009<ref name="PlaybackGemini2009n"/> * Onye a họpụtara maka Canadian Comedy Award maka Best Female Improviser, 2001<ref name="CCA2001"/> 2002,<ref name="CCA2002"/> 2004,<ref name="CCA2004"/> 2005,<ref name="CCA2005"/> 2006,<ref name="CCA2006"/> 2007,<ref name="CCA2007"/> 2008,<ref name="CCA2008"/> and 2015<ref name="Sumi2015n"/> * Onye a họpụtara na Canadian Comedy Award maka Best Improv Group, Leave It To Cleavage, 2004<ref name="ChilliwackCleavage"/> * Ndị edemede Guild of Canada Screenwriting Awards, Sondra Kelly Award maka Given Up, 2017<ref name="YeoScreenwriting"/> * Onye a họpụtara maka Canadian Screen Awards maka ịkacha ede, ide ụdị dị iche iche, maọbụ Sketch Comedy, 2020<ref name="CSAnomination"/> * Canadian Screen Award for Best Writing, Animation for ''[[Corner Gas Animated]]'' episode "Hedge Your Debts"<ref name="CSAwin">{{cite web|publisher=[[Canadian Screen Awards]]|url=https://www.academy.ca/2020/diana-frances/ |title=Diana Frances: Winner, Best Writing, Animation|date=18 February 2020 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref> * [[Writers Guild of Canada|Writers Guild of Canada Award]], Best Screenplay, ''The Burning Season'', 2024<ref name="WGAwin"/> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="MapleLocal">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Local comic seeing the world with humour |date=27 June 2008 |page=24 |work=Maple Ridge, Pitt Meadows Times |location=[[Maple Ridge, British Columbia]] |issn=1202-9408 |publisher=[[Postmedia Network|Southam Publications]] |id={{ProQuest|357832602}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PlaybackRockie">{{cite web |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Rockie Awards {{!}} Judges |date=2019 |work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Brunico Communications |url=https://rockies.playbackonline.ca/Juries/Judges/2019/ |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> <ref name="DownImprov">{{cite news |first=Susan |last=Down |title=Actors flex improv muscles: Blankety Blank is a dream job for actors who can't remember their lines. They only have to remember to keep the audience laughing |date=8 August 2002 |page=D6 |work=[[Times Colonist]] |location=Victoria, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|345887431}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="ConnerGhosts">{{cite news |first=Shawn |last=Conner |title=Ghosts of improv's past deliver Dickens with a twist |date=4 December 2005 |page=39 |work=[[Vancouver Courier]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|359320744}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="YoungAudience">{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Leiren-Young |title=Audience the author of Christmas Carol twists; Arts Club lets the public decide on details of Scrooge's life |date=27 November 2014 |page=C15 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|1628624873}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="FortyUnder40">{{cite web |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Business in Vancouver's Forty under 40 winners |page=15 |work=[[Business in Vancouver]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |url=https://issuu.com/bivmediagroup/docs/forty_under_40_winners_1990-2011 |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624084526/http://issuu.com/bivmediagroup/docs/forty_under_40_winners_1990-2011 |archive-date=24 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="CarlsonLaughing">{{cite news |first1=Tim |last1=Carlson |first2=Anne |last2=McIntyre |title=Laughing live: Comedy nights at local bars and cafes provide an opportunity to see amateurs and veterans work out new material |date=4 February 1999 |page=C16 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242832325}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="WassermanFringe">{{cite news |first=Jerry |last=Wasserman |title=Fringe Today |date=13 September 2005 |page=B2 |work=[[The Province]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|269415931}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="CourierAhead">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Seven days ahead |date=9 July 2003 |page=35 |work=[[Vancouver Courier]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|359542267}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="ChaiBoothby">{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Chai |title=Busy Boothby prepares for Fringe and comedy festival |date=8 September 2006 |page=35 |work=[[Vancouver Courier]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|359364257}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="ArmstrongDreams">{{cite news |first=John |last=Armstrong |title=Two dreams face same reality |date=15 July 1997 |page=B7 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242948639}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="SunShakespeare">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Cafe Culture |date=5 January 1998 |page=B7 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242911184}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieShakespeare">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=The complete works of Shakespeare - in two acts: Vancouver's RPS Productions attempts to squeeze all of the Bard's plays into one giddy two-hour evening. |date=8 January 1998 |page=C1 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242897545}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieBelong">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=Well Hello, Ruthie Nichol! It's so nice to have you back where you belong |date=12 April 2001 |page=C4 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242611663}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PerryCampagnolo">{{cite news |first=Malcolm |last=Perry |title=Campagnolo, Taylor give Jansson his due: Board of Trade suits assemble to fete one of their own |date=7 March 2002 |page=B3 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242492120}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="HilbornShadbolt">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Hilborn |title=Cats and dogs at Shadbolt |date=12 January 2005 |page=11 |work=[[Burnaby Now]] |location=Burnaby, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|358614936}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="VernonStyle">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Solving today's problems,'50s style |date=19 October 2005 |page=25 |work=[[The Morning Star (British Columbia newspaper)|The Morning Star]] |location=Vernon, British Columbia |publisher=Torstar Media Group |id={{ProQuest|373062399}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="ChilliwackCleavage">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Fresh, funny and fast; Leave it to Cleavage riffs on the virtues of the good ol' days |date=27 September 2012 |page=A31 |work=Chilliwack Times |location=Shilliwack, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|1081218410}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="WaddellPoised">{{cite news |first=Stephanie |last=Waddell |title=Nakai poised to serve up some mirth |date=30 November 2006 |page=4 |work=[[Whitehorse Star]] |location=Whitehorse, Yukon |id={{ProQuest|362364376}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BlakeySucker">{{cite news |first=Bob |last=Blakey |title=Worth Watching |date=3 February 2001 |page=G14 |work=[[Calgary Herald]] |location=Calgary, Alberta |id={{ProQuest|244845553}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="CarlsonVariations">{{cite news |first=Tim |last=Carlson |title=Variations on a screen: Whether to explore pop culture myths, improvise music or just go for laughs, three different groups are inventing new soundtracks for old films at Blinding Light Cinema. |date=28 February 2002 |page=D14 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242526195}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="VernonDesperate">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title= Move over, it's the original desperate housewives |date=12 October 2005 |page=25 |work=[[The Morning Star (British Columbia newspaper)|The Morning Star]] |location=Vernon, British Columbia |publisher=Torstar Media Group |id= {{ProQuest|372995216}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="EdwardsWillis">{{cite news |first=Ian |last=Edwards |title=Schwarzenegger and Willis in the wings |date=9 August 1999 |work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Brunico Communications |url=http://playbackonline.ca/1999/08/09/26350-19990809/ |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907161944/http://playbackonline.ca/1999/08/09/26350-19990809/ |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="EdwardsRetooled">{{cite news |first=Ian |last=Edwards |title=Comedy Network shows retooled for year-two runs |date=2 October 2000 |work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Brunico Communications |url=http://playbackonline.ca/2000/10/02/30033-20001002/ |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907154137/http://playbackonline.ca/2000/10/02/30033-20001002/ |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="WaddellWarm">{{cite news |first=Stephanie |last=Waddell |title=Festival's yuk-yuks to warm up January |date=4 December 2003 |page=4 |work=[[Whitehorse Star]] |location=Whitehorse, Yukon |id={{ProQuest|362237597}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="CoquitlamCleavage">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Leave it to Cleavage at Evergreen Oct. 29 |date=21 October 2005 |page=26 |work=[[Coquitlam Now]] |location=Coquitlam, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|358484716}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PlaybackGemini2009n">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Gemini Nominees: Craft Categories |date=12 October 2009 |page=24 |work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Brunico Communications |url=http://playbackonline.ca/2009/10/12/craft-20091012/ |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907175451/http://playbackonline.ca/2009/10/12/craft-20091012/ |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="ChamberlainPretty">{{cite news |first=Adrian |last=Chamberlain |title=Comedy isn't pretty, but it's funny |date=2 December 2004 |page=D4 |work=[[Times Colonist]] |location=Victoria, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|347980073}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="CourierWriters">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Wily writers do battle in Literary Death Match; War of words waged to attract new audiences to reading events |date=6 October 2010 |page=28 |work=[[Vancouver Courier]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|757032981}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="InwoodTroupe">{{cite news |first=Damian |last=Inwood |title=Improv comedy troupe off to humor troops |date=5 November 1997 |page=D9 |work=[[The Province]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|267599789}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PedwellSoldiers">{{cite news |first=Terry |last=Pedwell |title=Canadian soldiers treated to racy down-home tour show at base in Afghanistan |date=24 November 2003 |agency=[[The Canadian Press|Canadian Press Newswire]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/ |access-date=1 December 2019 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603081748/https://search.proquest.com/docview |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="McCreadieDrafted">{{cite news |first=Drew |last=McCreadie |title=Drafted into the Afghan improv corps |date=3 January 2004 |page=R10 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |id={{ProQuest|1368556901}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="TelegraphJournal">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Greater Saint John journal |date=16 January 2018 |page=B2 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |location=Saint John, New Brunswick |id={{ProQuest|1987634937}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PostEmotional">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Emotional journey awaits at Civic Chorale concert |date=22 April 2019 |work=The Post |location=Burlington, Ontario |publisher=Torstar Syndication Services |id={{ProQuest|2212932756}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="NewswireActra">{{cite press release |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=The 16th Annual ACTRA Awards in Toronto Nominees |date=13 January 2018 |location=Ottawa, Ontario |agency=Canada Newswire |publisher=PR Newswire Association |id={{ProQuest|1987009109}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="StrachanNightmare">{{cite news |first=Alex |last=Strachan |title=Hockey Nightmare in Canada: Don and Rex |date=2 October 2002 |page=D8 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242506045}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieScrooge">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=Scrooge twisted into season's best Christmas spoof |date=17 December 1998 |page=C21 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242830781}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="DoruyterImprov">{{cite magazine |first=Renee |last=Doruyter |title=Improv troupe makes sport of X-Files |date=1 December 1996 |page=B15 |magazine=[[The Province]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|267570466}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="TimesCalendar">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Go! Calendar |date=1 August 2002 |page=D11 |work=[[Times Colonist]] |location=Victoria, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|345888219}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieAntics">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=Antics of improv Musketeers range from clever to puerile |date=13 August 2004 |page=D3 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242325337}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieEmpire">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=The fringe of a new Empire |date=9 September 2006 |page=F20 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242159809}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="MintyCleavage">{{cite news |first=Melanie |last=Minty |title='Leave it to Cleavage' comedy comes to Surrey |date=6 November 2014 |page=A34 |work=The Tri-Cities Now |location=Port Moody, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|1621693441}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> -=-=- <ref name="CCA2004">{{cite web |url=https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2004 |title=Nominations & Awards Archives |publisher=Canadian Comedy Awards |author=<!--staff writers; no author credited--> |date=2004 |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180802151021/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2004 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live |accessdate=15 October 2022 |archivedate=10 January 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110170516/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2004 }}</ref> <ref name="CCA2006">{{cite web |url=https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2006 |title=Nominations & Awards Archives |publisher=Canadian Comedy Awards |author=<!--staff writers; no author credited--> |date=2006 |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180802151327/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2006 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live |accessdate=15 October 2022 |archivedate=15 May 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515134424/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2006 }}</ref> <ref name="CCA2007">{{cite web |url=https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2007 |title=Nominations & Awards Archives |publisher=Canadian Comedy Awards |author=<!--staff writers; no author credited--> |date=2007 |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180802152111/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2007 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live |accessdate=15 October 2022 |archivedate=14 June 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614141457/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2007 }}</ref> <ref name="Sumi2015n">{{cite web |last=Sumi |first=Glen |url=https://nowtoronto.com/stage/comedy/canadian-comedy-awards-nominees/ |title=2015 Canadian Comedy Awards nominees |work=[[Now (newspaper)|Now Magazine]] |publisher=Now Communications Inc. |location=Toronto |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704123635/https://nowtoronto.com/stage/comedy/canadian-comedy-awards-nominees/ |archive-date=4 July 2019 |url-status=live |accessdate=15 October 2022 |archivedate=4 July 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704123635/https://nowtoronto.com/stage/comedy/canadian-comedy-awards-nominees/ }}</ref> <ref name="YeoScreenwriting">{{cite news |first=Debra |last=Yeo |title=Letterkenny and X Company take Writers Guild of Canada Screenwriting Awards |date=25 April 2017 |work=[[Toronto Star]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2017/04/25/letterkenny-and-x-company-take-writers-guild-of-canada-screenwriting-awards.html |access-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426025347/https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2017/04/25/letterkenny-and-x-company-take-writers-guild-of-canada-screenwriting-awards.html |archive-date=26 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Frances, Diana}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] kj97rrqgi0i8l278fywjymmtbun433b 672163 672161 2026-07-04T12:06:58Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Diana Frances, (onye mụrụ '''Diana Frances''' Clent) bụ onye Canada na-eme ihe ọchị, onye edemede, na onye njikwa azụmahịa. O dere ma mee ihe ọchị maka ihe nkiri, telivishọn na redio ruo afọ iri atọ, ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke otu ihe nkiri Rock Paper Scissors nke dị na Vancouver. A họpụtala ya maka Gemini Award na onye nke itoolu, Canadian Comedy Awards. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Diana Frances Clent si Langley kwaga Maple Ridge, British Columbia, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, mgbe ihe o mechara kọwaa dị ka "ihe na-akpata ọdachi n'ezinụlọ"<ref name="MapleLocal"/>. Ndị ọzọ kpọọrọ ya, ọ bụrụ nwa ha<ref name="PlaybackRockie"/>, ma soro nwanne nne ya na nwanne nna ya biri mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Maple Ridge <ref name="MapleLocal"/>. Ọ gara ọmụmụ ihe ihe nkiri ma na mbụ chụsoo ihe nkiri Shakespearean<ref name="DownImprov"/>, mana a na-etinye ya ugboro ugboro na ọrụ na-atọ ọchị ma nwee obi ụtọ na nzaghachi ndị na-ege ntị <ref name="MapleLocal"/>. Ọ gụrụ ihe nkiri na Douglas College <ref name="DownImprov"/>. Ka ọ na-abanye n'azụmahịa ntụrụndụ, ọ hapụrụ aha nna ya nke o chere na ọ dị ka "ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị"<ref name="MapleLocal"/>. == Ọrụ == Frances sonyeere Vancouver Theatresports League, ebe ọ mụtara usoro improvisational. Amamihe ya ngwa ngwa mere ka o nweta ọnọdụ na Rock Paper Scissors (RPS) comedy collective<ref name="DownImprov"/>. N'afọ 1991, ọ nọchiri onye na-eme ihe nkiri na mmepụta RPS A Twisted Christmas Carol, egwuregwu improvisational dabere na usoro nke Dickens classic<ref name="ConnerGhosts"/>. Ọ laghachiri ịbụ akụkụ nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ oge ọ bụla nke egwuregwu ahụ ruo 2005, ma mesịa maliteghachi egwuregwu ahụ na 2014.<ref name="YoungAudience"/> RPS dọtara ndị ahịa ụlọ ọrụ ma chọta ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-eme ihe ọchị maka nzukọ yana inye ọmụmụ ihe maka mmekọrịta ndị ọrụ. Dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke RPS, a kpọrọ Frances otu n'ime "Forty Under 40" site na magazin Business in Vancouver na 2003<ref name="FortyUnder40" /><ref name="DownImprov"/>. Frances sokwa ụlọ ọrụ Impolite Company (IMPCO) mee ihe osise<ref name="CarlsonLaughing" />, Urban Improv<ref name="WassermanFringe" /><ref name="CourierAhead" /> na Canadian Content<ref name="ChaiBoothby" />. N'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1997, Frances pụtara na otu egwu egwu egwu I'd Probably Be Famous<ref name="ArmstrongDreams" />. O duziri mmepụta nke The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged) na Jenụwarị 1998<ref name="SunShakespeare" />, ma mee akụkụ nke egwuregwu ahụ dị ka nọmba abụ na ịgba egwú mgbe ọ chọpụtara na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ya nwere ike ịgba egwú<ref name="BirnieShakespeare" />. N'afọ 2001 na 2002, ya na RPS rụrụ ọrụ na egwu egwu ''Blankety Blank'': The Unknown Musical<ref name="BirnieBelong" /> and Design For Living<ref name="PerryCampagnolo" />. N'afọ 2005, Frances malitere ime Leave it to Cleavage, ihe ngosi ọ mepụtara na Ellie Harvie, ebe ndị na-elekọta ụlọ ha na-enye ngwọta oge 1950 maka nonsense nke oge a nke ndị na-ege ntị<ref name="HilbornShadbolt" /><ref name="VernonStyle" /><ref name="ChilliwackCleavage" />. A matara ha site na nhọpụta nke afọ 2004 Canadian Comedy Award maka Best Improv Troupe<ref name="WaddellPoised" />. Arịrịọ maka mmemme ''telivishọn'' bịara na ngwụcha afọ 1990 site na mmalite nke The Comedy Network, nke Frances dere ma mee ihe nkiri na usoro nke ihe nkiri Slightly Bent TV (1999) na Sucker Punch (2001 euo 2002)<ref name="BlakeySucker" /><ref name="CarlsonVariations" /><ref name="VernonDesperate"/><ref name="EdwardsWillis"/><ref name="EdwardsRetooled"/> ma dee maka ''akwụkwọ'' ''akụkọ'' satirical nke afọ 2002 Point Blank<ref name="WaddellWarm"/>. O dere maka CTV's Comedy Inc<ref name="CoquitlamCleavage"/>, ma soro mepụta ma rụọ ọrụ na njem ọchị iji kwado oge nke ise ya<ref name="MapleLocal"/>. O mechara dee maka This Hour Has 22 Minutes<ref name="ChilliwackCleavage"/>. A họpụtara Frances maka Gemini Award maka ide maka The Hour na George Stroumboulopoulos<ref name="PlaybackGemini2009n"/>. Frances mechara deere ndị ''[[Corner Gas Animated]]''<ref>{{cite web |website=Corner Gas|url=https://www.cornergas.com/diana-frances/ |title=Diana Frances |date=8 December 2017 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref> which won her a 2020 Canadian Screen Award<ref name="CSAwin"/> nke mere ka o rite ihe nrite Canadian Screen Award nke afọ 2020{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} She has also written for ''[[The Beaverton]]'', ''[[Aunty B's House]]'' and ''[[Still Standing (Canadian TV series)|Still Standing]]''.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}. Frances emepụtala ihe maka ememme Vancouver na Victoria<ref name="CarlsonLaughing"/>, a na-ekwukwa na ọ na-eweta ihe ọchị improvisational na Yukon mgbe ọ kwusiri ike na akụkụ improvisational n'ememme comedy nke Nakai na 2003. Ndị na-ahazi ya na ndị na-ege ntị nwere mmasị nke ukwuu nke na e debara aha Frances maka ihe ngosi zuru oke n'afọ ndị sochirinụ<ref name="WaddellWarm"/> wee mechie emume 2007 na Leave it to Cleavage<ref name="WaddellPoised"/>. N'afọ 2004, Frances dere ihe ngosi CBC Radio banyere ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe mkpaọchị<ref name="ChamberlainPretty"/>. ''O'' dere ma pụta n'ọtụtụ ''ihe omume'' nke The Debaters na Definitely Not the Opera<ref name="CourierWriters"/>, nyere aka na ihe ngosi na-atọ ọchị The Irrelevant Show, ma jee ozi dị ka onye na-ede akụkọ ''mmekọrịta'' ya na ihe ngosi ya bụ Dating Diana<ref name="MintyCleavage"/>. Frances ka na-aga n'ihu na-edere ''The Debaters'' ihe, nke so zọọ ịgba onye nke mbụ na [[New York Festivals Radio Awards]] nke afọ 2014.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[New York Festivals]]|url=https://radio.newyorkfestivals.com/Winners/WinnerDetailsNew/3bbec9a0-bd04-4401-9dbd-3c4d3fc0d002 |title=Winners Gallery|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=September 2024|nhọpụta ahụ bụ maka ihe ngosi ahụ n'onwe ya, ọ bụghị kpọmkwem maka ntinye o mere, ọ bụkwa naanị nhọpụta ka ọ bụ – ọ dị nnukwu mkpa otu ahụ nke na a ga-etinye ya?}} Frances so RPS rụọ ọrụ na njem abụọ maka ndị agha Canada: njem otu ọnwa na afọ 1997, na-eleta CFS Alert, Bosnia, Egypt, Israel, na CFB Goose Bay<ref name="MapleLocal"/><ref name="InwoodTroupe"/>; na njem ụbọchị itoolu nke Afghanistan na afọ 2003, na-eme na Camp Julien na Kabul<ref name="PedwellSoldiers"/> na Camp Warehouse dị nso<ref name="McCreadieDrafted"/>. N'afọ 2018 na 2019, ya na Elvira Kurt na Friends<ref name="TelegraphJournal" /> and Girls Nite Out<ref name="PostEmotional" /> so na=aga njem ime ngosi. N'afọ 2023, O mere ihe ngosi isii nke ''Leave It to Cleavage'' na Incanto Theatre dị na Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, ya na onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Second City bụ Karen Parker yana onye ọzọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Vancouver TheatreSports bụ Christine Lippa<ref name="Puerto">{{cite web|date=6 March 2023|title=''Leave it to Cleavage'' Brings an All New, All-Female Improv Comedy Show to Incanto March 14 to 31, 2023|website=Out and About Puerto Vallarta|url=https://outandaboutpv.com/leave-it-to-cleavage-brings-an-all-new-all-female-improv-comedy-show-to-incanto-march-14-to-31-2023/}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=August 2024|Nke a yiri ka ọ bụ maka ihe ngosi isii, ọ dị nnukwu mkpa otu ahụ nke na a ga-etinye ya?}} Frances edeelara ọtụtụ ihe ngosi award ihe, gụnyere 2018 ACTRA Awards na ihe ngosi Toronto, nke Colin Mochrie hiwere<ref name="NewswireActra" /> nakwa ACTRA Awards nke afọ 2019 na 2024 nke Martha Chaves hiwere.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} O deela Banff World Media Festival Rockie Awards ruo afọ iri na otu.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} O dekwaara ndị Just For Laughs Galas n'afọ 2017 ruo 2019.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Frances edeelara ndị [[Canadian Screen Awards]] n'afọ 2018{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} ana 2019, nke ikpeazụ ahụ o dere mere ka a họpụta ya maka Canadian Screen Award.<ref name="CSAnomination">{{cite web|url=https://www.academy.ca/2020/monica-heisey/ |website=The Canadian Screen Awards |title=Monica Heisey, Aisha Brown, Diana Frances, Zoe Whittall – Nominees, Best Writing, Variety or Sketch Comedy |date=18 February 2020 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>, o deelakwara Directors Guild of Canada Awards (nke onye hiwere ya bụ Arisa Cox),{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} yana Scotiabank Giller Prize.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Ebe e dere ihe nkiri mbụ nke Frances so mee, [[The Burning Season (2023 film)|''The Burning Season'']], ritere Best Screenplay na ihe omume [[Whistler Film Festival]] yana [[Canadian Film Festival]]<ref name="Donahue2024">{{cite news|first=Anne T.|last=Donahue|title=The Burning Season's heart-wrenching take on infidelity examines the perils of best intentions|date=10 May 2024|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/reviews/article-the-burning-seasons-heart-wrenching-take-on-infidelity-examines-the/#:~:text=Winner%20of%20best%20screenplay%20at,tends%20to%20define%20infidelity%20sagas.|id={{ProQuest|3053032928}} }}</ref> and at the Writers Guild of Canada Awards.<ref name="WGAwin">{{cite web|url=https://www.wgc.ca/awards |title=Awards|publisher=Writer's Guild of Canada |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>. Frances bụ onye ọka ikpe na asọmpi telivishọn sketch-comedy Sketch Troop n'akụkụ Harvie na Tim Progosh. Ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe maka akụkụ Vancouver nke njem obodo iri na abụọ nke Literary Death Match. == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == === Ihe ngosi Improv === * ''A'' Twisted Christmas Carol na Rock Paper Scissors, oge 1991 na 2005, 2014 * The X-Mas Files na Vancouver Theatresports, December 1996 * Blankety Blank: Egwú a na-amaghị ama na Rock Paper Scissors, Eprel 2001, Ọgọst 2002 * Sword Play, Improv Outlet Co-op, August 2004 * ''Hapụ ya ka ọ gaa'' Cleavage: The Original Desperate Housewives, ya na Ellie Harvie, Jenụwarị 2005 * Canadian Content, na Urban Improv, Septemba 2005 === Egwuregwu ndị e dere ede === * ''O yikarịrị ka m ga-abụ onye a ma ama'', July 1997 * The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged), Jenụwarị 1998, dị ka onye nduzi * ''Nhazi Maka'' Ibi na Rock Paper Scissors, Eprel 2002 * ''Ndị agha Canada vs. Ndị Na-awakpo Nuklia'' na Canadian Content, Septemba 2006 === Telivishọn === * Slightly Bent TV, 1999, onye edemede / onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="VernonDesperate" /> * Sucker Punch, 2001-2002, onye edemede/onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="BlakeySucker" /><ref name="CarlsonVariations" /> * Sketch Troop, 2002, ọkàikpe<ref name="StrachanNightmare"/> * Point Blank, 2002, onye edemede<ref name="WaddellWarm"/> * ''Comedy Inc'', onye edemede<ref name="CoquitlamCleavage"/> * ''Oge a nwere nkeji iri abụọ na abụọ'', onye edemede<ref name="ChilliwackCleavage"/> * ''[[Corner Gas Animated]]'', 2018–2019, onye edemede{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * 2018 Canadian Screen Awards, onye edemede{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * 2019 Canadian Screen Awards, onye edemede{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * ''Jonathan Van Ness: Kicks'', 2020, onye edemede{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * ''Anthony Anderson: Awesomesauce'', onye edemede afọ 2020 {{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * ''Overlord & The Underwoods'', 2022, onye ndezi akụkọ {{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * ''Aunty B's House'', 2023, onye edemede {{citation needed|date=September 2024}} === Redio === * ''Ndị'' Debaters, onye edemede / onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="CourierWriters"/> * N'ezie ọ bụghị Opera, onye edemede / onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="CourierWriters"/> * ''Ihe Omume Na-abaghị Mkpa''<ref name="MintyCleavage"/> * ''Mmekọrịta Diana'', onye edemede / onye ọbịa<ref name="MintyCleavage"/> ==Ihe Nkiri O so na Ya == * ''[[The Burning Season (2023 film)|The Burning Season]]'' (2023)<ref name="Donahue2024"/> == Onyinye == * Forty Under 40, Business na Vancouver, 2003<ref name="FortyUnder40" /><ref name="ConnerGhosts"/>. * Onye a họpụtara maka Gemini Award maka edemede kacha mma na mmemme ozi ma ọ bụ usoro, The Hour na George Stroumboulopoulos, 2009<ref name="PlaybackGemini2009n"/> * Onye a họpụtara maka Canadian Comedy Award maka Best Female Improviser, 2001, 2002, 2004,<ref name="CCA2004"/> 2005,<ref name="CCA2005"/> 2006,<ref name="CCA2006"/> 2007,<ref name="CCA2007"/> 2008,<ref name="CCA2008"/> and 2015<ref name="Sumi2015n"/> * Onye a họpụtara na Canadian Comedy Award maka Best Improv Group, Leave It To Cleavage, 2004<ref name="ChilliwackCleavage"/> * Ndị edemede Guild of Canada Screenwriting Awards, Sondra Kelly Award maka Given Up, 2017<ref name="YeoScreenwriting"/> * Onye a họpụtara maka Canadian Screen Awards maka ịkacha ede, ide ụdị dị iche iche, maọbụ Sketch Comedy, 2020<ref name="CSAnomination"/> * Canadian Screen Award for Best Writing, Animation for ''[[Corner Gas Animated]]'' episode "Hedge Your Debts"<ref name="CSAwin">{{cite web|publisher=[[Canadian Screen Awards]]|url=https://www.academy.ca/2020/diana-frances/ |title=Diana Frances: Winner, Best Writing, Animation|date=18 February 2020 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref> * [[Writers Guild of Canada|Writers Guild of Canada Award]], Best Screenplay, ''The Burning Season'', 2024<ref name="WGAwin"/> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="MapleLocal">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Local comic seeing the world with humour |date=27 June 2008 |page=24 |work=Maple Ridge, Pitt Meadows Times |location=[[Maple Ridge, British Columbia]] |issn=1202-9408 |publisher=[[Postmedia Network|Southam Publications]] |id={{ProQuest|357832602}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PlaybackRockie">{{cite web |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Rockie Awards {{!}} Judges |date=2019 |work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Brunico Communications |url=https://rockies.playbackonline.ca/Juries/Judges/2019/ |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> <ref name="DownImprov">{{cite news |first=Susan |last=Down |title=Actors flex improv muscles: Blankety Blank is a dream job for actors who can't remember their lines. They only have to remember to keep the audience laughing |date=8 August 2002 |page=D6 |work=[[Times Colonist]] |location=Victoria, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|345887431}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="ConnerGhosts">{{cite news |first=Shawn |last=Conner |title=Ghosts of improv's past deliver Dickens with a twist |date=4 December 2005 |page=39 |work=[[Vancouver Courier]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|359320744}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="YoungAudience">{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Leiren-Young |title=Audience the author of Christmas Carol twists; Arts Club lets the public decide on details of Scrooge's life |date=27 November 2014 |page=C15 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|1628624873}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="FortyUnder40">{{cite web |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Business in Vancouver's Forty under 40 winners |page=15 |work=[[Business in Vancouver]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |url=https://issuu.com/bivmediagroup/docs/forty_under_40_winners_1990-2011 |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624084526/http://issuu.com/bivmediagroup/docs/forty_under_40_winners_1990-2011 |archive-date=24 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="CarlsonLaughing">{{cite news |first1=Tim |last1=Carlson |first2=Anne |last2=McIntyre |title=Laughing live: Comedy nights at local bars and cafes provide an opportunity to see amateurs and veterans work out new material |date=4 February 1999 |page=C16 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242832325}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="WassermanFringe">{{cite news |first=Jerry |last=Wasserman |title=Fringe Today |date=13 September 2005 |page=B2 |work=[[The Province]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|269415931}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="CourierAhead">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Seven days ahead |date=9 July 2003 |page=35 |work=[[Vancouver Courier]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|359542267}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="ChaiBoothby">{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Chai |title=Busy Boothby prepares for Fringe and comedy festival |date=8 September 2006 |page=35 |work=[[Vancouver Courier]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|359364257}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="ArmstrongDreams">{{cite news |first=John |last=Armstrong |title=Two dreams face same reality |date=15 July 1997 |page=B7 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242948639}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="SunShakespeare">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Cafe Culture |date=5 January 1998 |page=B7 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242911184}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieShakespeare">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=The complete works of Shakespeare - in two acts: Vancouver's RPS Productions attempts to squeeze all of the Bard's plays into one giddy two-hour evening. |date=8 January 1998 |page=C1 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242897545}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieBelong">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=Well Hello, Ruthie Nichol! It's so nice to have you back where you belong |date=12 April 2001 |page=C4 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242611663}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PerryCampagnolo">{{cite news |first=Malcolm |last=Perry |title=Campagnolo, Taylor give Jansson his due: Board of Trade suits assemble to fete one of their own |date=7 March 2002 |page=B3 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242492120}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="HilbornShadbolt">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Hilborn |title=Cats and dogs at Shadbolt |date=12 January 2005 |page=11 |work=[[Burnaby Now]] |location=Burnaby, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|358614936}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="VernonStyle">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Solving today's problems,'50s style |date=19 October 2005 |page=25 |work=[[The Morning Star (British Columbia newspaper)|The Morning Star]] |location=Vernon, British Columbia |publisher=Torstar Media Group |id={{ProQuest|373062399}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="ChilliwackCleavage">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Fresh, funny and fast; Leave it to Cleavage riffs on the virtues of the good ol' days |date=27 September 2012 |page=A31 |work=Chilliwack Times |location=Shilliwack, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|1081218410}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="WaddellPoised">{{cite news |first=Stephanie |last=Waddell |title=Nakai poised to serve up some mirth |date=30 November 2006 |page=4 |work=[[Whitehorse Star]] |location=Whitehorse, Yukon |id={{ProQuest|362364376}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BlakeySucker">{{cite news |first=Bob |last=Blakey |title=Worth Watching |date=3 February 2001 |page=G14 |work=[[Calgary Herald]] |location=Calgary, Alberta |id={{ProQuest|244845553}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="CarlsonVariations">{{cite news |first=Tim |last=Carlson |title=Variations on a screen: Whether to explore pop culture myths, improvise music or just go for laughs, three different groups are inventing new soundtracks for old films at Blinding Light Cinema. |date=28 February 2002 |page=D14 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242526195}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="VernonDesperate">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title= Move over, it's the original desperate housewives |date=12 October 2005 |page=25 |work=[[The Morning Star (British Columbia newspaper)|The Morning Star]] |location=Vernon, British Columbia |publisher=Torstar Media Group |id= {{ProQuest|372995216}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="EdwardsWillis">{{cite news |first=Ian |last=Edwards |title=Schwarzenegger and Willis in the wings |date=9 August 1999 |work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Brunico Communications |url=http://playbackonline.ca/1999/08/09/26350-19990809/ |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907161944/http://playbackonline.ca/1999/08/09/26350-19990809/ |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="EdwardsRetooled">{{cite news |first=Ian |last=Edwards |title=Comedy Network shows retooled for year-two runs |date=2 October 2000 |work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Brunico Communications |url=http://playbackonline.ca/2000/10/02/30033-20001002/ |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907154137/http://playbackonline.ca/2000/10/02/30033-20001002/ |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="WaddellWarm">{{cite news |first=Stephanie |last=Waddell |title=Festival's yuk-yuks to warm up January |date=4 December 2003 |page=4 |work=[[Whitehorse Star]] |location=Whitehorse, Yukon |id={{ProQuest|362237597}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="CoquitlamCleavage">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Leave it to Cleavage at Evergreen Oct. 29 |date=21 October 2005 |page=26 |work=[[Coquitlam Now]] |location=Coquitlam, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|358484716}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PlaybackGemini2009n">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Gemini Nominees: Craft Categories |date=12 October 2009 |page=24 |work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Brunico Communications |url=http://playbackonline.ca/2009/10/12/craft-20091012/ |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907175451/http://playbackonline.ca/2009/10/12/craft-20091012/ |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="ChamberlainPretty">{{cite news |first=Adrian |last=Chamberlain |title=Comedy isn't pretty, but it's funny |date=2 December 2004 |page=D4 |work=[[Times Colonist]] |location=Victoria, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|347980073}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="CourierWriters">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Wily writers do battle in Literary Death Match; War of words waged to attract new audiences to reading events |date=6 October 2010 |page=28 |work=[[Vancouver Courier]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|757032981}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="InwoodTroupe">{{cite news |first=Damian |last=Inwood |title=Improv comedy troupe off to humor troops |date=5 November 1997 |page=D9 |work=[[The Province]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|267599789}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PedwellSoldiers">{{cite news |first=Terry |last=Pedwell |title=Canadian soldiers treated to racy down-home tour show at base in Afghanistan |date=24 November 2003 |agency=[[The Canadian Press|Canadian Press Newswire]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/ |access-date=1 December 2019 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603081748/https://search.proquest.com/docview |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="McCreadieDrafted">{{cite news |first=Drew |last=McCreadie |title=Drafted into the Afghan improv corps |date=3 January 2004 |page=R10 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |id={{ProQuest|1368556901}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="TelegraphJournal">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Greater Saint John journal |date=16 January 2018 |page=B2 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |location=Saint John, New Brunswick |id={{ProQuest|1987634937}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PostEmotional">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Emotional journey awaits at Civic Chorale concert |date=22 April 2019 |work=The Post |location=Burlington, Ontario |publisher=Torstar Syndication Services |id={{ProQuest|2212932756}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="NewswireActra">{{cite press release |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=The 16th Annual ACTRA Awards in Toronto Nominees |date=13 January 2018 |location=Ottawa, Ontario |agency=Canada Newswire |publisher=PR Newswire Association |id={{ProQuest|1987009109}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="StrachanNightmare">{{cite news |first=Alex |last=Strachan |title=Hockey Nightmare in Canada: Don and Rex |date=2 October 2002 |page=D8 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242506045}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieScrooge">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=Scrooge twisted into season's best Christmas spoof |date=17 December 1998 |page=C21 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242830781}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="DoruyterImprov">{{cite magazine |first=Renee |last=Doruyter |title=Improv troupe makes sport of X-Files |date=1 December 1996 |page=B15 |magazine=[[The Province]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|267570466}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="TimesCalendar">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Go! Calendar |date=1 August 2002 |page=D11 |work=[[Times Colonist]] |location=Victoria, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|345888219}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieAntics">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=Antics of improv Musketeers range from clever to puerile |date=13 August 2004 |page=D3 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242325337}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieEmpire">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=The fringe of a new Empire |date=9 September 2006 |page=F20 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242159809}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="MintyCleavage">{{cite news |first=Melanie |last=Minty |title='Leave it to Cleavage' comedy comes to Surrey |date=6 November 2014 |page=A34 |work=The Tri-Cities Now |location=Port Moody, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|1621693441}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> -=-=- <ref name="CCA2004">{{cite web |url=https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2004 |title=Nominations & Awards Archives |publisher=Canadian Comedy Awards |author=<!--staff writers; no author credited--> |date=2004 |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180802151021/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2004 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live |accessdate=15 October 2022 |archivedate=10 January 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110170516/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2004 }}</ref> <ref name="CCA2006">{{cite web |url=https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2006 |title=Nominations & Awards Archives |publisher=Canadian Comedy Awards |author=<!--staff writers; no author credited--> |date=2006 |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180802151327/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2006 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live |accessdate=15 October 2022 |archivedate=15 May 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515134424/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2006 }}</ref> <ref name="CCA2007">{{cite web |url=https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2007 |title=Nominations & Awards Archives |publisher=Canadian Comedy Awards |author=<!--staff writers; no author credited--> |date=2007 |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180802152111/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2007 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live |accessdate=15 October 2022 |archivedate=14 June 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614141457/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2007 }}</ref> <ref name="Sumi2015n">{{cite web |last=Sumi |first=Glen |url=https://nowtoronto.com/stage/comedy/canadian-comedy-awards-nominees/ |title=2015 Canadian Comedy Awards nominees |work=[[Now (newspaper)|Now Magazine]] |publisher=Now Communications Inc. |location=Toronto |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704123635/https://nowtoronto.com/stage/comedy/canadian-comedy-awards-nominees/ |archive-date=4 July 2019 |url-status=live |accessdate=15 October 2022 |archivedate=4 July 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704123635/https://nowtoronto.com/stage/comedy/canadian-comedy-awards-nominees/ }}</ref> <ref name="YeoScreenwriting">{{cite news |first=Debra |last=Yeo |title=Letterkenny and X Company take Writers Guild of Canada Screenwriting Awards |date=25 April 2017 |work=[[Toronto Star]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2017/04/25/letterkenny-and-x-company-take-writers-guild-of-canada-screenwriting-awards.html |access-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426025347/https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2017/04/25/letterkenny-and-x-company-take-writers-guild-of-canada-screenwriting-awards.html |archive-date=26 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Frances, Diana}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] 8jf2gkzxn25kjqrj0q6fa0nha82muxu 672165 672163 2026-07-04T12:08:25Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Diana Frances, (onye mụrụ '''Diana Frances''' Clent) bụ onye Canada na-eme ihe ọchị, onye edemede, na onye njikwa azụmahịa. O dere ma mee ihe ọchị maka ihe nkiri, telivishọn na redio ruo afọ iri atọ, ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke otu ihe nkiri Rock Paper Scissors nke dị na Vancouver. A họpụtala ya maka Gemini Award na onye nke itoolu, Canadian Comedy Awards. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Diana Frances Clent si Langley kwaga Maple Ridge, British Columbia, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, mgbe ihe o mechara kọwaa dị ka "ihe na-akpata ọdachi n'ezinụlọ"<ref name="MapleLocal"/>. Ndị ọzọ kpọọrọ ya, ọ bụrụ nwa ha<ref name="PlaybackRockie"/>, ma soro nwanne nne ya na nwanne nna ya biri mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Maple Ridge <ref name="MapleLocal"/>. Ọ gara ọmụmụ ihe ihe nkiri ma na mbụ chụsoo ihe nkiri Shakespearean<ref name="DownImprov"/>, mana a na-etinye ya ugboro ugboro na ọrụ na-atọ ọchị ma nwee obi ụtọ na nzaghachi ndị na-ege ntị <ref name="MapleLocal"/>. Ọ gụrụ ihe nkiri na Douglas College <ref name="DownImprov"/>. Ka ọ na-abanye n'azụmahịa ntụrụndụ, ọ hapụrụ aha nna ya nke o chere na ọ dị ka "ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị"<ref name="MapleLocal"/>. == Ọrụ == Frances sonyeere Vancouver Theatresports League, ebe ọ mụtara usoro improvisational. Amamihe ya ngwa ngwa mere ka o nweta ọnọdụ na Rock Paper Scissors (RPS) comedy collective<ref name="DownImprov"/>. N'afọ 1991, ọ nọchiri onye na-eme ihe nkiri na mmepụta RPS A Twisted Christmas Carol, egwuregwu improvisational dabere na usoro nke Dickens classic<ref name="ConnerGhosts"/>. Ọ laghachiri ịbụ akụkụ nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ oge ọ bụla nke egwuregwu ahụ ruo 2005, ma mesịa maliteghachi egwuregwu ahụ na 2014.<ref name="YoungAudience"/> RPS dọtara ndị ahịa ụlọ ọrụ ma chọta ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-eme ihe ọchị maka nzukọ yana inye ọmụmụ ihe maka mmekọrịta ndị ọrụ. Dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke RPS, a kpọrọ Frances otu n'ime "Forty Under 40" site na magazin Business in Vancouver na 2003<ref name="FortyUnder40" /><ref name="DownImprov"/>. Frances sokwa ụlọ ọrụ Impolite Company (IMPCO) mee ihe osise<ref name="CarlsonLaughing" />, Urban Improv<ref name="WassermanFringe" /><ref name="CourierAhead" /> na Canadian Content<ref name="ChaiBoothby" />. N'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1997, Frances pụtara na otu egwu egwu egwu I'd Probably Be Famous<ref name="ArmstrongDreams" />. O duziri mmepụta nke The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged) na Jenụwarị 1998<ref name="SunShakespeare" />, ma mee akụkụ nke egwuregwu ahụ dị ka nọmba abụ na ịgba egwú mgbe ọ chọpụtara na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ya nwere ike ịgba egwú<ref name="BirnieShakespeare" />. N'afọ 2001 na 2002, ya na RPS rụrụ ọrụ na egwu egwu ''Blankety Blank'': The Unknown Musical<ref name="BirnieBelong" /> and Design For Living<ref name="PerryCampagnolo" />. N'afọ 2005, Frances malitere ime Leave it to Cleavage, ihe ngosi ọ mepụtara na Ellie Harvie, ebe ndị na-elekọta ụlọ ha na-enye ngwọta oge 1950 maka nonsense nke oge a nke ndị na-ege ntị<ref name="HilbornShadbolt" /><ref name="VernonStyle" /><ref name="ChilliwackCleavage" />. A matara ha site na nhọpụta nke afọ 2004 Canadian Comedy Award maka Best Improv Troupe<ref name="WaddellPoised" />. Arịrịọ maka mmemme ''telivishọn'' bịara na ngwụcha afọ 1990 site na mmalite nke The Comedy Network, nke Frances dere ma mee ihe nkiri na usoro nke ihe nkiri Slightly Bent TV (1999) na Sucker Punch (2001 euo 2002)<ref name="BlakeySucker" /><ref name="CarlsonVariations" /><ref name="VernonDesperate"/><ref name="EdwardsWillis"/><ref name="EdwardsRetooled"/> ma dee maka ''akwụkwọ'' ''akụkọ'' satirical nke afọ 2002 Point Blank<ref name="WaddellWarm"/>. O dere maka CTV's Comedy Inc<ref name="CoquitlamCleavage"/>, ma soro mepụta ma rụọ ọrụ na njem ọchị iji kwado oge nke ise ya<ref name="MapleLocal"/>. O mechara dee maka This Hour Has 22 Minutes<ref name="ChilliwackCleavage"/>. A họpụtara Frances maka Gemini Award maka ide maka The Hour na George Stroumboulopoulos<ref name="PlaybackGemini2009n"/>. Frances mechara deere ndị ''[[Corner Gas Animated]]''<ref>{{cite web |website=Corner Gas|url=https://www.cornergas.com/diana-frances/ |title=Diana Frances |date=8 December 2017 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref> which won her a 2020 Canadian Screen Award<ref name="CSAwin"/> nke mere ka o rite ihe nrite Canadian Screen Award nke afọ 2020{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} She has also written for ''[[The Beaverton]]'', ''[[Aunty B's House]]'' and ''[[Still Standing (Canadian TV series)|Still Standing]]''.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}. Frances emepụtala ihe maka ememme Vancouver na Victoria<ref name="CarlsonLaughing"/>, a na-ekwukwa na ọ na-eweta ihe ọchị improvisational na Yukon mgbe ọ kwusiri ike na akụkụ improvisational n'ememme comedy nke Nakai na 2003. Ndị na-ahazi ya na ndị na-ege ntị nwere mmasị nke ukwuu nke na e debara aha Frances maka ihe ngosi zuru oke n'afọ ndị sochirinụ<ref name="WaddellWarm"/> wee mechie emume 2007 na Leave it to Cleavage<ref name="WaddellPoised"/>. N'afọ 2004, Frances dere ihe ngosi CBC Radio banyere ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe mkpaọchị<ref name="ChamberlainPretty"/>. ''O'' dere ma pụta n'ọtụtụ ''ihe omume'' nke The Debaters na Definitely Not the Opera<ref name="CourierWriters"/>, nyere aka na ihe ngosi na-atọ ọchị The Irrelevant Show, ma jee ozi dị ka onye na-ede akụkọ ''mmekọrịta'' ya na ihe ngosi ya bụ Dating Diana<ref name="MintyCleavage"/>. Frances ka na-aga n'ihu na-edere ''The Debaters'' ihe, nke so zọọ ịgba onye nke mbụ na [[New York Festivals Radio Awards]] nke afọ 2014.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[New York Festivals]]|url=https://radio.newyorkfestivals.com/Winners/WinnerDetailsNew/3bbec9a0-bd04-4401-9dbd-3c4d3fc0d002 |title=Winners Gallery|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=September 2024|nhọpụta ahụ bụ maka ihe ngosi ahụ n'onwe ya, ọ bụghị kpọmkwem maka ntinye o mere, ọ bụkwa naanị nhọpụta ka ọ bụ – ọ dị nnukwu mkpa otu ahụ nke na a ga-etinye ya?}} Frances so RPS rụọ ọrụ na njem abụọ maka ndị agha Canada: njem otu ọnwa na afọ 1997, na-eleta CFS Alert, Bosnia, Egypt, Israel, na CFB Goose Bay<ref name="MapleLocal"/><ref name="InwoodTroupe"/>; na njem ụbọchị itoolu nke Afghanistan na afọ 2003, na-eme na Camp Julien na Kabul<ref name="PedwellSoldiers"/> na Camp Warehouse dị nso<ref name="McCreadieDrafted"/>. N'afọ 2018 na 2019, ya na Elvira Kurt na Friends<ref name="TelegraphJournal" /> and Girls Nite Out<ref name="PostEmotional" /> so na=aga njem ime ngosi. N'afọ 2023, O mere ihe ngosi isii nke ''Leave It to Cleavage'' na Incanto Theatre dị na Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, ya na onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Second City bụ Karen Parker yana onye ọzọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Vancouver TheatreSports bụ Christine Lippa<ref name="Puerto">{{cite web|date=6 March 2023|title=''Leave it to Cleavage'' Brings an All New, All-Female Improv Comedy Show to Incanto March 14 to 31, 2023|website=Out and About Puerto Vallarta|url=https://outandaboutpv.com/leave-it-to-cleavage-brings-an-all-new-all-female-improv-comedy-show-to-incanto-march-14-to-31-2023/}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=August 2024|Nke a yiri ka ọ bụ maka ihe ngosi isii, ọ dị nnukwu mkpa otu ahụ nke na a ga-etinye ya?}} Frances edeelara ọtụtụ ihe ngosi award ihe, gụnyere 2018 ACTRA Awards na ihe ngosi Toronto, nke Colin Mochrie hiwere<ref name="NewswireActra" /> nakwa ACTRA Awards nke afọ 2019 na 2024 nke Martha Chaves hiwere.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} O deela Banff World Media Festival Rockie Awards ruo afọ iri na otu.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} O dekwaara ndị Just For Laughs Galas n'afọ 2017 ruo 2019.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Frances edeelara ndị [[Canadian Screen Awards]] n'afọ 2018{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} ana 2019, nke ikpeazụ ahụ o dere mere ka a họpụta ya maka Canadian Screen Award.<ref name="CSAnomination">{{cite web|url=https://www.academy.ca/2020/monica-heisey/ |website=The Canadian Screen Awards |title=Monica Heisey, Aisha Brown, Diana Frances, Zoe Whittall – Nominees, Best Writing, Variety or Sketch Comedy |date=18 February 2020 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>, o deelakwara Directors Guild of Canada Awards (nke onye hiwere ya bụ Arisa Cox),{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} yana Scotiabank Giller Prize.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Ebe e dere ihe nkiri mbụ nke Frances so mee, [[The Burning Season (2023 film)|''The Burning Season'']], ritere Best Screenplay na ihe omume [[Whistler Film Festival]] yana [[Canadian Film Festival]]<ref name="Donahue2024">{{cite news|first=Anne T.|last=Donahue|title=The Burning Season's heart-wrenching take on infidelity examines the perils of best intentions|date=10 May 2024|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/reviews/article-the-burning-seasons-heart-wrenching-take-on-infidelity-examines-the/#:~:text=Winner%20of%20best%20screenplay%20at,tends%20to%20define%20infidelity%20sagas.|id={{ProQuest|3053032928}} }}</ref> and at the Writers Guild of Canada Awards.<ref name="WGAwin">{{cite web|url=https://www.wgc.ca/awards |title=Awards|publisher=Writer's Guild of Canada |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>. Frances bụ onye ọka ikpe na asọmpi telivishọn sketch-comedy Sketch Troop n'akụkụ Harvie na Tim Progosh. Ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe maka akụkụ Vancouver nke njem obodo iri na abụọ nke Literary Death Match. == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == === Ihe ngosi Improv === * ''A'' Twisted Christmas Carol na Rock Paper Scissors, oge 1991 na 2005, 2014 * The X-Mas Files na Vancouver Theatresports, December 1996 * Blankety Blank: Egwú a na-amaghị ama na Rock Paper Scissors, Eprel 2001, Ọgọst 2002 * Sword Play, Improv Outlet Co-op, August 2004 * ''Hapụ ya ka ọ gaa'' Cleavage: The Original Desperate Housewives, ya na Ellie Harvie, Jenụwarị 2005 * Canadian Content, na Urban Improv, Septemba 2005 === Egwuregwu ndị e dere ede === * ''O yikarịrị ka m ga-abụ onye a ma ama'', July 1997 * The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged), Jenụwarị 1998, dị ka onye nduzi * ''Nhazi Maka'' Ibi na Rock Paper Scissors, Eprel 2002 * ''Ndị agha Canada vs. Ndị Na-awakpo Nuklia'' na Canadian Content, Septemba 2006 === Telivishọn === * Slightly Bent TV, 1999, onye edemede / onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="VernonDesperate" /> * Sucker Punch, 2001-2002, onye edemede/onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="BlakeySucker" /><ref name="CarlsonVariations" /> * Sketch Troop, 2002, ọkàikpe<ref name="StrachanNightmare"/> * Point Blank, 2002, onye edemede<ref name="WaddellWarm"/> * ''Comedy Inc'', onye edemede<ref name="CoquitlamCleavage"/> * ''Oge a nwere nkeji iri abụọ na abụọ'', onye edemede<ref name="ChilliwackCleavage"/> * ''[[Corner Gas Animated]]'', 2018–2019, onye edemede{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * 2018 Canadian Screen Awards, onye edemede{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * 2019 Canadian Screen Awards, onye edemede{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * ''Jonathan Van Ness: Kicks'', 2020, onye edemede{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * ''Anthony Anderson: Awesomesauce'', onye edemede afọ 2020 {{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * ''Overlord & The Underwoods'', 2022, onye ndezi akụkọ {{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * ''Aunty B's House'', 2023, onye edemede {{citation needed|date=September 2024}} === Redio === * ''Ndị'' Debaters, onye edemede / onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="CourierWriters"/> * N'ezie ọ bụghị Opera, onye edemede / onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="CourierWriters"/> * ''Ihe Omume Na-abaghị Mkpa''<ref name="MintyCleavage"/> * ''Mmekọrịta Diana'', onye edemede / onye ọbịa<ref name="MintyCleavage"/> ==Ihe Nkiri O so na Ya == * ''[[The Burning Season (2023 film)|The Burning Season]]'' (2023)<ref name="Donahue2024"/> == Onyinye == * Forty Under 40, Business na Vancouver, 2003<ref name="FortyUnder40" /><ref name="ConnerGhosts"/>. * Onye a họpụtara maka Gemini Award maka edemede kacha mma na mmemme ozi ma ọ bụ usoro, The Hour na George Stroumboulopoulos, 2009<ref name="PlaybackGemini2009n"/> * Onye a họpụtara maka Canadian Comedy Award maka Best Female Improviser, 2001, 2002, 2004,<ref name="CCA2004"/> 2005, 2006,<ref name="CCA2006"/> 2007,<ref name="CCA2007"/> 2008 and 2015<ref name="Sumi2015n"/> * Onye a họpụtara na Canadian Comedy Award maka Best Improv Group, Leave It To Cleavage, 2004<ref name="ChilliwackCleavage"/> * Ndị edemede Guild of Canada Screenwriting Awards, Sondra Kelly Award maka Given Up, 2017<ref name="YeoScreenwriting"/> * Onye a họpụtara maka Canadian Screen Awards maka ịkacha ede, ide ụdị dị iche iche, maọbụ Sketch Comedy, 2020<ref name="CSAnomination"/> * Canadian Screen Award for Best Writing, Animation for ''[[Corner Gas Animated]]'' episode "Hedge Your Debts"<ref name="CSAwin">{{cite web|publisher=[[Canadian Screen Awards]]|url=https://www.academy.ca/2020/diana-frances/ |title=Diana Frances: Winner, Best Writing, Animation|date=18 February 2020 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref> * [[Writers Guild of Canada|Writers Guild of Canada Award]], Best Screenplay, ''The Burning Season'', 2024<ref name="WGAwin"/> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="MapleLocal">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Local comic seeing the world with humour |date=27 June 2008 |page=24 |work=Maple Ridge, Pitt Meadows Times |location=[[Maple Ridge, British Columbia]] |issn=1202-9408 |publisher=[[Postmedia Network|Southam Publications]] |id={{ProQuest|357832602}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PlaybackRockie">{{cite web |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Rockie Awards {{!}} Judges |date=2019 |work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Brunico Communications |url=https://rockies.playbackonline.ca/Juries/Judges/2019/ |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> <ref name="DownImprov">{{cite news |first=Susan |last=Down |title=Actors flex improv muscles: Blankety Blank is a dream job for actors who can't remember their lines. They only have to remember to keep the audience laughing |date=8 August 2002 |page=D6 |work=[[Times Colonist]] |location=Victoria, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|345887431}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="ConnerGhosts">{{cite news |first=Shawn |last=Conner |title=Ghosts of improv's past deliver Dickens with a twist |date=4 December 2005 |page=39 |work=[[Vancouver Courier]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|359320744}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="YoungAudience">{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Leiren-Young |title=Audience the author of Christmas Carol twists; Arts Club lets the public decide on details of Scrooge's life |date=27 November 2014 |page=C15 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|1628624873}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="FortyUnder40">{{cite web |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Business in Vancouver's Forty under 40 winners |page=15 |work=[[Business in Vancouver]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |url=https://issuu.com/bivmediagroup/docs/forty_under_40_winners_1990-2011 |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624084526/http://issuu.com/bivmediagroup/docs/forty_under_40_winners_1990-2011 |archive-date=24 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="CarlsonLaughing">{{cite news |first1=Tim |last1=Carlson |first2=Anne |last2=McIntyre |title=Laughing live: Comedy nights at local bars and cafes provide an opportunity to see amateurs and veterans work out new material |date=4 February 1999 |page=C16 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242832325}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="WassermanFringe">{{cite news |first=Jerry |last=Wasserman |title=Fringe Today |date=13 September 2005 |page=B2 |work=[[The Province]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|269415931}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="CourierAhead">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Seven days ahead |date=9 July 2003 |page=35 |work=[[Vancouver Courier]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|359542267}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="ChaiBoothby">{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Chai |title=Busy Boothby prepares for Fringe and comedy festival |date=8 September 2006 |page=35 |work=[[Vancouver Courier]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|359364257}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="ArmstrongDreams">{{cite news |first=John |last=Armstrong |title=Two dreams face same reality |date=15 July 1997 |page=B7 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242948639}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="SunShakespeare">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Cafe Culture |date=5 January 1998 |page=B7 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242911184}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieShakespeare">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=The complete works of Shakespeare - in two acts: Vancouver's RPS Productions attempts to squeeze all of the Bard's plays into one giddy two-hour evening. |date=8 January 1998 |page=C1 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242897545}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieBelong">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=Well Hello, Ruthie Nichol! It's so nice to have you back where you belong |date=12 April 2001 |page=C4 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242611663}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PerryCampagnolo">{{cite news |first=Malcolm |last=Perry |title=Campagnolo, Taylor give Jansson his due: Board of Trade suits assemble to fete one of their own |date=7 March 2002 |page=B3 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242492120}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="HilbornShadbolt">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Hilborn |title=Cats and dogs at Shadbolt |date=12 January 2005 |page=11 |work=[[Burnaby Now]] |location=Burnaby, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|358614936}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="VernonStyle">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Solving today's problems,'50s style |date=19 October 2005 |page=25 |work=[[The Morning Star (British Columbia newspaper)|The Morning Star]] |location=Vernon, British Columbia |publisher=Torstar Media Group |id={{ProQuest|373062399}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="ChilliwackCleavage">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Fresh, funny and fast; Leave it to Cleavage riffs on the virtues of the good ol' days |date=27 September 2012 |page=A31 |work=Chilliwack Times |location=Shilliwack, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|1081218410}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="WaddellPoised">{{cite news |first=Stephanie |last=Waddell |title=Nakai poised to serve up some mirth |date=30 November 2006 |page=4 |work=[[Whitehorse Star]] |location=Whitehorse, Yukon |id={{ProQuest|362364376}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BlakeySucker">{{cite news |first=Bob |last=Blakey |title=Worth Watching |date=3 February 2001 |page=G14 |work=[[Calgary Herald]] |location=Calgary, Alberta |id={{ProQuest|244845553}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="CarlsonVariations">{{cite news |first=Tim |last=Carlson |title=Variations on a screen: Whether to explore pop culture myths, improvise music or just go for laughs, three different groups are inventing new soundtracks for old films at Blinding Light Cinema. |date=28 February 2002 |page=D14 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242526195}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="VernonDesperate">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title= Move over, it's the original desperate housewives |date=12 October 2005 |page=25 |work=[[The Morning Star (British Columbia newspaper)|The Morning Star]] |location=Vernon, British Columbia |publisher=Torstar Media Group |id= {{ProQuest|372995216}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="EdwardsWillis">{{cite news |first=Ian |last=Edwards |title=Schwarzenegger and Willis in the wings |date=9 August 1999 |work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Brunico Communications |url=http://playbackonline.ca/1999/08/09/26350-19990809/ |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907161944/http://playbackonline.ca/1999/08/09/26350-19990809/ |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="EdwardsRetooled">{{cite news |first=Ian |last=Edwards |title=Comedy Network shows retooled for year-two runs |date=2 October 2000 |work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Brunico Communications |url=http://playbackonline.ca/2000/10/02/30033-20001002/ |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907154137/http://playbackonline.ca/2000/10/02/30033-20001002/ |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="WaddellWarm">{{cite news |first=Stephanie |last=Waddell |title=Festival's yuk-yuks to warm up January |date=4 December 2003 |page=4 |work=[[Whitehorse Star]] |location=Whitehorse, Yukon |id={{ProQuest|362237597}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="CoquitlamCleavage">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Leave it to Cleavage at Evergreen Oct. 29 |date=21 October 2005 |page=26 |work=[[Coquitlam Now]] |location=Coquitlam, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|358484716}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PlaybackGemini2009n">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Gemini Nominees: Craft Categories |date=12 October 2009 |page=24 |work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Brunico Communications |url=http://playbackonline.ca/2009/10/12/craft-20091012/ |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907175451/http://playbackonline.ca/2009/10/12/craft-20091012/ |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="ChamberlainPretty">{{cite news |first=Adrian |last=Chamberlain |title=Comedy isn't pretty, but it's funny |date=2 December 2004 |page=D4 |work=[[Times Colonist]] |location=Victoria, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|347980073}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="CourierWriters">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Wily writers do battle in Literary Death Match; War of words waged to attract new audiences to reading events |date=6 October 2010 |page=28 |work=[[Vancouver Courier]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|757032981}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="InwoodTroupe">{{cite news |first=Damian |last=Inwood |title=Improv comedy troupe off to humor troops |date=5 November 1997 |page=D9 |work=[[The Province]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|267599789}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PedwellSoldiers">{{cite news |first=Terry |last=Pedwell |title=Canadian soldiers treated to racy down-home tour show at base in Afghanistan |date=24 November 2003 |agency=[[The Canadian Press|Canadian Press Newswire]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/ |access-date=1 December 2019 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603081748/https://search.proquest.com/docview |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="McCreadieDrafted">{{cite news |first=Drew |last=McCreadie |title=Drafted into the Afghan improv corps |date=3 January 2004 |page=R10 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |id={{ProQuest|1368556901}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="TelegraphJournal">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Greater Saint John journal |date=16 January 2018 |page=B2 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |location=Saint John, New Brunswick |id={{ProQuest|1987634937}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PostEmotional">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Emotional journey awaits at Civic Chorale concert |date=22 April 2019 |work=The Post |location=Burlington, Ontario |publisher=Torstar Syndication Services |id={{ProQuest|2212932756}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="NewswireActra">{{cite press release |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=The 16th Annual ACTRA Awards in Toronto Nominees |date=13 January 2018 |location=Ottawa, Ontario |agency=Canada Newswire |publisher=PR Newswire Association |id={{ProQuest|1987009109}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="StrachanNightmare">{{cite news |first=Alex |last=Strachan |title=Hockey Nightmare in Canada: Don and Rex |date=2 October 2002 |page=D8 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242506045}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieScrooge">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=Scrooge twisted into season's best Christmas spoof |date=17 December 1998 |page=C21 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242830781}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="DoruyterImprov">{{cite magazine |first=Renee |last=Doruyter |title=Improv troupe makes sport of X-Files |date=1 December 1996 |page=B15 |magazine=[[The Province]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|267570466}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="TimesCalendar">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Go! Calendar |date=1 August 2002 |page=D11 |work=[[Times Colonist]] |location=Victoria, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|345888219}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieAntics">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=Antics of improv Musketeers range from clever to puerile |date=13 August 2004 |page=D3 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242325337}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieEmpire">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=The fringe of a new Empire |date=9 September 2006 |page=F20 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242159809}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="MintyCleavage">{{cite news |first=Melanie |last=Minty |title='Leave it to Cleavage' comedy comes to Surrey |date=6 November 2014 |page=A34 |work=The Tri-Cities Now |location=Port Moody, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|1621693441}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> -=-=- <ref name="CCA2004">{{cite web |url=https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2004 |title=Nominations & Awards Archives |publisher=Canadian Comedy Awards |author=<!--staff writers; no author credited--> |date=2004 |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180802151021/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2004 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live |accessdate=15 October 2022 |archivedate=10 January 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110170516/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2004 }}</ref> <ref name="CCA2006">{{cite web |url=https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2006 |title=Nominations & Awards Archives |publisher=Canadian Comedy Awards |author=<!--staff writers; no author credited--> |date=2006 |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180802151327/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2006 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live |accessdate=15 October 2022 |archivedate=15 May 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515134424/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2006 }}</ref> <ref name="CCA2007">{{cite web |url=https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2007 |title=Nominations & Awards Archives |publisher=Canadian Comedy Awards |author=<!--staff writers; no author credited--> |date=2007 |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180802152111/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2007 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live |accessdate=15 October 2022 |archivedate=14 June 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614141457/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2007 }}</ref> <ref name="Sumi2015n">{{cite web |last=Sumi |first=Glen |url=https://nowtoronto.com/stage/comedy/canadian-comedy-awards-nominees/ |title=2015 Canadian Comedy Awards nominees |work=[[Now (newspaper)|Now Magazine]] |publisher=Now Communications Inc. |location=Toronto |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704123635/https://nowtoronto.com/stage/comedy/canadian-comedy-awards-nominees/ |archive-date=4 July 2019 |url-status=live |accessdate=15 October 2022 |archivedate=4 July 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704123635/https://nowtoronto.com/stage/comedy/canadian-comedy-awards-nominees/ }}</ref> <ref name="YeoScreenwriting">{{cite news |first=Debra |last=Yeo |title=Letterkenny and X Company take Writers Guild of Canada Screenwriting Awards |date=25 April 2017 |work=[[Toronto Star]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2017/04/25/letterkenny-and-x-company-take-writers-guild-of-canada-screenwriting-awards.html |access-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426025347/https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2017/04/25/letterkenny-and-x-company-take-writers-guild-of-canada-screenwriting-awards.html |archive-date=26 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Frances, Diana}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] 897yk50r0glap27qfrx3687ohxa8txp 672167 672165 2026-07-04T12:18:56Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Diana Frances, (onye mụrụ '''Diana Frances''' Clent) bụ onye Canada na-eme ihe ọchị, onye edemede, na onye njikwa azụmahịa. O dere ma mee ihe ọchị maka ihe nkiri, telivishọn na redio ruo afọ iri atọ, ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke otu ihe nkiri Rock Paper Scissors nke dị na Vancouver. A họpụtala ya maka Gemini Award na onye nke itoolu, Canadian Comedy Awards. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Diana Frances Clent si Langley kwaga Maple Ridge, British Columbia, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, mgbe ihe o mechara kọwaa dị ka "ihe na-akpata ọdachi n'ezinụlọ"<ref name="MapleLocal"/>. Ndị ọzọ kpọọrọ ya, ọ bụrụ nwa ha<ref name="PlaybackRockie"/>, ma soro nwanne nne ya na nwanne nna ya biri mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Maple Ridge <ref name="MapleLocal"/>. Ọ gara ọmụmụ ihe ihe nkiri ma na mbụ chụsoo ihe nkiri Shakespearean<ref name="DownImprov"/>, mana a na-etinye ya ugboro ugboro na ọrụ na-atọ ọchị ma nwee obi ụtọ na nzaghachi ndị na-ege ntị <ref name="MapleLocal"/>. Ọ gụrụ ihe nkiri na Douglas College <ref name="DownImprov"/>. Ka ọ na-abanye n'azụmahịa ntụrụndụ, ọ hapụrụ aha nna ya nke o chere na ọ dị ka "ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị"<ref name="MapleLocal"/>. == Ọrụ == Frances sonyeere Vancouver Theatresports League, ebe ọ mụtara usoro improvisational. Amamihe ya ngwa ngwa mere ka o nweta ọnọdụ na Rock Paper Scissors (RPS) comedy collective<ref name="DownImprov"/>. N'afọ 1991, ọ nọchiri onye na-eme ihe nkiri na mmepụta RPS A Twisted Christmas Carol, egwuregwu improvisational dabere na usoro nke Dickens classic<ref name="ConnerGhosts"/>. Ọ laghachiri ịbụ akụkụ nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ oge ọ bụla nke egwuregwu ahụ ruo 2005, ma mesịa maliteghachi egwuregwu ahụ na 2014.<ref name="YoungAudience"/> RPS dọtara ndị ahịa ụlọ ọrụ ma chọta ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na-eme ihe ọchị maka nzukọ yana inye ọmụmụ ihe maka mmekọrịta ndị ọrụ. Dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke RPS, a kpọrọ Frances otu n'ime "Forty Under 40" site na magazin Business in Vancouver na 2003<ref name="FortyUnder40" /><ref name="DownImprov"/>. Frances sokwa ụlọ ọrụ Impolite Company (IMPCO) mee ihe osise<ref name="CarlsonLaughing" />, Urban Improv<ref name="WassermanFringe" /><ref name="CourierAhead" /> na Canadian Content<ref name="ChaiBoothby" />. N'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1997, Frances pụtara na otu egwu egwu egwu I'd Probably Be Famous<ref name="ArmstrongDreams" />. O duziri mmepụta nke The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged) na Jenụwarị 1998<ref name="SunShakespeare" />, ma mee akụkụ nke egwuregwu ahụ dị ka nọmba abụ na ịgba egwú mgbe ọ chọpụtara na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ya nwere ike ịgba egwú<ref name="BirnieShakespeare" />. N'afọ 2001 na 2002, ya na RPS rụrụ ọrụ na egwu egwu ''Blankety Blank'': The Unknown Musical<ref name="BirnieBelong" /> and Design For Living<ref name="PerryCampagnolo" />. N'afọ 2005, Frances malitere ime Leave it to Cleavage, ihe ngosi ọ mepụtara na Ellie Harvie, ebe ndị na-elekọta ụlọ ha na-enye ngwọta oge 1950 maka nonsense nke oge a nke ndị na-ege ntị<ref name="HilbornShadbolt" /><ref name="VernonStyle" /><ref name="ChilliwackCleavage" />. A matara ha site na nhọpụta nke afọ 2004 Canadian Comedy Award maka Best Improv Troupe<ref name="WaddellPoised" />. Arịrịọ maka mmemme ''telivishọn'' bịara na ngwụcha afọ 1990 site na mmalite nke The Comedy Network, nke Frances dere ma mee ihe nkiri na usoro nke ihe nkiri Slightly Bent TV (1999) na Sucker Punch (2001 euo 2002)<ref name="BlakeySucker" /><ref name="CarlsonVariations" /><ref name="VernonDesperate"/><ref name="EdwardsWillis"/><ref name="EdwardsRetooled"/> ma dee maka ''akwụkwọ'' ''akụkọ'' satirical nke afọ 2002 Point Blank<ref name="WaddellWarm"/>. O dere maka CTV's Comedy Inc<ref name="CoquitlamCleavage"/>, ma soro mepụta ma rụọ ọrụ na njem ọchị iji kwado oge nke ise ya<ref name="MapleLocal"/>. O mechara dee maka This Hour Has 22 Minutes<ref name="ChilliwackCleavage"/>. A họpụtara Frances maka Gemini Award maka ide maka The Hour na George Stroumboulopoulos<ref name="PlaybackGemini2009n"/>. Frances mechara deere ndị ''[[Corner Gas Animated]]''<ref>{{cite web |website=Corner Gas|url=https://www.cornergas.com/diana-frances/ |title=Diana Frances |date=8 December 2017 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref> which won her a 2020 Canadian Screen Award<ref name="CSAwin"/> nke mere ka o rite ihe nrite Canadian Screen Award nke afọ 2020{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} She has also written for ''[[The Beaverton]]'', ''[[Aunty B's House]]'' and ''[[Still Standing (Canadian TV series)|Still Standing]]''.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}}. Frances emepụtala ihe maka ememme Vancouver na Victoria<ref name="CarlsonLaughing"/>, a na-ekwukwa na ọ na-eweta ihe ọchị improvisational na Yukon mgbe ọ kwusiri ike na akụkụ improvisational n'ememme comedy nke Nakai na 2003. Ndị na-ahazi ya na ndị na-ege ntị nwere mmasị nke ukwuu nke na e debara aha Frances maka ihe ngosi zuru oke n'afọ ndị sochirinụ<ref name="WaddellWarm"/> wee mechie emume 2007 na Leave it to Cleavage<ref name="WaddellPoised"/>. N'afọ 2004, Frances dere ihe ngosi CBC Radio banyere ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe mkpaọchị<ref name="ChamberlainPretty"/>. ''O'' dere ma pụta n'ọtụtụ ''ihe omume'' nke The Debaters na Definitely Not the Opera<ref name="CourierWriters"/>, nyere aka na ihe ngosi na-atọ ọchị The Irrelevant Show, ma jee ozi dị ka onye na-ede akụkọ ''mmekọrịta'' ya na ihe ngosi ya bụ Dating Diana<ref name="MintyCleavage"/>. Frances ka na-aga n'ihu na-edere ''The Debaters'' ihe, nke so zọọ ịgba onye nke mbụ na [[New York Festivals Radio Awards]] nke afọ 2014.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[New York Festivals]]|url=https://radio.newyorkfestivals.com/Winners/WinnerDetailsNew/3bbec9a0-bd04-4401-9dbd-3c4d3fc0d002 |title=Winners Gallery|access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=September 2024|nhọpụta ahụ bụ maka ihe ngosi ahụ n'onwe ya, ọ bụghị kpọmkwem maka ntinye o mere, ọ bụkwa naanị nhọpụta ka ọ bụ – ọ dị nnukwu mkpa otu ahụ nke na a ga-etinye ya?}} Frances so RPS rụọ ọrụ na njem abụọ maka ndị agha Canada: njem otu ọnwa na afọ 1997, na-eleta CFS Alert, Bosnia, Egypt, Israel, na CFB Goose Bay<ref name="MapleLocal"/><ref name="InwoodTroupe"/>; na njem ụbọchị itoolu nke Afghanistan na afọ 2003, na-eme na Camp Julien na Kabul<ref name="PedwellSoldiers"/> na Camp Warehouse dị nso<ref name="McCreadieDrafted"/>. N'afọ 2018 na 2019, ya na Elvira Kurt na Friends<ref name="TelegraphJournal" /> and Girls Nite Out<ref name="PostEmotional" /> so na=aga njem ime ngosi. N'afọ 2023, O mere ihe ngosi isii nke ''Leave It to Cleavage'' na Incanto Theatre dị na Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, ya na onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Second City bụ Karen Parker yana onye ọzọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Vancouver TheatreSports bụ Christine Lippa<ref name="Puerto">{{cite web|date=6 March 2023|title=''Leave it to Cleavage'' Brings an All New, All-Female Improv Comedy Show to Incanto March 14 to 31, 2023|website=Out and About Puerto Vallarta|url=https://outandaboutpv.com/leave-it-to-cleavage-brings-an-all-new-all-female-improv-comedy-show-to-incanto-march-14-to-31-2023/}}</ref>{{relevance inline|date=August 2024|Nke a yiri ka ọ bụ maka ihe ngosi isii, ọ dị nnukwu mkpa otu ahụ nke na a ga-etinye ya?}} Frances edeelara ọtụtụ ihe ngosi award ihe, gụnyere 2018 ACTRA Awards na ihe ngosi Toronto, nke Colin Mochrie hiwere<ref name="NewswireActra" /> nakwa ACTRA Awards nke afọ 2019 na 2024 nke Martha Chaves hiwere.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} O deela Banff World Media Festival Rockie Awards ruo afọ iri na otu.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} O dekwaara ndị Just For Laughs Galas n'afọ 2017 ruo 2019.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Frances edeelara ndị [[Canadian Screen Awards]] n'afọ 2018{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} ana 2019, nke ikpeazụ ahụ o dere mere ka a họpụta ya maka Canadian Screen Award.<ref name="CSAnomination">{{cite web|url=https://www.academy.ca/2020/monica-heisey/ |website=The Canadian Screen Awards |title=Monica Heisey, Aisha Brown, Diana Frances, Zoe Whittall – Nominees, Best Writing, Variety or Sketch Comedy |date=18 February 2020 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>, o deelakwara Directors Guild of Canada Awards (nke onye hiwere ya bụ Arisa Cox),{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} yana Scotiabank Giller Prize.{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} Ebe e dere ihe nkiri mbụ nke Frances so mee, [[The Burning Season (2023 film)|''The Burning Season'']], ritere Best Screenplay na ihe omume [[Whistler Film Festival]] yana [[Canadian Film Festival]]<ref name="Donahue2024">{{cite news|first=Anne T.|last=Donahue|title=The Burning Season's heart-wrenching take on infidelity examines the perils of best intentions|date=10 May 2024|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/reviews/article-the-burning-seasons-heart-wrenching-take-on-infidelity-examines-the/#:~:text=Winner%20of%20best%20screenplay%20at,tends%20to%20define%20infidelity%20sagas.|id={{ProQuest|3053032928}} }}</ref> and at the Writers Guild of Canada Awards.<ref name="WGAwin">{{cite web|url=https://www.wgc.ca/awards |title=Awards|publisher=Writer's Guild of Canada |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref>. Frances bụ onye ọka ikpe na asọmpi telivishọn sketch-comedy Sketch Troop n'akụkụ Harvie na Tim Progosh. Ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe maka akụkụ Vancouver nke njem obodo iri na abụọ nke Literary Death Match. == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == === Ihe ngosi Improv === * ''A'' Twisted Christmas Carol na Rock Paper Scissors<ref name="BirnieScrooge" />, oge 1991 na 2005, 2014 * The X-Mas Files na Vancouver Theatresports, December 1996<ref name="DoruyterImprov" /> * Blankety Blank: Egwú a na-amaghị ama na Rock Paper Scissors, Eprel 2001<ref name="BirnieBelong" />, Ọgọst 2002<ref name="TimesCalendar" /> * Sword Play, Improv Outlet Co-op, August 2004<ref name="BirnieAntics" /> * ''Hapụ ya ka ọ gaa'' Cleavage: The Original Desperate Housewives, ya na Ellie Harvie, Jenụwarị 2005<ref name="HilbornShadbolt" /> Reprises 2007,<ref name="WaddellPoised"/> 2023<ref name="Puerto"/> * ''Canadian Content'', ya na Urban Improv, September 2005<ref name="WassermanFringe" /> === Egwuregwu ndị e dere ede === * ''O yikarịrị ka m ga-abụ onye a ma ama'', July 1997<ref name="ArmstrongDreams"/> * The Complete Works of William Shakespeare (Abridged), Jenụwarị 1998, dị ka onye nduzi<ref name="SunShakespeare"/> * ''Nhazi Maka'' Ibi na Rock Paper Scissors, Eprel 2002<ref name="PerryCampagnolo" /> * ''Ndị agha Canada vs. Ndị Na-awakpo Nuklia'' na Canadian Content, Septemba 2006<ref name="ChaiBoothby"/><ref name="BirnieEmpire"/> === Telivishọn === * Slightly Bent TV, 1999, onye edemede / onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="VernonDesperate" /> * Sucker Punch, 2001-2002, onye edemede/onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="BlakeySucker" /><ref name="CarlsonVariations" /> * Sketch Troop, 2002, ọkàikpe<ref name="StrachanNightmare"/> * Point Blank, 2002, onye edemede<ref name="WaddellWarm"/> * ''Comedy Inc'', onye edemede<ref name="CoquitlamCleavage"/> * ''Oge a nwere nkeji iri abụọ na abụọ'', onye edemede<ref name="ChilliwackCleavage"/> * ''[[Corner Gas Animated]]'', 2018–2019, onye edemede{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * 2018 Canadian Screen Awards, onye edemede{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * 2019 Canadian Screen Awards, onye edemede{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * ''Jonathan Van Ness: Kicks'', 2020, onye edemede{{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * ''Anthony Anderson: Awesomesauce'', onye edemede afọ 2020 {{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * ''Overlord & The Underwoods'', 2022, onye ndezi akụkọ {{citation needed|date=September 2024}} * ''Aunty B's House'', 2023, onye edemede {{citation needed|date=September 2024}} === Redio === * ''Ndị'' Debaters, onye edemede / onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="CourierWriters"/> * N'ezie ọ bụghị Opera, onye edemede / onye na-eme ihe nkiri<ref name="CourierWriters"/> * ''Ihe Omume Na-abaghị Mkpa''<ref name="MintyCleavage"/> * ''Mmekọrịta Diana'', onye edemede / onye ọbịa<ref name="MintyCleavage"/> ==Ihe Nkiri O so na Ya == * ''[[The Burning Season (2023 film)|The Burning Season]]'' (2023)<ref name="Donahue2024"/> == Onyinye == * Forty Under 40, Business na Vancouver, 2003<ref name="FortyUnder40" /><ref name="ConnerGhosts"/>. * Onye a họpụtara maka Gemini Award maka edemede kacha mma na mmemme ozi ma ọ bụ usoro, The Hour na George Stroumboulopoulos, 2009<ref name="PlaybackGemini2009n"/> * Onye a họpụtara maka Canadian Comedy Award maka Best Female Improviser, 2001, 2002, 2004,<ref name="CCA2004"/> 2005, 2006,<ref name="CCA2006"/> 2007,<ref name="CCA2007"/> 2008 and 2015<ref name="Sumi2015n"/> * Onye a họpụtara na Canadian Comedy Award maka Best Improv Group, Leave It To Cleavage, 2004<ref name="ChilliwackCleavage"/> * Ndị edemede Guild of Canada Screenwriting Awards, Sondra Kelly Award maka Given Up, 2017<ref name="YeoScreenwriting"/> * Onye a họpụtara maka Canadian Screen Awards maka ịkacha ede, ide ụdị dị iche iche, maọbụ Sketch Comedy, 2020<ref name="CSAnomination"/> * Canadian Screen Award for Best Writing, Animation for ''[[Corner Gas Animated]]'' episode "Hedge Your Debts"<ref name="CSAwin">{{cite web|publisher=[[Canadian Screen Awards]]|url=https://www.academy.ca/2020/diana-frances/ |title=Diana Frances: Winner, Best Writing, Animation|date=18 February 2020 |access-date=1 September 2024}}</ref> * [[Writers Guild of Canada|Writers Guild of Canada Award]], Best Screenplay, ''The Burning Season'', 2024<ref name="WGAwin"/> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="MapleLocal">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Local comic seeing the world with humour |date=27 June 2008 |page=24 |work=Maple Ridge, Pitt Meadows Times |location=[[Maple Ridge, British Columbia]] |issn=1202-9408 |publisher=[[Postmedia Network|Southam Publications]] |id={{ProQuest|357832602}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PlaybackRockie">{{cite web |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Rockie Awards {{!}} Judges |date=2019 |work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Brunico Communications |url=https://rockies.playbackonline.ca/Juries/Judges/2019/ |access-date=1 December 2019}}</ref> <ref name="DownImprov">{{cite news |first=Susan |last=Down |title=Actors flex improv muscles: Blankety Blank is a dream job for actors who can't remember their lines. They only have to remember to keep the audience laughing |date=8 August 2002 |page=D6 |work=[[Times Colonist]] |location=Victoria, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|345887431}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="ConnerGhosts">{{cite news |first=Shawn |last=Conner |title=Ghosts of improv's past deliver Dickens with a twist |date=4 December 2005 |page=39 |work=[[Vancouver Courier]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|359320744}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="YoungAudience">{{cite news |first=Mark |last=Leiren-Young |title=Audience the author of Christmas Carol twists; Arts Club lets the public decide on details of Scrooge's life |date=27 November 2014 |page=C15 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|1628624873}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="FortyUnder40">{{cite web |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Business in Vancouver's Forty under 40 winners |page=15 |work=[[Business in Vancouver]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |url=https://issuu.com/bivmediagroup/docs/forty_under_40_winners_1990-2011 |access-date=10 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624084526/http://issuu.com/bivmediagroup/docs/forty_under_40_winners_1990-2011 |archive-date=24 June 2015 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="CarlsonLaughing">{{cite news |first1=Tim |last1=Carlson |first2=Anne |last2=McIntyre |title=Laughing live: Comedy nights at local bars and cafes provide an opportunity to see amateurs and veterans work out new material |date=4 February 1999 |page=C16 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242832325}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="WassermanFringe">{{cite news |first=Jerry |last=Wasserman |title=Fringe Today |date=13 September 2005 |page=B2 |work=[[The Province]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|269415931}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="CourierAhead">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Seven days ahead |date=9 July 2003 |page=35 |work=[[Vancouver Courier]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|359542267}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="ChaiBoothby">{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Chai |title=Busy Boothby prepares for Fringe and comedy festival |date=8 September 2006 |page=35 |work=[[Vancouver Courier]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|359364257}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="ArmstrongDreams">{{cite news |first=John |last=Armstrong |title=Two dreams face same reality |date=15 July 1997 |page=B7 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242948639}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="SunShakespeare">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Cafe Culture |date=5 January 1998 |page=B7 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242911184}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieShakespeare">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=The complete works of Shakespeare - in two acts: Vancouver's RPS Productions attempts to squeeze all of the Bard's plays into one giddy two-hour evening. |date=8 January 1998 |page=C1 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242897545}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieBelong">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=Well Hello, Ruthie Nichol! It's so nice to have you back where you belong |date=12 April 2001 |page=C4 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242611663}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PerryCampagnolo">{{cite news |first=Malcolm |last=Perry |title=Campagnolo, Taylor give Jansson his due: Board of Trade suits assemble to fete one of their own |date=7 March 2002 |page=B3 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242492120}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="HilbornShadbolt">{{cite news |first=Dan |last=Hilborn |title=Cats and dogs at Shadbolt |date=12 January 2005 |page=11 |work=[[Burnaby Now]] |location=Burnaby, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|358614936}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="VernonStyle">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Solving today's problems,'50s style |date=19 October 2005 |page=25 |work=[[The Morning Star (British Columbia newspaper)|The Morning Star]] |location=Vernon, British Columbia |publisher=Torstar Media Group |id={{ProQuest|373062399}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="ChilliwackCleavage">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Fresh, funny and fast; Leave it to Cleavage riffs on the virtues of the good ol' days |date=27 September 2012 |page=A31 |work=Chilliwack Times |location=Shilliwack, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|1081218410}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="WaddellPoised">{{cite news |first=Stephanie |last=Waddell |title=Nakai poised to serve up some mirth |date=30 November 2006 |page=4 |work=[[Whitehorse Star]] |location=Whitehorse, Yukon |id={{ProQuest|362364376}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BlakeySucker">{{cite news |first=Bob |last=Blakey |title=Worth Watching |date=3 February 2001 |page=G14 |work=[[Calgary Herald]] |location=Calgary, Alberta |id={{ProQuest|244845553}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="CarlsonVariations">{{cite news |first=Tim |last=Carlson |title=Variations on a screen: Whether to explore pop culture myths, improvise music or just go for laughs, three different groups are inventing new soundtracks for old films at Blinding Light Cinema. |date=28 February 2002 |page=D14 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242526195}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="VernonDesperate">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title= Move over, it's the original desperate housewives |date=12 October 2005 |page=25 |work=[[The Morning Star (British Columbia newspaper)|The Morning Star]] |location=Vernon, British Columbia |publisher=Torstar Media Group |id= {{ProQuest|372995216}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="EdwardsWillis">{{cite news |first=Ian |last=Edwards |title=Schwarzenegger and Willis in the wings |date=9 August 1999 |work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Brunico Communications |url=http://playbackonline.ca/1999/08/09/26350-19990809/ |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907161944/http://playbackonline.ca/1999/08/09/26350-19990809/ |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="EdwardsRetooled">{{cite news |first=Ian |last=Edwards |title=Comedy Network shows retooled for year-two runs |date=2 October 2000 |work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Brunico Communications |url=http://playbackonline.ca/2000/10/02/30033-20001002/ |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907154137/http://playbackonline.ca/2000/10/02/30033-20001002/ |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="WaddellWarm">{{cite news |first=Stephanie |last=Waddell |title=Festival's yuk-yuks to warm up January |date=4 December 2003 |page=4 |work=[[Whitehorse Star]] |location=Whitehorse, Yukon |id={{ProQuest|362237597}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="CoquitlamCleavage">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Leave it to Cleavage at Evergreen Oct. 29 |date=21 October 2005 |page=26 |work=[[Coquitlam Now]] |location=Coquitlam, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|358484716}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PlaybackGemini2009n">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Gemini Nominees: Craft Categories |date=12 October 2009 |page=24 |work=[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |publisher=Brunico Communications |url=http://playbackonline.ca/2009/10/12/craft-20091012/ |access-date=1 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907175451/http://playbackonline.ca/2009/10/12/craft-20091012/ |archive-date=7 September 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref> <ref name="ChamberlainPretty">{{cite news |first=Adrian |last=Chamberlain |title=Comedy isn't pretty, but it's funny |date=2 December 2004 |page=D4 |work=[[Times Colonist]] |location=Victoria, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|347980073}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="CourierWriters">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Wily writers do battle in Literary Death Match; War of words waged to attract new audiences to reading events |date=6 October 2010 |page=28 |work=[[Vancouver Courier]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|757032981}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="InwoodTroupe">{{cite news |first=Damian |last=Inwood |title=Improv comedy troupe off to humor troops |date=5 November 1997 |page=D9 |work=[[The Province]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|267599789}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PedwellSoldiers">{{cite news |first=Terry |last=Pedwell |title=Canadian soldiers treated to racy down-home tour show at base in Afghanistan |date=24 November 2003 |agency=[[The Canadian Press|Canadian Press Newswire]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |url=https://search.proquest.com/docview/ |access-date=1 December 2019 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603081748/https://search.proquest.com/docview |archive-date=3 June 2019 |url-status=live }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="McCreadieDrafted">{{cite news |first=Drew |last=McCreadie |title=Drafted into the Afghan improv corps |date=3 January 2004 |page=R10 |work=[[The Globe and Mail]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |id={{ProQuest|1368556901}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="TelegraphJournal">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Greater Saint John journal |date=16 January 2018 |page=B2 |work=[[Telegraph-Journal]] |location=Saint John, New Brunswick |id={{ProQuest|1987634937}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="PostEmotional">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Emotional journey awaits at Civic Chorale concert |date=22 April 2019 |work=The Post |location=Burlington, Ontario |publisher=Torstar Syndication Services |id={{ProQuest|2212932756}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="NewswireActra">{{cite press release |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=The 16th Annual ACTRA Awards in Toronto Nominees |date=13 January 2018 |location=Ottawa, Ontario |agency=Canada Newswire |publisher=PR Newswire Association |id={{ProQuest|1987009109}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="StrachanNightmare">{{cite news |first=Alex |last=Strachan |title=Hockey Nightmare in Canada: Don and Rex |date=2 October 2002 |page=D8 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242506045}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieScrooge">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=Scrooge twisted into season's best Christmas spoof |date=17 December 1998 |page=C21 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242830781}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="DoruyterImprov">{{cite magazine |first=Renee |last=Doruyter |title=Improv troupe makes sport of X-Files |date=1 December 1996 |page=B15 |magazine=[[The Province]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|267570466}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="TimesCalendar">{{cite news |author=<!--staff writers, no by-line--> |title=Go! Calendar |date=1 August 2002 |page=D11 |work=[[Times Colonist]] |location=Victoria, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|345888219}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieAntics">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=Antics of improv Musketeers range from clever to puerile |date=13 August 2004 |page=D3 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242325337}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="BirnieEmpire">{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Birnie |title=The fringe of a new Empire |date=9 September 2006 |page=F20 |work=[[Vancouver Sun]] |location=Vancouver, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|242159809}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> <ref name="MintyCleavage">{{cite news |first=Melanie |last=Minty |title='Leave it to Cleavage' comedy comes to Surrey |date=6 November 2014 |page=A34 |work=The Tri-Cities Now |location=Port Moody, British Columbia |id={{ProQuest|1621693441}} }}{{Subscription required|via=[[ProQuest]]}}</ref> -=-=- <ref name="CCA2004">{{cite web |url=https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2004 |title=Nominations & Awards Archives |publisher=Canadian Comedy Awards |author=<!--staff writers; no author credited--> |date=2004 |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180802151021/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2004 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live |accessdate=15 October 2022 |archivedate=10 January 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110170516/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2004 }}</ref> <ref name="CCA2006">{{cite web |url=https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2006 |title=Nominations & Awards Archives |publisher=Canadian Comedy Awards |author=<!--staff writers; no author credited--> |date=2006 |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180802151327/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2006 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live |accessdate=15 October 2022 |archivedate=15 May 2021 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210515134424/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2006 }}</ref> <ref name="CCA2007">{{cite web |url=https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2007 |title=Nominations & Awards Archives |publisher=Canadian Comedy Awards |author=<!--staff writers; no author credited--> |date=2007 |access-date=21 October 2017 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20180802152111/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2007 |archive-date=2 August 2018 |url-status=live |accessdate=15 October 2022 |archivedate=14 June 2023 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230614141457/https://www.canadiancomedyawards.org/archives.php?year=2007 }}</ref> <ref name="Sumi2015n">{{cite web |last=Sumi |first=Glen |url=https://nowtoronto.com/stage/comedy/canadian-comedy-awards-nominees/ |title=2015 Canadian Comedy Awards nominees |work=[[Now (newspaper)|Now Magazine]] |publisher=Now Communications Inc. |location=Toronto |date=30 June 2015 |access-date=30 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704123635/https://nowtoronto.com/stage/comedy/canadian-comedy-awards-nominees/ |archive-date=4 July 2019 |url-status=live |accessdate=15 October 2022 |archivedate=4 July 2019 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704123635/https://nowtoronto.com/stage/comedy/canadian-comedy-awards-nominees/ }}</ref> <ref name="YeoScreenwriting">{{cite news |first=Debra |last=Yeo |title=Letterkenny and X Company take Writers Guild of Canada Screenwriting Awards |date=25 April 2017 |work=[[Toronto Star]] |location=Toronto, Ontario |url=https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2017/04/25/letterkenny-and-x-company-take-writers-guild-of-canada-screenwriting-awards.html |access-date=11 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426025347/https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/2017/04/25/letterkenny-and-x-company-take-writers-guild-of-canada-screenwriting-awards.html |archive-date=26 April 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Frances, Diana}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] [[Category:Articles with hCards]] a0tdavtg64ospfab019i73ebdr7tc12 0 23004 672393 656250 2026-07-04T16:27:48Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sophia Theresa Williams-de Bruyn''' (Amụrụ n'afọ 1938) bụ onye na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na [[South Africa]]. Ọ bụ onye mbụ natara onyinye ụmụ nwanyị maka ọrụ mba pụrụ iche. Ọ bụ onye ndu ikpeazụ dị ndụ nke Women's March.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-149253549.html|title=Memories of the Long March to Freedom|author=Ndaba|first=Baldwin|date=9 August 2006|work=The Star|accessdate=13 September 2016}}</ref> A mụrụ Sophia Theresa Williams-De Bruyn na Villageboard, mpaghara nke bụ ebe obibi nke ndị si n'ọtụtụ mba dị iche iche.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/sophia-theresa-williams-de-bruyn|title=Sophia Theresa Williams de Bruyn|date=17 February 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=13 September 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa Frances Elizabeth na Henry Ernest Williams.<ref name="Sophia" /> Mgbe nna ya sonyeere ndị agha iji lụọ agha n'Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, nne Sophia kpọgara ezinụlọ ahụ na mmepe ụlọ ọhụrụ, nke e wuru maka ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara, nke a na-akpọ Schauder. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Saint James Catholic School.<ref name="Sophia">{{Cite news|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/sophia-theresa-williams-de-bruyn|title=Sophia Theresa Williams de Bruyn|author=sahoboss|date=2011-02-17|work=South African History Online|accessdate=2018-05-23|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFsahoboss2011">sahoboss (17 February 2011). [http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/sophia-theresa-williams-de-bruyn "Sophia Theresa Williams de Bruyn"]. ''South African History Online''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ wee malite ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ akwa.<ref name=":0" />{{Cite news|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-149253549.html|title=Memories of the Long March to Freedom|author=Ndaba|first=Baldwin|date=9 August 2006|work=The Star|accessdate=13 September 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNdaba2006">Ndaba, Baldwin (9 August 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161008194328/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-149253549.html "Memories of the Long March to Freedom"]. ''The Star''. Archived from <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://web.archive.org/web/20161008194328/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-149253549.html the original]</span> on 8 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span> &#x2013; via HighBeam Research.</cite></ref> Ndị ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ Van Lane Textile gwara ya ka o nyere aka "dozie nsogbu ha na ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ," ma mesịa ghọọ onye na-elekọta ụlọ ahịa.<ref name=":1" />{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/sophia-theresa-williams-de-bruyn|title=Sophia Theresa Williams de Bruyn|date=17 February 2011|work=South African History Online|accessdate=13 September 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/sophia-theresa-williams-de-bruyn "Sophia Theresa Williams de Bruyn"]. ''South African History Online''. 17 February 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> O mechara bụrụ onye isi nke Textile Workers Union na Port Elizabeth.<ref name=":1" /> N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1956, ọ duziri ngagharị nke ụmụ nwanyị 20,000 na Union Buildings nke Pretoria ya na Lilian Ngoyi, Rahima Moosa, Helen Joseph, Albertina Sisulu na Bertha Gxowa iji mee mkpesa maka ihe achọrọ na ụmụ nwanyị ga-ebu akwụkwọ gafere dịka akụkụ nke iwu gafere.<ref name="blue">[http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:JoburgPediA_-_Rahima_Moosa_House.png Blue plaque on the front of Rahima Moosa House mounted in 2013 as part of Johannesburg Heritage].</ref><ref name=":0" />{{Cite news|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-149253549.html|title=Memories of the Long March to Freedom|author=Ndaba|first=Baldwin|date=9 August 2006|work=The Star|accessdate=13 September 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFNdaba2006">Ndaba, Baldwin (9 August 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20161008194328/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-149253549.html "Memories of the Long March to Freedom"]. ''The Star''. Archived from <span class="cs1-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://web.archive.org/web/20161008194328/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-149253549.html the original]</span> on 8 October 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2016</span> &#x2013; via HighBeam Research.</cite></ref> Sophia dị naanị afọ iri na asatọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye kacha nta n'ime ndị isi anọ ahụ.<ref name="Kathrada">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kathradafoundation.org/2017/06/12/sophia-williams-de-bruyn-a-lifetime-of-activism/|title=Sophia Williams-De Bruyn – a lifetime of activism – AHMED KATHRADA FOUNDATION|work=www.kathradafoundation.org|language=en-ZA|accessdate=2018-05-23|archivedate=2017-08-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170828190900/https://www.kathradafoundation.org/2017/06/12/sophia-williams-de-bruyn-a-lifetime-of-activism/}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a na-agafe ndị nche nọ n'ọnụ ụzọ iji nye arịrịọ ha n'èzí ọnụ ụzọ ndị minista.<ref name="Women">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xX-vhZQ1QpIC&q=sophie+williams|title=Women and Resistance in South Africa|author=Walker|first=Cherryl|date=1991|publisher=New Africa Books|isbn=9780864861702|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe e weputara Iwu Ndị Na-acha Ọcha, ndị Coloured People's Congress kenyere Williams-De Bruyn ka ya na Shulamith Muller rụọ ọrụ n'okwu metụtara iwu.<ref name=":1" /> Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1963, a manyere di ya ịgba ọsọ ndụ na Lusaka, Zambia ebe a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi oche nke Kọmitii ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mpaghara nke ANC.<ref name="Benny">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bennynato-onlus.org/henry-benny-nato-de-bruyn-2/|title=Henry Benny Nato De Bruyn – Centro Benny Nato Onlus|work=www.bennynato-onlus.org|language=it-IT|accessdate=2018-05-23}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere ya afọ isii ka e mesịrị wee gaa n'ihu mezue ọmụmụ ya wee nweta diplọma onye nkuzi ya n'afọ 1977, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkwa maka ANC na Lusaka.<ref name="Benny" /> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere ndị otu agụmakwụkwọ nke ANC guzobere n'afọ 1980. Kansụl ahụ setịpụrụ usoro mmụta maka Solomon Mahlangu Freedom College. E guzobere kọleji ahụ n'afọ 1978 site n'aka ndị African National Congress (ANC) na Mazimbu, [[Tanzania]]. Ya na di ya laghachiri South Africa mgbe a machibidoro ANC iwu. Di ya jere ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya South Africa na Jọdan ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 1999.<ref name="Kathrada" /><cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''www.kathradafoundation.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Benny" />{{Cite web|url=http://www.bennynato-onlus.org/henry-benny-nato-de-bruyn-2/|title=Henry Benny Nato De Bruyn – Centro Benny Nato Onlus|work=www.bennynato-onlus.org|language=it-IT|accessdate=2018-05-23}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.bennynato-onlus.org/henry-benny-nato-de-bruyn-2/ "Henry Benny Nato De Bruyn – Centro Benny Nato Onlus"]. ''www.bennynato-onlus.org'' (in Italian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)]]</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Commission of Gender Equality tupu ọ banye na Gauteng Legislature n'afọ 2004 wee bụrụ osote ọkà okwu ya site n'afọ 2005 ruo afọ 2009, tupu ọ kwaga na ụlọ omebe iwu mba.<ref name="Kathrada" /> Ọ bụ onye omeiwu mpaghara ugbu a na Gauteng Province maka ANC.<ref name=":0" /> == Ebenside == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qbeed4640pwz9qw8s18u6dj63jeyj09 0 23776 672586 656289 2026-07-05T02:05:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Tracy Ifeachor</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline">Chinwe Tracy Ifeachor</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">[[Plymouth]], [[Devon]], [[England]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Occupation | class="infobox-data role" |Actress |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Years&nbsp;active | class="infobox-data" |2007–present |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Tracy Ifeachor''' {{Audio|Ig-Tracy Ifeachor.ogg|Audio}} bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na telivishọn na ihe nkiri nke Britain nke a maara nke ọma maka ịrụ ọrụ Aya Al-Rashid na usoro CW vampire The Originals na Abigail Naismith n'akụkụ abụọ nke Doctor Who Christmas special, "The End of Time". == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ifeachor na Plymouth, Devon, England, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nkwadebe nke Plymouth College sochiri ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Eggbuckland College, kwa na Plymus.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Tracy Ifeachor {{!}} BBA Shakespeare|url=https://bbashakespeare.warwick.ac.uk/people/tracy-ifeachor|accessdate=2021-11-07|work=bbashakespeare.warwick.ac.uk}}</ref> Ifeachor gara The Raleigh School of Speech and Drama n'okpuru nkuzi nke Norma Blake na Deborah Bond Dance academy, ebe ọ na-enwe mmasị na ISTD syllabus na tap, ballet, nke oge a na jazz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/devon/hi/people_and_places/arts_and_culture/newsid_8428000/8428200.stm|title=Who's that girl?|date=23 December 2009|publisher=|accessdate=16 February 2019}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ A-levels ya, Ifeachor jiri afọ ọdịiche ya mee ihe maka ụlọ akwụkwọ ihe nkiri nke London wee nweta agụmakwụkwọ na Royal Central School of Speech & Drama na London.<ref name="thisisnorthdevon.co.uk" /> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Central School of Speech and Drama, Ifeachor pụtara na ihe nkiri mbụ ya, Blooded, nke onye mmeri Sundance Film Festival bụ Ed Boase duziri ma pụta na mgbasa ozi abụọ. Ifeachor wee gaa n'ihu mee ''ịhe'' nkiri mbụ ya dị ka Minerva na mmepụta nke Noughts & Crosses nke Royal Shakespeare Companys, nke Dominic Cooke duziri ma gbanwee. Ọ bụ n'ebe a ka o mere ịhe nkiri izizi ya na telivishọn dị ka Leila na "No Going Back" nke BBC One's Casualty . Ifeachor gara n'ihu na-egwu Rosalind na Tim Suppleńs As You Like It maka mmeghe nke ụlọ ihe nkiri Curve ọhụrụ na Leicester. Ka ọ na-emegharị, e nyere Ifeachor ọrụ Abigail Naismith na ihe omume Doctor Who abụọ ikpeazụ nke David Tennantã ("The End Of Time" Parts One and Two) nke a na-agbasa na ekere sị mesị 2009 na n'ụbọchị Afọ Ọhụrụ 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.therichardstonepartnership.co.uk/artist-details/tracy_ifeachor/|title=therichardstonepartnership.co.uk|work=www.therichardstonepartnership.co.uk|accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref> Ọ na-eme ka nwa nwanyị nke onye ọgaranya Joshua Naismith (David Harewood) onye chọrọ ka nwa ya nwanyị nwee anwụghị anwụ ma dịrị ndụ ruo mgbe ebighị ebi.<ref name="thisisnorthdevon.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisisnorthdevon.co.uk/regionalnews/Tracy-stars-David-Tennant-s-final-Doctor-episodes/article-1637070-detail/article.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226181830/http://www.thisisnorthdevon.co.uk/regionalnews/Tracy-stars-David-Tennant-s-final-Doctor-episodes/article-1637070-detail/article.html|archivedate=26 December 2009|title=Tracy Ifeachor, actress- Doctor Who – David Tennant – Western Morning News|publisher=|accessdate=30 October 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. Archived from on 26 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ifeachor rụrụ ọrụ Beneatha na Lorraine Hansberryás A Raisin In The Sun, nke Michael Buffong duziri maka Royal Exchange Theatre na Manchester nke meghere maka nyocha dị egwu. O mekwara Ismene na The National Theatre na mbido nke egwuregwu Moira Buffini Welcome to Thebes, nke Richard Eyre duziri site na 15 June ruo Septemba 2010.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.officiallondontheatre.co.uk/news/latest/view/item110188/NT-welcomes-Harewood-to-Thebes/|title=Official London Theatre|publisher=|accessdate=30 October 2017}}</ref> Ọrụ redio Ifeachor gụnyere ọrụ Queenie na 2011 BBC Radio 4 Classic Serial production of Edna Ferber's Show Boat. N'afọ 2016, a tụbara Ifeachor na usoro ihe nkiri ABC ''Quantico'' na ọrụ Lydia Hall.<ref name="double casting">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/quantico-season-2-recurring-cast-911892|title='Quantico' Taps 'The Originals,' 'Criminal Minds' Alums for Recurring Roles (Exclusive)|work=The Hollywood Reporter|author=Stanhope|first=Kate|date=July 19, 2016|accessdate=19 July 2016}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" |+Isi ihe | style="background:#FFFFCC;" | |Ọ na-egosi ọrụ ndị a na-ewepụtabeghị |} {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="4" style="background:lightsteelblue;" |Ihe nkiri |- !Afọ !Ihe nkiri !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |2011 |Blooded |Iv |Ihe nkiri |- |- |2016 |Billionaire ransom |Nora Paulson |Aha mbụ ya bụ Take Down |- |2023 | style="background:#FFFFCC;" |''Wonka'' | |Ihe nkiri |- ! colspan="4" style="background:lightsteelblue;" |Telivishọn |- !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |- |2009 |Casualty |Leila |1 ihe omume: "No Going Back" |- |2009 |Doctor who |Abigail Naismith |2 ihe omume: "Ọgwụgwụ Oge (Akụkụ 1 & 2)" |- |2012 |Strike back |Lilian Lutulu |Ihe omume abụọ: "Ihe omume 7 & 8" |- |2013 |''Jo'' |Laure |1 ihe omume: "Ndị nwere nkwarụ" |- |2014 |Crossbones |Nenna Ajanlekoko |Usoro ihe omume, ihe omume 9 |- |2014 |Hawaii five-0 |Eris |1 ihe omume: "Ina Paha" |- |2015 2016 |the originals |Aya Al-Rashid |Ọrụ a na-eme ugboro ugboro, ihe omume 9 |- |20162017 |''Quantico'' |Lydia Hall |Ọrụ a na-arụ ugboro ugboro |- |2017 2018 |Legends of tomorrow |Kuasa Jiwe |Ọrụ a na-eme ugboro ugboro; ihe omume 7 |- |2019 |Treadstone |Tara Coleman |Ọrụ bụ isi |- |2021 |Showtrial |Cleo Roberts |Ọrụ bụ isi |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|2}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] a5nozzv4w2p25338xjszjl6ne1q3e2i 0 25695 672350 119204 2026-07-04T14:32:17Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672350 wikitext text/x-wiki The Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA, 1999; French: Loi canadienne sur la protection de l'environnement (1999)) bụ '''''iwu''''' nke 36th Parliament of Canada, nke ebumnuche ya bụ inye áká na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide site na mgbochi mmetọ na ichebe gburugburu ébé obibi, ndụ mmadụ na ahụike site na ihe ize ndụ metụtara ihe ndị na-egbu egbu. Ọ na-ekpuchi ọrụ dịgasị ichè ichè nke nwéré ike imetụta ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ébé obibi, ma na-eme ihe iji dozie nsogbu mmetọ ọ bụla iwu gọọmentị etiti ndị ọzọ na-ekwekọghị. N'ihi nké a, iwu ahụ bụ "ijide ihe niile" nke na-eme ka o doo ányà na ihe ndị nwere ike igbu egbu anaghị ewepụ ya na nlekọta gọọmentị etiti n'amaghị ama n'ihi oghere iwu a na-atụghị ányá yá. Iwu ahụ na-ekwukwa na enyemaka nke mgbochi mmetọ na njikwa na njikwa nke ihe na-egbu egbu na ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ iji belata egwu na gburugburu ébé obibi nke Canada na ụdị dị ichè íchè. Ihe ndị na-egbu egbu nwèrè njirimara akọwapụtara na Nkebi nke 64 nke CEPA.<ref name="ectoxic">{{Cite news|title=What Does Toxic Mean under CEPA 1999?|url=https://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/DEF9EA38-699F-5C10-3447-20B9C6041B91/fi-fs01_eng.pdf|publisher=Environment Canada|date=April 2005}}</ref> Ozugbo a tụpụtara iwu, ndị nwéré mmasị nwéré ụbọchị 60 iji nyé nkọwa na ngwá ọrụ ahụ a tụrụ aro ma ọ bụ nwee ike itinye ọkwa nke ịjụ na-arịọ ka e guzobe Board of Review. [[Usòrò:FIP Environment Canada.PNG|thumb|okoloto nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi nke Canada]] == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere iwu ahụ na afo 1988 ma mee ya iji nyé usoro nhazi iji nyochaa ma jikwaa kemịkalụ na gburugburu ébé obibi nke a na-edoghị ányá n'okpuru mmemme ndị dị ugbu a. [citation needed] Na 1990 na SOR/90-583: A gbakwunyere Iwu Iwu Nchịkọta nke abụọ (ụfọdụ ''bromofluorocarbons'') na LOTS.<ref name="ilocan">{{Cite news|title=Canada (96,462)|url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=20586&p_count=96462|accessdate=July 8, 2022|publisher=International Labor Organization}}</ref> N'ubochi irí abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel April, 2021, e dezigharịrị LOTS site na iwu iji tinye '''ihe ndị e mepụtara''' plastik, tupu ụbọchị iri abụo n'ọnwa Juun 2022, iwu màkà mmachibido iwu Canada na plastik eji otu ihe (SUP), nke Minista nke Gburugburu Ébé Obibi na Mgbanwe Ihu igwe Steven Guilbeault webatara.<ref name="cgoats">{{Cite news|title=Order Adding a Toxic Substance to Schedule 1 to the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999: SOR/2021-86|url=https://canadagazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2021/2021-05-12/html/sor-dors86-eng.html|work=[[Canada Gazette]]|date=May 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name="timeap">{{Cite news|title=Canada Sets Dates To Ban Some Single-Use Plastics|url=https://time.com/6189281/canada-bans-single-use-plastics/|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=June 20, 2022}}</ref><ref name="govsupp">{{Cite news|title=Single-use Plastics Prohibition Regulations – Guidance for selecting alternatives|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/managing-reducing-waste/reduce-plastic-waste/single-use-plastic-guidance.html|publisher=Government of Canada|date=July 7, 2022}}</ref><ref name="eccc21">{{Cite news|title=Government of Canada moving forward with banning harmful single-use plastics|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/news/2021/12/government-of-canada-moving-forward-with-banning-harmful-single-use-plastics0.html|publisher=Government of Canada|date=December 30, 2021}}</ref><ref name="ohhllp">{{Cite news|title=Government of Canada bans many single-use plastics|url=https://www.osler.com/en/resources/regulations/2022/government-of-canada-bans-many-single-use-plastics|publisher=Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt LLP|date=June 22, 2022}}</ref><ref name="planban">{{Cite news|title=Plan for the Ban: Canada Announces Timeline for Single-Use Plastics Prohibition|url=https://mcmillan.ca/insights/plan-for-the-ban-canada-announces-timeline-for-single-use-plastics-prohibition/|publisher=McMillan LLP|date=June 22, 2022}}</ref><ref name="eccc21" /> Mmachibido iwu SUP gụnyere ihe ndị dị ka ahịhịa, akpa, akpa nri, ite, mkpara na mgbaaka plastik.<ref name="mrcbc">{{Cite news|author=Rabson|first=Mia|title=Government will ban some single-use plastics over the next 18 months|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/plastics-ban-countdown-1.6494379|publisher=CBC|date=June 20, 2022}}</ref> == Ihe ọhụrụ na nke dị ugbu a == === Ihe ndị na-egbu egbu === Ihe ndị na-egbu egbu nwere njirimara akọwapụtara na Nkebi nke 64 nke CEPA.<ref name="ectoxic">{{Cite news|title=What Does Toxic Mean under CEPA 1999?|url=https://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/DEF9EA38-699F-5C10-3447-20B9C6041B91/fi-fs01_eng.pdf|publisher=Environment Canada|date=April 2005}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/DEF9EA38-699F-5C10-3447-20B9C6041B91/fi-fs01_eng.pdf "What Does Toxic Mean under CEPA 1999?"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Environment Canada. April 2005.</cite></ref> Ozugbo a tụpụtara iwu, ndị nwéré mmasị nwèrè ụbọchị 60 iji nye nkọwa na ngwá ọrụ ahụ a tụrụ aro ma ọ bụ nwee ike itinye ọkwa nke ịjụ na-arịọ ka e guzobe Board of Review.<ref name="ectoxic">{{cite news |title=What Does Toxic Mean under CEPA 1999? |url=https://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/DEF9EA38-699F-5C10-3447-20B9C6041B91/fi-fs01_eng.pdf |publisher=Environment Canada |date=April 2005}}</ref> === Ihe Ọhụrụ === A ghaghị inyocha ihe ọhụrụ niile màkà ahụike mmadụ na ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ébé obibi tupu emepụta ma ọ bụ bubata ha na Canada. A na-ekere òkè màkà nyocha ndị a n'etiti Environment Canada na Health Canada ma na-achịkwa ya site na New Substances Program, nke na-achịkọta ụkpụrụ metụtara ọkwa nke ihe ọhụrụ na gburugburu ébé obibi.<ref name="nsp">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/subsnouvelles-newsubs/default.asp?lang=En&n=AB189605-1|title=New Substances Program|date=April 29, 2022|publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2005-247/index.html|title=''New Substances Notification Regulations (Chemicals and Polymers)''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2005-248/index.html|title=''New Substances Notification Regulations (Organisms)''}}</ref> == Mmanye, ntaramahụhụ na ikpe == Ọrụ mmanye metụtara iwu ahụ nwèrè ike ịgụnye: * ịdọ aka ná ntị banyéré ịdị adị nke mmebi iwu ka ónyé a na-ebo ebubo nwee ike ime ihe ma laghachi n'ịgbaso iwu. * ntụziaka iji dozie ma ọ bụ iji gbochie ntọhapụ iwu na-akwadoghị nke ihe ndị a na-achịkwa; * tiketi màkà mmebi iwu (dịka ịghara itinye akụkọ edere ede); * iwu dị íchè íchè (dịka iwu mmachibido iwu, iwu iji chetara ihe ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa iwu na-akwadoghị site n'ahịa, iwu nchedo gburugburu ébé obibi iji kwụsị ọrụ iwu na-ekwadoghị ozugbo) iji gbochie mmebi iwu ma ọ bụ chọọ ka e mee ihe; * iwu; * ikpe n'okpuru ikike nke ónyé ọkàiwu Crown; na * Nzọụkwụ ndị ọzọ na-echebe gburugburu ébé obibi. Nkwụsị === ''Iwu Mmetụta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi'' === Ụgwọ n'okpuru [[Environmental Enforcement Act|Iwu]] Mmanye Gburugburu Ébé Obibi (EEA) sitere na puku dollar ise ruo nde dollar isií.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/alef-ewe/default.asp?lang=En&n=7CB7E78A-1|title=Fine regime under the Environmental Enforcement Act - Canada.ca|first=Environment and Climate Change|author=Canada|work=www.ec.gc.ca}}</ref> EEA na-emetụta mmebi iwu n'okpuru CEPA 1999. EEA na-enyekwa ndị ọrụ mmanye ohere ijide mmadụ na-enweghị akwụkwọ ikike, ijide ma ọ bụ jide ihe ndị metụtara mpụ CEPA 1999 ma ọ bụ ihe akaebe metụtara ya, ya na ijide maọghachi ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-enyo enyo na ha bụ mpụ. Ikpe ma ọ bụ ebubo n'okpuru EEA nwekwara ike ịkpata mkpọrọ ruo afọ atọ. A na-edepụta ikpe n'okpuru CEPA 1999 na ébé nrụọrụ weebụ Environment Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/alef-ewe/default.asp?lang=En&n=5C63F879-1|title=Environmental annual reports and statistics - Canada.ca|first=Environment and Climate Change|author=Canada|work=www.ec.gc.ca}}</ref> === Iwu ndị a họọrọ === * Mmachibido Iwu nke Ụfọdụ Ihe Ndị Na-egbu Mgbasa<ref name="ccr">{{Cite news|title=Canadian Regulations|url=https://www.claigan.com/canadian-regulations/|accessdate=July 8, 2022|publisher=Claigan}}</ref> * Mmachibido iwu nke Asbestos na ngwaahịa ndị nwéré Iwu Asbestos<ref name="ccr" /> * Iwu Egwuregwu Canada<ref name="ccr" /> * Ikike Ikike Ngwá Ọrụ Ọgwụ Canada<ref name="ccr" /> * Iwu Phthalates nke Canada (SOR/2016-188)<ref name="ccr" /> * Ngwaahịa Ndị NweNwérére Iwu Mercury<ref name="ccr" /> == Hụkwa == * {{Cite web|title=Canadian Environmental Protection Act, Official Website|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/CEPARegistry/the_act/}} * [http://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/default.asp?lang=En&n=66B8D849-1 Mmanye na nrubeisi n'okpuru CEPA 1999] == Edensibia == {{Reflist|3}} 726t096trlf9wfwk4i6wjom8vqjskyg 672354 672350 2026-07-04T14:34:11Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672354 wikitext text/x-wiki The Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999 (CEPA, 1999; French: Loi canadienne sur la protection de l'environnement (1999)) bụ '''''iwu''''' nke 36th Parliament of Canada, nke ebumnuche ya bụ inye áká na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide site na mgbochi mmetọ na ichebe gburugburu ébé obibi, ndụ mmadụ na ahụike site na ihe ize ndụ metụtara ihe ndị na-egbu egbu. Ọ na-ekpuchi ọrụ dịgasị ichè ichè nke nwéré ike imetụta ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ébé obibi, ma na-eme ihe iji dozie nsogbu mmetọ ọ bụla iwu gọọmentị etiti ndị ọzọ na-ekwekọghị. N'ihi nké a, iwu ahụ bụ "ijide ihe niile" nke na-eme ka o doo ányà na ihe ndị nwere ike igbu egbu anaghị ewepụ ya na nlekọta gọọmentị etiti n'amaghị ama n'ihi oghere iwu a na-atụghị ányá yá. Iwu ahụ na-ekwukwa na enyemaka nke mgbochi mmetọ na njikwa na njikwa nke ihe na-egbu egbu na ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ iji belata egwu na gburugburu ébé obibi nke Canada na ụdị dị ichè íchè. Ihe ndị na-egbu egbu nwèrè njirimara akọwapụtara na Nkebi nke 64 nke CEPA.<ref name="ectoxic">{{Cite news|title=What Does Toxic Mean under CEPA 1999?|url=https://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/DEF9EA38-699F-5C10-3447-20B9C6041B91/fi-fs01_eng.pdf|publisher=Environment Canada|date=April 2005}}</ref> Ozugbo a tụpụtara iwu, ndị nwéré mmasị nwéré ụbọchị 60 iji nyé nkọwa na ngwá ọrụ ahụ a tụrụ aro ma ọ bụ nwee ike itinye ọkwa nke ịjụ na-arịọ ka e guzobe Board of Review. [[Usòrò:FIP Environment Canada.PNG|thumb|okoloto nchebe gburugburu ebe obibi nke Canada]] == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E guzobere iwu ahụ na afo 1988 ma mee ya iji nyé usoro nhazi iji nyochaa ma jikwaa kemịkalụ na gburugburu ébé obibi nke a na-edoghị ányá n'okpuru mmemme ndị dị ugbu a. [citation needed] Na 1990 na SOR/90-583: A gbakwunyere Iwu Iwu Nchịkọta nke abụọ (ụfọdụ ''bromofluorocarbons'') na LOTS.<ref name="ilocan">{{Cite news|title=Canada (96,462)|url=https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=20586&p_count=96462|accessdate=July 8, 2022|publisher=International Labor Organization}}</ref> N'ubochi irí abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel April, 2021, e dezigharịrị LOTS site na iwu iji tinye '''ihe ndị e mepụtara''' plastik, tupu ụbọchị iri abụo n'ọnwa Juun 2022, iwu màkà mmachibido iwu Canada na plastik eji otu ihe (SUP), nke Minista nke Gburugburu Ébé Obibi na Mgbanwe Ihu igwe Steven Guilbeault webatara.<ref name="cgoats">{{Cite news|title=Order Adding a Toxic Substance to Schedule 1 to the Canadian Environmental Protection Act, 1999: SOR/2021-86|url=https://canadagazette.gc.ca/rp-pr/p2/2021/2021-05-12/html/sor-dors86-eng.html|work=[[Canada Gazette]]|date=May 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name="timeap">{{Cite news|title=Canada Sets Dates To Ban Some Single-Use Plastics|url=https://time.com/6189281/canada-bans-single-use-plastics/|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=June 20, 2022}}</ref><ref name="govsupp">{{Cite news|title=Single-use Plastics Prohibition Regulations – Guidance for selecting alternatives|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/services/managing-reducing-waste/reduce-plastic-waste/single-use-plastic-guidance.html|publisher=Government of Canada|date=July 7, 2022}}</ref><ref name="eccc21">{{Cite news|title=Government of Canada moving forward with banning harmful single-use plastics|url=https://www.canada.ca/en/environment-climate-change/news/2021/12/government-of-canada-moving-forward-with-banning-harmful-single-use-plastics0.html|publisher=Government of Canada|date=December 30, 2021}}</ref><ref name="ohhllp">{{Cite news|title=Government of Canada bans many single-use plastics|url=https://www.osler.com/en/resources/regulations/2022/government-of-canada-bans-many-single-use-plastics|publisher=Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt LLP|date=June 22, 2022}}</ref><ref name="planban">{{Cite news|title=Plan for the Ban: Canada Announces Timeline for Single-Use Plastics Prohibition|url=https://mcmillan.ca/insights/plan-for-the-ban-canada-announces-timeline-for-single-use-plastics-prohibition/|publisher=McMillan LLP|date=June 22, 2022}}</ref><ref name="eccc21" /> Mmachibido iwu SUP gụnyere ihe ndị dị ka ahịhịa, akpa, akpa nri, ite, mkpara na mgbaaka plastik.<ref name="mrcbc">{{Cite news|author=Rabson|first=Mia|title=Government will ban some single-use plastics over the next 18 months|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/plastics-ban-countdown-1.6494379|publisher=CBC|date=June 20, 2022}}</ref> == Ihe ọhụrụ na nke dị ugbu a == === Ihe ndị na-egbu egbu === Ihe ndị na-egbu egbu nwere njirimara akọwapụtara na Nkebi nke 64 nke CEPA.Ozugbo a tụpụtara iwu, ndị nwéré mmasị nwèrè ụbọchị 60 iji nye nkọwa na ngwá ọrụ ahụ a tụrụ aro ma ọ bụ nwee ike itinye ọkwa nke ịjụ na-arịọ ka e guzobe Board of Review.<ref name="ectoxic">{{cite news |title=What Does Toxic Mean under CEPA 1999? |url=https://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/DEF9EA38-699F-5C10-3447-20B9C6041B91/fi-fs01_eng.pdf |publisher=Environment Canada |date=April 2005}}</ref> === Ihe Ọhụrụ === A ghaghị inyocha ihe ọhụrụ niile màkà ahụike mmadụ na ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ébé obibi tupu emepụta ma ọ bụ bubata ha na Canada. A na-ekere òkè màkà nyocha ndị a n'etiti Environment Canada na Health Canada ma na-achịkwa ya site na New Substances Program, nke na-achịkọta ụkpụrụ metụtara ọkwa nke ihe ọhụrụ na gburugburu ébé obibi.<ref name="nsp">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/subsnouvelles-newsubs/default.asp?lang=En&n=AB189605-1|title=New Substances Program|date=April 29, 2022|publisher=Government of Canada}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2005-247/index.html|title=''New Substances Notification Regulations (Chemicals and Polymers)''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/regulations/SOR-2005-248/index.html|title=''New Substances Notification Regulations (Organisms)''}}</ref> == Mmanye, ntaramahụhụ na ikpe == Ọrụ mmanye metụtara iwu ahụ nwèrè ike ịgụnye: * ịdọ aka ná ntị banyéré ịdị adị nke mmebi iwu ka ónyé a na-ebo ebubo nwee ike ime ihe ma laghachi n'ịgbaso iwu. * ntụziaka iji dozie ma ọ bụ iji gbochie ntọhapụ iwu na-akwadoghị nke ihe ndị a na-achịkwa; * tiketi màkà mmebi iwu (dịka ịghara itinye akụkọ edere ede); * iwu dị íchè íchè (dịka iwu mmachibido iwu, iwu iji chetara ihe ma ọ bụ ngwaahịa iwu na-akwadoghị site n'ahịa, iwu nchedo gburugburu ébé obibi iji kwụsị ọrụ iwu na-ekwadoghị ozugbo) iji gbochie mmebi iwu ma ọ bụ chọọ ka e mee ihe; * iwu; * ikpe n'okpuru ikike nke ónyé ọkàiwu Crown; na * Nzọụkwụ ndị ọzọ na-echebe gburugburu ébé obibi. Nkwụsị === ''Iwu Mmetụta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi'' === Ụgwọ n'okpuru [[Environmental Enforcement Act|Iwu]] Mmanye Gburugburu Ébé Obibi (EEA) sitere na puku dollar ise ruo nde dollar isií.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/alef-ewe/default.asp?lang=En&n=7CB7E78A-1|title=Fine regime under the Environmental Enforcement Act - Canada.ca|first=Environment and Climate Change|author=Canada|work=www.ec.gc.ca}}</ref> EEA na-emetụta mmebi iwu n'okpuru CEPA 1999. EEA na-enyekwa ndị ọrụ mmanye ohere ijide mmadụ na-enweghị akwụkwọ ikike, ijide ma ọ bụ jide ihe ndị metụtara mpụ CEPA 1999 ma ọ bụ ihe akaebe metụtara ya, ya na ijide maọghachi ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-enyo enyo na ha bụ mpụ. Ikpe ma ọ bụ ebubo n'okpuru EEA nwekwara ike ịkpata mkpọrọ ruo afọ atọ. A na-edepụta ikpe n'okpuru CEPA 1999 na ébé nrụọrụ weebụ Environment Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/alef-ewe/default.asp?lang=En&n=5C63F879-1|title=Environmental annual reports and statistics - Canada.ca|first=Environment and Climate Change|author=Canada|work=www.ec.gc.ca}}</ref> === Iwu ndị a họọrọ === * Mmachibido Iwu nke Ụfọdụ Ihe Ndị Na-egbu Mgbasa<ref name="ccr">{{Cite news|title=Canadian Regulations|url=https://www.claigan.com/canadian-regulations/|accessdate=July 8, 2022|publisher=Claigan}}</ref> * Mmachibido iwu nke Asbestos na ngwaahịa ndị nwéré Iwu Asbestos<ref name="ccr" /> * Iwu Egwuregwu Canada<ref name="ccr" /> * Ikike Ikike Ngwá Ọrụ Ọgwụ Canada<ref name="ccr" /> * Iwu Phthalates nke Canada (SOR/2016-188)<ref name="ccr" /> * Ngwaahịa Ndị NweNwérére Iwu Mercury<ref name="ccr" /> == Hụkwa == * {{Cite web|title=Canadian Environmental Protection Act, Official Website|url=http://www.ec.gc.ca/CEPARegistry/the_act/}} * [http://www.ec.gc.ca/lcpe-cepa/default.asp?lang=En&n=66B8D849-1 Mmanye na nrubeisi n'okpuru CEPA 1999] == Edensibia == {{Reflist|3}} o8pl8himkvdskvlg8ytd6m2ky3bc21j 0 26620 672361 538251 2026-07-04T14:42:32Z Bigcee007 24507 Fixed reference error 672361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gizo, nke a makwaara dịka '''Gizzo''', bụ onye aghụghọ ududo nke dị n'okpukpe ọdịnala nke [[Ndi Haụsa|ndị Hausa]], ndị dị na mpaghara Sahelian ma nwee ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu na [[Naijiria]], [[Niger]], [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]], na [[Benin]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Lynch|first=Patricia Ann|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Qiq4ps_wDIC|title=African Mythology, A to Z|date=2010|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-1-4381-3133-7|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ọdịbendị nke ududo n'akụkọ ifo Afrịka, Gizo bụ dike n'akụkọ ifo.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tremearne|first=Major A. J. N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=74TFBQAAQBAJ&q=hausa+gizzo&pg=PT34|title=Hausa Superstitions and Customs: An Introduction to the Folk-Lore and the Folk|date=2014-01-02|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-96973-7|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Skinner|first=Neil|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ciWDwAAQBAJ|title=Hausa Tales and Traditions: An English Translation of Tatsuniyoyi Na Hausa Originally Compiled by Frank Edgar|date=2019-06-03|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-64801-4|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Tremearne|first=Arthur John Newman|url=http://archive.org/details/hausasuperstitio00tremuoft|title=Hausa superstitions and customs: an introduction to the folk-lore and the folk|date=1913|publisher=London, Bale|others=Gerstein - University of Toronto}}</ref> == Akụkọ ifo == === Enyi, Enyi Mmiri, na Ududo. === Ụkọ nri malitere otu ugboro, Gizo, yana ezinụlọ ya, nọkwa n'agụụ nke ukwuu. Ya mere, Gizo gara n'ebe enyí nọ, onye a na-ewere dịka onye nwe ala niile. Gizo gwara enyí ahụ, na-ekwu na onye nwe mmiri, enju mmiri ahụ chọrọ ka enyinyo ahụ zitere ya otu narị nkata ọka. Na mgbanwere, enyí mmiri ga-ezigara enyi ahụ nnukwu ịnyịnya. Enyí ahụ amaghị na Gizo na-agha ụgha, ya mere o nyere ya ọka ahụ. Mgbe o nwesịrị ihe ịga nke ọma na mgbalị mbụ ya, Gizo gakwuuru enyí mmiri n'oge a. Ọ rịọrọ otu narị nkata azụ maka enyí ahụ. Na nzaghachi, enyí ga-enweta nnukwu ịnyịnya site n'aka enjyi mmiri. N'ezie, Gizo na-agha ụgha nye enyí mmiri - mana ọ bụghị onye maara ihe. N'ikpeazụ, ma enyí Ḿmírí ma enyi ahụ rịọrọ Gizo maka ịnyịnya ha. Ya mere, Gizo chepụtara aghụghọ: Ọ gwara ndị isi obodo abụọ na ọ dị mkpa ijide ịnyịnya ọhịa. Nanị ihe ha ga-eme bụ ịdọrọ eriri nke Gizo tinyere n'aka ha. N'amaghị ama ha, Gizo kwukwara otu ihe ahụ maka enyí na enyi mmiri ahụ; ya mere, ndị otu atọ ahụ mechara na-adọkpụ eriri ahụ n'akụkụ nke ha gasị, n'amagyeghị ihe merenụ. N'ezie, n'ikpeazụ, ma enyí mmiri ma enyi ahụ chọpụtara aghụghọ ahụ. Gizo gbapụrụ ma zoo n'iwe ha. Otú ọ dị, ọzọ, agụụ mere ya ihe o wee gbapụta ebe o zoro. Iji jide n'aka na a gaghị amata ya, Gizo weere akpụkpọ anụ mgbada ma mee ka ọ bụ otu. O nwekwara ihe ịga nke ọma: Ọ bụ ezie na enyí na anyị mmiri zutere ya, ọ dịghị onye nwere ike ịmata ya.<ref name=":0" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 841splhp63tj12rx0umvjxf7ino8jly 0 27523 672172 143290 2026-07-04T12:30:25Z 10kdollz 19775 672172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Irène Kälin''' (amụrụ na 6 na onwa Febụwarị na afọ 1987 na Lenzburg, Aargau; sitere na Einsiedeln) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Switzerland]] nke Green Party . Kälin nwetara Matura ya na Gymnasium Leonhard na Basel na afọ 2007. N'afọ 2009, ọ malitere ọmụmụ Islam na okpukpe na Mahadum Zurich wee nweta nzere Bachelor of Arts n'afọ 2013. N'afọ 2014, ọ sonyeere mmemme masta Religionskulturen nke Mahadum Bern, ebe o dere edemede banyere nkwenye steeti nke Islam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|language=fr|first=Céline|author=Zünd|title=Irène Kälin veut que l'islam devienne une affaire de l'Etat|work=[[Le Temps]]|date=October 12, 2017|url=https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/irene-kalin-veut-lislam-devienne-une-affaire-letat|accessdate=September 2, 2019}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu ọrụ maka Unia Aargau site na afọ 2015 wee ruo afọ 2016 ma bụrụ ugbu a onyeisi oche nke ArbeitAargau, nzukọ nche anwụ nke ndị ọrụ na canton.<ref>{{Cite web|language=de|url=https://www.arbeitaargau.ch/vorstand/|title=Vorstand|publisher=ArbeitAargau|accessdate=December 23, 2017}}</ref><ref name="gr" /> Site na Jenụwarị n'afọ 2010 wee ruo Nọvemba 2017, Kälin nọrọ na Grand Council nke Aargau, ebe ọ jere ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche nke kọmitii atọ: Kọmitii maka Atụmatụ Ọrụ na Ego (afọ 2010-afọ 2013), Kọmitii Naturalization (2013-2015) na Kọmitii Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Ihe owuwu, Transport, Ike na Atụmatụ Ojiji Ala (2013-2015).<ref name="gr">{{Cite web|language=de|url=http://www.ag.ch/grossrat/iga_grw_mitgl.php?AdrNr=10.000141|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704110119/http://www.ag.ch/grossrat/iga_grw_mitgl.php?AdrNr=10.000141|archivedate=July 4, 2016|title=Irène Kälin|publisher=official website of the canton of Aargau|accessdate=October 1, 2017}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke otu Green Party na Grand Council.<ref name="kp">{{Cite web|language=de|url=https://www.ag.ch/media/kanton_aargau/alle_medien/dokumente/aktuell_3/wahlen___abstimmungen/wahlen_1/staendertswahlen/2015_10_18_sr/kandidaturen/Kaelin_Irne_Gruene_def.pdf|title=Wahl der zwei aargauischen Mitglieder des Ständerats für die Amtsdauer 2015/2019 vom 18. Oktober 2015 (1. Wahlgang) – Kandidatenportrait – Kälin Irène|publisher=official website of the canton of Aargau|accessdate=October 1, 2017|archivedate=March 30, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330001952/https://www.ag.ch/media/kanton_aargau/alle_medien/dokumente/aktuell_3/wahlen___abstimmungen/wahlen_1/staendertswahlen/2015_10_18_sr/kandidaturen/Kaelin_Irne_Gruene_def.pdf}}</ref> Kälin bụ osote onye isi oche nke Green Party nke Switzerland site na afọ 2012 ruo afọ 2014.<ref name="kp">{{Cite web|language=de|url=https://www.ag.ch/media/kanton_aargau/alle_medien/dokumente/aktuell_3/wahlen___abstimmungen/wahlen_1/staendertswahlen/2015_10_18_sr/kandidaturen/Kaelin_Irne_Gruene_def.pdf|title=Wahl der zwei aargauischen Mitglieder des Ständerats für die Amtsdauer 2015/2019 vom 18. Oktober 2015 (1. Wahlgang) – Kandidatenportrait – Kälin Irène|publisher=official website of the canton of Aargau|accessdate=October 1, 2017|archivedate=March 30, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330001952/https://www.ag.ch/media/kanton_aargau/alle_medien/dokumente/aktuell_3/wahlen___abstimmungen/wahlen_1/staendertswahlen/2015_10_18_sr/kandidaturen/Kaelin_Irne_Gruene_def.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20170330001952/https://www.ag.ch/media/kanton_aargau/alle_medien/dokumente/aktuell_3/wahlen___abstimmungen/wahlen_1/staendertswahlen/2015_10_18_sr/kandidaturen/Kaelin_Irne_Gruene_def.pdf "Wahl der zwei aargauischen Mitglieder des Ständerats für die Amtsdauer 2015/2019 vom 18. Oktober 2015 (1. Wahlgang) – Kandidatenportrait – Kälin Irène"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in German). official website of the canton of Aargau. Archived from [https://www.ag.ch/media/kanton_aargau/alle_medien/dokumente/aktuell_3/wahlen___abstimmungen/wahlen_1/staendertswahlen/2015_10_18_sr/kandidaturen/Kaelin_Irne_Gruene_def.pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on March 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2017</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> Na ntuli aka gọọmentị etiti nke afọ 2015, Kälin guzoro maka Kansụl Mba na Kansụl nke Steeti mana [[Jonas Fricker]] meriri ya na votu 2,500. N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2017, ọ nọchiri Fricker na-agba arụkwaghịm na Kansụl Mba ka edepụtara ya nke abụọ na ndepụta ntuli aka nke pati ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|language=de|url=https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/aargau/kanton-aargau/erste-reaktionen-das-sagen-ersatzfrau-kaelin-und-aargauer-gruenen-praesident-hoelzle-131765546|title=Erste Reaktionen: Das sagen Nachfolgerin Kälin und Aargauer Grünen-Präsident Hölzle|work=[[Aargauer Zeitung]]|date=October 1, 2017|accessdate=October 1, 2017}}</ref> Ọ nọgidere n'oche ya na ntuli aka gọọmentị etiti nke 2019 ma họpụta ya dị ka osote onye isi oche nke abụọ nke Kansụl Mba maka afọ 2019 wee rụọ 20.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ratsmitglied ansehen|url=https://www.parlament.ch/de/biografie/ir%C3%A8ne-k%C3%A4lin/4218|accessdate=2022-05-22|work=www.parlament.ch}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi ala mbụ na ndị omeiwu n'afọ 2020 wee rụọ2021, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Kansụl Mba na onwa Nọvemba na afọ 2021.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Büchi|first=Jaqueline|date=29 November 2021|title=Irène Kälin – Jung, grün, höchste Schweizerin|url=https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/jung-gruen-hoechste-schweizerin-959211543155|accessdate=2022-05-22|work=[[Tages-Anzeiger]]|language=de}}</ref> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8fahpzd9gyxeririkyd6okvortpmcsg 672173 672172 2026-07-04T12:31:27Z 10kdollz 19775 672173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Irène Kälin''' (amụrụ na 6 na onwa Febụwarị na afọ 1987 na Lenzburg, Aargau; sitere na Einsiedeln) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[Switzerland]] nke Green Party . Kälin nwetara Matura ya na Gymnasium Leonhard na Basel na afọ 2007. N'afọ 2009, ọ malitere ọmụmụ Islam na okpukpe na Mahadum Zurich wee nweta nzere Bachelor of Arts n'afọ 2013. N'afọ 2014, ọ sonyeere mmemme masta Religionskulturen nke Mahadum Bern, ebe o dere edemede banyere nkwenye steeti nke Islam.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|language=fr|first=Céline|author=Zünd|title=Irène Kälin veut que l'islam devienne une affaire de l'Etat|work=[[Le Temps]]|date=October 12, 2017|url=https://www.letemps.ch/suisse/irene-kalin-veut-lislam-devienne-une-affaire-letat|accessdate=September 2, 2019}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu ọrụ maka Unia Aargau site na afọ 2015 wee ruo afọ 2016 ma bụrụ ugbu a onyeisi oche nke ArbeitAargau, nzukọ nche anwụ nke ndị ọrụ na canton.<ref>{{Cite web|language=de|url=https://www.arbeitaargau.ch/vorstand/|title=Vorstand|publisher=ArbeitAargau|accessdate=December 23, 2017}}</ref><ref name="gr" /> Site na Jenụwarị n'afọ 2010 wee ruo Nọvemba 2017, Kälin nọrọ na Grand Council nke Aargau, ebe ọ jere ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche nke kọmitii atọ: Kọmitii maka Atụmatụ Ọrụ na Ego (afọ 2010-afọ 2013), Kọmitii Naturalization (2013-2015) na Kọmitii Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Ihe owuwu, Transport, Ike na Atụmatụ Ojiji Ala (2013-2015).<ref name="gr">{{Cite web|language=de|url=http://www.ag.ch/grossrat/iga_grw_mitgl.php?AdrNr=10.000141|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160704110119/http://www.ag.ch/grossrat/iga_grw_mitgl.php?AdrNr=10.000141|archivedate=July 4, 2016|title=Irène Kälin|publisher=official website of the canton of Aargau|accessdate=October 1, 2017}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke otu Green Party na Grand Council.<ref name="kp">{{Cite web|language=de|url=https://www.ag.ch/media/kanton_aargau/alle_medien/dokumente/aktuell_3/wahlen___abstimmungen/wahlen_1/staendertswahlen/2015_10_18_sr/kandidaturen/Kaelin_Irne_Gruene_def.pdf|title=Wahl der zwei aargauischen Mitglieder des Ständerats für die Amtsdauer 2015/2019 vom 18. Oktober 2015 (1. Wahlgang) – Kandidatenportrait – Kälin Irène|publisher=official website of the canton of Aargau|accessdate=October 1, 2017|archivedate=March 30, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330001952/https://www.ag.ch/media/kanton_aargau/alle_medien/dokumente/aktuell_3/wahlen___abstimmungen/wahlen_1/staendertswahlen/2015_10_18_sr/kandidaturen/Kaelin_Irne_Gruene_def.pdf}}</ref> Kälin bụ osote onye isi oche nke Green Party nke Switzerland site na afọ 2012 ruo afọ 2014.<ref name="kp" /> Na ntuli aka gọọmentị etiti nke afọ 2015, Kälin guzoro maka Kansụl Mba na Kansụl nke Steeti mana [[Jonas Fricker]] meriri ya na votu 2,500. N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2017, ọ nọchiri Fricker na-agba arụkwaghịm na Kansụl Mba ka edepụtara ya nke abụọ na ndepụta ntuli aka nke pati ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|language=de|url=https://www.aargauerzeitung.ch/aargau/kanton-aargau/erste-reaktionen-das-sagen-ersatzfrau-kaelin-und-aargauer-gruenen-praesident-hoelzle-131765546|title=Erste Reaktionen: Das sagen Nachfolgerin Kälin und Aargauer Grünen-Präsident Hölzle|work=[[Aargauer Zeitung]]|date=October 1, 2017|accessdate=October 1, 2017}}</ref> Ọ nọgidere n'oche ya na ntuli aka gọọmentị etiti nke 2019 ma họpụta ya dị ka osote onye isi oche nke abụọ nke Kansụl Mba maka afọ 2019 wee rụọ 20.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Ratsmitglied ansehen|url=https://www.parlament.ch/de/biografie/ir%C3%A8ne-k%C3%A4lin/4218|accessdate=2022-05-22|work=www.parlament.ch}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka osote onye isi ala mbụ na ndị omeiwu n'afọ 2020 wee rụọ2021, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Kansụl Mba na onwa Nọvemba na afọ 2021.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Büchi|first=Jaqueline|date=29 November 2021|title=Irène Kälin – Jung, grün, höchste Schweizerin|url=https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/jung-gruen-hoechste-schweizerin-959211543155|accessdate=2022-05-22|work=[[Tages-Anzeiger]]|language=de}}</ref> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 52zga80nqbgwgyxqkshjuakkhdwr6dc 0 27946 672316 143061 2026-07-04T14:09:23Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 672316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[Usòrò:Portrait_of_Michael_D'Andrea_(circa_1969).jpg|thumb|Michael D'Andrea]] {{Infobox officeholder|name=Michael D'Andrea|birth_date={{birth year and age|1954}}|nationality=American|spouse=Faridah Currimjee D'Andrea|nickname={{unbulleted list|"Ayatollah Mike"|"The Prince of Darkness"|"The Dark Prince"|"The Undertaker"|Roger (cover identity)}}|office=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]<br>[[Iran Mission Center]]|title=Director|termstart=2017|termend=2021|president=[[Donald Trump]]<br />[[Joe Biden]]|profession=[[Espionage]]|predecessor=unknown|successor=position eliminated|office1=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] [[Counterterrorism Center]]|predecessor1=[[Robert Grenier (CIA)|Robert Grenier]]|president1=[[George W. Bush]]<br />[[Barack Obama]]|successor1=[[Chris Wood (CIA)|Chris Wood]]|termstart1=2006|termend1=2015|title1=Director}} <ref name="NYT1">{{Cite news|author=Rosenberg|first=Matthew|date=June 2, 2017|title=C.I.A. Names New Iran Chief in a Sign of Trump's Hard Line|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/world/middleeast/cia-iran-dark-prince-michael-dandrea.html}}</ref>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Dorfman|first=Zach|date=October 19, 2021|title='The grim reaper for the enemy': CIA's 'legendary' Iran chief forced to retire|url=https://news.yahoo.com/the-grim-reaper-for-the-enemy-ci-as-legendary-iran-chief-forced-to-retire-181856895.html|accessdate=2021-10-20|work=[[Yahoo News]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="NYT1" /><ref name=":1" />.<ref name=":1" />Michael D'Andrea (amụrụ 1954) bụ onye ọrụ Central Intelligence Agency nke lara ezumike nka bụ onye rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mbọ mgbochi ndị America n'oge Agha na ụjọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ itoolu dị ka onye nduzi nke Counterterrorism Center (CTC), ma nwee nnukwu ọrụ na ịchụ nta nke Osama bin Laden.[1] A kọwawo ọrụ afọ 42 ya dị ka otu n'ime ihe kacha pụta na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke CIA na nso nso a, a na-akpọkwa ya onye ndu kacha egbu egbu na gọọmentị US maka oge ya.[2] A na-ekwukarị ya na ọ na-agbanwe mbọ ịchụ nta ndị na-eyi ọha egwu nke CIA, na ịgbasawanye mmemme nke igbu mmadụ ezubere iche site na ogbugbu drone ji nnukwu ọgụ megide Al-Qaeda.[2][1] "Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ọchịagha na-alụ ọgụ, ọ gaara anọ ọdụ na gallery maka State of the Union, ọ gaara enweta otuto niile, na ụfọdụ, nke David Petraeus nwere," ka otu onye bụbu onye isi CIA kwuru. "Ọ gbara agha ahụ."[2] == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A zụlitere D'Andrea na Northern Virginia.<ref name="NYT1">{{Cite news|author=Rosenberg|first=Matthew|date=June 2, 2017|title=C.I.A. Names New Iran Chief in a Sign of Trump's Hard Line|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/world/middleeast/cia-iran-dark-prince-michael-dandrea.html}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRosenbergGoldman2017">Rosenberg, Matthew; Goldman, Adam (June 2, 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170602174554/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/world/middleeast/cia-iran-dark-prince-michael-dandrea.html "C.I.A. Names New Iran Chief in a Sign of Trump's Hard Line"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Archived from [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/world/middleeast/cia-iran-dark-prince-michael-dandrea.html the original] on June 2, 2017.</cite></ref> Ezinụlọ ya nwere njikọ na CIA nke gafere ọgbọ abụọ.<ref>[https://www.ulyces.co/mathilde-obert/lhomme-de-la-maison-blanche-les-mille-et-une-vies-dayatollah-mike L'homme de la Maison-Blanche : les mille et une vies d'Ayatollah Mike]</ref> Ọ zutere nwunye ya mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mba ofesi na Central Intelligence Agency, wee gbanwee gaa Islam iji lụọ ya.<ref name="NYT1" /><ref name="Gawker">{{Cite news|url=http://gawker.com/why-wont-the-post-name-cia-counterterrorism-chief-micha-1693833306|title=Why Won't the Post Name CIA Counterterrorism Chief Michael D'Andrea?|first=John|author=Cook|publisher=[[Gawker]]|date=March 26, 2015|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}</ref> Nwunye ya, Faridah Currimjee D'Andrea bụ nwa nwanyị nke ezinụlọ ndị Alakụba bara ọgaranya si [[Mauritius]] nwere mmalite Gujarati.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iransview.com/ayatollah-mikes-face-revealed-irans-view/1672/|title=CIA Agent Ayatollah Mike's Face Revealed: Iran's View|publisher=[[Iran's View]]|date=June 3, 2017|accessdate=June 12, 2017}}</ref> Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Currimjee Group, ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa nke ezinụlọ ya nwere ihe onwunwe gụnyere mgbasa ozi obibi akwụkwọ, nkwukọrịta, ala, njem nleta, ọrụ ego na ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.currimjee.com/|title=Home|work=currimjee.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ahaber.com.tr/yazarlar/ergun-diler/2018/01/03/cumaya-dikkat-1514957774|title=watch out for friday|date=2018-03-01|accessdate=2023-02-08}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị mmemme drone na CTC, na enweghị ike inweta ọnọdụ nke osote onye nduzi nke Ọrụ, D'Andrea nabatara ihe a hụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka nkwụsị, na-enyocha ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na ọrụ nlekọta. Ohere ọhụrụ pụtara mgbe gọọmentị Trump lekwasịrị anya na Iran. Site na 2017 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'ike na 2021, D'Andrea jere ozi dị ka onye ndú nke CIA's Iran Mission Center, nke gbasaa n'oge usoro siri ike nke gọọmentị Trump nabatara Iran.<ref name="NYT1">{{Cite news|author=Rosenberg|first=Matthew|date=June 2, 2017|title=C.I.A. Names New Iran Chief in a Sign of Trump's Hard Line|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/world/middleeast/cia-iran-dark-prince-michael-dandrea.html}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFRosenbergGoldman2017">Rosenberg, Matthew; Goldman, Adam (June 2, 2017). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170602174554/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/world/middleeast/cia-iran-dark-prince-michael-dandrea.html "C.I.A. Names New Iran Chief in a Sign of Trump's Hard Line"]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Archived from [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/world/middleeast/cia-iran-dark-prince-michael-dandrea.html the original] on June 2, 2017.</cite></ref>.A na-ebokwa ya ebubo na D'Andrea na-etinye aka na ọrụ gburu onye isi ala Iran Qasem Soleimani.[1][2] Na ezumike nka D'Andrea na 2021, CIA kwụsịrị Iran Mission Center, na-atụgharịghachi ya na nnukwu Near East Mission Center na mbido 2022.[3]<ref name="polygraph">Tlis, Fatima (February 4, 2020). [https://www.polygraph.info/a/iran-russia-cia-afghanistan-fact-check/30416888.html "Unsupported Claims that CIA’s Iran Chief Died in Afghan Crash"] [[Polygraph.info]].</ref><ref name="business insider">{{Cite web|author=Bostock|first=Bill|title=Iranian state TV used a photo of an actor from 'Zero Dark Thirty' to spread a wild theory that a senior CIA official was killed in a plane crash in Afghanistan|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/iran-image-zero-dark-thirty-actor-claim-cia-agent-death-2020-1|accessdate=2020-04-17|work=Business Insider}}</ref>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Dorfman|first=Zach|date=October 19, 2021|title='The grim reaper for the enemy': CIA's 'legendary' Iran chief forced to retire|url=https://news.yahoo.com/the-grim-reaper-for-the-enemy-ci-as-legendary-iran-chief-forced-to-retire-181856895.html|accessdate=2021-10-20|work=[[Yahoo News]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDorfman2021">Dorfman, Zach (October 19, 2021). [https://news.yahoo.com/the-grim-reaper-for-the-enemy-ci-as-legendary-iran-chief-forced-to-retire-181856895.html "'The grim reaper for the enemy': CIA's 'legendary' Iran chief forced to retire"]. ''[[Akụkọ Yahoo|Yahoo News]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: url-status ([[Ụdị: CS1 nọgidere: url-ọnọdụ|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref> N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ afọ na ọrụ CIA a ma ama, ezigbo aha D'Andrea apụtaghị n'ihu ọha ruo mgbe Mark Mazzetti nke ''The New York Times'' dere na 2015, otu ọnwa mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ọrụ onye nduzi CTC.<ref name="NYT_Drone">{{Cite news|author=Mazzetti|first=Mark|date=April 25, 2015|title=Deep Support in Washington for C.I.A.'s Drone Missions|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/us/politics/deep-support-in-washington-for-cias-drone-missions.html?smid=tw-share|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Gidda|first=Mirren|date=2017-06-02|title=Who is Michael D'Andrea, Trump's new Iran chief?|url=https://www.newsweek.com/cia-iran-chief-michael-dandrea-osama-bin-laden-619912|accessdate=2020-11-25|work=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi ya n'akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbe ọ ka bụ onye ọrụ nzuzo nke CIA kpaliri mmeghachi omume site n'aka ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ nzuzo mbụ, ọkachasị mgbe ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Iran bipụtara foto nke D'Andrea na nwunye ya n'echi ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-03|title=CIA Agent Ayatollah Mike's Face Revealed: Iran's View|url=http://www.iransview.com/ayatollah-mikes-face-revealed-irans-view/1672/|accessdate=2020-12-01|work=Iran's View|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Balestrieri|first=Steve|date=2017-07-26|title=The Public's Need to Know Doesn't Include Names of Covert Operatives|url=https://sofrep.com/specialoperations/publics-need-know-doesnt-include-names-intelligence-operatives/|accessdate=2020-12-01|work=SOFREP|language=en}}</ref> N'otu edemede dị na Washington Post, onye edemede na-agbaso omenala bụ Marc A. Thiessen kwuru na Iran na-elekwasịkarị ndị America ọ na-ewere dị ka ndị iro, dịka ogbugbu Bill Buckley, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Beirut nke ndị Islamic Jihad tọọrọ, mekpọọ, ma gbuo na 1985.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Thiessen|first=Marc A.|date=2017-06-07|title=Opinion {{!}} The New York Times recklessly exposes a CIA operative's identity|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-new-york-times-recklessly-exposes-a-cia-operatives-identity/2017/06/07/6d0abd68-4af2-11e7-9669-250d0b15f83b_story.html|accessdate=2020-12-01}}</ref> Mazzetti gbachitere mkpebi ya, na-ekwu na a manyere ya ime ihe mgbe ọ bịanyere aka na Jenụwarị 2015 na mpaghara ndịda Pakistan nke Waziristan, nke dugara na ọnwụ nke ndị ọrụ enyemaka Warren Weinstein na Giovanni Lo Porto. Ọ bụ D'Andrea na ndị isi CIA nyere ikike ịlụ ọgụ ahụ n'enweghị nlekọta White House. == N'omenala a ma ama == D'Andrea bụ onye kpaliri onye "The Wolf" na Kathryn Bigelow's ''Zero Dark Thirty''.<ref name="Gawker">{{Cite news|url=http://gawker.com/why-wont-the-post-name-cia-counterterrorism-chief-micha-1693833306|title=Why Won't the Post Name CIA Counterterrorism Chief Michael D'Andrea?|first=John|author=Cook|publisher=[[Gawker]]|date=March 26, 2015|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCook2015">Cook, John (March 26, 2015). [http://gawker.com/why-wont-the-post-name-cia-counterterrorism-chief-micha-1693833306 "Why Won't the Post Name CIA Counterterrorism Chief Michael D'Andrea?"]. [[Gawker]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] r9ft18ncym9gddiwbfobsajib2qdihg 672348 672316 2026-07-04T14:29:57Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 672348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[Usòrò:Portrait_of_Michael_D'Andrea_(circa_1969).jpg|thumb|Michael D'Andrea]] {{Infobox officeholder|name=Michael D'Andrea|birth_date={{birth year and age|1954}}|nationality=American|spouse=Faridah Currimjee D'Andrea|nickname={{unbulleted list|"Ayatollah Mike"|"The Prince of Darkness"|"The Dark Prince"|"The Undertaker"|Roger (cover identity)}}|office=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]<br>[[Iran Mission Center]]|title=Director|termstart=2017|termend=2021|president=[[Donald Trump]]<br />[[Joe Biden]]|profession=[[Espionage]]|predecessor=unknown|successor=position eliminated|office1=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] [[Counterterrorism Center]]|predecessor1=[[Robert Grenier (CIA)|Robert Grenier]]|president1=[[George W. Bush]]<br />[[Barack Obama]]|successor1=[[Chris Wood (CIA)|Chris Wood]]|termstart1=2006|termend1=2015|title1=Director}} <ref name="NYT1">{{Cite news|author=Rosenberg|first=Matthew|date=June 2, 2017|title=C.I.A. Names New Iran Chief in a Sign of Trump's Hard Line|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/world/middleeast/cia-iran-dark-prince-michael-dandrea.html}}</ref>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Dorfman|first=Zach|date=October 19, 2021|title='The grim reaper for the enemy': CIA's 'legendary' Iran chief forced to retire|url=https://news.yahoo.com/the-grim-reaper-for-the-enemy-ci-as-legendary-iran-chief-forced-to-retire-181856895.html|accessdate=2021-10-20|work=[[Yahoo News]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="NYT1" /><ref name=":1" />.<ref name=":1" />Michael D'Andrea (amụrụ 1954) bụ onye ọrụ Central Intelligence Agency nke lara ezumike nka bụ onye rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mbọ mgbochi ndị America n'oge Agha na ụjọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ itoolu dị ka onye nduzi nke Counterterrorism Center (CTC), ma nwee nnukwu ọrụ na ịchụ nta nke Osama bin Laden.[1] A kọwawo ọrụ afọ 42 ya dị ka otu n'ime ihe kacha pụta na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke CIA na nso nso a, a na-akpọkwa ya onye ndu kacha egbu egbu na gọọmentị US maka oge ya.[2] A na-ekwukarị ya na ọ na-agbanwe mbọ ịchụ nta ndị na-eyi ọha egwu nke CIA, na ịgbasawanye mmemme nke igbu mmadụ ezubere iche site na ogbugbu drone ji nnukwu ọgụ megide Al-Qaeda.[2][1] "Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ọchịagha na-alụ ọgụ, ọ gaara anọ ọdụ na gallery maka State of the Union, ọ gaara enweta otuto niile, na ụfọdụ, nke David Petraeus nwere," ka otu onye bụbu onye isi CIA kwuru. "Ọ gbara agha ahụ."[2] == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A zụlitere D'Andrea na Northern Virginia. <ref name="NYT1" />Ezinụlọ ya nwere njikọ na CIA nke gafere ọgbọ abụọ.<ref>[https://www.ulyces.co/mathilde-obert/lhomme-de-la-maison-blanche-les-mille-et-une-vies-dayatollah-mike L'homme de la Maison-Blanche : les mille et une vies d'Ayatollah Mike]</ref> Ọ zutere nwunye ya mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mba ofesi na Central Intelligence Agency, wee gbanwee gaa Islam iji lụọ ya.<ref name="NYT1" /><ref name="Gawker">{{Cite news|url=http://gawker.com/why-wont-the-post-name-cia-counterterrorism-chief-micha-1693833306|title=Why Won't the Post Name CIA Counterterrorism Chief Michael D'Andrea?|first=John|author=Cook|publisher=[[Gawker]]|date=March 26, 2015|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}</ref> Nwunye ya, Faridah Currimjee D'Andrea bụ nwa nwanyị nke ezinụlọ ndị Alakụba bara ọgaranya si [[Mauritius]] nwere mmalite Gujarati.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iransview.com/ayatollah-mikes-face-revealed-irans-view/1672/|title=CIA Agent Ayatollah Mike's Face Revealed: Iran's View|publisher=[[Iran's View]]|date=June 3, 2017|accessdate=June 12, 2017}}</ref> Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Currimjee Group, ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa nke ezinụlọ ya nwere ihe onwunwe gụnyere mgbasa ozi obibi akwụkwọ, nkwukọrịta, ala, njem nleta, ọrụ ego na ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.currimjee.com/|title=Home|work=currimjee.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ahaber.com.tr/yazarlar/ergun-diler/2018/01/03/cumaya-dikkat-1514957774|title=watch out for friday|date=2018-03-01|accessdate=2023-02-08}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị mmemme drone na CTC, na enweghị ike inweta ọnọdụ nke osote onye nduzi nke Ọrụ, D'Andrea nabatara ihe a hụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka nkwụsị, na-enyocha ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na ọrụ nlekọta. Ohere ọhụrụ pụtara mgbe gọọmentị Trump lekwasịrị anya na Iran. Site na 2017 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'ike na 2021, D'Andrea jere ozi dị ka onye ndú nke CIA's Iran Mission Center, nke gbasaa n'oge usoro siri ike nke gọọmentị Trump nabatara Iran..<ref name="NYT1" />A na-ebokwa ya ebubo na D'Andrea na-etinye aka na ọrụ gburu onye isi ala Iran Qasem Soleimani.[1][2] Na ezumike nka D'Andrea na 2021, CIA kwụsịrị Iran Mission Center, na-atụgharịghachi ya na nnukwu Near East Mission Center na mbido 2022.[3]<ref name="polygraph">Tlis, Fatima (February 4, 2020). [https://www.polygraph.info/a/iran-russia-cia-afghanistan-fact-check/30416888.html "Unsupported Claims that CIA’s Iran Chief Died in Afghan Crash"] [[Polygraph.info]].</ref><ref name="business insider">{{Cite web|author=Bostock|first=Bill|title=Iranian state TV used a photo of an actor from 'Zero Dark Thirty' to spread a wild theory that a senior CIA official was killed in a plane crash in Afghanistan|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/iran-image-zero-dark-thirty-actor-claim-cia-agent-death-2020-1|accessdate=2020-04-17|work=Business Insider}}</ref>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Dorfman|first=Zach|date=October 19, 2021|title='The grim reaper for the enemy': CIA's 'legendary' Iran chief forced to retire|url=https://news.yahoo.com/the-grim-reaper-for-the-enemy-ci-as-legendary-iran-chief-forced-to-retire-181856895.html|accessdate=2021-10-20|work=[[Yahoo News]]|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDorfman2021">Dorfman, Zach (October 19, 2021). [https://news.yahoo.com/the-grim-reaper-for-the-enemy-ci-as-legendary-iran-chief-forced-to-retire-181856895.html "'The grim reaper for the enemy': CIA's 'legendary' Iran chief forced to retire"]. ''[[Akụkọ Yahoo|Yahoo News]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-20</span></span>.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Àtụ:Cite web|cite web]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: url-status ([[Ụdị: CS1 nọgidere: url-ọnọdụ|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: url-status]]</ref> N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ afọ na ọrụ CIA a ma ama, ezigbo aha D'Andrea apụtaghị n'ihu ọha ruo mgbe Mark Mazzetti nke ''The New York Times'' dere na 2015, otu ọnwa mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ọrụ onye nduzi CTC.<ref name="NYT_Drone">{{Cite news|author=Mazzetti|first=Mark|date=April 25, 2015|title=Deep Support in Washington for C.I.A.'s Drone Missions|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/us/politics/deep-support-in-washington-for-cias-drone-missions.html?smid=tw-share|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Gidda|first=Mirren|date=2017-06-02|title=Who is Michael D'Andrea, Trump's new Iran chief?|url=https://www.newsweek.com/cia-iran-chief-michael-dandrea-osama-bin-laden-619912|accessdate=2020-11-25|work=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi ya n'akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbe ọ ka bụ onye ọrụ nzuzo nke CIA kpaliri mmeghachi omume site n'aka ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ nzuzo mbụ, ọkachasị mgbe ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Iran bipụtara foto nke D'Andrea na nwunye ya n'echi ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-03|title=CIA Agent Ayatollah Mike's Face Revealed: Iran's View|url=http://www.iransview.com/ayatollah-mikes-face-revealed-irans-view/1672/|accessdate=2020-12-01|work=Iran's View|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Balestrieri|first=Steve|date=2017-07-26|title=The Public's Need to Know Doesn't Include Names of Covert Operatives|url=https://sofrep.com/specialoperations/publics-need-know-doesnt-include-names-intelligence-operatives/|accessdate=2020-12-01|work=SOFREP|language=en}}</ref> N'otu edemede dị na Washington Post, onye edemede na-agbaso omenala bụ Marc A. Thiessen kwuru na Iran na-elekwasịkarị ndị America ọ na-ewere dị ka ndị iro, dịka ogbugbu Bill Buckley, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Beirut nke ndị Islamic Jihad tọọrọ, mekpọọ, ma gbuo na 1985.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Thiessen|first=Marc A.|date=2017-06-07|title=Opinion {{!}} The New York Times recklessly exposes a CIA operative's identity|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-new-york-times-recklessly-exposes-a-cia-operatives-identity/2017/06/07/6d0abd68-4af2-11e7-9669-250d0b15f83b_story.html|accessdate=2020-12-01}}</ref> Mazzetti gbachitere mkpebi ya, na-ekwu na a manyere ya ime ihe mgbe ọ bịanyere aka na Jenụwarị 2015 na mpaghara ndịda Pakistan nke Waziristan, nke dugara na ọnwụ nke ndị ọrụ enyemaka Warren Weinstein na Giovanni Lo Porto. Ọ bụ D'Andrea na ndị isi CIA nyere ikike ịlụ ọgụ ahụ n'enweghị nlekọta White House. == N'omenala a ma ama == D'Andrea bụ onye kpaliri onye "The Wolf" na Kathryn Bigelow's ''Zero Dark Thirty''.<ref name="Gawker">{{Cite news|url=http://gawker.com/why-wont-the-post-name-cia-counterterrorism-chief-micha-1693833306|title=Why Won't the Post Name CIA Counterterrorism Chief Michael D'Andrea?|first=John|author=Cook|publisher=[[Gawker]]|date=March 26, 2015|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCook2015">Cook, John (March 26, 2015). [http://gawker.com/why-wont-the-post-name-cia-counterterrorism-chief-micha-1693833306 "Why Won't the Post Name CIA Counterterrorism Chief Michael D'Andrea?"]. [[Gawker]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jejvg4svf4lz46ebhbibn4hd522ypxp 672352 672348 2026-07-04T14:33:39Z Ceentia 24734 672352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[Usòrò:Portrait_of_Michael_D'Andrea_(circa_1969).jpg|thumb|Michael D'Andrea]] {{Infobox officeholder|name=Michael D'Andrea|birth_date={{birth year and age|1954}}|nationality=American|spouse=Faridah Currimjee D'Andrea|nickname={{unbulleted list|"Ayatollah Mike"|"The Prince of Darkness"|"The Dark Prince"|"The Undertaker"|Roger (cover identity)}}|office=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]<br>[[Iran Mission Center]]|title=Director|termstart=2017|termend=2021|president=[[Donald Trump]]<br />[[Joe Biden]]|profession=[[Espionage]]|predecessor=unknown|successor=position eliminated|office1=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] [[Counterterrorism Center]]|predecessor1=[[Robert Grenier (CIA)|Robert Grenier]]|president1=[[George W. Bush]]<br />[[Barack Obama]]|successor1=[[Chris Wood (CIA)|Chris Wood]]|termstart1=2006|termend1=2015|title1=Director}} <ref name="NYT1">{{Cite news|author=Rosenberg|first=Matthew|date=June 2, 2017|title=C.I.A. Names New Iran Chief in a Sign of Trump's Hard Line|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/world/middleeast/cia-iran-dark-prince-michael-dandrea.html}}</ref>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Dorfman|first=Zach|date=October 19, 2021|title='The grim reaper for the enemy': CIA's 'legendary' Iran chief forced to retire|url=https://news.yahoo.com/the-grim-reaper-for-the-enemy-ci-as-legendary-iran-chief-forced-to-retire-181856895.html|accessdate=2021-10-20|work=[[Yahoo News]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="NYT1" />.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" />Michael D'Andrea (amụrụ 1954) bụ onye ọrụ Central Intelligence Agency nke lara ezumike nka bụ onye rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mbọ mgbochi ndị America n'oge Agha na ụjọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ itoolu dị ka onye nduzi nke Counterterrorism Center (CTC), ma nwee nnukwu ọrụ na ịchụ nta nke Osama bin Laden.[1] A kọwawo ọrụ afọ 42 ya dị ka otu n'ime ihe kacha pụta na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke CIA na nso nso a, a na-akpọkwa ya onye ndu kacha egbu egbu na gọọmentị US maka oge ya.[2] A na-ekwukarị ya na ọ na-agbanwe mbọ ịchụ nta ndị na-eyi ọha egwu nke CIA, na ịgbasawanye mmemme nke igbu mmadụ ezubere iche site na ogbugbu drone ji nnukwu ọgụ megide Al-Qaeda.[2][1] "Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ọchịagha na-alụ ọgụ, ọ gaara anọ ọdụ na gallery maka State of the Union, ọ gaara enweta otuto niile, na ụfọdụ, nke David Petraeus nwere," ka otu onye bụbu onye isi CIA kwuru. "Ọ gbara agha ahụ."[2] == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A zụlitere D'Andrea na Northern Virginia. <ref name="NYT1" />Ezinụlọ ya nwere njikọ na CIA nke gafere ọgbọ abụọ.<ref>[https://www.ulyces.co/mathilde-obert/lhomme-de-la-maison-blanche-les-mille-et-une-vies-dayatollah-mike L'homme de la Maison-Blanche : les mille et une vies d'Ayatollah Mike]</ref> Ọ zutere nwunye ya mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mba ofesi na Central Intelligence Agency, wee gbanwee gaa Islam iji lụọ ya.<ref name="NYT1" /><ref name="Gawker">{{Cite news|url=http://gawker.com/why-wont-the-post-name-cia-counterterrorism-chief-micha-1693833306|title=Why Won't the Post Name CIA Counterterrorism Chief Michael D'Andrea?|first=John|author=Cook|publisher=[[Gawker]]|date=March 26, 2015|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}</ref> Nwunye ya, Faridah Currimjee D'Andrea bụ nwa nwanyị nke ezinụlọ ndị Alakụba bara ọgaranya si [[Mauritius]] nwere mmalite Gujarati.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iransview.com/ayatollah-mikes-face-revealed-irans-view/1672/|title=CIA Agent Ayatollah Mike's Face Revealed: Iran's View|publisher=[[Iran's View]]|date=June 3, 2017|accessdate=June 12, 2017}}</ref> Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Currimjee Group, ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa nke ezinụlọ ya nwere ihe onwunwe gụnyere mgbasa ozi obibi akwụkwọ, nkwukọrịta, ala, njem nleta, ọrụ ego na ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.currimjee.com/|title=Home|work=currimjee.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ahaber.com.tr/yazarlar/ergun-diler/2018/01/03/cumaya-dikkat-1514957774|title=watch out for friday|date=2018-03-01|accessdate=2023-02-08}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị mmemme drone na CTC, na enweghị ike inweta ọnọdụ nke osote onye nduzi nke Ọrụ, D'Andrea nabatara ihe a hụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka nkwụsị, na-enyocha ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na ọrụ nlekọta. Ohere ọhụrụ pụtara mgbe gọọmentị Trump lekwasịrị anya na Iran. Site na 2017 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'ike na 2021, D'Andrea jere ozi dị ka onye ndú nke CIA's Iran Mission Center, nke gbasaa n'oge usoro siri ike nke gọọmentị Trump nabatara Iran..<ref name="NYT1" />A na-ebokwa ya ebubo na D'Andrea na-etinye aka na ọrụ gburu onye isi ala Iran Qasem Soleimani.[1][2] Na ezumike nka D'Andrea na 2021, CIA kwụsịrị Iran Mission Center, na-atụgharịghachi ya na nnukwu Near East Mission Center na mbido 2022.[3]<ref name="polygraph">Tlis, Fatima (February 4, 2020). [https://www.polygraph.info/a/iran-russia-cia-afghanistan-fact-check/30416888.html "Unsupported Claims that CIA’s Iran Chief Died in Afghan Crash"] [[Polygraph.info]].</ref><ref name="business insider">{{Cite web|author=Bostock|first=Bill|title=Iranian state TV used a photo of an actor from 'Zero Dark Thirty' to spread a wild theory that a senior CIA official was killed in a plane crash in Afghanistan|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/iran-image-zero-dark-thirty-actor-claim-cia-agent-death-2020-1|accessdate=2020-04-17|work=Business Insider}}</ref>.<ref name=":1" /> N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ afọ na ọrụ CIA a ma ama, ezigbo aha D'Andrea apụtaghị n'ihu ọha ruo mgbe Mark Mazzetti nke ''The New York Times'' dere na 2015, otu ọnwa mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ọrụ onye nduzi CTC.<ref name="NYT_Drone">{{Cite news|author=Mazzetti|first=Mark|date=April 25, 2015|title=Deep Support in Washington for C.I.A.'s Drone Missions|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/us/politics/deep-support-in-washington-for-cias-drone-missions.html?smid=tw-share|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Gidda|first=Mirren|date=2017-06-02|title=Who is Michael D'Andrea, Trump's new Iran chief?|url=https://www.newsweek.com/cia-iran-chief-michael-dandrea-osama-bin-laden-619912|accessdate=2020-11-25|work=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi ya n'akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbe ọ ka bụ onye ọrụ nzuzo nke CIA kpaliri mmeghachi omume site n'aka ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ nzuzo mbụ, ọkachasị mgbe ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Iran bipụtara foto nke D'Andrea na nwunye ya n'echi ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-03|title=CIA Agent Ayatollah Mike's Face Revealed: Iran's View|url=http://www.iransview.com/ayatollah-mikes-face-revealed-irans-view/1672/|accessdate=2020-12-01|work=Iran's View|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Balestrieri|first=Steve|date=2017-07-26|title=The Public's Need to Know Doesn't Include Names of Covert Operatives|url=https://sofrep.com/specialoperations/publics-need-know-doesnt-include-names-intelligence-operatives/|accessdate=2020-12-01|work=SOFREP|language=en}}</ref> N'otu edemede dị na Washington Post, onye edemede na-agbaso omenala bụ Marc A. Thiessen kwuru na Iran na-elekwasịkarị ndị America ọ na-ewere dị ka ndị iro, dịka ogbugbu Bill Buckley, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Beirut nke ndị Islamic Jihad tọọrọ, mekpọọ, ma gbuo na 1985.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Thiessen|first=Marc A.|date=2017-06-07|title=Opinion {{!}} The New York Times recklessly exposes a CIA operative's identity|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-new-york-times-recklessly-exposes-a-cia-operatives-identity/2017/06/07/6d0abd68-4af2-11e7-9669-250d0b15f83b_story.html|accessdate=2020-12-01}}</ref> Mazzetti gbachitere mkpebi ya, na-ekwu na a manyere ya ime ihe mgbe ọ bịanyere aka na Jenụwarị 2015 na mpaghara ndịda Pakistan nke Waziristan, nke dugara na ọnwụ nke ndị ọrụ enyemaka Warren Weinstein na Giovanni Lo Porto. Ọ bụ D'Andrea na ndị isi CIA nyere ikike ịlụ ọgụ ahụ n'enweghị nlekọta White House. == N'omenala a ma ama == D'Andrea bụ onye kpaliri onye "The Wolf" na Kathryn Bigelow's ''Zero Dark Thirty''.<ref name="Gawker">{{Cite news|url=http://gawker.com/why-wont-the-post-name-cia-counterterrorism-chief-micha-1693833306|title=Why Won't the Post Name CIA Counterterrorism Chief Michael D'Andrea?|first=John|author=Cook|publisher=[[Gawker]]|date=March 26, 2015|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCook2015">Cook, John (March 26, 2015). [http://gawker.com/why-wont-the-post-name-cia-counterterrorism-chief-micha-1693833306 "Why Won't the Post Name CIA Counterterrorism Chief Michael D'Andrea?"]. [[Gawker]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] e57jwm56whcowoorcsqircjlwy7y8b3 672358 672352 2026-07-04T14:37:41Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 672358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}[[Usòrò:Portrait_of_Michael_D'Andrea_(circa_1969).jpg|thumb|Michael D'Andrea]] {{Infobox officeholder|name=Michael D'Andrea|birth_date={{birth year and age|1954}}|nationality=American|spouse=Faridah Currimjee D'Andrea|nickname={{unbulleted list|"Ayatollah Mike"|"The Prince of Darkness"|"The Dark Prince"|"The Undertaker"|Roger (cover identity)}}|office=[[Central Intelligence Agency]]<br>[[Iran Mission Center]]|title=Director|termstart=2017|termend=2021|president=[[Donald Trump]]<br />[[Joe Biden]]|profession=[[Espionage]]|predecessor=unknown|successor=position eliminated|office1=[[Central Intelligence Agency]] [[Counterterrorism Center]]|predecessor1=[[Robert Grenier (CIA)|Robert Grenier]]|president1=[[George W. Bush]]<br />[[Barack Obama]]|successor1=[[Chris Wood (CIA)|Chris Wood]]|termstart1=2006|termend1=2015|title1=Director}} <ref name="NYT1">{{Cite news|author=Rosenberg|first=Matthew|date=June 2, 2017|title=C.I.A. Names New Iran Chief in a Sign of Trump's Hard Line|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/02/world/middleeast/cia-iran-dark-prince-michael-dandrea.html}}</ref>.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Dorfman|first=Zach|date=October 19, 2021|title='The grim reaper for the enemy': CIA's 'legendary' Iran chief forced to retire|url=https://news.yahoo.com/the-grim-reaper-for-the-enemy-ci-as-legendary-iran-chief-forced-to-retire-181856895.html|accessdate=2021-10-20|work=[[Yahoo News]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="NYT1" />.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1" />Michael D'Andrea (amụrụ 1954) bụ onye ọrụ Central Intelligence Agency nke lara ezumike nka bụ onye rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mbọ mgbochi ndị America n'oge Agha na ụjọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ afọ itoolu dị ka onye nduzi nke Counterterrorism Center (CTC), ma nwee nnukwu ọrụ na ịchụ nta nke Osama bin Laden.[1] A kọwawo ọrụ afọ 42 ya dị ka otu n'ime ihe kacha pụta na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke CIA na nso nso a, a na-akpọkwa ya onye ndu kacha egbu egbu na gọọmentị US maka oge ya.[2] A na-ekwukarị ya na ọ na-agbanwe mbọ ịchụ nta ndị na-eyi ọha egwu nke CIA, na ịgbasawanye mmemme nke igbu mmadụ ezubere iche site na ogbugbu drone ji nnukwu ọgụ megide Al-Qaeda.[2][1] "Ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ọchịagha na-alụ ọgụ, ọ gaara anọ ọdụ na gallery maka State of the Union, ọ gaara enweta otuto niile, na ụfọdụ, nke David Petraeus nwere," ka otu onye bụbu onye isi CIA kwuru. "Ọ gbara agha ahụ."[2] == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A zụlitere D'Andrea na Northern Virginia. <ref name="NYT1" />Ezinụlọ ya nwere njikọ na CIA nke gafere ọgbọ abụọ.<ref>[https://www.ulyces.co/mathilde-obert/lhomme-de-la-maison-blanche-les-mille-et-une-vies-dayatollah-mike L'homme de la Maison-Blanche : les mille et une vies d'Ayatollah Mike]</ref> Ọ zutere nwunye ya mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na mba ofesi na Central Intelligence Agency, wee gbanwee gaa Islam iji lụọ ya.<ref name="NYT1" /><ref name="Gawker">{{Cite news|url=http://gawker.com/why-wont-the-post-name-cia-counterterrorism-chief-micha-1693833306|title=Why Won't the Post Name CIA Counterterrorism Chief Michael D'Andrea?|first=John|author=Cook|publisher=[[Gawker]]|date=March 26, 2015|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}</ref> Nwunye ya, Faridah Currimjee D'Andrea bụ nwa nwanyị nke ezinụlọ ndị Alakụba bara ọgaranya si [[Mauritius]] nwere mmalite Gujarati.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.iransview.com/ayatollah-mikes-face-revealed-irans-view/1672/|title=CIA Agent Ayatollah Mike's Face Revealed: Iran's View|publisher=[[Iran's View]]|date=June 3, 2017|accessdate=June 12, 2017}}</ref> Ọ na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Currimjee Group, ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa nke ezinụlọ ya nwere ihe onwunwe gụnyere mgbasa ozi obibi akwụkwọ, nkwukọrịta, ala, njem nleta, ọrụ ego na ike.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.currimjee.com/|title=Home|work=currimjee.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ahaber.com.tr/yazarlar/ergun-diler/2018/01/03/cumaya-dikkat-1514957774|title=watch out for friday|date=2018-03-01|accessdate=2023-02-08}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị mmemme drone na CTC, na enweghị ike inweta ọnọdụ nke osote onye nduzi nke Ọrụ, D'Andrea nabatara ihe a hụrụ n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka nkwụsị, na-enyocha ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na ọrụ nlekọta. Ohere ọhụrụ pụtara mgbe gọọmentị Trump lekwasịrị anya na Iran. Site na 2017 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'ike na 2021, D'Andrea jere ozi dị ka onye ndú nke CIA's Iran Mission Center, nke gbasaa n'oge usoro siri ike nke gọọmentị Trump nabatara Iran..<ref name="NYT1" />A na-ebokwa ya ebubo na D'Andrea na-etinye aka na ọrụ gburu onye isi ala Iran Qasem Soleimani.[1][2] Na ezumike nka D'Andrea na 2021, CIA kwụsịrị Iran Mission Center, na-atụgharịghachi ya na nnukwu Near East Mission Center na mbido 2022.[3]<ref name="polygraph">Tlis, Fatima (February 4, 2020). [https://www.polygraph.info/a/iran-russia-cia-afghanistan-fact-check/30416888.html "Unsupported Claims that CIA’s Iran Chief Died in Afghan Crash"] [[Polygraph.info]].</ref><ref name="business insider">{{Cite web|author=Bostock|first=Bill|title=Iranian state TV used a photo of an actor from 'Zero Dark Thirty' to spread a wild theory that a senior CIA official was killed in a plane crash in Afghanistan|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/iran-image-zero-dark-thirty-actor-claim-cia-agent-death-2020-1|accessdate=2020-04-17|work=Business Insider}}</ref>.<ref name=":1" /> N'agbanyeghị ọtụtụ afọ na ọrụ CIA a ma ama, ezigbo aha D'Andrea apụtaghị n'ihu ọha ruo mgbe Mark Mazzetti nke ''The New York Times'' dere na 2015, otu ọnwa mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ọrụ onye nduzi CTC.<ref name="NYT_Drone">{{Cite news|author=Mazzetti|first=Mark|date=April 25, 2015|title=Deep Support in Washington for C.I.A.'s Drone Missions|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/26/us/politics/deep-support-in-washington-for-cias-drone-missions.html?smid=tw-share|accessdate=June 2, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Gidda|first=Mirren|date=2017-06-02|title=Who is Michael D'Andrea, Trump's new Iran chief?|url=https://www.newsweek.com/cia-iran-chief-michael-dandrea-osama-bin-laden-619912|accessdate=2020-11-25|work=Newsweek|language=en}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi ya n'akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbe ọ ka bụ onye ọrụ nzuzo nke CIA kpaliri mmeghachi omume site n'aka ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ nzuzo mbụ, ọkachasị mgbe ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi nke Iran bipụtara foto nke D'Andrea na nwunye ya n'echi ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-06-03|title=CIA Agent Ayatollah Mike's Face Revealed: Iran's View|url=http://www.iransview.com/ayatollah-mikes-face-revealed-irans-view/1672/|accessdate=2020-12-01|work=Iran's View|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Balestrieri|first=Steve|date=2017-07-26|title=The Public's Need to Know Doesn't Include Names of Covert Operatives|url=https://sofrep.com/specialoperations/publics-need-know-doesnt-include-names-intelligence-operatives/|accessdate=2020-12-01|work=SOFREP|language=en}}</ref> N'otu edemede dị na Washington Post, onye edemede na-agbaso omenala bụ Marc A. Thiessen kwuru na Iran na-elekwasịkarị ndị America ọ na-ewere dị ka ndị iro, dịka ogbugbu Bill Buckley, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Beirut nke ndị Islamic Jihad tọọrọ, mekpọọ, ma gbuo na 1985.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Thiessen|first=Marc A.|date=2017-06-07|title=Opinion {{!}} The New York Times recklessly exposes a CIA operative's identity|language=en-US|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/the-new-york-times-recklessly-exposes-a-cia-operatives-identity/2017/06/07/6d0abd68-4af2-11e7-9669-250d0b15f83b_story.html|accessdate=2020-12-01}}</ref> Mazzetti gbachitere mkpebi ya, na-ekwu na a manyere ya ime ihe mgbe ọ bịanyere aka na Jenụwarị 2015 na mpaghara ndịda Pakistan nke Waziristan, nke dugara na ọnwụ nke ndị ọrụ enyemaka Warren Weinstein na Giovanni Lo Porto. Ọ bụ D'Andrea na ndị isi CIA nyere ikike ịlụ ọgụ ahụ n'enweghị nlekọta White House. == N'omenala a ma ama == D'Andrea bụ onye kpaliri onye "The Wolf" na Kathryn Bigelow's ''Zero Dark Thirty''.<ref name="Gawker" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4ua3tor1ebqhe54n9sidbl7g4uekl6i 0 28317 672539 149474 2026-07-04T22:22:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Thabo Makhetha – Kwinana</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" | |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Born | class="infobox-data" |<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1987-09-21</span>) </span>21 September 1987<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age&nbsp;35)</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">Lesotho</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Website | class="infobox-data" |<span class="url">[https://www.thabomakhetha.com/ www.thabomakhetha.com]</span> |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Thabo Makhetha-Kwinana''' (21 Septemba 1987) bụ onye na-emepụta ejiji nke a maara nke ọma akụkọ Atụmatụ ndị mmadụ maka atụmatụ ya nke na-ejikọta ụdị Africa na ọdịda anyanwụ, na-elekwasị anya na ọdịbendị Basotho<ref>{{Cite web|author=King|first=Isa|date=2022-07-08|title=Design Brand To Know: Thabo Makhetha|url=https://satisfashionug.com/design-brand-to-know-thabo-makhetha/|accessdate=2023-06-17|work=SatisFashion Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Thabo Makhetha-Kwinana na Lesotho mana ọ si [[Lesotho]] kwaga South Africa mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ ma ndi mádu ziri ihe nọr ka ébé ihe mmefu zaa ndị siri ike ịbelata biri ebe ahụ kemgbe ahụ. Ọ biri na Mahikeng, Johannesburg, Pietermaritzburg, Port Elizabeth ma bi ugbu a na Cape Town, Western Cape province nke South Africa. Thabo Makhetha gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Nelson Mandela Metropolitan dị na Port Elizabeth ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na National Diploma in Fashion .<ref>{{Cite web|author=cardova|title=FEAST YOUR EYES ON BEAUTIFUL BASOTHO-INSPIRING GARMENTS BY THABO MAKHETHA – The Insider SA|url=https://theinsidersa.co.za/feast-your-eyes-on-beautiful-basotho-inspiring-garments-by-thabo-makhetha/|accessdate=2023-06-17|language=en-ZA|archivedate=2024-11-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241110031838/https://theinsidersa.co.za/feast-your-eyes-on-beautiful-basotho-inspiring-garments-by-thabo-makhetha/}}</ref> == Ọrụ na akara ejiji Thabo Makhetha == N'afọ 2009, o guzobere akara aha ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, nke nne nne ya bụ onye na-akwa akwa kpaliri. Ọ bụ nne ya hụrụ nkà ya mgbe ọ dị obere wee gaa n'ihu ịzụta ya, igwe ịkwa akwa mbụ ya. Ihe osise ya sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ihe nketa Basotho ya, na-elekwasị anya na blanket ọdịnala Basotho, nke ọ na-etinye n'ime uwe ya. A makwaara ya maka ojiji ọ na-eji na ụkpụrụ ndị Afrịka. Thabo Makhetha mere nke mbụ ya na 2014 na Vancouver izu ejiji na [[Kánada|Canada]], ebe a jara ya mma maka ịdị mma na ihe okike nke ọrụ ya maka nchịkọta Kobo ea Bohali "Blanketị ndị Prestige". N'afọ 2014, e nyere Makhetha-Kwinana onyinye mmetụ nke afọ 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Matthew|date=2014-11-26|title=Thabo Makheta-Kwinana awarded 2014 ACT ImpACT Award for Design|url=https://act.org.za/2014/11/thabo-makheta-kwinana-awarded-2014-act-impact-award-for-design/|accessdate=2023-06-17|work=Arts & Culture Trust|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'afọ 2015 ọ gosipụtara na South Africa Fashion Week ma gosipụta ya na [[Lesotho]], [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] na Milan, Johannesburg na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] of America. N'afọ 2016 mgbe ahụ, onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Elle Magazine họpụtara uwe kpakpando Thabo maka Ihe Kasị Mma na South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-01-13|title=Design Indaba: Most Beautiful Object In South Africa 2016|url=https://visi.co.za/design-indaba-most-beautiful-object-in-south-africa-2016/|accessdate=2023-06-17|work=Visi|language=en-US}}</ref> The Nelson Mandela Chambers sọpụrụ ya dị ka otu n'ime Top 40 Under 40 Achievers nke 2014 ma tinye ya na Mail & Guardian Top 200 Young South Africans ndepụta maka 2017. N'afọ 2020, e gosipụtara ya na Black Parade, Platform nke US Superstar [[Beyoncé Knowles|Beyonce]] iji gosipụta ndị na-emepụta ihe kachasị elu n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-05-25|title=Here are 20 of SA's black designers Beyoncé featured on 'Black Is King' and 'Black Parade'|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/lifestyle/2020-08-04-here-are-20-of-sas-black-designers-beyonc-featured-on-black-is-king-and-black-parade/|accessdate=2023-06-17|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=News|first=I. O. L.|date=2020-08-03|title=Beyoncé's 'Black Parade' features over 20 South African designers|url=https://headtopics.com/za/beyonce-s-black-parade-features-over-20-south-african-designers-14750395|accessdate=2023-06-17|work=Head Topics|language=en|archivedate=2023-06-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618000123/https://headtopics.com/za/beyonce-s-black-parade-features-over-20-south-african-designers-14750395}}</ref> E gosipụtara ya n'akwụkwọ dị iche iche, gụnyere Vogue, Elle, na Marie Claire. N'afọ 2017, Louis Vuitton mere ka isi akụkọ site n'ịmepụta nchịkọta ụmụ nwoke site na iji mbipụta yiri nke ahụ dị ka blanket Basotho, ihe na-ese okwu nke kpatara ebubo nke iji ọdịbendị mee ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cultural inspiration or appropriation?|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-africa-41437143|accessdate=2023-06-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cultural appropriation or appreciation? Louis Vuitton turns Basotho blankets into expensive fashion items {{!}} eNCA|url=https://www.enca.com/life/cultural-appropriation-or-appreciation-louis-vuitton-turns-basotho-blankets-into-expensive|accessdate=2023-06-18|work=www.enca.com|language=en|archivedate=2023-06-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230618075033/https://www.enca.com/life/cultural-appropriation-or-appreciation-louis-vuitton-turns-basotho-blankets-into-expensive}}</ref> == Onyinye na ihe ndị ọ rụzuru == * Ihe nrite Mmetụta maka Ịdị Mma nke Design - 2014. * A kpọrọ ya Top 40 n'okpuru Nelson Mandela Bay Chamber of Commerce 40 n'ime 40 na 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Designer off to Vancouver Fashion Week|url=https://www.heraldlive.co.za/lifestyle/leisure/2014-09-10-designer-off-to-vancouver-fashion-week/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=HeraldLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> * Elle Magazine họpụtara Kobo Starburst Coat maka Ihe Kasị Mma na South Africa - 2016. * Mail & Guardian na Top 200 Young South Africa - 2017 * Mandela Washington Fellowship (MWF) Alumni 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|author=King|first=Isa|date=2022-07-08|title=Design Brand To Know: Thabo Makhetha|url=https://satisfashionug.com/design-brand-to-know-thabo-makhetha/|accessdate=2023-06-21|work=SatisFashion Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] snox1bi0k8pgcilwnz3d89rpo4w5tpm 0 30342 672379 449837 2026-07-04T15:42:41Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox person|name=Sol Picó|image=Sol Picó at Sismògraf 2017.jpg|alt=|caption=At Sismògraf 2017|birth_name=Sol Picó Monllor|birth_date={{Birth year and age|1967}}|birth_place=[[Alcoy, Spain|Alcoy]], Spain|death_date=|death_place=|death_cause=|other_names=|occupation=Dancer, choreographer|years_active=|known_for=|notable_works=|spouse=|children=|awards={{Plainlist| * [[Premios Max]] (10) * [[National Dance Award (Spain)|National Dance Award]] (2016) }}|alma_mater=|website=}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Sol Picó Monllor''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1967) bụ onye na-agba egwú na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Spain. Ọ gụrụ egwu Spanish, ballet, na ịgba egwú nke oge a, ma jikọta usoro na asụsụ dị iche iche na mmepụta ya n'ụzọ dị [[Ballet|egwu]]. N'afọ 1993, o mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ Sol Picó, nke ya na ya ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị na-agba egwú nke oge a na Spain. Ọ natala ọtụtụ onyinye, gụnyere 10 Premios Max, National Dance Award of Catalonia [ca] (2004), City of Barcelona Dance Award [ca] (2015) na National Dance Award nke Spain (2016). == Akụkọ ndụ == Sol Picó gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Spanish na Classical Dance na Oscar Esplà Conservatory na Alicante na 1985. Ọ gụsịrị ọzụzụ ya na La Fábrica Espai de Dansa na Barcelona (1986-1988), La Ménagerie de Verre na Paris (1988-1989), na Movement Research na New York (1997).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5L0aAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Sol+Pic%C3%B3%22+%22Movement+Research%22|title=Deseo, construcción y personaje|first=Laura|author=Borràs Castanyer|publisher=Fundación Autor|isbn=9788489736351|language=Spanish|date=1 January 2002|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> N'oge njem ya na Paris, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru ndị nduzi dịka Cesc Gelabert, Susanne Linke, na Sara Sughiara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.danzaballet.com/la-danza-teatro-en-cataluna/|title=La Danza Teatro en Cataluña|work=Danza Ballet|language=Spanish|date=26 September 2006|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ ọkachamara == O weere nzọụkwụ mbụ ya dị ka ọkachamara na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Alcoy La Cassola, wee mepụta ụlọ ọrụ mbụ ya, Danza Robadura, na 1988.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ara.cat/premium/suplements/ara_tu/Cardona-sortiem-al-carrer-tonto_0_980901901.html|title=Sol Picó: 'A Dénia combinava feina i festa amb els amics'|first=Abel|author=Grau|work=[[Ara (newspaper)|Ara]]|language=Catalan|date=25 August 2013|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.danza.es/multimedia/biografias/sol--pico|title=Sol Picó|publisher=[[Ministry of Culture and Sport (Spain)|Ministry of Culture and Sport]]|language=Spanish|accessdate=4 December 2018|archivedate=5 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193336/http://www.danza.es/multimedia/biografias/sol--pico}}</ref> Site na 1990 ruo 2003, n'ime afọ ndị mbụ nke ọrụ ọkachamara ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ede ihe nkiri na ụlọ ọrụ na ndị na-emepụta ihe dịka Rayo Malayo Danza, Los Rinos, na La Fura dels Baus. N'afọ 1993, o mepụtara ụlọ ọrụ Sol Picó na Barcelona, nke nyere ya ohere ịzụlite stampụ nke onwe ya ma guzobe onwe ya n'obodo ahụ. Site na 2002 ruo 2004, ụlọ ọrụ Sol Picó bụ ụlọ ọrụ ịgba egwú bi na Teatre Nacional de Catalunya. A zụrụ ya na ịgba egwú oge ochie ma na-eme ihe nkiri ọzọ, ọ ghọwo otu n'ime ndị na-eme egwuregwu na ndị na-agba egwú nke oge a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.carnecruda.es/2015/01/11/candela-pena-y-sol-pico-mujeres-con-luz-propia/|title=Candela Peña y Sol Picó, mujeres con luz propia|work=Carne Cruda|language=Spanish|date=11 January 2015|accessdate=3 December 2018|archivedate=5 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205103610/http://www.carnecruda.es/2015/01/11/candela-pena-y-sol-pico-mujeres-con-luz-propia/}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, o gosipụtara La dona manca o Barbi-Superestar, ihe ngosi nke na-enyocha ụwa ụmụ nwanyị. Ụmụ nwanyị itoolu na-eme ihe nkiri, ndị na-agba egwú isii, na ndị na-eti egwu atọ na-ewu ma na-emebi ụwa ụmụ nwanyị, iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe na adịghị ike ya. Na nyocha ya maka akwụkwọ akụkọ La Vanguardia, Teresa Sesé dere, sị:   N'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 2009, Picó gosipụtara El llac de les mosques (''Ọdọ Mmiri nke'' Nnụnụ), otu egwu maka ndị na-agba egwú abụọ, ndị egwu anọ, na onye na-eme ihe nkiri, nke a kọwara dị ka:   N'afọ 2012, ọ kwadebere Llàgrimes d'Àngel (Angel Tears) n'oge ngosi nke Romanesque Art Collection na Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.museunacional.cat/es/llagrimes-dangelcompania-de-danza-sol-pico|title=Llàgrimes d'àngel|publisher=[[Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya]]|language=Spanish|accessdate=4 December 2018|archivedate=5 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193309/https://www.museunacional.cat/es/llagrimes-dangelcompania-de-danza-sol-pico}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba ahụ, o meghere Fringe Festival, ihe omume nka mba ụwa nke Beijing, na El llac de les mosques. ''Ihe'' ọzọ o mepụtara bụ Memòries d'una puça (Memories of a Flea). N'afọ 2013, Picó tụgharịrị uche na nsogbu ego ma tụọ aro ka ụgbọ elu gaa n'ihu dị ka mmeghachi omume na olileanya maka ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Ihe ngosi siri ike nke mere ka onye na-agba egwú merụọ ahụ nke ukwuu n'oge mbụ ya na Festival Temporada Alta, e chepụtara ya "dị ka ụdị 'ihe nkiri na-acha ọbara ọbara', na-ajụ ajụjụ mgbe niile: 'N'ime mmegharị na-aga n'ihu, anyị na-agba ọsọ ma ọ bụ na-aga ihu?'<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lainformacion.com/arte-cultura-y-espectaculos/musica-clasica/sol-pico-huye-hacia-adelante-frente-a-la-crisis-en-su-coreografia-memories-d-una-puca-en-el-grec_ts8hwvs1p8ngdf0d8zoyy6/|title=Sol Picó huye hacia adelante frente a la crisis en su coreografía 'Memòries d'una puça' en el Grec|work=La Información|language=Spanish|date=27 February 2016|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref>; 'Gịnị ka anyị hapụrụ n'azụ na otu o si metụta anyị?'; 'Ruo ókè anyị bụ ndị sonyere n'ezie n'iwu ọdịnihu anyị?'; 'Mmekọrịta ndị e guzobere na njem a - ha na-akwado, ha na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ?'; 'Ònye ka anyị bụ na otu anyị si ahọrọ ndị enyi anyị na-eme njem?'"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ileon.com/cultura/045029/sol-pico-una-de-las-grandes-figuras-de-la-danza-contemporanea-espanola-llega-hoy-al-auditorio|title=Sol Picó, una de las grandes figuras de la danza contemporánea española, llega hoy al Auditorio|first=L.|author=Castellanos|work=iLeon.com|language=Spanish|date=24 October 2014|accessdate=4 December 2018|archivedate=5 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205193313/https://www.ileon.com/cultura/045029/sol-pico-una-de-las-grandes-figuras-de-la-danza-contemporanea-espanola-llega-hoy-al-auditorio}}</ref> N'af''ọ'' 2014, o gosipụtara One-hit wonders, ihe ngosi nke ọ na-enyocha ọrụ afọ 20 ya, na-ahọrọ oge kachasị mma nke ''ihe'' ngosi ya Bésame el Cactus (2000), La dona manca o Barbi-Superestar (2003), ''Paella mixta'' (2004), Memòries d'una puça (2012), na ''DVA'' (2012).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elperiodico.com/es/ocio-y-cultura/20141001/sol-pico-estrena-one-hit-wonders-3566139|title=Sol Picó mira por el retrovisor|first=Marta|author=Cervera|work=[[El Periódico de Catalunya]]|language=Spanish|date=2 October 2014|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2014, o gosipụtara La piel del huevo te lo da na Barcelona's Ciutat Flamenco Festival, na-atụgharị uche na ụmụ nwanyị site na flamenco na ịgba egwu nke oge a. Ọ duziri ma rụọ ọrụ na ihe ngosi ahụ na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Candela Peña na ihe nkiri mbụ ya, onye na-agụ egwu La Shica, na ndị na-agụ egwú Dani Tejedor na percussion na Bernat Guardia na bass abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2014/05/22/quadern/1400752687_936044.html|title=Marató flamenca|first=Carmen|author=del Val|work=[[El País]]|language=Catalan|date=22 May 2014|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> E gosipụtakwara ọrụ ahụ na Madrid na Teatro del Barrio na Jenụwarị 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2015/01/07/actualidad/1420657365_981690.html|title=La primera vez de Candela Peña|first=Isabel|author=Valdés Aragonés|work=[[El País]]|language=Spanish|date=7 January 2015|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2015, mgbe Picó mere emume ncheta afọ iri abụọ nke ụlọ ọrụ ya, ọ natara City of Barcelona Dance Award [ca] maka iduzi ọrụ nka ya "na ịdị ike, ọṅụ, na ogo" na maka ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na itinye aka ya n'obodo ahụ na agbata obi ya na ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Plensa">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ara.cat/cultura/Ciutat-Plensa-Guinovart-Premis-Barcelona_0_1297070428.html|title='Ciutat morta', Jaume Plensa i Albert Guinovart, Premis Ciutat de Barcelona|work=[[Ara (newspaper)|Ara]]|language=Catalan|date=3 February 2015|accessdate=4 December 2018}} [[Òtù:CS1 Catalan-language sources (ca)]]</ref> N'afọ 2016, ọ natara National Dance Award na ngalaba Creation, nke Ministry of Education, Culture, and Sports nke Spain nyere.<ref name="alcoyana">{{Cite news|url=https://www.diarioinformacion.com/cultura/2016/11/14/alcoyana-sol-pico-premio-nacional/1828083.html|title=La alcoyana Sol Picó, Premio Nacional de Danza 2016 en modalidad de creación|work=Información|language=Spanish|date=14 November 2016|accessdate=4 December 2018}} [[Òtù:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> == Mkpebi ịha nhata == Picó na-egosipụta eluigwe na ala ụmụ nwanyị n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ya, na-ajụ echiche, ma na-etinye aka n'ịgbachitere ịha nhata. N'afọ 2012, ọ kwadoro akwụkwọ ozi ụmụ nwanyị 200 si n'akụkụ niile nke ọdịbendị Katalan bịanyere aka na Minista Ọdịbendị nke Generalitat de Catalunya, Ferran Mascarell [es], na-akpọ maka "mgbalị iji lụso enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị ọgụ".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/ccaa/2012/07/11/catalunya/1342029194_526238.html|title=Piden a Mascarell que se implique en la igualdad de género cultural|work=[[El País]]|language=Spanish|date=11 July 2012|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> Ọzọkwa na Jenụwarị 2014, ọ kwadoro akwụkwọ ozi e degaara gọọmentị site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọgụgụ isi na ndị na-ese ihe na-arịọ ka ewepụ akwụkwọ iwu nke Minista Gallardón gosipụtara nke ga-ebelata ikike ụmụ nwanyị n'ihe gbasara ite ime.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nosotrasdecidimos.org/mujeres-intelectuales-y-artistas-exigen-al-gobierno-que-retire-el-anteproyecto-de-ley-del-aborto/|title=Mujeres intelectuales y artistas exigen al gobierno que retire el Anteproyecto de ley del aborto|work=nosotrasdecidimos|language=Spanish|date=23 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721103800/http://nosotrasdecidimos.org/mujeres-intelectuales-y-artistas-exigen-al-gobierno-que-retire-el-anteproyecto-de-ley-del-aborto/|archivedate=21 July 2015|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> N'ihe ngosi ''WW'' We Women (2015) ọ na-egosi echiche otu na nke ọdịbendị na ọrụ mmekorita ya na ndị omenkà ndị ọzọ iji tụgharịa uche na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ime usoro mmekọrịta dị ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lameva.barcelona.cat/grec/es/programa/sol-pico|title=Sol Picó: W.W. (We Women)|publisher=[[City Council of Barcelona]]|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150726040038/http://lameva.barcelona.cat:80/grec/es/programa/sol-pico|archivedate=26 July 2015|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2015, o mere ihe nkiri ma mee ihe nkiri nke Only Som dones (Anyị bụ naanị ụmụ ''nwanyị'') na Teatre Nacional de Catalunya, ya na Míriam Iscla [ca] na Maika Makovski, nke Carme Portaceli [ca] duziri. Ọ Carmen Domingo dere ya banyere echiche ndị inyom na-adịghị ekwu okwu na Agha Obodo Spain na ọchịchị aka ike Franco.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elmundo.es/cataluna/2015/10/06/56140e82268e3e3e2f8b464d.html|title=Mujeres en guerra|first=Leticia|author=Blanco|work=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|language=Spanish|date=6 October 2015|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tnc.cat/es/nomes-son-dones|title=Només són dones|publisher=[[Teatre Nacional de Catalunya]]|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160811091333/https://www.tnc.cat/es/nomes-son-dones|archivedate=11 August 2016|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ ==     1993: Pevequi 1994: Peve, Espectacular Dance Poemato 1995: Spitbrides 1996: Bèstia 1996: Razona la vaca 1997: Love is fàstic 1997: Del planeta basura 1998: E.N.D. (Esto No Danza) 1999: D.V.A. (Dudoso Valor Artístico) 2000: Bésame el Cactus 2001: Amor diesel 2002: El 64 2003: La dona manca o Barbi-Superestar 2004: Paella mixta 2004: La diva y el hombre bala 2006: Lluna peluda 2006: La prima de Chita 2007–2008: Las Doñas 2008: Sirena a la plancha 2009: El llac de les mosques 2010: Cortando jamón 2010: Matar al bicho 2011: Petra, la mujer araña y el putón de la abeja Maya with Maru Valdivieso [es] 2012: Lágrimas de Ángel 2012: Spanish Omelette 2013: Memorias de una pulga 2014: One-hit wonders 2014: La piel del huevo te lo da with Candela Peña and La Shica 2015: WW We Women 2015: Només son dones with Míriam Iscla [ca] and Maika Makovski, directed by Carme Portaceli [ca] == Mmekọrịta == * 1990-2003: No es todo metal na Francesc Bravo's Company Rayo Malayo; ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi Ojos que no ven na Sigfrid Monleón [es]; vidiyo ịgba egwu No Paris na Joan Pueyo; ''Dadle'' café na XXX na La Fura dels Baus; Etrangel na La Danaus Teatro; ''Filo'' na Juan López; Cróniques na Joan Ollé; Lear na Carme Portaceli * 1991: Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na 1st Conferencia na Rilolaxcia '91 na Los Rinos * 1993: Vidio nke El Último de la Fila abụ "Dị ka ịnyịnya ibu ejikọrọ n'ọnụ ụzọ ịgba egwú" * 1993: Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi Retrats nke Marcel.lí Antúnez na JM Aixalá duziri * 2003: Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nduzi ya na Octavi Masià na obere ihe nkiri El ''64'' * 2007: Ntuziaka nka nke 2007 Premios Max gala na Bilbao, na nke Viatges a la Felicitat maka Teatre Nacional de Catalunya's project "T Dansa" * 2009: Nchịkwa nke egwuregwu na egwu maka Barcelona salon "La Puntual" na onye na-agụ egwu Mariona Sagarra na onye na na-eme ihe nkiri Eugenio Navarro; ndekọ nke obere ihe nkiri ''Praeludium'' nke Pau Durà; onye na-eme ''egwuregwu'' na onye na'egwuregwu El Ball nke Sergi Belbel duziri * 2010: Njem ndị ''a'' na-eduzi Vist site na Sol Picó nke Picasso Museum na Barcelona * 2011: Ntinye aka na ihe ngosi ''Salvador Dalí na-abụ abụ'' na Acoustic Festival nke Figueres; ntinye aka na oge mmeghe nke Theater l'Archipel nke Perpignan; ntinye aka n'ihe ngosi TV pụrụ iche Una historia para el nuevo año; njem nduzi nke MNAC na mpempe akwụkwọ Llàgrimes d'Àngel * 2012: Choreography maka ''Gala Gaudí''; workshops Animalaris na Madrid na Juneda InCursió, Lleida; choreography maka kọntaktị A tot Vent na L'Auditori, Barcelona; mpụta na vidiyo egwu Dácil López "¿Por qué no estás aquí?" * 2015: Film Cerca de tu casa na onye nduzi Eduard Cortés banyere nchụpụ<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2015/02/03/actualidad/1422972664_881836.html|title=Los desahucios, un drama de cine|first=Gregorio|author=Belinchón|work=[[El País]]|language=Spanish|date=16 February 2015|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> == Onyinye na nkwanye ùgwù == === Ihe nrite Max === {| class="wikitable" !Year !Category !Work !Result !Ref. |- |2002 |Best Choreography |''Bésame el Cactus''|| {{Won}} |<ref name="Max2002">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.sgae.es/recursos/informes/memoria_2002/PDF_actividades/02_segdo_trimestre.pdf|title=Segundo Trimestre|journal=Memoria 2002|pages=56–58|language=Spanish|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> |- |2002 |Best Dance Show |''Bésame el Cactus''|| {{Nom}} |<ref name="Max2002" /> |- |2002 |Best Women's Dance Performance |''Bésame el Cactus''|| {{Won}} |<ref name="Max2002" /> |- |2003 |Best Dance Show |''Bésame el Cactus''|| {{Won}} |<ref name="Palmarés">{{Cite web|url=http://www.premiosmax.com/dyn/conoce_los_premios_max/palmares/ficha_candidato.php?id_seccion=15&id_candidato=19821|title=Palmarés|publisher=[[Premios Max]]|language=Spanish|accessdate=4 December 2018|archivedate=5 December 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205103549/http://www.premiosmax.com/dyn/conoce_los_premios_max/palmares/ficha_candidato.php?id_seccion=15&id_candidato=19821}}</ref> |- |2004 |Best Dance Show |''La dona manca o Barbi-Superestar''|| {{Won}} |<ref name="Max2004">{{Cite news|url=https://www.europapress.es/cultura/exposiciones-00131/noticia-bicicletas-son-verano-fernando-fernan-gomez-triunfadora-premios-max-20040427113412.html|title='Las bicicletas son para el verano', de Fernando Fernán Gómez, triunfadora de los Premios MAX|language=Spanish|date=27 April 2004|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> |- |2004 |Best Choreography |''La dona manca o Barbi-Superestar''|| {{Won}} |<ref name="Max2004" /> |- |2005 |Best Choreography |''Paella Mixta''|| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.premiosmax.com/dyn/conoce_los_premios_max/historia/ficha.php?id_seccion=12&id_edicion=8#categoria35|title=Historia|publisher=[[Premios Max]]|language=Spanish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420040923/http://www.premiosmax.com/dyn/conoce_los_premios_max/historia/ficha.php?id_seccion=12&id_edicion=8#categoria35|archivedate=20 April 2016|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> |- |2009 |Best Dance Show |''Sirena a la plancha''|| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2009/04/01/cultura/1238536808_850215.html|title=El grupo Animalario vuelve a triunfar en los Premios Max|first=Rosana|author=Torres|work=[[El País]]|language=Spanish|date=1 April 2009|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> |- |2010 |Best Choreography |''El Llac de les mosques''|| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2010/05/03/actualidad/1272837608_850215.html|title=La gran pifia de los Premios Max|first=Rosana|author=Torres|work=[[El País]]|language=Spanish|date=3 May 2010|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> |- |2011 |Best Choreography |''El ball''|| {{Won}} |<ref name="Max2011">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rtve.es/noticias/20110509/lista-ganadores-premios-max-2011/431478.shtml|title=Lista de ganadores de los premios Max 2011|publisher=[[RTVE]]|language=Spanish|date=9 May 2011|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> |- |2011 |Best Women's Dance Performance |''El ball''|| {{Won}} |<ref name="Max2011" /> |- |} === Ndị ọzọ === * 2002: Butaca Award maka Best Dance Show maka Bésame el Cactus * 2002: Valencia Critics' Award maka Bésame el Cactus * 2002: E ji aka mee ya site na FAD Sebastià Gasch Prizes [ca] maka Bésame el Cactus * 2003: Ihe nrite nka nke Generalitat Valenciana: Onye na-eme egwu kachasị mma, Onye nduzi egwu kachasị mma maka Bésame el Cactus * 2003: Ihe nrite ọha na eze nke Tarragona maka Best Dance Show maka Bésame el Cactus * 2003: Butaca Award for Best Dance Show for La dona manca o Barbi-Superestar * 2004: National Dance Award of Catalonia [ca]<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://cultura.gencat.cat/web/.content/sid/documents/arxiu/publicacions_memoria.htm_-_memoria2004.pdf|title=Premis Nacionals de Cultura 2004|journal=Memòria del Departament de Cultura 2004|language=Catalan|date=31 December 2004|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> * 2007: Ihe nrite Billboard nke Turias * 2008: La Peladilla d'Or d'Alcoy * 2009: FAD Sebastià Gasch Prize maka El Llac de les Mosques<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.premisfadsebastiagasch.org/apartats_en/fichas/premiats_gasch/sol-pico.html|title=Sol Picó|publisher=FAD Sebastià Gasch Prize|accessdate=4 December 2018}}</ref> * 2009: Ihe nrite maka ihe ngosi kachasị mma nke mbipụta nke iri na ise nke International Street Theater Festival na Pula, Croatia maka ''Sirena'' a la plancha * 2009: Ihe nrite maka mmepụta egwu kachasị mma nke 23rd International Theater and Dance Fair nke Huesca maka El llac de les mosques * 2012: Ihe nrite nke mmemme TVE ga-aga n'ihu * 2015: City of Barcelona Dance Award [ca]<ref name="Plensa"/> * 2016: National Dance Award of Spain, Creation Category<ref name="alcoyana"/> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} {{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hjp0mv44rgft8pvex5g1x0lmaa108pe 0 31087 672227 187134 2026-07-04T13:20:59Z Ceentia 24734 672227 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Michael Adekunle Ajasin''' {{Audio|Yo-Michael Adekunle Ajasin.ogg|Audio}} 28 Nọvemba 1908 - 3 Ọktoba 1997) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka gọvanọ nke Ondo Steeti site na 1979 ruo 1983 na ikpo okwu Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN) n'oge Republic nke Abụọ nke Naijiria .<ref name="wstate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm|title=Nigeria States|publisher=WorldStatesmen|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Michael Adekunle Ajasin na Owo, Ondo Steeti na 28 Nọvemba 1908. Ọ gara St. Andrews College, Oyo n'etiti (1924-1927). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ruo oge ụfọdụ, mgbe ahụ a nabatara ya na Fourah Bay College, [[Sierra Leone]] na 1943, na-enweta nzere Bachelor of Arts na Bekee, Modern History na Economics na June, 1946. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara Institute of Education nke Mahadum London ebe ọ nwetara Post Graduate Diploma na Education na June, 1947.<ref name="obit">{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/26598/1/Michael-Adekunle-Ajasin-A-colossus-and-role-model/Page1.html|title=Michael Adekunle Ajasin: A colossus and role model|date=26 November 2009|publisher=The Nation|accessdate=29 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726122441/http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/26598/1/Michael-Adekunle-Ajasin-A-colossus-and-role-model/Page1.html|archivedate=26 July 2011}}</ref> Na 12 Septemba 1947, a họpụtara Ajasin ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke Imade College, Owo, ebe ọ malitere mmemme mmepe ndị ọrụ siri ike, gụnyere iziga ndị nkuzi na Mahadum College, Ibadan maka ọzụzụ ọzọ. N'afọ 1951, o dere akwụkwọ nke ga-aghọ iwu agụmakwụkwọ nke otu Action Group, na-akwado agụmakwụkwọ n'efu na ọkwa niile. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere pati ahụ, nke iwu ndị ọzọ ya gụnyere nnwere onwe ozugbo site na Britain, nlekọta ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ, na iwepụ ọchịchọ site na iwu akụ na ụba dị irè. Na Disemba 1962, ọ hapụrụ Imade College ka ọ bụrụ onye guzobere, onye nwe ya na onye isi mbụ nke Owo High School site na Jenụwarị 1963 ruo Ọgọstụ, 1975, mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká.<ref name="obit" /> Ọ lụrụ Babafunke Tenabe, onye nkuzi, na 12 Jenụwarị 1939. Ha nwere ụmụ anọ, ụmụ nwoke abụọ na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ. Otu nwa nwanyị, Oriakụ Olajumoke Anifowoshe, ghọrọ onye ọka iwu na onye isi ikpe na Ondo State.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/womanofthesun/2004/april/06/womanofthesun-apr06-001.htm|title=Ajasin's jewel turns 90|author=Joy CHINWOKWU|date=6 April 2004|publisher=Daily Sun|accessdate=30 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231052954/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/womanofthesun/2004/april/06/womanofthesun-apr06-001.htm|archivedate=31 December 2006}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ajasin tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa tupu nnwere onwe. N'afọ 1950, ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Action Group, ọ ghọrọ onye kansụl mpaghara a họpụtara ahọpụta na onye isi oche oche nke kansụl distrikti Owo nke mejupụtara Owo, Idashen, Emure Ile, Ipele, Arimogija, Ute, Elerenla, Okeluse na obodo nta ole na ole ọzọ. A họpụtakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya gọọmentị etiti na Lagos.<ref>http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/adekunle-ajasin-democrat-nationalist-fighter-for-independence/{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ọ bụ onye omeiwu gọọmentị etiti site na 1954 ruo 1966 tupu ndị agha ewere ọchịchị. N'afọ 1976, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke gọọmentị ime obodo Owo wee sonye na Unity Party nke Naịjirịa mgbe gọọmentị ndị agha malitere usoro ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ọhụrụ. A họpụtara Ajasin dị ka gọvanọ nke Ondo State na 1979, na Akin Omoboriowo dị ka onye ya na ya na-agba ọsọ. Omoboriowo mechara soro ya nwee esemokwu, wee gaa na National Party of Nigeria (NPN), ebe ọ na-asọ mpi megide Ajasin na ntuli aka 1983 ma bụrụ onye mbụ a mara na ọ bụ onye mmeri. E mechara kagbuo nsonaazụ ahụ ma ṅụọ Ajasin iyi maka oge nke abụọ. Ajasin nọ n'ọkwa ruo mgbe ndị agha wepụrụ ọchịchị na 31 Disemba 1983 nke mere ka General [[Muhammadu Buhari]] chịa. Dị ka gọvanọ, Ajasin bịanyere aka n'iwu nke guzobere Mahadum Ondo State na 1982 na Ado-Ekiti, nke dị na Ekiti State nke Naijiria ugbu a. N'afọ 2000, n'oge ọchịchị Chief Adebayo Adefarati, e mepụtara mahadum ọhụrụ na Akungba Akoko ma mesịa kpọọ ya Mahadum Adekunle Ajasin iji sọpụrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3312:akingbola-is-pro-chancellor-adekunle-ajasin-university&catid=26:business&Itemid=153|title=Akingbola is pro-chancellor, Adekunle Ajasin University|date=27 July 2009|publisher=Daily Trust|accessdate=29 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728164825/http://www.news.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3312%3Aakingbola-is-pro-chancellor-adekunle-ajasin-university&catid=26%3Abusiness&Itemid=153|archivedate=28 July 2009}}</ref> Ọ meghere Polytechnic, Owo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rufusgiwapoly.com/AboutUs/tabid/53/Default.aspx|title=About Us|publisher=Rufus Giwa Polytechnic|accessdate=28 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226180150/http://www.rufusgiwapoly.com/AboutUs/tabid/53/Default.aspx|archivedate=26 December 2009}}</ref> === NADECO === Ajasin bụ onye ndú nke National Democratic Coalition nke a maara dị ka NADECO na Naijiria. E guzobere njikọ ahụ iji weta njedebe nke ọchịchị ndị agha nke [[Sani Abacha]] na ọchịchị iji kwanyere ikike ntuli aka e nyere [[Moshood Abiola|MKO Abiola]] ùgwù.<ref>Pallister David. NIGERIANS FLAIL AROUND AS THE MILITARY FACE NEW CALL TO QUIT. The Guardian (London) 27 May 1994. accessdate=25 July 2015</ref> N'afọ 1995, gọọmentị ndị agha nke Abacha jidere ya na ndị ọzọ 39 na-eme ngagharị iwe maka inwe nzukọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/03/world/nigeria-frees-politician.html|title=Nigeria Frees Politician|work=The New York Times|date=3 June 1995}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}{{OndoStateGovernors}}{{State governors in the Nigerian Second Republic}} rxe0vl27gpjlz9ov2imocqd3dcpchx8 672241 672227 2026-07-04T13:32:37Z Ceentia 24734 672241 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Michael Adekunle Ajasin''' {{Audio|Yo-Michael Adekunle Ajasin.ogg|Audio}} 28 Nọvemba 1908 - 3 Ọktoba 1997) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria nke jere ozi dị ka gọvanọ nke Ondo Steeti site na 1979 ruo 1983 na ikpo okwu Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN) n'oge Republic nke Abụọ nke Naijiria .<ref name="wstate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Nigeria_federal_states.htm|title=Nigeria States|publisher=WorldStatesmen|accessdate=29 December 2009}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Michael Adekunle Ajasin na Owo, Ondo Steeti na 28 Nọvemba 1908. Ọ gara St. Andrews College, Oyo n'etiti (1924-1927). Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ruo oge ụfọdụ, mgbe ahụ a nabatara ya na Fourah Bay College, [[Sierra Leone]] na 1943, na-enweta nzere Bachelor of Arts na Bekee, Modern History na Economics na June, 1946. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara Institute of Education nke Mahadum London ebe ọ nwetara Post Graduate Diploma na Education na June, 1947.<ref name="obit">{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/26598/1/Michael-Adekunle-Ajasin-A-colossus-and-role-model/Page1.html|title=Michael Adekunle Ajasin: A colossus and role model|date=26 November 2009|publisher=The Nation|accessdate=29 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726122441/http://thenationonlineng.net/web2/articles/26598/1/Michael-Adekunle-Ajasin-A-colossus-and-role-model/Page1.html|archivedate=26 July 2011}}</ref> Na 12 Septemba 1947, a họpụtara Ajasin ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke Imade College, Owo, ebe ọ malitere mmemme mmepe ndị ọrụ siri ike, gụnyere iziga ndị nkuzi na Mahadum College, Ibadan maka ọzụzụ ọzọ. N'afọ 1951, o dere akwụkwọ nke ga-aghọ iwu agụmakwụkwọ nke otu Action Group, na-akwado agụmakwụkwọ n'efu na ọkwa niile. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere pati ahụ, nke iwu ndị ọzọ ya gụnyere nnwere onwe ozugbo site na Britain, nlekọta ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ, na iwepụ ọchịchọ site na iwu akụ na ụba dị irè. Na Disemba 1962, ọ hapụrụ Imade College ka ọ bụrụ onye guzobere, onye nwe ya na onye isi mbụ nke Owo High School site na Jenụwarị 1963 ruo Ọgọstụ, 1975, mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká.<ref name="obit" /> Ọ lụrụ Babafunke Tenabe, onye nkuzi, na 12 Jenụwarị 1939. Ha nwere ụmụ anọ, ụmụ nwoke abụọ na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ. Otu nwa nwanyị, Oriakụ Olajumoke Anifowoshe, ghọrọ onye ọka iwu na onye isi ikpe na Ondo State.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/womanofthesun/2004/april/06/womanofthesun-apr06-001.htm|title=Ajasin's jewel turns 90|author=Joy CHINWOKWU|date=6 April 2004|publisher=Daily Sun|accessdate=30 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231052954/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/womanofthesun/2004/april/06/womanofthesun-apr06-001.htm|archivedate=31 December 2006}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Ajasin tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa tupu nnwere onwe. N'afọ 1950, ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke Action Group, ọ ghọrọ onye kansụl mpaghara a họpụtara ahọpụta na onye isi oche oche nke kansụl distrikti Owo nke mejupụtara Owo, Idashen, Emure Ile, Ipele, Arimogija, Ute, Elerenla, Okeluse na obodo nta ole na ole ọzọ. A họpụtakwara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya gọọmentị etiti na Lagos.<ref>http://www.mynewswatchtimesng.com/adekunle-ajasin-democrat-nationalist-fighter-for-independence/{{Dead link|date=April 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ọ bụ onye omeiwu gọọmentị etiti site na 1954 ruo 1966 tupu ndị agha ewere ọchịchị. N'afọ 1976, ọ bụ onye isi oche nke gọọmentị ime obodo Owo wee sonye na Unity Party nke Naịjirịa mgbe gọọmentị ndị agha malitere usoro ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ọhụrụ. A họpụtara Ajasin dị ka gọvanọ nke Ondo State na 1979, na Akin Omoboriowo dị ka onye ya na ya na-agba ọsọ. Omoboriowo mechara soro ya nwee esemokwu, wee gaa na National Party of Nigeria (NPN), ebe ọ na-asọ mpi megide Ajasin na ntuli aka 1983 ma bụrụ onye mbụ a mara na ọ bụ onye mmeri. E mechara kagbuo nsonaazụ ahụ ma ṅụọ Ajasin iyi maka oge nke abụọ. Ajasin nọ n'ọkwa ruo mgbe ndị agha wepụrụ ọchịchị na 31 Disemba 1983 nke mere ka General [[Muhammadu Buhari]] chịa. Dị ka gọvanọ, Ajasin bịanyere aka n'iwu nke guzobere Mahadum Ondo State na 1982 na Ado-Ekiti, nke dị na Ekiti State nke Naijiria ugbu a. N'afọ 2000, n'oge ọchịchị Chief Adebayo Adefarati, e mepụtara mahadum ọhụrụ na Akungba Akoko ma mesịa kpọọ ya Mahadum Adekunle Ajasin iji sọpụrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.news.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3312:akingbola-is-pro-chancellor-adekunle-ajasin-university&catid=26:business&Itemid=153|title=Akingbola is pro-chancellor, Adekunle Ajasin University|date=27 July 2009|publisher=Daily Trust|accessdate=29 December 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090728164825/http://www.news.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3312%3Aakingbola-is-pro-chancellor-adekunle-ajasin-university&catid=26%3Abusiness&Itemid=153|archivedate=28 July 2009}}</ref> Ọ meghere Polytechnic, Owo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rufusgiwapoly.com/AboutUs/tabid/53/Default.aspx|title=About Us|publisher=Rufus Giwa Polytechnic|accessdate=28 March 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226180150/http://www.rufusgiwapoly.com/AboutUs/tabid/53/Default.aspx|archivedate=26 December 2009}}</ref> === NADECO === Ajasin bụ onye ndú nke National Democratic Coalition nke a maara dị ka NADECO na Naijiria. E guzobere njikọ ahụ iji weta njedebe nke ọchịchị ndị agha nke [[Sani Abacha]] na ọchịchị iji kwanyere ikike ntuli aka e nyere [[Moshood Abiola|MKO Abiola]] ùgwù.<ref>Pallister David. NIGERIANS FLAIL AROUND AS THE MILITARY FACE NEW CALL TO QUIT. The Guardian (London) 27 May 1994. accessdate=25 July 2015</ref> N'afọ 1995, gọọmentị ndị agha nke Abacha jidere ya na ndị ọzọ 39 na-eme ngagharị iwe maka inwe nzukọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iwu na-akwadoghị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/03/world/nigeria-frees-politician.html|title=Nigeria Frees Politician|work=The New York Times|date=3 June 1995}}</ref> == Ihe odide == fg96me9b7h8nob69jrhew1gu3bbuzys 0 32101 672460 631499 2026-07-04T20:23:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672460 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|honorific_prefix=|name=Tahir Mamman|honorific_suffix=[[Senior Advocate of Nigeria|SAN]] {{post-nominals|country=NG|OON|size=100%}}|image=|imagesize=|alt=|caption=|office=[[List of Education Ministers of Nigeria|Minister of Education]]|president=[[Bola Tinubu]]|1blankname=Minister of State|1namedata=[[Yusuf Sununu]]|term_start=21 August 2023|term_end=|predecessor=[[Adamu Adamu]]|successor=|office1=Director General of the [[Nigerian Law School]]|term_start1=2005|term_end1=2013|predecessor1=|successor1=[[Olanrewaju Onadeko]]|birth_name=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1954|07|07|df=y}}|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|party=[[All Progressives Congress]] (2014–present)|spouse=|children=|parents=|relations=|residence=|education={{plainlist| * [[Ahmadu Bello University]] ([[LL.B.]]) * [[Nigerian Law School]] * [[University of Warwick]] ([[LL.M.]]) }}|alma_mater=|occupation={{hlist|Lawyer|academic|politician}}|profession=|website=}}{{Databox}} Tahir Mamman SAN OON (amụrụ na 7 Julaị 1954) bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria, prọfesọ na agụmakwụkwọ bụ minista agụmakwụkwọ nke Naijiria ugbu a. Tahir Mamman SAN OON minista agụmakwụkwọ nke Naijiria Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Nigerian Law School site na 2005 ruo 2013. Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Iwu Naịjirịa Ọ bụ otu oge osote chancellor nke Mahadum Baze, Abuja na onye otu na-achịkwa ụlọ ọrụ Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC). osote chancellor Mahadum Baze Onye isi ala Bola Tinubu họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ minista nke agụmakwụkwọ na 16 Ọgọstụ 2023. Bola Tinubu<ref>{{Cite web|title=TAHIR MAMMAN: RIGHT MAN, RIGHT JOB - THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2023/08/25/tahir-mamman-right-man-right-job|accessdate=2023-08-25|work=www.thisdaylive.com|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye a ma ama na Body of Benchers. N'afọ 2010, ọ ghọrọ onye otu International Association of Law Schools nke dị na Washington DC. N'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2015, e nyere ya ọkwa Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN). Onye Nnukwu Ọkaiwu nke Naịjirịa Iji kwado mgbalị ya, Gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa nyere ya nsọpụrụ mba nke Onye isi nke Order of the Niger (OON). Onye isi nke Order of the Niger Mamman sonyeere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 2014 mgbe ọ gụsịrị ọrụ ya dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu Naịjirịa. Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Iwu Naịjirịa Ọ gbara ọsọ maka ntuli aka gọvanọ steeti Adamawa na ikpo okwu nke APC na Disemba 2014 ya na mmadụ atọ ndị ọzọ na-achọ. N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2020, kọmitii ntụziaka mba nke All Progressives Congress họpụtara ya ma mee ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu na-anọchite anya mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ / osote onyeisi oche mba na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ugwu ọwụwarị na Kọmitii Atụmatụ Nlekọta / Extraordinary Convention CECPC nke All Progress Congress.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Baze University Abuja|url=https://bazeuniversity.edu.ng/about/leadership.php|accessdate=6 October 2020|work=bazeuniversity.edu.ng|archivedate=1 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001155324/https://www.bazeuniversity.edu.ng/about/leadership.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Okeke|first=Chidimma C.|date=25 March 2020|title=Baze University adopts virtual learning|url=https://dailytrust.com/baze-university-adopts-virtual-learning|accessdate=6 October 2020|work=Daily Trust|language=en|archivedate=10 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010010522/https://dailytrust.com/baze-university-adopts-virtual-learning}}</ref> O nwere utu aha ndị isi nke Dan Ruwata Adamawa Emirate na Dokajin Mubi nke Adamawa State. Dan Ruwata Adamawa Emirate Dokajin Mubi Adamawa State == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Mamman na 1954 na Michika na Adamawa Steeti. Michika Adamawa Steeti O nwere LL.B degree na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello na 1983 ma kpọọ ọkàiwu na Nigerian Law School na 1984. Ahmadu Bello University Nigerian Law School Ọ nwetara nzere masta ya na Mahadum Warwick England na 1987 na PhD ya na 1990 Mahadum nke Warwick, Warwickshire England. Mahadum Warwick<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kwache|first=Emmanuel Y.|date=24 August 2013|title=Dr. Tahir Mamman as a distinct administrator|url=https://dailytrust.com/dr-tahir-mamman-as-a-distinct-administrator|accessdate=6 October 2020|work=Daily Trust|language=en|archivedate=5 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231005131623/https://dailytrust.com/dr-tahir-mamman-as-a-distinct-administrator/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ malitere ịkụzi ihe na Mahadum Maiduguri na Faculty of Law wee ghọọ Dean na Facultum of Law. Mahadum nke Maiduguri Mamman jere ozi dị ka onye ọka ikpe na Adamawa Steeti site na 1974 ruo 1984, onye isi ngalaba iwu nkịtị na 1991 na Mahadum Maiduguri ruo 1997 na onye otu National Universities Commission, onye otu Local Government Election Tribunal, Adamawa Steet na 1997, ọ bụ onye isi ihe gbasara ụmụ akwụkwọ na Maidugiri site na 1997 ruo 2000 ma bụrụ onye ndụmọdụ oge na State House of Assembly of Adamawa, Yobe na Borno Steeti site n'afọ 1999 ruo 2000. National Universities Commission Yobe Borno State Ọ bụkwa onye otu na-eduzi kọmitii nke nguzobe nke Mahadum Adamawa State, onye nyocha mpụga na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello site na 2001 ruo 2002 na onye nkwado maka Youth Federation of Nigeria na Nigeria Youth Organization nke Maiduguri. Adamawa State University Ahmadu Bello University Youth Federation of Nigeria Nigeria Youth Organization Ọ ghọrọ osote onye nduzi nke ụlọ akwụkwọ iwu Nigeria Law School Kano site na 2001 ruo 2005 tupu ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa. Kano<ref>{{Cite web|title=Prof. Tahir Mamman, SAN|url=https://j-kgadzamallp.com/our-people/partners/prof-tahir-mamman-san|accessdate=6 October 2020|work=J-K Gadzama LLP|language=en-gb|archivedate=16 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191016014737/https://j-kgadzamallp.com/our-people/partners/prof-tahir-mamman-san}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Body of benchers, Council of legal education, Nigerian Bar Association, Nigerian Association Of Law Teacher, Commonwealth Legal Education Association, Centre for Computer Assisted Legal Instruction USA, National Association of Vice chancellors of Nigeria, United Kingdom Centre for Legal Education, African Network of Constitutional Lawyers, International Bar Association, Body of senior advocates of Nigeria (BOSAN) na onye otu Governing Board of International Association of Law School Washington DC site na 2011 ruo 2013. Nigerian Bar Association Nigerian Association Of Law Teacher Centre for Computer Assisted Legal Instruction International Bar Association Òtù ndị isi na-akwado Nigeria (BOSAN)<ref>{{Cite web|author=Oladipo|first=Bimpe|date=14 January 2019|title=MAMMAN, Prof Tahir, OON, SAN|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/mamman-prof-tahir-oon-san/|accessdate=6 October 2020|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbipụta == * Iwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ime iwu na Naijiria, 1862-1989 okwu, ọdịmma na nkwekọrịta. Iwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ime iwu na Naijiria, 1862-1989 okwu, ọdịmma na nkwekọrịta Maiduguri, ed; Ed-Linform Services, Tahir Mamman, con; Heaney N, Mamman M, Tahir H, Al-Gharib A. Lin C. 1998 Iwu Iwu Nigeria, <nowiki>ISBN 978314961X</nowiki>, 9789783147618, OCLC 11241500 Unique ID: 7493122309 Maidugori __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ ISBN __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ 978314961X, 9789783149618 __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ OCLC __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ 11241500 * Iwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ime iwu na Naijiria, 1900-1989 okwu, ọdịmma na nkwekọrịta. Iwu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ime iwu na Naijiria, 1900-1989 okwu, ọdịmma na nkwekọrịta 1991, Ph.D, Mahadum Warwick, Iwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Mahadum Warwick Tahir Mamman, edemede agụmakwụkwọ, OCLC 53541742 __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ OCLC __ibo____ibo____ibo__ Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ 53541742 == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3zpoz9hy893o03c81kho7taf0c3v4jq 0 32304 672293 142698 2026-07-04T13:52:38Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Iwu Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Naijiria, 2021''' bụ Iwu nke Nzukọ Mba nke Naịjaria. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - Climate Change Act, 2021.|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=112597&p_count=22&p_classification=01|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.ilo.org}}</ref>Iwu ahụ chọrọ ka gọọmentị guzobe atụmatụ [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|Mgbanwe ihu igwe]] nke mba na mmefu ego carbon afọ ise, nke nwere ebumnuche ụfọdụ kwa afọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria's Climate Change Act - Climate Change Laws of the World|url=https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=climate-laws.org|language=en}}</ref>Iwu ahụ guzobere Kansụl Mba na Mgbanwe Ihu igwe. A na-enye Kansụl a ọrụ iji mezuo atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mba ahụ ma nwee ikike n'elu ego mgbanwe ihu igwe e guzobere ọhụrụ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-28|title=A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation {{!}} IUCN|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.iucn.org|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, [[Muhammadu Buhari|Onye isi ala Buhari]] nyere ikike ka Iwu Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], 2021 bụrụ iwu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - Climate Change Act, 2021.|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=112597&p_count=22&p_classification=01|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.ilo.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=112597&p_count=22&p_classification=01 "Nigeria - Climate Change Act, 2021"]. ''www.ilo.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite></ref>Iwu a na-eguzobe usoro iwu maka Naijiria, na-eme ka ọ dịrị mbọ ịchụso ebumnuche ihu igwe ya, nkwụsi ike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba ogologo oge, yana ume. N'ịdabere na mkpebi nke Onye isi ala gosipụtara na COP 26 na Glasgow iji ruo net zero site na 2060, Iwu ahụ setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ zuru oke nke inweta net zero emissions site na 2050 ruo 2070.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria's Climate Change Act - Climate Change Laws of the World|url=https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=climate-laws.org|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7 "Nigeria's Climate Change Act - Climate Change Laws of the World"]. ''climate-laws.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Iwu ahụ gụnyere ndokwa ndị dị mkpa nke na-akọwa akụkụ ndị dị mkpa ndị a: * A chọrọ ka gọọmentị guzobe atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mba na mmefu ego carbon afọ ise, zuru ezu na ebumnuche kwa afọ. Nzọụkwụ abụọ a na-adabere na nkwado nke Federal Executive Council. A na-eme atụmatụ ịnata nkwado nke carbon mbụ na Nọvemba 2022.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-28|title=A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation {{!}} IUCN|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.iucn.org|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation "A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation | IUCN"]. ''www.iucn.org''. 2022-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> * A na-ekwu maka nguzobe nke National Council on Climate Change, na-akọwa ihe mejupụtara ya na ọrụ ya. Kansụl a na-ewere ọrụ nke imezu National Climate Change Action Plan na ilekọta nchịkwa nke Climate Change Fund ọhụrụ. A ga-ekpebi nkwekọrịta ego nke ego ahụ site na mkparịta ụka ndị omeiwu ma mee ka ọrụ nke Kansụl ahụ n'onwe ya dị mfe, yana nkwado ego. N'ịrụkọ ọrụ na ngalaba na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, Kansụl ahụ ga-ahazi ọrụ ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na atụmatụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ ga-elekwasị anya n'ịchọpụta na itinye n'ọrụ usoro mgbanwe dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=PricewaterhouseCoopers|title=Nigeria’s Climate Change Act – things to know and prepare for|url=https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/nigeria-climate-change-act-things-to-know.html|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=PwC|language=en-ng}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/112597/140749/F962932059/NGA112597.pdf Ihe odide nke Iwu Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke Naijiria, 2021] 4qes35620f19pxi2b8jaaf7su60hldj 672294 672293 2026-07-04T13:54:02Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Iwu Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Naijiria, 2021''' bụ Iwu nke Nzukọ Mba nke Naịjaria. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - Climate Change Act, 2021.|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=112597&p_count=22&p_classification=01|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.ilo.org}}</ref>Iwu ahụ chọrọ ka gọọmentị guzobe atụmatụ [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|Mgbanwe ihu igwe]] nke mba na mmefu ego carbon afọ ise, nke nwere ebumnuche ụfọdụ kwa afọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria's Climate Change Act - Climate Change Laws of the World|url=https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=climate-laws.org|language=en}}</ref>Iwu ahụ guzobere Kansụl Mba na Mgbanwe Ihu igwe. A na-enye Kansụl a ọrụ iji mezuo atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mba ahụ ma nwee ikike n'elu ego mgbanwe ihu igwe e guzobere ọhụrụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-28|title=A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation {{!}} IUCN|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.iucn.org|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, [[Muhammadu Buhari|Onye isi ala Buhari]] nyere ikike ka Iwu Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], 2021 bụrụ iwu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - Climate Change Act, 2021.|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=112597&p_count=22&p_classification=01|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.ilo.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=112597&p_count=22&p_classification=01 "Nigeria - Climate Change Act, 2021"]. ''www.ilo.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite></ref>Iwu a na-eguzobe usoro iwu maka Naijiria, na-eme ka ọ dịrị mbọ ịchụso ebumnuche ihu igwe ya, nkwụsi ike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba ogologo oge, yana ume. N'ịdabere na mkpebi nke Onye isi ala gosipụtara na COP 26 na Glasgow iji ruo net zero site na 2060, Iwu ahụ setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ zuru oke nke inweta net zero emissions site na 2050 ruo 2070.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria's Climate Change Act - Climate Change Laws of the World|url=https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=climate-laws.org|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7 "Nigeria's Climate Change Act - Climate Change Laws of the World"]. ''climate-laws.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Iwu ahụ gụnyere ndokwa ndị dị mkpa nke na-akọwa akụkụ ndị dị mkpa ndị a: * A chọrọ ka gọọmentị guzobe atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mba na mmefu ego carbon afọ ise, zuru ezu na ebumnuche kwa afọ. Nzọụkwụ abụọ a na-adabere na nkwado nke Federal Executive Council. A na-eme atụmatụ ịnata nkwado nke carbon mbụ na Nọvemba 2022.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-28|title=A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation {{!}} IUCN|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.iucn.org|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation "A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation | IUCN"]. ''www.iucn.org''. 2022-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> * A na-ekwu maka nguzobe nke National Council on Climate Change, na-akọwa ihe mejupụtara ya na ọrụ ya. Kansụl a na-ewere ọrụ nke imezu National Climate Change Action Plan na ilekọta nchịkwa nke Climate Change Fund ọhụrụ. A ga-ekpebi nkwekọrịta ego nke ego ahụ site na mkparịta ụka ndị omeiwu ma mee ka ọrụ nke Kansụl ahụ n'onwe ya dị mfe, yana nkwado ego. N'ịrụkọ ọrụ na ngalaba na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, Kansụl ahụ ga-ahazi ọrụ ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na atụmatụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ ga-elekwasị anya n'ịchọpụta na itinye n'ọrụ usoro mgbanwe dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=PricewaterhouseCoopers|title=Nigeria’s Climate Change Act – things to know and prepare for|url=https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/nigeria-climate-change-act-things-to-know.html|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=PwC|language=en-ng}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/112597/140749/F962932059/NGA112597.pdf Ihe odide nke Iwu Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke Naijiria, 2021] r1r8xfe06irtdea38p4158mh6fnvf6g 672297 672294 2026-07-04T13:55:49Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Iwu Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Naijiria, 2021''' bụ Iwu nke Nzukọ Mba nke Naịjaria. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - Climate Change Act, 2021.|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=112597&p_count=22&p_classification=01|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.ilo.org}}</ref>Iwu ahụ chọrọ ka gọọmentị guzobe atụmatụ [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|Mgbanwe ihu igwe]] nke mba na mmefu ego carbon afọ ise, nke nwere ebumnuche ụfọdụ kwa afọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria's Climate Change Act - Climate Change Laws of the World|url=https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=climate-laws.org|language=en}}</ref>Iwu ahụ guzobere Kansụl Mba na Mgbanwe Ihu igwe. A na-enye Kansụl a ọrụ iji mezuo atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mba ahụ ma nwee ikike n'elu ego mgbanwe ihu igwe e guzobere ọhụrụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-28|title=A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation {{!}} IUCN|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.iucn.org|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, [[Muhammadu Buhari|Onye isi ala Buhari]] nyere ikike ka Iwu Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], 2021 bụrụ iwu. Iwu a na-eguzobe usoro iwu maka Naijiria, na-eme ka ọ dịrị mbọ ịchụso ebumnuche ihu igwe ya, nkwụsi ike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba ogologo oge, yana ume. N'ịdabere na mkpebi nke Onye isi ala gosipụtara na COP 26 na Glasgow iji ruo net zero site na 2060, Iwu ahụ setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ zuru oke nke inweta net zero emissions site na 2050 ruo 2070.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria's Climate Change Act - Climate Change Laws of the World|url=https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=climate-laws.org|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7 "Nigeria's Climate Change Act - Climate Change Laws of the World"]. ''climate-laws.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Iwu ahụ gụnyere ndokwa ndị dị mkpa nke na-akọwa akụkụ ndị dị mkpa ndị a: * A chọrọ ka gọọmentị guzobe atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mba na mmefu ego carbon afọ ise, zuru ezu na ebumnuche kwa afọ. Nzọụkwụ abụọ a na-adabere na nkwado nke Federal Executive Council. A na-eme atụmatụ ịnata nkwado nke carbon mbụ na Nọvemba 2022.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-28|title=A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation {{!}} IUCN|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.iucn.org|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation "A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation | IUCN"]. ''www.iucn.org''. 2022-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> * A na-ekwu maka nguzobe nke National Council on Climate Change, na-akọwa ihe mejupụtara ya na ọrụ ya. Kansụl a na-ewere ọrụ nke imezu National Climate Change Action Plan na ilekọta nchịkwa nke Climate Change Fund ọhụrụ. A ga-ekpebi nkwekọrịta ego nke ego ahụ site na mkparịta ụka ndị omeiwu ma mee ka ọrụ nke Kansụl ahụ n'onwe ya dị mfe, yana nkwado ego. N'ịrụkọ ọrụ na ngalaba na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, Kansụl ahụ ga-ahazi ọrụ ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na atụmatụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ ga-elekwasị anya n'ịchọpụta na itinye n'ọrụ usoro mgbanwe dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=PricewaterhouseCoopers|title=Nigeria’s Climate Change Act – things to know and prepare for|url=https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/nigeria-climate-change-act-things-to-know.html|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=PwC|language=en-ng}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/112597/140749/F962932059/NGA112597.pdf Ihe odide nke Iwu Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke Naijiria, 2021] mzo7ild3udj8lzo65zen2u52h4uaqij 672302 672297 2026-07-04T13:58:53Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Iwu Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Naijiria, 2021''' bụ Iwu nke Nzukọ Mba nke Naịjaria. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - Climate Change Act, 2021.|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=112597&p_count=22&p_classification=01|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.ilo.org}}</ref>Iwu ahụ chọrọ ka gọọmentị guzobe atụmatụ [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|Mgbanwe ihu igwe]] nke mba na mmefu ego carbon afọ ise, nke nwere ebumnuche ụfọdụ kwa afọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria's Climate Change Act - Climate Change Laws of the World|url=https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=climate-laws.org|language=en}}</ref>Iwu ahụ guzobere Kansụl Mba na Mgbanwe Ihu igwe. A na-enye Kansụl a ọrụ iji mezuo atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mba ahụ ma nwee ikike n'elu ego mgbanwe ihu igwe e guzobere ọhụrụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-28|title=A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation {{!}} IUCN|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.iucn.org|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, [[Muhammadu Buhari|Onye isi ala Buhari]] nyere ikike ka Iwu Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], 2021 bụrụ iwu. Iwu a na-eguzobe usoro iwu maka Naijiria, na-eme ka ọ dịrị mbọ ịchụso ebumnuche ihu igwe ya, nkwụsi ike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba ogologo oge, yana ume. N'ịdabere na mkpebi nke Onye isi ala gosipụtara na COP 26 na Glasgow iji ruo net zero site na 2060, Iwu ahụ setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ zuru oke nke inweta net zero emissions site na 2050 ruo 2070.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria's Climate Change Act - Climate Change Laws of the World|url=https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=climate-laws.org|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7 "Nigeria's Climate Change Act - Climate Change Laws of the World"]. ''climate-laws.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Iwu ahụ gụnyere ndokwa ndị dị mkpa nke na-akọwa akụkụ ndị dị mkpa ndị a: * A chọrọ ka gọọmentị guzobe atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mba na mmefu ego carbon afọ ise, zuru ezu na ebumnuche kwa afọ. Nzọụkwụ abụọ a na-adabere na nkwado nke Federal Executive Council. A na-eme atụmatụ ịnata nkwado nke carbon mbụ na Nọvemba 2022.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-28|title=A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation {{!}} IUCN|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.iucn.org|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation "A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation | IUCN"]. ''www.iucn.org''. 2022-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> * A na-ekwu maka nguzobe nke National Council on Climate Change, na-akọwa ihe mejupụtara ya na ọrụ ya. Kansụl a na-ewere ọrụ nke imezu National Climate Change Action Plan na ilekọta nchịkwa nke Climate Change Fund ọhụrụ. A ga-ekpebi nkwekọrịta ego nke ego ahụ site na mkparịta ụka ndị omeiwu ma mee ka ọrụ nke Kansụl ahụ n'onwe ya dị mfe, yana nkwado ego. N'ịrụkọ ọrụ na ngalaba na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, Kansụl ahụ ga-ahazi ọrụ ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na atụmatụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ ga-elekwasị anya n'ịchọpụta na itinye n'ọrụ usoro mgbanwe dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=PricewaterhouseCoopers|title=Nigeria’s Climate Change Act – things to know and prepare for|url=https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/nigeria-climate-change-act-things-to-know.html|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=PwC|language=en-ng}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/112597/140749/F962932059/NGA112597.pdf Ihe odide nke Iwu Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke Naijiria, 2021] ag0nf3qkmu6w0dtz5cfif79gorlx24g 672307 672302 2026-07-04T14:00:02Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Iwu Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Naijiria, 2021''' bụ Iwu nke Nzukọ Mba nke Naịjaria. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - Climate Change Act, 2021.|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=112597&p_count=22&p_classification=01|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.ilo.org}}</ref>Iwu ahụ chọrọ ka gọọmentị guzobe atụmatụ [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|Mgbanwe ihu igwe]] nke mba na mmefu ego carbon afọ ise, nke nwere ebumnuche ụfọdụ kwa afọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria's Climate Change Act - Climate Change Laws of the World|url=https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=climate-laws.org|language=en}}</ref>Iwu ahụ guzobere Kansụl Mba na Mgbanwe Ihu igwe. A na-enye Kansụl a ọrụ iji mezuo atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mba ahụ ma nwee ikike n'elu ego mgbanwe ihu igwe e guzobere ọhụrụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-28|title=A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation {{!}} IUCN|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.iucn.org|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, [[Muhammadu Buhari|Onye isi ala Buhari]] nyere ikike ka Iwu Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], 2021 bụrụ iwu. Iwu a na-eguzobe usoro iwu maka Naijiria, na-eme ka ọ dịrị mbọ ịchụso ebumnuche ihu igwe ya, nkwụsi ike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba ogologo oge, yana ume. N'ịdabere na mkpebi nke Onye isi ala gosipụtara na COP 26 na Glasgow iji ruo net zero site na 2060, Iwu ahụ setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ zuru oke nke inweta net zero emissions site na 2050 ruo 2070.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria's Climate Change Act - Climate Change Laws of the World|url=https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=climate-laws.org|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7 "Nigeria's Climate Change Act - Climate Change Laws of the World"]. ''climate-laws.org''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> Iwu ahụ gụnyere ndokwa ndị dị mkpa nke na-akọwa akụkụ ndị dị mkpa ndị a: * A chọrọ ka gọọmentị guzobe atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mba na mmefu ego carbon afọ ise, zuru ezu na ebumnuche kwa afọ. Nzọụkwụ abụọ a na-adabere na nkwado nke Federal Executive Council. A na-eme atụmatụ ịnata nkwado nke carbon mbụ na Nọvemba 2022.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-28|title=A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation {{!}} IUCN|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.iucn.org|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation "A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation | IUCN"]. ''www.iucn.org''. 2022-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> * A na-ekwu maka nguzobe nke National Council on Climate Change, na-akọwa ihe mejupụtara ya na ọrụ ya. Kansụl a na-ewere ọrụ nke imezu National Climate Change Action Plan na ilekọta nchịkwa nke Climate Change Fund ọhụrụ. A ga-ekpebi nkwekọrịta ego nke ego ahụ site na mkparịta ụka ndị omeiwu ma mee ka ọrụ nke Kansụl ahụ n'onwe ya dị mfe, yana nkwado ego. N'ịrụkọ ọrụ na ngalaba na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, Kansụl ahụ ga-ahazi ọrụ ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na atụmatụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ ga-elekwasị anya n'ịchọpụta na itinye n'ọrụ usoro mgbanwe dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=PricewaterhouseCoopers|title=Nigeria’s Climate Change Act – things to know and prepare for|url=https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/nigeria-climate-change-act-things-to-know.html|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=PwC|language=en-ng}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/112597/140749/F962932059/NGA112597.pdf Ihe odide nke Iwu Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke Naijiria, 2021] nebbetv7xy2snan5ediecvtsg10debw 672310 672307 2026-07-04T14:02:38Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Iwu Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Naijiria, 2021''' bụ Iwu nke Nzukọ Mba nke Naịjaria. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - Climate Change Act, 2021.|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=112597&p_count=22&p_classification=01|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.ilo.org}}</ref>Iwu ahụ chọrọ ka gọọmentị guzobe atụmatụ [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|Mgbanwe ihu igwe]] nke mba na mmefu ego carbon afọ ise, nke nwere ebumnuche ụfọdụ kwa afọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria's Climate Change Act - Climate Change Laws of the World|url=https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=climate-laws.org|language=en}}</ref>Iwu ahụ guzobere Kansụl Mba na Mgbanwe Ihu igwe. A na-enye Kansụl a ọrụ iji mezuo atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mba ahụ ma nwee ikike n'elu ego mgbanwe ihu igwe e guzobere ọhụrụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-28|title=A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation {{!}} IUCN|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.iucn.org|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, [[Muhammadu Buhari|Onye isi ala Buhari]] nyere ikike ka Iwu Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], 2021 bụrụ iwu. Iwu a na-eguzobe usoro iwu maka Naijiria, na-eme ka ọ dịrị mbọ ịchụso ebumnuche ihu igwe ya, nkwụsi ike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba ogologo oge, yana ume. N'ịdabere na mkpebi nke Onye isi ala gosipụtara na COP 26 na Glasgow iji ruo net zero site na 2060, Iwu ahụ setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ zuru oke nke inweta net zero emissions site na 2050 ruo 2070. Iwu ahụ gụnyere ndokwa ndị dị mkpa nke na-akọwa akụkụ ndị dị mkpa ndị a: * A chọrọ ka gọọmentị guzobe atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mba na mmefu ego carbon afọ ise, zuru ezu na ebumnuche kwa afọ. Nzọụkwụ abụọ a na-adabere na nkwado nke Federal Executive Council. A na-eme atụmatụ ịnata nkwado nke carbon mbụ na Nọvemba 2022.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-28|title=A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation {{!}} IUCN|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.iucn.org|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation "A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation | IUCN"]. ''www.iucn.org''. 2022-03-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-08-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> * A na-ekwu maka nguzobe nke National Council on Climate Change, na-akọwa ihe mejupụtara ya na ọrụ ya. Kansụl a na-ewere ọrụ nke imezu National Climate Change Action Plan na ilekọta nchịkwa nke Climate Change Fund ọhụrụ. A ga-ekpebi nkwekọrịta ego nke ego ahụ site na mkparịta ụka ndị omeiwu ma mee ka ọrụ nke Kansụl ahụ n'onwe ya dị mfe, yana nkwado ego. N'ịrụkọ ọrụ na ngalaba na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, Kansụl ahụ ga-ahazi ọrụ ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na atụmatụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ ga-elekwasị anya n'ịchọpụta na itinye n'ọrụ usoro mgbanwe dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=PricewaterhouseCoopers|title=Nigeria’s Climate Change Act – things to know and prepare for|url=https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/nigeria-climate-change-act-things-to-know.html|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=PwC|language=en-ng}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/112597/140749/F962932059/NGA112597.pdf Ihe odide nke Iwu Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke Naijiria, 2021] pobsbbasghshyflz3e99as2r0ou5pk7 672311 672310 2026-07-04T14:03:27Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Iwu Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke Naijiria, 2021''' bụ Iwu nke Nzukọ Mba nke Naịjaria. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria - Climate Change Act, 2021.|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/natlex4.detail?p_lang=en&p_isn=112597&p_count=22&p_classification=01|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.ilo.org}}</ref>Iwu ahụ chọrọ ka gọọmentị guzobe atụmatụ [[Okpomọkụ gburugburu ụwa|Mgbanwe ihu igwe]] nke mba na mmefu ego carbon afọ ise, nke nwere ebumnuche ụfọdụ kwa afọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria's Climate Change Act - Climate Change Laws of the World|url=https://climate-laws.org/document/nigeria-s-climate-change-act_5ef7|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=climate-laws.org|language=en}}</ref>Iwu ahụ guzobere Kansụl Mba na Mgbanwe Ihu igwe. A na-enye Kansụl a ọrụ iji mezuo atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mba ahụ ma nwee ikike n'elu ego mgbanwe ihu igwe e guzobere ọhụrụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-28|title=A Review of Nigeria's 2021 Climate Change Act: Potential for Increased Climate Litigation {{!}} IUCN|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/commission-environmental-economic-and-social-policy/202203/a-review-nigerias-2021-climate-change-act-potential-increased-climate-litigation|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=www.iucn.org|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, [[Muhammadu Buhari|Onye isi ala Buhari]] nyere ikike ka Iwu Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]], 2021 bụrụ iwu. Iwu a na-eguzobe usoro iwu maka Naijiria, na-eme ka ọ dịrị mbọ ịchụso ebumnuche ihu igwe ya, nkwụsi ike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba ogologo oge, yana ume. N'ịdabere na mkpebi nke Onye isi ala gosipụtara na COP 26 na Glasgow iji ruo net zero site na 2060, Iwu ahụ setịpụrụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ zuru oke nke inweta net zero emissions site na 2050 ruo 2070. Iwu ahụ gụnyere ndokwa ndị dị mkpa nke na-akọwa akụkụ ndị dị mkpa ndị a: * A chọrọ ka gọọmentị guzobe atụmatụ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mba na mmefu ego carbon afọ ise, zuru ezu na ebumnuche kwa afọ. Nzọụkwụ abụọ a na-adabere na nkwado nke Federal Executive Council. A na-eme atụmatụ ịnata nkwado nke carbon mbụ na Nọvemba 2022. * A na-ekwu maka nguzobe nke National Council on Climate Change, na-akọwa ihe mejupụtara ya na ọrụ ya. Kansụl a na-ewere ọrụ nke imezu National Climate Change Action Plan na ilekọta nchịkwa nke Climate Change Fund ọhụrụ. A ga-ekpebi nkwekọrịta ego nke ego ahụ site na mkparịta ụka ndị omeiwu ma mee ka ọrụ nke Kansụl ahụ n'onwe ya dị mfe, yana nkwado ego. N'ịrụkọ ọrụ na ngalaba na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, Kansụl ahụ ga-ahazi ọrụ ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na atụmatụ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ ga-elekwasị anya n'ịchọpụta na itinye n'ọrụ usoro mgbanwe dị elu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=PricewaterhouseCoopers|title=Nigeria’s Climate Change Act – things to know and prepare for|url=https://www.pwc.com/ng/en/publications/nigeria-climate-change-act-things-to-know.html|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=PwC|language=en-ng}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/112597/140749/F962932059/NGA112597.pdf Ihe odide nke Iwu Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke Naijiria, 2021] 9u389xfd1lnzprs7eca654c8hhk9zf4 0 32338 672214 450307 2026-07-04T13:12:30Z 10kdollz 19775 672214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox|image=Iris glaucescens.jpg|genus=Iris|display_parents=2|parent=Iris sect. Iris|species=glaucescens|authority=[[Alexander Bunge|Bunge]]|synonyms=''Iris eulefeldii''|synonyms_ref=<ref name=pacific>{{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |access-date=23 November 2014}}</ref>}} '''''''.[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id=]Iris''_(plant)" id="mwDA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Iris (plant)">Iris''''' glaucescens bụ ụdị osisi dị na ụdị Iris, ọ dịkwa na subgenus Iris. Ọ bụ osisi rhizomatous perennial, nke a na-ahụ na Russia, [[Kazakhstan]], Mongolia na [[China]]. Ọ nwere akwụkwọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-acha ntụ ntụ, ogwe osisi dị nro, na okooko osisi na-acha odo odo, violet na-acha ọcha, na-acha uhie uhie, na-achie uhie na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-apụta anụnụ anụcha, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụcha ọcha. A naghị akụ ya dị ka osisi ịchọ mma na mpaghara okpomọkụ. E jikọtara ya na iris ọzọ yiri ya na mpaghara ahụ, wee bụrụ otu okwu nke ''Iris scariosa'', tupu e kewaa ya n'ụdị abụọ dị iche iche ọzọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ isi mmalite ka na-akpọ ya otu ihe na ''Iris scariosa''. Ọ nwere nnukwu rhizome, nke ruru 3 cm n'ịdị arọ na nodular. &nbsp;Ọ nwere ihe ndị fọdụrụ n'oge gara aga, n'elu rhizome.<ref name="lesnoj">{{Cite web|first=M.|author=Silanteva|title=Iris glaucescens Bunge – Iris bluish|url=http://lesnoj-atlas.com/page/255/iris-glaucescens-bunge-iris-kasatik-sizovatyy.html?group=2|publisher=lesnoj-atlas.com|accessdate=19 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304073041/http://lesnoj-atlas.com/page/255/iris-glaucescens-bunge-iris-kasatik-sizovatyy.html?group=2#|archivedate=2016-03-04}}</ref> Ọ nwere falcate (dị ka ọrịa), na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, ma ọ bụ na-acha ntụ ntụ.<ref name="samluka">{{Cite web|first=Samara|author=Bend|title=COLLECTION IRIS natural flora, Introdutciruemyh in the Botanical Garden Samara State University|year=2007|url=http://www.ssc.smr.ru/media/journals/samluka/2007/16_3_10.pdf|publisher=ssc.smr.ru (Samara State University)|accessdate=26 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="knigi">{{Cite web|title=The exhibition "Iris Russia"|url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/66/|publisher=flower-iris.ru|accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref><ref name="samluka" /><ref name="lesnoj"/><ref name="canadian">{{Cite web|first=Tony|author=Hall|title=Canadian Iris Society, CIS newsletter, Winter 2013 Volume 57 Issue 1|year=2013|url=http://www.e-clipse.ca/previews/CIS/C-V57N2_hi-rez.pdf|pages=19–21|publisher=e-clipse.ca (Canadian Iris Society)|accessdate=24 October 2014}}</ref> Ọ nwere ogwe osisi dị gịrịgịrị, nke nwere ike itolite ruo n'etiti 8–25 cm (3-10 in) ogologo.<ref name="pacific"/><ref name="lesnoj" /><ref name="signa">{{Cite web|first=D.|author=Kramb|title=Iris glaucescens|date=5 September 2004|url=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-glaucescens|publisher=signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America)|accessdate=19 September 2015}}</ref>Ọ dị ka ''Iris scariosa'' n'ịdị elu, ma gafee ịdị elu nke akwụkwọ.<ref name="signa" /><ref name="lesnoj" /> Ogwe osisi ahụ nwere (scarious) membranous, spathes (akwụkwọ nke okooko osisi), nke dị 5–15 cm (2-6 in) ogologo na ogologo keels.<ref name="samluka"/> Ogwe osisi ahụ nwere okooko osisi abụọ (n'elu ogwe osisi), na-ama ifuru n'etiti etiti ruo n'ọgwụgwụ oge opupu ihe ubi, n'etiti Eprel na Mee. Ọ na-ama ama maka nkezi ụbọchị 12.<ref name="lesnoj"/><ref name="samluka"/><ref name="lesnoj" /><ref name="samluka" /> Okooko osisi ndị ahụ dị 3.5–5.5 in) n'obosara, na-abịa na onyinyo nke na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, violet na-acha odo odo, na-acha uhie uhie, na-achọpụta na-acha ọcha.<ref name="samluka"/><ref name="pacific"/><ref name="signa"/><ref name="signa" /><ref name="lesnoj" /><ref name="signa" /><ref name="samluka" /> Dị ka iris ndị ọzọ, ọ nwere abụọ abụọ nke petals, 3 nnukwu sepals (outre petals), nke a maara dị ka 'fall' na 3 n'ime, obere petals (ma ọ bụ tepals), nke akpọrọ 'ụkpụrụ'.<ref name="ClaireAustin">{{Cite book|first=Claire|author=Austin|title=Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia|year=2005|publisher=Timber Press|isbn=0881927309}}</ref>O nwekwara afụ ọnụ ọcha na nsụda mmiri.: 17 <ref name="lesnoj" /> Mgbe iris gbasịrị, n'etiti oge okpomọkụ, ọ na-emepụta capsule mkpụrụ fusiform (nke yiri spindle). <ref name="samluka"/><ref name="lesnoj" />N'ime capsule ahụ, a na-enwe mkpụrụ na-acha nchara nchara, na globular. <ref name="lesnoj" />Ha dị 4-5.5 mm n'ogologo na 2-3 mm n'obosara.<ref name="samluka" /> === Nnyocha === N'afọ 2012, e mere nnyocha 2 nke Siberia, ''Iris glaucescens'' na ''Iris bloudowii''.<ref name="Nabieva">{{Cite journal|author=Nabieva|first=A.Yu.|date=2012|title=Peculiarities Of Reproduction Of Rare Siberian Species Of The Genus Iris L. – I. Glaucescens Bunge И I. Bloudowii Ledeb. In Culture|url=http://ssbg.asu.ru/turcz/turcz_15_1_80-84.pdf|journal=Turczaninowia|volume=15|issue=1|pages=80–84|accessdate=19 September 2015}}</ref> Dị ka ọtụtụ iris bụ diploid, nwere usoro abụọ nke chromosomes, enwere ike iji nke a chọpụta ngwakọta na nhazi nke ìgwè.<ref name="ClaireAustin"/>Ọ nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ chromosome nke 2n=24.: 18 <ref name="earthpapers">{{Cite web|first=Nina Borisovna|author=Alekseeva|title=Species of the genus Iris L. in the flora of Russia. Problems of protection of nature and the introduction of|date=March 2005|url=http://earthpapers.net/vidy-roda-iris-l-vo-flore-rossii-problemy-ohrany-v-prirode-i-introduktsi|publisher=earthpapers.net|accessdate=7 October 2015}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Ọ nwere aha ndị a na-ahụkarị nke 'Bluish Iris', na 'Iris dove'.<ref name="knigi"/><ref name="oopt">{{Cite web|first=M.|author=Tigireksky|title=Iris glaucescens Bunge|url=http://oopt.aari.ru/bio/45210|publisher=oopt.aari.ru|accessdate=22 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="samluka"/> Okwu Latin ''glaucescens'' na-ezo aka n'ịmepụta ezigbo okooko osisi na-acha ọcha, na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, ma ọ bụ glaucous. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Stearn|first=William|year=1973|edition=Revised|title=A Gardenerer's Dictionary of Plant Names|location=London|publisher=Cassell|isbn=0304937215}}</ref>Na-ezo aka na akwụkwọ glaucous nke osisi.<ref name="handbook">{{Cite web|first=William|author=Dykes|authorlink=William Rickatson Dykes|title=Handbook of Garden Irises|year=2009|url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf|publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises)|accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref> Na Paris Museum of Natural History, onye France na-amụ banyere ala Patren malitere herbarium, onye chịkọtara osisi si Siberia. Onye Germany na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ Carl Friedrich von Ledebour rụkwara ọrụ na herbarium ruo ọtụtụ afọ na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya Alexander Andrejewitsch Bunge na Carl Anton von Meyer. Ha chọpụtara ma kọwaa ọtụtụ osisi ọhụrụ, gụnyere ''Iris bloudowii'', ''Iris glaucescens'', ''Iris tigridia'' na ndị ọzọ.<ref name="altai">{{Cite web|author=Alexeeva|first=N.|title=The successful expedition to Altai|date=2007|url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/ekspeditsii/233/|publisher=flower-iris.ru|accessdate=25 September 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ Alexander Bunge bipụtara ya ma kọwaa ya na 'Flora Altaic' (Fl. Altaic edited by Ledebour) Vol.1 na peeji nke 58 na 1829.<ref name="ipni">{{Cite web|title=Iridaceae Iris glaucescens Bunge|url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=438645-1|publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index)|accessdate=29 September 2014}}</ref><ref name="grin">{{GRIN|access-date=19 September 2015}}</ref><ref name="american">{{Cite web|first=Alain|author=Franco|title=(SPEC) Iris glaucescens Bunge ex Ledeb.|date=12 May 2013|url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecGlaucescens|publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society)|accessdate=22 September 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1870, a chịkọtara ụdị ''Iris glaucescens'' na 'Songaria', China (Songaria bụzi akụkụ nke Gansu) maka Paris Museum of Natural History.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iris glaucescens (MNHN/P/P02158902)|url=http://lesherbonautes.mnhn.fr/specimens/MNHN/P/P02158902|publisher=lesherbonautes/mnhn.fr|accessdate=22 September 2015|archivedate=13 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313234809/http://lesherbonautes.mnhn.fr/specimens/MNHN/P/P02158902}}</ref> E mechara kewaa ya dị ka otu okwu nke ''Iris scariosa'' site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ gụnyere William Dykes na 1913 na nkọwa G. Rodionenko na 'Iris Year Book' nke 1967. Na 1979, Shevchenko (Iris L. na A.I.Galushko (onye nchịkọta akụkọ) 'Flora Severnogo Kavkaza' Vol.3 page79, Mahadum Rostov) kewara ''Iris glaucescens'' na ''Iris scariosa'' n'ime ụdị abụọ dị iche iche. <ref name="pacific"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="236">[http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf "Iris summary"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="237">pacificbulbsociety.org. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="238">14 April 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="239"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2014</span>.</span></cite></ref><ref name="american"/>O chere na e nwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche ọdịdị na gburugburu ebe obibi n'etiti ụdị abụọ ahụ. Ma o bipụtaghị ihe ndị a. O kwukwara na mgbasa nke ''Iris scariosa'' dị na ọdịda anyanwụ nke Oké Osimiri Caspian. Mana ndị edemede ndị ọzọ na-arụ ụka na nkewa a, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ isi mmalite ka na-ekewa iris abụọ ahụ n'ụdị dị iche iche. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * Khassanov, F. O. & N. Rakhimova. 2012. Ntụziaka taxonomic nke ụdị Iris L. (Iridaceae Juss.) maka osisi nke Central Asia. Stapfia 97:177. * Krasnoborov, I. M., de. 2000–. Flora nke Siberia (Nsụgharị Bekee). [na-anabata]. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Iris. 28, 34. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.plantarium.ru/page/view/item/20731.html O nwere ọtụtụ foto nke iris] Mgbasa ozi metụtaraIris glaucescensna Wikimedia CommonsIhe ọmụma metụtaraIris glaucescensna Wikispecies [[Òtù:Wiki activate SDG]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ka6e2wazat8hnyoz5iymgw318qdd6mm 0 32727 672434 497289 2026-07-04T18:45:46Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672434 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox television|genre=Preschool<br />Superhero|creator=[[Angela C. Santomero]]|voices={{Plainlist| * Nicholas Castel Vanderburgh * [[Johnny Orlando]] * Zachary Bloch * Samuel Faraci * [[Siera Florindo]] * T.J. McGibbon * [[Tajja Isen]] * [[Jo Vannicola|Joanne Vannicola]] }}|theme_music_composer=Steve D'Angelo<br />Terry Tompkins|opentheme="Who's Got the Power?"|endtheme="Hip Hip Hooray" {{small|(Instrumental, S1-2)}}<br />"Super Readers to the Rescue" {{small|(Instrumental, S3)}}|composer={{Plainlist| * Lorenzo Castelli (seasons 2-3) * Jeff Morrow (seasons 2-3) * Steve D'Angelo (entire run) * Terry Tompkins (entire run) }}|country=United States<br />Canada|language=English|num_seasons=3|num_episodes=103|list_episodes=List of Super Why! episodes|executive_producer={{Plainlist| * Angela C. Santomero * Samantha Freeman Alpert * Steven DeNure * Anne Loi {{small|(S2-3)}} }}|producer=|runtime=30 minutes|company={{Plainlist| * [[WildBrain Studios#DHX Studios Vancouver|Decode Entertainment]] {{small|(S1)}} * [[WildBrain Studios|DHX Studios Halifax]] {{small|(S2-S3)}} * [[Out of the Blue Enterprises]] }} {{Infobox|decat=yes|child=yes|label1=Animation services|data1= {{Plainlist| * [[C.O.R.E.|C.O.R.E. Toons]] {{small|(S1)}} * Gallus Entertainment {{small|(S2)}} }}}}|network={{Plainlist| * [[PBS Kids]] {{small|(United States)}} * [[CBC Kids]] {{small|(Canada)}} }}|first_aired={{Start date|2007|9|3}}|last_aired={{End date|2016|5|12}}}} '''''Super Why!''''' bụ usoro dike nkiri telivishọn CGI nke Angela C. Santomero mepụtara Ụmụaka PBS Kids. Ọ bụ ndị New York City-based Out of the Blue Enterprises mepụtara usoro ahụ na njikọ ya na Decode Enterprises maka oge mbụ na DHX Distribution maka oge nke abụọ na nke atọ. Animation bụ nke C.O.R.E. Toons nke dị na Toronto (oge 1), Gallus Entertainment (oge 2) na DHX Media (nke mbụ site na ngalaba Decode Entertainment maka oge 3). E mepụtara ihe ngosi ahụ na mbụ dị ka ihe nkiri na-akwụsị akwụsị na 1999 site na Cuppa Coffee Animation nke e gosipụtara na Nickelodeon / Nick Jr. E mechara gosipụta ya na 2000 Annecy Film Festival. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Portfolio|url=http://www.cuppacoffee.com:80/portfolio/series.htm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816033018/http://www.cuppacoffee.com:80/portfolio/series.htm|archivedate=16 August 2000|accessdate=25 January 2022|work=www.cuppacoffee.com:80}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Film Index|url=https://www.annecy.org/about/archives:en/2000:en/award-winners/film-index:film-20000399|accessdate=2022-06-21|work=www.annecy.org|language=en}}</ref>Nickelodeon mechara họrọ ịghara iwere ihe ngosi ahụ. Kama nke ahụ, PBS Kids gara n'ihu mepụta usoro ahụ na ego sitere na United States Department of Education's Ready to Learn grant ma gosipụta ihe omume mbụ na Septemba 3, 2007. <ref>{{Cite web|title=RESEARCH PROVES SUPER WHY! HELPS CHILDREN LEARN TO READ|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/research-proves-super-why-helps-children-learn-to-read-may-6-2009/|work=About PBS - Main|accessdate=20 October 2023|language=en|date=6 May 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=LITERACY TAKES THE LEAD ON PBS KIDS AND PBS KIDS GO!|url=https://www.pbs.org/about/about-pbs/blogs/news/literacy-takes-the-lead-on-pbs-kids-and-pbs-kids-go-november-14-2007/|work=About PBS - Main|accessdate=20 October 2023|language=en|date=14 November 2007}}</ref>Njem mbụ ahụ kwụsịrị na Mee 12, 2016 na ngụkọta nke ihe omume 103 gafee oge atọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Will Super Why! Return For a Season 4 on PBS // Renewed or Canceled? {{!}} TV Next Season|url=https://tvnextseason.com/show/2316-super-why/|accessdate=2022-09-22|work=tvnextseason.com}}</ref> == Atụmatụ == A na-eme ihe ngosi ahụ na Storybrook Village, ebe onye isi, Whyatt Beanstalk, na ndị enyi ya Woofster (nke mbụ pụtara na oge nke abụọ), Littlest Pig, Red Riding Hood, na Princess Pea bi. Na nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe omume ahụ, otu n'ime ndị isi (mgbe ụfọdụ mmadụ abụọ, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ise niile) nwere "nnukwu nsogbu", "nnukwu ajụjụ", ma ọ bụ "nnukwu ihe omimi". Ndị isi na-ekwu maka ọnọdụ ha na Book Club, na-ekweta ile anya ma na-efe efe n'akwụkwọ nke akụkọ a ma ama iji dozie ya. Ebumnuche nke Super Readers bụ ịgbaso akụkọ nke akwụkwọ ahụ. Ka ha na-aga n'ihu site na ihe omume nke akụkọ ahụ, ha na-ezute ihe mgbochi dị iche iche, nke a nwere ike idozi site na itinye nkà mmụta ha iji gbanwee akụkọ ahụ. Ka ha na-emeri nke ọ bụla n'ime ihe mgbochi ndị a, a na-akwụ ha ụgwọ na "Super Letters" na-acha uhie uhie nke na-eme ka ihe ngwọta maka ihe ọ bụla ha na-enyocha. Na ngwụcha njem ahụ, ndị Super Readers na-efega azụ na Book Club. A na-etinye Super Letters na nnukwu ihuenyo kọmputa ma dee ya iji gosipụta "Super Story Answer". Mgbe ahụ, otu n'ime ndị Super Readers na-enye ihe mere otu okwu ma ọ bụ ahịrịokwu ahụ ji bụrụ ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu ma ọ bụ ihe omimi ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About Super Why {{!}} PBS Kids Shows|url=https://www.pbs.org/parents/shows/super-why/about|accessdate=2022-09-22|work=PBS KIDS for Parents|language=en|archivedate=2022-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922234202/https://www.pbs.org/parents/shows/super-why/about}}</ref> == Ihe omume ==  {{:List of Super Why! episodes}} == Ihe odide == * Whyatt Beanstalk / Super Why (nke Nicholas Castel Vanderburgh kwuru na oge 1 & 2 na Johnny Orlando na oge 3) bụ onye ọbịa nke usoro ahụ na onye ndú nke Super Readers. Ọ bụ nwanne Jack, onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'Akụkọ ọdịnala Bekee nke otu aha ahụ, ya na ndị mụrụ ya Mrs. Beanstalk na Maazị Beanstalk bi, ndị na-ede ma na-ese akụkọ ọnụ, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị, Joy. Jack na-apụta n'ihe omume ụfọdụ mana ọ na-anọkarị na kọleji. Ihe nnọchianya ya bụ akwụkwọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na akara ajụjụ na agba ya bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na acha anụnụ anụcha. O nwere "ike ịgụ", nke na-elekwasị anya na [[okwu]]. * Littlest Pig/Alpha Pig (nke Zachary Bloch kwuru na oge 1 & 2 na Samuel Faraci na oge 3) a na-akpọ ya "The Littlest Pig," ọ na-ewebata onwe ya na klọb akwụkwọ dị ka "P bụ maka Pig!" mana n'ime ihe ngosi ahụ, a maara ya dị ka "Ezig". Ọ na-enwe mmasị ime ka ọ bụrụ na ọ na-eyi uwe dị ka nna ya, onye bụ onye na-ewu ụlọ. Ihe nnọchianya ya bụ triangle na agba ya bụ blue-violet na oroma. O nwere "ike mkpụrụ akwụkwọ", nke na-elekwasị anya na mkpụrụ akwụkwọ, yana igbe ngwá ọrụ nwere ngwá ọrụ dị iche iche na ya. * Little Red Riding Hood/Wonder Red (nke Siera Florindo kwuru na oge 1 & 2 na T.J. McGibbon na oge 3) a na-akpọ "Red" na usoro TV. Onye isi akụkọ sitere na akụkọ ifo, ọ na-ezo aka naanị n'onwe ya dị ka "Red Riding Hood". Ihe nnọchianya ya bụ ihe na-agba gburugburu na agba ya bụ ọbara ọbara na purple. O nwere "ike okwu", nke na-elekwasị anya na rhymeing na ezinụlọ okwu dị ka "OP", "AT", "UN", "UMP", "OG", wdg. N'ihe omume "Judith's Happy Chanukah", a kpughere na Red bụ onye Juu, ka ọ na-akpọ Whyatt n'ụlọ nne ya maka Hanukkah. * Princess Pea / Princess Presto (nke Tajja Isen kwuru) ka akpọrọ aha akụkọ ụmụaka "The Princess and the Pea", nne na nna ya bụ nwa eze na nwa eze site na akụkọ ahụ. Ihe nnọchianya ya bụ kpakpando, nke kwekọrọ na Magic Spelling Wand ya na agba ya bụ pink na green. O nwere "ike ide ihe", nke na-elekwasị anya na ide ihe. * Puppy/Woofster (nke Joanne Vannicola kwuru) bụ nkịta na-acha nchara nchara nke Whyatt na ezinụlọ ya nwere. Ihe nnọchianya ya bụ ọkpụkpụ nkịta na agba ya bụ acha anụnụ anụnụ na ọbara ọbara. O nwere ikike akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu, nke na-enye ya ohere ịchọta ihe okwu ọ bụla pụtara. == Nnakwere == [[Usòrò:Super_Why_Pilot_Logo.webp|thumb|200x200px|Logo eji maka onye na-anya ụgbọelu na-enweghị ikuku, nke a maara dị ka ''Super Why?'']] ''Super Why!'' natara nke ọma na Common Sense Media, ebe onye nyocha Emily Ashby kwuru na ihe ngosi ahụ bụ 4/5 na ngalaba ozi dị mma, ihe nlereanya dị mma, na uru agụmakwụkwọ. Nnyocha Ashby na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ ezie na usoro dị nro nke ihe na-akpali akpali na ihe ize ndụ na-eme na otu ihe ngosi ahụ si arụkọ ọrụ na Post Consumer Brands maka ọka a na-akpọ, enwere obere ime ihe ike / ụkọ na ịzụ ahịa, yana enweghị ọdịnaya mmekọahụ, okwu mkparị, ma ọ bụ ịṅụ mmanya, ọgwụ ọjọọ, na ise siga. Ashby na-ekwukwa na uru nke ihe ngosi ahụ sitere na ojiji ọ na-eji Akụkọ ifo ụmụaka na ojiji nke ihe odide sitere na ha, ọkachasị Three Little Pigs.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2008-02-20|title=Super Why! - TV Review|url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/tv-reviews/super-why|accessdate=2021-06-07|work=www.commonsensemedia.org|language=en}}</ref> Susan Stewart, onye nyocha maka ''The New York Times'', katọrọ ihe ngosi ahụ maka iwere akụkọ ifo na nkuzi ọdịnala, ọkachasị Three Little Pigs na Hansel na Gretel, ma gbanwee ha ka ha bụrụ nkuzi omume. Stewart katọkwara iji ajụjụ mmekọrịta maka ndị na-ekiri iji zaa na ogologo ha, ọkachasị ajụjụ dịka "gịnị na-abịa mgbe mkpụrụedemede E gasịrị?". N'agbanyeghị ntụpọ ya, Stewart na-ekwu na ihe ngosi ahụ dị mma na uru agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Stewart|first=Susan|date=2007-09-10|title=And They All Read Happily Ever After|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/10/arts/television/10supe.html|accessdate=2021-06-07}}</ref> == Nkwalite na mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ == === Ihe ngosi na-eme na ndụ === N'afọ 2012, a malitere ihe ngosi na United States, nke akpọrọ Super Why Live: You've Got the Power. N'ịbụ nke SB2C ntụrụndụ mepụtara, a kwalitere Super Why Live maka inwe ihe ngosi ụgbọ elu na "nkà na ụzụ dị elu", na n'ihi ọkwa dị elu nke ndị na-ege ya ntị, Santomero ji egwuregwu kpọọ ya "'Rocky Horror Picture Show" maka ụmụ akwụkwọ ọta akara". Ihe ngosi ahụ, nke na-eso Super Why, Alpha Pig, Wonder Red, Princess Presto, na Woofster, gosipụtara na Monroe, Louisiana wee gaa n'oge opupu ihe ubi 2013, ebe njem ahụ mechiri na Albany, New York na Mee 10.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Super Why! live show set to fly|url=https://kidscreen.com/2012/05/01/super-why-live-show-set-to-fly/|accessdate=2022-09-22}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|first=Sarah|author=Rodman|date=April 6, 2013|title=PBS's 'Super Why!' comes to life onstage|url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/arts/music/2013/04/06/super-why-comes-life-with-you-got-power/GL0dydl6iyESKqrlqozURK/story.html|accessdate=2022-09-22|work=BostonGlobe.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ bụ Jack Antonoff mepụtara ụdaolu nke ihe ngosi ahụ, onye gakwuuru nwa ya nwanyị ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara maka mmeghachi omume ya na usoro ahụ na otu esi ede ya. Antonoff kwuru na ịbụ onye nwere nkà na indie rock, ide maka ihe ngosi ahụ abụghị ihe dị iche, ọ bụ ezie na okwu ndị ahụ ga-abụ ndị na-emegheghị maka nkọwa ma dị mfe ịghọta mgbe ị na-ede maka ndị na-eto eto.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Korina|author=Lopez|title=Jack Antonoff adds some fun. to Super Why! Live tour|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2013/04/02/jack-antonoff-super-why-kids-tour/2022025/|accessdate=2022-09-22|work=USA Today|language=en-US}}</ref> === Usoro nkewa === Usoro 2D dị mkpirikpi nke akpọrọ ''Super Why's Comic Book Adventures'' malitere na PBS Kids na Ọktoba 18, 2023, na ihe omume 20 nke nkeji atọ. E wepụtara ihe ngosi nke usoro ahụ na Septemba 20, 2023. Usoro a gosipụtara Super Reader ọhụrụ aha ya bụ Power Paige.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Y-E-S, yes, the new ‘Super Why!’ musical shorts will premiere on PBS Kids Oct. 18|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/tv/story/2023-09-20/super-why-comic-book-adventures-pbs-kids-premiere-date|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=20 October 2023|date=20 September 2023}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [http://superwhy.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * {{IMDb title|1105469}} {{Former PBS Kids shows}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kn0td33t1qle0co6v7xsjdg4gl9462b 0 33327 672238 137920 2026-07-04T13:29:26Z 10kdollz 19775 672238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Enoch Godongwana (amụrụ na 9 June 1957) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa na onye bụbu onye otu ọrụ aka nke na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ego kemgbe Ọgọst 2021. Ọ bụ onye otu National Executive Committee nke African National Congress (ANC). A mụrụ ya na Eastern Cape, Godongwana ghọrọ onye a ma ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke National Union of Metalworkers n'etiti afọ 1993 na 1997. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, site na 1997 ruo 2004, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Executive Council nke Eastern Cape dị ka Onye otu Executive Council for Finance. A họpụtara ya na mbụ na Kọmitii Nchịkwa Mba ANC na Disemba 1997, ọ bụkwa osote onye isi oche nke alaka nke ANC nke Eastern Cape site na 2003 ruo 2006 n'okpuru Onye isi oche Makhenkesi Stofile. Praịm Minista Nosimo Balindlela chụpụrụ ya na Executive Council n'ọnọdụ esemokwu na Septemba 2004. N'etiti Mee 2009 na Jenụwarị 2012, Godongwana bụ osote minista n'okpuru ụlọ ọrụ mbụ nke Onye isi ala Jacob Zuma. Ọ bụ osote minista nke ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze site na 2009 ruo 2010 na osote minisita nke mmepe akụ na ụba site na 2010 ruo 2012. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa nke ikpeazụ na Jenụwarị 2012 mgbe ihe ihere metụtara otu n'ime ọdịmma azụmahịa ya, ụlọ ọrụ itinye ego a na-akpọ Canyon Springs. Otú ọ dị, ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye ama ama dị ka onye isi oche nke kọmitii ntụziaka mba ANC na mgbanwe akụ na ụba, ọ bụkwa onye isi oche ya nke Ụlọ Akụ̀ Mmepe nke Southern Africa site na 2019 ruo 2021. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala Cyril Ramaphosa n'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2021. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Godongwana na 9 June 1957 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Enoch Godongwana, Mr|url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/enoch-godongwana-mr-0|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=South African Government}}</ref> na Cala na mpaghara Cape Province, nke bụzi akụkụ nke Eastern Cape . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2012-01-17|title=Going, going, Godongwana|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-01-17-going-godongwana/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=6 August 2021|title=Enoch Godongwana: the party guru on economics|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2021-08-06-enoch-godongwana-the-party-guru-on-economics/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=6 August 2021|title=What you need to know about SA's new minister of finance, Enoch Godongwana|url=https://www.news24.com/fin24/economy/what-you-need-to-know-about-sas-new-minister-of-finance-enoch-godongwana-20210806-2|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> gụrụ akwụkwọ na St John's College na Mthatha, [1] ma mechaa MSc na akụ na ụba ego na Mahadum London na 1998. [2] == Ọrụ ndị ọrụ == Godongwana malitere ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2012-01-17|title=Going, going, Godongwana|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-01-17-going-godongwana/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://mg.co.za/article/2012-01-17-going-godongwana/ "Going, going, Godongwana"]. ''The Mail & Guardian''. 17 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> n'Òtù ndị ọrụ, malite dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ ahịa maka Metal and Allied Workers' Union na 1979 wee rịgoro n'ọkwa ịghọ onye nhazi maka National Union of Metalworkers (Numsa) n'etiti afọ 1983 na 1989. Ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ mpaghara Numsa site na 1990 ruo 1993, <ref name=":1" /> mgbe a họpụtara ya ka ọ nọchie Moses Mayekiso dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu mba ya.<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gh9BAQAAIAAJ|title=Southscan|date=1997|publisher=Southscan|pages=183|language=en}}</ref> rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu ruo 1997, [1] mgbe ọ kwụsịrị ma Mbuyi Ngwenda nọchiri ya. <ref name=":0" /> N'otu oge ahụ, ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii na-ahụ maka Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) site na 1992 ruo 1997, yana onye isi oche nke Cosatu's economic development task force. <ref name=":0" />bụkwa onye guzobere [[National Economic Development and Labour Council]] (NEDLAC) ma nọchite anya ndị ọrụ n'oge edepụtara iwu ọrụ mgbe ị na-ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị, gụnyere Iwu Mmekọrịta Ọrụ. <ref name=":13">{{Cite web|date=12 August 2021|title=A reasonable man: is Godongwana too 'affable' to revive SA's economy?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/features/cover-story/2021-08-12-a-reasonable-man-is-godongwana-too-affable-to-revive-sas-economy/|accessdate=2023-08-01|work=Financial Mail|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Financial Mail nyere Godongwana otuto maka iwebata Numsa, otu ndị agha na ndị ọrụ, "n'ime oghere Cosatu", yana maka ịtọlite ya maka nnukwu mmụba nke ndị otu ya mechara nwee. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-28|title=Mini-budget makes big promises|url=https://mg.co.za/editorial/2022-10-28-editorial-mini-budget-makes-big-promises/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref>'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ nwetara aha dị ka onye na-akwado nkwado ego na dịka "minista ego nwere otu n'ime ndị na-ejide ego nke mba ahụ". <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-12-20|title=Enoch Godongwana (Grade C-)|url=https://mg.co.za/cabinet-cards/report-card-2022/2022-12-20-enoch-godongwana-grade-c/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Oxford|first=Adam|date=2021-12-11|title=Mail & Guardian Cabinet Report Cards 2021: Enoch Godongwana|url=https://cabinet.mg.co.za/enoch-godongwana-2021/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=Mail & Guardian|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe <ref name=":13">{{Cite web|date=12 August 2021|title=A reasonable man: is Godongwana too 'affable' to revive SA's economy?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/features/cover-story/2021-08-12-a-reasonable-man-is-godongwana-too-affable-to-revive-sas-economy/|accessdate=2023-08-01|work=Financial Mail|language=en-ZA}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/features/cover-story/2021-08-12-a-reasonable-man-is-godongwana-too-affable-to-revive-sas-economy/ "A reasonable man: is Godongwana too 'affable' to revive SA's economy?"]. ''Financial Mail''. 12 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> jụrụ ya banyere echiche ndị Kọmunist mbụ ya - ọ bụ onye otu South African Communist Party n'oge ọ bụ otu - Godongwana kwuru, "E nwere ngwọta bara uru na nsogbu bara uru nke, mgbe ụfọdụ, echiche ndị na-enweghị atụ anaghị ejide. " === Ndị ndu ANC === <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2021|title=Enoch Godongwana to step down as ANC economy guru|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2021-11-15-enoch-godongwana-to-step-down-as-anc-economy-guru/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref>'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, Godongwana kwuru na ọ ga-agbadata dịka onye isi oche nke obere kọmitii NEC na mgbanwe akụ na ụba iji kwe ka ndị isi na-eto eto pụta. <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2022|title=ANC names new head of economic transformation|url=https://www.news24.com/fin24/economy/anc-names-new-head-of-economic-transformation-20220420|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref>[[Mmamoloko Kubayi]] nọchiri ya n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|date=22 December 2022|title=Full list: ANC NEC members|url=https://www.enca.com/news/full-list-anc-nec-members|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=eNCA|language=en}}</ref> Nzukọ mba ọzọ nke ANC, nke e mere na Nasrec na Disemba 2022, a họpụtara Godongwana ọzọ na NEC, nke iri na itoolu n'ime iri asatọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-29|title=Ramaphosa consolidates control over ANC with clean sweep in national working committee|url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2023-01-29-ramaphosa-consolidates-control-over-anc-with-clean-sweep-in-national-working-committee-2/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 February 2023|title=Cyril Ramaphosa allies dominate as heads of ANC NEC subcommittees|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-02-21-cyril-ramaphosa-allies-dominate-as-heads-of-anc-nec-subcommittees/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> họpụtakwara ya ọzọ dị ka onye otu nkịtị nke kọmitii mgbanwe akụ na ụba, nke ga-anọgide n'okpuru nduzi Kubayi; [1] na NEC họpụtara ya na Kọmitii Ọrụ Mba ANC dị ka otu n'ime ndị kachasị ewu ewu - ya na [[Barbara Creecy]] jikọrọ maka ọnọdụ nke abụọ n'azụ Kubayi. [2] Ka ọ na-erule n'oge ahụ, a na-ele Godongwana anya dị ka onye otu onye isi ala Ramaphosa, ọkachasị dịka onye otu a na-akpọ "Chris Hani cabal" mgbe ụfọdụ. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=Mkokeli|first=Sam|date=19 August 2022|title=Possible Godongwana exit exposes another Ramaphosa flank|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/opinion/2022-08-19-sam-mkokeli-possible-godongwana-exit-exposes-another-ramaphosa-flank/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> gụnyere [[Gwede Mantashe]], Oscar Mabuyane, na Mondli Gungubele, otu a sitere na Eastern Cape ma nwee mmetụta na ogige Ramaphosa na ANC. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-25|title=How the 'Chris Hani cabal' outmanoeuvred Paul Mashatile at ANC KZN conference|url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2022-07-25-how-the-chris-hani-cabal-outmanoeuvred-paul-mashatile-at-anc-kzn-conference/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-28|title=Chris Hani cabal comes to Ramaphosa's rescue in cabinet reshuffle|url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2023-02-28-chris-hani-cabal-comes-to-ramaphosas-rescue-in-cabinet-reshuffle/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 November 2011|title=Deputy minister denies hiding asset|work=IOL|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/deputy-minister-denies-hiding-asset-1187656|accessdate=31 July 2023}}</ref> lụrụ Thandiwe Godongwana, onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Creamer|first=Darlene|date=12 November 2021|title=Hard hat|url=https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/hard-hat-2021-11-12|accessdate=2023-08-01|work=Engineering News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mkokeli|first=Sam|date=21 November 2021|title=Enoch Godongwana: a man of many hats — and many headaches|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/insight/2021-11-21-enoch-godongwana-a-man-of-many-hats--and-many-headaches/|accessdate=2023-08-01|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|date=12 August 2021|title=A reasonable man: is Godongwana too 'affable' to revive SA's economy?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/features/cover-story/2021-08-12-a-reasonable-man-is-godongwana-too-affable-to-revive-sas-economy/|accessdate=2023-08-01|work=Financial Mail|language=en-ZA}}</ref> maara ya maka iyi okpu homburg nwere ábụ́bà. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2001, mgbe Godongwana na-eje ozi na Eastern Cape Executive Council, Ụlọikpe East London Magistrate mara ya ikpe maka Ịkwọ ụgbọala na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè. E jidere ya n'ọnwa Febụwarị ma daa ule Mmanya na-aba n'anya n'ọbara mgbe ọ jụrụ ido onwe ya n'okpuru respiralyser. O kwetara na ikpe mara ya maka ebubo ahụ, na-ekwu na ọ nọ na-akwọ ụgbọala n'ihi na nwa nwanne ya nwanyị rịọrọ ya ka e bulie ya, ọ gwakwara ndị nta akụkọ na ọ bụ "mmejọ nke ikpe m, nke m na-akwa ụta n'ezie. " <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2001-12-31|title=EC MEC gets fine for drunken driving|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2002-01-01-ec-mec-gets-fine-for-drunken-driving/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ọ na-ewute m nke ukwuu. " <ref name=":11" /> kwụ[[Rand|R]] ya R8,000 n'ọnọdụ ịnọ ụbọchị 200 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, na ọkara nke ụgwọ ahụ kwụsịtụrụ; e nyekwara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ atọ, kwụsịtụọ ya maka oge ahụ. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2022, otu onye na-asa ahụ n'ebe a na-echekwa egwuregwu na Kruger National Park mere mkpesa banyere iyi egwu mmekọahụ megide Godongwana, onye o kwuru na o metụrụ ya aka n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị n'oge ịhịa aka. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-19|title='Relieved' to hear from police on sexual assault allegation, Godongwana will continue to do his job|url=https://mg.co.za/business/2022-08-19-relieved-to-hear-from-police-on-sexual-assault-allegation-godongwana-will-continue-to-do-his-job/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2022|title=Godongwana denies claims of sexual harassment|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2022-08-13-godongwana-denies-claims-of-sexual-harassment/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> gọnahụrụ ebubo ahụ n'ụzọ siri ike. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-22|title=Pressure builds as Enoch Godongwana forges on with fiscal consolidation|url=https://mg.co.za/business/2022-08-22-pressure-builds-as-finance-minister-forges-on-with-fiscal-consolidation/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 August 2022|title=Sexual assault claims are being used as part of a smear campaign, Godongwana says|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/politics/2022-08-19-sexual-assault-claims-are-being-used-as-part-of-a-smear-campaign-godongwana-says/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> gwara Business Day na o kwenyere na a na-eji ebubo ndị ahụ "na-eme" ya "iji nweta njedebe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpirikpi na nke ịchọ ọdịmma onwe ya" n'ihu nzukọ mba ANC na-abịanụ, [1] ma ọ malitere ịga n'ihu "na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ dị oke mkpa nke ime ka akụ na ụba anyị dịghachi ndụ na ichebe ụtụ isi". [2] <ref>{{Cite web|date=23 September 2022|title=Why the NPA won't prosecute Enoch Godongwana for sexual assault|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/why-the-npa-wont-prosecute-enoch-godongwana-for-sexual-assault-20220923|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> ngwụcha Septemba, National Prosecuting Authority kwuru na, ebe ọ nyochara ihe akaebe ahụ, ọ gaghị ekpe Godongwana ikpe. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nrxtyh5cmh7eggsdoueri9ft0er18b2 672246 672238 2026-07-04T13:34:13Z 10kdollz 19775 672246 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Enoch Godongwana (amụrụ na 9 June 1957) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa na onye bụbu onye otu ọrụ aka nke na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka Minista na-ahụ maka ego kemgbe Ọgọst 2021. Ọ bụ onye otu National Executive Committee nke African National Congress (ANC). A mụrụ ya na Eastern Cape, Godongwana ghọrọ onye a ma ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke National Union of Metalworkers n'etiti afọ 1993 na 1997. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, site na 1997 ruo 2004, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Executive Council nke Eastern Cape dị ka Onye otu Executive Council for Finance. A họpụtara ya na mbụ na Kọmitii Nchịkwa Mba ANC na Disemba 1997, ọ bụkwa osote onye isi oche nke alaka nke ANC nke Eastern Cape site na 2003 ruo 2006 n'okpuru Onye isi oche Makhenkesi Stofile. Praịm Minista Nosimo Balindlela chụpụrụ ya na Executive Council n'ọnọdụ esemokwu na Septemba 2004. N'etiti Mee 2009 na Jenụwarị 2012, Godongwana bụ osote minista n'okpuru ụlọ ọrụ mbụ nke Onye isi ala Jacob Zuma. Ọ bụ osote minista nke ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze site na 2009 ruo 2010 na osote minisita nke mmepe akụ na ụba site na 2010 ruo 2012. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa nke ikpeazụ na Jenụwarị 2012 mgbe ihe ihere metụtara otu n'ime ọdịmma azụmahịa ya, ụlọ ọrụ itinye ego a na-akpọ Canyon Springs. Otú ọ dị, ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye ama ama dị ka onye isi oche nke kọmitii ntụziaka mba ANC na mgbanwe akụ na ụba, ọ bụkwa onye isi oche ya nke Ụlọ Akụ̀ Mmepe nke Southern Africa site na 2019 ruo 2021. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi ala Cyril Ramaphosa n'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2021. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Godongwana na 9 June 1957 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Enoch Godongwana, Mr|url=https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/enoch-godongwana-mr-0|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=South African Government}}</ref> na Cala na mpaghara Cape Province, nke bụzi akụkụ nke Eastern Cape . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2012-01-17|title=Going, going, Godongwana|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-01-17-going-godongwana/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=6 August 2021|title=Enoch Godongwana: the party guru on economics|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2021-08-06-enoch-godongwana-the-party-guru-on-economics/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=6 August 2021|title=What you need to know about SA's new minister of finance, Enoch Godongwana|url=https://www.news24.com/fin24/economy/what-you-need-to-know-about-sas-new-minister-of-finance-enoch-godongwana-20210806-2|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> gụrụ akwụkwọ na St John's College na Mthatha, [1] ma mechaa MSc na akụ na ụba ego na Mahadum London na 1998. [2] == Ọrụ ndị ọrụ == Godongwana malitere ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị <ref name=":1" />n'Òtù ndị ọrụ, malite dị ka onye na-elekọta ụlọ ahịa maka Metal and Allied Workers' Union na 1979 wee rịgoro n'ọkwa ịghọ onye nhazi maka National Union of Metalworkers (Numsa) n'etiti afọ 1983 na 1989. Ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ mpaghara Numsa site na 1990 ruo 1993, <ref name=":1" />mgbe a họpụtara ya ka ọ nọchie Moses Mayekiso dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu mba ya.<ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gh9BAQAAIAAJ|title=Southscan|date=1997|publisher=Southscan|pages=183|language=en}}</ref> rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu ruo 1997, [1] mgbe ọ kwụsịrị ma Mbuyi Ngwenda nọchiri ya. <ref name=":0" /> N'otu oge ahụ, ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii na-ahụ maka Congress of South African Trade Unions (Cosatu) site na 1992 ruo 1997, yana onye isi oche nke Cosatu's economic development task force. <ref name=":0" />bụkwa onye guzobere [[National Economic Development and Labour Council]] (NEDLAC) ma nọchite anya ndị ọrụ n'oge edepụtara iwu ọrụ mgbe ị na-ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị, gụnyere Iwu Mmekọrịta Ọrụ. <ref name=":13">{{Cite web|date=12 August 2021|title=A reasonable man: is Godongwana too 'affable' to revive SA's economy?|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/features/cover-story/2021-08-12-a-reasonable-man-is-godongwana-too-affable-to-revive-sas-economy/|accessdate=2023-08-01|work=Financial Mail|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Financial Mail nyere Godongwana otuto maka iwebata Numsa, otu ndị agha na ndị ọrụ, "n'ime oghere Cosatu", yana maka ịtọlite ya maka nnukwu mmụba nke ndị otu ya mechara nwee. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-28|title=Mini-budget makes big promises|url=https://mg.co.za/editorial/2022-10-28-editorial-mini-budget-makes-big-promises/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref>'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ nwetara aha dị ka onye na-akwado nkwado ego na dịka "minista ego nwere otu n'ime ndị na-ejide ego nke mba ahụ". <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-12-20|title=Enoch Godongwana (Grade C-)|url=https://mg.co.za/cabinet-cards/report-card-2022/2022-12-20-enoch-godongwana-grade-c/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Oxford|first=Adam|date=2021-12-11|title=Mail & Guardian Cabinet Report Cards 2021: Enoch Godongwana|url=https://cabinet.mg.co.za/enoch-godongwana-2021/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=Mail & Guardian|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe <ref name=":13" />jụrụ ya banyere echiche ndị Kọmunist mbụ ya - ọ bụ onye otu South African Communist Party n'oge ọ bụ otu - Godongwana kwuru, "E nwere ngwọta bara uru na nsogbu bara uru nke, mgbe ụfọdụ, echiche ndị na-enweghị atụ anaghị ejide. " === Ndị ndu ANC === <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 November 2021|title=Enoch Godongwana to step down as ANC economy guru|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2021-11-15-enoch-godongwana-to-step-down-as-anc-economy-guru/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref>'ọnwa Nọvemba 2021, Godongwana kwuru na ọ ga-agbadata dịka onye isi oche nke obere kọmitii NEC na mgbanwe akụ na ụba iji kwe ka ndị isi na-eto eto pụta. <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 April 2022|title=ANC names new head of economic transformation|url=https://www.news24.com/fin24/economy/anc-names-new-head-of-economic-transformation-20220420|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref>[[Mmamoloko Kubayi]] nọchiri ya n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|date=22 December 2022|title=Full list: ANC NEC members|url=https://www.enca.com/news/full-list-anc-nec-members|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=eNCA|language=en}}</ref> Nzukọ mba ọzọ nke ANC, nke e mere na Nasrec na Disemba 2022, a họpụtara Godongwana ọzọ na NEC, nke iri na itoolu n'ime iri asatọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-01-29|title=Ramaphosa consolidates control over ANC with clean sweep in national working committee|url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2023-01-29-ramaphosa-consolidates-control-over-anc-with-clean-sweep-in-national-working-committee-2/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 February 2023|title=Cyril Ramaphosa allies dominate as heads of ANC NEC subcommittees|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/national/2023-02-21-cyril-ramaphosa-allies-dominate-as-heads-of-anc-nec-subcommittees/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> họpụtakwara ya ọzọ dị ka onye otu nkịtị nke kọmitii mgbanwe akụ na ụba, nke ga-anọgide n'okpuru nduzi Kubayi; [1] na NEC họpụtara ya na Kọmitii Ọrụ Mba ANC dị ka otu n'ime ndị kachasị ewu ewu - ya na [[Barbara Creecy]] jikọrọ maka ọnọdụ nke abụọ n'azụ Kubayi. [2] Ka ọ na-erule n'oge ahụ, a na-ele Godongwana anya dị ka onye otu onye isi ala Ramaphosa, ọkachasị dịka onye otu a na-akpọ "Chris Hani cabal" mgbe ụfọdụ. <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|author=Mkokeli|first=Sam|date=19 August 2022|title=Possible Godongwana exit exposes another Ramaphosa flank|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/fm/opinion/2022-08-19-sam-mkokeli-possible-godongwana-exit-exposes-another-ramaphosa-flank/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> gụnyere [[Gwede Mantashe]], Oscar Mabuyane, na Mondli Gungubele, otu a sitere na Eastern Cape ma nwee mmetụta na ogige Ramaphosa na ANC. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-07-25|title=How the 'Chris Hani cabal' outmanoeuvred Paul Mashatile at ANC KZN conference|url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2022-07-25-how-the-chris-hani-cabal-outmanoeuvred-paul-mashatile-at-anc-kzn-conference/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-28|title=Chris Hani cabal comes to Ramaphosa's rescue in cabinet reshuffle|url=https://mg.co.za/politics/2023-02-28-chris-hani-cabal-comes-to-ramaphosas-rescue-in-cabinet-reshuffle/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 November 2011|title=Deputy minister denies hiding asset|work=IOL|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/deputy-minister-denies-hiding-asset-1187656|accessdate=31 July 2023}}</ref> lụrụ Thandiwe Godongwana, onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Creamer|first=Darlene|date=12 November 2021|title=Hard hat|url=https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/hard-hat-2021-11-12|accessdate=2023-08-01|work=Engineering News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Mkokeli|first=Sam|date=21 November 2021|title=Enoch Godongwana: a man of many hats — and many headaches|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/insight/2021-11-21-enoch-godongwana-a-man-of-many-hats--and-many-headaches/|accessdate=2023-08-01|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref name=":13" />maara ya maka iyi okpu homburg nwere ábụ́bà. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2001, mgbe Godongwana na-eje ozi na Eastern Cape Executive Council, Ụlọikpe East London Magistrate mara ya ikpe maka Ịkwọ ụgbọala na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè. E jidere ya n'ọnwa Febụwarị ma daa ule Mmanya na-aba n'anya n'ọbara mgbe ọ jụrụ ido onwe ya n'okpuru respiralyser. O kwetara na ikpe mara ya maka ebubo ahụ, na-ekwu na ọ nọ na-akwọ ụgbọala n'ihi na nwa nwanne ya nwanyị rịọrọ ya ka e bulie ya, ọ gwakwara ndị nta akụkọ na ọ bụ "mmejọ nke ikpe m, nke m na-akwa ụta n'ezie. " <ref name=":11">{{Cite web|date=2001-12-31|title=EC MEC gets fine for drunken driving|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2002-01-01-ec-mec-gets-fine-for-drunken-driving/|accessdate=2023-07-29|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> Ọ na-ewute m nke ukwuu. " <ref name=":11" /> kwụ[[Rand|R]] ya R8,000 n'ọnọdụ ịnọ ụbọchị 200 n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, na ọkara nke ụgwọ ahụ kwụsịtụrụ; e nyekwara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ atọ, kwụsịtụọ ya maka oge ahụ. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2022, otu onye na-asa ahụ n'ebe a na-echekwa egwuregwu na Kruger National Park mere mkpesa banyere iyi egwu mmekọahụ megide Godongwana, onye o kwuru na o metụrụ ya aka n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị n'oge ịhịa aka. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-19|title='Relieved' to hear from police on sexual assault allegation, Godongwana will continue to do his job|url=https://mg.co.za/business/2022-08-19-relieved-to-hear-from-police-on-sexual-assault-allegation-godongwana-will-continue-to-do-his-job/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=13 August 2022|title=Godongwana denies claims of sexual harassment|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2022-08-13-godongwana-denies-claims-of-sexual-harassment/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=Sunday Times|language=en-ZA}}</ref> gọnahụrụ ebubo ahụ n'ụzọ siri ike. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-22|title=Pressure builds as Enoch Godongwana forges on with fiscal consolidation|url=https://mg.co.za/business/2022-08-22-pressure-builds-as-finance-minister-forges-on-with-fiscal-consolidation/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=19 August 2022|title=Sexual assault claims are being used as part of a smear campaign, Godongwana says|url=https://www.businesslive.co.za/bd/politics/2022-08-19-sexual-assault-claims-are-being-used-as-part-of-a-smear-campaign-godongwana-says/|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=Business Day|language=en-ZA}}</ref> gwara Business Day na o kwenyere na a na-eji ebubo ndị ahụ "na-eme" ya "iji nweta njedebe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpirikpi na nke ịchọ ọdịmma onwe ya" n'ihu nzukọ mba ANC na-abịanụ, [1] ma ọ malitere ịga n'ihu "na-elekwasị anya na ọrụ dị oke mkpa nke ime ka akụ na ụba anyị dịghachi ndụ na ichebe ụtụ isi". [2] <ref>{{Cite web|date=23 September 2022|title=Why the NPA won't prosecute Enoch Godongwana for sexual assault|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/why-the-npa-wont-prosecute-enoch-godongwana-for-sexual-assault-20220923|accessdate=2023-07-31|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> ngwụcha Septemba, National Prosecuting Authority kwuru na, ebe ọ nyochara ihe akaebe ahụ, ọ gaghị ekpe Godongwana ikpe. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5fi707hlgpd21c61k36gzhiro1pskzk 0 33463 672176 577301 2026-07-04T12:33:53Z 10kdollz 19775 672176 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline">Iruka Okeke</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" |<div class="birthplace" style="display:inline">England</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Ọrụ sayensị''' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ubi | class="infobox-data category" |Ọmụmụ ihe sayensị na teknụzụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Ụlọ ọrụ | class="infobox-data" |Mahadum nke Ibadan |} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Iruka Okeke''' bụ onye Naijiria microbiologist nke na-amụ banyere mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke nje bacteria na-akpata ọrịa dị ka E. coli. Ọ na-enyocha ụzọ isi melite ọrụ ụlọ nyocha microbiology n'Africa. Ọ bụ onye otu Nigerian Academy of Sciences na African Academy of Sciences. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Okeke na England na nne na nna Naijiria. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.mydigitalpublication.com/publication/?i=200366&article_id=1656527&view=articleBrowser&ver=html5#%22{\%22issue_id\%22:200366,\%22view\%22:\%22articleBrowser\%22,\%22article_id\%22:\%221656527\%22%22|title=Faculty Profile|author=Foley|first=Denise|date=2014|work=Haverford|accessdate=2019-12-03}}</ref> mechara kwaga Naijiria ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aslm.org/stay-informed/press-room/press-releases/new-editor-in-chief/|title=Dr. Iruka N. Okeke new Editor-in-Chief|work=ASLM|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-03|archivedate=2019-12-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191222161835/http://www.aslm.org/stay-informed/press-room/press-releases/new-editor-in-chief/}}</ref> gara [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]], Naịjirịa, ebe ọ nwetara BPharm, MSc, na PhD. [1] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/okeke-iruka|title=Okeke Iruka|publisher=The African Academy of Sciences|work=www.aasciences.africa|accessdate=2019-12-03|archivedate=2023-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230331123022/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/okeke-iruka}}</ref> ka akụkụ nke PhD ya, ọ nọrọ otu afọ na Centre for Vaccine Development, Mahadum Maryland dị ka Fulbright Scholar. == Ọrụ nyocha == Nnyocha <ref>{{Cite web|title=Iruka Okeke {{!}} STS Infrastructures|url=https://stsinfrastructures.org/content/iruka-okeke|accessdate=2019-12-03|work=stsinfrastructures.org|archivedate=2019-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203232544/https://stsinfrastructures.org/content/iruka-okeke}}</ref> lekwasịrị anya n'iji mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nje bacteria iji ghọta ọrịa na-efe efe, colonization, pathogenesis na mgbochi antimicrobial nke nje bacteria enteric.<ref name=":0" /> mụọla protein elu nke E. coli ma kọwaa otu protein ndị a si enyere nje bacteria aka ịchịkwa eriri afọ. <ref name=":2"/>'afọ 2014, Okeke kwagara Mahadum Ibadan, Naịjirịa, nke UK Medical Research Council na UK Department for International Development kwadoro dị ka onye ndu nyocha Afrịka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gcgh.grandchallenges.org/grant/minimal-genomics-lab-amr-surveillance-and-diagnostics-provincial-low-income-settings|title=Minimal Genomics Lab for AMR Surveillance and Diagnostics in Provincial Low-income Settings {{!}} Grand Challenges|work=gcgh.grandchallenges.org|accessdate=2019-12-03}}</ref>'afọ 2019, e nyere ya ego site na atụmatụ nchọpụta ọgwụ Grand Challenge Africa iji chọpụta ọgwụ ndị nwere ike ịlụso ọrịa nje bacteria ọgụ. [1] Ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na ngwọta teknụzụ dị ọnụ ala iji nyochaa mgbochi antimicrobial na ntọala ego dị ala, yana nkwado sitere na Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aasciences.africa/news/african-innovators-discovering-new-drugs-diseases-endemic-africa|title=African innovators discovering new drugs for diseases endemic to Africa|publisher=The African Academy of Sciences|work=www.aasciences.africa|accessdate=2019-12-03|archivedate=2019-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203234115/https://www.aasciences.africa/news/african-innovators-discovering-new-drugs-diseases-endemic-africa}}</ref> . N'afọ 2015, e nyere ya ego site na Microbiology Society iji gbanwee usoro masters na Pharmaceutical Biology na Mahadum Ibadan . <ref name=":1"/> N'ịhụ na ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere obere ahụmịhe ụlọ nyocha, ọ mepụtara usoro nke gụnyere ihe ndị ọzọ dị na ụlọ nyocha. Nke a gụnyere njikọ aka nke ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị sitere na ngalaba dị iche iche gụnyere ndị na-ahụ maka nje bacteria, ndị na-amụ banyere ihe ndị dị ndụ, na ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ngwaahịa okike. Ihe ọmụmụ ahụ lekwasịrị a<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://microbiologysociety.org/publication/past-issues/future-tech/article/developing-microbiology-around-the-world.html|title=Developing microbiology around the world|date=2016-08-09|work=Future Tech|publisher=Microbiology Society}}</ref> n'ịmụ microbiomes nke ahịhịa eji eme ihe na Ethnomedicine nke Naijiria. <ref name=":2"/> dekwara akwụkwọ, Divining Without Seeds: The case for strengthening laboratory medicine in Africa, na ebumnuche inyere ndị nchọpụta na ndị na-eme iwu aka. N'afọ 2018 o kwuru okwu na World Economic Forum, banyere ụzọ isi melite nyocha antimicrobial na mba Afrịka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://cddep.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/garpnet_3_3_16-1.pdf|title=GARPNet News|date=2017-05-01|work=The Center For Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy|accessdate=2019-12-05}}</ref><ref name=":2"/> rụkwara ọrụ na kọmitii ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ maka Wellcome Trust Surveillance and Epidemiology of Drug Resistant Infections Consortium, Nigerian Centre for Disease Control, World Health Organization, na Nigerian Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership Network. N'afọ 2017, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke African Journal of Laboratory Medicine . <ref name=":1"/> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * <ref name=":2"/> họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu The African Academy of Science na 2018. * <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nas.org.ng/all-fellows/|title=Fellows of the Academy {{!}} The Nigerian Academy of Science|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-12-03|archivedate=2022-05-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220518153102/https://nas.org.ng/all-fellows/}}</ref> họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu Nigerian Academy of Science na 2018. [1] == Ndụ onwe onye == Okeke lụrụ <ref name=":0" /> ma nwee nwa nwanyị. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7c3031mk2fnya5xhmbm4ua9tpdo8hyp 0 33934 672440 644408 2026-07-04T19:00:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672440 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Susan Treggiari''' bụ onye ọkà mmụta Bekee nke Ancient Rome, prọfesọ emeritus nke Mahadum Stanford na onye lara ezumike nká na Faculty of Classics na Mahadum Oxford. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.lmh.ox.ac.uk/getdoc/8b614f07-65f5-4c2c-aad1-aef15509be1e/Prof-Susan-Treggiari.aspx|title=LMH, Oxford – Professor Susan Treggiari|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113010101/http://www.lmh.ox.ac.uk/getdoc/8b614f07%2D65f5%2D4c2c%2Daad1%2Daef15509be1e/Prof%2DSusan%2DTreggiari.aspx|archivedate=13 January 2017|accessdate=22 March 2017}} Page archived Fri, 13 Jan 2017 13:24:40 GMT</ref> Ebe ndị ọkachamara ọ na-amụ bụ ezinụlọ na alụmdi na nwunye na Rom oge ochie, Cicero na Roman Republic. == Mmụta == Treggiari gụrụ akwụkwọ <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/susan-m-treggiari/|title=John Simon Guggenheim Foundation – Susan M. Treggiari|author=|first=|date=|work=|accessdate=17 March 2017|archivedate=23 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323053035/http://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/susan-m-treggiari/}}</ref> Cheltenham Ladies' College, ebe ọ gụrụ Latin site na iri na otu na Grik site na iri abụọ. <ref name=":0"/> gụrụ Literae Humaniores na Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford site na 1958 ruo 1962, nke e nyere ya nke mbụ, nọrọ afọ abụọ ọzọ ma dee edemede nke P.A. Brunt lekọtara, na ndị nweere onwe ha na Rom n'oge Republic (nke Clarendon Press bipụtara, 1969). [1] O nwere Derby Scholarship maka njem na Ịtali 1962-63 ma nye ya MA na 1965 na B.Litt. na 1967.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20130104235604/http://www.gf.org/fellows/14817-susan-treggiari John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104235604/http://www.gf.org/fellows/14817-susan-treggiari |date=4 January 2013 }}</ref> D.Litt ya Oxford nyere ya na 1993. <ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ == Treggiari malitere izi ihe <ref name=":2"/> ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na London site na 1964, gụnyere Goldsmiths" College (oge ezumike) na North-Western Polytechnic. <ref name=":0"/> kụziri na Mahadum Ottawa 1970-82 na Stanford 1982-2001, ebe ọ bụ Anne T. & Robert M. Bass Prọfesọ na School of Humanities and Sciences site na 1992. [1] N'afọ 1993, e nyere ya Charles J. Goodwin Award of Merit nke American Philological Association . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://classicalstudies.org/awards-and-fellowships/list-previous-goodwin-award-winners|title=List of previous Goodwin awards winners – Society for Classical Scholars|author=|first=|date=6 June 2010|work=|accessdate=22 March 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu American Academy of Arts and Sciences kemgbe afọ 1995, ọ nwetakwara ihe ndị a: ==== Ihe ndị ọzọ ==== * 'A giddy parergon: Kipling and the classics", Classical News and Views/Echos du monde classique 14 (1970) 1-12 * 'Kipling's classics", The Kipling Journal 39 (1972) 7-12 * 'Quisque suos patimur manes: ndị edemede oge ochie na Oxford", Classical News and Views/Echos du monde classique 16 (1972) 69-74 * (Na A. Treggiari) 'The Craftsman", Kipling Journal 196 (1975) 4-6 * 'Ọdịnala na nwatakịrị Elephant' ọzọ", Classical Philology 100 (1979) 417-419 * 'On Kipling's Horace", Classical Views/Echos du monde classique 29 (n.s. 4) (1985) 421-433 * 'Lilian Jeffery", American Journal of Archaeology 92 (1988) 227-228 * Frith, Anne, Dorothy Smith, Anne Bauers na Susan Treggiari, Daniel nke Beccles. Urbanus Magnus, Akwụkwọ nke Nwoke Mepere Anya (Beccles, 2007) * 'The Latin poem' na Frith, Anne et aliae, Daniel nke Beccles. Urbanus Magnus, Akwụkwọ nke Nwoke Mepere Anya (Beccles, 2007) * 'Kipling na ụwa ochie', http://www.kipling.org.uk/bookmart_fra.htm (2012) == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] add9nzv0q7nicpe3xik8d37kmn0jc3z 0 34237 672284 138218 2026-07-04T13:49:01Z ONYEJEKWE JOY 63995 /* Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ */ 672284 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline;"></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |[[Katsina]], Katsina Steeti[[Katsina State|Steeti Katsina]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Asụsụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |Hausa na [[English language|Bekee]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Mba | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;" |[[Nigerian|Onye Naijiria]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Alma mater&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |[[University of Wales, Cardiff|Mahadum nke Wales, Cardiff]] (M.A) [[Bayero University|Mahadum Bayero]] (B.A) <br /> |} {{Databox}} '''Ibrahim Sheme''' bụ onye edemede Naijiria na-asụ asụsụ abụọ, onye nta akụkọ, Onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ. <ref name="inter">{{Cite web|title=Ibrahim Sheme - 'I was really overjoyed'|url=http://everythinliterature.blogspot.com.ng/2007/12/ibrahim-sheme-i-was-really-overjoyed.html|publisher=EverythinLiterature|accessdate=9 October 2017}}</ref> rụrụ ọrụ ''[[Leadership (newspaper)|Ịdu]]'' ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na ''Onye nta akụkọ,'' nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ Naijiria, gụnyere Leadership, The Tide, New Nigerian, The Reporter, na Hotline Magazine . <ref name="Sheme">{{Cite web|title=Sheme appointed NOUN spokesperson|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/next-level/sheme-appointed-noun-spokesperson/142553.html|work=dailytrust.com.ng|publisher=Daily Trust|accessdate=6 October 2017|archivedate=9 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009144226/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/next-level/sheme-appointed-noun-spokesperson/142553.html}}</ref> O dekwara akụkọ ndụ nke nwoke nke abụọ na ọchịchị ndị agha nke General [[Olusegun Obasanjo]], onye nwụrụ anwụ Major-General [[Shehu Musa Yar'Adua|Shehu Musa Yar"Adua]], na akụkọ ndụ nke onye isi egwu na onye na-agụ egwu Hausa, onye nwụrụnụ [[Mamman Shata]]. Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Blueprint Newspaper ma mesịa bụrụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ ya. Sheme <ref name="Sheme 3">{{Cite web|title=Ibrahim Sheme|url=http://nouedu.net/officers/mal-ibrahim-sheme|work=nouedu.net|publisher=National Open University of Nigeria|accessdate=6 October 2017}}</ref> onye nduzi nke mgbasa ozi na mgbasa ozi na [[National Open University of Nigeria]] kemgbe 2016 <ref name="Sheme" /> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Sheme na Faskari Local Government Area, Katsina State, na 1968 (ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-eji 1966 na akwụkwọ gọọmentị). Ọ gara Maigamji Primary School na Ruwan-Godiya Primary School, ma na Funtua Local Government Area na Kaduna State ochie (nke dị ugbu a na Katsina State) n'etiti afọ 1973-1979, ma gụchaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Government College, Kaduna, na 1984. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Mass Communication na Mahadum Bayero, Kano (BUK), n'afọ 1989. Na mahadum, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eduga n'akwụkwọ ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke The Parakeet, akwụkwọ akụkọ, na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Bayero Beacon, akwụkwọ akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Katsina State Students Association. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, e nyere ya ihe nrite abụọ a na-achọsi ike, otu dị ka nwa akwụkwọ kacha mma na ngalaba ya na nke ọzọ dị ka nwa akwukwo kacha mma na mahadum ahụ. N'afọ 1993, mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ na Port Harcourt, Rivers State, na Kaduna, Sheme gara Mahadum Wales na Cardiff, United Kingdom, ebe ọ natara Master of Arts in Communication Studies na 1994. Sheme jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi mba nke Association of Nigerian Authors . <ref name="Sheme" /> == Ọrụ edemede == Sheme bụ otu n'ime ndị edemede na ndị nkatọ akwụkwọ na ugwu Naịjirịa. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, "Kifin Rijiya" (The Ignoramus), nke o dere mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Bayero ma bipụta ya na 1991, meriri n'ọkwa nke abụọ na asọmpi edemede nke Northern Languages Novel nke gọọmentị Kaduna State haziri. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ, "'Yartsana" (The Doll), meriri ihe nrite mbụ na nwa agbọghọ Bashir Karaye Prize for Hausa Writing. Ọrụ ya ndị ọzọ gụnyere "The Malam's Potion"_ (nchịkọta akụkọ mkpirikpi), akụkọ njem na njem ya n'Izrel na mpaghara Palestine akpọrọ "Ilmi Mabudin Tafiya", akụkọ ndụ nke Major-General Shehu Musa Yar'Adua nwụrụ anwụ, na akụkọ ndụ nke Alhaji Mamman Shata nwụrụ anwụ akpọrọ "Shata Ikon Allah!" Ọ dezigharịrị akụkọ mkpirisi maka Association of Nigerian Authors akpọrọ "Cramped Rooms and Open Spaces". == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * Ọnụ ụlọ ndị dị nro na oghere ndị mepere emepe: Anthology of New Short Fiction (''maka ANA''): 1999.<ref name="next">{{Cite web|title=Read to Reel: Transformation of Hausa Popular Literature from Orality to Visuality|url=http://www.auadamu.com/index.php/pd1/category/12-media-and-cultural-communication-presentations?download=69:2005-read-to-reel-transformation-of-hausa-popular-literature-from-orality-to-visuality|work=auadamu.com|accessdate=9 October 2017}}</ref> * The Malam's Potion and Other Stories: Informart Publishers, 1999. * '''Yartsana'': (n'asụsụ Hausa) Informart Publishers, 2003. * ''Ilmi Mabud'in Tafiya.'' '' (Njem na [[Israel]] na'' Hausa'') '', Informart Publishers, 2005. * ''[[Mamman Shata|Shata]] Ikon Allah!'' '' (Akụkọ ndụ nke onye egwu Hausa nwụrụ anwụ, [[Mamman Shata]]) '': Informart Publishers, 2006 * ''Kifin Rijiya'' (lit. The Ignoramus: [[Asụsụ Hausa|Ndị Hausa]]'') '', Nationhouse Press, 1991 * ''Bango Ya Tsage'' (ntụgharị Hausa nke Chinua Achebe's Things Fall Apart'') '', Unpublished == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]] 88gdf752z504wv3flbgbmqhn5sa8h1d 0 34300 672205 672158 2026-07-04T13:06:11Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Edensibia */ 672205 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ivory bu aha ahia ngwa eji eleta onwe Nke America. Obu Procter na Gamble company meputara ya, tinyekwa ufodu ocha na ezigbo ncha ha meputara nke amara ha Maka odi ocha na use n'elu mmiri. N'afo Nile ulo oru na agbagote n'ime ngwa ndi ozo.''' [[Usòrò:New_Ivory.png|thumb|Ivory Soap {{circa|2010|2020}}]] == Ihe ndị e ji mee ya == Ogwe ncha Ivory nwere [[Ncha|sodium tallowate]], sodium cocoate ma ọ bụ sodium palm kernelate, [[mmiri]], sodium chloride, sodium silicate, magnesium sulfate, na ísì ụtọ. Sabọn ahụ nwere uru pH nke 9.5. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://waltonfeed.com/old/soap/soaplit.html|title=Determining Your Soap's pH|date=2006-11-09|accessdate=2016-03-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109205416/http://waltonfeed.com/old/soap/soaplit.html|archivedate=November 9, 2006}}</ref> [[Usòrò:New_Ivory.png|thumb|Ivory Soap {{circa|2010|2020}}]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pg.com/productsafety/ingredients/household_care/dish_washing/Ivory/Ivory_Dish_Liquid.pdf|title=Ivory. Ultra Clean, Ultra Gentle, Ultra Ivory|accessdate=2021-03-06}}</ref> ịsa efere ọdụ́ nwere mmiri, sodium lauryl sulfate, sodium laureth sulfate, alkyl dimethyl amine oxide, sodium chloride, PPG-26, cyclohexanediamine, phenoxyethanol, methylisothiazolinone, na ísì ụtọ. A na-ewere ya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ihe na-asacha kama ịbụ ncha. Ụdị ncha Ivory ọhụrụ nwere ihe ọhụrụ. Simply Ivory (French: simply ivory) nwere sodium tallow na / ma ọ bụ sodium palmate, mmiri, sodium cocoate ma ọ bụ sodium palm kernelate, glycerin, sodium chloride, ísì ụtọ, na otu ma ọ bụ karịa n'ime ihe ndị a: akị bekee acid, nkwụ kernel acid, tallow acid, palmitic acid, na tetrasodium EDTA. Ịtinye glycerol na fatty acids na-ebelata ike ncha, ebe a na-eji tetrasodium EDTA eme ihe iji belata mmepụta ncha. Ivory ncha ngwugwu ewepụla okwu "soap" ma ọ bụ "float", ma ugbu a na-emepụta ya na usoro ka mma.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} r5jox1ghzkvl82ch5vcby9raqhabn99 0 34402 672314 136027 2026-07-04T14:05:11Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 672314 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="CNN1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/US/9805/28/spelling.bee|title=Jamaican girl crowned national spelling champ: Wins $10,000 by correctly spelling 'chiaroscurist'|work=[[CNN]]|date=1998-05-28|accessdate=2006-06-20}}</ref>{{Databox}}'''Jody-Anne Maxwell''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1986) si [[Kingston|Kingston, Jamaica]] ma bụrụ onye mmeri nke 1998 Scripps mkpoputa mba Bee mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Archibold|first=Randal C.|date=1998-05-30|title=A Spelling Champion for All Jamaicans; 12-Year-Old From Kingston Is a Hero for Winning in Washington (Published 1998)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/30/nyregion/spelling-champion-for-all-jamaicans-12-year-old-kingston-hero-for-winning.html|accessdate=2020-11-23}}</ref> mere akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka onye mbụ na-abụghị onye Amerika meriri asọmpi ahụ. <ref name="Ebony1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n12_v53/ai_21225423|title=Spelling her way to success: first black winner of championship is celebrity in Jamaica - Judy-Anne Maxwell wins 1998 National Spelling Bee|work=[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]|publisher=FindArticles.com|date=October 1998|accessdate=2006-06-20}}</ref> ka magazin ''Ebony'' si kwuo, a na ele Maxwell, onye bụkwa onye isi ojii mbụ meriri asọmpi ahụ, anya dị ka onye ama ama mgbe ọ laghachiri Jamaica. Maxwell aha ọma n'obodo ndị Jamaica n'ime United Steeti. [1] Maxwell ruru eru maka asọmpi Scripps site <ref name="Ebony1">{{Cite news|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1077/is_n12_v53/ai_21225423|title=Spelling her way to success: first black winner of championship is celebrity in Jamaica - Judy-Anne Maxwell wins 1998 National Spelling Bee|work=[[Ebony (magazine)|Ebony]]|publisher=FindArticles.com|date=October 1998|accessdate=2006-06-20}}</ref> mmeri na Jamaica'sAsọmpi Spelling Bee nke mba, nke nwanne ya nwanyị Janice merikwara na 1990. Ihe nrite <ref>{{Cite news|first=Lise|author=Hoffman|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1189/is_n5_v270/ai_21066371|title=Spelling's queen bee - Jody Anne Maxwell of Kingston, Jamaica is winner of Scripps Howard National Spelling Bee|work=[[The Saturday Evening Post]]|publisher=FindArticles.com|date=September–October 1998|accessdate=2006-06-20}}</ref> maka mmeri aṅụ mba gụnyere $ 10,000 ego, [1] na ego ntụkwasị obi agụmakwụkwọ nke $ 11,000 (US). <ref name="CNN1" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jody-Anne Maxwell|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm5442128/|accessdate=2020-11-23|work=IMDb}}</ref> mechara gaa n'ihu na-akwado mmemme Jamaica The KFC Ihe ngosi ajụjụ ọnụ na ndị na-akwado ya dị iche iche, (abụọ mbụ bụ Dominique Lyew na Damar Pessoa) ruo 2004 mgbe e nyere Samantha Strachan na Raine Manley Robertson ọkwa ahụ. Maxwell bụkwa onye na-asọ mpi na ihe ngosi egwuregwu Nickelodeon Chọpụta ya na 1998. O nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkụ ndị ọkàikpe maka agba atọ ahụ. N'afọ 2012 ọ gara Norman Manley akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Iwu na Mahadum nke West Indies, Mona Ụlọ akwụkwọ . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20090405/lead/lead8.html|title=Jamaica Gleaner News - All grown up! - Lead Stories - Sunday &#124; April 5, 2009|accessdate=2012-04-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606191831/http://jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20090405/lead/lead8.html|archivedate=2012-06-06}}</ref> Maxwell bụkwa nwa akwụkwọ gara aga nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Ardenne a ma ama na Kingston, Jamaica. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke Scripps National Spelling Bee champions == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.nytimes.com/1998/05/30/nyregion/spelling-champion-for-all-jamaicans-12-year-old-kingston-hero-for-winning.html?pagewanted=all Isiokwu New York Times] * [https://www.amazon.com/American-Bee-National-Spelling-Culture/dp/1594862141#reader Akwụkwọ James Maguire bụ American Bee] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110713074531/http://www.jamaicatradepoint.com/JAThings/jodi_m.asp Ebe Azụmaahịa Jamaica] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080803003246/http://www.choicesmagazine.com/education/youngachiever.asp?aYear=2002 Isiokwu nke magazin Choices] {{s-start}} {{succession box|before=[[Rebecca Sealfon]]|title=[[Scripps National Spelling Bee]] winner|years=1998|after=[[Nupur Lala]]}} {{s-end}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] insolpvevbjt7bz08v89ll7byndpy81 0 34608 672357 596644 2026-07-04T14:37:06Z Chikwas 56003 3.1 672357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[w:Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje|Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje]]''' (30 Maachị 1936 - 28 Maachị 2007), nke a na-akpọkarị '''Archie Mafeje''' bụ onye mba South Africa, onye ọkàmmụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị. Onye amụrụ na ebe amaara ugbu a ka [[w:|Eastern Cape]], ọ nwetara ọtụtụ nzere site na [[w:|Mahadum Cape Town (UCT)]] na Mahadum Cambridge. Ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta na mahadum dị iche iche na Europe, North America, na Africa. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ya ogologo oge pụọ na [[w:|apartheid]] South Africa mgbe [[w:Mafeje affair |egbochiri ya ikuzi nkuzi]] na UCT n'afọ 1968. Mgbe ọ nọ mba ọzọ maka ọsọ ndụ ọ gbara gbaga ebe ahụ, Mafeje so na mmemme mgbochi ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọrụ ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|anthropology]] nwere njikọ chiri anya na naonye ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ Ọchịchị, o jikwa akwụkwọ mmụta ya dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji katọọ usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba nke kwadoro usoro ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na South Africa. O nwere mmasị karịsịa na okwu nwe ala na ikenye ihe onwunwe, ma kwukwaa na e wulitere ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ntọala nke nkesa na irigbu ala na-ezighị ezi. Dịka onye [[w:Marxism|Marxist]] ọ bụ, Mafeje dịka onye wepụtara ọtụtụ nkwenye mgbaso maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya bụ onye ama ama maka nkatọ ya maka [[w:|colonialism]], [[w:|apartheid]] na ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ n'Africa. Otu onye ama ama so na [[w:|African left]], ọ na-akatọ ọdịnala agụmakwụkwọ ọdịda anyanwụ wee rụsie ọrụ ike maka ịzụlite [[w:Decolonization of knowledge | Africa-centered approach]] na echiche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Echiche [[w:|Marxism]] nke Mafeje na ntinye aka ya na tiori mmekọrịta ọha na eze Africa emetụtala agụmakwụkwọ na mmemme na Africa na karịa. Ọrụ ya emetụtala arụmụka gbasara njirimara Africa, ịkwụrụ onwe onye na nnwere onwe. === Ndụ na Ọrụ Ya === ==== Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya ==== Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje amụrụ na 30 Maachị 1936 na Gubenxa, obodo dịpụrụ adịpụ na [[w:|Ngcobo]] ([[w:|Thembuland]], [[w:|Cape Province]], [[w:|Union of South Africa]]).<ref name =":1">{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Congress |first=Ọbá akwụkwọ nke |title=Mafeje, Archie – LC Linked Data Service: Authority and Vocabularies {{!}} Library of Congress, from LC Linked Data Service: Ndị ọchịchị na Okwu (Library of Congress) |url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |access-date=2022-12-28 |website=id.loc.gov |archive-date =2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173342/https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n79006719.html |url-status=live}} </ref> Mafeje [[w:|iziduko]] (aha agbụrụ) sitere na [[w:|Mpondomise]], otu agbụrụ nta n'ime Xhosa.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|25}} Nna ya, Bennett, bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Gubenxa Junior,<ref name=":16">{{Citation | last1 = Bank | first1 = Andrew | title = 'Na-ekwu okwu site n'ime': Archie Mafeje, Monica Wilson na Co-Production nke Langa: Ọmụmụ nke Otu Ọha na Obodo n'Africa | ụbọchị = 2013 | url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica%20-wilson-and-the-coproduction-oflanga-a-%E1%BB%8Dm%E1%BB%A5m%E1%BB%A5-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | ọrụ = N'ime African Anthropology: Monica Wilson na ndị ntụgharị okwu ya | editọ-last = Bank -first = Andrew | usoro = International African Library | ebe = Cambridge | onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press | isbn = 978-1-139-33363-4 | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | ikpeazụ2 = Swana | first2 = Vuyiswa | editọ2-ikpeazu = Bank | editọ2-first = Leslie J. | archive-date = 2018-06-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www./ | editor-last = Bank | editọ-first = Andrew | Ebe = Cambridge | Onye nkwusa = Cambridge University Press8 -isbn1 -139-33363-4 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | editor2-last = Bank | editor2-first = Leslie J. | akwụkwọ ndekọ aha -url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180612180450/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/inside-african-anthropology/speaking-from-inside-archie-mafeje-monica-wilson -and-the-Coproduction-oflanga-a-ọmụmụ-nke-social-otu-na-an-african-township/37756B8CFB17C31FF91A3B0B0B747285 | url-status = live | access-date = 2023-12-21 }}</ref> ebe nne ya, Frances Lydia, bụ onye nkuzi<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=Nabudere |first=D. Wadada |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oy3Ie8fGMpQC |title=Archie Mafeje: Scholar, Activist and Thinker |date=2011 |publisher=African Books Collective |isbn=978-0-7983-0286-9 |language=en }}</ref> Nne na nna ya lụrụ na [[w:Langa, South Africa | Langa]], Cape Town, n'afọ 1934, tupu ha akwaga Gubenxa, ma mesịa gaa n'obodo Ncambele na [[w:|Tsolo]].<ref name=":40" /> Ha abụọ bụ ndị ụka Wesleyan Methodist.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|25}} Archie bụ ọkpara n'ime ụmụnne asaa, ụmụnne ya ndị nke ọzọ bụ Vuyiswa (amụrụ 1940), Mbulezi (amụrụ 1942), {{NoteTag|A makwaara dị ka Keke. Enyi Bennett nakweere Mbulezi, onye na-enweghị nwa nke ya. Ọ na-adịkarị n'etiti [[w:|Ndị Xhosa]] ọbụla inye ezigbo enyi ezinụlọ ya nwa nke ya.<ref name=":16" />}} Khumbuzo ma ọ bụ Sikhumbuzo (amụrụ 1944), Mzandile ma ọ bụ Mlamli (amụrụ 1947), Thozama (amụrụ 1949), na Nandipha (amụrụ 1954). N'afọ 1951 na 1952, Mafeje dechara ule ma nweta asambodo Junior ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Nqabara, ụlọ akwụkwọ ozi ala ọzọ Methodist na [[w:Willowvale, South Africa|Willowvale]].<ref name=":33" /> N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Nathaniel Honono]], <ref name=":33">{{Cite web |title=Nathaniel Impey Honono {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nathaniel-impey-honono | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-30 | webụsaịtị = www.sahistory.org.za | Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230125920/https ://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nathaniel-impey-honono |url-status=live }}</ref> onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye isi òtù ndị nkuzi [[w:|Cape African Teachers' Association (CATA)]], webatara Mafeje na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]] (a kpọgharịrị [[w:|Unity Movement of South Africa]] n'afọ 1964).<ref name=":16" /> A na-ahụta ụlọ akwụkwọ a dị ka otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ojii kacha mma na South. Africa; Otú ọ dị, n'ịgbaso [[w:Bantu Education Act, 1953|Bantu Education Act]] nke afọ 1953, ọchịchị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ mesịrị weghara ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1956.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":40" /> {{rp|27}}<!--[[File:Archie Mafeje and Hudson Matabese.jpg|thumb| Archie Mafeje na [[Hudson Matabese]] na mmalite 1950s n'oge afọ ya na Healdtown Comprehensive School|aka_ikenga]]--> Mafeje wee debanye aha na Mahadum n'afọ 1954 gaa na [[w:|Healdtown Comprehensive School]] na [[w:|Fort Beaufort]], ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ụka [[w:Methodism|Methodist]] nke nwere ndepụta aha ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na ya nke gụnyere [[w:|Nelson Mandela]] na [[w:|Robert Sobukwe]] .<ref name=":8" /> N'ebe ahụ, [[w:|Livingstone Mqotsi]], onye nkụzi akụkọ ihe mere eme, nwere mmetụta miri emi n'ebe Mafeje nọ,<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web | date = 2022 -06-30 | title = Archibald Boyce Monwabisi Mafeje (Kings '64) | url = https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ | nweta- ụbọchị = 2022-12-31 | weebụsaịtị = Black Cantabs Research Society | asụsụ = en-US | Archive-date = 2022-12-31 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https ://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ | url-status = live | accessdate = 2023-12-19 | archivedate = 2022-12-31 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130058/https://blackcantabs.co.uk/2022/06/30/archibald-boyce-monwabisi-mafeje-kings-68/ }}</ref> wee malite isonye nke ọma n'òtù ndị nwere njikọ n'òtù [[w:|Non-European Unity Movement]].<ref name=":20">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Jacobs |first=Peter T. |date=2020-07-02 |title=Mafeje: ọkà mmụta–onye na-eme ihe ike nwere ezigbo nkwenye |url=https. ://doi.org/10.1080/03056244.2020.1815184 |journal=Ntụleghachi nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Africa | mpịakọta = 47 | mbipụta = 165 | ibe = 494–503 |doi=10.1080/03056244.20522 n=0305 -6244 }}</ref> Bongani Nyoka na-ekwu na na Healdtown, Archie ghọrọ onye na-ekweghị na Chineke Na-enye nsogbu.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|28}} Mafeje sonyeere [[w:University of Fort Hare|Fort Hare Native College]], [[w:Extension of University Education Act, 1959| mahadum ndị ojii]] dị na Eastern Cape, n'etiti 1955 iji mụọ [[w:|zoology]], ma ọ hapụrụ mgbe otu afọ gasịrị.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Plaut |first=Martin |date=2010 |title=South African Student Protest, 1968: Remembering the Mafeje Sit-in |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/239860497 |journal=History Workshop Journal |volume=69 |issue=69 |pages=199–205 |doi=10.1093/hwj/dbp035}}</ref>{{NoteTag|Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu na a chụpụrụ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ịgba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ume,<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":3" /> ebe Ntsebeza na-ekwu na Mafeje dara ule ya.<ref name=":0"/>}} <!--[[File:Archie Mafeje (right) August 1961 with Welsh Makanda in Cape Town.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje (right) with [[Welsh Makanda]] on [[Adderley Street]] in Cape Town in 1961]]--> Mafeje debara aha na Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) n'afọ 1957, na-esonyere obere ụmụ akwụkwọ na-erughị iri abụọ na-abụghị ndị ọcha na ogige ụmụ akwụkwọ dị puku ise.<ref name=":25" /><ref name= ":40" />{{rp|28}} Na UCT, o debanyere aha na mbu maka inweta nzere B.Sc na bayoloji mana o meghi nke ọma n'ule ndị o kwesịrị ka ọ gafee na ha.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|28}}<ref name=":25" /> Mafeje chetara na dị ka nwa akwụkwọ biology na ngwụcha afọ 1950, ndị ọkammụta ndị ọcha kụziiri ya otu ihe "ahụ àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ", n'agbanyeghị nke ahụ lere ya anya dị ka "onye nke ọzọ".<ref name=":25">{{Cite akwụkwọ |first=Archie | ikpeazụ=Mafeje |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/870104768 |title=Africanity: A Commentary by way of Conclusion |oclc=870104768}}</ref><ref name=":40" />{{rp|28}} Ọ gbanwere ka ọ gụọ isi ọmụmụ [[w:|social anthropology]] n'afọ 1959. N'afọ 1960, o nwetara nzere B.A ya n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|urban Sociology]], nke nzere M.A nwere ọdịiche n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|political anthropology]] sochiri, tupu ya ahapụ mahadum n'afọ 1963.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=What Can We Learn from Archie Mafeje about the Road to Democracy in South Africa? |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |language=en |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=918–936 |doi=10.1111/dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162858/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=«Global 1968» na mpaghara Afrika – Rosa-Luxemburg-Stiftung |url=https://www.rosalux .de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-na-African-continent | nweta-date=2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = www.rosalux.de | asụsụ = en-US | ụbọchị-nchekwa =2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229175501/https://www.rosalux.de/en/publication/id/38964/global-1968-on-the -african-continent |url-status=live }}</ref> Na UCT, o so na [[w:|Society of Young Africa (SOYA)]] na [[w:|Cape Peninsula Student Union]] (CPSU).<ref name=":20" /><ref name=":21" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |date=2018 |title=Archie Mafeje: ndetu na atọ ahụ. ụyọkọ ọrụ ya |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/99/article/703843 |journal=Transformation: Critical Perspections on South Africa |olu=97 | mbipụta=1 | peeji = 111–123 | doi =10.1353/trn.2018.0013 |s2cid=158578240 |issn=1726-1368}}</ref> Francis Wilson (nwa onye ndụmọdụ ya n'ọdịnihu na onye nlekọta, [[Monica Wilson]]), Fikile Bam na Mafeje nwere arụmụka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na "Freedom Square" n'okpuru [[w:Leander Starr Jameson|Jameson]] Ụlọ Nzukọ.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|30}} Mgbe a manyere ha ịgụ [[w:Vladimir Lenin| Lenin]] na [[w:Leon Trotsky|Trotsky]] maka nzere ha, Fikile Bam chetara na Mafeje na-ezo aka na Lenin ugboro ugboro n'esemokwu gbasara usoro ọchịchị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na-enwe ike ịdepụta kpọmkwem amaokwu ndị ahụ ruo na nọmba ibe.<ref name= ":40" />{{rp|35}} Ka o sina dị, ndị enyi Mafeje chetara na ụfọdụ ndị òtù SOYA hụrụ na amamihe ya na mmasị ya maka arụmụka echiche na-akpasu iwe n'ihi na ha kwenyere na ọ na-etinye oge dị ukwuu "na ndị ọcha na-eme ihe ike."<ref name=" :40" />{{rp|37}} Monica Wilson hụrụ maka ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ inweta nzere Mastas Mafeje. Mafeje ji ihe ọmụma ya banyere asụsụ Xhosa na njikọ nna ya {{NoteTag|Nna Mafeje kuziri na Langa High School n'afọ 1930.<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1 =M. | ikpeazu2=Mafeje |first2=A. | ụbọchị = June 1966 | aha = Langa: Ọmụmụ nke otu mmekọrịta n'ime obodo Africa | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Nwoke | olu = 1 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 269 | doi = 10.2307/2796395 |jstor=2796395 |issn=0025- 1496 }}</ref>}} imezu ọrụ ubi na Langa n'etiti Nọvemba 1960 na Septemba 1962.<ref name=":19" /><ref name=":21">{{Citation |last=Sharp |first= John |title=Mafeje na Langa |ụbọchị=2011-11-04|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | ọrụ = Mgbanwe nke ọchịchị obodo | ibe = 71–88 | onye nkwusa=Langaa RPCIG |doi=10.2307/j.ctvk3gm9f.9 | nweta- date=2022-12-30}}</ref> Mafeje bipụtara akụkụ nke a n’onwe ya,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1963-04-01 |title=Onye isi na-eleta obodo |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |journal=Nchịkwa Ọha na Mmepe |asụsụ=en | mpịakọta=2 | mbipụta=2 | ibe= 88–99 |doi=10.1002/j.1099-162X.1963.tb00603.x |issn=0271-2075 }}</ref> wee dee "Monica Wilson Science Journal" dabere n'ọrụ akpọrọ ''Langa: Ọmụmụ ihe nke Social Groups n'ime African Township,'' nke e bipụtara dị ka akwụkwọ [[w:|Oxford University Press]] bipụtara n'afọ 1963.<ref name=":19">{{Cite journal |last1=Wilson |first1=M. |last2=Mafeje |first2=A. |date=June 1966 |title=Langa: A Study of Social Groups in an African Township |journal=Man |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=269 |doi=10.2307/2796395 |jstor=2796395 |issn=0025-1496 }}</ref> otú ọ dị, na mmalite 1970s, ka nkatọ Mafeje nke Western anthropology mụbara.<ref name=":28">{{Cite journal |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |date=1976 |title=The Problem of Anthropology in Historical Perspective: An Inquiry into the Growth of the Social Sciences |journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=307–333 |doi=10.2307/483835 |jstor=483835 |issn=0008-3968 |doi-access=free }}</ref> je ga-ekewapụ onwe ya n'akwụkwọ ahụ, ma rụtụ aka n'okpuru Wilson [[w:Christian left | Christian liberal ideology]] na [[w:Functionalism–intentionalism debate | liberal functionalism]] dị ka njedebe nke kwadoro [[w:Eurocentrism|Eurocentric]] usoro iwu.<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":0" /> Mafeje mechakwara ọrụ ubi gbasara ntuli aka 1960 na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mpaghara maka [[w:|Gwendolen M. Carter] ]].<ref name=":40" />{{rp|50}} Na 16 Ọgọst 1963, Mafeje gwara òtù ndị gbakọtara n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị okwu, n'ihi ya, a kpọchiri ya <ref name=":8" /><ref name=":23" /> E zigara ya [[w:Flagstaff, South Africa|Flagstaff]] iji kpee ya ikpe.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":23" /> A dara ya nra ma zighachi ya Cape Town kama ịbụ onye a gbara akwụkwọ.<ref name = ":8" /><ref name=":23">{{Cite webụ |title=Akọba kwa afọ 2015 |url=https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |ụbọchị nnabata=2022-12-31 |webụsaịtị=King College Cambridge |page=185 |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2022-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-31 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231130107/https://www.kings.cam.ac.uk/pdfviewer/15944 }}</ref> Mafeje wee kwaga mba UK na mbụ dị ka onye nnyemaaka nyocha na Mahadum Cambridge mgbe Wilson kwadoro ya, mana mechaa inweta nzere Dọkịta nke Philosophy (DPhil) ya n'isi ọmụmụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'okpuru nlekọta [[w:|Audrey Richards]] na [[w:King's College, Cambridge|King's College]], Mahadum Cambridge, na njedebe 1960.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Becker |first=Heike |title=Mkpesa ụmụ akwụkwọ South Africa, 1968 ruo 2016 |ọrụ = International Socialist Review |url=https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016/index.html | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ = en | Archive -date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155821/https://isreview.org/issue/111/south-african-student-protests-1968-2016 /index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{NoteTag|A na-arụrịta ụka n'afọ dịka akwụkwọ ụfọdụ si kwuo 1966,<ref>{{Cite web| ikpeazụ=Burton |first=Stuart Roberts, Anouchka |ụbọchị = 2018-09-28 | aha = Black Cantabs: Ndị na-eme akụkọ ihe mere eme | url = https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs | nweta-date = 2022-12-30 | weebụsaịtị = Mahadum Cambridge | asụsụ = en | Archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230201150/https://www.cam.ac.uk/BlackCantabs |url-status=live}} </ref> 1968,<ref>{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=KABWEGYERE |first=TARSIS B. |title=Land and the Growth of Social Stratification in Uganda |date=1975 |url=https://www.jstor. org/stable/24325667 |journal=Journal of Eastern African Research & Development | mpịakọta=5 | mbipụta = 1 | ibe =1–17 |jstor=24325667 |issn=0251-0405 }}</ref> ma ọ bụ 1969.<ref> name=":0">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2016 |title=Kedu ihe anyị nwere ike ịmụta n’aka Archie Mafeje gbasara ụzọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na South Africa?|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |journal=Development and Change |asụsụ=en |olu=47 | mbipụta=4 | ibe=918–936 |doi=10.1111 /dech.12244 |issn=1467-7660 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 | Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228162858://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/dech.12244 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":23" />}} Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na PhD ya, o biiri na Uganda wee mee nnyocha gbasara ndị ọrụ ugbo Africa,<ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Amselle |first=Jean-Loup |date=2007-12-15 |editor-last=Coquery-Vidrovitch |editor-first=Catherine | aha=Archie Mafeje (1937–2007) |url=https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173337/ https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/7722 |archive-date=2022-12-28 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị = Cahiers d'études africaines |asụsụ = fr}}</ref> mgbe ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi nleta na Mahadum Makerere.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|53}} Usoro mmụta ọkankuzi ya bụ nke akpọrọ ''Social and Economic Mobility in a Peasant Society: A Study nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-azụ ahịa na Buganda.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|33}}'' Richards nwere obi abụọ banyere ụkpụrụ omume nke Mafeje. '''{{NoteTag| Richards kwuru, sị, "Anaghị m aghọta ihe na-ejide ya. Ọ na-adị ngwa ma na-egbuke egbuke na mkparịta ụka na onye nlekọta na-ewu ewu - na-amasị ndị bịara ọhụrụ mgbe niile. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, ọ dị ka ọ nweghị ike gụọ akwụkwọ wee nweta ihe ọ bụla na ya ... Ihe ya dị ka onye nwere ọgụgụ isi nke na-adịghị arụ ọrụ, ma ndị ibe ya na-ekwu (na-enweghị iwe) na ọ bụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike!''' <ref name=":0" /> |name=Nkwekọrịta dị n'etiti Richards na Wilson na Gịnị Ka Anyị Ga-amụta n'aka Archie Mafeje gbasara Ụzọ Ọchịchị Democracy na South Africa?}} na ikike ịbụ onye mmụta. {{NoteTag|Richards kwuru, ''N'agbanyeghị ịdị ngwa ngwa na ike ya, amaara m nke ọma ugbu a na Archie enweghị onyinye agụmakwụkwọ ọ bụ ezie na echere m na ọ ga-eme nke ọma na ọrụ nhazi na mahadum n'ihi ịma mma ya, ịdị garagarana ịnụ ọkụ n'obi ya".<ref name=" : 0" />}}'' karịsịa mgbe a na-ejizi echiche, nyocha ederede, na ọrụ ubi.<ref name=":0" /> Akwụkwọ ozi Mafeje degara Richards mgbe PhD ya kwuchara mmekọrịta ha:<ref name=" :0" />{{Blockquote|text=N'agbanyeghị na onweghị ụta dịịrị gị, na, n'ezie, i mere ihe niile iji nye aka, ị nwere nhuku na ahụmahụ a na Cambridge. Ebo gị ugboro ugboro na enweghị m ekele nye gị maka ihe dị iche iche ị meere m… emebeghị m ka ahụ dị m mma. N’ezie, amalitere m iche ihe mere i ji nọgide na-enye aka ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ihe i chere banyere ihe. N'agbanyeghị mkpesa gị, otu ihe doro anya bụ na ị maara site n'aka m na m maara nke ọma na ekele maka ihe niile i meere m. Mana maka ihe mkpatara nke m, agaghị m ekwe ka onye ọ bụla “kweere” onwe m.}} === Isiokwu Dara maka Mafeje (Mafeje Affair) === {{Ozi ndị ọzọ|Affair Mafeje}} <!--[[File:Protests UCT 1968.jpg|thumb|Na 15 Ọgọst 1968, ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT na-agbada n'ụlọ Bremner ka ha gbasasịrị pụọ na [[Leander Starr Jameson | Jameson]] Hall (Ụlọ [[Sarah Baartman]] nke taa) ]]--> Mafeje chọrọ ịlaghachi na UCT wee tinye akwụkwọ maka ọkwa onye nkuzi ukwu nke UCT zisara ozi maka ya n'Ọgọst 1967.<ref name=":12">{{Cite journal | last=Hendricks |first=Fred |date=2008-12-03 | aha = Ihe omume Mafeje: Mahadum Cape Town na Apartheid | url = https://doi.org/10.1080/00020180802505061 | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Ọmụmụ Africa | mpịakọta = 67 | mbipụta = 3 | ibe = 423–451 | doi= 10.1080/00020180802505061 |issn=0002-0184 |s2cid=145251370 | nweta-date=2022-12-28 | Archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-org/url. 20230209164149/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00020180802505061 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ọ bụ otu olu <ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title= Ụmụ akwụkwọ mahadum White Cape Town nọdụ ala maka nhọpụta nke Prọfesọ ojii, 1968 {{!}} Global Nonviolent Action Database |url=https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit -reappointment-black-professor-1968 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu | archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org /web/20221229133308/https://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/white-cape-town-university-students-sit-reappointment-black-professor-1968 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":12" /> nyere ya ọkwa dị ka onye isi nkuzi gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site n'aka UCT Council.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web | ikpeazụ= |mbụ. = |date=2018-08-15 |title=Ihe omume Mafeje nke afọ 1968, afọ iri ise na {{!}} mkpokọta ọba akwụkwọ pụrụ iche |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/ ozi/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201110053210/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years |archive-date=2020- 11-10 |access-date=2020-11-09 |website=University of Cape Town Special Collections |language=en }}</ref>Site n'iwu, UCT nwere ike nabata ụmụ akwụkwọ ọcha ma ọbụghị na nkuzi kwesịrị ekwesị adịghị adị na ojii mahadum.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, iwu amachibidoghị UCT n'ụzọ doro anya iweta ndị nkuzi na-abụghị ndị ọcha.<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /> Mafeje kwesiri ibido na Mee 1968, mana UCT Council wepụrụ onyinye Mafeje n'ọrụ n'ihi na gọọmentị egwu na ha ga-ebelata ego na ịmanye UCT ma ọ bụrụ na ọ họpụtara ya.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite webụ | ikpeazụ=Matthies-Barnes |first=Lisa |date=2021-02-28 |title=Dr. Archibald Mafeje: Ọkachamara gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Africa asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164149/https://medium.com/representations/dr-archibald-mafeje-social- ọkà mmụta ihe omimi-of-africa-653b8d810fa7 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Mkpebi kansụl ahụ kpasuru ụmụ akwụkwọ UCT iwe wee bute ngagharị iwe sochiri otu nọdụ ala, na 15 Ọgọst 1968, iji manye Kansụl ka ha gbanwee mkpebi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ihe gbasara 1968 "Mafeje Affair" nọdụ ala. , afọ 50 na {{!}} Ọbá akwụkwọ pụrụ iche mkpokọta |url=http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years#lg=1&slide=0 | nweta -date=2022-12-29 |websaịtị=www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en | archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web /20221228164425/http://www.specialcollections.uct.ac.za/news/1968-mafeje-affair-sit-50-years#lg=1&slide=0 |url-status=live }}</ref> Nọdụ ala -in nwetara mkpuchi nke mba ụwa wee were ya dịka akụkụ nke [[Mkpesa nke 1968|Mkpesa zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 1968]] nke nwetara nkwado site n'aka ụmụ akwụkwọ na-arị elu mgbochi na Paris na London.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news | date = 2008-09-06 | aha = Mgbaghara agwụla agwụ maka ndị nwụrụ Apartheid | asụsụ = en-GB | ọrụ = BBC | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7598781.stm | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229152641/http://news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/programmes/from_our_own_correspondent/7598781.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=ROAPE |date=2018-05-29 |title='Ike nye Ndị mmadụ': nnupụisi nke 1968 n'Africa - ROAPE |url=https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968-enupu isi-na-Africa/,%20https:/ /roape.net/2018/05/29/ike-na-ndị-mmadụ-the-1968-revolt-in-africa/ | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |asụsụ = en-US | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://roape.net/2018/05/29/power-to-the-people-the-1968- revolt-in-africa/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ka ụbọchị itoolu gachara, ngagharị iwe a dara mgbe ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe ji ngwá agha na nkịta waba n'ụlọ ahụ ebe foto ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na-agafe na ya. mata ebe ndị a na-eme ngagharị iwe.'''<ref name=":4">''[[Varsity (Cape Town)|Varsity]], Akwụkwọ akụkọ ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Mahadum Cape Town, Mpịakọta 27, nọmba 20 na 21 , Ọgọst 14 na 21, 1968; UCT Archives''</ref>''' Ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị sonyere na nọdụ-na-emecha kwusiri ike na ha ahụtụbeghị Mafeje na ọ dịghị mgbe ha chọrọ ịmụta ihe mere ya.<ref name=":22" /> Ntsebeza kwuru. na, n'anya ụmụ akwụkwọ, ihe omume Mafeje abụghị maka Mafeje, onye ọ bụla, kama ọ bụ maka nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ na nnwere onwe nke mahadum.<ref name=":22" /> N'ajụjụ ọnụ a gbara ya na London, Mafeje kwuru na "ihe niile bụ nke elu elu. Ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekwu maka azụmahịa nnwere onwe nke mahadum a. Mana ha chere na ha nwere ike nweta mahadum n'efu na obodo na-enweghị nnwere onwe". Ọ gara n'ihu, sị, 'Ọ bụrụ na e kwere ka m banye na ngalaba ngalaba nke Mahadum Cape Town, hà ga-eme mkpesa megide eziokwu ahụ na a ga-amanye m ibi n'ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ? ... na m ga-enwe akwụkwọ ikike ịnọ na Cape Town? Ọ bụrụhaala na mụ na ha na-anọkọ awa ole na ole n’ụbọchị n’ụlọ nri mahadum, ọtụtụ n’ime ha ga-akpọ nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ.” Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ngagharị iwe tụrụ Mafeje tụrụ ya n’anya.<ref>{{Cite news |date= 1968-08-21 | aha = Mafeje na-ahụ mkpesa ka ihe efu | ọrụ = Argus | url = https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-03-23 | archive-date=2023-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214161717/https://uct1968sitin.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/afnc082.jpg |url -status=dị ndụ }}</ref> Mafeje gbasoro ịrụ ọrụ ná mba ofesi.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1990, n'oge [[w:Negotiations to end apartheid in South Africa | mkparita ụka iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ]] na mba South Africa, UCT ga-enye Mafeje ọkwa onye nkuzi ya na 1968 na nkwekọrịta ịrụ ọrụ naanị otu afọ, ma ọ jụrụ ọkwá ahụ n'ihi na ọ bụbu onye ọkammụta na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Ntsebeza |first=Lungisile |date=2014-05-04 | title=Mafeje na UCT saga: azụmahịa emechabeghị? |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/02533952.2014.946254 |journal=Social Dynamics |olu=40 | mbipụta=2 | ibe=274–288 |doi=10.1080/02533952/02533952 s2cid = 144275150 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-30 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-02-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164159/https://www.tandfonline. com/doi/abs/10.1080/02533952.2014.946254 |url-status=live }}</ref> Mafeje kwuru na ya chọtara onyinye a "kacha mkparị".'''{{NoteTag|Mafeje dere, sị, "Agaghị m ahụ otú Mgbe afọ 18 nke ịbụ onye prọfesọ na mba ụwa, enwere ike ịnye m mkpakọrịta nyocha n'ọkwa onye nkuzi dị elu na Mahadum Cape Town. mahadum ruo n'afọ 1968 ... Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na asaa gachara n'agha, anaghị m ebu n'obi ịlaghachi South Africa n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị isi ọrụ na Mahadum Cape Town kwesịrị ịghọta nke a."<ref name=": 9" />|name=Lungisile Ntsebeza, The Mafeje and UCT saga: unfinished business?}}'''<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal |last=Ramoupi |first=Neo Lekgotla Laga |date= 2014 | aha = Nnyocha na Nkà Mmụta Ọmụmụ Africa: Afọ 20 nke ohere efu iji gbanwee agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na South Africa|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |journal=Ufahamu: A Journal of African Studies | olu = 38 | mbipụta = 1 | doi = 10.5070/F7381025032 |issn=2150-5802 |doi-access=free | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-url= //web.archive.org/web/20221229172813/https://escholarship.org/uc/item/13m5c5vp |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ 1994, Mafeje tinyere akwụkwọ nye [[w:Archibald Campbell Jordan| A.C. Jordan]] onye isi na ngalaba [[w:|African Studies]] na UCT, mana a jụrụ akwụkwọ anamachọihe ya n'ihi na e weere ya na ọ "adịghị mma maka ọnọdụ ahụ"<ref name=":6" /> Kama [[w:|Mahmood Mamdani]], onye ọkammụta si mba Uganda a mụrụ na India ka a họpụtara n'ọnọdụ <ref>{{cite web |date=11 Maachị 2011 |title=UCT in war over 'bantu education' |url=http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11 -uct-in-war-over-bantu-education | nweta-date=22 Maachị 2013 | akwụkwọ akụkọ =[[Mail & Guardian]] | Archive-date=13 Ọgọst 2011 | Archive-url=https://web.archive .org/web/20110813182529/http://mg.co.za/article/2011-03-11-uct-in-war-over-bantu-education |url-status=live }}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ mgbe ya na ndị ọchịchị nwechara nghọtahie na usoro ọmụmụ ya nke ntọala na Africa nke a na-akpọ ''Problematizing Africa''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ihe ọmụmụ Afrịka na UCT ọ bụ ụlọ ọhụrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ Bantu? |url=http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |access-date=22 Maachị 2013 |archive-date=21 Eprel 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org /web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2015-04-21 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150421111121/http://ccs.ukzn.ac.za/files/mamdani.pdf }}</ref> Nke a ka akpọrọ ''Mamdani Affair''.<ref>{{ Cite webụ | ụbọchị = 2018-06-05 | aha = afọ 20 ka 'ihe omume Mamdani' gachara, onye mmegide ochie sonyeere UCT |url=https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20- years-after-the-mamdani-affair-the-old-adversary-rejoins-uct/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=The Mail & Guardian |asụsụ=en-ZA |archive-date=2022- 12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://mg.co.za/article/2018-06-05-20-afọ-after-the-mamdani- affair-the-old-adversary-rejoins-uct/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kamola |first=Isaac A. |date=2011 |title=Ịchụso Ọkachamma na 'World-Class African University': Affair Mamdani na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Global Higher Education|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |journal=Journal of Higher Education in Africa / Revue de l'enseignement supérieur en Afrique | mpịakọta = 9 | mbipụta = 1–2 | ibe = 147–168 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-date = 2022-12-29 | archive-url = https ://web.archive.org/web/20221229181504/https://www.jstor.org/stable/jhigheducafri.9.1-2.147 |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ 2002, onye isi Mahadum UCT [[w:|Njabulo Ndebele]] meghere okwu nke a na-akpọ Mafeje.<ref name=":22" /> N'afọ 2003, UCT rịọrọ Mafeje n'ihu ọha ma nye ya nzere ọkankuzi, ma ọ zaghị ihe UCT nyere.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":22" /> N'afọ 2008, mgbe Mafeje nwụsịrị, na emume afọ iri anọ nke ihe ahụ mere, UCT rịọrọ ezinaụlọ Mafeje mgbaghara. <ref name=":10">{{Cite news | ikpeazụ=Farber |first=Tanya |title=Ndị isi UCT na-ezukọ icheta ọdụ nwata akwụkwọ |language=en |website=www.iol.co.za |url= https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to-remember-student-sit-in-412848 | nweta-date=2022-12-29 |archive-date= 2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229155823/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/uct-leaders-gather-to- remember-student-sit-in-412848 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ezinụlọ Mafeje nabatara mgbaghara ahụ.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Ọrụ Ya Dịka Onye Gụrụ Akwụkwọ ==== <!--[[File:Archie Mafeje.jpg|thumb|Archie Mafeje c. 1972]--> Mafeje weghaara ọkwa dịka onye nkuzi dị elu n'afọ 1969, tupu ọ bụrụ onye ọkammụta zuru okè na onye isi ngalaba sociology, na Mahadum Dar Es Salaam na Tanzania.<ref name=":0" /> Otú ọ dị, o merụrụ ahụ nke ukwuu n'ihe mberede ụgbọ ala n'afọ 1971,<ref name=":8" /> mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ga-apụ gaa na Europe maka ịwa ahụ. Ọ lọghachiteghị n'ihi esemokwu ya na onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum ahụ na onye isi ngalaba ya nwere.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|56}} N'agbata afọ 1972 na 1975, Mafeje chịburu isi na [[w:|Urban Development and Labour Studies Program]] na [[w:|International Institute of Social Studies]] na Netherlands ebe ọ zutere na mbụ [[w:Shahida El Baz|Shahida El-Baz]] ({{Lang-ar|شهيدة الباز}}), onye mmụta na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị si mba Egypt, onye ga-emecha bụrụ nwunye ya.<ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:الراحلة شهيدة الباز – الجمعية العربية لعلم الاجتماع |trans-title=Onye nwụrụ anwụ Shahida El-Baz – Arab Sociological Society |url=http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%ad%d9%84%d8%a9-%d8% b4%d9%87%d9%8a%d8%af%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b2/ |ụbọchị nnweta=2022-12-29 | asụsụ = ar | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229220802/http://www.arabsa.org/uncategorized/%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%B4%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ 1973, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ na isii, a họpụtara Mafeje [[w:Juliana of the Netherlands | Queen Juliana]] Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Development Sociology and Anthropology]] site n'aka ndị omeiwu.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=A Giant abanyela na |url=https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Codesria | mpịakọta = 3 | ibe = 1 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2022-04-19 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220419091416/https://codesria.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/1-Cb_Mafeje_1.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref ><ref name=":8" /> Ọ ghọrọ [[w:Dutch nationality law | nwa amaala Dutch]]<ref name=":40" />{{rp|58}} ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị isi nke eze nwanyị kanyere aha ya n'ihu akwụkwọ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke Dutch National Directorate, wee bụrụ otu n'ime ndị Africa mbụ nwetara nsọpụrụ a.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":15">{{Cite web |title. =Ọkammụta Archie Mafeje: Biography |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/-2007-04-23-professor-archie-mafeje-biography | nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị=www.news.uct.ac.za |asụsụ=en |archive-date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164208/https://www. news.uct.ac.za/article/-2007-04-23-professor-archie-mafeje-biography |url-status=live }}</ref> Site n'enyemaka Mafeje, e hiwere [[w:|Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa]] (CODESRIA) na 1973.<ref name=":3" />'''{{NoteTag|[[Akinwumi Adesina]] ekwetaghị aka Mafeje na-etinye aka na okike CODESRIA.<ref>{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date= June 2017 | ogo = Thesis | asụsụ = en | mbụ = Bongani | ikpeazụ = Nyoka | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live|page= 60}}</ref>| aha=}}''' Ọ bụ ya họpụtara Okammụta n'isi ọmụmụ Sociology na Anthropology na Mahadum America dị na Cairo (AUC) na 1978 ruo 1990, na mgbe e mesịrị na 1994.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":15" /> Ọ bụ ya mara maka ịghara inye ụmụ akwụkwọ ya ule, dịka ọ masịrị edemede nke ọ nwere ike ikwu okwu dị mkpa na ya. Dịka ada ya nwanyị Dana siri kwuo, Mafeje chere na "ule bụ maka ndị nzuzu"<ref name=":40" />{{rp|72}} Mafeje sonyeere [[w:|South Africa Political Economy Series Trust]] (SAPES) na Harare, Zimbabwe, n'afọ 1991 na njem nleta.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|72}} Agbanyeghị, Mafeje hapụrụ na otu afọ ahụ n'ihi nghọtahie ya na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ ntụkwasị obi , Ibbo Mandaza nwere, onye chọrọ ka Mafeje debe oge ọrụ 09:00 ruo 17:00.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|72}} N'afọ 1992 , Mafeje malitere mkpakọrịta nleta otu afọ na Mahadum Northwestern na Evanston, Illinois, na US.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|72}} Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ na Northwwest, a họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na [[w:|University of Namibia Multidisciplinary Research Centre]] n'afọ 1993. <ref name=":15" /> Nwunye Mafeje kwuru na ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ mere ka ndụ ya bụrụ ọkụ mmụọ site n'aka ndị Namibia na-akpa ókè agbụrụ n'ime na n'èzí mahadum ahụ ruo n'ókè ọ chọrọ onye nche.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|72}} Ahụmahụ ahụ metụtara Mafeje nke ukwuu, o wee pụọ na Namibia ma laghachi na AUC na Cairo na 1994.<ref name=": 40" />{{rp|72}} Mafeje jere ozi dị ka onye isi ibe na onye nkuzi ọbịa n'ọtụtụ kọleji North America, Europe na Africa na ụlọ nyocha.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":15" /> N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Mafeje bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ, onye na-ahụ maka [[w:|Food and Agriculture Organisation]] (FAO).<ref name=":40" />{{rp|60}} N'afọ 2000, Mafeje laghachiri South Africa mgbe ọ nọrọ ihe karịrị afọ iri atọ n'agha gaa biri n'ala ọzọ. Ọkwa onye otu onye nyocha ọhụụ na African Renaissance Center na [[w:National Research Foundation (South Africa)|National Research Foundation]].<ref name=":16" /><ref name=":8" /> O sonyekwara na kọmitii sayensị CODESRIA n'afọ 2001.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":16" /> === Ndụ Onwe Onye na Ọnwụ Ya === Mafeje lụrụ Nomfundo Noruwana, bụ́ nọọsụ (onye ọrụ ahụike) n'afọ 1961, ha abụọ mụtakwara nwa nwoke, Xolani, n'afọ 1962 <ref name=":40" />{{rp|51}} Ha gbara alụkwaghịm n'ime afọ ole na ole.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|51}} Mafeje lụrụ Shahida El-Baz n'afọ 1977; ha nwere nwa nwanyị, Dana.<ref name=":132">{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha nke Ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/- 2008-08-19-plaque-will-emememorate-renaming-of-senate-room |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www. news.uct.ac.za/article/-2008-08-19-plaque-ga-echeta-renaming-of-senate-room | archive-date=2022-12-29 | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-29 |website=www.news.uct.ac.za |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Albaz |first=Shahida |date=2013-12-11 |title=أخلاق المناضل |trans-title= Omume nke onye na-eme ihe ike |url=https://www.shorouknews.com/404.aspx | nweta-date=2023-03-11 |website=Shorouknews |asụsụ =ar-eg | ụbọchị-edebe ihe =2012-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120303223653/http://www.shorouknews.com/ContentData.aspx?ID=216942 |url-status=live}} </ref><ref name=":40" />{{rp|51}} Mafeje bịara [[w:Religious Conversion| chegharịa kpewe okpukpe Alakuba]] tupu a lụọ ha n'ihi na El-Baz bụ onye Alakụba.<ref name=" :40" />{{rp|59}} N'afọ ndị ikpeazụ ya, Mafeje ga-akọwa onwe ya dị ka "Onye mba South Africa site n'ọmụmụ, onye Dutch site n'ịbụ nwa amaala, onye Ijipt site na ebe obibi, na onye African site n'ịhụnanya"<ref name=":40" />{{rp|58}} Mafeje bụ onye doruru anya ala ịmụ maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Egypt; n'agbanyeghị na ọ kpọrọ [[w:|Anwar Sadat]] asị maka ịkpagbu ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ijipt n'onwe ya.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|65}} El-Baz chetara na Mafeje na-agụ akwụkwọ n'ime ụlọ ọmụmụ ihe ya na 6 Ọktoba 1981, mgbe [[w: Assassination of Anwar Sadat|e gburu Anwar Sadat]] mgbe ọ na-ekiri akụkọ telivishọn. El-Baz tiri mkpu, "Archie, agbagbuola Sadat!" Ka Mafeje jụrụ "Ọ nwụrụ?" ma nụ azịza ya n'ọ bụ eziokwu, o meghere karama champagne ka o mee toast.<ref name=":40">{{Cite thesis |title=Archie Mafeje: An Intellectual Biography |url=https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |date=June 2017 |degree=PhD |language=en |first=Bongani |last=Nyoka |access-date=2022-12-28 |archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173345/https://uir.unisa.ac.za/handle/10500/23899 |url-status=live |page=}}</ref>{{rp|65}} Ndị ọgbọ ya ghọtara Mafeje dị ka onye na-eche echiche nke onwe ya bụkwa onye "ihe siri ike" n'ụzọ pụrụ iche, na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya dị ka onye "na-ejighị obi ụtọ na-ata ndị nzuzu ahụhụ"<ref name=":40" />{{rp|37}} N'otu n'ime nkuzi ya, [[w:|Thandika Mkandawire]] jụrụ Mafeje ka o dokwuo anya ma ọ bụ kwuo okwu ọzọ maka ịkatọ otu ndị sonyere na [[w:1973 Durban strikes |nkụsa na mgbasa emere na Durban]] n'afọ 1973. Kama ịza ajụjụ Mkandawire, Mafeje kwuru, "Amaara m na ị si Malawi. O nweghị ihe jikọrọ gị na ịjụ m ajụjụ gbasara South Africa ebe Malawi na-akwado ọkpụkpa-oke." Ụbọchị atọ ka nkuzi ahụ gasịrị, Mkandawire nwetara oku sitere na Mafeje, bụ onye rịọsiri mgbaghara ma kwuo na ya mehiere nnukwu ihe. Mkandawire nabatara arịrịọ mgbaghara ahụ wee kpọgara Mafeje òkù nri abalị n'ụlọ ya na Stockholm.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|69}} Mafeje bụ onye ama ama maka ịsị, "Ọ bụrụ n'ihu mmeri pụtara ìhè, anyị enweghị ike ịbawanye uru anyị, mgbe ahụ ọ dị mkpa ka anyị belata ihe efu anyị"<ref name=":46">{{Cite book |last=Mafeje |first=Archie |title=The national question in southern African settler societies |date=1997 |publisher=SAPES Books |others=SAPES Trust |isbn=1-77905-059-3 |location=Harare |pages=2 |oclc=48418757}}</ref> Mafeje nwụrụ na Pretoria na 28 Maachị 2007,<ref name=":1" /> e wee lie ya n'akụkụ nne na nna ya na Ncambele.<ref name=":40" />{{rp|76}} === Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye Ùgwù Ya === Ọ bụ ezie na ihe ntinye Mafeje na agụm akwụkwọ na itinyesi ọnụ ike n'okwu n'Africa bụ nke ama maka ya nke ọma, ọ nweghị nnukwu ihe nrite ma ọ bụ nkwanye ùgwù ọ natara maka ọrụ ya n'oge ndụ ya. A họpụtara Mafeje ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù [[w:|African Academy of Sciences]] n'afọ 1986.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mafeje Archibald {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/ |nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-28 |webụsaịtị=www.aasciences.africa |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20221228173341/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/mafeje-archibald |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2021-07-25 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725180932/https://www.aasciences.africa/ }}</ref> O nwetara ịbụ onye òtù oge ndụ nke [[w:Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa|CODESRIA]] n'afọ 2003, e wee kpọọ ya CODESRIA Distinguished Fellow na 2005.<ref name=":8" /> N'afọ 2008, Mahadum Cape Town (UCT) nyere Mafeje nzere bachelọ n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Social Science]], guzobe usoro agụmakwụkwọ N'efu n'aha ya na nsọpụrụ ya, ma nyegharịa ụlọ nzukọ Council (nke ndị ngagharị iwe mere n'oge [[Mafeje affair]]) Ụlọ Mafeje, na-etinye ihe ncheta na-asọpụrụ Mafeje nke na-elekọta n'ihu ụlọ ahụ.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |title=Plaque ga-echeta ngbanwe aha ụlọ Senate |url=http://www.news. .uct.ac.za/article/-2008-08-19-plaque-will-commemorate-renaming-of-senate-room | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-12-29 | webụsaịtị = www.news.uct.ac. za |asụsụ=en | Archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229165345/https://www.news.uct.ac.za/article/ -2008-08-19-plaque-will-commemorate-renaming-of-senate-room |url-status=live }}</ref> UCT guzobekwara Archie Mafeje Chair in Critical and Decolonial Humanities.<ref>{{ Cite web | ikpeazụ = Ntọala | mbụ = Mellon | aha = Archie Mafeje oche na Critical and Decolonial Humanities: Mahadum Cape Town|url=https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town/31600705/ | ohere-ụbọchị = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = Mellon Foundation | asụsụ = en | ebe nchekwa -date=2023-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209164207/https://mellon.org/grants/grants-database/grants/university-of-cape-town /31600705/ |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ 2010, e nyere ya nzere ọkankuzi n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Literature and Philosophy]] site n'aka [[w:|Mahadum Walter Sisulu]].<ref name=":40" />{{rp] |76}} Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, e hiwere ''Archibald Mafeje PhD Scholarship'' na 2014 site na Tiso Foundation.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archibald Mafeje Scholarship For Advanced Study |url=https://tisofoundation. co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ | nweta-date = 2022-12-28 | webụsaịtị = TISO Foundation | asụsụ = en-US | archive-date = 2022-12-28 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://tisofoundation.co.za/our-programmes/archie-mafeje-phd-scholarship/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ Africa Institute of South Africa (AISA) malitere ''Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture series'' na 2016.<<ref>{{Cite web |title=The purpose of the Archie Mafeje Annual Memorial Lecture by Sehlare Makgetlaneng (Pambazuka News), 31 March, 2016 {{!}} South African History Online |url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |access-date=2023-02-27 |website=www.sahistory.org.za |archive-date=2023-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227200547/https://www.sahistory.org.za/archive/purpose-archie-mafeje-annual-memorial-lecture-sehlare-makgetlaneng-pambazuka-news-31-march |url-status=live }}</ref> Mahadum South Africa hiwere ''Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI)'' n'afọ 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Archie Mafeje Institute for Applied Social Policy Research (AMRI) |url=https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |nweta-date=2022-12-28 |Archive-date=2022-12-28 |archive-url=https ://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-20 |archivedate=2022-12-28 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221228173340/https://www.jpanafrican.org/docs/vol10no2/10.2-24-Archie.pdf }}</ref><ref>{ {Cite web |title=Mahadum South Africa {{!}} Archie Mafeje Research Institute |url=https://unisouthafr.academia.edu/Departments/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |access-date=2022-12-30 |website= Archie Mafeje Research Institute, [[Mahadum South Africa]] |archive-date=2022-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221230160735/https://unisouthafr.academia<nowiki>. edu/Ngalaba/Archie_Mafeje_Research_Institute/Documents |url-status=live }}</nowiki></ref> === Akwụkwọ Ndị O bipụtara === * {{cite journal | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Ideology of 'Tribalism' | journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies | publisher=Cambridge University Press | volume=9 | issue=2 | year=1971 | issn=0022-278X | jstor=159443 | pages=253–261 | doi=10.1017/S0022278X00024927 | s2cid=154652842 | url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/159443 | access-date=2023-01-17}} * {{cite book | last=Mafeje| first=Archie | title=A Century of Change in Eastern Africa | chapter=Agrarian Revolution and the Land Question in Buganda | publisher=De Gruyter Mouton | date=1976 | pages = 23–46 | doi=10.1515/9783110800098.23 | isbn=978-90-279-7879-0 | editor-first = William | editor-last = Arens | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80uKQgAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}} * {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | chapter = Neo-colonialism, state capitalism, or revolution? | pages = 412–422 | editor-last=Gutkind | editor-first=Peter Claus Wolfgang | editor-last2=Waterman | editor-first2=Peter | title=African Social Studies: A Radical Reader | publisher=Monthly Review Press | publication-place=New York | date=1977 | isbn=0-85345-381-0 | oclc=3103484 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9shvtwAACAAJ | access-date=2023-01-17}} * {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=Science, Ideology and Development: Three Essays on Development Theory | publisher=Scandinavian Institute of African studies | publication-place=Uppsala | date=1978 | isbn=91-7106-134-7 | oclc=4592269}} * {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Theory and Ethnography of African Social Formations: The Case of the Interlacustrine Kingdoms | publisher=Codesria | publication-place=London | date=1991 | isbn=1-870784-09-X | oclc=25268543}} * {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=In Search of an Alternative: A Collection of Essays on Revolutionary Theory and Politics | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1087-2 | oclc=29526084}} * {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=African philosophical projections and prospects for the indigenisation of political and intellectual discourse | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1992 | isbn=0-7974-1141-0 | oclc=30867290}} * {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The national question in southern African settler societies | publisher=SAPES Books | publication-place=Harare | date=1997 | isbn=1-77905-059-3 | oclc=48418757}} * {{cite book | last=Mafeje | first=Archie | title=The Disenfranchised: Perspectives on the History of Elections in South Africa | publisher=University of South Africa Press | publication-place= | date=2008 | isbn=978-1868884414 | oclc=706020991}} === Ihe Ndí Nhụwa Ama === {{reflist|group=note}} === Edensibia === <references /> === Ịgụrụ Gawa === * {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |publisher=Wits University Press |date=2020 |isbn=978-1-77614-595-9 |doi=10.18772/12020095942 |s2cid=225280421}} * {{cite book |last=Nyoka |first=Bongani |title=Voices of liberation: Archie Mafeje |date=2019 |isbn=978-0-7969-2564-0 |oclc=1101875097}} === Njikọ Mpụga === {{Commons}} * {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MHeSZ9QDk80 |title=Bongani Nyoka on The Social and Political Thought of Archie Mafeje |date=2021-03-04 |last=Allsobrook |first=Christopher}} * {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlaKWQxhrA8 |title=Was Mafeje a Marxist? |date=2021-04-27 |last=Africa Is a Country TV}} {{Pan-Africanism}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Mafeje, Archie}} [[Category: Ndị òtù African Academy of Sciences]] [[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1936]] [[Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 2007]] [[Category: Ndị odee ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si mba South Africa]] [[Category:South African activists]] [[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Namibia]] [[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi nke Mahadum Dar es Salaam]] [[Category:American university and college faculty deans]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cambridge]] [[Category: Ndị ọkachamara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cambridge]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Cape Town]] [[Category:South African anthropologists]] [[Category:Ndị Xhosa]] 0tg789up6nzz1715ix1jaxogvpd54rt 0 34694 672171 213493 2026-07-04T12:30:05Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 672171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''[[w:El-Tigani el-Mahi|El-Tigani el-Mahi]]''' ({{Lang-ar|التجاني الماحي}}; Eprel 1911 – 8 Jenụwarị 1970) bụ ọkà mmụta si mba Sudan, ọkachamara na agụmakwụkwọ, na onye ọsụ ụzọ n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|psychiatry]] n'Afrika. Ọ rụrụ nnukwu ọrụ na mgba mba ahụ gbara maka nnwere onwe ha pụọ na ọchịchị nchigbu ndị British, ma bụrụkwa onye isi ala si n'aka gafere n'aka nke Sudan mgbe [[w:|Sudanese October 1964 Revolution]] gasịrị. Ọ bụ onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi na-anakọta arịa akụkọ ihe mere eme, ma mara maka [[w:|Egyptology]], na akụkọ ihe mere eme na akwụkwọ Sudan. === Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya === A mụrụ El-Tigani el-Mahi na [[w:Kawa, Sudan | Kawa Village]], [[w:White Nile (state)|Mpaghara White Nile]] na [[w:|Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]] na Eprel afọ 1911.<ref name= ":0">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Salih |first=Mustafa Abdalla M. |ụbọchị=2013 |title=Prọfesọ Tigani El Mahi: Short biography and photos |journal=Sudanese Journal of Paediatrics |olu=13 | mbipụta= 1 | ibe=75–78 |issn=0256-4408 |pmc=4949969 |pmid=27493362}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Eltikeina |first=M. | ụbọchị = 2022 | aha = Ncheta Ọkà mmụta: Prọfesọ Tigani El Mahi (1911-1970) |url=https://www.napataresearch.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Eltijany-Elmahi.pdf | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sayensị Napata | mpịakọta = 1 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-09 | Archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409141454/https:/ /www.napataresearch.net/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/Eltijany-Elmahi.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> El-Mahi gụchara akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na Kawa, na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na obodo [[w:Rufaa|Rufaa]], Sudan.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ kwagara [[w:|Khartoum]] maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya.<ref name=":1" /> O nwetara nzere diplọma ya na Ụlọ akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ahụike Kitchener (ugbu a [[w:|Faculty of Medicine, Mahadum Khartoum]]) n'afọ 1935.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite book | ikpeazụ=Safi |first=Ahmed El |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2VRJxQEACAAJ |title=Mohamed Hamad Satti: Ihe ịrịba ama na nyocha Ubi na Ọrịa Ọrịa Tropical, Bacteriology na Epidemiology | ụbọchị = 2019 -04-30 | onye nkwusa = Bipụtara onwe ya |isbn=978-1-0964-3574-7 |asụsụ =en | nweta-ụbọchị =2022-12-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/ web/20221205204153/https://books.google.com/books?id=2VRJxQEACAAJ |archive-date=2022-12-05 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ndị ọchịchị Briten hiwere kọleji ahụ ka ha nye ụmụ akwụkwọ Sudan ụdịrị agụmakwụkwọ ka ọ dị na ọdịda anyanwụ, ọtụtụ ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ wee bụrụ ndị ama ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sudan na ọha mmadụ. Mgbe ọ nọ na kọleji, el-Mahi tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ akwụkwọ ma bụrụ onye na-akwado ụda olu maka nnwere onwe Sudan. Ọ bụkwa onye na-agụsi akwụkwọ ike na onye edemede, ma nyekwa aka akụkọ na edemede na akwụkwọ akụkọ kọleji na akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ. Mgbe ọ n'eme diploma ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Sudan Medical Service, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[w:|Omdurman]], [[w:Kosti, Sudan | Kosti]], Khartoum, na [[w:|Wadi Halfa]].<ref name= ":22">{{Cite web |title=Tijani Al-Mahi, The Encyclopedic Psychiatrist{{!}} Sudanow Magazine |url=https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?Id=448 |nweta- ụbọchị=2023-04-09 |webụsaịtị=sudanow-magazine.net |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133122/https://sudanow- magazine.net/page.php?Id=448 |url-status=ebi |accessdate=2023-12-12 |archivedate=2023-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133122/https://sudanow-magazine.net/page.php?Id=448 }}</ref> === Ọrụ ya dịka onye na-agwọ Isi Mgbaka === N'afọ 1947, el-Mahi gara London ịgụ akwụkwọ n'efu n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|ọmụmụ isi mgbaka]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal | last=Sheikh Idris A Rahim |date=April 2011 |title=The Mahi -Baasher Heritage |url=http://arabpsynet.com/Journals/SPJ/SudJouPsy2.pdf |akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudanese Journal of Psychiatry | mpịakọta = 1 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 87–97 | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04 -09 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155311/http://arabpsynet.com/Journals/SPJ/SudJouPsy2.pdf |url-status = ndụ }}</ref> Na Julaị afọ 1949, o nwetara nzere diploma na nkà mmụta sayensị na [[w:|Mahadum London]],<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> wee bụrụ onye mbụ na-agwọ isi mgbaka n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Onye isi ala steeti; onye isi Afrịka mbụ na-agwọ isi mgbaka El Tigani El Mahi |url=https://search.emarefa.net/en/detail/BIM-293392-the-president-of-the-state-the-first-african-psychiatrist-el | nweta -date=2023-04-09 |website=search.emarefa.net |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143143/https://search .emarefa.net/en/detail/BIM-293392-the-president-of-the-state-the-first-african-psychiatrist-el |url-status=live }}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sudan, o guzobere [[w:|Clinic for Nervous Disorders]] na mpaghara Mgbago úgwú Khartoum.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tigani El Mahi – Kushsudan.org |url=https://kushsudan.org/kushites/tigani-el-mahi/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143145/https://kushsudan.org/kushites/tigani-el-mahi/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe dị iche iche n'ofe Sudan, gụnyere Omdurman, Kosti, Khartoum, na Wadi Halfa. A họpụtara ya onye isi na-ahụ maka ahụike ụbụrụ maka {{III|Ministry of Health (Sudan)|lt=Ministry of Health in Sudan|ar|وزارة الصحة الاتحادية (السودان)}} n'afọ 1957, bụ ọkwá ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. el-Mahi mechara bụrụ onye isi oche nke [[w:|Union of Sudanese Doctors]] n'afọ 1966. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1969, ọ ghọrọ ọkammụta mbụ nke ọmụmụ isi mgbaka na Sudan na onye isi oche nke ọmụmụ isi mgbaka, ngalaba nke ọgwụ.<ref name = ":3" /><ref name= ":0" /> Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ ahụike ụbụrụ maka [[w:WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean | Eastern Mediterranean Regional Office (EMRO)]] nke WHO site n'afọ 1959 ruo afọ 1964.<ref>{{Cite akwụkwọ | ikpeazụ=Tsacoyianis | nke mbụ = Beverly A. | url = http://worldcat.org/oclc/1341220492 | aha = Mmụọ na-akpaghasị : ọrịa uche, ọnyà, na ọgwụgwọ na Syria na Lebanon ọgbara ọhụrụ | afọ = 2021 |isbn=978 -0-268-20071-8 |oclc=1341220492 | nweta-ụbọchị =2023-04-09 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/202304131540 /https://worldcat.org/title/1341220492 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Ọ bụ onye nhazi mbido nke [[w:|Sudanese Journal of Pediatrics]], na otu n'ime ndị malitere [[w:|African Psychiatric Association]].<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1961, e nyere ya aha "Nna nke isi mgbaka n'Afrịka" na ogbako Psychiatric Pan-African mbụ.<ref>{{Cite akwụkwọ | ikpeazụ=Ali el tigani el mahi |url=http://41.67.20.57/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1097 |title=El tigani el mahi: nna nke psychiatry africa | ụbọchị = 2017 | onye nkwusa=abdel karim mirghani cultural center |isbn=978-99942-63-19-6 |ebe =Khartoum | nweta-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155343/http://41.67.20.57/cgi-bin/koha/opac-detail.pl?biblionumber=1097 |url-status=live }}</ref></strong><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Movement |first=Nasser Youth |date=2022-04-21 |title=Tigani El-Mahi onye Sudan nke weputara onwe ya dị ka Chief Psychiatrist na Egypt Medical Corps |url=https://nasseryouthmovement.net/tigani-el-mahi |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=Nasser Youth Movement |language=en |archive-date=2023 -04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409143144/https://nasseryouthmovement.net/tigani-el-mahi |url-status=live }}</ref> N'oge nzukọ ahụ el-Mahi kwuru:<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Baasher |first=Taha A. |date=2013 |title=Tigani El Mahi nke mbụ Ọmụmụ ihe ncheta | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudanese nke ụmụaka | mpịakọta = 13 | mbipụta = 1 | ibe = 79–89 |issn = 0256-4408 |pmc=4949970 |pmid=27493363}}</ref> ''' Na ihe ọmụmụ isi mgbaka n'Africa, mmadụ nwere ike ịgbaso mmalite ya, mgbanwe ya, ntozu okè na mgbasa nke ihe ọmụma gbasara ahụike ụbụrụ mmadụ na gburugburu ụwa taa. (...) n'ìhè nke nnukwu kọntinent a, ga-eduga anyị n'echiche ọhụrụ nke nghọta, ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, akụ na ụba na omenala ga-ejikọ, na-emekọrịta ihe ma pụta dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke echiche nke ahụike ụbụrụ mmadụ. N'ebe a n'Africa, ihe atụ na ahụike bụ obodo ka a ga-ewebata anyị n'ụlọ karịa (...) Ekwenyere el-Mahi na ọ bụ ya guzobere ọmụmụ isi mgbaka ọgbara ọhụrụ na Sudan wee rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịzụlite ọrụ ahụike ụbụrụ na mba ahụ. Ọ bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ n'ọmụmụ ihe [[w:|ọgwụ ọdịnala]] na [[w:|ethnopsychiatry]] na Sudan,<ref name=":0" /> ihe ọmụmụ ịsụ ụzọ banyere anwansi, [[w:Zār|zaar]],<ref>{ {Cite web |title=أماني شريف - التجاني الماحي.. رائد الطب النفسي في السودان.. حكايات قديمة عن الزار |trans-title=Amani Sharif - Al-Tijani Al-Mahi.. Ọsụ ụzọ na Sudan akụkọ ochie. Al-Zar |url=https://alantologia.com/blogs/41961/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230410222101/https://alantologia.com /blog/41961 {{Kwuo akụkọ akụkọ | aha = Ọrịa na mmụọ: ọmụmụ nke òtù nzuzo nke mmụọ Zaar na ugwu Sudan |url=https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510089 | onye mbipụta = Mahadum London | ụbọchị = 1972 | ogo = Ph.D. | nke mbụ = Pamela M. | ikpeazụ = Constantinides | ohere-ụbọchị = 15 Eprel 2023 | Archive-date = 15 Eprel 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230415082635/https://ethos .bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.510089 |url-status=live }}</ref> wdg na mmekọrịta ha na ahụike ụbụrụ, ebe ha na ndị ọkachamara n'ọdịnala na Sudan na-arụkọ ọrụ.<ref> {{Cite akwụkwọ akụkọ | ikpeazụ1=Sorketti |first1=E. A. |ikpeazụ2=Zuraida |nke mbụ2=N. Z. | ikpeazụ3=Habil |nke mbụ3=M. H. | ụbọchị = Julaị 2010 | aha = Mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị na-agwọ ọrịa ọdịnala na ndị isi mgbaka na Sudan |journal = International Psychiatry: Bulletin of the Board of International Affairs of the Royal College of Psychiatrists | mpịakọta = 7 | mbipụta = 3 | ibe = 71– 74 |doi=10.1192/S1749367600005907 |issn=1749-3676 |pmc=6734982 |pmid=31508045}}</ref><ref>{{Ce akwụkwọ |lst=Sorketti |mbụ=Ehabur | .academia.edu/5413583 |title=Ọgwụ ọdịnala na ahụike uche na Sudan |date=2013-12-06 |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155409/https://www.academia.edu/5413583 |url-status=live }}</ref>O kwuru na a na-elekọta ndị ọrịa n'okpuru ndị na-agwọ ọrịa ọdịnala karịa n'ụlọ ọgwụ.<ref name=":3" /> Ihe odide ya banyere isiokwu a kpuchiri isiokwu dị iche iche, gụnyere iji ọgwụ ọdịnala na-agwọ ọrịa uche, akụkụ omenala nke ahụike uche, na ihe ịma aka nke ịnye nlekọta ahụike uche na gburugburu ebe nchekwa ihe. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, "Introduction to History of Arab Medicine,"<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mayfield |first=James B. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=67aS2vqNpLIC&dq=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA497 |title=Field of Reeds: Social, Economic and Political Change in Rural Egypt: in Search of Civil Society and Good Governance |date=2012-11-14 |publisher=Author House |isbn=978-1-4772-7490-3 |language=en |access-date=2023-04-11 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155325/https://books.google.com/books?id=67aS2vqNpLIC&dq=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA497 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Māḥī |first=al-Tiǧānī al- |url=http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/xslt/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=155016717&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R129.67.119.76,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R208.80.154.29,FN |title=مقدمة في تأريخ الطب العربي |date=1959 |publisher=مطبعة مصر (سودان) ليمتد, 1959 al-H̱artūm : Maṭbaʿaẗ Miṣr (Sūdān) limitid |location=الخرطوم, Soudan |language=ar |access-date=2023-04-10 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155445/http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/cbs/xslt/DB=2.1//SRCH?IKT=12&TRM=155016717&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R129.67.119.76,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E4693a7c7-27c,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R208.80.154.29,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.232.188,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.225.162,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.225.159,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.225.226,FN&COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E45a27f0b-2ba,I250,B341720009+,SY,QDEF,A%5C9008+1,,J,H2-26,,29,,34,,39,,44,,49-50,,53-78,,80-87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R207.241.232.35,FN |url-status=live}}</ref> ka ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọkachamara n'ịgwọ ahụike na mba Arab niile toro nke ukwuu.<ref name=":22" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ ''Psychiatry in Sudan'' na 1957.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Elmahboob |first=Hiba |title=Memorial of Scholar |url=https://www.napataresearch.net/2195-2/ |access-date=2023-04-09 |website=NAPATA Research & Innovation Center |language=en |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155940/https://www.napataresearch.net/2195-2/ |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-12 |archivedate=2023-04-09 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155940/https://www.napataresearch.net/2195-2/ }}</ref> Enyere el-Mahi [[w:|Dọkịta Sayensị]] site na Mahadum Columbia na Mahadum nke Khartoum.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1971, Ụlọ Ọgwụ el-Tigani el-Mahi dị na Omdurman, ụlọ ọgwụ mbụ e hibere maka ahụike ụbụrụ na Sudan, bu aha ya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Sorketti |first1=Ehab Ali |last2=Zainal |first2=Nor Zuraida |last3=Habil |first3=Mohamad Hussain |date=2011-05-24 |title=The characteristics of people with mental illness who are under treatment in traditional healer centres in Sudan |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020764010390439 |journal=International Journal of Social Psychiatry |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=204–216 |doi=10.1177/0020764010390439 |pmid=21609984 |s2cid=5964369 |issn=0020-7640 |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155401/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020764010390439 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=E A |first1=Sorketti |last2=M H |first2=Habil |date=December 2009 |title=The current situation of the people with mental illness in the traditional healer centers in Sudan |url=https://journals.lww.com/mjp/Citation/2009/18020/THE_CURRENT_SITUATION_OF_THE_PEOPLE_WITH_MENTAL.12.aspx |journal=Malaysian Journal of Psychiatry |language=en-US |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=78 |issn=2232-0385 |access-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409155310/https://journals.lww.com/mjp/Citation/2009/18020/THE_CURRENT_SITUATION_OF_THE_PEOPLE_WITH_MENTAL.12.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ 1972, n'oge nke atọ nke [[w:|Pan-African Psychiatric Conference]], e mere nkuzi iji sọpụrụ ya.<ref name=":6" /> ==== Ọrụ Odide Ihe ya ==== Edemede mbụ el-Mahi laghachiri na 1940 mgbe ọ ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ ahụike. O nyere aka n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụike, gụnyere Sudan Medical Journal na British Medical Journal. O dekwara gbasara ihe gbasara ọha mmadụ, ọkachasị ndị metụtara obodo Sudan. Na 1946, o bipụtara otu isiokwu akpọrọ "Sudan na Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ" na Journal of the Sudanese Society, bụ nke o kwuru banyere mmetụta agha ahụ nwere na ndị Sudan.<ref name=":0" /> [[File: Al-Tijānī Māḥī in 1965.jpg|thumb|el-Tigani el-Mahi na 1965]] el-Mahi bụ onye ama ama na mpaghara akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na ọgụgụ isi nke Sudan bụ onye na-etinyekwa aka n'ụzọ miri emi n'ịkwalite agụmakwụkwọ na mmepe omenala na Sudan.<ref name=":0" /> Echiche nke [[w:|pan-Arabism]] nwere mmetụta miri emi na [[w:|pan-Africanism]], wee hụ ọdịnihu Sudan dị ka akụkụ nke nnukwu mmegharị maka nnwere onwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala n'ofe kọntinent ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal | last=Salih |first=Mustafa |date=2013 | aha = Otu elegy na ebe nchekwa nke Okammụta Tigani El Mahi (Arabic poem) |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.24911/sjp.2013.1.17 |journal = Akwụkwọ akụkọ Sudanese nke Paediatrics | ibe = 119 | doi= 10.24911/sjp.2013.1.17 |issn=0256-4408 | nweta-date=2023-04-09 |archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20230413155443/https://www.ejmanager.com/mnstemps/106/106-1523536906.pdf?t=1681401283 |url-status=live }}</ref> el-Mahi bụ otu n'ime ndị tọrọ ntọala [[w:|Sudanese Writers Union]], otu òtù na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ịkwalite akwụkwọ ndị Sudan na ịkwado mmepe nke ndị edemede Sudan. O guzobekwara Institute of African and Asian Studies na Mahadum Khartoum, nke ghọrọ ebe dị mkpa maka nyocha na mmụta gbasara omenala na obodo Africa na Eshia. Emere ya onye òtù [[w:|Academy of the Arabic Language]] dị na Cairo. Na mgbakwunye na Arabic, ọ makwa nke ọma asụsụ Bekee, [[w:Hausa language|Asụsụ Hausa]], Latin, na [[w:Persian language|Asụsụ Persia]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" /> Ihe odide el-Mahi kọwara ọtụtụ isiokwu nke ọma, gụnyere akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na omenala. O dere ọtụtụ akụkọ na edemede maka akwụkwọ akụkọ na Sudan na na mba ndị mba ọzọ.<ref name=":5" /> O dere banyere mkpa agụmakwụkwọ dị na Sudan na mkpa o dị ichekwa omenala,<ref name=":2" /> wee dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere "Cultural Heritage of the Sudan" na "The Life of [[w:Muhammad Ahmad|Mohammed Ahmed Al-Mahdi]]". el-Mahi mụtara nkà mmụta ihe ochie [[w:|Egyptology]] oge ochie na mmepeanya, ma marakwa [[w:Egypt hieroglyphs|hieroglyphics]].<ref name=":5" /> Ọ sụgharịrị ọtụtụ ihe odide hieroglyphic n'asụsụ Arabic ma bipụta akụkọ banyere Ijipt oge ochie, ọgwụ na okpukperechi. O dekwara maka njikọ omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme dị n'etiti Sudan na Egypt.<ref name=":2" /> el-Mahi bụkwa onye na-anakọta arịa akụkọ ihe mere eme, gụnyere nnukwu mkpokọta akwụkwọ ozi []w:Charles George Gordon | General Gordon]] na ndetu onwe ya, nke o gosipụtara [[w:|Queen Elizabeth II]] n'oge nleta afọ 1965 na Sudan.<ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Hills |first=Mega C. |date=2019-09-27 |title=N'ime foto: Akụkọ banyere ndị otu ezin’ụlọ na-eleta Africa |url=https://www.standard .co.uk/evening-standard/insider/royals/royal-family-members-in-africa-from-the-queen-and-princess-diana-to-meghan-and-harry-a4247661.html | ohere-ụbọchị = 2023-04-09 | webụsaịtị = Standard Anyasị | asụsụ = en | Archive-date = 2023-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409133119/https://www. standard.co.uk/evening-standard/insider/royals/royal-family-members-in-africa-from-the-queen-and-princess-diana-to-meghan-and-harry-a4247661.html |url- status=live }}</ref><ref name=":22" /> Ọ chịkọtara ihe dị puku iri abụọ gụnyere mkpụrụ ego laghachiri n'oge [[w:|Alexander the Great]],<ref name=":0" /> na Akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme puku isii bụ akụkụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ mahadum Khartoum ugbu a.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":22" /><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google .com/books?id=TyEbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |title=Sudan: Librarianship, Documentation |date=1974 |Onye nkwusa=FID/DC “Mba na-emepe emepe”, Secretary |asụsụ=en | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | Archive-date=2023-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230413155346/https://books.google.com/books ?id=TyEbAAAAMAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ya ==== ===== Tupu nnwere onwe Sudan ===== el-Mahi bụ otu n'ime ndị isi na mgba a, na echiche ya na mmemme ya rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkpụzi ntụzịaka nke ịhụ mba Sudan na ngagharị nnwere onwe sara mbara. N'afọ ndị 1930, el-Mahi tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba na Sudan, ma nyere aka guzowe [[w:|Graduates' General Congress (GGC)]], otu ndị isi mba na-achị achị nke chọrọ ịchịkọta echiche ọha na eze Sudan megide ọchịchị ndị Briten. el-Mahi tinyere aka na GGC ma bụrụkwa onye na-akwado ụda maka nnwere onwe Sudan.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":22" /> N'ime afọ ndị na-eduga na nnwere onwe, enwere ọtụtụ esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ọha na eze n'ime obodo Sudan, dịka otu dị iche iche na-achọ ike na mmetụta. Ndị òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị [[w:|Sudanese Communist Party (SCP)]], nke nwere nnukwu ndị na-eso ya n'etiti ndị ọrụ obodo na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi, bụ otu n'ime ọgbakọ kacha emetụta n'oge a. el-Mahi katọrọ atụmatụ na echiche ndị SCP, ma ọ matakwara òkè dị mkpa otu ahụ na-ekere na mgba maka nnwere onwe.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":22" /> ===== Mgbe Sudan nwechara nnwere onwe ===== Sudan nwetara [[w:Independence of Sudan | nnwere onwe]] site na [[w:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan|Anglo-Egyptian Condominium]] na 1 Jenụwarị 1956, na-ekwenyeghị n'ụdị na ọdịnaya nke akwụkwọ iwu na-adịgide adịgide. Kama nke ahụ, Mgbakọ Ndị Ọchịchị nakweere akwụkwọ akpọrọ [[Transitional Constitution]], nke nọchiri [[w:List of Governors of pre-independence Sudan|ndétu aha gọvanọ ndị chiri tupu nnwere onwe Sudan]] dị ka onye isi ala nke nwere Kọmishọna Kasị Elu nke mmadụ ise họpụtara nke ndị omeiwu mejupụtara ya. Sineti a họpụtara n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè.<ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Zapata |first=Mollie |date=2011-12-13 |title=Sudan: Nnwere onwe site na agha obodo, 1956-2005 |url=https://enoughproject. org/blog/sudan-brief-history-1956 | nweta-date=2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = Ọrụ zuru oke | asụsụ = en-US | archive-date = 2023-04-11 | archive-url = https: //web.archive.org/web/20230411185034/https://enoughproject.org/blog/sudan-brief-history-1956 |url-status=live }}</ref> N'afọ mgbe obodo ya nwetara nnwere onwe, el-Mahi sonyeere ndị ọrụ ahụike Egypt dị ka onye isi mgbaka iji kwado nguzogide megide [[w:Suez Crisis|1956 mbuso agha nke Egypt]].<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":5" /> Ọ gara Egypt ọzọ na Disemba 1964 iji mee mmemme ụbọchị mmeri Egypt na [[w:|Port Said]] ya na Onye isi ala [[w:|Gamal Abdel Nasser]].<ref name=":5" />[[File:The_Second_Supreme_Council_of_State_1964-1965.jpg] |thumb|[[[Kansụl Ọchịchị Sudan nke Abụọ]] site n’aka ekpe gaa n’aka nri: Tigani el-Mahi, [[w:Mubarak Al Fadil Shadad|Mubarak Shadad]], [[w:|Ibrahim Yusuf Sulayman]], [[w:|Luigi Adwok Bong Gicomeho]] na [[w:|Abdel Halim Mohamed]] | aka ekpe]]. Agbanyeghị, gọọmentị ọhụrụ chere ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka dị iche iche ihu ka ọ na-achọ iwulite steeti Sudan dị n'otu na nke nwere ọganihu. N'agbata afọ 1956 na 1965, Sudan nwere nsogbu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọtụtụ ndị agha agha. N'ime oge a, ndị agha na-achị Sudan afọ asatọ, gụnyere oge [[Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)#Abboud Military government (1958–64)|Ibrahim Abboud's president]] (1958–1964) na [[Agha obodo Sudan nke mbụ]] (1955–1972). Mkpebi ndị agha ahụ kpalitere ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị wee kpata ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Itinye Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Sudan azụ na Track |url=https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/12/putting- sudans-political-transition-back-track | nweta-date=2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = United States Institute of Peace | asụsụ = en | Archive-date = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url = https:// web.archive.org/web/20230411185033/https://www.usip.org/publications/2021/12/putting-sudans-political-transition-back-track |url-status=live }}</ref> N'oge a, ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọrụ chọrọ mgbanwe miri emi nke mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba iji wusie ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ike, nke mere ka e nwee mmeri na ọchịchị ndị agha. Mgbe [[Sudanese October 1964 Revolution]] kwaturu General [[Ibrahim Abboud]], el-Mahi jere ozi dị ka onye otu nke mbụ [[Republic of Sudan (1956–1969)#laghachi na ọchịchị ndị nkịtị (1964–69)| Kọmiti nke Ọchịchị]], site na 3 Disemba 1964 ruo 10 June 1965, bụ onye na-elekọta Gọọmenti na-emekọ ihe ọnụ nke meghere ụzọ maka ntuli aka izugbe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Daftar Presiden Sudan {{!}} UNKRIS { {!}} Pusat Ilmu Pengetahuan |url=http://p2k.unkris.ac.id/id3/1-3065-2962/Daftar-Presiden-Sudan_99865_p2k-unkris.html | nweta-ụbọchị=2022-12-12 | webụsaịtị=p2k.unkris.ac.id |archive-date=2022-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212155849/http://p2k.unkris.ac.id/ id3/1-3065-2962/Daftar-Presiden-Sudan_99865_p2k-unkris.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdel Halim Mohamed Halim {{!}} RCP Museum |url=https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inspiring-physicians/abdel-halim-mohamed-halim | nweta-date=2023-04-09 |website=history.rcplondon.ac.uk | Archive-ụbọchị =2022-12-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221210115155/https://history.rcplondon.ac.uk/inpiring-physicians/abdel-halim-mohamed-halim |url -status=live }}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke kansụl wee si otú a [[List of heads of state of Sudan |head of state]] na 1965.<ref name=":3" /><ref name =":7">{{Cite news | date=2022-09-09 |title=Queen Elizabeth II na Africa: Na foto |asụsụ=en-GB |ọrụ=Akụkọ BBC |url=https://www.bbc.com .com/news/world-africa-62290768 | nweta-ụbọchị =2023-04-09 | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128092018/https://web.archive.org/web/ ://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-62290768 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite akwụkwọ | ikpeazụ1=Allison |first1=Ronald |url=https:// books.google.com/books?id=kIoUAQAIAAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |title=The Royal Encyclopedia |last2=Riddell |first2=Sarah |ụbọchị=1991 |onye nkwusa=Macmillan Press |isbn =978-0-333-53810-4 |asụsụ = en | nweta-ụbọchị =2023-04-11 | Archive-date=2023-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web /20230411232805/https://books.google.com/books?id=kIoUAQAIAAAJ&q=%22El+Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia |url-status=live }}</ref> ==== Ọbịbịa Elizabeth II na Sudan N'afo 1965 ==== [[File: Queen's visit to Sudan (February1965).jpg|thumb|[[Elizabeth II]] n'oge nleta ya na Sudan na February 1965. N'aka ekpe ya bụ [[Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh]], n'aka nri ya bụ el-Mahi na n'azụ ya bụ [[Abdel Halim Mohamed]]] Na 8 February 1965, [[w:|Elizabeth II]] gara Sudan wee zute El Tigani El-Mahi, Onye isi oche nke Kansụl Kasị Elu n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tibber |first=Peter |date= 2015-02-22 |title=Eme ncheta afọ 50 nke nleta steeti Queen Elizabeth na Sudan {{!}} Blọọgụ Ofesi, Commonwealth & Development Office |url=https://blogs.fcdo.gov.uk/petertibber/2015/ 02/22/50th-ememe-nke-steeti-nleta-of-Queen-elizabeth-to-sudan/ | nweta-date=2023-04-10 |asụsụ = en-GB | Archive-date=2022-12 -06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206212910/https://blogs.fcdo.gov.uk/petertibber/2015/02/22/50th-anniversary-of-the-state -visit-of-queen-elizabeth-to-sudan/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Nleta ahụ gụnyere nkwụsị na Khartoum na [[El-Obeid|El Obeid]].<ref name=":7] "> Nleta ụbọchị anọ nke Queen, nke mbụ mgbe [[w:Sudan nnwere onwe | nnwere onwe Sudan]] na akụkụ nke njem Commonwealth, jere ozi iji wusie mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Sudan na United Kingdom ike, ma gosipụta oge mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omenala. n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal | ikpeazụ=Salih |first=Mustafa Abdalla M. |date=2013 |title=Prọfesọ Mansour Ali Haseeb: Isi ihe sitere n’aka onye ọsụ ụzọ nke nyocha biomedical, dibịa. na ọkà mmụta sayensị | akwụkwọ akụkọ = Akwụkwọ akụkọSudanese nke Paediatrics | mpịakọta = 13 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 66–75 |issn = 0256-4408 |pmc=4949945 |pmid=27493377}}</ref> N’ụbọchị mbụ ya, Queen Elizabeth na Prince Philip nabatara Onye isi ala El Tigani El-Mahi na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Khartoum, tupu nnukwu igwe mmadụ anabata ha ka ha si n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu na-aga [[Republican Palace (Sudan)|Republican Palace]], ma ọ nọrọ na colonial. -era Grand Hotel dị na Khartoum, n'oge nleta ya.<ref>{{cite web |year=1965 |title=QUEEN NA SUDAN LETA EL OBEID NA KHARTOUM|url=http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=71355 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120724024827/http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id =71355 |url-status=anwụ anwụ |archive-date=24 Julaị 2012 |access-date=29 Jenụarị 2011 |publisher=Ụzọ Britain }}</ref> Na foto e sere n’oge ụgbọ ala steeti si na ọdụ ụgbọ elu Khartoum, El Tigani El - A na-ahụ Mahi ka ọ na-eguzo n'akụkụ aka nri nke ụgbọ ala eze nwanyị, ebe onye agha si n'òtù ndị agha guzo n'aka ekpe. A na-ahụkwa Prince Philip na foto a, guzo n'aka ekpe ma yikwa okpu trilby.<ref>{{Cite web |title= Keystone Press Agency - Akwa nnabata maka Queen [Elizabeth II] na Khartoum |url=https:/ /www.rct.uk/collection/2003201/great-welcome-for-the-queen-elizabeth-ii-in-khartoum | nweta-date=2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = www.rct.uk | asụsụ = en | Archive-date=2023-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411172010/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2003201/great-welcome-for-the -queen-elizabeth-ii-in-khartoum |url-status=live }}</ref> Queen England IInatakwara [[garland]] ifuru site n’aka ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ nọ na Khartoum, dịka akụkụ nke nnabata ịhụnanya ọ nwetara n’oge nleta ya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keystone Press Agency - HM The Queen in Khartoum, n'oge nleta steeti na Republic of Sudan |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2006979/hm-the-queen-in-khartoum-during-the-state-visit-to-the-republic -of-the-sudan | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = www.rct.uk | asụsụ = en | archive-date = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20230411172010/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2006979/hm-the-queen-in-khartoum-during-the-state-visit-to-the-republic-of-the-sudan |url-status=live }}</ref> Otu ihe pụtara ìhè na nleta eze nwanyị bụ ehihie [[camel racing]], nke ya na El Tigani El-Mahi gara. A hụrụ ha abụọ ọnụ na ụgbọ ala Rolls Royce ghe oghe ka ha na-aga n'ọsọ asọmpi ahụ, ya na igwe mmadụ ndị Sudan na-ekiri egwu na-ekpori ndụ.<ref>{{Cite book | last=McDougall |first=Russell |url=https: //books.google.com/books?id=Dos5EAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA370 |title=Leta si Khartoum. D.R. Ewen: Ịkụzi akwụkwọ Bekee, Sudan, 1951-1965 | ụbọchị = 2021-07-19 | onye nkwusa = BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-46114-7 |asụsụ = en | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230411232806/https://books.google.com/books?id=Dos5EAAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Tigani+El+Mahi%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA370 |url-status= live }}</ref> Nwanyị eze ahụ hụkwara ịgba egwu agbụrụ n'oge nleta ya wee gbakwụnye na mgbanwe omenala mere n'etiti mba abụọ ahụ<ref>{{Cite web |title=Epoque Limited (active 1965) - The Queen and Prince Philip rutere El Obeid na mmalite nleta steeti ha na Sudan. [Nleta steeti na Sudan, 1965] |url=https://www.rct.uk/collection/2003214/the-queen-and-prince-philip-arrive-at-el-obeid-at-start-of -nleta-steeti ha | nweta-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | webụsaịtị = www.rct.uk | asụsụ = en | Archive-ụbọchị = 2023-04-11 | Archive-url = https://web.archive .org/web/20230411172019/https://www.rct.uk/collection/2003214/the-queen-and-prince-philip-arrive-at-el-obeid-at-the-start-of-their-state -leta |url-status=ndụ }}</ref> Ndị obodo Omdurman na-anabatakwa Queen na [[Prince Philip, Duke nke Edinburgh]], gụnyere onye isi obodo [[Mansour Ali Haseeb]], na mmemme nnabata ahụ gụnyere egwu egwu ọdịnala Sudan.<ref name=": 8"> Ezenwanyị na Prince Philip letakwara El Obeid, ebe onye isi ọchịchị obodo, Sayed Suleeman Wagieallah kelere ha.<ref name=":7" /> === Afọ ndị ọzọ === Sudan nwetara oge ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke abụọ, nke a makwaara dị ka [[w:Republic of the Sudan (1956–1969)#Laghachi na ọchịchị ndị nkịtị (1964–69)|Democracy nke abụọ]]. Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche nke abụọ na Sudan na-ezo aka na oge site na 1965 ruo 1969 mgbe ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị laghachiri na asọmpi na ntuli aka, nke gọọmenti mgbanwe mere n'April na May 1965. N'ime oge a, ndị ọkachamara na ndị ọrụ radical chọrọ mgbanwe mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba. iji wusie ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ike ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'imeri ọchịchị ndị agha na-achị Sudan mbụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Sudan: Democracy and Military Coups (1958 - 1983) |url=https:// fanack.com/sudan/history-of-sudan/democracy-and-military-coup/ |access-date=2023-04-11 |website = MENA Chronicle {{!}} Fanack |language=en-US | Archive -date=2022-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928060136/https://fanack.com/sudan/history-of-sudan/democracy-and-military-coup / |url-status=live}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, oge ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya adịteghị aka dịka [[w:1969 Sudanese coup d'état|coup d'état weere ọnọdụ n'afọ 1969]] mechara, nke Colonel [[w:Gaafar Nimeiry|Gaafar Nimeiry]] megidere ọchịchị onye isi ala [[w:|Ismail al-Azhari] na Prime Minister. Mkpebi a gosipụtara njedebe nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya nke abụọ na Sudan wee hụ mmalite nke ọchịchị Nimeiry nke afọ 16.<ref name=":9"> N'ime oge ahụ, el-Mahi nọgidere na-agbasi mbọ ike n'ọhụụ ya nke mba Sudanese na njirimara omenala, ma na-akatọ ọtụtụ n'ime atumatu na omume nke ọchịchị mgbe nnwere onwe. O nwere nchegbu karịsịa maka okwu gbasara ahaghị nhata na mpaghara na mwepu nke ụfọdụ otu dị n'ime obodo Sudan, ma kwado maka usoro ntinye aka na nha anya maka ọchịchị. Otú ọ dị, o lekwasịrị anya n'ọrụ edemede ya na nke uche.<ref name=":2" /> === Ọnwụ Ya === el-Mahi nwụrụ na Khartoum na 8 Jenuarị 1970.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" /> A na-echeta ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi ọgụgụ isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Sudanese. akụkọ ihe mere eme, na onyinye ya na mgba mba ahụ na-agba maka nnwere onwe, omenala ndị Sudan, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ndụ ọgụgụ isi na-anọgide na-eme ememe site n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị na-eme ihe ike taa.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":22" /> === Edensibia === <references /> == Njikọ Mpụga== * {{Commons-inline|Category:Al-Tijānī Māḥī|al-Tigany al-Mahy}} * {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yjlU9nUlUNw&ab_channel=Sudania24TV |title=ذكري التجاني الماحي .. أبو الطب النفسي في السودان - الوراق |date=15 Jan 2019 |last=Sudania 24 TV (YouTube) |language=ar |trans-title=Remembering Al-Tijani Al-Mahi, the father of psychiatry in Sudan - Al-Warraq}} * {{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mkmmR-Q76eI&ab_channel=sayentoud |title=The Queen visit to Sudan, February 1965 |date=1965 |last=[[Pathé]] |type=YouTube}} {{Authority control}} [[DEFAULTSORT:el-Mahi el-Tigani]] [[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1911]] [[Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 1970]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Khartoum]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum London]] [[Category: Ndị ọ̀gwọ́ ọrịa si mba Sudan]] [[Category: Ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọgbọ 20th-Century si mba Sudan]] [[Category: Ndị odee nke ọgbọ 20th-century si mba Sudan]] [[Category:Egyptologists]] [[Category:Sudanese male writers]] [[Category:20th-century physicians]] [[Category:20th-century male writers]] [[Category:Anglo-Egyptian Sudan people]] 3tatpwj5exdz2o76faonl0h50f1y3rh 0 35018 672249 145556 2026-07-04T13:36:18Z Ceentia 24734 672249 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Reiterpistolelefthand.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mgbọ egbe .50 caliber (13mm) howdah nke e mere na Germany]] [[Usòrò:Reiterpistolelefthand-Detail_I.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Akpụkpọ ụkwụ nke otu égbè ahụ na-emeghe maka ibu. E mere ngwá agha a maka onye na-eji aka ekpe eme ihe.]] Mgbọ ogbunigwe howdah bụ nnukwu égbè, nke na-enwekarị barrels abụọ ma ọ bụ anọ, nke a na-eji n'Africa na India site na-akpa afọ nke iri na-eru na nwunye nke afọ nke iri abụọ n'oge ndị Ukwu Britain. Ebum na uche ya bụ iji chebe onwe ya mfe na ọdụm, agụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ nke nwere ike ihu n'ebe ndị dị iche iche.. <ref name="p22">{{Cite book|author=Maze, Robert J.|year=2002|title=Howdah to High Power|publisher=Excalibur Publications}}</ref> mechara họrọ ụdị breech-loading nke ọtụtụ barrel karịa revolvers nke oge a, n'ihi ọsọ ha dị elu na ikike ịgba ọsọ ngwa ngwa. == Okwu == Okwu ahụ bụ "mgbọ egbe''howdah''" sitere na howdah, nnukwu ikpo okwu a na-etinye n'azụ enyí. Ndị <ref name="p19">Maze. - p.19.</ref> Iji nta, ndị na-enwe na British Raj India, jiri howdahs dị ka ikpo okwu maka nta, ma-wee nnukwu ngwá agha dị n'ikiri maka ụmụaka ụmụaka dị nso. Omume nta site na nkata howdah n'elu enyí Eshia bụ nke mbụ ụlọ ọrụ Anglo-Indian East India Company mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'afọ 1790. Pistols howdah mbụ bụ onye flintlock nke enyi yiri nke ndị agha, ọ Ị bụghịkwa ruo mgbe ihe dị ka afọ 60 gachara ka a ụdị ụdị na otu ma ọ bụ abụọ. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1890 na-akpa n'afọ 1900, égbè howdah na-agbapụ na nke a na-agbapụta n'ụzọ zuru ezu bụ ihe a na-agha. == Narị afọ nke 19 == Pistols howdah mbụ na-ebu bụ obere ihe karịa égbè a na-akpụ akpụ, <ref name="p19">Maze. - p.19.</ref> nke a na-ahụkarị na .577 Snider <ref name="p20">Maze. - p.20.</ref> ma ọ bụ .577/450 Martini-Henry caliber. Nke bara uru n'ihi na onye na-achụ nta nwere ike iji otu mgbọ ahụ na égbè na égbè, yana ịbụ égbè dị ike. Mgb<ref name="p20" /> e mesịrị, ndị na-emepụta égbè ndị England mepụtara obere égbè howdah a haziri n'ụzọ pụrụ iche <ref name="p19" /> na calibres égbè na calibers égbè dị ka .455 Webley na .476 Enfield . <ref name="p25">Maze. - p.25.</ref><ref name="p20-22">Maze. - pp.20-22.</ref> ihi ya, a na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ "mpu nkehowdah" eme ihe maka ọtụtụ égbè ndị England gụnyere Mgbọ Lancaster (nke dị n'ụdị dịgasị iche iche site na .380" ruo .577"), [1] na égbè .577 dị iche iche e mepụtara na England na Europe maka oge dị mkpirikpi n'etiti-ọgwụ narị afọ nke 19. [2]howdah pistol na ya mechiri emechi breech gbagburu na a nnọọ elu ọsọ karịa a revolver nke otu caliber n'ihi na a revolver na-ata ahụhụ site na gas na-agbapụta na oghere dị n'etiti cylinder na barrel. <ref name="p20">Maze. - p.20.</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji égbè howdah eme ihe maka nchebe mberede megide anụmanụ dị ize ndụ n'Africa na India, ndị isi ndị Britain mechara bụrụ ha maka nchebe onwe, onye na ọbụna iji ya n'ọgbọ agha. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, égbè ndị na-agbapụ n'elu n'ụdị ndị ọzọ (dị ka .455 Webley) abụrụla ihe zuru ebe niile, <ref name="p20" /> na-ewepụ ọtụtụ ahịa ọdịnala maka égbè howdah. == Narị afọ nke 21 == A na-enweta mbipụta nke oge ahụ site n'aka onye na-emepụta égbè Ịtali Pedersoli na .577 caliber, .50 caliber, na 20 bore na ọkụ ọkụ. == Omenala a ma ama == Pistols Howdah egosila na omenala a ma ama dị ka ihe nkiri. The Ghost and the Darkness, usoro TV Westworld na egwuregwu vidio Battlefield 1 nke gosipụtara ụdị anọ. == Hụkwa == * Mwakpo anụmanụ * Ithaca Auto &amp;amp; Burglar gun * Mgbọ Lancaster * Ndepụta nke ọtụtụ égbè * TP-82 Cosmonaut survival pistol == Edemsibe == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Akwụkwọ == * Maze, Robert J. (2002). Howdah na Ike Ukwu. Tucson, Arizona: Excalibur Publications.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/1-880677-17-2|1-880677-17-2]].&nbsp; {{Multiple Barrel Firearms}} dy5bplcj58n3txw7mza3hjvwp48wdmj 672255 672249 2026-07-04T13:38:50Z Ceentia 24734 672255 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Reiterpistolelefthand.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mgbọ egbe .50 caliber (13mm) howdah nke e mere na Germany]] [[Usòrò:Reiterpistolelefthand-Detail_I.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Akpụkpọ ụkwụ nke otu égbè ahụ na-emeghe maka ibu. E mere ngwá agha a maka onye na-eji aka ekpe eme ihe.]] Mgbọ ogbunigwe howdah bụ nnukwu égbè, nke na-enwekarị barrels abụọ ma ọ bụ anọ, nke a na-eji n'Africa na India site na-akpa afọ nke iri na-eru na nwunye nke afọ nke iri abụọ n'oge ndị Ukwu Britain. Ebum na uche ya bụ iji chebe onwe ya mfe na ọdụm, agụ na anụmanụ ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ nke nwere ike ihu n'ebe ndị dị iche iche.. <ref name="p22">{{Cite book|author=Maze, Robert J.|year=2002|title=Howdah to High Power|publisher=Excalibur Publications}}</ref> mechara họrọ ụdị breech-loading nke ọtụtụ barrel karịa revolvers nke oge a, n'ihi ọsọ ha dị elu na ikike ịgba ọsọ ngwa ngwa. == Okwu == Okwu ahụ bụ "mgbọ egbe''howdah''" sitere na howdah, nnukwu ikpo okwu a na-etinye n'azụ enyí. Ndị <ref name="p19">Maze. - p.19.</ref> Iji nta, ndị na-enwe na British Raj India, jiri howdahs dị ka ikpo okwu maka nta, ma-wee nnukwu ngwá agha dị n'ikiri maka ụmụaka ụmụaka dị nso. Omume nta site na nkata howdah n'elu enyí Eshia bụ nke mbụ ụlọ ọrụ Anglo-Indian East India Company mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'afọ 1790. Pistols howdah mbụ bụ onye flintlock nke enyi yiri nke ndị agha, ọ Ị bụghịkwa ruo mgbe ihe dị ka afọ 60 gachara ka a ụdị ụdị na otu ma ọ bụ abụọ. Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1890 na-akpa n'afọ 1900, égbè howdah na-agbapụ na nke a na-agbapụta n'ụzọ zuru ezu bụ ihe a na-agha. == Narị afọ nke 19 == Pistols howdah mbụ na-ebu bụ obere ihe karịa égbè a na-akpụ akpụ, <ref name="p19">Maze. - p.19.</ref> nke a na-ahụkarị na .577 Snider <ref name="p20">Maze. - p.20.</ref> ma ọ bụ .577/450 Martini-Henry caliber. Nke bara uru n'ihi na onye na-achụ nta nwere ike iji otu mgbọ ahụ na égbè na égbè, yana ịbụ égbè dị ike. Mgb<ref name="p20" /> e mesịrị, ndị na-emepụta égbè ndị England mepụtara obere égbè howdah a haziri n'ụzọ pụrụ iche <ref name="p19" /> na calibres égbè na calibers égbè dị ka .455 Webley na .476 Enfield . <ref name="p25">Maze. - p.25.</ref><ref name="p20-22">Maze. - pp.20-22.</ref> ihi ya, a na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ "mpu nkehowdah" eme ihe maka ọtụtụ égbè ndị England gụnyere Mgbọ Lancaster (nke dị n'ụdị dịgasị iche iche site na .380" ruo .577"), [1] na égbè .577 dị iche iche e mepụtara na England na Europe maka oge dị mkpirikpi n'etiti-ọgwụ narị afọ nke 19. [2]howdah pistol na ya mechiri emechi breech gbagburu na a nnọọ elu ọsọ karịa a revolver nke otu caliber n'ihi na a revolver na-ata ahụhụ site na gas na-agbapụta na oghere dị n'etiti cylinder na barrel. <ref name="p20">Maze. - p.20.</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji égbè howdah eme ihe maka nchebe mberede megide anụmanụ dị ize ndụ n'Africa na India, ndị isi ndị Britain mechara bụrụ ha maka nchebe onwe, onye na ọbụna iji ya n'ọgbọ agha. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, égbè ndị na-agbapụ n'elu n'ụdị ndị ọzọ (dị ka .455 Webley) abụrụla ihe zuru ebe niile, <ref name="p20" /> na-ewepụ ọtụtụ ahịa ọdịnala maka égbè howdah. == Narị afọ nke 21 == A na-enweta mbipụta nke oge ahụ site n'aka onye na-emepụta égbè Ịtali Pedersoli na .577 caliber, .50 caliber, na 20 bore na ọkụ ọkụ. == Omenala a ma ama == Pistols Howdah egosila na omenala a ma ama dị ka ihe nkiri. The Ghost and the Darkness, usoro TV Westworld na egwuregwu vidio Battlefield 1 nke gosipụtara ụdị anọ. == Hụkwa == * Mwakpo anụmanụ * Ithaca Auto &amp;amp; Burglar gun * Mgbọ Lancaster * Ndepụta nke ọtụtụ égbè * TP-82 Cosmonaut survival pistol == Edemsibe == <references group="" responsive="1"></references> == Akwụkwọ == * Maze, Robert J. (2002). Howdah na Ike Ukwu. Tucson, Arizona: Excalibur Publications.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/1-880677-17-2|1-880677-17-2]].&nbsp; ku21aznt04bwq4fi0sygft7kqi6uoxb 0 35180 672169 638644 2026-07-04T12:20:21Z ~2026-38152-71 64053 Fixed Reference error 672169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''[[w:Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan|Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan]]''' [[w:Royal College of Physicians|FRCP]] [[w:The World Academy of Sciences|FTWAS]] ({{lang-ar|أحمد محمد الحسن}}; 10 Eprel 1930 – 10 Nọvemba 2022) bụ Ọkammụta si mba Sudan n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|pathology]]. A mụrụ El Hassan ma zụlite ya na [[w:Berber, Sudan | Berber, Sudan]]. Ọ nwetara ọtụtụ ọzụzụ n'isi ọmụmụ ahụike ya na Mahadum Khartoum tupu ọ gụchaa ma nweta nzere [[w:Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] ya na [[w:|Mahadum Edinburgh]] n'afọ 1965. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sudan, O duru ngalaba Pathology (1966–1969) nakwa [[w:Kitchener School of Medicine|Faculty of Medicine, Kitchener School of Medicine]] (1969–1971) tupu o duo nwa nkenke oge {{Ill|lt=Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research |Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Nnyocha (Sudan) |ar|وزارة التعليم العالي والبحث العلمي (السودان)}} (1971–1972). Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Medical Research Council (1972-1977), mgbe ọ na-enye aka iguzobe Ngalaba Pathology na [[w:|Mahadum King Faisal]], Saudi Arabia na [[w:|Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology]], Sudan. Na mgbakwunye, El Hassan bụụrụ onye isi ntọala nke [[w:|Institute of Endemic Diseases]] (1993-2000), [[w:|Sudanese National Academy of Sciences]] (SNAS) (2005-2011) na [[w:|Sudanese Cancer Society]] (2008-2009). El Hassan lekwasịrị anya na [[w:|epidemiology]] na [[w:|immunopathology]] nke [[w:Tropical disease| ọrịa okpomọkụ]] na ọrịa na-efe efe. N'ihi nke a, Sudan nyere ya nkwanye ùgwù kachasị elu bụ [[w:Order of merit | Order of merit]], na ụlọ ọgwụ ọrịa okpomọkụ nke steeti Sudan bụ [[w:Al Qadarif (state)|Al Qadarif]] ka a kpọkwasịrị aha ya. Na mgbakwunye, ọ natara ihe nrite [[w:World Health Organisation|WHO] nke afọ 1987 bụ [[w:WHO Public Health Prizes and Awards#A.T. Shousha Foundation Prize and Fellowship | Shousha Prize]], [[w:Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | RSTMH]] n'afọ 1996, [[w:|Donald Mackay Medal]], n'afọ 2017 – 2018 na Sheikh [[w:|Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum]]. === Ndụ na Ọrụ Ya === ==== Mmalite Ndụ na Agụmakwụkwọ Ya ==== A mụrụ El Hassan na [[w:|Berber, Sudan]], na 10 Eprel 1930.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Elhassan {{!}} Naanị saịtị UofK ọzọ |url=https://staffpages.uofk.edu/ahmed-e-hassan/ |nweta-date=2022-11-20 |asụsụ=en-US |Archive-date=27 Nọvemba 2022 |Archive-url=https://web.archive .org/web/20221127025924/http://staffpages.uofk.edu/ahmed-e-hassan/ |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-23 |archivedate=2022-11-27 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127025924/http://staffpages.uofk.edu/ahmed-e-hassan/ }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite webụ | aha = |script-title=ar:في وداع البروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن .. بقلم: البروفيسور. الوليد محمد الأمين |trans-title=Prọfesọ Ahmed Mohamed Al-Hassan Daalụ.. Onye dere ya: Ọkammụta. Waleed Mohammed Al-Ami |url=https://sudanile.com/%d9%81%d9%8a-%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9-%d8%a7%d9%84 %d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a3%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af- %. ụbọchị=2022-11-20 |websaịtị=سودانايل |asụsụ=ar |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205113/https://sudanile.com/ %D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81 %D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF -%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%A8%D9%82/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị n'oge ahụ, ọ malitere akwụkwọ ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Quran (''[[w:Khalwa (school)|Khalwa]]'') tupu ọ banye Berber Intermediate School. O mechara kwaga Khartoum iji sonyere [[w:|Omdurman]] Secondary School n'afọ 1945.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |title=Ahmed El Safi. Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan: Ihe ịrịba ama na ọrịa okpomọkụ, ọrịa ọrịa, nchọpụta ọrịa cancer na mmụta ahụike |url=https://media.tghn.org/site_finder/sites/documents/Ahmed_Mohamed_El-Hassan_his_life_and_work.pdf |ebipụta-ụbọchị =April 30, 2019 |via=Ebipụtara onwe ya |isbn=978-1096419341 | nweta-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120175615/https://web.archive.org/web/20221120175615/https:// media.tghn.org/site_finder/sites/documents/Ahmed_Mohamed_El-Hassan_his_life_and_work.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> El Hassan gara [[w:Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum|Kitchener School of Medicine]] (bụzi ngalaba Medicine, Mahadum Khartoum ugbua).<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2022-11 -10 |title= |script-title=ar:وفاة البروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن: السودان يفقد أبرز علمائه في مجال الطب والبحث العلمي - اوبن سودان يفقد أبرز علمائه في مجال الطب والبحث العلمي - اوبن سودان: The most ọwọrọetop ọnwụ nke Sudan | ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ngalaba ọgwụ na nyocha sayensị - Mepee Sudan |url=https://opensudan.net/archives/24595 | nweta-date=2022-11-20 |asụsụ = ar | Archive-date=20 November 2022 | Archive -url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205108/https://opensudan.net/archives/24595 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nweta nzere ọpụrụiche n'isi ọmụmụ ọgwụ na ịwa ahụ n'afọ 1955 mgbe ọ na-enweta ihe nrite [[w:Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener|Kitchener]] Ihe nrite ncheta maka ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ mahadum nzere ha kacha mma.<ref name=":9" /> O sonyeere Ministri Ahụike Sudan maka ọzụzụ, malite dị ka onye dọkịnta gụchara akwụkwọ ọhụrụ n'etiti 1955 na 1957, na onye ọrụ ahụike site n'afọ 1957 ruo 1958 n'ebe dị iche iche na Khartoum, Omdurman na [[w:Northern state, Sudan|Northern State]]. Ọ laghachiri na ngalaba Pathology, Mahadum Khartoum dịka onye enyemaka nnyocha.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=News & Events |url=https:// www.snas.org.sd/index.php/news-events | nweta-ụbọchị = 2022-11-20 | webụsaịtị = www.snas.org.sd | asụsụ = en-gb | Archive-ụbọchị = 20 Nọvemba 2022 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205628/https://www.snas.org.sd/index.php/news-events |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:بروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن أحد أول عشرة أطباء في تاريخ السودان |trans-title=Prọfesọ Ahmed Mohamed Al-Hassan, otu n'ime ndị mbụ ndị dọkịta na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Sudan |url=https://www.sudaress.com/akhirlahza/9413 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=سودارس |language=ar |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |Archive -url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205653/https://www.sudaress.com/akhirlahza/9413 |url-status=live |accessdate=2023-12-23 |archivedate=2022-11-20 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205656/https://www.sudaress.com/akhirlahza/9413 }}</ref> El Hassan gara n'ihu n'ọzụzụ ya na Mahadum London wee nweta nzere diploma n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Clinical Pathology]] (DCP) n'afọ 1961.<ref name=":9" /> Ọ laghachiri na Mahadum Khartoum maka nw'obere oge (1962–1963) dị ka onye nkuzi tupu ọ malite ịchụ nzere [[w:Doctor of Philosophy|doctor of philosophy]] n'isi ọmụmụ [[w:|Immunology]] na [[w:|Mahadum Edinburgh]], nke ọ dechara n'afọ 1965.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan |url=http://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/el-hassan |website=mycetoma |access-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 | Archive-ụbọchị =20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205108/http://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/el-hassan |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="nabd.com">{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:اوبن سودان {{!}} أحمد محمد الحسن: السودان يفقد أبرز علماءه في trans-title=Mepee Sudan {{!}} Ọnwụ Prọfesọ Ahmed Mohamed Al-Hassan: Sudan na-efunahụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị a ma ama na ngalaba ọgwụ na nyocha sayensị (Sudan) |url=https://nabd.com/ s/111169557-0eb438/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9% 8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8 %A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9 %8A%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D8 %A1%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8- %D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A | ohere-ụbọchị = 2022-11-20 | webụsaịtị = موقع نبض | asụsụ = ar | archive-date = 25 Maachị 2023 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230325195517/https://nabd .com/s/111169557-0eb438/%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81 %D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF -%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86 -%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AF-%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D8% A7%D8%A1%D9%87-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8 %A8-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%AB-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9 %8A |url-status=ndụ }}</ref> ==== Ọrụ Ya ==== [[File:Ahmed_Mohamed_El_Hassan_and_Mohamed_Hamad_Satti.jpg|thumb|Ahịrị mbụ site n'aka ekpe, [[w;Mansour Ali Haseeb|Mansour Haseeb]], HV Morgan na [[w:|Mohamed Hamad Satti]] Ahịrị nke abụọ, aka ekpe, El Hassan. ca. 1965]] El Hassan laghachiri na Ngalaba Pathology, Mahadum Khartoum dịka onye isi nkuzi tupu ọ ghọọ ọkammụta na onye isi ngalaba ahụ n'afọ 1966.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1969, e mere El Hassan ka ọ bụrụ Dean, Ngalaba Ọmụmụ Ọgwụ na osote onyeisi mahadum ahụ.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:في رثاء البروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن (4) .. بقلم: زهير السراج |trans-title=In Arịrị nke Prọfesọ Ahmed Muhammad Al-Hassan (4) .. Edere ya: Zuhair Al-Sarraj |url=https://sudanile.com/%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%b1%d8%ab% d8%a7%d8%a1-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1-% d8%a3%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b3% d9%86-4-%d8%a8%d9%82/ |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=سودانايل |asụsụ=ar |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https:// web.archive.org/web/20221120205107/https://sudanile.com/%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%B1%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9 %84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8% AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-4-%D8%A8%D9%82 / |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Prof. Ahmed M El Hassan - Sheikh Hamdan Bin Rashid Al Maktoum Award for Medical Sciences - HMA |url=http://hmaward.org.ae/profile.php?id=2131 |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=hmaward.org.ae |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120224704/http://hmaward.org.ae/profile.php?id=2131 |url-status=ndụ |accessdate=2023-12-23 |archivedate=2022-12-02 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202050603/http://hmaward.org.ae/profile.php?id=2131 }}</ref> El Hassan bụụrụ Minista ntọala nke agụmakwụkwọ dị elu na nnyocha sayensị, Sudan, n'etiti 1971 na 1972, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Kansụl Nnyocha (1972-1977). El Hassan sonyeziri [[w:|Mahadum King Faisal]], Saudi Arabia, dị ka ọkammụta n'afọ 1977 wee nye aka guzobe Ngalaba Pathology tupu ọ pụọ n'afọ 1979, ịlaghachi n'afọ 1981 dịka onye nduzi nyocha na Mahadum ahụ ruo afọ 1987.<ref name=": 3"><ref>{{Cite web |title= |script-title=ar:البروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن يتفقد مركز أبحاث المايستوما ومركز الحسن لأبحاث الأمرية | na-enyocha Mycetoma Research Center na Ụlọ Ọrụ Al-Hassan maka Nchọpụta Ọrịa Ọdụdọ Na-eleghara anya |url=https://sudanianews.net/2022/04/06/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%88% d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a3%d8%d%d9%85%d8%af-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85% d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b3%d9%86-%d9%8a%d8%aa%d9%81%d9%82%d8%af-%d9%85 %. .archive.org/web/20221120205109/https://sudanianews.net/2022/04/06/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9% 8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8 %A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%82%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9 %83%D8%B2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> N'agbata 1979-1980, El Hassan nọọrọ na Sudan dị ka onye nduzi nke [[w:|Tropical Diseases Institute]], ma guzobe [[w:|Institute of Medical Laboratory Technology]].<ref name=":0" /> Mgbe o si Saudi Arabia lọta n'afọ 1988, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba Pathology, ngalaba ọmụmụ ọgwụ, Mahadum Khartoum.<ref name=":8" /><ref name=":6" /> El Hassan bụụrụ onye nhazi ntọala nke [[w:|Institute of Endemic Diseases]] n'etiti afọ 1993 na afọ 2000, wee gaa n'ihu na njikọ ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị ka ọkammụta Pathology larala ezumike ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2022.<ref name=": 0"> El Hassan bụụrụ onye isi ntọala nke [[w:|Sudanese National Academy of Sciences]] (SNAS) n'afọ 2005, bụrụkwa onye isi oche nke Sudan Cancer Society n'etiti afọ 2008 na 2009.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /> El Hassan bụụrụ Ọkammụta nleta na Mahadum London, Mahadum Copenhagen, Mahadum Ahfad maka ụmụ nwanyị, na [[w:|Mahadum Ọktoba 6]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":9" /> O so na Kọmitii ndị Ndụmọdụ Nnyocha nke [[w:|World Health Organisation]] (WHO), strokes na Kọmitii ndị Ndụmọdụ Sayensị na NkànỤzụ nke Nnyocha Ọrịa Tropical, WHO.<ref name = ":9" /> ==== Nnyocha Ndị O Mere ==== El Hassan lekwasịrị anya na [[w:|epidemiology]] na [[w:|immunopathology]] nke [[w: Tropical disease| ọrịa okpomọkụ]] na ọrịa na-efe efe, karịsịa [[w:|leishmaniasis]]<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Zijlstra |first1=E. E. | ikpeazụ2=Musa |nke mbụ2=A. M. | ikpeazụ3=Khalil |nke mbụ3=E. a. G. | ikpeazụ4=Hassan |first4=IM El | ikpeazụ5=El-Hassan |first5=A. M. | ụbọchị = 2003-02-01 | aha = Post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis | url = https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(03)00517-6/abstract |journal = Ọrịa na-efe efe nke Lancet | asụsụ = bekee | mpịakọta = 3 | mbipụta = 2 | ibe = 87–98 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00517-6 |issn=1473-3099 |pmid=125 |pmid=125 ohere-ụbọchị = 20 Nọvemba 2022 | Archive-date = 20 Eprel 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420092726/http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/ PIIS1473-3099(03)00517-6/abstract |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Ghalib |first1=H. W. | ikpeazụ2=Piuvezam |nke mbụ2=M. R. | ikpeazụ3=Skeiky |nke mbụ3=Y. A. | ikpeazụ4=Siddig |nke mbụ4=M. | ikpeazụ5=Hashim |nke mbụ5=F. A. | ikpeazụ6=el-Hassan |nke mbụ6=A. M. | ikpeazụ7=Russo |nke mbụ7=D. M. | ikpeazụ8=Ahịhịa | mbụ8=S. G. | ụbọchị = 1993-07-01 | aha = Interleukin mmepụta 10 jikọtara ya na pathology na ọrịa Leishmania donovani mmadụ|url=https://www.jci.org/articles/view/116570 |journal=The Journal of Clinical Investigation |asụsụ = |issn=0021-9738 |pmid=8326000 |pmc=293600 | nweta-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/2022151517 ://www.jci.org/articles/view/116570 |url-status=live }}</ref> na [[w:Eumycetoma|mycetoma]],<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Fahal |first1=Ahmed | last2=Mahgoub |first2=El Sheikh |last3=El Hassan |first3=Ahmed Mohamed |last4=Abdel-Rahman |first4=Manar Elsheikh |last5=Alshambaty |first5=Yassir |last6=Hashim |first6=Ahmed |last7=Hago |first7=Ali | ikpeazụ8=Zijlstra |first8=Eduard E. |date=2014 |title=Ihe nlere ohuru maka njikwa mycetoma na Sudan |journal=PLOS Lelected Tropical Diseases |olu = 8 | mbipụta = 10 | ibe = e3271 |doi=10.1371/journal.pntd.0003271 |issn=1935-2735 |pmc=4214669 |pmid=25356640 |doi-access=free }}</ref> gụnyere nchọpụta, ọgwụgwọ na ọgwụ mgbochi.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Ménard |first1=Didier |last2=Khim |first2=Nimol |last3=Beghain |first3=Johann |last4=Adegnika |first4=Ayola A. |last5=Shafiul-Alam |first5=Mohammad | ikpeazụ6 =Amodu |first6=Olukemi | ikpeazụ7=Rahim-Awab |first7=Ghulam |last8=Barnadas |first8=Céline |last9=Berry |first9=Antoine |last10=Boum |first10=Yap |last11=Bustos |first11=Maria D. | ikpeazụ12 = Cao | mbụ12 = Jun | ikpeazụ13 = Chen | mbụ13 = Jun-Hu | ikpeazụ14 = Collet | first14 = Louis | ikpeazụ15 = Cui | first15 = Liwang | ụbọchị = 2016-06-23 | aha = Map nke Plasmodium zuru ụwa ọnụ falciparum K13-Propeller Polymorphisms |url=https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1513137 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine | mpịakọta=374 | mbipụta = 25 | ibe = 2453–2464 |doi=10.1056/13715 |NEJMoa 0028-4793 |pmc=4955562 |pmid=27332904}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | last1=Zijlstra |first1=E E |last2=el-Hassan |first2=A M |last3=Ismael |first3=A | ikpeazụ4=Ghalib |first4=H W |date=1994-12-01 |title=Endemic kala-azar n’ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Sudan: ọmụmụ ogologo oge gbasara ọrịa nke ụlọ ọgwụ na nke subclinical na post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis |url=https. ://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.826 |journal = The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene | mpịakọta = 51 | mbipụta = 6 | ibe = 826–836 |doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.8 issn=1476-1645 |pmid=7810819}}</ref> Nnyocha ya lebakwara anya n'ọrịa [[w:|ekpenta]] na [[w:|iba]], ma mgbe afọ 2005 gachara, ọ tụgharịrị anya ya tinye ya na [[w:|nasopharyngeal cancer]]. O nwetara enyemaka maka nyocha n'ụdị ego n'aka [[w:|World Health Organisation's Tropical Disease Research]], [[w:|Wellcome Trust]], [[w:|Danish International Development Agency]], na [[w:|The World Academy of Sciences]].<ref name=":9" /> === Ihe Nrite na Nkwanye ùgwù Ya === Gọọmenti Sudan nyere El Hassan ihe nrite ọla edo maka nyocha na sayensị n'afọ 1977, [[w:|El Neelain Order]] (Klas nke mbụ) n'afọ 1979, na [[w:Order of Merit (Sudan) | Order of Merit]] (Klas nke mbụ) n'afọ 1995.<ref name=":9" /><ref name=":0" /> O nwetara nzere [[w:|Honorary Doctor of Science]] site na Mahadum Ahfad maka ụmụnwaanyị n'afọ 2006.Okammụta Ahmed Mohamed El-Hassan Center for Tropical Medicine na Doka, [[w:Al Qadarif (state)|Al Qadarif]] State,<ref>{{Cite web | ikpeazụ=Abubakr |first=Bakri |title= | script-title=ar: افتتاح مركز بروفيسور أحمد محمد الحسن لطب المناطق الحاره بمدينة دوكه ولاية القضارف |trans-title=Mmeghe nke Prọfesọ Ahmed Mohamed El-Hasef na Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọgwụ maka Tropicl sudaneseonline.com/board/300/msg/%d8%a7%d9%81%d8%aa%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%ad-%d9%85%d8%b1%d9%83%d8% b2-%d8%a8%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%81%d9%8a%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%a3%d8%d%d9%85%d8% af-%d9%85%d8%ad%d9%85%d8%af-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%b3%d9%86-%d9%84%d8%b7%d8 %a8-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%85%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%b7%d9%82-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8 %b1%d9%87-%d8%a8%d9%85%d8%af%d9%8a%d9%86%d8%a9-%d8%af%d9%88%d9%83%d9%87-% d9%88%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d9%82%d8%b6%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%81-1285694164 ... /sudaneseonline.com/board/300/msg/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AD-%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%83%D8 %B2-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8 %AF-%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%86-%D9%84%D8%B7% D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7% D8%B1%D9%87-%D8%A8%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%83%D9%87- %D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81-1285694164.html |url-status=live }}</ref> na [[w:|EL Hassan Centre for Neglected Tropical Diseases Clinical Trials Research]] na Soba, Khartoum <ref>{{Cite web |title=EL Hassan Center maka Nleghara Ọrịa Tropical Diseases Nchọpụta nyocha ụlọ ọgwụ. |url=https://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/home-el-hassan-centre |website=mycetoma.edu | nweta-date=26 Jenụarị 2023 | Archive-date=26 Jenụarị 2023 | archive-url=https ://web.archive.org/web/20230126071737/https://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/home-el-hassan-centre |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Citation |title=Elhassan Center Maka Ọrịa Tropical Na-eleghara anya n'ụzọ ụlọ ọgwụ |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUk0ryE8GWo |asụsụ=en | nweta-date=2023-01-26 | Archive-date=26 Jenụwarị 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126071708/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wUk0ryE8GWo&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live}}</ref > ka akpọrọ aha ya na 2010 na 2016, n'otu n'otu. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù [[w:Royal College of Pathologists|Royal College of Pathologists, London]] (FRCPath) n'afọ 1964, onye òtù [[w:|Royal College of Physicians, London]] (FRCP) n'afọ 1974, <ref >{{Cite webụ |title=Prọfesọ Ahmed Mohamed EL Hassan |url=https://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/home-page/staff/110-mrc-staff/163-mohamed-elhassan |website=mycetoma | ohere-ụbọchị = 20 Nọvemba 2022 | Archive-date = 20 Nọvemba 2022 | Archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120205112/https://www.mycetoma.edu.sd/home-page/staff/110-mrc-staff/163-mohamed-elhassan |url-status= ndụ }}</ref> na onye òtù World Academy of Sciences (FTWAS) n'afọ 1996.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El Hassan, Ahmed Mohamed |url=https://twas.org/directory/ el-hassan-ahmed-mohamed | nweta-date=2022-11-20 |website=TWAS |asụsụ=en |archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/ 20221120175614/https://twas.org/directory/el-hassan-ahmed-mohamed |url-status=live }}</ref> O nwetara ihe nrite [[w:|Shousha Prize]] n'aka Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa n'afọ 1987,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=WHO {{!}} Ihe nrite na ihe nrite ahụike ọha |url=https://apps.who.int/gb/awards/e/Sousha.html |access- ụbọchị=2022-11-20 |website=apps.who.int |archive-date=19 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230219215505/https://apps.who. int/gb/awards/e/Sousha.html |url-status=live }}</ref> [[w:|Donald Mackay Medal]] sitere na [[w:|Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]] n'afọ 1996,<ref>{ {Cite webụ |title=Medal Donald Mackay {{!}} RSTMH |url=https://rstmh.org/medals-awards/donald-mackay-medal |access-date=2022-11-20 |website=rstmh. org | Archive-date=20 Nọvemba 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221120175624/https://rstmh.org/medals-awards/donald-mackay-medal |url-status= live }}</ref> na Sheikh [[w:|Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum]] Award for Medical Sciences n'afọ 2017-2018.<ref name=":6" /> === Ndụ Onwe Onye na Ọnwụ Ya === El Hassan lụrụ Amal Galal Mohamed n'afọ 1959, ha wee mụọ ụmụ nwanyị anọ.<ref name=":7" /> O nwere mmasị dị ukwuu n'ise foto na egwú. O hiwere òtù [[w:|Medical Photography]] na [[w:Medical illustration|Medical Illustration]] nke mbụ na Sudan. Ọ mụtara ịkpọ ngwá egwú [[w:|oud]] wee bipụta akwụkwọ ya ''Writings on Medicine, Music and Literature'' n'afọ 2017''.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":9" /> El Hassan nwụrụ na 10 Nọvemba 2022 n'ụlọ ya na [[w:|Al Riyadh, Khartoum]] site na ihe mkpatara osinachi.<ref name=":3" /><ref name="nabd.com" /> === Akwụkwọ Ndị O Bipụtara Ahọpụtara === * Zijlstra, E. E.; Musa, A. M.; Khalil, E. a. G.; Hassan, IM El; El-Hassan, A. M. (2003-02). [[doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00517-6|''Postkala-azar dermal leishmaniasis'']]. [[The Lancet Infectious Diseases]]. 3 (2): 87–98. doi:[[doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00517-6|10.1016/S1473-3099(03)00517-6]]. {{ISSN|1473-3099}}. <nowiki>PMID 12560194</nowiki>. * Ghalib, H. W.; Piuvezam, M. R.; Skeiky, Y. A.; Siddig, M.; Hashim, F. A.; El-Hassan, A. M.; Russo, D. M.; Reed, S. G. (1993-07). ''[https://www.jci.org/articles/view/116570 Interleukin 10 production correlates with pathology in human Leishmania donovani infections]''. [[The Journal of Clinical Investigation]]. 92 (1): 324–329. doi:[[doi:10.1172/JCI116570|10.1172/JCI116570]]. {{ISSN|0021-9738}}. <nowiki>PMID 8326000</nowiki>. * Zijlstra, E E; El-Hassan, A. M. (2001-04). [[doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90218-4|''Leishmaniasis in Sudan. 3. Visceral leishmaniasis'']]. [[Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene]]. S27–S58. doi: [[doi:10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90218-4|10.1016/S0035-9203(01)90218-4]]. * Zijlstra, E E; El-Hassan, A. M.; Ismael, A; Ghalib, H W (1994-12). [[doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.826|''Endemic kala-azar in eastern Sudan: a longitudinal study on the incidence of clinical and subclinical infection and post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis'']]. [[American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene]]. 51 (6): 826–836. doi:[[doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.826|10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.826]]. {{ISSN|1476-1645}}. <nowiki>PMID 7810819</nowiki>. === Edensibia === {{Reflist}} === Ịgụrụ Gawa === Ahmed El Safi. [https://media.tghn.org/site_finder/sites/documents/Ahmed_Mohamed_El-Hassan_his_life_and_work.pdf ''Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan: Milestones in tropical disease, pathology, cancer research & medical education''], Sudan Medical Heritage Foundation Publications (2008), {{ISBN|978-99942-899-5-0}}. === Njikọ Mpụga === * [https://m.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=5&v=plB7oELp-zI&embeds_euri=https%3A%2F%2Fdndi.org%2F&feature=emb_logo In memoriam: Prof. Ahmed M. El-Hassan], [[YouTube]] (English) * [https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=NY3N9j1FrlY A Night of Loyalty and Gratitude to the Late Prof. Ahmed Mohamed El-Hassan], YouTube (Arabic) {{Portal bar|Africa|Biography|Medicine}} {{Authority control|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:El Hassan, Ahmed Mohamed}} [[Category: Ndị òtù TWAS]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Khartoum]] [[Category: Ndị ọkachamara sayensị si mba Sudan]] [[Category: Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1930]] [[Category: Ndị nwụrụ n'afọ 2022]] [[Category: Ndị òtù Royal College of Physicians]] [[Category: Ndị òtù Royal College of Pathologists]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Edinburgh]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ na Mahadum London]] [[Category: Ndị ọ̀gwọ́ ọrịa si mba Sudan]] [[Category:Dr A.T. Shousha Foundation Prize and Fellowship laureates]] [[Category: Ndị ọrụ nkuzi na Mahadum Ahfad maka ụmụ nwanyị]] [[Category: Ndị òtù Sudanese National Academy of Sciences]] [[Category:20th-century physicians]] [[Category: Ndị ọ̀gwọ́ ọrịa nke ọ́gbọ́ a]] [[Category: Ndị si River Nile (state)]] [[Category: Ndị gụchara akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Khalwa (school)]] [[Category: Ndị natara ihe nrite orders, decorations, and medals of Sudan]] 9ca7sudq3ktai52p9c4c5dd3xa20z1j 0 35205 672248 146478 2026-07-04T13:35:15Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672248 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="ASSA">{{Cite web|title=Overbeek, Michiel Daniel|publisher=Astronomical Society of Southern Africa|url=http://www.saao.ac.za/assa/html/his-astr-overbeek_md.html|accessdate=16 August 2007|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121224170717/http://www.saao.ac.za/assa/html/his-astr-overbeek_md.html|archivedate=24 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="JAAVSO">{{Cite journal|author=Mattei|first=Janet A.|authorlink=Janet Akyüz Mattei|title=Michiel Daniel Overbeek, 1920–2001|journal=Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers|issue=2002/31|pages=65–68|date=2002|url=http://www.aavso.org/publications/ejaavso/v31n1/65.pdf}}</ref>'''Michiel Daniel Overbeek''' (15 Septemba 1920 na Ermelo, Mpumalanga, South Africa - 19 Julaị 2001 na Johannesburg), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Danie Overbeek''', bụ Onye na-amụ banyere mbara igwe na South Africa na otu n'ime ndị na-ahụkarị kpakpando na-agbanwe agbanwe. == Ndụ == Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mining and Metallurgy program na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand . N'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] ọ rụrụ ọrụ na South African Air Force ma nye ya Africa Star ma kpọtụrụ ya aha na Dispatches . <ref name="JAAVSO">{{Cite journal|author=Mattei|first=Janet A.|authorlink=Janet Akyüz Mattei|title=Michiel Daniel Overbeek, 1920–2001|journal=Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers|issue=2002/31|pages=65–68|date=2002|url=http://www.aavso.org/publications/ejaavso/v31n1/65.pdf}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMatteiFraser2002">[[Janet Akyüz Mattei|Mattei, Janet A.]]; Fraser, Brian (2002). [http://www.aavso.org/publications/ejaavso/v31n1/65.pdf "Michiel Daniel Overbeek, 1920–2001"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers'' (2002/31): 65–68.</cite></ref> agha ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na South African Airways na South African Railways. N'afọ 1945, ọ lụrụ Jean Mary Preddy, onye ya na ya mụrụ ụmụ anọ. Ọ nwụrụ na 1985.<ref name="Canopus98/10"> {{Cite journal|title=Michiel Daniel Overbeek|journal=Canopus, the Monthly Journal of the Johannesburg Centre of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa|issue=98/10|date=1998|url=http://www.aqua.co.za/assa_jhb/Canopus/c98appDO.htm}}</ref> == Nkà mmụta mbara igwe == Mmasị siri ike Daniel Overbeek nwere na nkà mmụta mbara igwe malitere na 1951, mgbe ọ malitere ịhụ ihe ndị kpuchiri na kpakpando na-agbanwe agbanwe. N'afọ 1958, ọ nwetara B.Sc. nzere na [[Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ|mgbakọ na mwepụ]] na astronomy na Mahadum nke South Africa . <ref name="ASSA" /><ref name="AAVSO">{{Cite web|title=Michiel Daniel (Danie) Overbeek, 1920 – 2001|publisher=[[American Association of Variable Star Observers]]|url=http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml|accessdate=2007-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406145003/http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml|archivedate=2007-04-06}}</ref>'oge ndụ ya, o nyere aka na nyocha 287,240 na American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO) International Database, na-aghọ onye na-enye aka na AAVSO. N'afọ 1998, ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ na-amụ banyere mbara igwe nke chọpụtara mmetụta [[Gamma-ray gbawara|mgbawa nke ụzarị gamma]] metụtara supernova. Ọ na-enyocha ike magnetik nke ụwa <ref name="JAAVSO">{{Cite journal|author=Mattei|first=Janet A.|authorlink=Janet Akyüz Mattei|title=Michiel Daniel Overbeek, 1920–2001|journal=Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers|issue=2002/31|pages=65–68|date=2002|url=http://www.aavso.org/publications/ejaavso/v31n1/65.pdf}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMatteiFraser2002">[[Janet Akyüz Mattei|Mattei, Janet A.]]; Fraser, Brian (2002). [http://www.aavso.org/publications/ejaavso/v31n1/65.pdf "Michiel Daniel Overbeek, 1920–2001"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers'' (2002/31): 65–68.</cite></ref> na ọrụ Ala ọma jijiji na magnetometer na Seismograph ọ rụrụ, ma hụ ọgba aghara ionospheric na mberede. <ref name="AAVSO">{{Cite web|title=Michiel Daniel (Danie) Overbeek, 1920 – 2001|publisher=[[American Association of Variable Star Observers]]|url=http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml|accessdate=2007-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406145003/http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml|archivedate=2007-04-06}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070406145003/http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml "Michiel Daniel (Danie) Overbeek, 1920 – 2001"]. [[Òtù America nke Ndị Na-ekiri Kpakpando Dị Mgbanwe|American Association of Variable Star Observers]]. Archived from [http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml the original] on 6 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite></ref> === Nkwado === N'afọ 1956, Overbeek ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke Transvaal Centre nke Astronomical Society of Southern Africa (ASSA). A họpụtara ya dịka onye isi oche nke ASSA ugboro abụọ: na 1961 na 1999. N'afọ 1984, e nyere ya Gill Medal, nsọpụrụ ASSA kachasị elu. <ref name="Canopus98/10"> {{Cite journal|title=Michiel Daniel Overbeek|journal=Canopus, the Monthly Journal of the Johannesburg Centre of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa|issue=98/10|date=1998|url=http://www.aqua.co.za/assa_jhb/Canopus/c98appDO.htm}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060923130145/http://www.aqua.co.za/assa_jhb/Canopus/c98appDO.htm "Michiel Daniel Overbeek"]. ''Canopus, the Monthly Journal of the Johannesburg Centre of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa'' (98/10). 1998. Archived from [http://www.aqua.co.za/assa_jhb/Canopus/c98appDO.htm the original] on 23 September 2006.</cite></ref> American Association of Variable Star Observers nyere ya onyinye Merit Award na 1986 na onyinye onye nduzi na 1994. <ref name="AAVSO">{{Cite web|title=Michiel Daniel (Danie) Overbeek, 1920 – 2001|publisher=[[American Association of Variable Star Observers]]|url=http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml|accessdate=2007-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406145003/http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml|archivedate=2007-04-06}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070406145003/http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml "Michiel Daniel (Danie) Overbeek, 1920 – 2001"]. [[Òtù America nke Ndị Na-ekiri Kpakpando Dị Mgbanwe|American Association of Variable Star Observers]]. Archived from [http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml the original] on 6 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite></ref> bụkwa onye na-enweta ọtụtụ onyinye AAVSO Observer: na 1994 maka ime 100,000 mgbanwe kpakpando, na 1997 maka 200,000 na 1999 maka 250,000. N'afọ 1995, ọ natara Christos Papadopoulos Trophy nke Transvaal Centre nke ASSA . <ref name="ASSA" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Past Amateur Achievement winners|publisher=[[Astronomical Society of the Pacific]]|url=http://www.astrosociety.org/membership/awards/pastamateur.html|accessdate=16 August 2007}}</ref> nwetakwara ihe nrite Amateur Achievement Award nke Astronomical Society of the Pacific na 1996. [1] <ref>{{Cite web|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser - 5038 Overbeek (1948 KF)|publisher=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=Overbeek;orb=1|accessdate=16 August 2007}}</ref> gụrụ asteroid Mars-crosser 5038 Overbeek aha iji sọpụrụ ya n'afọ 2000. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{s-start}} {{succession box|before=[[Donald C. Parker]]|title=[[Amateur Achievement Award of Astronomical Society of the Pacific]]|years=1996|after=[[Edward A. Halbach]]}} {{s-end}} tlz0be46zyfyxa9jdqyqj6s5857hppg 672251 672248 2026-07-04T13:37:30Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672251 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="ASSA">{{Cite web|title=Overbeek, Michiel Daniel|publisher=Astronomical Society of Southern Africa|url=http://www.saao.ac.za/assa/html/his-astr-overbeek_md.html|accessdate=16 August 2007|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20121224170717/http://www.saao.ac.za/assa/html/his-astr-overbeek_md.html|archivedate=24 December 2012}}</ref><ref name="JAAVSO">{{Cite journal|author=Mattei|first=Janet A.|authorlink=Janet Akyüz Mattei|title=Michiel Daniel Overbeek, 1920–2001|journal=Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers|issue=2002/31|pages=65–68|date=2002|url=http://www.aavso.org/publications/ejaavso/v31n1/65.pdf}}</ref>'''Michiel Daniel Overbeek''' (15 Septemba 1920 na Ermelo, Mpumalanga, South Africa - 19 Julaị 2001 na Johannesburg), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Danie Overbeek''', bụ Onye na-amụ banyere mbara igwe na South Africa na otu n'ime ndị na-ahụkarị kpakpando na-agbanwe agbanwe. == Ndụ == Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mining and Metallurgy program na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand . N'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] ọ rụrụ ọrụ na South African Air Force ma nye ya Africa Star ma kpọtụrụ ya aha na Dispatches . <ref name="JAAVSO" /> agha ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na South African Airways na South African Railways. N'afọ 1945, ọ lụrụ Jean Mary Preddy, onye ya na ya mụrụ ụmụ anọ. Ọ nwụrụ na 1985.<ref name="Canopus98/10"> {{Cite journal|title=Michiel Daniel Overbeek|journal=Canopus, the Monthly Journal of the Johannesburg Centre of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa|issue=98/10|date=1998|url=http://www.aqua.co.za/assa_jhb/Canopus/c98appDO.htm}}</ref> == Nkà mmụta mbara igwe == Mmasị siri ike Daniel Overbeek nwere na nkà mmụta mbara igwe malitere na 1951, mgbe ọ malitere ịhụ ihe ndị kpuchiri na kpakpando na-agbanwe agbanwe. N'afọ 1958, ọ nwetara B.Sc. nzere na [[Ọmúmú-ónúọgụgụ|mgbakọ na mwepụ]] na astronomy na Mahadum nke South Africa . <ref name="ASSA" /><ref name="AAVSO">{{Cite web|title=Michiel Daniel (Danie) Overbeek, 1920 – 2001|publisher=[[American Association of Variable Star Observers]]|url=http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml|accessdate=2007-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406145003/http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml|archivedate=2007-04-06}}</ref>'oge ndụ ya, o nyere aka na nyocha 287,240 na American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO) International Database, na-aghọ onye na-enye aka na AAVSO. N'afọ 1998, ọ ghọrọ onye mbụ na-amụ banyere mbara igwe nke chọpụtara mmetụta [[Gamma-ray gbawara|mgbawa nke ụzarị gamma]] metụtara supernova. Ọ na-enyocha ike magnetik nke ụwa <ref name="JAAVSO" /> na ọrụ Ala ọma jijiji na magnetometer na Seismograph ọ rụrụ, ma hụ ọgba aghara ionospheric na mberede. <ref name="AAVSO">{{Cite web|title=Michiel Daniel (Danie) Overbeek, 1920 – 2001|publisher=[[American Association of Variable Star Observers]]|url=http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml|accessdate=2007-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406145003/http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml|archivedate=2007-04-06}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070406145003/http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml "Michiel Daniel (Danie) Overbeek, 1920 – 2001"]. [[Òtù America nke Ndị Na-ekiri Kpakpando Dị Mgbanwe|American Association of Variable Star Observers]]. Archived from [http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml the original] on 6 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite></ref> === Nkwado === N'afọ 1956, Overbeek ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke Transvaal Centre nke Astronomical Society of Southern Africa (ASSA). A họpụtara ya dịka onye isi oche nke ASSA ugboro abụọ: na 1961 na 1999. N'afọ 1984, e nyere ya Gill Medal, nsọpụrụ ASSA kachasị elu. <ref name="Canopus98/10"> {{Cite journal|title=Michiel Daniel Overbeek|journal=Canopus, the Monthly Journal of the Johannesburg Centre of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa|issue=98/10|date=1998|url=http://www.aqua.co.za/assa_jhb/Canopus/c98appDO.htm}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060923130145/http://www.aqua.co.za/assa_jhb/Canopus/c98appDO.htm "Michiel Daniel Overbeek"]. ''Canopus, the Monthly Journal of the Johannesburg Centre of the Astronomical Society of Southern Africa'' (98/10). 1998. Archived from [http://www.aqua.co.za/assa_jhb/Canopus/c98appDO.htm the original] on 23 September 2006.</cite></ref> American Association of Variable Star Observers nyere ya onyinye Merit Award na 1986 na onyinye onye nduzi na 1994. <ref name="AAVSO">{{Cite web|title=Michiel Daniel (Danie) Overbeek, 1920 – 2001|publisher=[[American Association of Variable Star Observers]]|url=http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml|accessdate=2007-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070406145003/http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml|archivedate=2007-04-06}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070406145003/http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml "Michiel Daniel (Danie) Overbeek, 1920 – 2001"]. [[Òtù America nke Ndị Na-ekiri Kpakpando Dị Mgbanwe|American Association of Variable Star Observers]]. Archived from [http://www.aavso.org/aavso/membership/danie.shtml the original] on 6 April 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite></ref> bụkwa onye na-enweta ọtụtụ onyinye AAVSO Observer: na 1994 maka ime 100,000 mgbanwe kpakpando, na 1997 maka 200,000 na 1999 maka 250,000. N'afọ 1995, ọ natara Christos Papadopoulos Trophy nke Transvaal Centre nke ASSA . <ref name="ASSA" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Past Amateur Achievement winners|publisher=[[Astronomical Society of the Pacific]]|url=http://www.astrosociety.org/membership/awards/pastamateur.html|accessdate=16 August 2007}}</ref> nwetakwara ihe nrite Amateur Achievement Award nke Astronomical Society of the Pacific na 1996. [1] <ref>{{Cite web|title=JPL Small-Body Database Browser - 5038 Overbeek (1948 KF)|publisher=[[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]|url=http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=Overbeek;orb=1|accessdate=16 August 2007}}</ref> gụrụ asteroid Mars-crosser 5038 Overbeek aha iji sọpụrụ ya n'afọ 2000. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{s-start}} {{succession box|before=[[Donald C. Parker]]|title=[[Amateur Achievement Award of Astronomical Society of the Pacific]]|years=1996|after=[[Edward A. Halbach]]}} {{s-end}} fni64wtsqpolcr07vexmmvvure3vyv6 0 36008 672565 214199 2026-07-04T23:06:37Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672565 wikitext text/x-wiki   <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tunde Kelani, Falz, Bisola, Omotola win at AMVCA 2018|url=https://punchng.com/tunde-kelani-falz-bisola-omotola-win-awards-at-amvca-2018-see-winners-list/|accessdate=2021-03-13|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> Vendor <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-02|title=#AMVCA2018: Omotola, Odunlade, Falz, Ali, others win {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/282226-amvca2018-omotola-odunlade-falz-ali-others-win.html|accessdate=2021-03-13|language=en-GB}}</ref> ihe nkiri na atọ ọchị [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] nke afọ 2018 nke [[Odunlade Adekola]] dere, mepụtara ma duzie, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bada|first=Gbenga|title='The Vendor' Odunlade Adekola's new comic movie gets release date|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-vendor-starring-adunni-odunlade-adekola-gets-release-date-id8814371.html|work=Pulse NG|accessdate=1 November 2018|date=2018-09-05|archivedate=2022-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122155741/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/the-vendor-starring-adunni-odunlade-adekola-gets-release-date-id8814371.html}}</ref> onye mmeri nke ''2018 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards'' Best Actor in a Comedy. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-01|title=AMVCA 2018 : Adekola Odunlade, Omotola Ekeinde win best actor, actress|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/09/adekola-odunlade-omotola-ekeinde-win-best-actor-actress-at-amvca-2018/|accessdate=2021-03-12|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sanusi|first=Sola|date=2018-09-02|title=Omotola Jalade, Odunlade Adekola, Odunlade Adekola, others win big at AMVCA 2018|url=https://www.legit.ng/1189739-full-list-winners-amvca-2018-edition.html|accessdate=2021-03-13|work=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en|archivedate=2024-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218203955/https://www.legit.ng/1189739-full-list-winners-amvca-2018-edition.html}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Vendor 2018|url=https://mynaijang.blogspot.com/2019/03/the-vendor.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Vendor, Peppermint… 10 movies you should see this weekend|url=https://lifestyle.thecable.ng/vendor-peppermint-10-movies-see-weekend/|date=2018-09-08}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Odunlade Adekola's The Vendor is barely salvaged by a few laughs|url=https://ynaija.com/odunlade-adekolas-the-vendor-is-barely-salvaged-by-a-few-laughs-639042-2/|date=2018-09-27}}</ref> tọhapụrụ ụgbọala na adọkpụ maka ihe nkiri ahụ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018 ebe a tọhapụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ na 7 Septemba afọ 2018, [1] na oge ịgba ọsọ nke nkeji 102. [2] [3] <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-30|title=Odunlade Adekola's 'The Vendor' now streaming on Netflix|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/odunlade-adekolas-the-vendor-now-streaming-on-netflix/g7bdnxj|accessdate=2021-03-13|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> nkiri ahụ malitere <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-12-25|title='The Vendor': This Nigerian comedy is coming to Netflix soon|url=https://www.pulse.ng/bi/lifestyle/the-vendor-this-nigerian-comedy-is-coming-to-netflix-soon/41h6vlr|accessdate=2021-03-13|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-02-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240218203955/https://www.pulse.ng/bi/lifestyle/the-vendor-this-nigerian-comedy-is-coming-to-netflix-soon/41h6vlr}}</ref> Netflix na 27 Disemba 2019. [1] [2] == Atụmatụ == Ihe nkiri ahụ arrịa Odunlade Adekola dị ka Gbadebo, onye na ere akwụkwọ n' achọta ahụ na ọrịa Entitlement. Ọ dịghị enwe afọ ojuju na ndụ ya ma na ewere ọnọdụ ya ugbu a na ọtụtụ ndị ya na ha na eme ihe ihe kwa ụbọchị dị ala ọzọ ya. Ọ na ata ụta maka akara ngosi na ihe ịga nke ọma nke ndị na gburugburu ya, mana eziokwu bụ na ọ bụ nwoke umengwụ nke na eji ụbọchị ya na eme ihe ma na eme ka mbọ ndị gbara ya gburugburu mba mma. Gbadebo n'ụzọ ụfọdụ na-enweta ọnọdụ dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọala na Morayo, nwa agbọghọ bara ọgaranya, nke Adunni Ade gosipụtara. Otú ọ dị, ọkwa ya dị elu nke enweghị nchịkwa na-eme ka ọ ghara ikwe omume ka ọ rụọ ọrụ ogologo oge n'ọrụ ọhụrụ a tupu ọ banye na nsogbu siri ike. Otú <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Vendor|url=http://filmstrack.com/the-vendor|accessdate=2024-02-12|archivedate=2019-10-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003131412/http://filmstrack.com/the-vendor}}</ref> dị, o mechara mee ya, mgbe ọ zutere nna ya bara ọgaranya. == Ndị na eme ihe nkiri == * [[Odunlade Adekola]] * [[Adunni Ade]] * [[Jide Kosoko]] * [[Eniola Ajao]] * [[Ireti Osayemi]] * [[Kayode Olaseinde]] * [[Tunde Bernard]] * Bolaji Amusan == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} r7gyyljj02thz6wesq12fmq42hyd0cl 0 36044 672551 656275 2026-07-04T22:41:23Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672551 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox}} The Figurine: Araromire bụ Ihe nkiri na-akpali akpali nke Naijiria nke 2009 nke [[Kemi Adesoye]] dere, nke [[Kunle Afolayan]] mepụtara ma duzie, onye na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi. Ọ bụkwa [[Ramsey Nouah]] na [[Omoni Oboli]]. Ihe nkiri ahụ na-akọ akụkọ banyere ndị enyi abụọ chọtara ihe omimi n'ụlọ nsọ a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ n'ime ọhịa mgbe ha na-eje ozi n'ogige [[National Youth Service Corps]], otu n'ime ha ihe ihe osise ahụ laa. Ha ịma, ihe a atụ sitere na chi 'Araromire' nke na-enye afụ asaa nke ihu ọma na onye ọ kpọkọta ya, mgbe awụ asaa ahụ gwụchara, afọ asaa nke ngwaọrụ sochiri. Ndụ ndị enyi nke ahụ ahụ mgbasa kpamkpam, ka ha na-aghọ ndị mmadụ ego nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.tribune.com.ng/index.php/weekend-starter/4445-a-review-of-kunle-afolayans-award-winning-movie-figurine|title=A review of Kunle Afolayan's award-winning movie, Figurine|author=Idowu|first=Ayo|date=23 April 2010|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|accessdate=10 March 2011}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.mtviggy.com/2010/04/13/movie-review-the-figurine/|title=Movie Review: The Figurine|author=Folch|first=Christine|publisher=[[MTV Networks]] a division of [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom International Inc]]|accessdate=7 August 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100417191308/http://blog.mtviggy.com/2010/04/13/movie-review-the-figurine/|archivedate=17 April 2010}}</ref> dị, mgbe afọ asaa gasịrị, ihe malitere ịgbanwe ka ọ ka njọ. Echiche mbụ maka ihe nkiri na-akpali akpali sitere n'aka Kunle Afolayan n'onwe ya na Jovi Babs ogologo oge gara aga ma a ga-akpọ ya Shrine. Ihe odide ahụ were nwụrụ iji mezue ya na usoro were awụ ise. E sere ihe nkiri ahụ na Lagos na Osun States ruo ọnwa atọ ma nweta nkwado site na ụlọ ọrụ dị ka MicCom Golf Resort, GSK, Omatek Computers, MTN, IRS Airlines, na Cinekraft. O foto ndị mmekọ mgbasa ozi dị ka HiTV na ndị ọzọ. Enweghị ihe ngosi mmetụta n'ala, ebe ọ bụ Kunle Afolayan mere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ngosi nke ahụ na ike. <ref name="findingnollywood1">{{Cite web|url=http://findingnollywood.com/2011/01/14/the-guardian-nollywood-goes-for-new-models-to-curb-piracy/|title=Nollywood goes for new models to curb piracy|publisher=Finding Nollywood|work=The Guardian Newspaper|date=14 January 2011|accessdate=11 March 2015|author=Leu, Bic|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101520/http://findingnollywood.com/2011/01/14/the-guardian-nollywood-goes-for-new-models-to-curb-piracy/|archivedate=2 April 2015}}</ref> wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na 2009 Rotterdam International Film Festival ma nweta otuto zuru oke. <ref name="Naija Stories"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://empirenaija.com/the-figurine-by-kunle-afolayan-movie-review/|title=Movie Review – The Figurine………..(araromire)|work=EmpireNaija|accessdate=22 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180923010011/http://empirenaija.com/the-figurine-by-kunle-afolayan-movie-review/|archivedate=23 September 2018}}</ref> <ref name="autogenerated7">{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/halloween-2013-countdown-revisit-kunle-afolayans-horror-thriller-the-figurine|title=Halloween 2013 Countdown - Nigerian Director Kunle Afolayan's Horror/Thriller 'The Figurine'|publisher=Shadow and Act|work=IndieWire|date=28 October 2013|accessdate=25 April 2014|author=Obenson, Tambay A.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426202032/http://blogs.indiewire.com/shadowandact/halloween-2013-countdown-revisit-kunle-afolayans-horror-thriller-the-figurine|archivedate=26 April 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchontheweb.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art201004126484050|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20110511111028/http://www.punchontheweb.com/Articl.aspx?theartic=Art201004126484050|archivedate=11 May 2011|title=Kunle Afolayan's Figurine sweeps AMAA awards|publisher=Punch Online|accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> natara nhọpụta iri ma merie ihe nrite ise na 6th Africa Movie Academy Awards, gụnyere ihe nrite maka Best Picture, Heart of Africa, Achievement in Cinematography na Achievement na Visual Effects. Na 31 Julaị 2014, e wepụtara akwụkwọ akpọrọ Auteuring Nollywood: Critical Perspectives on The Figurine, na-akọwapụta nyocha ndị ọkà mmụta nke ihe omume na fim ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/07/22/kunle-afolayans-2009-hit-movie-the-figurine-returns-in-book-form/|title=Kunle Afolayan's 2009 Hit Movie "The Figurine" Returns in Book Form|publisher=bellanaija.com|date=22 July 2014|accessdate=2 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055901/http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/07/22/kunle-afolayans-2009-hit-movie-the-figurine-returns-in-book-form/|archivedate=8 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/saturday-beats/kunle-afolayan-lauds-book-on-figurine/|title=Kunle Afolayan Lauds Book on Figurine|publisher=punchng.com|date=July 26, 2014|accessdate=2 August 2014|author=NONYE AND TUNDE AJAJA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808041818/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/saturday-beats/kunle-afolayan-lauds-book-on-figurine/|archivedate=8 August 2014}}</ref> nabatakwara akwụkwọ ahụ na nyocha dị mma. [1] [2] <ref name="autogenerated3">{{Cite web|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/dignitaries-honour-kunle-afolayan-at-book-launch/|title=Dignitaries honour Kunle Afolayan at book launch|publisher=The Nation|work=The Nation Newspaper|accessdate=15 August 2014|author=Akande, Victor|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819085832/http://thenationonlineng.net/new/dignitaries-honour-kunle-afolayan-at-book-launch/|archivedate=19 August 2014}}</ref><ref name="allAfrica.com">{{Cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201408110152.html|title=Nigeria: October 1 Will Open New Chapter in My Life - Kunle Afolayan|publisher=allAfrica.com|work=AllAfrica|date=9 August 2014|accessdate=18 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819084941/http://allafrica.com/stories/201408110152.html|archivedate=19 August 2014}}</ref> na-ejikwa ''Ihe oyiyi ahụ'' dị ka isiokwu nke ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ na ngalaba nka nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ụfọdụ dị elu. [1] [2] == Atụmatụ == Ihe nkiri ahụ meghere na Araromire na 1908: E nwere nkwenkwe ochie ochie chi egosi Araromire nke gwara onye ka ọ gbakwunye ya n'ime ihe oyiyi a site na ụgbụ osisi a ọnụ ọgụgụ. Mgbe ndị obodo Araromire metụrụ ihe oyiyi ahụ aka, Araromire ga-enye ha akụ na nyere na ngosi na mbọ ha niile. Otú ọ dị, ọ dị mwute ikwu na ọ dị mma were afã asaa, mgbe nke ahụ, ihe niile mebiri ma dị njọ karịa ka ọ dị afọ asaa gara aga. Ihe nkuzi njọ nke ahụ bụ mgbe a ebe onye ahụ kpọsara ikike ya nwụrụ anwụ n'osimiri ahụ. Ndị obodo ahụ were iwe wee wakpo ụlọ nsò Araromire; a gbara ụlọ nsasị ahụ ọkụ ma mee ka ihe ihe nke Araromire ikike. Lagos, 2001: Femi ([[Ramsey Nouah]]) na-achọ ịga [[National Youth Service Corps|NYSC]] ya; E zigara ya na Araromire - n'oge a, nna ya (David J. Oserwe) na-arịa ọrịa siri ike (e mechara kpughee na fim ahụ na ọ na-anwụ n'ọrịa kansa). Sola (Kunle Afolayan) gara ajụjụ ọnụ ọrụ ma o doro anya na ọ nweghị NYSC, Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na klas nke atọ. A gwara ya na enweghi ike ịrụ ọrụ na-enweghị asambodo NYSC, ya mere Sola gara Dean nke ngalaba ya iji nweta ikike ya maka NYSC. Dean na-amata ya dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na-enweghị ọrụ nke na-adịghị aga na nkuzi ya. Ọ gara n'ihu na-agwa ya na ọ na-edina Mona onye na-emegide ya: nwa agbọghọ nwere ọgụgụ isi. Dean jụrụ ya ebe e zigara ya; "Araromire", ọ zaghachiri. Dean na-enwe mmasị ma wepụta akwụkwọ. Ọ malitere ịkọ akụkọ ọdịnala banyere obodo ahụ na chi nwanyị a gụrụ ya aha. Otú ọ dị, Sola enweghị ike ige ntị na akụkọ ahụ (ọdachi nke sochiri afọ asaa) ka ọ na-eji nkwanye ùgwù hapụrụ ọfịs dean na enweghị mmasị. Femi na Mona ([[Omoni Oboli]]) zutere n'ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala - E zigakwara ya na Araromire; a kpughere ebe a na ha bụbu ezigbo ndị enyi. Ha abụọ banyere bọs na-aga Araromire. Mgbe ọ nọ na bọs, Mona na-ehi ụra ma Femi na-ewepụta mgbaaka; ọ na-ele mgbaaka anya ma na-amakụ ya ka ọ na-ahụ Mona na-edina. A na-ahụkwa ya ka ọ na-ejide mgbaaka mgbe e mesịrị n'ogige ahụ. Sola mechara rute n'ogige ndị NYSC mgbe akwụkwọ ahụ nke nta ka ọ gwọọ. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ogige ahụ, na Njem ntachi obi, Femi na-agwụ ike ma malite n'ime ike iji inhaler ya mee ihe n'ihi na ọ bụ onye ọrịa ụkwara ume ọkụ. Sola na-echekwa n'azụ iji nyere ya aka. Mgbe ha nọ n'ime mma, ha mgbaàmà n'ime ụzọ dị iche nke na- ese mgbe niile n'oge na-egosi camo. Otu ihe ịrịba ahụ ma hụ ihe dị otú n'elu osisi nke na-eme ka ahụ pụta. Mmiri ihe ma ha abụọ mmetụtara ebe mgbaba n'iche apìtì. Sola jiri ọkụ ya nche ebe ahụ. Mmiri zoro ezo ma Femi si n'ahụ ike iji ihie ikuku dị ọcha. Sola irura ihe oyiyi dị n'ime oghere osisi uzuzu. N'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke Parade, Mona gwara Femi na Sola ọtụtụ ya ma ọ bụ ihe. O ụwa na ọ na-ebu nwa ya. Femi yiri ka ọ na-ekwo ekworo ma na-anwa ime ka Sola mba ịlụ di, mana Sola akwụkwọ. Sola akara ihe oyiyi ahụ ọ mụrụ n' ike apịtị wee tụba ya n'apata ụkwụ Femi. Femi si na NYSC lọta naanị iji hụ nna ya na-eme ego. A họpụta ya ka ọ gaa maka echiche iche iche n'ebe ọrụ ya n'ime nanị ụnwapụta isii a chọpụtara ya. Sola nwetarakwara ọrụ ma lụ Mona. Afọ asaa ka e mesịrị, Femi si mba ọzọ bịa ma gaa 'nzukọ' Sola. Mona (onye dị ime ọzọ) na-ewebata Femi na Linda ([[Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi|Funlola Aofiyebi]]), onye na-emepụta ejiji. N'oge niile a na-eme oriri ahụ, Femi anaghị elebara ya anya ma na-ele Mona anya onye o doro anya na ọ ka hụrụ n'anya. Lara (Tosin Sido), nwanne nwanyị Femi nke obere, na ezinụlọ Sola bi ugbu a ka Mona na-enyere ya aka na thesis ya. Otú ọ dị, a ka na-edebe ihe oyiyi Araromire na Sola. A gwọrọ ụkwara ume ọkụ Femi n'ụzọ ọrụ ebube ka ọ na-ese siga na oriri ahụ. Mona na-amata banyere akụkọ akụkọ Araromire na ọ na-echegbu onwe ya; ọ malitere ime nkwubi okwu wee malite inwe obi abụọ n'ezie isi iyi nke akụ na ụba ezinụlọ na mberede. Ọ na-achọpụtakwa na ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe mere alụmdi na nwunye ya na Sola ji bụrụ nke na-enweghị ntụpọ, n'agbanyeghị na Sola bụ onye isi na Casanova laghachiri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. Ọ gwara Lara ka ọ tụfuo ihe oyiyi ahụ mana ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ na nzuzo. O kpebiri ịtụba ya n'ime ọdọ mmiri n'onwe ya, afọ ime ya tụfuru n'ụzọ ọ na-aga ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Mgbe ya na Linda na-agba egwu na klọb, Femi na-enweta ọgụ ụkwara ume ọkụ ọzọ ka ọtụtụ afọ gasịrị. Sola malitekwara ịkpakọrịta na Ngozi ọzọ ka ọtụtụ afọ nke ikwesị ntụkwasị obi nye Mona, e mechara chọpụta na ya na Lara na-enwekwa mmekọrịta na ya na Linda nwekwara mmekọ. Femi rutere n'ụlọ ya otu ụbọchị wee hụ nna ya ka ọ nwụrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nka ya. Ma Femi na Sola mechara chụọ ha n'ọrụ. Femi welitere isiokwu nke ihe oyiyi ahụ ma tụọ aro ka ha weghachi ya na ụlọ nsọ; N'agbanyeghị na Sola ekwetaghị na ihe atụ na-akpata ihe ọjọọ niile, o kwetara. Junior (Tobe Oboli), nwa mbụ Sola, nwụkwara site n'ịdapụta n'ụlọ ahụ mgbe ọ na-agbalị ịbịakwute nne ya - nna ya na nne ya na-enwe nnukwu esemokwu na ihe oyiyi ahụ gbara ọkụ. Otú ọ dị, ihe oyiyi ahụ na-alaghachi ọzọ. Mgbe ahụ, Sola na Femi malitere iweghachi ihe oyiyi ahụ. Mona, nke na-eji mba n'obi, chụpụrụ Lara n'iche ya na-ekwere na ebe nwa ya nwoke ka oyiyi (ọ ga-eso ya n'oge Junior nwere ihe ike ahụ). Igbe Lara na-akpa mgbe ya na Linda na-alụ ogụ onye na-atụfu ihe ya ma na-akwapụ ya n'ime akwụkwọ ahụ. Ọtụtụ ihe oyiyi; yiri nke dị na igbu Sola na-amalite site na igbe Lara. O doro anya na ọ bụ ya agba 'nlaghachi nke ihe oyiyi ahụ' oge ọ gbakwunye tụpụrụ ya! A ma ama ya ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi pụta na-ibu na nwanne ya nwoke, Femi, na-achịkwa ya. Femi na Sola rutere na Araromire Shrine iji guzo ihe oyiyi ahụ; mmiri mmiri nsogbu ma ọ dịghị ebe a ga-ahụ Femi. Mgbe Sola na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-achọ Femi, Femi gburugburu site na iji osisi tie ya ihe. Femi la mgba Lagos ma Linda zutere ya, onye Lara sere. Femi na-akwado eziokwu site n'i ọtụtụ ihe nke na-egosi na Araromire niile nwere ihu ọma na ihe bụ ihe ọchị nke ọ haziri iji gbuo Sola ma mee ka Mona bụ onwe ya. Ọ na-ekwu na ha akara ọrụ, Ọnwụ nna ya na ụkwara ume ọkụ ya 'ihe ike'. O mechara gbuo Linda ma tụfuo ozu ya n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Mgbe ọ na-abụ, ọ nwere ọrịa ụkwara ume ọkụ ya ma nye Lara iwu ka o wetara ya inhaler ya, mana ọkpara; kama nke ahụ, ọ pụta 'Rapid Response Squad' ka ha kpọkọ ogbugbu nwanne ya nwoke. Femi na-agba mbọ ịrịgo n'elu. Ọ na-ገፋ n'ahụ Mona aka, ọ na- -hụ mgbaaka Sola na onye ọrụ aka ya ma jiri mgbaaka ya mkpa ya (nke ọ na-ele anya mgbe niile na mbụ). Ndị Rapid Response Squad rutere ma kwuo na Femi anwụọla. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == [[Usòrò:Funlola_Raimi_004.jpeg|thumb|A kọwawo Aofiyebi dị ka onye "na-eme ka ihuenyo" na The Figurine<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.ng/article/revisiting-figurine|title=Revisiting The Figurine|publisher=Daily Times NG|work=Daily Times Newspaper|date=14 March 2012|accessdate=21 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120504084031/http://dailytimes.com.ng/article/revisiting-figurine|archivedate=4 May 2012|author=Olofintuade, Ayodele}}</ref><ref name="Nollywood Reinvented">{{Cite news|url=http://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2012/04/figurine-araromire.html|title=The Figurine (Araromire)|publisher=Nollywood Reinvented|accessdate=20 April 2012}}</ref>]] * Ramsey Nouah dị ka Femi, onye na-amaghị ama nke hụrụ enyi ya n'anya - Mona, mmetụta ịhụnanya a na-emeri ya ruo mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye na-enweghị uche na onye na-eme ihe ike. Ọ na-ahazi atụmatụ iji nwetaghachi ịhụnanya ya site n'ime ka 'akụkọ ifo Araromire' bụrụ eziokwu. Nouah egosila ịhụnan<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cp-africa.com/2011/02/07/interview-ramsey-noah-talks-nollywood-future-plans/|title=Interview: Ramsey Nouah talks Nollywood, future plans|publisher=Celebrating Progress Africa|accessdate=7 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209101002/http://www.cp-africa.com/2011/02/07/interview-ramsey-noah-talks-nollywood-future-plans/|archivedate=9 February 2011}}</ref> maka ọrụ ya na ihe nkiri a na ihe nkiri ahụ dum n'ọtụtụ oge. O kwuru na ihe nkiri ahụ nwere ihe niile Nollywood na-enweghị n'ịkọ akụkọ n'oge ahụ ma nwee obi ụtọ na ihe nkiri na-esi na Nollywood apụta. <ref name="MTV Iggy">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtviggy.com/interviews/an-intimate-chat-with-the-figurines-kunle-afolayan-and-ramsey-nouah/|title=An Intimate Chat with The Figurine's Kunle Afolayan and Ramsey Nouah|publisher=MTV Iggy|accessdate=27 April 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006083600/http://www.mtviggy.com/interviews/an-intimate-chat-with-the-figurines-kunle-afolayan-and-ramsey-nouah/|archivedate=October 6, 2013}}</ref> kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ na The Figurine bụ naanị ihe nkiri ọ mere nke ọ dị njikere igosi ụmụ ya mgbe ha toro. * Omoni Oboli dị ka Mona, ezigbo enyi Femi nke na-amaghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na Femi hụrụ ya n'anya nke ukwuu ka ọ hụrụ Sola n'anya, onye bụkwa ezigbo enyi Fimi, mana Sola maara na Femi nwere mmasị na Mona. Mona mechara lụọ Sola mgbe ọ tụụrụ ime maka ya. Oboli kwuru na ọ na-amasị ya Kunle Afolayan dị ka onye nduzi ma ọ chọrọ ịmụta ọtụtụ ihe n'aka ya ka ọ na-atụ anya ịghọ onye nduzi n'onwe ya. O kwukwara na ọ na-akpata nrụgide na setịpụ ka ya na ezigbo nwa ya nwoke (Tobe Oboli) na-agbapụ, n'ihi ya, ọ ghaghị ilekọta nwa ya nwoke ma chebe ya pụọ na Kunle na Ramsey ndị ga-achọ ikwu maka "ihe ndị okenye" na setịpụrụ. <ref name="youtube.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6P2SbfcpbI|title=Behind The Scene Of Figurine|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=5 April 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524023804/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I6P2SbfcpbI|archivedate=24 May 2014}}</ref> ka o si kwuo, ebe a dọbara ya na steepụ siri ike ka a na-agba ya ugboro ugboro ma nwee ọtụtụ mmerụ ahụ n'ihi ya. * Kunle Afolayan dị ka Sola, onye Casanova na-adịghị echebara echiche nke chọtara Araromire dị omimi mgbe ọ na-eje ozi dị ka ndị ntorobịa ma kpọrọ ya laa n'ụlọ. N'agbanyeghị ụzọ nnupụisi ya na akara dị egwu, ọ na-enweta ọrụ, lụọ Mona, baa ọgaranya ma zụlite ezinụlọ magburu onwe ya ruo mgbe ihe malitere ịgbanwe mgbe afọ asaa gasịrị. Afolayan, onye bụkwa onye nduzi nke ihe nkiri ahụ kwuru na ọ bụ ihe na-akpali akpali ime ihe nkiri. Onye nduzi nka Pat Nebo kwuru <ref name="youtube.com" /> "Kunle gosipụtara ntozu oke mgbe ọ dị mkpa; ya mere ọ ga-eme ihe, wee laghachi na nduzi". * [[Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi|Funlola Aofiyebi]] dị ka Linda, onye na-emepụta ejiji na-apụ apụ nke na-achọsi ike ịlụ di n'ihi afọ ndụ ya. Ọ na-ejedebe na Femi onye ka hụrụ Mona n'anya. * Tosin Sido dị ka Lara, nwanne nwanyị Femi nke ọ ga-eji mezuo atụmatụ ya. Ọ na-enye ya ọtụtụ ihe oyiyi nke nna ha bụ onye na-ese ihe iji menye Sola na Mona egwu ka ha kewaa. Nke a bụ ọrụ ihe nkiri mbụ Tosin Sido. <ref name="youtube.com" /> bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri a nyochara ka ha mee nwanne nwanyị Femi nke obere ma nweta ọrụ ahụ. * David J. Oserwe dị ka nna Femi, onye na-ese ihe. Ọ na-enyere Femi aka ime ihe oyiyi 'nke adịgboroja'; na-ekwere na ọ na-ere ha na ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke ọdịda anyanwụ. * Kate Adepegba dị ka Ngozi, otu n'ime ndị agadi nwanyị Sola na-emebu; ọ ka na-aghọgbu Mona mgbe ọ lụsịrị di. * Muraina Oyelami dị ka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Sola * Wale Adebayo dị ka Onye isi ogige * Ombo Gogo Ombo dị ka Araromire Priest Ọ bụ onye na-agụ nke Lagbaja mere ahụ ahụ na ihe nkiri ahụ. Pat Nebo, onye ntụziaka nka, mere onye na-edeba aha, na-egosi na emume, Sola na Mona. Yomi Fash Lanso mere ngosi Femi na ihe nkiri ahụ. Jide Kosoko mere onye isi oche na-anya onwe ya ma ike ya n'ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri ahụ. Onye na-eme ihe ntecha na setịpụ, Lola Maja mekwara akwụkwọ n'ebe a kpọgara Junior n' ọgwụ ọgwụ. Ọ bụkwa akara nke bịara nye Mona ọgwụ ya, na-eme ka ọ pụta ìhè na ngosipụta nke ihe nkiri ahụ. == Mmepụta == === Ọganihu === Ego Figurine bịara mgbe a jụrụ ọtụtụ ajụjụ banyere Nollywood, banyere ọkwa nke ọkara na enweghị ezigbo nhazi na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. <ref name="MTV Iggy"/> The Figurine, ọ bụ naanị ihe nkiri ole na ole ka a ga-egosi na ụlọ ihe nkiri dị ka Nollywood bụ ụlọ ọrụ vidio na ịchịkwa.Kunle Afolayan na-eche ihe ịma aka ime ihe dị iche nke ga-anabata n'ụwa niile. Echiche mbụ maka ihe nkiri na-akpali akpali sitere n'aka Kunle Afolayan n'onwe ya na Jovi Babs ogologo oge gara aga ma a ga-akpọ ya Shrine. N'afọ 2006, Kunle Afolayan zutere onye edemede, Kemi Adesoye, a bịanyere ya aka dee edemede maka ihe nkiri ahụ. E nyere edemede mbụ nke Kunle Afolayan dere. Mgbe ọ edemede ahụ, ọ gwara onye ntụziaka ahụ "Ọ bụ ihe ọchị, ọ bụghị ihe na-akpali akpali". <ref name="africanscreens.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.africanscreens.com/africanfilms/read_interview.php?interviews_id=3|title=The Figurine unveiled: Kunle Afolayan speaks about his latest film|publisher=African Screens|accessdate=12 November 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417213038/http://www.africanscreens.com/africanfilms/read_interview.php?interviews_id=3|archivedate=17 April 2012}}</ref><ref name="youtube.com"/> ga-ewepụ ihe odide ahụ ma mechaa dee ụdị ihe nkiri anọ ọzọ dị iche iche nke ihe nkiri na-akpali akpali na aha Shrine. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijastories.com/2012/01/the-figurine-araromire-the-movie-review/|title=The Figurine (Araromire) – Movie Review|publisher=Naija Stories|accessdate=19 January 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120122073242/http://www.naijastories.com/2012/01/the-figurine-araromire-the-movie-review/|archivedate=22 January 2012}}</ref> ghaghị ịnwụ anya mgbe ị na-ede edemede ahụ ka ọ mba na-amara ndị mmadụ; dị ka onye nduzi nka, Pat Nebo si kwuo, "ibi na ndị bụ agha n'etiti akara anyị na akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ onwe n'ụzọ dị iche iche". <ref name="youtube.com" /> [3] Ihe odide maka ihe nkiri ahụ were ọnwa itoolu iji mezue ya na mmepe mmepe were afọ ise. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stripesarticles.wordpress.com/2013/01/28/movie-review-the-figurine-araromire/|title=Movie Review – The Figurine………..(araromire)|publisher=Stripes Articles|date=28 January 2013|accessdate=16 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006163353/http://stripesarticles.wordpress.com/2013/01/28/movie-review-the-figurine-araromire/|archivedate=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="nigeriafilms.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigeriafilms.com/content.asp?contentid=4742&ContentTypeID=1|title=Behind The Scenes At Shoot Of Kunle Afolayan's New Film|publisher=Nigeria Films|accessdate=11 April 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419003652/http://www.nigeriafilms.com/content.asp?contentid=4742&ContentTypeID=1|archivedate=19 April 2009}}</ref>'ime oge ndị a, Kunle Afolayan gbara ihe nkiri akpọrọ 'Irapada'; ihe nkiri ọzọ na-akpali akpali nke o kwuru na ọ bụ naanị "nnwale". [1] Mgbe <ref name="africanscreens.com" /> hụrụ ihe ịga nke ọma nke Irapada, ọ laghachiri na The Figurine . [1] <ref name="youtube.com"/>youtube.com ka Kunle si kwuo, a na-etinye ego niile o chekwara na fim ahụ. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ihe nkiri ahụ ikike nkwado site n'ụdị ụdị na ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ MicCom Golf Resort, GSK, Omatek Computers na ihe ndị ọzọ. <ref name="nigeriafilms.com"/>emechara ihe nkiri ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ batara dịka MTN, IRS Airlines, Cinekraft na ndị mmekọ mgbasa ozi dị ka HiTV na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ. === Ihe osise nke Araromire === N'ịmepụta ihe a kpụrụ akpụ nke ihe oyiyi 'Araromire', onye na-ese ihe kwuru na, dị ka ọ akụkọ ihe nkiri ahụ, ihe a kpuru akpụ inwe njikọ na ihe mere eme nke Afrịka ma n'otu oge ahụ nweere onwe ya. Ịdị nke dị ka ara (mmiri ara). A na-agba dị oké ọnụ ahịa nke na-egosi ụdị ike ụfọdụ. <ref name="youtube.com"/>, onyinyo ahụ gba ọtọ, n'ihi na ndụ n'onwe ya gba ọtọ. === Ihe nkiri === <ref name="africanscreens.com"/> sere ihe nkiri ahụ na Lagos na Ada, Osun State ruo ọnwa atọ. <ref name="youtube.com"/> gosipụtara ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ndị njem nleta na Osun na ihe nkiri ahụ site na ime ihe nkiri na nsụda mmiri, ugwu na ọhịa. MicCom Golf <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theguardianlifemagazine.blogspot.com/2009/05/figurine-is-revolution.html|title=Figurine is a revolution|publisher=The Guardian Life Magazine|work=The Guardian Life Magazine|date=25 May 2009|accessdate=17 August 2014|author=Husseini, Shaibu|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090624/http://theguardianlifemagazine.blogspot.com/2009/05/figurine-is-revolution.html|archivedate=19 August 2014}}</ref> Hotel Resort nyere ebe obibi n'efu maka ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị ọrụ mgbe ha na-agba na Osun State, a gbagburu ụfọdụ ihe nkiri na ihe nkiri ahụ na ebe ezumike ahụ. mbụ ọrụ eme ihe nkiri ahụ sitere na Jungle Film Works; ikike ebe dị na ngwá n'oge ahụ iji ọrụ ọrụ niile dị mkpa maka nnukwu ike. Ihe nkiri Jungle Works mechara banye n'ụgbọ ahụ dị ka ndị na-ekiri ihe nkiri ahụ. Enweghị ihe ngosi anya n'ala, ihuenyo Kunle Afolayan mere ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ngosi ngosi ebe onye ngosi na-ese n'elu oyiyi ahụ; Kunle Afoleyan nọ n'okpuru mmiri na-ebuli Ombo elu. Mayowa Adebayo mekwara ihe ndị ọzọ. Maka ihe nkiri nke Shrine ebe mmiri ozuzo dị mkpa, ndị ọrụ ahụ nọ n'otu obodo dị na steeti Osun ka ha wee ndị ọrụ mgbanyụ ọkụ si ọkụ n'obodo ahụ iji nyere aka. N'ụbọchị mbụ nke ịgba égbè, egwu egwu zuru ezu maka mmiri iji ikike dị mkpa; mmiri ahụ mechara gwọọ ma kagbuo ịgba égbè ahụ maka ụbọchị ahụ ma gbaa ya ọzọ n'echi ya. E nwere ọtụtụ ihe ntecha na iche iche eji mee ihe na Ombo (onye kwụ); Ọ bụghị agadi, agadi e ekiri ihe osise ahụ, a ga-etinye akpa akpụkpọ ahụ n'ihu ya, a ga na-etinye ogologo ntutu isi a na-anya ya iji mee ka ọ dị egwu ma tinye ndị adịgboroja n'anya ya. Dị ka edemede ahụ si kwuo, ụlọ Sola na Mona bi ezinụlọ ụlọ Lagoon. O were izu atọ; Kunle na onye njikwa ebe, Biodun Apantaku gara ụlọ niile dị na Lagos Island, mana ọ dịghị onye ga-ahapụ ụlọ ya maka ihe nkiri. E mechara mbilite ihe ahụ: Onye na-ahụ ihe ahụ ga-ewu ihe owuwu ma chọ dị mkpa nke ụlọ ahụ (ọnụ ụlọ ala, kichin na ụlọ ihe ahụ). Otú ọ dị <ref name="youtube.com"/> dị, e mepụtara ihe nkiri ole na ole; dịka ọmụmaatụ, e guzobekwara ụlọ apịtị ebe a hụrụ ihe oyiyi ahụ. N'otu ụbọchị a na-agba égbè, ndị ọrụ ahụ na-anwa ngwaọrụga ngwá ọrụ niile n'achọetiti ahụ site n'ọpọ mmiri, ihe generator: nwụ mmiri ahụ tụ ma afa ịgba égbè ihe ọmụmụ otu izu. Mgbe ha dị iche, e obere generators. <ref name="MTV Iggy"/>'ihi ọkụ ndị dị arọ ha na-eji; Otu n'ime ndị na-emepụta ihe mebiri emebi na ihe niile e wetara gbawara: batrị, chaja gbara ọkụ ma kagbuo Shoot ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị ọzọ. === Egwú na ụdaolu ===  {{Album ratings|rev1=[[Nollywood Reinvented]]|rev1Score={{Rating|4.5|5}}<ref name="Nollywood Reinvented" />|noprose=yes}}<ref name="Harbiodinho" /><ref name="Infolodge" /> "Araromire" nke Wale Waves bụ otu n'ime ihe nkiri a na-atụ anya ya na nke a na-eto nke ọma nke afọ 2000 ma a na-aja Wale Waves mma mgbe niile maka olu ya mara mma ma dị ike na abụ ahụ. <ref name="Naija Stories">{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijastories.com/2012/03/araromire-the-figurine-a-movie-review-by-femiowolabi/|title=Araromire The Figurine: A Movie Review by fEMIoWOLABI|publisher=Naija Stories|accessdate=17 March 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329223639/http://www.naijastories.com/2012/03/araromire-the-figurine-a-movie-review-by-femiowolabi/|archivedate=29 March 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. </cite></ref> <ref name="Nollywood Reinvented"/> <ref name="Harbiodinho">{{Cite web|url=http://www.harbiodinho.com/2013/09/press-release-araromire-the-figurine-movie-soundtrack-set-to-be-released/|title=[PRESS RELEASE] Araromire (The Figurine) Movie Soundtrack Set To Be Released|publisher=Harbiodinho.com|date=22 September 2013|accessdate=31 May 2014|author=Harbiodinho, Alan|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227062911/http://www.harbiodinho.com/2013/09/press-release-araromire-the-figurine-movie-soundtrack-set-to-be-released/|archivedate=27 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="Infolodge">{{Cite web|url=http://infolodge.net/blog/blog/2013/09/25/music-araromire-figurine-movie-soundtrack-wale-waves/|title=Music : Araromire (The Figurine Movie Soundtrack) – Wale Waves|publisher=Infolodge|accessdate=25 September 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925210627/http://infolodge.net/blog/blog/2013/09/25/music-araromire-figurine-movie-soundtrack-wale-waves/|archivedate=25 September 2013}}</ref> bụ Wale Waves bụrụ abụ ahụ, nke Netto na George Nathaniel mepụtara n'okpuru akara egwu Cisum Entertainment. Africalypso bụ abụ Lagbaja si Africano.''Onye Afrịka...''<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lagbaja.com/shop/shop-mother.php|title=Lagbaja: Africano...the mother of groove|publisher=Lagbaja|work=Motherlan' Music|accessdate=25 February 2014|author=Lagbaja|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227054123/http://www.lagbaja.com/shop/shop-mother.php|archivedate=27 December 2014}}</ref>''nne nke groove'' album nke 2005 ma bụrụ nke Motherlan 'Music label mepụtara. ==== Ndepụta egwu ====   == Ntọhapụ == === Tupu ntọhapụ na nkwalite === Dị ka Kunle Afolayan si kwuo, ọ dị mkpa iru ndị na-ege ntĩ na otu ụzọ dị mma bụ site na na-enyere aka dị ka Facebook, Twitter na YouTube. Mgbe a na-ahụ ihe nkiri ahụ, a na-etinye foto nke ihe nkiri na ebe na ibe otu e sere maka The Figurine. O ịhụ na anya ọzọ dị mkpa bụ 'okwu ọnụ' nke ihe nkiri ahụ ritere uru nke ukwuu. <ref name="Africanscreens">{{Cite news|url=http://www.africanscreens.com/africanfilms/read_interview.php?interviews_id=3|title=The Figurine unveiled: Kunle Afolayan speaks about his latest film|publisher=Africanscreens|accessdate=2013-12-07}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/news/329627-top-nigerian-movies-to-look-out-for.html|title=Top Nigerian movies to look out for|publisher=OnlineNigeria News|work=Nigeria News|date=3 January 2014|accessdate=24 April 2014|author=Osaseye|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140425023844/http://news2.onlinenigeria.com/news/329627-top-nigerian-movies-to-look-out-for.html|archivedate=25 April 2014}}</ref> tọhapụrụ ihe ngosi n'oge ọnwa ndị mbụ nke afọ 2009 na ihe nkiri ahụ kpaliri atụmanya n'etiti ndị na-akwado ihe nkiri. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uPa9aRwdzKs|title=THE FIGURINE 'araromire' Cinema promo|author=Afolayan|first=Kunle|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=1 October 2009}}</ref> tọhapụrụ trailer mbụ maka ihe nkiri ahụ na 10 Ọgọstụ 2009 [1] ma wepụtakwa mgbasa ozi Cinema maka ọha na eze na [[October 1 (film)|October 1]], 2009 <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6ym2XtmMaCQ|title=Trailer1|author=Afolayan|first=Kunle|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=10 August 2009}}</ref> === Mbụ === Ihe nkiri ahụ ihe nkiri ahụ na mmemme nkiri nkiri The [[London]] African Film Festival, New York African Film Festival.Golden Effects Pictures na Silverbird kesara ihe nkiri ahụ na-ekiri. Emere ya na Lagos na 2 Ọktoba 2009 ma mesịa gosipụta ya n'Africa, Europe, America na Eshia. <ref name="Africanscreens"/> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXAUpoEZnmo|title=Figurine - Nigerian Nollywood Movies|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=28 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140627092400/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qXAUpoEZnmo|archivedate=27 June 2014}}</ref> na-akpọkwa mbipụta ya na French na aha La Figurine [1] yana Spanish na aha Figurilla <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DpXrwUAsUQ|title=Figurine - Nigerian Nollywood Movies|publisher=YouTube|accessdate=28 January 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422212718/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0DpXrwUAsUQ|archivedate=22 April 2014}}</ref> maka ndị na-ege ntị. == Nnakwere == === Mmeghachi omume === A na-eto ''Ihe oyiyi ahụ'' nke ọma. <ref name="autogenerated5">{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtviggy.com/articles/movie-review-the-figurine/|title=Movie Review: The Figurine|publisher=MTV IGGY|work=MTV|date=13 April 2010|accessdate=16 August 2014|author=Folch, Christine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083208/http://www.mtviggy.com/articles/movie-review-the-figurine/|archivedate=19 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stripesarticles.wordpress.com/2013/01/28/movie-review-the-figurine-araromire/|title=Movie Review – The Figurine………..(araromire)|publisher=Stripes Articles|accessdate=28 January 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224112308/http://stripesarticles.wordpress.com/2013/01/28/movie-review-the-figurine-araromire/|archivedate=24 December 2013}}</ref> na-eto ya maka ihe nkiri ya kachasị elu, ihe nkwado, na maka ịbụ ihe nkiri iji mechaa mebie jinx nke mediocrity na Nollywood na maka iduzi ọmụmụ mgbanwe nke ihe a kpọrọ ''New-Nollywood''. <ref name="Naija Stories"/> <ref name="autogenerated7"/> <ref name="Agina, Anuli">{{Cite web|url=http://www.smc.edu.ng/downloads/anuli.pdf|title=A REVIEW OF KUNLE AFOLAYAN'S THE FIGURINE (2010)|publisher=School of Media and Publication|work=[[Pan-African University]]|accessdate=18 August 2014|author=Agina, Anuli}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAgina,_Anuli">Agina, Anuli. </cite></ref> Nollywood Reinvented toro ihe nkiri ahụ maka ihe nkiri ya mara mma, ndị olu a na-echeta echefu, nna nna ziri ezi, 'ihe oyiyi ahụ' na otu esi eji ihe ndị ọzọ mee ihe iji ghara ikwu ihe nkiri ahụ. <ref name="Nollywood Reinvented"/> ihe nkiri ahụ 74% wee dee "Cinema bụ nka. Kunle Afolayan mara Cinema, ya mere na-agba ọsọ iwu dị mfe nke ezi uche, Kunle Afolayan bụ onye na-ese ihe". <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://tosinjohnson.com/the-figurine-movie-review/|title=The figurine movie Review|author=Johnson|first=Tosin|publisher=TosinJohnson.com|accessdate=2013-12-24}}</ref> Johnson dere, sị: "A pure African Story, The Figurine Open us into a quite new genre in African story telling - A Psychological thriller. A na-eweta nke a na-akpali akpali na-akpụ akpụ na ọtụtụ ejiji.". <ref name="DSTV"/> Ewoigbokhan nke DStv toro ndị Afolayan na-akọ ike ma kwuo, sị: "Kunle Afolayan's The Figurine na-eme ka ihe siri ike nke na- atụgharị ihe nkiri na-abụ ma site na ihe nkiri a ọ na-enwe ka ndị na-ekiri ya chee echiche ihe. ihe nkiri ahụ - ọ bụghị naanị ịhụ ya Ndị na-ekiri The Figurin: Araromire ga-ahapụ ihe nkiri ahụ ma ọ bụghị obi ụtọ ma ọ bụ mwute. ihe ga-emeju anyị ime: mee ka anyị chee echiche. " <ref name="autogenerated8">{{Cite web|url=http://www.elitisti.net/arvostelu/2011/04/002353/the_figurine_2010_afolayan_kunle.html|title=The Figurine (2010)|publisher=elitisti.net|work=Elitisti|date=20 April 2011|accessdate=9 May 2014|author=Maatta, Sakari|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512223401/http://www.elitisti.net/arvostelu/2011/04/002353/the_figurine_2010_afolayan_kunle.html|archivedate=12 May 2014}}</ref> Maatta nke Elitisti, magazin ihe nkiri Finnish n' ịntanetị nyere ɔkwan nke 2.5 n'ime ugboro 5 wee mechie: "Ihe oyiyi ahụ na- nọmba ọnụ ọgụgụ nke isiokwu ndị a na-eme kwa ụbọchị dịka ụbọbụenyi, onye na iguzosi ike n' ihe, ọrụ na, n'ikpeazụ; ọrịa na ọnwụ. Kemi Adesoye onye edemede ahụ jisiri ike inye na nsogbu ikpeazụ, ihe mma iji mee ka ihe omume dị mfe, nke na- echiche". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tvnolly.blogspot.com/2013/07/dvd-movie-review-figurine.html|title=DVD Movie Review –The Figurine|publisher=tvNolly|work=TV Nolly|date=11 July 2013|accessdate=23 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140512225432/http://tvnolly.blogspot.com/2013/07/dvd-movie-review-figurine.html|archivedate=May 12, 2014}}</ref>tvNolly kwuru "Afolayan kwesịrị otuto maka ike dị mma na nke ụkwụ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke na-achị. A na-ahụ egwu ahụ nke ọma. iche iche na-egosi na ọdịiche ma n'ozuzu ya, ọ bụ nnukwu ihe ịga nke ọma ọ bụghị maka Nollywood fim maka ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Afrịka n'ofe. n'ìhè, The Figurine bụ otu 'ihe nkiri'afọ ndị a ga-ekwu maka ya." Femi Owolabi nyere <ref name="Naija Stories"/> kpakpando 3 n'ime kpakpando 4 ma kwuo, sị: "Ihe nkiri ahụ nwere ọdịbendị miri emi na ọnọdụ ya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị ịrịba ama. Akụkụ akụkọ ihe mere eme bụkwa ihe a na-aja mma nke ukwuu" "anya gị nwere ike ọ gaghị agbaghara gị ma ọ bụrụ na ị hụghị ihe nkiri a magburu onwe ya". Ayo Stephens kwuru <ref name="autogenerated6">{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijastories.com/2012/01/the-figurine-araromire-the-movie-review/|title=The Figurine (Araromire) – Movie Review|publisher=Naija Stories|date=19 January 2012|accessdate=17 August 2014|author=Stephens, Ayo|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811181338/http://www.naijastories.com/2012/01/the-figurine-araromire-the-movie-review/|archivedate=11 August 2014}}</ref> "isi isiokwu nke akara aka na okwukwe metụrụ na ihe nkiri a bụ ndị dị arọ nke ukwuu na onye edemede na-arụ ọrụ dị mma n'ịhapụ ndị na-ege ntị ka ha họrọ akụkụ ha. ''Ihe oyiyi ahụ'' ga-ahụ, ọ ga-amalite mkparịta ụka n'ime gị tupu ị sonyere nke na-aga gburugburu gị". <ref name="Nollywood Reinvented"/> Reinvented kelere ihe ngosi Kunle Afolayan nke ọgụgụ isi site n'ịmepụta, iduzi ma mee ihe nkiri n'otu ihe nkiri, ihe nkiri ahụ ka na-eme nke ọma: "Inwe ike iduzi, mepụta ma bịa ma mee ihe bụ ihe m weere na mbụ dị ka ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume maka ihe nkiri ọ bụla mana hey! Kunle na-emebi iwu niile nke okike ọ dị ka ọ dị. " [1] Ọ jara [[Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi|Funlola Aofiyebi]] mma na fim ahụ na-ekwu: "Funlolaera dị ka ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị; Ime ihe nkiri! Ọ dị ịtụnanya! Itua Ewoigbokhan jara Yoruba na akara Bekee mma iji mee ka ihe nkiri ahụ nwee ike dị mma: "Asụsụ Yoruba a na-asụ mgbe ụfọdụ na ihe nkiri ahụ nyere aka nyere aka nke eziokwu. Ndị na-ese okwu Yoruba n'onwe ha. ma mfe n'asụsụ Bekee maka okpukpe ụka ndị ọzọ dị ka ndị mmadụ ga-eme na ndụ n'ezie. " <ref name="DSTV">{{Cite web|url=http://africamagic.dstv.com/2013/08/12/movie-review-the-figurine/|title=Movie Review: The Figurine|publisher=Africa Magic - DStv|work=[[DStv]]|date=12 August 2013|accessdate=23 April 2014|author=Ewoigbokhan, Itua Otaigbe|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006113616/http://africamagic.dstv.com/2013/08/12/movie-review-the-figurine/|archivedate=6 October 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFEwoigbokhan,_Itua_Otaigbe2013">Ewoigbokhan, Itua Otaigbe (12 August 2013). </cite></ref> Ọkwa nkọwa a ga-ahụ ndị na-ege ntị ka Figurine". === Ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ nzọ === The Figurine bụ ihe ịga nke ọma na ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ nzọ nke Naijiria. N'ihi ọnụnọ nke ụlọ ihe nkiri ole na ole na mba ahụ ka ọ na-erule afọ 2009, ngụkọta ego nke ihe nkiri ahụ ruru ihe dị ka nde Naira 30, mgbe izu asatọ nke ihe nkiri gasịrị. <ref name="findingnollywood1"/> Otú ọ dị, ihe nkiri ahụ nwere ike iweghachite itinye ego ya site na ngosipụta mba ụwa. E gosipụtakwara ihe nkiri ahụ n'ụlọ ezumezu ndị a na-akwụ ụgwọ n'obodo na ụlọ akwụkwọ Naịjirịa. Ihe nkiri ahụ ghọrọ Ihe nkiri Naijiria kachasị elu ruo mgbe ihe nkiri ''[[Ijé]]'' nke afọ 2010 weghaara aha a, ihe ndekọ ọ nwere ruo afọ anọ, ruo mgbe ọ gafere na 2014 site na Half of a Yellow Sun (2013).<ref name="The Economist">{{Cite news|date=17 July 2014|title=Nigerian films try to move upmarket: Nollywood's new scoreboard|work=The Economist|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/baobab/2014/07/nigerian-films-try-move-upmarket|accessdate=20 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Akande, Victor|date=14 September 2014|title=Toronto: Nigerians disagree over new Nollywood|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/toronto-nigerians-disagree-over-new-nollywood/|accessdate=24 March 2015|work=The Nation Newspaper|publisher=The Nation Online}}</ref> === Onyinye === The Figurine nwetara nhọpụta iri na 6th Africa Movie Academy Awards ma merie onyinye ise gụnyere onyinye maka The Best Picture . Ọ bụ ihe nkiri nwere mmeri kachasị na emume ahụ. N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2014, The Figurine nọ n'elu ndepụta ''Nolly Silver Screen'' Magazine nke "The 10 Best Nollywood Films Ever Made.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/nollysilverscreen/docs/nolly_silver_screen_issue_09|title=ISSUU - Nolly Silver Screen Issue 09 October 2014 by Nolly Silver Screen|publisher=NollySilverScreen|work=Nolly Silver Screen Magazine|date=October 2014|accessdate=19 October 2014|author=Okiche, Wilfred|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019223358/http://issuu.com/nollysilverscreen/docs/nolly_silver_screen_issue_09|archivedate=19 October 2014}}</ref> ==== Ndepụta zuru ezu nke onyinye ==== {| class="wikitable" !Ihe nrite !Afọ nke Onyinye !Ụdị !Onye natara ya / Onye a họpụtara !Nsonaazụ !Ihe edeturu !Nkwupụta |- | rowspan="10" |Onyinye nke isii nke Africa Movie Academy | rowspan="10" |2010 |Foto Kasị Mma |Kunle Afolayan, Ramsey Nouah| {{Won}} | | rowspan="10" |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ama-awards.com/awards/2010|title=Africa Movie Academy Awards|publisher=Africa Movie Academy Awards|accessdate=22 December 2013}}</ref> |- |Onye nduzi kacha mma |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Nom}} |furu efu na [[Shirley Frimpong-Manso]] maka ''Foto zuru oke'' |- |Ihe kacha mma onye na-eme ihe nkiri mere n'ọrụ |Ramsey Nouah| {{Won}} | |- |Nrụpụta Kasị Mma nke Onye Nwanyị Na-eme Ihe nkiri na Ọrụ Ukwu |Funlola Aofiyebi-Raimi| {{Nom}} |furu efu na Tapiwa Gwaza maka ''Oge ndụ'' ndụ |- |Ihe nkiri kacha mma nke nwatakịrị na-eme ihe nkiri |Tobe Oboli| {{Nom}} |Teddy Onyago na Bill Oloo meriri ya maka Togetherness Supreme''Ịdị n'Otu Kasị Elu'' |- |Obi nke Africa |[[Kunle Afolayan]]| {{Won}} | |- |Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru n'ihe nkiri |Pat Nebo| {{Nom}} |furu efu nye ''Fulani'' |- |Ihe ndị a rụzuru n'ihe ndị a na-ahụ anya |Obiora Okafor| {{Won}} | |- |Egwú Egwú Kasị Mma |Ugboro ole na ole| {{Nom}} |furu efu na A Sting in a Tale''[[A Sting in a Tale|Akụkọ Na-atọ Amụ]]'' |- |Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru na Cinematography |Yinka Edward| {{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" |Ihe nrite nke isii nke Screen NationIhe nrite Screen Nation | rowspan="2" |2011 |Ihe nkiri kachasị amasị West Africa |Kunle Afolayan| {{Nom}} |furu efu na The Mirror Boy''Nwa nwoke Mirror'' | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2011/09/16/congrats-jackie-appiah-ama-k-abebrese-perfect-picture-others-nominated-for-uks-screen-nation-awards/|title=Jackie Appiah, Ama Abebrese Perfect Picture receive Screen Nation Award nomination|accessdate=26 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326180404/http://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2011/09/16/congrats-jackie-appiah-ama-k-abebrese-perfect-picture-others-nominated-for-uks-screen-nation-awards/|archivedate=26 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://naijan.com/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-wins-favourite-west-african-actress-at-2011-screen-nation-film-and-tv-awards/|title=Omotola wins Favourite WA Actress at Screen Nation 2011 Awards|accessdate=26 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140326163607/http://naijan.com/omotola-jalade-ekeinde-wins-favourite-west-african-actress-at-2011-screen-nation-film-and-tv-awards/|archivedate=26 March 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mjemagazine.com/tag/screen-nation-awards-2011/|title=Screen Nation Award 2011|accessdate=26 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160130220936/http://www.mjemagazine.com/tag/screen-nation-awards-2011/|archivedate=30 January 2016}}</ref> |- |Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị amasị ya n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka |Ramsey Nouah| {{Nom}} |furu efu na [[Majid Michel]] |} === Nnyocha ihe nkiri na isiokwu === Akụkọ ahụ dị na The Figurine ọ bụ ezie na o yiri ka ọ bụ akụkọ ọdịnala nke Afrịka, bụ n'ezie akụkọ ifo. <ref name="IFFR">{{Cite web|url=http://www.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/professionals/films/araromire/|title=AraromireWA-2010|publisher=International Film Festival Rotterdam|accessdate=14 September 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218082305/http://www.filmfestivalrotterdam.com/professionals/films/araromire/|archivedate=18 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="Naija Stories"/> nta ahụ gosipụtara, Araromire adịghị adị n'ezie (n'akụkọ, na ndụ n'ezie) ma ọ nweghị chi nwanyị a na-akpọ "Araromire" na Naijiria. <ref name="IFFR" /> isiokwu ahụ; ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ndị kwenyere na ọ bụ n'Asụsụ Yoruba, ọ bụghịkwa, abụ ahụ enweghị isi. <ref name="autogenerated2">{{Cite web|url=http://vrhcelebbuzz.wordpress.com/2013/04/22/the-figurine-araromire-watch-the-full-movie/|title=The Figurine "Araromire" – Watch The Full Movie|publisher=VRH Blog|work=VRH Celebrity Buzz|date=22 April 2013|accessdate=17 August 2014|author=Robert, Vickie|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819090557/http://vrhcelebbuzz.wordpress.com/2013/04/22/the-figurine-araromire-watch-the-full-movie/|archivedate=19 August 2014}}</ref> kọwawo ihe nkiri ahụ dị ka "nke nwere isiokwu ime mmụọ siri ike nke nwere obere ịhụnanya". <ref name="Naija Stories" /> [2] Sakari Maatta <ref name="autogenerated8"/>-ekwu na ihe nkiri ahụ na-egosipụta ọnụ ọgụgụ isiokwu ndị a na-eme kwa ụbọchị dị ka ọbụbụenyi, ịhụnanya na iguzosi ike n'ihe, ọrụ ezinụlọ na, n'ikpeazụ, aghụghọ na ọnwụ. <ref name="autogenerated2" /> <ref name="autogenerated5"/>-adịgide adịgide na mmechi nke ihe nkiri ahụ ka bụ: "The Figurine bụ akụkọ nke triangle ịhụnanya, ọbụbụenyi, iguzosi ike n'ihe, aghụghọ? Ma ọ bụ maka ike na-adịru adịgide nke ọbụbụ ọnụ, ma anyị kwenyere na akara aka?" [1] <ref name="Naija Stories"/> kọwakwara chi nwanyị ahụ, Araromire dị ka "ihe ọma ma ọ bụ ihe ọjọọ", ebe ọ bụ na onye ọ bụla na-emetụta ya ga-enwe ihe ịga nke ọma ruo afọ asaa wee taa ahụhụ ruo afọ asaa ọzọ na-eso ya. <ref name="Naija Stories" /> ka a na-ahụ ya na mbido ihe nkiri ahụ, onye ụkọchukwu ahụ kpọsara mmụọ nke Araromire na-anwụ n'osimiri ahụ mgbe afọ asaa nke ịbịakwute ya gasịrị: "Araromire na'iwe, na-eme ka onye ọ bụla jidere egwu na mbibi. Ọ bụ ihe mwute na ọbụna onye ụkọcha ahụ enweghị ike ịgbanahụ akụkụ ọjọọ nke chi ahụ", ka Femi Owolabi kwuru. Itua Otaigbe Ewoigbokhan nke Africa Magic kọwara akụkọ Araromire <ref name="DSTV"/> ka nsụgharị gbanwere nke nkọwa Josef banyere nrọ Fero banyere Ijipt site na Bible. N'oge a nke ụwa Figurine, Mona ka na-enye nsogbu mgbe ọ matara banyere akụkọ ọdịnala nke ''Ihe oyiyi ahụ'' di ya debere n'ụlọ ha; <ref name="autogenerated6"/> Sakari Maatta na-akọwa nke a ka ọ pụtara na ọ bụ ezie na enwetabeghị akụkọ ifo na nkwenkwe ochie dị otú ahụ n'etiti ndị mmadụ, ha ka bi na amaghị nke ndị mmadụ. <ref name="autogenerated8"/> Ayo Stephens kwuru <ref name="autogenerated6" /> a na-ere ndị na-ege ntị ọdịbendị Naijiria n'ime ihe nkiri ahụ, na-enye ihe atụ nke ebe nne ya, Mona, nyere iwu ka ọ daa ala ma kelee nna ya ma na Yoruba na Urhobo, nke bụ asụsụ nna ya na nke nne ya. Mkpebi nke ihe nkiri ahụ nke a na-ama enweela dị iche iche. Ọtụtụ ihe nwere otu ma bụ: ihe mbụ ike ime nke na-akụkọ na ma ọnọdụ anya Araromire bụ chi dị ike na nke ezigbo ya. N'iji ahụ "onye chi ahụ ibibi ha bu ụzọ mee ka ọ bụrụ onye isi mebiri", Itua Otaigbe Ewoigbokhan ngwaọrụ na chi ahụ nwere ikike ike Femi iji hụ Mona n'anya n'ụzọ na- Mad isi, na- eduga n'iwe nke na-akpata nsogbu nke ya na ndị ọzọ. Nke a Fred na Araromire na-eji sere Femi dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji see ya. Ihe omume nke nwere nwere ike onyonyo na Araromire ike ịbụ ndị ifo n'ezie. N'ikpebi na Femi na-enye ndị ọrụ aka azụ ka e gosiri ha na Araromire ka ha wee soro Sola na Mona ngosi, ọ ga-ekwe omume na o tinyewo Araromire na Shrine ma jiri ndu duru Sola gaa ebe ahụ n'oge njem. . Nke a bụ ihe nwere ike ime, ebe ọ bụ na omenala na-ekwu n'ezie na ndị obodo ahụ "ebibiwo" Araromire. Mkpebi maka ọnọdụ a ga-eme ka ọrụ funahụ, ihe nkiri Sola dị ka ihe ndabara. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stripesarticles.wordpress.com/2013/01/28/movie-review-the-figurine-araromire/|title=Movie Review – The Figurine………..(araromire)|publisher=Stripes Articles|date=28 January 2013|accessdate=18 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006163353/http://stripesarticles.wordpress.com/2013/01/28/movie-review-the-figurine-araromire/|archivedate=6 October 2014}}</ref><ref name="DSTV"/> ihe omimi nke ụkwara ume ọkụ na anya nke Femi, na ihe omimi ọrịa kansa nke nna ya nwere ike ịkọwa n'ụzọ sayensị. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ ndị nyocha kwubiri na Araromire bụ ihe kpatara ihe ndị mere na fim ahụ. <ref name="Agina, Anuli"/> chọpụtala na ọ bụ ezie na Femi bụ onye na-ahazi ihe omume ahụ, enwere ike nke ike chi nwanyị ahụ. <ref name="DSTV" /> Anuli Agina nke Mahadum Pan-African na-ahụ ya ihe nkiri nkiri ahụ n'ụzọ siri ike na ihe nkiri ahụ n'onwe ya na-akpali ndị na-ekiri ikwere na ike Araromire. O kwuru ihe ndị dị ka; egwu nke nna Femi mgbochi mgbe Femi kwuru aha ya, ekiri ihe nke onye nkuzi ahụ. Ọ na-ekwusi ike na e nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-eme ahụ nke na-ezo aka na-ekpe nke chi echere na ndụ ndị enyi atɔ ahụ. O kwuru ihe ndị dị otú ahụ; ịhụnanya a n'ebe a na-eme Lincoln, nke mere ka Sola na Femi bịaruo nso n'ihe osise ahụ; nnukwu mmiri ozuzo mgbe: ndị obodo gbara ụlọ ns Araromire ọkụ, ndị enyi abụọ ahụ ihe ihe osise ahụ na mgbe ndị enyi abụọ we iche ya; nsogbu nke nsogbu Femi na nke nna ya; ịrị elu ngwa nke ihe ịga nke ọma nke Sola, na-egbochi nke ike ya; Ọnwụ nke nwa Sola, ime ime ime ime Mona na ihe ndị ọzọ. Ọ mechiri ndụ ya site n'ikwu, sị: "Site na ụdị ọmụmụ anya ma ọ bụ n'ihe ngosi ama, ihe nkiri ahụ na-amanye osisi na Araromire chi ekiri ahụ ike, kama ọ dị na ndụ ndị metụrụ ya. aka.E nwere nsogbu nke ike ndị na-adịghị ya, mana o doro anya, otu bụ onye na-eche ike ma ọ bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri ahụ ime ya. ya". <ref name="Agina, Anuli"/> na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na Afolayan ji nkà nye nhọrọ abụọ, o meela ka otu ghara ikwe omume. == Mgbasa ozi n'ụlọ == E wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na DVD na 12 Disemba 2011 site na Golden Effects Pictures . <ref name="Buy 'The Figurine' 'Araromire">{{Cite news|url=http://www.naijarules.com/xf/index.php?threads/buy-the-figurine-araromire.41419/|title=Buy 'The Figurine' 'Araromire|publisher=Naija Rules|accessdate=8 December 2011}}</ref> DVD <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/e-punch/figurine-now-out-on-dvd/|title=The Figurine now out on DVD|publisher=Punch NG|work=Punch Newspaper|date=6 January 2012|accessdate=23 April 2014|author=Oyetayo, Adeshina|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010216/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/e-punch/figurine-now-out-on-dvd/|archivedate=27 April 2014}}</ref> diski na-ewe awa anọ ma nwee ọdịnaya ego dị ka The Making of and Deleted Scenes . [1] <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.romancemeetslife.com/2013/04/watch-araromire-figurine-by-kunle.html|title=Watch Araromire - The Figurine by Kunle Afolayan Free Online|publisher=Romance Meets Life|work=Romance Meets Life|date=22 April 2013|accessdate=25 April 2014|author=Whitman, Myne|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426235113/http://www.romancemeetslife.com/2013/04/watch-araromire-figurine-by-kunle.html|archivedate=26 April 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/08/17/coming-soon-on-ndani-movies-kunle-afolayans-the-figurine-araromire-starring-ramsey-nouah-omoni-oboli/|title=Coming Soon on Ndani Movies – Kunle Afolayan's "The Figurine (Araromire)" Starring Ramsey Nouah & Omoni Oboli|publisher=BellaNaija.com|work=Bella Naija|date=17 August 2012|accessdate=25 April 2014|author=Aiki, Damilare|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140427010843/http://www.bellanaija.com/2012/08/17/coming-soon-on-ndani-movies-kunle-afolayans-the-figurine-araromire-starring-ramsey-nouah-omoni-oboli/|archivedate=27 April 2014}}</ref> weputara ihe nkiri ahụ na VOD. E wepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ na 15 Disemba 2014 na nchịkọta mbipụta pụrụ iche DVD akpọrọ "Kunle Afolayan's Collection". <ref name="leadership">{{Cite web|url=http://leadership.ng/entertainment/396306/g-media-releases-phone-swap-tango-dvd|title=G-Media Releases Phone Swap, Tango With Me On DVD|publisher=Leadership Newspaper|date=19 December 2014|accessdate=22 December 2014|author=Nda-Isaiah, Solomon|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222123550/http://leadership.ng/entertainment/396306/g-media-releases-phone-swap-tango-dvd|archivedate=22 December 2014}}</ref> DVD ahụ nwekwara ''Iripada'' (2006) na [[Phone Swap]] (2012), nke bụ ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ nke Afolayan. == Ihe Nketa == === Ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ === A na-ejikarị ''Ihe oyiyi ahụ'' eme ihe dị ka isiokwu nke ọmụmụ, ọrụ na isiokwu agụmakwụkwọ na ụlọ ọrụ. Afolayan n'ajụjụ ọnụ kwupụtara na ya onwe ya enyewo ihe karịrị ajụjụ ọnụ iri abụọ na ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ede akwụkwọ edemede ha na The Figurine n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ha dị iche iche. Onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ akpọwokwa <ref name="allAfrica.com"/> ka ọ gwa ụmụ akwụkwọ okwu banyere ihe nkiri ahụ. === Mgbanwe ===   E wepụtara akwụkwọ na-akọwapụta nyocha nke ihe omume na The Figurine, nke akpọrọ Auteuring Nollywood: Critical Perspectives on The Figurina na 31 Julaị 2014. <ref name="autogenerated3"/> Akwụkwọ a bụ akwụkwọ mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Cinema Naijiria nke a raara nye ọrụ nke otu onye nduzi ihe nkiri Naijiria ma nwee edemede ndị ọkà mmụta, nke na-enyocha "ihe a na-elekwasị anya na ụdị ihe nkiri eji eme ihe na The Figurine".<ref name="autogenerated1"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/164610-university-dons-write-essays-on-kunle-afolayans-figurine.html#sthash.wSGDD4JS.dpbs|title=University dons write essays on Kunle Afolayan's 'Figurine'|publisher=Premium Times|work=Premium Times Newspaper|date=9 July 2014|accessdate=17 August 2014|author=Abimboye, Micheal|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819155502/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/arts-entertainment/164610-university-dons-write-essays-on-kunle-afolayans-figurine.html#sthash.wSGDD4JS.dpbs|archivedate=19 August 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/07/22/kunle-afolayans-2009-hit-movie-the-figurine-returns-in-book-form/|title=Kunle Afolayan's 2009 Hit Movie "The Figurine" Returns in Book Form|publisher=bellanaija.com|work=Bella Naija|date=22 June 2014|accessdate=16 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808055901/http://www.bellanaija.com/2014/07/22/kunle-afolayans-2009-hit-movie-the-figurine-returns-in-book-form/|archivedate=8 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://talkglitz.com/2014/07/26/kunle-afolayans-the-figurine-used-as-case-study-in-new-book/|title=Kunle Afolayan's 'The Figurine' Used As Case Study In New Book|publisher=Talk Glitz|date=26 July 2014|accessdate=16 August 2014|author=Banks, Mayor|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819103056/http://talkglitz.com/2014/07/26/kunle-afolayans-the-figurine-used-as-case-study-in-new-book/|archivedate=2014-08-19}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/saturday-beats/kunle-afolayan-lauds-book-on-figurine/|title=Kunle Afolayan lauds book on Figurine|publisher=The Punch NG|work=The Punch Newspaper|date=26 July 2014|accessdate=16 August 2014|author='Nonye|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808041818/http://www.punchng.com/entertainment/saturday-beats/kunle-afolayan-lauds-book-on-figurine/|archivedate=8 August 2014}}</ref> nwekwara ajụjụ ọnụ na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na ndị ọrụ ihe nkiri ahụ, nghọta banyere ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri Afrịka na Naịjirịa na ihe ndị na-aga na New Nigerian Cinema. [1] [2] [3] Echiche ime akwụkwọ dabere <ref name="autogenerated4" /> ihe nkiri ahụ adịla ọbụna tupu ewepụta ihe nkiri ahụ. <ref name="autogenerated3" /> [2] Ndị nyere aka na akwụkwọ 45 egwu; Sola Osofisan, Dele Layiwola, Chukwuma Okoye, Jane Thorburn, Matthew H. Brown, Gideon Tanimonure, AGA Bello, Foluke Ogunleye na Hyginus Ekwuazi. Jonathan Haynes dere okwu okwu, Onookome Okome dere okwu gbasara na Adeshina Afolayan dezi akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ahụ. <ref name="autogenerated3"/> Mmalite nke akwụkwọ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ihe nkiri ama ama na-abịa, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thecable.ng/from-screen-to-paper-heres-the-figurine|title=From screen to paper, here's 'The Figurine'|publisher=TheCable|work=The Cable News|date=1 August 2014|accessdate=16 August 2014|author=Okoye, Chinenye|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819083440/http://www.thecable.ng/from-screen-to-paper-heres-the-figurine|archivedate=19 August 2014}}</ref> yana ụfọdụ ndị ntụrụndụ. <ref name="autogenerated3"/> <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web|url=http://businessdayonline.com/2014/08/the-figurine-comes-to-town-again/#.U96wE7EVBZA|title='The Figurine' comes to town again|publisher=BusinessDay Online|work=BusinessDay Newspaper|date=3 August 2014|accessdate=9 August 2014|author=Osae-Brown, Funke|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140811111729/http://businessdayonline.com/2014/08/the-figurine-comes-to-town-again/#.U96wE7EVBZA|archivedate=11 August 2014}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFOsae-Brown,_Funke2014">Osae-Brown, Funke (3 August 2014). </cite></ref> <ref name="autogenerated3" /> tọhapụrụ ya, akwụkwọ ahụ anọwo na-enweta nyocha dị egwu site n'aka ndị nkatọ, ndị nkụzi na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe nkiri. Onye nduzi nke ihe nkiri mbụ <ref name="autogenerated3" /> ekwuputala etu a na-asọpụrụ ya ma na-amasị ya banyere akwụkwọ ahụ. == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ihe nkiri Naijiria nke 2009 == Ihe odide == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170731191001/http://www.figurinemovie.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * {{IMDb title|1542960|The Figurine}} * Ihe oyiyi ahụnaNollywood e mepụtara ọzọ * Ihe oyiyi ahụnaAllMovie {{Kunle Afolayan}}{{Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Cinematography}}{{Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Nigerian Film}}{{Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Film}}{{Africa Movie Academy Award for Best Visual Effect}}  [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] e1n6ozvbmscgdytwgprqacmtguqxs1m 0 36067 672552 176135 2026-07-04T22:44:40Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672552 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''The Good Husband''''', bụ ihe nkiri ejije [[Naijiria]] nke e mere na 2020 nke [[Dickson Iroegbu]] duziri ma mepụta. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dickson Iroegbu's long Anticipated Movie, ‘The Good Husband’ sets for Cinemas|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/35703/dickson-iroegbus-long-anticipated-movie-the.html|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> Ihe nkiri a bụ [[Sam Dede]] na [[Monalisa Chinda]] na ndị isi ebe Francis Duru, Thelma Okoduwa-Ojiji, Paul Sambo na Bassey Ekpo Bassey mere ọrụ nkwado. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Good Husband|url=https://irokotv.com/videos/9743/the-good-husband|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=irokotv.com|archivedate=2021-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004162841/https://irokotv.com/videos/9743/the-good-husband}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Good Husband Movie|url=https://thegoodhusbandmovie.com/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=thegoodhusbandmovie.com|archivedate=2022-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220330102426/https://thegoodhusbandmovie.com/}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ kwuru banyere nsogbu ndị na-enwe n’alụmdi na nwunye. <ref>{{Cite web|author=read 5|first=News 1 min|date=2020-03-04|title=THE GOOD HUSBAND MOVIE HITS CINEMAS FROM 17th APRIL|url=https://thelagosreview.ng/the-good-husband-movie-hits-cinemas-from-17th-april/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=The Lagos Review|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-24|title=THE GOOD HUSBAND|url=https://genesiscinemas.com/the-good-husband/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=Genesis Cinemas|language=en-US}}</ref> E sere ihe nkiri ahụ na Federal Capital Territory, Abuja . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Good Husband Full Movie Review|url=https://everyevery.ng/the-good-husband-full-movie-review/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=everyevery.ng|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe nkiri ahụ mere nke mbụ <ref>{{Cite web|author=read|first=News 1 min|date=2020-03-17|title=House Of Reps Endorse ‘The Good Husband’, A Movie From Award Winning Director, Dickson Iroegbu|url=https://thelagosreview.ng/house-of-reps-endorse-the-good-husband-a-movie-from-award-winning-director-dickson-iroegbu/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=The Lagos Review|language=en-US}}</ref> na 13 Nọvemba 2020. [1] Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-07|title=Dickson Ireogbu’s The Good Husband goes to Cinema|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/celebrity/dickson-ireogbus-the-good-husband-goes-to-cinema/|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-10-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004162840/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/celebrity/dickson-ireogbus-the-good-husband-goes-to-cinema/}}</ref> iche iche site n'aka ndị nkatọ. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * [[Sam Dede]] * [[Monalisa Chinda]] * Francis Duru * Thelma Okoduwa-Ojiji * Paul Sambo * Bassey Ekpo Bassey * Eeefy Ike * Shield Nwazuruahu == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} j88dfs9znx0uiphiqb2j6vz4s7lvti9 0 36566 672577 151061 2026-07-04T23:39:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672577 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Third Avenue bụ ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị nke Naijiria nke gosipụtara ndị otu ụlọ atọ nwere ihe ịma aka na nsogbu dị iche iche. Ọ bụ Bami Gregs & Esse Akwawa mepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ ma Tope Alake duziri ya. Third Avenue <ref>{{Cite web|date=29 January 2022|title=From writing to producing, Bamen Gregs navigates moviedom with 'Third Avenue'|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/from-writing-to-producing-bamen-gregs-navigates-moviedom-with-third-avenue/|accessdate=20 July 2022|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=20 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720085723/https://editor.guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/from-writing-to-producing-bamen-gregs-navigates-moviedom-with-third-avenue/}}</ref> usoro ihe nkiri nwere ihe omume 12 nke e wepụtara na 1 Febụwarị 2021. == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * David Jones David dị ka Tboy * [[Swanky JKA|Jidekene Achufusi]] dị ka Leo * [[Lilian Afegbai]] dị ka Kimberly<ref>{{Cite web|date=14 April 2022|title=Final Bus Stop At The Third Avenue|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/life/final-bus-stop-at-the-third-avenue/|accessdate=20 July 2022|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archivedate=20 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720085722/https://editor.guardian.ng/life/final-bus-stop-at-the-third-avenue/}}</ref> * [[Bami Gregs]] dị ka Mia * Tope Olowoniyan <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mix|first=Pulse|date=7 April 2022|title=Final bus stop at the Third Avenue|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/final-bus-stop-at-the-third-avenue/efwxkk5|accessdate=20 July 2022|work=Pulse Nigeria|archivedate=20 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720085722/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/final-bus-stop-at-the-third-avenue/efwxkk5}}</ref> ka Pamela[1] == Atụmatụ == Tboy ejighị n'aka mmekọrịta ya na ụmụ agbọghọ ya abụọ, Leo na-esiri ya ike ịnagide dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na naanị nwanyị ya na ya bi, Kimberly n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ nwanyị na-elekọta ya na-esikwa ya ike inweta ezi ịhụnanya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mix|first=Pulse|date=12 January 2022|title=Third Avenue season 1, the sure destination for comedy fans|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/third-avenue-season-1-the-sure-destination-for-comedy-fans/2fs1csq|accessdate=20 July 2022|work=Pulse Nigeria|archivedate=20 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720132741/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/third-avenue-season-1-the-sure-destination-for-comedy-fans/2fs1csq}}</ref>'agbanyeghị ihe ịma aka ha niile, mmadụ atọ ahụ na-ebikọ ọnụ n'udo. == Edensibia == isi mmalite ndị Ijipt, ebe ndị ọzọ ka sitere na mgbọrọgwụ ndị ọzọ. N'ụzọ doro anya, dịka ọ na-ekwu ọtụtụ ugboro n'ọrụ ya, ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla dị omimi nke a na-enye ọha na eze, ma ya fọdụkwa na e bipụtara ya na mpịakọta ọ bụla a na-ekesa n'ọtụtụ ebe. A ghaghị iwere mmalite nke asụsụ Senzar dị ka ihe nzuzo, na mgbagwoju anya ndị Alego zutere bụ naanị ndị kpuru ìsì. Ka Blavatsky na-ede site n'echiche nke onye anwansi nke nwere mmasị na-adịgide adịgide, ọ na-ekwusi ike na mgbọrọgwụ zuru oke nke ihe niile, asụsụ na sayensị nzuzo nke{{Reflist}} ngjfnoncx6myttcdr8703gpwfztptns 0 37182 672463 363928 2026-07-04T20:27:27Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ Fixed reference 672463 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Xolani Thandikaya Qubeka''' (amụrụ na 26 Machị 1979), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africasacountry.com/2014/10/5-questions-for-a-filmmaker-jahmil-x-t-qubeka|title=5 Questions for Filmmaker Jahmil XT Qubeka|work=africasacountry|accessdate=18 April 2020}}</ref> nke a maara dị ka '''Jahmil X.T Qubeka''', bụ onye nduzi [[Film|ihe nkiri]] South Africa, Onye edemede, na onye na-emepụta ihe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jahmil X.T. Qubeka|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2745760/|accessdate=2020-08-17|work=IMDb}}</ref> {{Infobox person|name=Jahmil X.T Qubeka|birth_name=Xolani Thandikaya Qubeka|image=Jahmil X.T Qubeka in 2019.jpg|caption=Qubeka at the 2019 African Films Festival|birth_date={{birth date and age|1979|3|26|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Mdantsane, Eastern Cape]], South Africa|occupation=Film director, screenwriter, producer|years_active=2000&ndash;present|spouse=}} Ọ na-arụkarị ọrụ na ihe nkiri, mpụ, na ihe nkiri nke na-akọ akụkọ banyere South Africa Mgbe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gasịrị, ma nata ọtụtụ otuto, gụnyere Onye nduzi kacha mma na mbipụta Nke iri na ise nke Africa Movie Academy Awards maka Sew the Winter to My Skin . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-27|title=AMAA 2019: Here are all the winners at the 15th edition of movie award|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/amaa-2019-here-are-all-the-winners-at-the-15th-edition-of-award/m1ppsb7|accessdate=2020-08-17|work=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Qubeka n'ezinụlọ Xhosa n'ihe bụbu steeti nwere onwe ya nke Ciskei. <ref name="speaks out">{{Cite web|title=South Africa Banned Film Director Jahmil Qubeka Speaks Out|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/global/south-africa-banned-film-director-jahmil-qubeka-speaks-out-1200566361/|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Dezi|author=Rorich|date=July 22, 2013|accessdate=November 16, 2019}}</ref> bụ ezie na a mụrụ ya n'oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ọ tolitere n'ógbè ndị isi ojii, ma kwuo na ya "enweghị ibu nke ịkpa ókè megide agbụrụ n'ubu ya". Ọ kọwara nna ya dị ka onye na-ekiri ihe nkiri nke na-ekiri fim mgbe niile. Ọ na-ekwu na Stanley Kubrick na Fritz Lang so n'ime nnukwu mmetụta ihe nkiri ya, mana na ọ na-enwekwa mmasị na ihe ọchị ma bụrụ nnukwu onye na-akwado onye America na-eme ihe ọchị Eddie Murphy. O kwukwara na 1982 Murphy-starring 48 Hrs. otu n'ime ihe nkiri kachasị amasị ya. == Ọrụ ihe nkiri == A họọrọ ihe nkiri Qubeka nke afọ 2013 nke Good Report iji mepee Emume ihe nkiri mba ụwa nke Durban, mana National Film and Video Foundation nke South Africa machibidoro ya iwu maka inwe ịhụnanya "na-enweghị ụkpụrụ" n'etiti onye nkuzi na nwa akwụkwọ, <ref name="speaks out">{{Cite web|title=South Africa Banned Film Director Jahmil Qubeka Speaks Out|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/global/south-africa-banned-film-director-jahmil-qubeka-speaks-out-1200566361/|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Dezi|author=Rorich|date=July 22, 2013|accessdate=November 16, 2019}}</ref> nke mejupụtara ihe ụlọ ọrụ ahụ kwuru bụ "Ihe na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ ụmụaka". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2013/08/21/world/africa/of-good-report-movie-ban/index.html|title=Of Good Report: The serial killer movie they tried to ban|date=August 21, 2013|work=[[CNN]]|accessdate=November 18, 2018}}</ref> mechara gbanwee mkpebi a mgbe ndị na-emepụta ihe nkiri ahụ rịọrọ arịrịọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2014-05-08-sas-of-good-report-scoops-13-africa-movie-award-nominations|title=SA's 'Of Good Report' scoops 13 Africa movie award nominations|date=May 8, 2014|accessdate=November 18, 2018}}</ref> Good Report mechara merie 2014 Africa Movie Academy Award maka Best Film. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Gbenga|first=Bada|title=AMAA 2019: Here are all the winners at the 15th edition of award|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/amaa-2019-here-are-all-the-winners-at-the-15th-edition-of-award/m1ppsb7|work=Pulse NG|accessdate=29 October 2019|date=27 October 2019}}</ref> meriri ihe nrite maka Onye nduzi kacha mma maka ihe nkiri ya Sew the Winter to My Skin na 15th Africa Movie Academy Awards nke emere na Lagos, Nigeria. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jahmil X.T. Qubeka on Durban Opening-Night Film 'Knuckle City'|url=https://variety.com/2019/film/festivals/jahmil-x-t-qubeka-on-durban-opening-night-film-knuckle-city-1203271552/|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|first=Christopher|author=Vourlias|date=July 18, 2019|accessdate=November 16, 2019}}</ref>'ikwu okwu na ihe nkiri ya nke afọ 2019 bụ Knuckle City, Qubeka kwuru na ọ na-atụ anya ịgwakọta ụdị dị iche iche na ọrụ ihe nkiri ya n'ọdịnihu, ma kwuo maka "ịdị nwoke na-egbu egbu" nke dị na Omenala South Africa. N'afọ 2022, Qubeka wepụtara usoro telivishọn abụọ. Usoro akụkọ ifo <ref>{{Cite web|author=Whittock|first=Jesse|date=2022-08-17|title=Rising South African Streamer Showmax Talks Co-Production And "'Black Panther' Effect" As Firm Reveals First Trailer For African Fantasy Drama 'Blood Psalms'|url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/multichoice-showmax-yolisa-phahle-showmax-strategy-blood-psalms-trailer-1235093318/|accessdate=2022-11-26|work=Deadline|language=en-US}}</ref> bụ Blood Psalms malitere na Showmax na Septemba ma kpọọ ya dị ka mmepụta ya kachasị ukwuu na nke kachasị elu ruo ugbu a. <ref>{{Cite web|title='Blood Psalms' shot in Eastern Cape to be aired internationally|url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/entertainment/2020-08-01-blood-psalms-shot-in-eastern-cape-to-be-aired-internationally/|accessdate=2020-08-17|work=DispatchLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Ferreira|first=Thinus|title=Epic new local drama series Blood Psalms coming to Showmax in 2021|url=https://www.news24.com/channel/tv/news/epic-new-local-drama-series-blood-psalms-coming-to-showmax-in-2021-20200730-3|accessdate=2020-08-17|work=Channel|language=en}}</ref> na-egosi [[Actor|onye na-eme ihe nkiri]] South Africa bụ [[Thando Thabethe]], Sello Maake Ka Ncube na [[Warren Masemola]], ma na-akọ akụkọ banyere eze nwanyị Africa na-alụ ọgụ megide amụma na-akwụsị ụwa iji mee ka ndị ya gafee ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na agha na-adịghị agwụ agwụ. N'ọnwa Nọvemba, a tọhapụrụ Kings of Queenstown, usoro Netflix mbụ banyere nwa okorobịa na-agba bọọlụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jahmil working on spooky film|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2016-11-08-jahmil-working-on-spooky-film/|accessdate=2022-11-26|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2022, ọ nọ na mmepụta ihe nkiri na-akpali akpali The White Devil, nke dabeere n'akwụkwọ aha ya. == Nnakwere == Guy Lodge maka Variety toro mgbalị pụrụ iche nke Qubeka iji kọọ akụkọ South Africa na-esote Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ime ihe nkiri nke na-adabere na ịkpa ókè ịkpa ókè, kama ime ihe ike na mmekọahụ nna ochie. Ntinye nke ihe oyiyi oji na ọcha, n'adịghị ka ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ, gosipụtara dị ka ịgbakwunye ihe pụrụ iche na ihe nkiri Of Good Report. Ọ chịkọtara nyocha ya site n'ikwu, "Ihe na-adọrọ mmasị ma na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ nke Jahmil X.T. Qubeka si n'ịhụnanya ụmụ akwụkwọ na onye nkuzi na-agbanwe n'ụzọ dị egwu". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2013/film/global/of-good-report-review-1200798187/|title=Film Review: 'Of Good Report'|author=Lodge|first=Guy|publisher=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=November 5, 2013|accessdate=November 16, 2019}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == * 2006: ''Shogun Khumalo na-anwụ!'' (nke dị mkpirikpi) * 2010: ''[[A Small Town Called Descent|Obere Obodo A Na-akpọ Descent]]'' * 2013: ''[[Akụkọ Ọma]]'' * 2018: ''[[Na-akwagharị oge oyi na akpụkpọ ahụ m]]'' * 2019: ''[[Obodo Knuckle]]'' * 2022: Ị bụ ebe kachasị amasị m''Ị bụ Ebe M na-amasịkarị'' * 2022: ''Abụ Ọma Ọbara'' == Edensibia == nnukwu mmetụta ihe nkiri ya, mana na ọ na-enwekwa mmasị na ihe ọchị ma bụrụ nnukwu onye na-akwado onye America na-eme ihe ọchị Eddie Murphy. O kwukwara na 1982 Murphynnukwu mmetụta ihe nkiri ya, mana na ọ na-enwekwa mmasị na ihe ọchị ma bụrụ nnukwu onye na-akwado onye America na-eme ihe ọchị [[Eddie Murphy]]. O kwukwara na 1982 Murphy{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|2745760}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] f7bs2cft0ptanh1l0bviv19qc80v6d1 0 37768 672168 433299 2026-07-04T12:19:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672168 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} <ref>{{Cite web|title=Africiné - Selma Bargach, une réalisatrice qui voit clair|url=https://www.africine.org/entretien/selma-bargach-une-realisatrice-qui-voit-clair/14830|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=Africiné|language=fr}}</ref>'''Selma Bargach''' bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Morocco . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Personnes {{!}} Africultures : Bargach Selma|url=http://africultures.com/personnes/?no=10716|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=Africultures|language=fr-FR}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Casablanca, Bargach gụrụ nka na ihe nkiri sinima, ọkachasị na Sorbonne na Paris. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bargach, Selma|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/248927156|title=Le statut et le rôle de la femme dans le cinéma marocain|oclc=248927156}}</ref> nwetara nzere doctorate ya na thesis banyere ọnọdụ na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na ihe nkiri Moroccan, n'okpuru nduzi nke [[Daniel Serceau]]. Ọ duziri ihe nkiri mkpirikpi mbụ ya na ihe nkiri super 8. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Morocco, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote onye nduzi wee ghọọ onye njikwa audiovisual na ONA Group. <ref>{{Cite web|author=MATIN|first=Ouafaa Bennani, LE|title=Le Matin - " Indigo " de Selma Bargach au programme des projections|url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2020/indigo-selma-bargach-represente-maroc/343733.html|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=Le Matin|language=fr}}</ref> gara n'ihu na-eduzi ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi. Ihe nkiri mbụ ya, The Fifth String, nke e wepụtara na 2011, raara nye njem nke onye na-eti egwu na-eto eto. <ref>{{Cite web|title=:: CENTRE CINEMATOGRAPHIQUE MAROCAIN ::|url=https://www.ccm.ma/fiche_film-291|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=www.ccm.ma}}</ref> Ọ meriri ihe nrite maka Best Sound na aha pụrụ iche site n'aka ndị ọka ikpe na Tangier National Film Festival. <ref>{{Cite web|title=International Short Film Festival - Clermont-Ferrand|url=http://my.clermont-filmfest.com/index.php?m=226&c=3&id_film=100050610&o=|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=my.clermont-filmfest.com|language=en|archivedate=2021-11-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121184910/http://my.clermont-filmfest.com/index.php?m=226&c=3&id_film=100050610&o=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Khatib|first=Par Abdessalam|title=Sortie nationale de "La cinquième corde" de Selma Bargach|url=https://www.libe.ma/Sortie-nationale-de-La-cinquieme-corde-de-Selma-Bargach_a20100.html|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=Libération|language=fr|archivedate=2020-10-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201010075316/https://www.libe.ma/Sortie-nationale-de-La-cinquieme-corde-de-Selma-Bargach_a20100.html}}</ref> nwetakwara ihe nrite na mmemme ndị ọzọ, gụnyere Khouribga Film Festival, a họpụtakwara ya maka Kicheon Music Film Festival na South Korea, Fameck Arab Film Festival, Brussels Arab Film Festival na Cinéalma Film Festival na Carros, France. Ihe nkiri nke abụọ ya, ''Indigo'', nwetakwara ọtụtụ onyinye. Karịsịa, ọ natara Paulin Soulong Vieyra African Critics' Award na Pan-African Film and Television Festival nke Ouagadougou ([[Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou|FESPACO]]), <ref>{{Cite web|title=Au FESPACO, le Burkina projette aussi son image|url=https://telquel.ma/2019/03/04/au-fespaco-le-burkina-projette-aussi-son-image_1630312?fbrefresh=9|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=Telquel.ma|language=fr}}</ref> Best African Film Award na mbipụta nke ise nke Mashariki African Film Festival nke Kigali, <ref>{{Cite web|title="Indigo" de Salma Bargach sacré à Kigali|url=https://www.libe.ma/Indigo-de-Salma-Bargach-sacre-a-Kigali_a107405.html|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=Libération|language=fr|archivedate=2021-11-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121184911/https://www.libe.ma/Indigo-de-Salma-Bargach-sacre-a-Kigali_a107405.html}}</ref> yana Best Female Role Award na mbipute nke iri abụọ na otu nke African Film Festival of Khouribga. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-02|title=FESPACO : Le film "Indigo" de Selma Bargach primé|url=https://fr.hespress.com/53234-fespaco-le-film-indigo-de-selma-bargach-prime.html|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=Hespress Français|language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hadioui|first=Simo|date=2020-10-16|title=Selma Bargach's "Indigo" on the screening programme|url=https://www.mjtnews.com/2020/10/16/selma-bargachs-indigo-on-the-screening-programme/|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=Maroc Local et Nouvelles du Monde {{!}} Nouvelles juives du Maroc, dernières nouvelles {{!}} מרוקו ג׳וייש טיימס, חדשות מרוקו והעולם {{!}} Morocco News {{!}} أخبار المغرب|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-11-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121184911/https://www.mjtnews.com/2020/10/16/selma-bargachs-indigo-on-the-screening-programme/}}</ref> na-akọ akụkọ banyere nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na atọ, Nora, onye na-eche na a gbahapụrụ ya, onye na onye na-agbaba n'ụwa nke ọhụụ iji gbanahụ obi ọjọọ nke nwanne ya nwoke. == Akụkụ nke ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri ndị dị mkpirikpi === * 2004: ''Ọ dịghị mgbe ọzọ'' (akụkọ ifo, 10") * 2005: ''Lift ('' ifo, 23") <ref>{{Cite web|title=International Short Film Festival - Clermont-Ferrand|url=http://my.clermont-filmfest.com/index.php?m=226&c=3&id_film=100050610&o=|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=my.clermont-filmfest.com|language=en|archivedate=2021-11-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121184910/http://my.clermont-filmfest.com/index.php?m=226&c=3&id_film=100050610&o=}}</ref> === Ihe nkiri ndị a ma ama === * 2011: The Fifth String (La cinquième corde) ''Akwara nke ise) '' * 2018: ''Indigo'' == Njikọ mpụga == African Critics' Award na Pan-African Film and Television Festival nke Ouagadougou (FESPACO), Best African Film Award na * {{IMDb name|9824539}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210127104154/http://janaprod.com/selma-bargach/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] p44hszmadwxkfnfd9khiop54fa11orm 0 37993 672560 153201 2026-07-04T22:59:03Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox film|name=The Originals|image=|caption=|director=[[Marwan Hamed]]|producer=New Century productions|screenplay=[[Ahmed Mourad]]|starring={{Plain list| * [[Maged El Kedwany]] * [[Khaled El Sawy]] * [[Menna Shalabi]] }}|music=[[Hesham Nazih]], [[Mohamed Elhusseini]]|cinematography=Ahmed El Morsy|editing=Ahmed Hafez|distributor=|released=25 June 2017|runtime=125 minutes|country=Egypt|language=Arabic|budget=|gross=8,676,740 EGP <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.elcinema.com/en/work/2044362/boxoffice|title=Box office}}</ref>}}{{Databox}} '''''The Originals''''' ({{lang-ar|الأصليين}}, translit.&nbsp;Al Aslyeen) bụ ihe nkiri ihe omimi ihe omimi Egypt nke 2017 duziri [[Marwan Hamed]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mad-solutions.com/press/Official-Trailer-of-the-New-Film-The-Originals-by-Marwan-Hamed-Is-Released.php|title=Official Trailer of the New Film The Originals by Marwan Hamed Is Released|work=Mad Solutions|accessdate=2024-03-05|archivedate=2024-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240215061416/http://www.mad-solutions.com/press/Official-Trailer-of-the-New-Film-The-Originals-by-Marwan-Hamed-Is-Released.php}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fantasticfest.com/films/the-originals|title=THE ORIGINALS|work=Fantastic Fest|accessdate=2024-03-05|archivedate=2019-08-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190820172402/http://fantasticfest.com/films/the-originals}}</ref> == Ndị na-eme ihe nkiri == * Maged El Kedwany dị ka Sameer 'Aliwah * [[Khaled El Sawy]] dị ka Rusdy Abaza * [[Menna Shalabi]] dị ka Thoraya Galal * Kenda Aloush dị ka Mahitab * [[Mohamed Mamdouh (actor)|Mohamed Mamdouh]] == Hụkwa == * Ihe nkiri nke Ijipt * Ndepụta nke ihe nkiri ndị Ijipt * Ndepụta ihe nkiri ndị Ijipt nke afọ 2010 * Ndepụta ihe nkiri ndị Ijipt nke 2017 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb title|tt6909846|The Originals}} * [http://www.elcinema.com/work/2044362/ Ndị Mbụ na elCinema] lu33lecxxeap42b3eqkeagxbqf6utul 0 38277 672422 596119 2026-07-04T17:58:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672422 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Steven Markovitz''' (amụrụ na 1965) bụ ihe nkiri South Africa na onye na-eme ihe onyonyo. O mepụtala, mekọrịta ma mepụta atụmatụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ na obere ihe nkiri. Steven na-emepụta ma na-ekesa ihe karịrị afọ 20. Kemgbe 2007, ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'Africa niile na-emepụta usoro akwụkwọ akụkọ na akụkọ ifo. Ọ bụ onye otu AMPAS, ngalaba-nchoputa nke Electric South & Encounters Documentary Festival na onye nchoputa nke African Screen Network. Ihe mmepụta ọhụrụ gụnyere ''aKasha'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt7527512/|title=AKasha|work=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> nke hajooj kuka <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6669249/?ref_=tt_ov_dr|title=Hajooj Kuka|work=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> (Venice Critics' Week, TIFF, 2018), ''[[Rafiki (ihe nkiri)|Rafiki]]'' nke Wanuri Kahiu (Cannes - Un Certain Regard, 2018), akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Silas'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt5853464/|title=Silas|work=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> nke Anjali Nayar, [[Hawa Essuman]] (TIFF, IDFA 2017), ''Beats of the Antonov site'' hajooj kuka <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm6669249/?ref_=tt_ov_dr|title=Hajooj Kuka|work=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> (TIFF Documentary Audience Award, 2014), ''High Fantasy'' site [[Jenna Bass]] <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3689536/|title=Jenna Cato Bass|work=[[IMDb]]}}</ref> (TIFF, Berlinale 2018), ''[[Viva Riva!]]'' Site na [[Djo Tunda Wa Munga|Djo Munga]] (TIFF 2010, Berlinale 2011) na ''Behind the Rainbow'' . == Ọrụ == Markovitz malitere ọrụ ya na 1992 wee malite ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe Big World Cinema na [[Cape Town]] na 1994. Na 1999, o mepụtara obere ihe nkiri ''Husk'', bụ nke malitere na asọmpi na Cannes Film Festival ; <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/5339.htm|title=Festival de Cannes Official Selection 2005|year=2005|publisher=Festival de Cannes|accessdate=26 November 2011}}</ref> sochiri ihe nrite ''bụ Ọ bụ Ndụ M'' (2001), ihe osise chiri anya nke onye na-akwado AIDS South Africa Zackie Achmat . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.variety.com/review/VE1117918264?refcatid=31|title=Film Reviews – It's My Life|author=Harvey, Dennis|date=22 July 2002|publisher=Variety|accessdate=26 November 2011}}</ref> ''Mgbata ahụ'' meriri akwụkwọ akụkọ South Africa kacha mma na Ememme Nkiri Apollo 2003 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/33/2528.html|title=The Apollo Film Festival – Winners|date=2 October 2003|publisher=BizCommunity.com|accessdate=30 November 2011}}</ref> na Mmepụta Kasị Mma nke Afọ na Nrite Nkume, South Africa. Markovitz jikọrọ aka mepụta [[Academy Awards|Academy Award]] -nominated <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/oscarlegacy/2000-present/75nominees.html|title=Nominees & Winners for the 75th Academy Awards|year=2003|publisher=The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|accessdate=26 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305050909/http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/oscarlegacy/2000-present/75nominees.html|archivedate=5 March 2012}}</ref> obere ihe nkiri ''Inja'' ("Nkịta") na 2003; sochiri ihe nkiri South African-Canadian na-emeri ihe nrite ''[[Proteus (ihe nkiri nke afọ 2003)|Proteus]]'' nke John Greyson na Jack Lewis duziri nke malitere na Toronto International Film Festival na 2003 na Berlin ; <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2004/02_programm_2004/02_Filmdatenblatt_2004_20040535.php|title=Berlinale Temporary Archive|year=2004|publisher=Berlin International Film Festival|accessdate=26 November 2011}}</ref> ''Raya'', akụkụ ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi nke usoro "Mama Afrika" <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9402E6DC173DF934A35755C0A9649C8B63|title=Mama Africa (2002) Film Review: Young, Smart and Pressed Toward a Bad Decision|author=Holden, Stephen|date=7 June 2002|publisher=The New York Times Movies|accessdate=30 November 2011}}</ref>, nke e wepụtara na ihe nkiri na US na 2003; na ihe nkiri TV ''na-agafe Line'' <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mediaupdate.co.za/?IDStory=4568|title=Crossing the Line|date=13 November 2007|publisher=Media Update|accessdate=30 November 2011}}</ref> site n'aka onye nduzi na-emeri ihe nrite Brian Tilley. Na 2005 ọ bụ onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri ihe nkiri ahụ ''akpọrọ Boy Twist'' duziri [[Timothy Greene|Tim Greene]], bụ nke gosipụtara na Cannes Film Festival <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.southafrica.info/news/arts/cannes05.htm|title=SA Film under Cannes spotlight|date=10 May 2005|publisher=SouthAfrica.info|accessdate=30 November 2011}}</ref> na 2005. Nke a sochiri ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi animated ''Beyond Freedom'', bụ nke gosipụtara na Berlin International Film Festival . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2006/02_programm_2006/02_Filmdatenblatt_2006_20063423.php|title=Berlinale Temporary Archive|year=2006|publisher=Berlin International Film Festival|accessdate=26 November 2011}}</ref> Markovitz mepụtara usoro ihe nkiri iri na atọ nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri South Africa ọhụrụ mere nke aha ya bụ ''Project 10: Ezigbo Akụkọ sitere na South Africa Free'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.safilm.org.za/news/article.php?uid=1045|title=Freedom Stories from SA for Berlin Film Festival|year=2004|publisher=SA Film|accessdate=30 November 2011|archivedate=26 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426011559/http://www.safilm.org.za/news/article.php?uid=1045}}</ref> E gosipụtara usoro a na Sundance, IDFA, Tribeca na Berlin . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2004/02_programm_2004/02_Filmdatenblatt_2004_20042175.php|title=Berlinale Temporary Archive|year=2004|publisher=Berlin International Film Festival|accessdate=26 November 2011}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, o wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ a ma ama ''Behind the Rainbow'' na pati na-achị South Africa, nke Jihan El-Tahri <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/behind-the-rainbow/|title=PBS Independent Lens: Behind the Rainbow|year=2010|publisher=PBS|accessdate=26 November 2011}}</ref> duziri maka ZDF / Arte, SBS, SVT, VPRO, SABC na ITVS (USA). ''Latitude'', <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goethe.de/ins/za/joh/kue/flm/en7973859.htm|title=Latitude: Africa beyond its clichés|author=Maiko Schaffrath|year=2011|publisher=Goethe Institut Südafrika|accessdate=26 November 2011}}</ref> usoro ihe nkiri 9 dị mkpirikpi sitere na mba 8 dị n'Africa, bụ Markovitz mebere ya, wee malite na Berlin na February 2010. Ọ gụnyere obere akụkọ sayensị sayensị Kenya nwetara ihe nrite ''[[Pumzi]]'' nke Wanuri Kahiu dere. Na 2009 Markovitz dechara akwụkwọ akụkọ omnibus ''Congo na Ọrụ anọ'' nke gara ihe karịrị ememme 50 gụnyere Berlin, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2010/02_programm_2010/02_Filmdatenblatt_2010_20103497.php|title=Berlinale Temporary Archive|year=2010|publisher=Berlin International Film Festival|accessdate=30 November 2011}}</ref> IDFA, Hot Docs 2010; na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''State of Mind'', nke [[Djo Tunda Wa Munga]] duziri, na-enyocha mmerụ ahụ na ọgwụgwọ na [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.icarusfilms.com/new2010/som.html|title=Icarus Films Catalogue, State of Mind: Healing Trauma|year=2010|publisher=Icarus Films|accessdate=1 December 2011|archivedate=3 September 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903052846/http://www.icarusfilms.com/new2010/som.html}}</ref> Markovitz jikọrọ aka mepụta mpụ Congo-French-Belgium ''[[Viva Riva!]]'' , <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vivariva.com/|title=Viva Riva official website|year=2010|publisher=Formosa productions & MG Productions|accessdate=30 November 2011|archivedate=23 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111123162710/http://vivariva.com/}}</ref> nke [[Djo Tunda Wa Munga]] duziri, nke malitere na Toronto International Film Festival na September 2010 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tiff.net/filmsandschedules/tiff/2010/vivariva|title=TIFF Films & Schedules: Viva Riva!|year=2010|publisher=Toronto International Film Festival|accessdate=30 November 2011|archivedate=8 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108152658/http://tiff.net/filmsandschedules/tiff/2010/vivariva}}</ref> na Berlin International Film Festival 2011 wee nweta MTV Movie Award for Best African Movie. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtvbase.com/news/2011-mtv-movie-awards-winners-release|title=Viva Riva! Wins Inaugural Best African Movie Category|date=6 June 2011|publisher=MTV Base|accessdate=30 November 2011|archivedate=6 April 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406131545/http://www.mtvbase.com/news/2011-mtv-movie-awards-winners-release/}}</ref> E wepụtara ya na USA, UK, Australia/NZ, Canada, Belgium, France, Germany na 18 mba Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/19/congo-movie-viva-riva-released-africa|title=Congo's first feature film for 25 years opens in 18 countries|author=Smith, David|date=19 October 2011|publisher=The Guardian online|accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref> Na 2013, Markovitz onye isi-mepụtara akụkọ ifo omnibus ''African Metropolis'' [http://www.goethe.de/africanmetropolis] nke nwere ihe nkiri isii sitere n'aka ndị isi isii n'ofe Africa. Emeela ihe nkiri a na Durban IFF, Toronto IFF, Santa Barbara IFF na IFF Rotterdam . Na 2014, Markovitz tinyere aka na ihe nkiri atọ na-emeri emeri: ''[[Stories of Our Lives|Akụkọ nke Ndụ Anyị]]'', ihe nkiri Kenya gbasara obodo LGBT na Kenya, site na [[Jim Chuchu]] na NEST Collective, nke Markovitz na-emepụta. Ihe nkiri a malitere na Toronto International Film Festival <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tiff.net/festivals/thefestival/programmes/discovery/stories-of-our-lives|title=Stories of Our Lives at TIFF 2014|publisher=Toronto International Film Festival|accessdate=18 March 2015|archivedate=2 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402220712/http://tiff.net/festivals/thefestival/programmes/discovery/stories-of-our-lives}}</ref> wee merie Berlin International Film Festival 's Teddy Jury Award; <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blog.teddyaward.tv/en/2015/02/13/teddy-winner-2015/|title=Teddy Winners 2015|date=13 February 2015|publisher=Teddy Awards|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref> ''Hụ Onye Ị Hụrụ n'Anya n'anya'', ihe nkiri South Africa nke edere, nke [[Jenna Bass|Jenna Cato Bass]] mepụtara ma duzie ya, nke Markovitz mepụtara. Ihe nkiri ahụ meriri ihe nrite na Durban International Film Festival, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.durbanfilmfest.co.za/diff2014-news/diff-announces-award-winners-for-2014|title=DIFF Announces Award Winners for 2014|publisher=Durban International Film Festival|accessdate=18 March 2015|archivedate=18 December 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218204725/http://www.durbanfilmfest.co.za/diff2014-news/diff-announces-award-winners-for-2014}}</ref> Jozi Film Festival <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jozifilmfestival.co.za/2015-film-festival/2015-film-festival-highlights|title=Jozi Film Festival 2015 Winners|publisher=Jozi Film Festival|accessdate=18 March 2015|archivedate=2 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154514/http://www.jozifilmfestival.co.za/2015-film-festival/2015-film-festival-highlights}}</ref> na Ememme Atọ nke Continents na Nantes; <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3continents.com/en/film/love-the-one-you-love/|publisher=Festival des 3 Continents|accessdate=18 March 2015|title=Love the One You Love}}</ref> Markovitz mere Documentary ''Beats of the Antonov'', onye na-eme ihe nkiri Sudanese Hajooj Kuka duziri ya. Emere ihe nkiri a na Toronto International Film Festival wee nweta ihe nturu ugo ndi mmadu choice Documentary <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tiff.net/festivals/thefestival/festival-past-awards|publisher=TIFF|accessdate=18 March 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141204222401/http://www.tiff.net/festivals/thefestival/festival-past-awards|archivedate=4 December 2014|title=TIFF.net &#124; Festival Past Awards}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị ọzọ == Markovitz bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ nke Ememe Ememe South Africa, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encounters.co.za|title=Encounters Documentary Festival|year=2011|publisher=Encounters Documentary Festival|accessdate=30 November 2011}}</ref> na Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ụlọ Ọrụ, ugbu a na 16th afọ. Ọ bụ onye guzobere otu Independent Producers Organisation ma nọdụ na juri ihe nkiri mba ụwa dị iche iche na ogwe nhọrọ, gụnyere Cinemart, Rotterdam, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/article/extrano_jealousy_and_lilya_win_32nd_rotterdam_tiger_awards|title="Extrano," "Jealousy," and "Lilya" Win 32nd Rotterdam Tiger Awards|author=Hernandez, Eugene|year=2003|publisher=IndieWire|accessdate=1 December 2011}}</ref> IDFA Bertha Fund <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.idfa.nl/industry/latest-news/idfa-fund-january-selection-2012.aspx|title=IDFA Bertha Fund selection committee|year=2012|publisher=International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam|accessdate=27 March 2014|archivedate=20 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820131614/http://www.idfa.nl/industry/latest-news/idfa-fund-january-selection-2012.aspx}}</ref> na Silverdocs . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.afi.com/silverdocs/2006/festjury.aspx|title=Silverdocs Juries|year=2006|publisher=Silverdocs|accessdate=30 November 2011}}</ref> Ọ rụziri ezi Pitch² nke mbụ na Johannesburg na nso nso a yana mmekorita ya na BRITDOC . == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.bigworld.co.za Big World Cinema] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6n25n659176n1u85a1abqur06axmypp 0 38280 672568 645382 2026-07-04T23:18:57Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|image=|caption=}}   '''Thembi Mtshali-Jones''' (amụrụ 7 Nọvemba 1949), bụ [[Actor|onye omere]] South Africa. <ref name="Karavan">{{Cite web|url=https://karavanpress.com/2019/10/03/karavan-press-title-a-biography-of-thembi-mtshali-jones-theatre-road-my-story-as-told-to-sindiwe-magona/|title=Karavan Press title: a biography of Thembi Mtshali-Jones – THEATRE ROAD: MY STORY as told to Sindiwe Magona|publisher= Press|accessdate=17 October 2020}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye a na-ewere dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe na South Africa, a ma ama Thembi maka ọrụ dị na ọtụtụ usoro telivishọn a ma ama gụnyere ''Sgudi 'Snaysi'', ''Stokvel'', ''Silent Witness'' na ''Imbewu'' . <ref name="news24"/>?url=https://www.news24.com/drum/Advice/veteren-actress-thembi-mtshali-jones-on-thema Thembi Mtshali-Jones on the pain of losing her husband: "I miss him so much"|publisher=news24|accessdate=17 October 2020}}</ref> Ewezuga ime ihe nkiri, ọ bụkwa onye ama ama na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye nkuzi nkuzi na Global Arts Corps na Kosovo yana onye nkuzi na Cambodia. == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ ya na 7 Nọvemba 1949 na Sabhoza, obodo dị nso na Ulundi, Durban, South Africa . <ref name="Karavan"/> Ndị mụrụ ya gbara alụkwaghịm obere oge ka a mụsịrị ya. <ref name="news24"/> O mechara tolite na KwaMashu Townshiebebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. <ref name="globalartscorps"/> N'oge akwụkwọ, ọ tụrụ ime, ya mere a manyere ya ịhapụ ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=https://briefly.co.za/38595-thembi-mtshali-biography-age-children-family-tv-shows-movies-songs-albums-record-label-nominations-instagram.html|title=Thembi Mtshali biography|publisher=Global Arts Corps|accessdate=17 October 2020}}</ref> Na 1998, o nwere obibi na Mahadum Gallaudet dị na Washington DC, USA ma mesịa na Mahadum Louisville, USA na 2004. Site na ntinye aka na ngalaba nka, onye isi obodo mere ya nwa amaala nke Louisville ma nweta votu ekele site n'aka ndị Senate Kentucky . Mgbe e mesịrị, Gọvanọ nke Kentucky nyere ya aha Honorary Kentucky Colonel, nsọpụrụ kacha elu na Kentucky. <ref name="globalartscorps">{{Cite web|url=https://globalartscorps.org/who-we-are/team/thembi-mtshali-jones|title=Thembi Mtshali-Jones: Associate Teaching Artist, South Africa|publisher=Global Arts Corps|accessdate=17 October 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://globalartscorps.org/who-we-are/team/thembi-mtshali-jones "Thembi Mtshali-Jones: Associate Teaching Artist, South Africa"]. Global Arts Corps<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> O nwere otu nwa nwanyị, Phumzile sitere na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya nke kwụsịrị na ịgba alụkwaghịm. E mesịa, ọ lụrụ Emrys Jones, bụ́ onye dị afọ 10 tọgbọrọ n'efu karịa Thembi. Ọ zutere Emrys, mgbe ọ bịara ikiri otu nwanyị Thembi gosiri ''otu nwanyị nọ na-echere'' . Ha nwere mmekọrịta ọnwa asatọ ma mesịa lụọ. Emrys rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha azụmaahịa maka ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ dị na [[London]]. Ha biri ọnụ ruo afọ 17, ruo mgbe nwụrụrụ na 2016 mgbe nkụchi obi gasịrị. <ref name="news24"/>Citete web|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/Advice/veteren-actress-thembi-mtshali-jones-on-the-pain-of-losing-her-husband-i-miss-him-so-much-20191101|title=Veteren actress Thembi Mtshali-Jones on the pain of losing her husband: "I miss him so muc == Ọrụ == Nnọọ Msomi chọtara nkà ime ihe nkiri ya ebe Thembi mere na mbụ ''Umabatha'' ya. O wee sonye na 'Musical Ipi Tombi', wee bụrụ onye isi nwanyị dịka 'Mama Tembu'. Ọ mere ọtụtụ njegharị mba ụwa gụnyere West End na Broadway . Mgbe e mesịrị ọ gara USA maka ịkwalite ọrụ egwu ya ebe ọ zutere ndị egwu egwu ama ama [[Hugh Masekela]] na [[Miriam Makeba]] . <ref name="Karavan"/> Ha gara Europe na Africa ruo ọtụtụ afọ. N'afọ 1987, Thembi laghachiri South Africa wee sonye na Ụlọ ihe nkiri Ahịa. N'ebe a na-eme ihe nkiri, o nwetara ohere iji soro Janice Honeyman rụọ ọrụ na Black And White Follies. <ref name="globalartscorps"/> Kemgbe 1970, ọ rụrụ na ogbo maka ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ejije. Ya na [[Gcina Mhlophe]] na Maralin Vanrenen, o so dee ma mee egwuregwu egwuregwu ahụ ''Have You Seen Zandile'' . Ọ meriri Fringe First na Edinburgh Festival Fringe maka ọrụ ya na egwuregwu ahụ. Site na ihe ịga nke ọma ahụ, ya na Barney Simon dekọrọ egwuregwu ''Eden na Ebe Ndị Ọzọ na Ụmụ nwanyị Africa'' . <ref name="Karavan"/> Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ gara UK na USA na egwu Malcom Purkey' Marabi '. N'afọ 1998, o nwetara ohere ịbụ abụ "Happy Birthday" maka onye isi ala mgbe ahụ [[Nelson Mandela]] na ụbọchị ọmụmụ 80th ya na Washington DC. A na-agbasa egwu a na CNN . <ref name="globalartscorps"/> Agbanyeghị, ọ ghọrọ onye ama ama na sitcom telivishọn 1986 ''Sgudi 'Snaysi'' nwere ọrụ 'Thoko'. <ref name="bio"/> Na 1988, o mere ka sinima nwa agbọghọ ya pụta dị ka onye isi nwanyị na ''Mapantsula'' . Enyere ihe nkiri a dị ka ihe nkiri kachasị mma na Ememme Ihe nkiri Cannes n'afọ ahụ. N'afọ 1999, o dekọrọ ihe nkiri otu nwanyị bụ ''A Woman in Waiting'' . Ejije a gbadoro ụkwụ na ndụ Thambi n'ezie wee kpọọ ya na Ụlọ ihe nkiri Joseph Paps na New York. Egwuregwu ahụ mechara merie Fringe First na Ememme Edinburgh. Na 2001, e mere egwuregwu ahụ na New Ambassador Theater, London na mgbe e mesịrị na South Africa, Tunisia, Canada, US na Bermuda Island. <ref name="globalartscorps"/> N'afọ 1999, Thembi nwetara ihe nrite kacha mma na Ememme Carthage na Tunisia. O mechara mee ụdị egwuregwu redio maka BBC 4, wee nweta ihe nrite Sony Gold na 2002. <ref name="apm">{{Cite web|url=https://www.apm.co.za/artiste/thembi-mtshali-jones-129/|title=Thembi Mtshali Jones profile|publisher=apm|accessdate=17 October 2020|archivedate=15 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115175322/https://www.apm.co.za/artiste/thembi-mtshali-jones-129/}}</ref> Na 2002, o sonyeere na telivishọn sitcom ''Stokvel'' na ọrụ 'Hazel'. E mechara họpụta ya maka International Emmy Award na 2004 maka ọrụ a. <ref name="apm"/> N'afọ 2002, a họpụtara ya n'ụdị nke African Excellence in Entertainment & Arts na mmemme onyinye onyinye nke Tribute Achievers . <ref name="bio"/> Na 2006, Thembi sonyeere na mmepụta mba ofesi ''Ezi Na Ntụgharị'' nke onye nduzi America bụ Michael Lessac duziri. Emepere egwuregwu a na Rwanda ma mechaa mee na US, Europe na Africa yana na Baxter Theatre Center na 2007. N'afọ 2009, ọ nwetara onyinye nrite Lifetime Achievement Award nke City of Durban na KwaZulu-Natal Province. Ọ nwetara onyinye ndụ ndụ site na Arts and Culture Trust na 2015. <ref name="news24"/> <ref name="globalartscorps"/> N’ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2019, e nwetara Thembi nkwanye ugwu na The Living Legend Award na National Black Theater Festival na North Carolina, USA iji mata ọrụ ya na sinima South Africa. <ref name="Karavan"/> N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ gbara n'ime ihe nkiri a ma ama ''nke nne na nne'' na National Black Theater Festival. Egwuregwu ahụ gbadoro ụkwụ na akwụkwọ akụkọ Sindiwe Magona . <ref name="news24">{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/drum/Advice/veteren-actress-thembi-mtshali-jones-on-the-pain-of-losing-her-husband-i-miss-him-so-much-20191101|title=Veteren actress Thembi Mtshali-Jones on the pain of losing her husband: "I miss him so much"|publisher=news24|accessdate=17 October 2020}}</ref> <ref name="globalartscorps"/> Magona mechara dee akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ 'Theatre Road: My Story bụ akụkọ na-akpali akpali nke Thembi Mtshali-Jones', nke ewepụtara ka ọ dabara na ụbọchị ọmụmụ Mtshali-Jones' 70th. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetalk.co.za/articles/368365/sindiwe-magona-tells-thembi-mtshali-jones-remarklable-life-story-in-new-book|title=Theatre Road: My Story is an inspiring account of Thembi Mtshali-Jones' life as told by her dear friend and writer Sindiwe Magona|publisher=capetalk|accessdate=17 October 2020}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Ihe nkiri ! Ọrụ ! Ụdị ! Ref. |- | 1986 | ''Sgudi 'Snaysi'' | Thoko | Ihe nkiri Igwe onyonyo | |- | 1988 | ''Mapantsula'' | Pat | Ihe nkiri | |- | 2002 | ''Stokvel'' | Hazel | Ihe nkiri Igwe onyonyo | |- | 2003 | ''Igwefoto Osisi'' | Nne Madiba | Ihe nkiri | |- | 2004 | ''N'obodo m'' | Lizzie | Ihe nkiri | |- | 2004 | ''Cape of Good Hope'' | Nwada Silemani | Ihe nkiri | |- | 2010 | ''Onyeàmà gbachiri nkịtị'' | Zali Silongo | Ihe nkiri Igwe onyonyo | |- | 2010 | ''Themba'' | Nwanne eze nwanyị | Ihe nkiri | |- | 2011 | ''Buschpiloten küsst man nicht'' | N'Nanga | Ihe nkiri TV | |- | 2012 | ''Ngwakọta'' | Constance Ralapele | Ihe nkiri | |- | 2013 | ''Ọ dị mma na Horizont'' | Desi | Ihe nkiri TV | |- | 2014 | ''Konfetti'' | Lerato Cwele | Ihe nkiri | |- | 2015 | ''Mgbe Ị Na-adịghị Anya'' | Gogo nke Shado | Ihe nkiri | |- | 2015 | ''Oziọma na-agba ọbara'' | Theresa | Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi | |- | 2018 | ''Imbewu'' | MaNdlovu Bhengu | Ihe nkiri Igwe onyonyo | |- | 2019 | ''Nne nye Nne'' | Nne | Ihe nkiri | |} == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|0610780}} * [https://www.discogs.com/artist/1324936-Thembi-Mtshali Discography of Thembi Mtshali] {{DEFAULTSORT:Mtshali-Jones, Thembi}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kjh8wr2io9znuc0irvl8x60f4v20ie2 0 38336 672386 176112 2026-07-04T16:09:10Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Sonia Irabor|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1990|01|03|df=y}}|birth_place=[[Lagos, Nigeria]]|nationality=[[Nigerian]]|education=[[University of Leicester]]; <br>[[Drama Studio London]]|occupation=Writer, Filmmaker, Actress, Editor}} '''Sonia Irabor''' (amụrụ 3 Jenụwarị 1990) bụ onye odee, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-eme ihe nkiri . Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ ''Genevieve Magazine'' . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-03|title=Genevieve magazine editor, Sonia Irabor clocks 30|url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2020/01/sonia-irabor/|accessdate=2021-12-01|work=Vanguard Allure|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Irabor nye Soni na [[Betty Irabor]], ndị ọrụ mgbasa ozi abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=SONIA IRABOR: How I Evolved, Built My Own Identity|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/03/01/sonia-irabor-how-i-evolved-built-my-own-identity/|date=2020-03-01|accessdate=2021-12-01|work=[[ThisDay]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Nne ya bụ onye nchoputa na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Genevieve Magazine'' <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-26|title='Depression…what we need is more talk therapy, empathy'|url=https://guardian.ng/features/health/depressionwhat-we-need-is-more-talk-therapy-empathy/|first=Chukwuma|author=Muanya|accessdate=2021-12-01|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201120127/https://guardian.ng/features/health/depressionwhat-we-need-is-more-talk-therapy-empathy/}}</ref> ebe nna ya bụ onye mgbasa ozi redio na TV. <ref>{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2016-12-08|title=Soni Irabor: Celebrating a Quintessential Media Icon|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/12/soni-irabor-celebrating-a-quintessential-media-icon/|accessdate=2021-12-01|work=[[BellaNaija]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Na 2011, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Leicester ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na Communications na Media Studies. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-28|title=Betty Irabor’s Daughter, Sonia Becomes The New Editor Of Genevieve Magazine|url=https://g9ija.com/2017/07/28/betty-irabors-daughter-sonia-becomes-the-new-editor-of-genevieve-magazine/|first=Benedicta|author=Robbins Patrick|accessdate=2021-12-01|work=G9IJA.com|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201120131/https://g9ija.com/2017/07/28/betty-irabors-daughter-sonia-becomes-the-new-editor-of-genevieve-magazine/}}</ref> O mechara gaa Drama Studio London ebe ọ nwetara diplọma na ọkachamara na-eme ihe wee gụchaa na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni {{!}} 2016 Graduates|url=https://www.dramastudiolondon.co.uk/choose-year/2016-graduates|accessdate=2021-12-01|work=www.dramastudiolondon.co.uk}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Irabor malitere ọrụ ya site na ijikwa kọlụm "Teen Zone" nke ''Genevieve Magazine'' mgbe ọ dị afọ 13. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2017-08-19|title=My mother's shoes are too big to fill, I am carving my own path - Sonia Irabor|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/my-mothers-shoes-are-too-big-to-fill-i-am-carving-my-own-path-sonia-irabor/|first=Tobi|author=Awodipe|accessdate=2021-12-01|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211201120125/https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/my-mothers-shoes-are-too-big-to-fill-i-am-carving-my-own-path-sonia-irabor/}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-eweta redio na onye na-emepụta ihe yana na PR, <ref name=":0" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na mahadum, Irabor ghọrọ Assistant Editor / UK Correspondent for ''Genevieve Magazine'' <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tolu|date=2017-02-26|title="I don't have much of a personal life" {{!}} Genevieve Magazine's Sonia Irabor speaks on being Assistant Editor and parental influence|url=https://ynaija.com/i-dont-much-personal-life-genevieve-magazines-sonia-irabor-speaks-assistant-editor-parental-influence/|accessdate=2021-12-01|work=[[YNaija]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> emesia a họpụtara ya Editor na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2017-07-29|title=Sonia Irabor named Editor of Genevieve Magazine|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/07/sonia-irabor-editor-genevieve/|accessdate=2021-12-01|work=[[BellaNaija]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri, Sonia apụtawo n'ọtụtụ egwuregwu, ihe nkiri na usoro TV gụnyere ''Man Of Dreams'', <ref>{{Cite web|author=BellaNaija.com|date=2019-03-08|title=WATCH the Season Finale of Victor Sanchez Aghahowa's "Man of Her Dreams" starring Sonia Irabor & Folu Storms|url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/03/watch-the-season-finale-of-victor-sanchez-aghahowas-man-of-her-dreams-starring-sonia-irabor-folu-storms/|accessdate=2021-12-01|work=BellaNaija|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Inspector K'', <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-04-15|title=The Media Blog: The first episode of Inspector K is pretty cool|url=https://ynaija.com/first-episode-inspectork-cool/|accessdate=2021-12-01|work=YNaija|language=en-GB}}</ref> na ''Tebụl'' . <ref name="FOR">{{Cite web|date=2018-06-04|title=Under 30 Creatives|url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/under-30/2018/06/04/under-30-creatives/|first=Forbes|author=Africa|accessdate=2021-12-01|work=Forbes Africa|language=en}}</ref> == Nkwenye == N'afọ 2018, a kpọrọ Sonia aha dị ka otu n'ime ihe okike Forbes Africa 30 na-erughi 30. <ref name="FOR"/> Akpọrọ ya aha dịka otu n'ime ndị ntorobịa iri kachasị ike na oghere mgbasa ozi na listi ike [[YNaija]] . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-16|title=#YNaijaPowerList2018: Mercy Abang, Fisayo Soyombo, Instablog9ja… See the 10 most powerful young persons in the media space|url=https://ynaija.com/ynaijapowerlist2018-mercy-abang-fisayo-soyombo-instablog9ja-see-the-10-most-powerful-young-persons-in-the-media-space/|accessdate=2021-12-01|work=YNaija|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'akụkụ nne ya, a ghọtara Sonia dị ka nọmba 11 na 2021 "25 Kasị Ike Women in Journalism" nke Women in Journalism Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-02|title=Ijeoma Nwogwugwu, Stella Din, Kadaria Ahmed named among 25 most powerful Nigerian female journalists|url=https://www.thecable.ng/ijeoma-nwogwugwu-stella-din-kadaria-ahmed-named-among-25-most-powerful-nigerian-female-journalists|first=Bolanle|author=Olabimtan|accessdate=2021-12-01|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-06-04|title=Yemi Alade, Sonia Irabor, Falz, others make 2018 Forbes Africa Under-30 list|url=https://punchng.com/yemi-alade-sonia-irabor-falz-others-make-2018-forbes-africa-under-30-list/|accessdate=2022-07-19|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Onye édémédé akwukwọ si-na Naigeria]] a7q94f7x0cliu3d38unppycfl0ecqb1 0 38543 672573 541104 2026-07-04T23:25:07Z NiferO 20385 Added image 672573 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Veso Golden, Marchioness Global 2020-4.jpg|thumb|Veso Golden Oke]] <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2019-08-08|title=Nigerian model becomes the first trans contestant in a beauty pageant|url=https://nostringsng.com/nigerian-model-first-contestant-beauty-pageant/|accessdate=2023-11-30|work=NoStringsNG – Voice of LGBTQ+ Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Veso Golden Oke becomes first transwoman to contest in beauty pageant in Africa|url=https://photogallery.indiatimes.com/beauty-pageants/world-pageants/veso-golden-oke-becomes-first-transwoman-to-contest-in-beauty-pageant-in-africa/articleshow/70802888.cms|accessdate=2023-11-30|work=India Times}}</ref>Veso Golden Oke ( dhoof 1993/1994) bụ onye na-akwado ikike nke Naijiria, ihe nlere anya, onye na-ese ihe na onye na-edozi ntutu isi.  [1] [2] N'afọ 2019, ọ izizi izizi n'ihu ọha na-ahọ mpi n'ahọmpi ịma mma na Africa <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2019-08-22|title=Nigerian Transgender To Compete In Ghana Beauty Pageant -|url=https://www.herald.ng/nigerian-transgender-to-compete-in-beauty-pageant/|accessdate=2023-11-30|work=The Herald|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130225951/https://www.herald.ng/nigerian-transgender-to-compete-in-beauty-pageant/}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == Ka ọ bụ nwata, Oke bụ nwanyị ma chee na ọ bụ nwanyị; Ọ dịghị mgbe ọ chọpụtara dị ka nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2018-01-26|title=Nigerian-born Ghanaian Trans model: 'I fight every day to look more feminine'|url=https://nostringsng.com/nigerian-born-ghanaian-transgender-model-feminine/|accessdate=2023-11-30|work=NoStringsNG – Voice of LGBTQ+ Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> O chetara na mgbe ọ dị afọ 8, ọ na-ekpebu ekpere na ya ga-eteta n'ahụ́ nwa agbọghọ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2019-02-26|title=I’m a woman with shrinking, non-functional penis – Ghanaian transgender|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-m-a-woman-with-shrinking-non-functional-penis-Ghanaian-transgender-726444|accessdate=2023-11-30|work=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ 14, ọ mụtara online gbasara njirimara transgender wee kweta na njirimara nke ya. <ref name=":3"/> Ọ bụ ezie na na mbụ mgbe ọ pụtara na ezinụlọ ya chere na “ekwensu ewerewo ya,” n’oge na-adịghị anya ndị mụrụ ya ghọrọ ndị na-akwado ya. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == . N'afọ 2014, Oke ịhụnanya Nigeria gaa Ghana .  [1] N'ebe ahụ, ọ ahụmahụ ọrụ dị ka ihe ihe na onye ịdebe ụdị na Accra<ref name=":0"/> * Bobrisky – Nigerian transgender woman (born 1991) * Jay Boogie – Nigerian transgender woman * Miss Sahhara – Nigerian beauty queen and LGBTQ advocate * Noni Salma – Nigerian transgender woman == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] oxm1m40bw3h482xf81rsustgoxv4l4w 0 39022 672519 644167 2026-07-04T22:04:14Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672519 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Teresa Maria Przytycka''' (amụrụ 1958) [1] bụ ọkà mmụta ihe omimi nke Polish-American nke na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nyocha dị elu na ngalaba Kọmputa Biology nke National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), ebe ọ Ụzọ Algorithmic na-eduzi na Kọmputa na Sistemụ Biology (AlgoCSB) ngalaba. .[1] Ọ malitere ọrụ nyocha ya na algọridim yiri ya; na NCBI, nyocha ya na-ewe usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ maka nsogbu na usoro ihe ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ọrịa kansa, usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na nyocha nke nnukwu data.[1] == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == Przytycka sitere na Myszków ; Ndị mụrụ ya, bụ́ ndị obodo Gorajec nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Poland, gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma n'akụkụ ụfọdụ site n'ịgụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru ala Polish . Ọ gụrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na sayensị kọmputa na Mahadum Warsaw, {{R|distance}} na-enweta akara ugo mmụta masta ebe ahụ na 1982. <ref name=xplore>{{citation|url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/author/38076729600|title=Teresa M. Przytycka|work=IEEE Xplore|publisher=IEEE|access-date=2021-12-12}}</ref>cv}} Ọ nọrọ na mahadum dị ka onye nchọpụta, ma ọ na-ahapụ ohere ịghọ nwa akwụkwọ doctoral na Mahadum British Columbia (UBC), na-eso di ya, Józef H. Przytycki, bụ onye weere ọnọdụ postdoctoral n'ebe ahụ; {{R|distance}} ọ gụchara Ph.D. na UBC na 1990. Akwụkwọ edemede ya, ''Parallel Algorithms On Trees and Related Problems'', nke metụtara nhazi algọridim yiri ya, David G. Kirkpatrick na-elekọta ya. {{R|cv <ref name=mg>{{mathgenealogy|id=149198}}</ref><ref name=diss>{{citation|title=Parallel Algorithms On Trees And Related Problems|publisher=University of British Columbia|first=Teresa Maria|last=Przytycka|year=1990|doi=10.14288/1.0302108|hdl=2429/30640}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ bu n'obi ịlaghachi n'ọkwa ya na Mahadum Warsaw, nke ahụ ghọrọ ihe na-agaghị ekwe omume n'ihi ụmụ ọhụrụ ya abụọ na enweghị nlekọta ụmụaka zuru oke na Warsaw n'oge ahụ. <ref name=distance>{{citation|url=https://infocus.nlm.nih.gov/2017/02/06/teresa-przytycka-goes-the-distance/|title=Focus on NLM Scientists: Dr. Teresa Przytycka Goes the Distance|work=NLM in Focus|publisher=National Library of Medicine|date=February 6, 2017}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na onye enyemaka onye nlekọta nleta na Mahadum California, Riverside, ọ ghọrọ osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Odense dị na Denmark na 1992, <ref name=cv>{{citation|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/CBBresearch/Przytycka/download/TPrzytycka_CV.pdf|title=Curriculum vitae|date=October 2, 2012|access-date=2021-12-12}}</ref>biri ọtụtụ oge a iche na di ya n'ihi nsogbu ahụ ha abụọ . N'etiti 1990s, di ya nọ na-elekọta ya na Mahadum George Washington na US ọwụwa anyanwụ ụsọ oké osimiri, ma o kpebisiri ike ịchọta ọnọdụ dị nso, n'otu oge ahụ na-atụgharị mmasị nyocha ya na usoro ihe omimi. {{R|distance}} Na 1997 ọ ghọrọ onye nyocha Sloan-DOE na Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, ebe ọ gara n'ihu dị ka Burroughs Wellcome Fellow na onye nyocha nyocha. N'afọ 2003, o were ọnọdụ ya ugbu a na National Center for Biotechnology Information. {{R|cv}} == Nkwenye == Na 2021, a kpọrọ Przytycka onye otu nke International Society maka Computational Biology, "maka nke aka algorithmic ya na nsogbu dịgasị iche iche na usoro ihe ọmụmụ ihe mgbakọ na mwepụ, karịsịa na nyocha netwọkụ, ụzọ ndị dabeere na netwọk iji kpughee mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa ọrịa, nrụgharị netwọkụ, nhazi usoro. Ọrụ nke DNA conformation dynamics na RNA aptamer analysis". <ref name=iscb>{{citation|url=https://www.iscb.org/iscb-news-items/4626-2021-march02-iscb-congratulates-introduces-2021-class-fellows|title=ISCB Congratulates the 2021 Class of Fellows|publisher=International Society for Computational Biology|access-date=2021-12-12|archive-date=2021-12-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212202418/https://www.iscb.org/iscb-news-items/4626-2021-march02-iscb-congratulates-introduces-2021-class-fellows|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] dckk0q325i4tyrizpgetw7jwapmivtx 0 39027 672449 155097 2026-07-04T19:24:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672449 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Svetlana Selezneva</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="512" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="352" decoding="async" height="218" resource="./File:Селезнёва_Светлана_Николаевна.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/150px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/225px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg/300px-%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0.jpg 2x" width="150" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Селезнёва_Светлана_Николаевна.jpg|218x218px]]</img> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" | <span style="display:none">( <span class="bday">1969-09-09</span> )</span> 9 Septemba 1969 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(afọ&nbsp;54)</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Korosten]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Alma&nbsp;nne | class="infobox-data" | [[Moscow State University|Mahadum steeti Moscow (1991)]] | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | |} '''Svetlana Selezneva''' ( Russian </link> ) (amụrụ 1969) bụ onye Rọshịa mathematician, Dr.Sc. , Osote prọfesọ, prọfesọ na ngalaba nke Kọmputa Sayensị na Moscow State University . Ọ gbachitere tesis «Polynomial nnọchiteanya nke echiche iche ọrụ» maka ogo nke Dọkịta nke Anụ ahụ na Sayensị mgbakọ na mwepụ (2016). Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ atọ na ihe karịrị akụkọ sayensị iri asaa. <ref>[https://istina.msu.ru/profile/selezn@cs.msu.su/ Scientific works of Svetlana Selezneva]</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * {{Cite book|title=Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics: History and Modernity: A Biographical Directory|edition={{nowrap|1&nbsp;500 экз}}|location=Moscow|year=2010|publisher=Publishing house of Moscow University|pages=386–387|isbn=978-5-211-05838-5|ref=Faculty of Computational Mathematics and Cybernetics}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://cs.msu.ru/persons/2561 MSU CMC] (in Russian) * [https://istina.msu.ru/profile/selezn@cs.msu.su/ Sayensị ọrụ nke Svetlana Selezneva] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20240314161009/https://www.mathnet.ru/php/person.phtml?personid=27907&option_lang=eng Ọrụ sayensị nke Svetlana Selezneva] (in English) [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7l9d76igssg31ljcr19ti9doe9vvud1 0 39056 672366 656245 2026-07-04T15:00:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Sindisiwe van Zyl''' ( née '''Mahamba-Sithole''' ; 3 Eprel 1976 - 10 Eprel 2021), bụ [[Zimbabwe|onye Zimbabwe]] amụrụ [[South Africa]] <ref>{{Cite web|title=South Africa passport|url=https://twitter.com/sindivanzyl/status/795540992782979072|accessdate=2021-04-13|work=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=South Africa citizen|url=https://twitter.com/sindivanzyl/status/1325994589241679873|accessdate=2021-04-13|work=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Green|first=Andrew|date=June 2021|title=Sindisiwe van Zyl|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=397|issue=10292|pages=2330|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01322-2|pmid=34147147}}</ref> dibịa, redio DJ, onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ, onye na-akwado ahụike na onye nyocha mara maka iji mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na. usoro mgbasa ozi bụ isi iji kesaa nje HIV metụtara, ahụike uche, ahụike ịmụ nwa, ozi ahụike na ahụike ọha . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oprahmag.co.za/health/body/the-local-doctors-are-at-your-service|title=The Local Doctors Are At Your Service - O, The Oprah Magazine|work=www.oprahmag.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2018-03-11|archivedate=12 March 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312083133/http://www.oprahmag.co.za/health/body/the-local-doctors-are-at-your-service}}</ref> <ref name="702.co.za">{{Cite web|url=http://www.702.co.za/articles/3626/healthy-lifestyle-mental-health-and-psychosocial-disorders|title=Healthy Lifestyle : Mental health and psychosocial disorders|work=702|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.samainsider.org.za/index.php/SAMAInsider/article/download/72/49|title=SAMA Insider|date=November 2017|accessdate=26 July 2019|archivedate=26 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626124427/http://www.samainsider.org.za/index.php/SAMAInsider/article/download/72/49}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-06-21|title=Advocacy through social media #AngryBlacks|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2012-06-21-hrough-social-media/|accessdate=2020-11-17|work=The Mail & Guardian|language=en-ZA}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Mthethwa|first=Ayanda|date=2021-04-11|title=OBITUARY: Health activist, the people's doctor, Sindi van Zyl 'gave us a light to look up to'|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-04-11-health-activist-the-peoples-doctor-sindi-van-zyl-gave-us-a-light-to-look-up-to/|accessdate=2021-04-11|work=Daily Maverick|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Malan|first=Mia|title=TRIBUTE {{!}} Sindi van Zyl, the doctor who never stopped caring|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/columnists/guestcolumn/tribute-sindi-van-zyl-the-doctor-who-never-stopped-caring-20210412|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=News24|language=en-US}}</ref> O nwetara ọtụtụ ihe nrite maka ọrụ ya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://ysa.mg.co.za/2012/sindi-van-zyl/|title=Sindi van Zyl – 2012|work=ysa.mg.co.za|language=en-ZA|accessdate=2018-03-11|archivedate=26 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190726032210/http://ysa.mg.co.za/2012/sindi-van-zyl/}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.glamour.co.za/more/women-of-the-year/and-the-2018-glamour-women-of-the-year-are-17766095|title=And the 2018 GLAMOUR Women of the Year are...|work=www.glamour.co.za|language=en|accessdate=2019-07-26}}</ref> N'ihi na ọ na-agbasi mbọ ike maka ahụike ọha, a maara ya dị ka "dikịta ndị mmadụ". <ref>{{Cite web|author=Zulu|first=Sifiso|title='A beacon of light who gave endlessly' - Dr Sindi van Zyl remembered|url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/04/10/a-beacon-of-light-who-gave-endlessly-dr-sindi-van-zyl-remembered|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=ewn.co.za|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-04-18|title=Sindi van Zyl: The 'people's doctor' who revealed her own struggles|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-56764908|accessdate=2021-04-18}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Van Zyl na 3 Eprel 1976 na Salisbury, Rhodesia (ugbu a Harare, [[Zimbabwe]] ). <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://cliffcentral.com/getting-to-know/getting-to-know-dr-sindi-van-zyl/|title=Getting To Know: Dr Sindi van Zyl - CliffCentral|date=2015-02-10|work=CliffCentral|accessdate=2018-03-11|language=en-US}}</ref> Maka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Arundel . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Zim media review|url=https://twitter.com/zimmediareview/status/1380943439420919813|accessdate=2021-05-04|work=[[Twitter]]|language=en}}</ref> Maka ụlọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ọ gara Mahadum Pretoria, ebe ọ nzere bachelọ ụkpụrụ na physiology mmadụ na akparamaagwa yana Bachelor nke Medicine, Bachelor nke ịwa ahụ ogo. . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://lodox.com/2014/09/womeninhealth-an-interview-with-medical-practitioner-dr-sindiswe-van-zyl/|title=#WomenInHealth: an interview with medical practitioner Dr Sindiswe van Zyl - LODOX|work=LODOX|accessdate=2018-03-11|language=en-US}}</ref> Dr Sindisiwe Van Zyl abanyela n'ụlọ ọgwụ Chris Hani Baragwanath . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://mg.co.za/article/2017-12-01-00-memories-of-an-intern-who-worked-with-hiv-patients-in-soweto|title=Memories of an intern who worked with HIV patients in Soweto|author=Zyl|first=Dr Sindisiwe van|work=The M&G Online|accessdate=2018-03-11|language=en}}</ref> Na 2004, ọ lụrụ Marinus van Zyl. <ref>{{Cite web|title=What's the colour of love?|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2018-04-09-whats-the-colour-of-love/|accessdate=2020-11-17|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ na-eji Twitter, tumadi, na-agwa ma na-eme ihe banyere nje HIV karịsịa mgbochi nnyefe nke nne na nwa . Ọ pụtakwara ugboro ugboro na TV, redio na nyiwe mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ. <ref name=":2"/> Ọ na-akọrọ banyere njem nke onwe ya na ịda mbà n'obi na ike ọgwụgwụ nke dọkịta . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news24.com/Columnists/Landisa/landisa-i-am-a-doctor-in-gauteng-and-who-is-supposed-to-help-me-when-i-have-burnout-20200306|title=Landisa: I am a doctor in Gauteng, and who is supposed to help me when I have burnout?|date=2020-03-06|work=News24|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-11}}</ref> <ref name="702.co.za"/> Dr. van Zyl kọrọ otú o si tụfuo afọ 41&nbsp;kg mgbe ị na-eri nri Banting . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.magzter.com/share/mag/5880/185489|title=Lose It! Magazine Volume 15 2016 issue – Get your digital copy|work=Magzter|accessdate=2019-08-31}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-ehi ụra nke ọma na-achọ ihe dị ka awa 4 ụra kwa abalị ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mohan|first=Pavithra|date=2019-08-09|title=I'm one of the rare few who needs only 4 hours of sleep per night|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90386657/im-one-of-the-rare-few-who-needs-only-4-hours-of-sleep-per-night|accessdate=2020-10-15|work=Fast Company|language=en-US}}</ref> Nnyocha [[Amamihe|sayensị]] ya gụnyere ụkpụrụ iji kwado ndị mmadụ na ndị di na nwunye bu nje HIV iji nweta afọ ime n'enweghị nsogbu <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Davies|first=Natasha E. C. G.|date=2018-10-18|title=Guidelines to support HIV-affected individuals and couples to achieve pregnancy safely: Update 2018|url=https://sajhivmed.org.za/index.php/hivmed/article/view/915|journal=Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine|language=en|volume=19|issue=1|pages=26|doi=10.4102/sajhivmed.v19i1.915|issn=2078-6751|pmid=30473876}}</ref> yana COVID-19 na nje HIV. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Masukume|first=Gwinyai|title=COVID-19 and HIV co-infection an emerging consensus|url=|journal=Journal of Medical Virology|year=2021|volume=93|issue=1|language=en|pages=170–171|doi=10.1002/jmv.26270|issn=1096-9071|pmid=32633849}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche na Association Medical Association South Africa . <ref>{{Cite web|author=News|first=Eyewitness|title=Medical fraternity mourns 'passionate, dedicated' Dr Sindi van Zyl|url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/04/11/medical-fraternity-mourns-passionate-dedicated-dr-sindi-van-zyl|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=ewn.co.za|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu ndị Médecins Sans Frontières Southern Africa Board of directors. <ref>{{Cite web|title=In Memoriam {{!}} Dr Sindi van Zyl, former MSF Southern Africa Board member|url=https://www.msf.org.za/news-and-resources/press-release/memoriam-dr-sindi-van-zyl-former-msf-southern-africa-board-member|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=MSF Southern Africa|language=en-ZA}}</ref> N'ihi na ọ na-agbasi mbọ ike maka ahụike ọha, a maara ya dị ka "dikịta ndị mmadụ". <ref name=":3"/> * Onye edemede maka Health24, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.health24.com/Medical/HIV-AIDS/News/7-frequently-asked-questions-about-arvs-20171221|title=7 frequently asked questions about ARVs|work=Health24|accessdate=2018-03-11}}</ref> akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Bona'' '', magazin Choma'' <ref>{{Cite web|author=Choma|title=Depression Q&A with Dr Sindi|url=https://choma.co.za/articles/79/depression-qa-with-dr-sindi|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=choma.co.za|language=en|archivedate=12 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412095223/https://choma.co.za/articles/79/depression-qa-with-dr-sindi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Search - Choma|url=https://choma.co.za/search/results?search=Sindi|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=choma.co.za|archivedate=2021-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412095223/https://choma.co.za/search/results?search=Sindi}}</ref> * Radio DJ, Kaya FM na-akwado Sidebar na Sindi <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kayafm.co.za/sindi-van-zyl-kaya-fm/|title=Dr. Sindi van Zyl Joins Kaya FM Taking Over From Mapaseka Mokwele|date=2019-04-24|work=KAYA FM|language=en-ZA|accessdate=2019-07-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=FM|first=Kaya|title=Sidebar with Sindi|url=https://iono.fm/c/4313|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=iono.fm|language=en}}</ref> * Onye omenkà ọbịa na opera ncha ''7de Laan'' <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-10|title=RIP Dr Sindi Van Zyl: South Africa lost 'such a great Queen'|url=http://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/rip-dr-sindi-van-zyl-10-april-2021/|accessdate=2021-04-12|work=The South African|language=en-ZA|archivedate=2021-04-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410184522/http://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/rip-dr-sindi-van-zyl-10-april-2021/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Engelbrecht|first=Leandra|title=7de Laan pays tribute to Dr Sindi van Zyl|url=https://www.news24.com/channel/tv/news/7de-laan-pays-tribute-to-dr-sindi-van-zyl-20210415-2|accessdate=2021-04-15|work=Channel|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Na 10 Eprel 2021, ọ nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 45 site na COVID-19 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-04-10-dr-sindi-dies-aged-45-after-two-month-fight-for-life-in-hospital/|title=Dr Sindi dies aged 45 after two-month fight for life in hospital|work=Times Live|language=en-ZA|accessdate=2021-04-10}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-10|title=Popular doctor and broadcaster Sindi van Zyl succumbs to COVID-19|url=https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/popular-doctor-and-dj-sindi-succumbs-to-covid-19/|accessdate=2021-04-11|work=SABC News - Breaking news, special reports, world, business, sport coverage of all South African current events. Africa's news leader.|language=en-US}}</ref> Olili ozu ya mere na Eprel 15, 2021. Ememe ncheta Dr Sindi gụnyere ndị mmadụ na-etinye onwe ha na soshal midia yi uwe nwere akpa, nke bụ ụdị mbinye aka ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nyathi|first=Ayanda|title=Funeral of much-loved Dr Sindi van Zyl under way in Johannesburg|url=https://ewn.co.za/2021/04/15/funeral-of-much-loved-dr-sindi-van-zyl-under-way-in-johannesburg|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=ewn.co.za|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Katlego Danke remembers Dr Sindi van Zyl with #DresswithPockets tribute|url=https://www.dispatchlive.co.za/lifestyle/entertainment/2021-06-03-katlego-danke-remembers-dr-sindi-van-zyl-with-dresswithpockets-tribute/|accessdate=2021-06-24|work=DispatchLIVE|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == * ''Mail &amp;amp; Onye nche'' (2012) 200 Ndị ntorobịa South Africa <ref name=":0"/> * Ụmụ nwanyị <nowiki><i id="mwnQ">Glamour</i></nowiki> nke Afọ (2018) - enyere ya maka ịdị mma na ime ihe ike na ahụike na ọgwụ <ref name=":1"/> * Amref Health Africa posthumous Africa Health Agenda International Conference 2023 Women in Global Health Award <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tonight, we honor and recognize Dr. Sindi van Zyl, the People's Doctor, the Duchess of Healing, with the posthumous #AHAIC2023 Women in Global Health Award|url=https://twitter.com/Amref_Worldwide/status/1633528252445646863?s=20|accessdate=2023-03-08|work=Twitter|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|3}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Sindisiwe van Zyl on Twitter 0mqm17ixxwoci4rs017vajd9d2zuwvq 0 40080 672438 157335 2026-07-04T18:54:50Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed error 672438 wikitext text/x-wiki   Iwu nyọcha, 1923 ( French </link> ), bụ Iwu nzuko omeiwu Canada nke na-hazi ụfọdụ omume azụmahịa ụlọ ọrụ na-azụ .  Ọ akụkọ ndị nwe obodo, mgbasa ozi na-eduhie eduhie, ịgbagha, enyo enyo, na ụzọ ndị ọzọ nke ịmachi echiche. Ebu ụzọ webatara na 1910, [1] kagburu iwu mbụ tupu emelite ụdị emelitere na 1923 site n'aka MacKenzie King ;  [2] Emezikwara iwu ahụ na saịtị 1969 na Iwu Ndozigharị Iwu Mpụ, 1968–69<ref name=":2">S.C. 1968-69 c. 38 sec. 116</ref> Ọ bụ iwu ama ama n'ime iwu iwu Canada maka ikike ọ nyere ndị ọrụ na-ahụ ndị uwe ojii ịka n'ogige nkeonwe na- man akwụkwọ ikike nke ikpe ma were ihe mmụta na ha chere na ọ bụ iwu iwu.  Nke a butere nkwado ndị ikpe Kasị Elu na Hunter v Southam Inc ebe ndokwa nke Iwu ahụ na- arụ ọrụ n'ihi na nso nso a iwu Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedom' njikọ ebubo search na-ewepụ ezi uche .  A kagburu Iwu ahụ na Julaị 1986 wee jiri Iwu ike ya. . Usoro nhọpụta nke ọnụ bụ onye ga-anya iwu, mmepụta ihe, nke ewefere na 2 Mee 1889 dị ka iwu iwu obi mbụ n'ime ụwa ike ihe.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Government of Canada|first=Innovation|date=2020-02-24|title=Our mandate|url=https://ised-isde.canada.ca/site/competition-bureau-canada/en/how-we-foster-competition/our-organization/our-mandate|accessdate=2023-04-10|work=ised-isde.canada.ca}}</ref>   . Na 2 May 1889, nzuko omeiwu nke 6 nke Canada nyere iwu maka Mgbochi na Mgbochi nke Nchikota etolite na Restraint of Trade, nke a mara nke ọma dị ka Anti-Combines Act, iwu mbụ na ụwa ihe, ihe ọmụmụ otu afọ tupu.  United Iwu Sherman nke steeti. <ref name=":1">Blair, D. Gordon. 1953. "[https://canlii.ca/t/t45v Combines, Controls or Competition]?" ''[[Canadian Bar Review]]'' 31(10)1083–115. Retrieved on 2023-04-09.</ref> <ref name=":4">Cheffins, Brian. 1989. "[https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1784&context=ohlj The Development of Competition Policy, 1890-1940: A Re-Evaluation of a Canadian and American Tradition] (PDF)." ''Osgoode Hall Law Journal'' 27(3):449–90. Also [http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol27/iss3/1 available here]. Retrieved 2023-04-10.</ref>Onye isi iwu nke iwu ahụ bụ Nathaniel Clarke Wallace, onye MP Conservative, bụ onye webatara Johnson ahụ na 1888 mgbe ọ na-elekọta kọmitii ndị nke Commons iji nchịkọta nchịkọta. <ref name=":1">Blair, D. Gordon. 1953. "[https://canlii.ca/t/t45v Combines, Controls or Competition]?" ''[[Canadian Bar Review]]'' 31(10)1083–115. Retrieved on 2023-04-09.</ref>N'ihi ya, Mgbochi-Combines Act nọchiri ya site na Combines Investigation Act, 1910, kpọrọ na Mee 1910 Iwu a kọwapụtara "njikọta" n'otu aka ahụ dịka ngalaba 498 nke Usoro Mpụ ma webata echiche nke " njikota, ihu ọma obi ma ọ bụ otu onye."  W .  L. Mackenzie King, Onye Minista naahụ maka onye mbụ nke Canada (na mgbe e ịhụ Prime Minister), kwusiri ike na mmetụta nke ikpokọta mpụ n'onwe ya, ya mere kọwa pụtara na ndị ga-eji ahụhụ ikpe ndị omempụ dị.  ka ụzọ izọ nke ijikọta njikwa.  Wall, ọnweghị ụlọ ọrụ na-adịgide e hibere iji me ihe iwu a, nyọpụta ikike anya ma na-efu nnukwu ego maka ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu echere<ref name=":1">Blair, D. Gordon. 1953. "[https://canlii.ca/t/t45v Combines, Controls or Competition]?" ''[[Canadian Bar Review]]'' 31(10)1083–115. Retrieved on 2023-04-09.</ref> Ọzọkwa, ihe àmà na-egosi na ndokwa iwu mpụ abaghị uru, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ nanị ole na ole nke ikpe e wetara n'etiti 1910 na 1976; naanị otu ikpe ka enwetara, na nke ahụ n'ikpe ikpe mara. <ref>Stanbury, W.T. 2013 December 16. "[https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/competition-policy Competition Policy]" (revised). ''The Canadian Encyclopedia''. Historica Canada.</ref> Ịmepụta ahụ dị ka US Federal Trade Commission site na ''Federal Trade Commission Act nke 1914'', ''Board of Commerce Act'' guzobere otu bọọdụ nke ndị otu atọ wee bo ya ebubo na nchịkwa izugbe nke omume ikpeazụ. Board nwere ikike igbochi na machibido nguzobe nke ọ bụla ngwakọta, nke akọwara dị ka ihe ọ bụla jikọrọ ọnụ, ntụkwasị obi, monopoly, ma ọ bụ mgbochi asọmpi nkwekọrịta, tacit ma ọ bụ ihe ọzọ, nke Board lere na ọ bụghị maka ọha na eze. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwekwara ikike ịmalite nyocha na ịmanye mmachi ma ọ bụrụ na achọtara ngwakọta. <ref name=":4">Cheffins, Brian. 1989. "[https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1784&context=ohlj The Development of Competition Policy, 1890-1940: A Re-Evaluation of a Canadian and American Tradition] (PDF)." ''Osgoode Hall Law Journal'' 27(3):449–90. Also [http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol27/iss3/1 available here]. Retrieved 2023-04-10.</ref> Okwu a chọpụtara n'iwu abụọ nke 1919 bụ na iwu Board of Commerce bufere ikike n'aka ụlọ ikpe nchịkwa iji chịkwaa na ịchịkwa omume naanị n'ihi echiche ya maka ma ọ bụ ihe na-emerụ obodo. N'echiche a, na 1921, ''ikpe Board of Commerce'' butere mkpebi siri ike nke Kansụl nke Ọrụ abụọ ahụ dị ka ikike gọọmentị etiti ''ultra vires'', ebe mkpebi iwu nke akara ''Board of Commerce Act'' dị ka nke bara uru dị ka iwu akụ na ụba mberede kama. karịa dị ka ogologo oge pụtara na-ejikọta njikwa. <ref name=":1">Blair, D. Gordon. 1953. "[https://canlii.ca/t/t45v Combines, Controls or Competition]?" ''[[Canadian Bar Review]]'' 31(10)1083–115. Retrieved on 2023-04-09.</ref> Peter Heenan bụ onye minista na-ahụ maka ''usoro nyocha nke jikọtara ọnụ'' n'etiti 1926 na 1930. <ref name=":4">Cheffins, Brian. 1989. "[https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1784&context=ohlj The Development of Competition Policy, 1890-1940: A Re-Evaluation of a Canadian and American Tradition] (PDF)." ''Osgoode Hall Law Journal'' 27(3):449–90. Also [http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol27/iss3/1 available here]. Retrieved 2023-04-10.</ref> ''Iwu 1923 jikọtara ọnụ'' bụ ihe ịga nke ọma ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị bu ya ụzọ. E meghere ọtụtụ narị faịlụ, ruokwa 1935, e nwekwara nyocha iri na itoolu. Achọtara ngwakọta na 14 n'ime ndị a, butere ikpe 19 na ikpe 8. Agbasara Association Azụmahịa Ihe Nlebaanya (PATA) n'ihi nyocha a mere. <ref name=":4">Cheffins, Brian. 1989. "[https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1784&context=ohlj The Development of Competition Policy, 1890-1940: A Re-Evaluation of a Canadian and American Tradition] (PDF)." ''Osgoode Hall Law Journal'' 27(3):449–90. Also [http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol27/iss3/1 available here]. Retrieved 2023-04-10.</ref> N'afọ ndị 1930, oku a na-akpọ imezigharị ''Iwu Nchọpụta Na-ejikọta'' na maka nlekọta gọọmentị nke nhazi njikwa ọnụ ahịa mere ka e guzobe [[Royal Commission on Price Spreads]] na 1934. Kọmishọna ahụ butere ụfọdụ mgbanwe ndị omebe iwu ama ama, dị ka mmezigharị emere na Usoro mpụ iji machibido ịkpa oke ọnụ ahịa na ọnụahịa anụ . <ref name=":4">Cheffins, Brian. 1989. "[https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1784&context=ohlj The Development of Competition Policy, 1890-1940: A Re-Evaluation of a Canadian and American Tradition] (PDF)." ''Osgoode Hall Law Journal'' 27(3):449–90. Also [http://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/ohlj/vol27/iss3/1 available here]. Retrieved 2023-04-10.</ref> Mgbanwe dị ukwuu bụ iwebata ''Iwu Dominion Trade and Industry Commission'', gafere na 1935 iji guzobe Dominion Trade and Industry Commission, nke e boro ebubo iji na-elekọta ''Iwu Nchọpụta Na-ejikọta, 1923'', n'etiti ike ndị ọzọ. Otú ọ dị, mgbe ọchịchị Conservative meriri na 1935, nchịkwa Liberal ọhụrụ ahụ zigara ''Dominion Trade and Industry Commission Act'' ozugbo n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Canada . E ji 1937 ''jikọtara iwu nyocha'' dochie iwu ahụ. <ref name=":1">Blair, D. Gordon. 1953. "[https://canlii.ca/t/t45v Combines, Controls or Competition]?" ''[[Canadian Bar Review]]'' 31(10)1083–115. Retrieved on 2023-04-09.</ref> <ref name=":2">S.C. 1968-69 c. 38 sec. 116</ref>A ga- iwu ahụ ọzọ na 1952 [1] wee me ikike ya na 1969 site na Iwu Ndozi Ime Iwu Mpụ, 1968–69 . Iwu ahụ nyere ndị ọrụ na-ahụ ndị uwe ojii ike ịka n'ogige nkeonwe na- akwụkwọ ikike ikike nke ikpe ma were ihe mmụta na ha chere na ọ bụ ibu iwu.  Nke a mechiri na mbuso agha nke ụlọ ọrụ Edmonton Journal yana egwu nke ndị nwe ikpe Kasị Elu na-esote na Hunter v Southam Inc, bụ ebe e mere ndokwa nke Iwu ahụ na-arụ ọrụ na-adabere na ngalaba nke Canada Charter of Rights  na Freedoms’ na nso nso a.  8 egwu egwu na njide na- ike ezi uche.  N'afọ 1985, Competition Tribunal Act gbara akwụkwọ na Combines Investigation Act, [1] wee kagbuo ya na Julaị 1986 ka ejiri Iwu ya == Okwu == Na 24 February 1975, John P. Rocca, onye isi oche nke Rocca Cinemas Limited, gbara akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nke nchekwa ókè na--eke ezi na Nova Scotia Amusements Regulation Board megide Bellevue Film Distributors, Astral Films Limited, Paramount Pictures, United Artists, Warner  Bros., Universal Universal Foto ndị dị na, na 20th Century Fox .  O kwuru na mebiri iwu Nova Scotia Theater and Amuusement Act site n'inyeghị ihe mbụ mere ihe nkiri .  Mgbe o meghere ihe nkiri ya, ihe mbụ mbụ bụ ịgba ọsọ nke Benji (1975), mana ọ nweghị ike ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ agbagoro mbụ.  [9] Board nsogbu ya na Mee 13, n'okpuru nduzi nke RB Kimball wee kpee Rocca ikpe mgbe ihe ihe nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afụ atọ n'anya.  Kimball kwuru na Rocca nwere ike igosi usoro ihe mere eme si mee ka òkè nke nwoke Odeon na ndị egwuregwu a ma, ma ọ bụghị na ndị na-ekesa bụ iwu inye inye ha ihe nkiri mbụ ha.9] A tọhapụrụ Jack na Beanstalk na Canada site na Columbia Pictures na 1976, ma idi ya na Toronto na ụlọ ihe nkiri Bijou na Odeon dị ka ihe nkiri mbụ mere.  Ihe nkiri ihe nkiri Bijou wedara , stampụ okenye site na $3.25 ruo $1 na-eme ka Odeon tinye akwụkwọ na Columbia.  Ndị egwu ihe nkiri Bijou mụbara ọnụ ya mgbe Columbia ise egwu na ọ fur enye ya ihe nkiri mbụ na eme n'ihe nkiri.  Akwụkwọ ozi nke Harvey Harnick, onye isi njikwa Columbia, ihe I. Levitt, onye na-enyere aka n'ọkwa nke Columbia, na- ndị ihe omume ahụ bụ CG McMullen, onye isi nke Ngalaba Consumer and Corporate Affairs jidere.  E boro Columbia ebubo Iwu Nchọpụta Ngwakọta na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na ọ mara ikpe na 9 June 1977, na-ebutere $ 1,250 na iwu ka ọ ghara imeghachi mmejọ ahụ.  Onye ọka iwu okpueze ahụ gbara akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na akara ahụ na- ntọala na onye ọka ikpe na-ahụghị echiche zuru oke n'ụdị ihe na-agụ na ikpe Mkpegharị nke Ontario mụbara nra ahụ ruo $5,000.  Nke a bụ oge mbụ a mara otu ụlọ ọrụ ọrụ ikpe maka iji ike otu onye na-amachi akwụkwọ na Canada] United Artists bụ ebubo na ụgha Iwu Nchọpụta Na-ahụ site na ibu egwuregwu ndị egwuregwu ama ka ha wedata ihe ọmụmụ maka One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest, Missouri Breaks, na A Bridge Too Far ;  ọ bụ ebe na United Artists kwuru na ndị egwuregwu ama ama nsogbuhie ihe ha nke anabataghị n'efu.  Iwu nkeikpe Federal nke Canada machiri United Artists imezi ọnụ aha Bellevue, ụlọ ọrụ America nke na-ahụ maka nkesa nke ihe nkiri Walt Disney na Canada, nyere iwu ka ụlọ ihe nkiri na-ana opekempe $0,25 maka ụmụaka niile na-eru afọ iri na abụọ ka ha na-abanye n'efu.  tupu nke a.  Na 19 Mee 1979, iwu iwu mmachi megide Bellevue maka idozi nsogbu .11] == Hụkwa == * Ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa * Iwu asọmpi == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ikike Nri]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rhlgzn4kncmxsm8lrwzg4lhncgbkify 0 40111 672225 157381 2026-07-04T13:19:57Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672225 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref>{{Cite book|author=Christensen|first=S|date=2009|title=Sale of Businesses in Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_oDu_tpKgbkC&q=disclosure+obligations+imposed+by+general+law+in+the+case+of+the+sale+of+a|publisher=Federation Press|isbn=9781862877504}}</ref>Dị ka ACL si kwuo, ndị na-ere ihe na ndị ọrụ ga- . . ree ozi na ihe, nke onye na-azụ ihe na-eme na-ebelata.  Ịgha ahụ site na ihe ga-eduga n'imebi mmebi.  Iwu a na onye na-ere ihe mmetụta na-ekwe nkwa aha ọma nke ihe ọkụ mana na o me ihe ọ llaba, ma ọ bụ na ọ maghị ihe ọ llalla, nke ga-eme ka aha ha nwee ike.  [1] Steeti na okwu Australia ọ agbanwe agbanweela iwu nke a n'ụzọ dị iche <ref name="pu">{{Cite web|url=https://propertyupdate.com.au/property-sellers-disclose/|title=What Property sellers have to disclose|date=November 4, 2017|work=[[Property Update]]|accessdate=October 18, 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Mayhew|first=Claire|date=2007|title=Australian Master OHS and Environment Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TtIBIuVhXoYC&q=vendor+disclosure+australia&pg=PA500|publisher=CCH Australia Limited|isbn=9781921223655}}</ref> == Tebụl == Tebụl a na-egosi na iwu na-adịgasị iche site na steeti ruo na steeti. Emelitela data ahụ na 2017. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%;" !State/Territory !Requirements |- |Australian Capital Territory | * Energy Efficiency Rating Statement * A Building and Compliance Inspection report * Asbestos Advice and Assessment Report * A Pest Inspection Report * The land's [[Crown Lease]] * The certificate's current edition of title for the crown lease * The deposited plan * Lease [[Conveyancing Inquiry]] Documents for the property * A building Conveyancing Inquiry Document * Information about the body corporate and levies payable * Any other encumbrances |- |New South Wales |A property seller should attach a section 149 certificate for the lot to the contract. Other mandatory property dealer disclosure documents require the following information: * A land diagram from an accepted sewerage authority * A property certificate and a land plan's copy issued by LPMA/any of its antecedents * Copies of all deeds, dealings etc. lodged or registered in LPMA * If in a strata scheme/lot under a community plan, precinct plan/neighbourhood plan, copies of all deeds dealings, copies of easements etc., profits, restrictions on the land use, covenants, property certificates, a building management statement and a strata scheme by-law |- |Victoria |A property seller's section 32 statement should be given to the buyer earlier the contract is signed/exchanged. This section requires information such as: * Statutory warnings to the purchaser * Property seller details * Title details * Any building permits details issued over the last seven years * Owner-builder warranty insurance details * Written inspection report if building works were completed. * Any land mortgages, debts or charges * Information about any the title restrictions * Planning information * Information about the property owner's expenses * Any notices or orders issued by the authorities, regarding the property * Is there access to the property by road? * Information on services connected to the property * Any other variables |- |Queensland | * Registered land encumbrances * Unregistered leases and tenancy agreements * Pool fencing compliance certificate |- |South Australia |A Form 1 Vendor's Statement should be given to the buyer at least ten days earlier settlement - or two days before the auction day if a property is for sale by bidding. The statement requires information such as: * Are any restrictions on the title exist? * Types of services connected to the property * The rates * Zoning * Notices * Orders * Building approvals * And other details if the property is strata-titled. |- |Western Australia |In Western Australia only the basic rules apply. But if the property is strata-titled, the strata plan's copy, the strata scheme by-laws and the unit entitlement should be available to property dealer. |- |Tasmania | * Any information about building, electrical/plumbing work * Any planning details * Is the property heritage listed/in the process of being heritage listed? * Notice, orders, letter, judgements or writs issued regarding the property * Any building defects * Indemnity insurance policy * Information on the use any asbestos as a construction material in any building on the property if it has been used * Has the property seller lived at the property since purchase? |- |Northern Territory | * A report about a building status * The property dealer should state his knowledge of any contamination, or a drug premises order * A land Titles Office title search * Registered and unregistered encumbrances details * Unit information * Evidence of occupancy/tenancy * A swimming pool fencing compliance certificate * A rates notice. |} == Nkatọ == <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Miller|first=Evonne|date=October 27, 2006|title=Is mandatory disclosure an effective consumer protection mechanism in Australian real estate markets?|url=https://eprints.qut.edu.au/6637/1/6637.pdf|accessdate=October 18, 2020}}</ref>N'afọ 2006, ndị mụrụ ụlọ ọrụ Queensland echiche echiche na-akwado ibe onye na-ere aha zuru ụwa ọnụ maka Australia nke na-enye ozi "n'ụzọ doro anya, nke doro anya na nkenke na nke onye na-ere  ahihia mara ma ọ bụ nke kwesịrị ekwesị".  Ha kwenyesiri ike na "m echere nke ọma, ileka anya n'ịchọpụta ihe" ga-eme ka ụlọ na oyiyi ụlọ ọrụ dị mma.  Ndị isi na "e kwesiri inwe nchịkọta isi ma ọ bụ ndepụta nke ihe ngosi ngosi", ebe ọ bụ na ndị na-azụ ahaha ole na ole agụọla / ugbu a (n'oge ahụ) iwu ngwere, nke e ji  akwụkwọ "legalese" dị afọ anya mara.  Nke ahụ Brand na ndị na-akpọ maka "m ikekwu, ma mara ihe na enyi na enyi nke na-eke anya n'ịkọwapụta ọhụrụ ụlọ". == Ntụaka == <references /> == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == hmfrtlf9670cppgtadfzkxibpkvl919 0 40173 672435 157466 2026-07-04T18:46:23Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 672435 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Iwu Tudor dara ogbenye''' <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.thepotteries.org/dates/poor.htm|title=Key dates in Poor Law and Relief Great Britain 1300 - 1899|work=Thepotteries.org|accessdate=3 October 2017}}</ref> bụ iwu gbasara enyemaka adịghị mma na ala eze England gburugburu oge Tudor (1485 &#x2013; 1603). Iwu ndị Ogbenye Tudor kwụsịrị na ngafe nke Iwu Ogbenye Elizabethan na 1601, afọ abụọ tupu njedebe nke usoro ndị eze Tudor, otu iwu nke kwadoro iwu Tudor gara aga. <ref name="channel4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide16/part04.html|title=Programmes - Most Popular - All 4|work=Channel 4|accessdate=3 October 2017}}</ref> N'ime oge Tudor, a na-eme atụmatụ na ihe ruru otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị bi na ogbenye. <ref name="spartacus">{{Cite web|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/TUDpoverty.htm|title=Poverty in Tudor Times|work=spartacus-educational.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122075943/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUDpoverty.htm|archivedate=November 22, 2008}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị mmadụ rịrị okpukpu abụọ n'etiti ọchịchị Henry nke Asatọ na Elizabeth I. <ref name=":0" />Iwu Tudor mbụ dara ogbenye lekwasịrị anya nke ukwuu n'ịta ndị arịrịọ na ndị na-agba ọsọ ahụhụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, [[Iwu Ndị Na-agagharị Agagharị na Ndị Na-arịọ Arịrịọ 1494|Vagabonds na Beggars Act 1495]] nke Henry VII gafere nyere iwu na a ga-etinye ndị na-abaghị uru n'ọtọsị wee laghachi na narị ebe ikpeazụ o biri ma ọ bụ mụọ. Mmechi nke ebe obibi ndị mọnk na 1530s mgbe Ndozigharị ahụ mụbara ịda ogbenye dịka ụka na-enyere ndị ogbenye aka na mbụ, ma dịka ụlọ ọrụ na site n'ịgba ndị parish ya ume maka ọrụ ebere Ndị Kraịst. Otú ọ dị, mgbanwe chọọchị Henry nke Asatọ mere ka e nwee mgbanwe ná mba, bụ́ ebe ọrụ ebere na-aghọwanye ndị ọchịchị, kama ịbụ ndị Chọọchị mere. <ref>Gareth Jones, History of the Law of Charity 1532-1827 10 (1969)</ref> [[Iwu Ndị Na-agagharị Agagharị 1530|Iwu Vagabonds 1530]] nyere iwu na ọ bụ naanị ndị arịrịọ nwere ikike nwere ike ịrịọ arịrịọ n'ụzọ iwu kwadoro. Ndị ikpe udo nwere ikike inye ndị ogbenye "enweghị ike" ikike ịrịọ arịrịọ. <ref>Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, pg. 45</ref> N'ime omume, nke a pụtara na ọ bụ naanị ndị agadi na ndị nwere nkwarụ nwere ike ịrịọ arịrịọ ma gbochiekwa ndị ahụ ike ịrịọ arịrịọ. <ref name="channel4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/guide16/part04.html|title=Programmes - Most Popular - All 4|work=Channel 4|accessdate=3 October 2017}}</ref> Afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị, [[Iwu Ndị Na-agagharị Agagharị 1536|iwu Vagabonds 1536]] gafere. Iwu a ka njọ kwuru na a ga-ata ndị ejidere na mpụga parish ha n'enweghị ọrụ site na ịpịa ihe n'okporo ụzọ. Ọ bụrụ na ejidere ya nke ugboro abụọ, ntị nwere ike tufuo ma ọ bụrụ na ejidere ya nke ugboro atọ, a ga- egbu ha. <ref name="spartacus">{{Cite web|url=https://spartacus-educational.com/TUDpoverty.htm|title=Poverty in Tudor Times|work=spartacus-educational.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081122075943/http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/TUDpoverty.htm|archivedate=November 22, 2008}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ndị ọrụ nke iwu ahụ na-ala azụ ịmanye ndokwa dị otú ahụ siri ike. <ref name="localhistories">{{Cite web|url=http://www.localhistories.org/poorlaw.html|title=The Poor Law|work=Localhistories.org|accessdate=3 October 2017}}</ref> Ndị na-anọchi Henry nke Asatọ wepụrụ iwu ndị ọzọ dara ogbenye na narị afọ nke 16 dum. Eze Edward VI gafere [[Iwu Ndị Na-agagharị Agagharị 1547|Vagabonds Act 1547]], nke gara n'ihu na mkpokọta parish kwa izu maka ndị ogbenye. <ref name="Paul Slack 1990">Paul Slack, The English Poor Law 1531-1782 59--60 (1990)</ref> Iwu Ogbenye 1551 na-eke ndị na-edebanye aha nke ndị ogbenye na parish nwetara ikike ibuli ụtụ isi obodo site na ọnụego. <ref name="Paul Slack 1990">Paul Slack, The English Poor Law 1531-1782 59--60 (1990)</ref> Agbanyeghị, enyemaka dị naanị ndị e chere na ha kwesịrị inweta enyemaka na-adịghị mma. Ndị ogbenye kwesịrị ekwesị bụ ndị dị njikere ịrụ ọrụ ma ha enweghị ike ịchọta ọrụ yana ndị agadi, ndị na-eto eto, ma ọ bụ ndị ọrịa na-adịghị arụ ọrụ. A naghị ele ndị arịrịọ anya dị ka ndị kwesịrị inweta enyemaka na-adịghị mma, a pụkwara ịpịa ha n'ime obodo ahụ ruo mgbe ha gbanwere omume ha. Na mbọ ọzọ iji chịkwaa ndị ogbenye, Mary I gafere Iwu Ogbenye 1555 ( 2 &amp;amp; 3 Ph. &amp;amp; M. c. 5), chọrọ ndị arịrịọ nwere ikike igosipụta baajị. Iwu Vagabonds 1572 nyere mgbanwe zuru oke nke ga-abụ ihe ndabere maka iwu 1597 na 1601 Elizabethan dara ogbenye. O nyere usoro ọzọ maka ndebanye aha mkpokọta ndị ogbenye na parish. [[Iwu Ndị Ogbenye nke 1575|Iwu ndị ogbenye 1575]] chọrọ ka parish ọ bụla nwee ụlọ ahịa nke "ajị anụ, hemp, flax, iron" ka e wee nwee ike ịtọ ndị ogbenye ịrụ ọrụ. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ "iwu ndị ogbenye Elizabeth" na-ezo aka na [["Poor Relief Act 1597|1598]] na 1601 iwu ndị na-adịghị mma nke Queen Elizabeth I na iwu ndị na-esote, Elizabeth I nyere iwu n'oge ọchịchị ya bụ akụkụ nke iwu Tudor mbụ dara ogbenye. <ref>Paul Slack, The English Poor Law 1531-1782 18--19 (1990)</ref> Iwu Ogbenye ya 1562 chọrọ ka ndị niile bi na parish nyere aka na mkpokọta dara ogbenye, ma nyekwa aka maka ntaramahụhụ nke ịjụ inye onyinye. <ref>Sidney & Beatrice Webb, English Local Government: English Poor Law History Part 1, pg. 51</ref> == Edensibia == I na iwu ndị na-esote, Elizabeth I nyere iwu n'oge ọchịchị ya bụ akụkụ nke iwu Tud chọrọ ka ndị niile bi na parish nyere aka na mkpokọta dara ogbenye, ma nyekwa aka maka jab228xw057d3lmg8mea4f68r0uwifx 0 40198 672304 539192 2026-07-04T13:59:37Z Timzy D'Great 12485 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 672304 wikitext text/x-wiki Hazel Angela Brown (31 Jenụwarị 1942 - 22 Septemba 2022) bụ onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ na ndị ejija Trinbagonia.  Ọ bụ onye nhazi na onye nhazi nke Network of NGOs for the Advancement of Women.  Ọ bụ ya bụ ike ukwu nke otu Commonwealth Women's Network. == Ndụ mbido == <ref name="HDTT">{{Cite book|author=Pemberton|first=Rita|title=Historical Dictionary of Trinidad and Tobago|date=2018|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-5381-1146-8|pages=64–65|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=huhPDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22hazel+brown%22+trinidad&pg=PA64|language=en|chapter=Brown, Hazel (1942–)}}</ref>Hazel Browne na 31 Jenụwarị 1942 na East Dry River, Belmont, Port of Spain, nye Una Browne na Carlis Browne.  Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Gloster Lodge Moravian wee akwụkwọ ikike akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ Bishop Anstey .  Ọ gakwara ebe obibi ndị nọn St. Joseph na San Fernando . <ref name="GV">{{Cite news|author=Mendes-Franco|first=Janine|title='We are poorer without her': Trinbagonian human rights advocate Hazel Brown dies|url=https://globalvoices.org/2022/09/23/we-are-poorer-without-her-trinbagonian-human-rights-advocate-hazel-brown-dies/|work=Global Voices|date=23 September 2022|language=en|accessdate=17 December 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == <ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|title=Gender and consumer rights activist, Hazel Brown, passes|url=https://guardian.co.tt/news/gender-and-consumer-rights-activist-hazel-brown-passes-6.2.1548909.67b9d7728e|work=Trinidad and Tobago Guardian|date=22 September 2022|language=en|accessdate=17 December 2022}}</ref>Brown na-ama na oru nhazi obodo, cha cha, na-egosi dịka 1969. O lekwasịrị anya na nha anya nwoke na ike ndị, na mkpochapụ ndị ogbenye. Brown bụ onye dị oke mkpa na mmepe nke Associationwives Association of Trinidad na Tobago (HATT), ọgbakọ na-akwalite mmata ikike ndị ahịa nke hiwere na 1971. Ọrụ nke HATT butere nguzobe nke Trinidad na Tobago Bureau of Standards na 1974. <ref name="GV" /> <ref name="HDTT" /> Ọ bụkwa onye rụpụtara otu ndị ọrụ ekwentị na 1971. Site na otu ahụ, ndị na-azụ ahịa na-ekere òkè na-anụ banyere ọnụ ahịa ọrụ nke butere mgbanwe n'usoro ọnụego ọkụ eletrik na mmiri. <ref name="GV" /> <ref name="GV" />N'afọ 1976, Brown mereyeel na- nke ọma dị ka onye nọọrọ onwe ya maka oche Port of Spain East na ndị Nnọchiteanya Brown na 13 ndị ọzọ ntọala ntọala Network of NGOs for the Advancement of Women na 1985, nche anwụ maka ndị na-azụ ndị na-eri anya n'ihe gbasara ụmụ anụmanụ.  [1] E hiwere ya iji gosi ọkwa ụmụ na Trinidad na Tobago na 1985 World Conference on Women na Nairobi.<ref name="Fearless">{{Cite web|title=Fearless Politics: The Life and Times of Hazel Brown|url=https://sta.uwi.edu/conferences/15/fearlesspolitics/documents/NOTICE_of_HazelBrownConference.pdf|publisher=Institute for Gender and Development Studies, University of the West Indies St. Augustine|date=2015|accessdate=2022-12-17|archivedate=2022-12-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217165544/https://sta.uwi.edu/conferences/15/fearlesspolitics/documents/NOTICE_of_HazelBrownConference.pdf}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Hosein|first=Gabrielle|title=Negotiating Gender, Policy and Politics in the Caribbean: Feminist Strategies, Masculinist Resistance and Transformational Possibilities|date=2016|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-78348-752-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-LaDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22hazel+brown%22+trinidad&pg=PA121|language=en}}</ref>Na 1987 Brown kwuru na echiche maka ụmụ nokpuru National Alliance for Reconstruction and the Prime Minister ANR Robinson bụ "adịghị mma ma dị ize ndụ", na-ekwu na "enwere ọtụtụ okwu egbugbere ọnụ na-eche maka echiche nke mkpọsa  ụmụ na-ama mmadụ mmadụ nke ahụ bụ ihe niile.  aka na alụ alụ ọgụ ụmụ ngo nke ndị ụlọ ọrụ akwụkwọ na 1987. Na nzaghachi nye vishọn ahụ, ya na NGO ndị inyom ndị ọzọ depụtara akwụkwọ nchọpụta mba na-ekiri ụmụ na 1990. <ref name="HDTT" />Brown chị ọnọdụ nsonye nke Trinidadian na Tobagonian NGO na ụgbọ United Nations . Ọ bụ onye nhazi usoro nhazi usoro nhazi nke mpaghara Caribbean nke 1995 World Summit for Social Development ogbako. Ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka mgbasa aka nke ndị NGO na 1995 Beijing UN Women's Conference [1] ma ọ bụrụ na ọkpọ nke okpukpe maka Beijing Platform for Action . [2] Ọ bụ ọrụ na-hazi ụmụ maka ụzọ alụ ọgụ na isi EMILY. [3] Brown duuru otu Network nke NGO maka Ọganihu nke oru 'Tinye Nwanyị' n'oge mmalite aka 2000 na 2001, nke gbara ndị mmadụ ume nọmba vootu maka ụmụ ga-eme Mega aka. Na 2006, ọ ghọrọ onye nhazi maka Network of NGOs for the Advancement of Women. <ref name="HDTT" /> Brown nwanne Kamla Persad-Bissessar maka nri 2010 maka Prime Minister.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Esposito|first=Eleonora|title=Politics, Ethnicity and the Postcolonial Nation: A critical analysis of political discourse in the Caribbean|date=2021|publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company|isbn=978-90-272-5998-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RsoqEAAAQBAJ&dq=%22hazel+brown%22+trinidad&pg=PA89|language=en}}</ref> Brown jere ozi dị ka Secretary General nke Commonwealth Women's Network na bụrụ onye ihe anya, iche maka ụmụ ụmụ anụmanụ na Ministry of Gender, Youth and Child Development.  [1] N'afọ 2011, a mgbaàmà ya na Commonwealth Caribbean ka ọ bụrụ onye ihe anya esere iche n'ihe nchọpụta ụmụ na-ama.  [1] Ọ kwadokwara n'aha ihe ngosi iwu iwu gbasara nwoke na nwoke na mba wee bụrụ onye otu kọmitii Draft Gender Policy.  [1] [2] O sonye na mkparita uka panel na nkuzi ya na ogwe aka umu nwanyi nke United National Congress <ref name="Newsday">{{Cite news|author=Fraser|first=Narissa|title=Hazel Brown's family heartbroken but proud of her legacy: Gender activist dies at 80|url=https://newsday.co.tt/2022/09/22/gender-activist-hazel-brown-dies-at-80/|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday|date=22 September 2022|accessdate=17 December 2022}}</ref> Brown jere ozi na ọdụ nke Telecommunications Authority of Trinidad and Tobago, Trinidad na Tobago Agribusiness Association, na Diego Martin Consumer Cooperative Society.<ref name="Guardian" /> . <ref name="Fearless" />Brown nwanne n'aha nchekwa akụ na nyere maka ụmụ nwere nje HIV. [1] Ebe ọ bụ na 1992, ọ kwalitere iji igbe igbe dị ka ụzọ dị ọnụ ala na gburugburu ebe obibi siri sie nri. <ref name="GV" /> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == Na 2011, Brown nwetara nrite maka mmepe ụmụ nwanyị (Gold) maka ịkwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Trinidad na Tobago. <ref name="GV" /> Na March 2015, e mere ogbako na-enyere mmezu ya nke isiokwu ya bụ ike ndị na-atụ egwu: Ndụ na oge nke Hazel Brown . Netwọk nke NGO maka Ọganihu nke Ụmụ nyere ngosi nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ Brown na Alma Jordan Library nke Mahadum West Indies, na-ijebe mkpokọta Hazel Brown Special Collection.<ref name="Guardian" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fearless Politics: The Life and Times of Hazel Brown {{!}} Trinidad and Tobago Government News|url=http://www.news.gov.tt/content/fearless-politics-life-and-times-hazel-brown|publisher=Government of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago|accessdate=17 December 2022|archivedate=17 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217165552/http://www.news.gov.tt/content/fearless-politics-life-and-times-hazel-brown}}</ref> <ref name="Guardian" />Na 2017 e nyere ya Dọkịta Iwu Iwu (LLD) site na Mahadum West Indies na St. Augustine maka "enwere ya na- agwụ agwụ na ike ụmụ , ikike ndị na-ewepụ ndị ogbenye". [1] Joseph Convent kpọbatara ya n'iche Ọkachamara nke ụmụ akwụkwọ gara aga na Nọvemba 2019. == Ndụ onwe onye == Hazel lụrụ Herman Brown mgbe ọ dị afọ 20. Ha mụrụ ụmụ atọ—Leah, Carla na Garvin. Di Brown nwụrụ mgbe ụmụaka ahụ dị obere. <ref name="GV" /> <ref name="Newsday2">{{Cite news|author=Gioannetti|first=Andrew|title=Farewell held for Hazel Brown, 'tireless advocate for women'|url=https://newsday.co.tt/2022/10/04/farewell-held-for-hazel-brown-tireless-advocate-for-women/|work=Trinidad and Tobago Newsday|date=4 October 2022|accessdate=17 December 2022}}</ref> Nwa ya nke ọdụdụ Natasha, ya na nna Philip C. Nunez, mụrụ na 1974. Achọpụtara Brown na ọrịa kansa na 1990s. [1] [2] Ọ onye na-akwado ndị lanarị ọrịa kansa ma ndị Guyana Cancer Society kwanyere ugwu. [3] Ka ọ na-erule nsọ nke ndụ ya, o see ọrịa Parkinson na ọrịa shuga <ref name="Newsday" /> <ref name="Loop">{{Cite news|title=Activist Hazel Brown has died|url=https://tt.loopnews.com/content/activist-hazel-brown-has-died|work=Loop News|date=22 September 2022|language=en}}</ref>Brown nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 80 na 22 September 2022 n'ibu ya na Diamond Vale, Diego Martin.  Akpọrọ ọnụ n'ebe a na-eli ozu Lapeyrouse. <ref name="Newsday2" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Aha]] rfth937f1x2b2vfuu9tjaz6pd03jl0b 0 40209 672436 157529 2026-07-04T18:49:54Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 672436 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}The '''Union Chargeability Act 1865''' ( 28 &amp;amp; 29 Vict. c. 79) bụ omume nke nzuko omeiwu nke United Kingdom nke e mechiri ka Iwu Ndozigharị Iwu Ogbenye 1834 gasịrị. Ebumnuche nke omume ahụ bụ ịgbasa ntọal<ref name="caplan">{{Cite journal|author=Caplan|first=Maurice|date=1978|title=The New Poor Law and the Struggle for Union Chargeability|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/2A50BD7A87F373C6B59A2A3F9AE80328/S0020859000005794a.pdf/new_poor_law_and_the_struggle_for_union_chargeability.pdf|journal=International Review of Social History|volume=23|issue=2|pages=267-300}}</ref>a ego maka enyemaka nke Iwu Ogbenye nyere. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'ịgbaso iwu ọhụrụ dara ogbenye na 1834, nsogbu pụtara na ego nke enyemaka maka ndị ogbenye nyere na omume ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ebumnobi nke Iwu Ogbenye Ọhụrụ bụ ịchịkọta parish ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ha jikọtara ibu ego nke iwu ụlọ ọrụ dị oke ọnụ, ụgwọ maka otu ahụ dabere na nhazi nke parish ahụ. Ụfọdụ parish nwere ike ịgbanarị ụgwọ ego site n'ịhazi n'ime parish "dị nso" nwere opekempe nke ndị ọrụ bi. N'ụzọ dị otú a, ibu ego nke ndị ogbenye dara tumadi na "oghe" parishes. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holderness|first=B. A.|date=1972|title='Open' and 'Close' Parishes in England in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40273490|journal=The Agricultural History Review|volume=20|issue=2|pages=126–139|issn=0002-1490}}</ref> E si otú a nyefee iwu nke Union Chargeability Act 1865 ka e wee kesaa ibu ego nke ndị ogbenye n'otu n'otu n'otu n'otu. Arụmụka ahụ nwere esemokwu, na mkpesa gbadoro ụkwụ n'ihe gbasara mmezi na mwepụ. E mere atụmatụ iji belata ihe ndị a chọrọ iji nye enyemaka n'ebe onye ọrụ ahụ bi, kama ibupụ ha n'ebe mbụ ha na-akpa ọchị. E weere nke a na ọ dịghị ihe a na-anabata, n’ihi na e kwuru na ndị ogbenye ga-eme njem n’obodo ukwu iji nweta ahụ́ efe. Mwepụ mgbanwe ndị a tụrụ aro n'ikpeazụ kwere ka a nyefee ụgwọ ahụ na 15 Mee 1865. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Mr. Villiers on Monday carried his Union Chargeability Bill|date=20 May 1865|url=http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/20th-may-1865/1/mr-villiers-on-monday-carried-his-union-chargeabil|accessdate=2023-04-22|work=The Spectator Archive}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Ihe ndetu == dabere na nhazi nke parish ahụ. Ụfọdụ parish nwere ike ịgbanarị ụgwọ ego site n'ịhazi == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Iwu nke ịkwụ ụgwọ nke Union 1865. George Edward Eyre na William Spottiswoode biputere ya, ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ maka ọmarịcha Eze Nwanyị kacha mma. London. 1865. Na ibe [https://books.google.com/books?id=isoH9YW8otcC&pg=PA721 721] ruo 724 nke [https://books.google.com/books?id=isoH9YW8otcC&pg=PR1 A Collection of the Public General Statutes gafere n'ime afọ iri abụọ na asatọ na nke iri abụọ na itoolu nke ọchịchị Eze Nwanyị Victoria] . George Edward Eyre na William Spottiswoode biputere ya, ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ maka ọmarịcha Eze Nwanyị kacha mma. London. 1865. * William Cunningham Glen. [https://books.google.com/books?id=k7oDAAAAQAAJ&pg=PP5 Iwu Ịkwụ ụgwọ Njikọ nke Villiers, 1865; na Okwu Mmalite na nkọwa; Ọzọkwa, Omume nke Mwepụ Ogbenye, Kwadoro na Mwepụ nke Njikọ Ndị Ogbenye] . Mbipụta nke abụọ. Shaw na ụmụ. Fetter Lane, London. 1866. 5kbqgew6dkhjo5wmx8jpks8ve59hasn 0 40263 672186 157610 2026-07-04T12:45:39Z 10kdollz 19775 672186 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Irma Jung|image=|alt=<!-- descriptive text for use by the blind and visually impaired's speech synthesis (text-to-speech) software -->|caption=|birth_name=Irma Rothschild|birth_date={{Birth date|1897|07|01}}|birth_place=Randegg, [[Gottmadingen]], [[Baden]], Germany|death_date={{death date and age|1993|05|22|1897|07|01}}|death_place=[[Manhattan]], [[New York City]]|nationality=[[Germany|German]], [[United States|American]]|other_names=|occupation=[[Activism|Community activist]]|years_active=|known_for=|notable_works=}} <ref name="JWA">{{Cite web|url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/jungirma-rothschild|title=Irma Rothschild Jung|publisher=[[Jewish Women's Archive]]|accessdate=2021-11-01}}</ref>Irma Rothschild Jung (1897-1993) bụ onye njem obodo America.  A Business na Germany, Jung raara ndụ ya nye mmemme ndị Juu maka ndị ogbenye, ndị ná mkpa, na ndị a na-akpagbu, ma na Europe na United States == Ndụ mbido == A njide Jung na July 1, 1897, n'ime obodo Randegg, nke dị na Baden, Germany na nso ọgụ Switzerland.  Eziniche ya bụ ndị Juu bara isi na-eleru anya nke ọma sitere na Switzerland-Juu na ọ bụ otu n'ime ike iri na abụọ.  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na Switzerland na Mahadum Zurich site na 1917 ruo 1919. Mgbe ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, o nwere n'iche n'laha ọrụ ndị Juu Ebe Ọwụwa ntọala Europe .  [1] Ọ ngosi Rabbi Leo Jung loju Moravian na February 28, 1922. Irma na Leo zutere Stansstad dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Lucerne n'ogige ọ gbara ọsọ makakpara gbara ọsọ ndụ.  N'ịkọwa mbụ mbụ ha, Leo dere n'asụsụ asụsụ ya na "Ahụrụ m ya, Kitzur Shulchan Aruch n'aka ya, na-ekwu okwu ebubo ya. N'echi ya, anyị rịgoro na Pailatọs ọnụ ma na mgbede m  ọgbọ ya."  Ndị Jungs kwagara New York City n'otu awụ ahụ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mishpacha.com/man-of-action/|title=MAN OF ACTION: THE LIFE & TIMES OF RABBI LEO JUNG|publisher=[[Mishpacha Magazine]]|accessdate=2023-12-28}}</ref> Irma na Leo nwere ụmụ anọ anọ ọnụ: Erna Villa, Rosalie Rosenfeld, Julie Etra na Marcella (Micki) Rosen.  Nwa ya bụ Erna Villa kwagara Jerusalem, ebe ada ya ekiri Rosalie Rosenfeld ozi onye ọbịa Israel wee kwaga Gush Etion na West Bank nwere .  Nwa nwa Ezra Rosenfeld derela faịlụ di ya <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/21/obituaries/rabbi-leo-jung-spiritual-leader-of-new-york-jewish-center-dies.html|title=Rabbi Leo Jung, Spiritual Leader Of New York Jewish Center, Dies|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=21 December 1987|accessdate=2021-11-01|author=Saxon|first=Wolfgang}}</ref> == Ime ihe == Na 1919, n'oge Agha Mbụ, Jung jere ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke Bureau nke World Congress of Orthodox Jewry.  N'agbata 1919 na 1921, ọ bụ onye ntụziaka nke Central Bureau of Agudath Israel World Organization .  Jung haziri n'efu maka ịgba ọsọ ndụ na Switzerland na Stansstad n'etiti 1920 na 1921. Mgbe ọ kwagara New York City, Jung bụ rebbetzin na ebe ndị Juu dị na Manhattan's Upper West Side.  Ọ map aka na nri na uwe ụmụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Yeshiva n'oge oké ngosi mba n'obi, na-eje ozi dị ka oche nke Yeshiva Dormitory na East Broadway n'etiti 1926 na 1928, na dị ka osote onye isi oche  na onye isi oche nke Yeshiva College Women's Organization n'etiti 1934 na 1935. .  Ruo ọtụtụ afọ, ya na di ya so na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Rabbonim Aid Society, na-arụ ọrụ iji nyere ndị inyom di ha ọnwụ, Oke Mgbukpọ ahụ, na ndị ogbenye aka.  O hiwere alaka ụmụ nke Union of Orthodox Jewish Congregations of America (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Òtù Ọtọdọks).  N'ịkwado ọnụ nke Zionist na Palestine na Israel, Jung Forest dị na Safed National Fund nke ndị Juu bụ aha Irma na Leo Jung. <ref name="JWA" /> == Ọnwụ == Jung nwụrụ na Mee 22, 1993 na New York City. E mere olili ozu ya na ebe ndị Juu na Manhattan. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://archives.yu.edu/xtf/view?docId=ead/lawrencekobrin/lawrencekobrin.xml;query=;brand=default|title=Guide to the Lawrence Kobrin Papers 1944-2009, 2017|publisher=[[Yeshiva University]]|accessdate=2021-11-01}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Aha]] ogljwcmgyg5q7nquw5r0rg6gv98t3jv 0 40420 672210 671619 2026-07-04T13:09:58Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672210 wikitext text/x-wiki Iwu Local Government (Scotland) 1929 ( 19 & 20 Geo. 5. c. 25) ahaziri ime obodo na Scotland site na 1930, na-ewebata kansụl imekọ ihe ọnụ, nnukwu na obere burghs na kansụl district.  Iwu kagburu usoro iwu ogbenye Scottish yana ụlọ na-agara ndịsị obodo Ọ bụ Walter Elliot, onye ụzọ ndị Unionist ( Conservative ) bụ onye mechara mechaa (1936) ike nke steeti maka Scotland mere iwu ahụ ahụ. <ref name="times">{{Cite news|title=Scottish Local Government|page=12|date=4 February 1929}}</ref> == Ndị otu parish na iwu dara ogbenye == Ndị kansụl parish nke Iwu Obodo (Scotland) 1894 webatara ka etisara.  Ọrụ ha iwu dara ogbenye na kansụl, ikike ndị ọzọ na-agafe na kansụl mpaghara ọhụrụ <ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, s. 1</ref> <ref name="times2">{{Cite news|title=Amending The Bill|page=13|date=19 January 1929}}</ref> kwuru ọzọ dị mkpa nke Iwu ahụ bụ njedebe nke usoro iwu ndị ogbenye, bụ nke ndị kansụl parish na-elekọta.  Ọrụ ha na mpaghara a - nke a maara ugbu a dị ka " Enyemaka Ọha " - agafere na ndị kansụl nsogbu, nnukwu burghs na nsogbu obodo <ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1929, S.12</ref> == Mkpochapụ ndị kọmishọna na-eweta ihe == E hiwela ndị kọmishọna na-eweta ihe maka mpaghara ọ àlà na 1667, mana ha tufuru ọtụtụ n'ime ikike ha na kansụl okpuruokpuru e hiwere na 1890 n'okpuru Iwu (Scotland) 1889 .  Ikike ndịsị kọmishọna alụnụ bụ isonye na kọmitii kwụ ọtọ nke na-arụ ọrụ dịka ikike ndị uwe ojii na mpaghara ahụ.  Iwu 1929 kagburu kọmitii guzoro ɔtɔ na ndị kɔmishina ekiri bon<ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1929, S.2</ref> A kagburu ndị isi obodo na ndị isi mmụta obodo nke e hibere na 1919, na ọrụ ha na ikike ha na-agafe na mpaghara na mpaghara obodo. <ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, S.3(1)</ref> == Mgbanwe na burgh == Ndị kansụl mpaghara emebere na 1890 ọgwụ ikike maka ụfọdụ burghs .  Burghs ndị ọnụ ọgụgụ ha dị 7,000 ma ọ bụ ụzọ na ngụkọ 1881 na ndị na-agba ndị uwe ojii nke ha ma ọ bụ ndị eze burgh nke la nchekwa ma ọ bụ nyere aka n'ebe onye otu nzuko omeiwu nọpụrụ onwe ya na ndị isi  obodo<ref>[[Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889]], Sections 8 and 105.</ref> === Nnukwu burgh na obere burghs === .Iwu 1929 wetara burghs niile n'okpuru nta nke kanssụl mpaghara, e si burgh anọ bụ mpaghara obodo (bụ Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh na Glasgow ).  A na-ekewa burgh ndị ahụ dị ka ma ọ bụ " nnukwu burgh " (n'ozuzu ndị bi na 20,000 ma ọ bụ ebe) ma ọ bụ " obere burgh ".  Ndị buru ibu ahụ jigidere nnukwu ikike nke onwe ha.  Ndị burgh ahụ nyefere ọtụtụ ikike ha n'aka kansụ obere obere <ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, S.2(b)</ref> A họpụtara ndị kansụl ozugbo maka akụkụ ala nke mpaghara ọ bụla (mpaghara na-abụghị burghs ọ bụla), ebe ndị kansụl obodo na-akwado ndị kansụl maka burghs. E kweghị ka onye otu kansụl kwadoro maka burgh ka o mee ntuli aka n'okwu gbasara ọrụ ndị kansụl okpuru ọchịchị na-enyeghị na burgh ahụ. <ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, S.8</ref> === United burgh === Iwu ahụ jikọtara ọtụtụ burgh dị n'akụkụ n'okpuru otu kansụl obodo (e depụtara na Nhazi 2): <ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, Sch.2</ref> * Kilrenny, Anstruther Ista na Anstruther Wester * Elie, Liberty &amp;amp; Williamsburgh na Earlsferry * Bonnyrigg na Lasswade * Blairgowrie na Ratray * Kirkcaldy na Dysart Ebe obodo ọ bụ ọnụ ọnụ bụ eze burgh a ga-aga n'ihu na United burgh.  ndị eze anọ ahụ bụ mmetụta obodo emetụtaghị nke ukwuu saịtị n'Iwu ahụ, ma e wezụga na ha weere maka onye eze na eze. == Mgbanwe na kansụl ọchịchị == <ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1929, S.10(7)(f)</ref>Maka ọtụtụ preju ime obodo, a ga-a- አደጋ Kinross na Perth, na nke Nairn na Moray .  [1] ndị ami ahụ ga-aga n'ihu na-adị, a ga- nọmba ndị kansụl okpuruokpuru n'otu n'otu, mana ha ga-etolite kansụl ime obodo.  ọ dị, onye kansụl Otú ahụ inyefe ọrụ n'aka otu kansụl okpuru nke ọ gbalagara Site n'ịkesa ikike n'etiti ógbè, nnukwu burgh na obere burghs, a gbanwere usoro nke ịhọrọ kansụl obodo. <ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1929, S.8</ref> Ndị kansụl obodo nke nnukwu burgh ga-ahọpụta otu kansụl ozugbo yana otu akụkụ. Burgh buru ibu nke ọ bụla ga-ahọpụta otu (ma ọ bụ karịa dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ) ndị otu kansụl obodo na kansụl mpaghara. E kewara mpaghara ndị ọzọ na ngalaba ntuli aka (nke nwere parish ala) na obere burgh, onye ọ bụla na-alọta otu onye. Ntuli aka mbụ nke kansụl okpuru ọchịchị e megharịrị mere na Nọvemba na Disemba 1929. == Ndị kansụl mpaghara == Ndị kansụl okpuruokpuru e merè arụrụ iwu inyefe inyefe kansụl district n'aka onye ode akwụkwọ maka Scotland site na 1 Febrụwarị 1930, na-ekewa ala nke ahụ na mpaghara.  mbụ aha ahụghị ndị kansụl mpaghara, ebe ndị na-asụ kansụl okpuru na-ewere ikike niile na nkọwa burghs.  Ewebata ọkwa etiti na-esote azụ azụ Mpaghara nke ọ bụla ga-enwe otu ngalaba ntuli aka ma ọ bụ karịa nke a ga-eji na-ahọpụta ndị omeiwu mpaghara. Atụmatụ ahụ akọwapụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị kansụl ahọpụtara. <ref name="sect25">Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, S.25(1)</ref> Ndị kansụl okpuru ọchịchị ahọpụtara maka ngalaba ahụ ga-abụ ndị ''otu'' nke kansụl district. Ntuli aka mbụ nke ndị kansụl mpaghara mere na 8 Eprel 1930. .Achọghị ka e guzobe mpaghara na Kinross-shire na Nairnshire ọ gwọọla ma ndị kansụl ime ihe nyere iwu.  [1] N'ihe omume ahụ, e hibere kansụl mpaghara maka mpaghara ala Nairnshire, mana kansụl Kinross-shire ihe ọrụ nke kansụl mpaghara. == Ọrụ ndị kansụl na-enye == N'ịgbaso nhazigharị nke 1929 na 1930, ọkwa dị iche iche nke ọchịchị ime obodo Scotland bụ maka ọrụ ndị a bụ isi: {| class="wikitable" !Ụdị ọchịchị obodo ! Ọrụ |- | Mpaghara obodo | Ndị uwe ojii, agụmakwụkwọ, ahụike ọha, enyemaka ọha, ụlọ, ọkụ, drainage |- | Obodo ọchịchị | Ndị uwe ojii, agụmakwụkwọ, ahụike ọha, [lower-alpha 1] enyemaka ọha [lower-alpha 1] |- | Burgh buru ibu | Ndị uwe ojii, [lower-alpha 2] ahụike ọha, Enyemaka ọha, ụlọ, ọkụ, drainage |- | Obere burgh | Ụlọ, ọkụ, drainage |- | kansụl district | Ụlọ, ọkụ, drainage |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n5quis1ascaffsa9pp4tyb00r3jhts3 672218 672210 2026-07-04T13:14:07Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed error 672218 wikitext text/x-wiki Iwu Local Government (Scotland) 1929 ( 19 & 20 Geo. 5. c. 25) ahaziri ime obodo na Scotland site na 1930, na-ewebata kansụl imekọ ihe ọnụ, nnukwu na obere burghs na kansụl district.  Iwu kagburu usoro iwu ogbenye Scottish yana ụlọ na-agara ndịsị obodo Ọ bụ Walter Elliot, onye ụzọ ndị Unionist ( Conservative ) bụ onye mechara mechaa (1936) ike nke steeti maka Scotland mere iwu ahụ ahụ. <ref name="times">{{Cite news|title=Scottish Local Government|page=12|date=4 February 1929}}</ref> == Ndị otu parish na iwu dara ogbenye == Ndị kansụl parish nke Iwu Obodo (Scotland) 1894 webatara ka etisara.  Ọrụ ha iwu dara ogbenye na kansụl, ikike ndị ọzọ na-agafe na kansụl mpaghara ọhụrụ <ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, s. 1</ref> <ref name="times2">{{Cite news|title=Amending The Bill|page=13|date=19 January 1929}}</ref> kwuru ọzọ dị mkpa nke Iwu ahụ bụ njedebe nke usoro iwu ndị ogbenye, bụ nke ndị kansụl parish na-elekọta.  Ọrụ ha na mpaghara a - nke a maara ugbu a dị ka " Enyemaka Ọha " - agafere na ndị kansụl nsogbu, nnukwu burghs na nsogbu obodo <ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1929, S.12</ref> == Mkpochapụ ndị kọmishọna na-eweta ihe == E hiwela ndị kọmishọna na-eweta ihe maka mpaghara ọ àlà na 1667, mana ha tufuru ọtụtụ n'ime ikike ha na kansụl okpuruokpuru e hiwere na 1890 n'okpuru Iwu (Scotland) 1889 .  Ikike ndịsị kọmishọna alụnụ bụ isonye na kọmitii kwụ ọtọ nke na-arụ ọrụ dịka ikike ndị uwe ojii na mpaghara ahụ.  Iwu 1929 kagburu kọmitii guzoro ɔtɔ na ndị kɔmishina ekiri bon<ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1929, S.2</ref> A kagburu ndị isi obodo na ndị isi mmụta obodo nke e hibere na 1919, na ọrụ ha na ikike ha na-agafe na mpaghara na mpaghara obodo. <ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, S.3(1)</ref> == Mgbanwe na burgh == Ndị kansụl mpaghara emebere na 1890 ọgwụ ikike maka ụfọdụ burghs .  Burghs ndị ọnụ ọgụgụ ha dị 7,000 ma ọ bụ ụzọ na ngụkọ 1881 na ndị na-agba ndị uwe ojii nke ha ma ọ bụ ndị eze burgh nke la nchekwa ma ọ bụ nyere aka n'ebe onye otu nzuko omeiwu nọpụrụ onwe ya na ndị isi  obodo<ref>[[Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889]], S.8 and 105.</ref> === Nnukwu burgh na obere burghs === .Iwu 1929 wetara burghs niile n'okpuru nta nke kanssụl mpaghara, e si burgh anọ bụ mpaghara obodo (bụ Aberdeen, Dundee, Edinburgh na Glasgow ).  A na-ekewa burgh ndị ahụ dị ka ma ọ bụ " nnukwu burgh " (n'ozuzu ndị bi na 20,000 ma ọ bụ ebe) ma ọ bụ " obere burgh ".  Ndị buru ibu ahụ jigidere nnukwu ikike nke onwe ha.  Ndị burgh ahụ nyefere ọtụtụ ikike ha n'aka kansụ obere obere <ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, S.2(b)</ref> A họpụtara ndị kansụl ozugbo maka akụkụ ala nke mpaghara ọ bụla (mpaghara na-abụghị burghs ọ bụla), ebe ndị kansụl obodo na-akwado ndị kansụl maka burghs. E kweghị ka onye otu kansụl kwadoro maka burgh ka o mee ntuli aka n'okwu gbasara ọrụ ndị kansụl okpuru ọchịchị na-enyeghị na burgh ahụ. <ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, S.8</ref> === United burgh === Iwu ahụ jikọtara ọtụtụ burgh dị n'akụkụ n'okpuru otu kansụl obodo (e depụtara na Nhazi 2): <ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, Sch.2</ref> * Kilrenny, Anstruther Ista na Anstruther Wester * Elie, Liberty &amp;amp; Williamsburgh na Earlsferry * Bonnyrigg na Lasswade * Blairgowrie na Ratray * Kirkcaldy na Dysart Ebe obodo ọ bụ ọnụ ọnụ bụ eze burgh a ga-aga n'ihu na United burgh.  ndị eze anọ ahụ bụ mmetụta obodo emetụtaghị nke ukwuu saịtị n'Iwu ahụ, ma e wezụga na ha weere maka onye eze na eze. == Mgbanwe na kansụl ọchịchị == <ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1929, S.10(7)(f)</ref>Maka ọtụtụ preju ime obodo, a ga-a- አደጋ Kinross na Perth, na nke Nairn na Moray .  [1] ndị ami ahụ ga-aga n'ihu na-adị, a ga- nọmba ndị kansụl okpuruokpuru n'otu n'otu, mana ha ga-etolite kansụl ime obodo.  ọ dị, onye kansụl Otú ahụ inyefe ọrụ n'aka otu kansụl okpuru nke ọ gbalagara Site n'ịkesa ikike n'etiti ógbè, nnukwu burgh na obere burghs, a gbanwere usoro nke ịhọrọ kansụl obodo. <ref>Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1929, S.8</ref> Ndị kansụl obodo nke nnukwu burgh ga-ahọpụta otu kansụl ozugbo yana otu akụkụ. Burgh buru ibu nke ọ bụla ga-ahọpụta otu (ma ọ bụ karịa dabere na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ) ndị otu kansụl obodo na kansụl mpaghara. E kewara mpaghara ndị ọzọ na ngalaba ntuli aka (nke nwere parish ala) na obere burgh, onye ọ bụla na-alọta otu onye. Ntuli aka mbụ nke kansụl okpuru ọchịchị e megharịrị mere na Nọvemba na Disemba 1929. == Ndị kansụl mpaghara == Ndị kansụl okpuruokpuru e merè arụrụ iwu inyefe inyefe kansụl district n'aka onye ode akwụkwọ maka Scotland site na 1 Febrụwarị 1930, na-ekewa ala nke ahụ na mpaghara.  mbụ aha ahụghị ndị kansụl mpaghara, ebe ndị na-asụ kansụl okpuru na-ewere ikike niile na nkọwa burghs.  Ewebata ọkwa etiti na-esote azụ azụ Mpaghara nke ọ bụla ga-enwe otu ngalaba ntuli aka ma ọ bụ karịa nke a ga-eji na-ahọpụta ndị omeiwu mpaghara. Atụmatụ ahụ akọwapụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị kansụl ahọpụtara. <ref name="sect25">Local Government (Scotland) Act 1929, S.25(1)</ref> Ndị kansụl okpuru ọchịchị ahọpụtara maka ngalaba ahụ ga-abụ ndị ''otu'' nke kansụl district. Ntuli aka mbụ nke ndị kansụl mpaghara mere na 8 Eprel 1930. .Achọghị ka e guzobe mpaghara na Kinross-shire na Nairnshire ọ gwọọla ma ndị kansụl ime ihe nyere iwu.  [1] N'ihe omume ahụ, e hibere kansụl mpaghara maka mpaghara ala Nairnshire, mana kansụl Kinross-shire ihe ọrụ nke kansụl mpaghara. == Ọrụ ndị kansụl na-enye == N'ịgbaso nhazigharị nke 1929 na 1930, ọkwa dị iche iche nke ọchịchị ime obodo Scotland bụ maka ọrụ ndị a bụ isi: {| class="wikitable" !Ụdị ọchịchị obodo ! Ọrụ |- | Mpaghara obodo | Ndị uwe ojii, agụmakwụkwọ, ahụike ọha, enyemaka ọha, ụlọ, ọkụ, drainage |- | Obodo ọchịchị | Ndị uwe ojii, agụmakwụkwọ, ahụike ọha, [lower-alpha 1] enyemaka ọha [lower-alpha 1] |- | Burgh buru ibu | Ndị uwe ojii, [lower-alpha 2] ahụike ọha, Enyemaka ọha, ụlọ, ọkụ, drainage |- | Obere burgh | Ụlọ, ọkụ, drainage |- | kansụl district | Ụlọ, ọkụ, drainage |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2cucqq5eb6nswrtlszdurcdivxgyvb3 0 41865 672233 159929 2026-07-04T13:27:10Z IfyClassique 20717 /* */ 672233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Jean Swanson | image = Jean Swanson.jpg | alt = | caption = Swanson in 2012 | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth based on age as of date |75|2018|06|30}} | birth_place = | occupation = {{hlist|Activist|writer}} }} Jean Swanson CM ( Profaịlụ 1942 ma ọ bụ 1943 ) [1] bụ onye ike ndị Canada, onye na-akpa ndị ogbenye, na onye edemede na Vancouver, British Columbia.  Ọ nọchitere anya azụ aka ekpe nke ndị isi aka na-aga n'ihu na Vancouver City Council dị ka otu n'ime ndị kansụl obodo 10 nke Vancouver site na 2018 ruo 2022. == Ime ihe == <ref name="carleton.ca">"News Release: Carleton University's Kroeger College Announces 2007 Winners of the Arthur Kroeger Awards", March 28, 2007 quoted at </ref>Na 1980s, Swanson na BC Solidarity Coalition rụkọrọ ọrụ, yana Vancouver's Downtown Eastside Residents Association (DERA). Swanson bụ onye nhazi nke Carnegie Community Action Project (CCAP), ụgbọ raara onwe ya nye maka ike nke Ogbe nkiti Eastside, otu n'ime agbataobi kacha daa ogbenye na Canada.  [1] [2] Swanson guzobekwara ma soro otu End Legislated Poverty, otu British Columbia na-arụkọ ọrụ nwere ụdị nke "ịgara na ike iji mee ka-alụ na-agbara ogbenye".  [3] [4] Ọ bụ onye isi oche mba nke National Anti-Poverty Organization (NAPO).  [5] O dere Ogbenye Bashing: nri nke Mwepu . === Vancouver City Council ===   N'oge Swanson na Vancouver City Council, ọ na-eme ntuli aka maka ụlọ mmadụ mgbe ọ na-emegide mmepe ụlọ ọnụ ahịa ahịa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017|title=Inside Vancouver City Hall’s Housing Wars|url=https://thetyee.ca/News/2021/01/12/Vancouver-City-Hall-Housing-Wars/|work=The Tyee}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, n'oge mkpọsa ya maka kansụl obodo Vancouver, ọ kpọrọ oku ka ahapụ ụlọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017|title=Where candidates for Vancouver city council stand on affordable housing|url=https://www.cbc.ca/lite/story/1.4287940|work=CBC}}</ref> O kwuru na ya agaghị akwado iwu ụlọ nke ọnụ ahịa ahịa, n'ihi na o kwenyere na ọ ga-eme ka ndị mmadụ na-akwụ ụgwọ ma na-abawanye ụgwọ ụlọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Why a city councillor won't support 'gentrifying' projects amid Vancouver housing crisis|url=https://vancouver.citynews.ca/2019/09/13/vancouver-city-councillor-says-shes-voted-down-gentrifying-developments-despite-ongoing-housing-crisis/|work=vancouver.citynews.ca}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, ọ tụrụ vootu megide ikwe ka ụlọ nwere okpukpu ise dị okpukpu ise (ebe otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise dị n'okpuru ọnụ ahịa ahịa) na Kitsilano, ụlọ nwere ọnụ ụlọ 35 dị na Woodland, na ụlọ mgbazinye 79 na mpaghara Hastings-Sunrise, na-arụ ụka na ha. ga-eme ka ndị agbata obi nwee obi ụtọ ma chụpụ ndị bi na ya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=5-storey rental apartment approved for Kitsilano|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/vancouver-kits-rezoning-apartment-decision-1.5400935|work=CBC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Vancouver approves more market rental housing after contentious public hearing|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/vancouver-rental-approved-grandview-woodlands-1.5288262|work=CBC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Vancouver City Council approves two new buildings with 79 rental homes|url=https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/3435-3532-east-hastings-vancouver-approval-january-2019|work=dailyhive.com|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ ahụ, ọ tụkwara vootu megide ikwe ka mgbanwe nke otu ezinaụlọ n'ime ụlọ obodo 21, na-arụ ụka na ụgwọ ụlọ ga-adị oke oke na naanị onye nwe ụlọ ga-erite uru. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019|title=Vancouver council rejects townhouse development next door to hospice|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/vancouver-granville-hospice-shaughnessy-council-vote-1.5190438|work=CBC}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, ọ votu megidere ụlọ nwere okpukpu 39 (nke nwere otu ụzọ n'ụzọ ise nke ụlọ ndị e debere maka ụgwọ ụlọ ahịa dị ala), na-arụ ụka na ụlọ ahụ ga-eduga n'ịbawanye ụgwọ ụlọ n'ụlọ ndị dị nso. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022|title=Vancouver approves 39-storey tower for corner of Broadway and Granville Street|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/vancouver-broadway-and-granville-39-storey-tower-approved-city-council-1.6432837|work=CBC}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, ọ tụrụ vootu kwadoro ikwe ka ụlọ ndị mmadụ nwere ụlọ nwere okpukpu iri na abụọ na-enweghị ntinye akwụkwọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Vancouver rejects councillor's proposal to fast track future social housing towers|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/vancouver-zoning-fasttrack-boyle-fry-social-housing-1.6042015|work=CBC}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, ọ votu megidere nnukwu atụmatụ ndozigharị maka okporo ụzọ Broadway nke kwere ka mmepe ihe ejikọtara ọnụ nwere okpukpu 40 n'akụkụ ọdụ ụgbọ elu SkyTrain, yana nnọchi nke ochie, obere ụlọ 10 nwere ụlọ nwere ụlọ 15 ruo 20. Ọ rụrụ ụka na nke a abụghị "ụlọ anyị chọrọ maka ndị na-arụ ọrụ". <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022|title=Vancouver city council approves Broadway Plan after long debate|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/vancouver-broadway-plan-vote-decision-1.6497534|work=CBC}}</ref> N'oge arụmụka banyere rezoning, ọ jụrụ "Ọ bụrụ na ndị mmadụ na-anya ụgbọ ala Vancouver maka ọrụ, ọ gaghị aka mma ịbawanye ọrụ ndị ọzọ na mpụga Vancouver ka ndị mmadụ ghara ịnya ụgbọ ala ruo ugbu a?" <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022|title=Vancouver City Councillor Jean Swanson suggests pushing jobs out of city {{!}} Urbanized|url=https://dailyhive.com/vancouver/jean-swanson-vancouver-jobs|work=dailyhive.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nnabata == <ref name="carleton.ca" />N'afọ 2016, a kpọbatara ya na Order of Canada, sọpụrụ ndị njem kacha elu nke Canada, yana ɔkwa onye otu.  [1] Swanson bụkwa onye nnata nke 2007 Carleton University Kroeger College Award for Citizenship and Community Affairs, ihe nrite na-amata "ihe okike, nnɔgidesi ike, na onye isi n'ozuzu ya n'igosi uru nke dabere na mpaghara."  [2] A ụmụ Swanson maka ihe nrite ahụ "n'ihi na ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-eche ogbenye na Canada. (Ọ) bụ onye onwe ya bi na Vancouver bụ onye ndị juri kwubiri na- mbinye anya mbụ nke aka aka.  , ntụziaka, na obodo." Na 2021, ọ bụ isiokwu nke obere ihe nkiri akwụkwọ ozi Teresa Alfield Jean Swanson: Anyị ike Map ọhụrụ<ref>Charlie Smith, [https://www.straight.com/movies/five-canadian-films-to-watch-in-viff-short-forum "Five Canadian films to watch in VIFF Short Forum"]. </ref>{{Canadian election result/top|VAN|2018|Vancouver City Council|elected=yes}} {{CANelec|VAN|Green|[[Adriane Carr]]|69,739|elected=yes}} {{CANelec|VAN|Green|[[Pete Fry]]|61,806|elected=yes}} {{CANelec|VAN|NPA|Melissa De Genova|53,251|elected=yes}} {{CANelec|VAN|COPE|Jean Swanson|48,865|elected=yes}} {{CANelec|VAN|NPA|[[Colleen Hardwick]]|47,747|elected=yes}} {{CANelec|VAN|Green|[[Michael Wiebe]]|45,593|elected=yes}} {{CANelec|VAN|OneCity|[[Christine Boyle]]|45,455|elected=yes}} {{CANelec|VAN|NPA|Lisa Dominato|44,689|elected=yes}} {{CANelec|VAN|NPA|Rebecca Bligh|44,053|elected=yes}} {{CANelec|VAN|NPA|Sarah Kirby-Yung|43,581|elected=yes}} {{end}}{{Canadian election result/top|VAN|October 14, 2017|percent=yes|elected=yes|by=yes|by-link=2017 Vancouver municipal by-election|reason=Resignation of [[Geoff Meggs]]}} {{CANelec|VAN|NPA|[[Hector Bremner]]|13,372|27.83|elected=yes}} {{CANelec|VAN|COPE|Jean Swanson|10,263|21.36|elected=no}} {{CANelec|VAN|Green|[[Pete Fry]]|9759|20.31|elected=no}} {{CANelec|VAN|OneCity|Judy Graves|6327|13.17|elected=no}} {{CANelec|VAN|Vision|Diego Cardona|5411|11.26|elected=no}} {{CANelec|VAN|Sensible Vancouver|Mary Jean Dunsdon|1737|3.62|elected=no}} {{CANelec|XX|Independent|Gary Lee|886|1.84|elected=no}} {{CANelec|XX|Independent|Damian J. Murphy|157|0.33|elected=no}} {{CANelec|XX|Independent|Joshua Wasilenkoff|131|0.27|elected=no}} {{end}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] kxhft9koh0bxqwgz5t5b3po2q5zwljs 0 42285 672252 161257 2026-07-04T13:38:02Z Timzy D'Great 12485 /* Ndụ onwe onye */ 672252 wikitext text/x-wiki   Minnie Lindsay Carpenter (12 Disemba 1873 - 23 Nọvemba 1960), nwa Rowell, bụ onye ode akwụkwọ Australia na onye uwe ojii na The Salvation Army na Australia .  O dere ihe akwụkwọ iri na abụọ metụtara ndị Salvationist.  O aka guzobe otu Salvation Army International Nursing Fellowship wee jee ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke Home League.  Ọ akụkọ George Lyndon Carpenter, onye Salvationist bụ onye e mechara họpụta dị ka General nke ise nke Salvation Army na 1939 == Ndụ onwe onye == Edekọkwara ụbọchị na ebe nchekwa Minnie Lindsay Rowell n'ụzọ dị iche iche n'ebe dị iche iche.  Dị ka akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Australia nke Biography si kwuo, a njikọ ya na 12 December 1873 na Bombira, na nso Mudgee, New South Wales, Australia, nwa ekiri na nwa nke ise nke Nicholas na Sarah Rowell.  [1] The Historical Dictionary of the Salvation Army na-ekwu na a biri Minnie na 1874 na Bridgenorth, Shropshire, England, na nna ya bụ onye ọrụ nke ọnwụ mgbe ọ bụ nwata.  Nne ya, Sarah Rowell, onye ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi;  mgbe di ya nwụsịrị, ọ kwagara Australia, biri na Mudgee, New South Wales.  [2] Ọ sonyeere The Salvation Army, nke e hibere na Australia afọ ole na ole gara aga, na 1880, ma na-eto ngwa ngwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Merritt|first=John G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5v41DwAAQBAJ&q=Stella+Carpenter+Australia&pg=PA88|title=Historical Dictionary of The Salvation Army|date=6 October 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-5381-0213-8|language=en}}</ref>Minnie Rowell onye ọrụ ndị agha, ma rara ndụ ya nye n'ịrụ ọrụ maka ndị Salvos, dị ka e ji ihu mara ha n'Australia.  Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ nke Salvation Army na Melbourne, ọ zutere George Lyndon Carpenter.  N'oge ahụ, Carpenter bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The War Cry, akwụkwọ bụ isi nke Salvation Army.  Di na ngosi ngosi na 21 June 1899. Ha ngosi na Melbourne site n'aka Herbert Booth, nwa William na Catherine Booth, ngalaba-guzobere nke The Salvation Army.  [1] [2] Minnie Carpenter egwuregwu nwa mbụ ya, Stella na 1901. Di na nna ahụ nwere ikike nke abụọ, bụ́ Irene, na 1904;  afọ ole na ole ka e hụ, a nhụ nwa ha nke atọ na otu nwa ha nwoke, George, na 1908 Stella gara n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ nna ya, nke aha ya bụ ''Man of Peace'', nke e bipụtara na 1993.<ref name=":1" /> Ya na George Carpenter lanarịrị nne na nna ha. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=10 April 1948|title=Gen. Carpenter, Salvationist, Dies Aged 77|pages=3|work=Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 – 1954)|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18067397|accessdate=1 July 2021}}</ref> == Ndị agha nzọpụta == <ref>{{Cite web|author=Australia|first=The Salvation Army|title=Structure, symbols and terminology {{!}} The Salvation Army Australia|url=https://www.salvationarmy.org.au/about-us/leadership-and-structure/structure-symbols-and-terminology/|accessdate=1 July 2021|work=www.salvationarmy.org.au|language=en-au}}</ref>N'ịbụ onye a na-akpọre na The Salvation Army mgbe ọ bụ nwata, Minnie akwụkwọ ime ka ozi Ndị shafukan bụ ọrụ.  Ọ gara ike Salvation Army na Melbourne na 1892, [1] wee bụrụ onye isi na 1893. [2] Ndị Agha Nzọpụta na-enye ma ụmụ anụmanụ ma ndị nwoke nwunye ndị isi, nke bụ ndị ozi oge nile yiri nke  mmehie e chiri echichi n'okpukpe Ndị ahịa ndị ọzọ.  A mmetụta tupu e nye mmadụ ọrụ, nke ya na echichi. Mgbe o nyechara Rowell ọrụ, e kenyere Rowell n'otu ụlọ ọrụ dị na Victoria obere oge, tupu e ziga ya Western Australia.  Ọka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Perth corps, Okwu Salvation Army maka mpaghara mpaghara, wee jee ozi na ikike ahụ site na 1893 ruo 1896. E buga egwuregwu ya na Melbourne, ebe ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ nchịkọta nke isi ụlọ ọrụ Salvation Army.  [1] Mgbe ọ gụrụ ọkwa nke Ensign, ọ deziri The Young Soldier, akwụkwọ gbadoro ụkwụ na ndị ọrịa na Salvation Army.  [1] Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ, ọ zutere wee lụọ George Carpenter, onye edemede na onye nchịkọta akụkọ Salvationist ibe. Na 1911, ndị mgbasa ozi nkà kwagara London, England, bụ ebe e kenyere George Carpenter ọrụ nke onye onwe onye na General of Salvation Army, Bramwell Booth .  N'ịghọta maka nka ide na idezi ya, a àmà Minnie Carpenter onye osote onye nchịkọta nke The Officer, ike Salvation Army.  Ọ akwụkwọ ide akwụkwọ ozi ndị Salvationist nakwa.  N'afọ 1921, ọ dechara ndị ndụ Kate Lee, nke na-egosi The Angel Adjutant, nke ajụjụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị a ma ama.  O bipụtakwara Women of the Flag, God's Battle School, Commissioner John Lawley, na Miriam Booth Ndị ọkwá nkà laghachiri Australia na 1927, mgbe e zigara George Carpenter na Sydney ka o dezie ''mkpu ákwá'' . A hụrụ ngbanwe ahụ dị ka nrịgo elu, wee bịa n'usoro nke Booth, onye n'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ emejọwo mmekọrịta ya na ọtụtụ ndị isi Salvos. Di na nwunye ahụ kwagara ugboro ugboro n'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ebe e kenyere George Carpenter akwụkwọ dị iche iche. N’afọ 1933, ha kwagara Buenos Aires, bụ́ ebe George Carpenter nọ na-achị ógbè South America, na 1937 kwa, ha kwagara Canada. N'afọ 1939, a họpụtara George Carpenter ka ọ bụrụ Ọchịagha nke ise maka Salvation Army, ma ha laghachiri na London. N'oge ya dị ka General, di na nwunye na-eme njem ugboro ugboro, ọbụna n'oge agha. <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 April 1948|title=DEATH OF GENERAL GEORGE CARPENTER|pages=3|work=Raymond Terrace Examiner and Lower Hunter and Port Stephens Advertiser (NSW : 1912 – 1955)|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article134524356|accessdate=1 July 2021}}</ref> Dị ka nwunye nke General, Minnie Carpenter gara n'ihu na-abụ onye ndu n'onwe ya, na-eji nkà nke ya na-eje ozi na Salvation Army. O nyere aka guzobe Mmekọrịta Nọọsụ Mba Nile nke Salvation Army na 1943, <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Merritt|first=John G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5v41DwAAQBAJ&q=Stella+Carpenter+Australia&pg=PA88|title=Historical Dictionary of The Salvation Army|date=6 October 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-5381-0213-8|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMerrittSatterlee2017">Merritt, John G.; Satterlee, Allen (6 October 2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=5v41DwAAQBAJ&q=Stella+Carpenter+Australia&pg=PA88 ''Historical Dictionary of The Salvation Army'']. Rowman & Littlefield. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-1-5381-0213-8|<bdi>978-1-5381-0213-8</bdi>]].</cite></ref> wee jee ozi dị ka onye isi ụwa nke Home League. Ọ gara n'ihu na-edekwa akwụkwọ, na-ede akwụkwọ karịrị akwụkwọ iri na abụọ n'oge ndụ ya. Aghọtala akụkọ ndụ ya maka ntinye ama ama ha nyere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Salvation Army. <ref name=":1" /> Minnie Carpenter laghachiri Australia ya na di ya na nwa ya nwanyị na 1946, na njedebe nke oge di ya dị ka General. == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Minnie Carpenter nwụrụ na 23 Nọvemba 1960, na Undercliffe, na nso Sydney, na New South Wales, Australia.  [1] Ebe esie ama akpa ke 1948. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=10 April 1948|title=Gen. Carpenter, Salvationist, Dies Aged 77|pages=3|work=Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 – 1954)|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18067397|accessdate=1 July 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18067397 "Gen. Carpenter, Salvationist, Dies Aged 77"]. ''Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 – 1954)''. 10 April 1948. p.&nbsp;3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Na-arụ ọrụ == * ''Miriam Booth'' * ''William Booth'' * ''The Angel Adjutant nke "Ugboro Abụọ Ndị ikom"'' * ''Kọmishọna John Lawley'' * ''Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Agha Chineke'' * ''Obi atọ dị ukwuu'' * ''Ndị ọrụ ama ama nke Salvation Army'' * ''Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọkọlọtọ'' * ''N'ala nke ihunanya Ya'' == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] b455er7u4vq85h7drlhf7504j0qjhio 672258 672252 2026-07-04T13:40:11Z Timzy D'Great 12485 /* Ndị agha nzọpụta */ 672258 wikitext text/x-wiki   Minnie Lindsay Carpenter (12 Disemba 1873 - 23 Nọvemba 1960), nwa Rowell, bụ onye ode akwụkwọ Australia na onye uwe ojii na The Salvation Army na Australia .  O dere ihe akwụkwọ iri na abụọ metụtara ndị Salvationist.  O aka guzobe otu Salvation Army International Nursing Fellowship wee jee ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke Home League.  Ọ akụkọ George Lyndon Carpenter, onye Salvationist bụ onye e mechara họpụta dị ka General nke ise nke Salvation Army na 1939 == Ndụ onwe onye == Edekọkwara ụbọchị na ebe nchekwa Minnie Lindsay Rowell n'ụzọ dị iche iche n'ebe dị iche iche.  Dị ka akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Australia nke Biography si kwuo, a njikọ ya na 12 December 1873 na Bombira, na nso Mudgee, New South Wales, Australia, nwa ekiri na nwa nke ise nke Nicholas na Sarah Rowell.  [1] The Historical Dictionary of the Salvation Army na-ekwu na a biri Minnie na 1874 na Bridgenorth, Shropshire, England, na nna ya bụ onye ọrụ nke ọnwụ mgbe ọ bụ nwata.  Nne ya, Sarah Rowell, onye ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi;  mgbe di ya nwụsịrị, ọ kwagara Australia, biri na Mudgee, New South Wales.  [2] Ọ sonyeere The Salvation Army, nke e hibere na Australia afọ ole na ole gara aga, na 1880, ma na-eto ngwa ngwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Merritt|first=John G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5v41DwAAQBAJ&q=Stella+Carpenter+Australia&pg=PA88|title=Historical Dictionary of The Salvation Army|date=6 October 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-5381-0213-8|language=en}}</ref>Minnie Rowell onye ọrụ ndị agha, ma rara ndụ ya nye n'ịrụ ọrụ maka ndị Salvos, dị ka e ji ihu mara ha n'Australia.  Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ nke Salvation Army na Melbourne, ọ zutere George Lyndon Carpenter.  N'oge ahụ, Carpenter bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The War Cry, akwụkwọ bụ isi nke Salvation Army.  Di na ngosi ngosi na 21 June 1899. Ha ngosi na Melbourne site n'aka Herbert Booth, nwa William na Catherine Booth, ngalaba-guzobere nke The Salvation Army.  [1] [2] Minnie Carpenter egwuregwu nwa mbụ ya, Stella na 1901. Di na nna ahụ nwere ikike nke abụọ, bụ́ Irene, na 1904;  afọ ole na ole ka e hụ, a nhụ nwa ha nke atọ na otu nwa ha nwoke, George, na 1908 Stella gara n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ nna ya, nke aha ya bụ ''Man of Peace'', nke e bipụtara na 1993.<ref name=":1" /> Ya na George Carpenter lanarịrị nne na nna ha. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=10 April 1948|title=Gen. Carpenter, Salvationist, Dies Aged 77|pages=3|work=Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 – 1954)|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18067397|accessdate=1 July 2021}}</ref> == Ndị agha nzọpụta == <ref>{{Cite web|author=Australia|first=The Salvation Army|title=Structure, symbols and terminology {{!}} The Salvation Army Australia|url=https://www.salvationarmy.org.au/about-us/leadership-and-structure/structure-symbols-and-terminology/|accessdate=1 July 2021|work=www.salvationarmy.org.au|language=en-au}}</ref>N'ịbụ onye a na-akpọre na The Salvation Army mgbe ọ bụ nwata, Minnie akwụkwọ ime ka ozi Ndị shafukan bụ ọrụ.  Ọ gara ike Salvation Army na Melbourne na 1892, [1] wee bụrụ onye isi na 1893. [2] Ndị Agha Nzọpụta na-enye ma ụmụ anụmanụ ma ndị nwoke nwunye ndị isi, nke bụ ndị ozi oge nile yiri nke  mmehie e chiri echichi n'okpukpe Ndị ahịa ndị ọzọ.  A mmetụta tupu e nye mmadụ ọrụ, nke ya na echichi. Mgbe o nyechara Rowell ọrụ, e kenyere Rowell n'otu ụlọ ọrụ dị na Victoria obere oge, tupu e ziga ya Western Australia.  Ọka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Perth corps, Okwu Salvation Army maka mpaghara mpaghara, wee jee ozi na ikike ahụ site na 1893 ruo 1896. E buga egwuregwu ya na Melbourne, ebe ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ nchịkọta nke isi ụlọ ọrụ Salvation Army.  [1] Mgbe ọ gụrụ ọkwa nke Ensign, ọ deziri The Young Soldier, akwụkwọ gbadoro ụkwụ na ndị ọrịa na Salvation Army.  [1] Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ, ọ zutere wee lụọ George Carpenter, onye edemede na onye nchịkọta akụkọ Salvationist ibe. Na 1911, ndị mgbasa ozi nkà kwagara London, England, bụ ebe e kenyere George Carpenter ọrụ nke onye onwe onye na General of Salvation Army, Bramwell Booth .  N'ịghọta maka nka ide na idezi ya, a àmà Minnie Carpenter onye osote onye nchịkọta nke The Officer, ike Salvation Army.  Ọ akwụkwọ ide akwụkwọ ozi ndị Salvationist nakwa.  N'afọ 1921, ọ dechara ndị ndụ Kate Lee, nke na-egosi The Angel Adjutant, nke ajụjụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị a ma ama.  O bipụtakwara Women of the Flag, God's Battle School, Commissioner John Lawley, na Miriam Booth Ndị ọkwá nkà laghachiri Australia na 1927, mgbe e zigara George Carpenter na Sydney ka o dezie ''mkpu ákwá'' . A hụrụ ngbanwe ahụ dị ka nrịgo elu, wee bịa n'usoro nke Booth, onye n'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ emejọwo mmekọrịta ya na ọtụtụ ndị isi Salvos. Di na nwunye ahụ kwagara ugboro ugboro n'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ebe e kenyere George Carpenter akwụkwọ dị iche iche. N’afọ 1933, ha kwagara Buenos Aires, bụ́ ebe George Carpenter nọ na-achị ógbè South America, na 1937 kwa, ha kwagara Canada. N'afọ 1939, a họpụtara George Carpenter ka ọ bụrụ Ọchịagha nke ise maka Salvation Army, ma ha laghachiri na London. N'oge ya dị ka General, di na nwunye na-eme njem ugboro ugboro, ọbụna n'oge agha. <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 April 1948|title=DEATH OF GENERAL GEORGE CARPENTER|pages=3|work=Raymond Terrace Examiner and Lower Hunter and Port Stephens Advertiser (NSW : 1912 – 1955)|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article134524356|accessdate=1 July 2021}}</ref> Dị ka nwunye nke General, Minnie Carpenter gara n'ihu na-abụ onye ndu n'onwe ya, na-eji nkà nke ya na-eje ozi na Salvation Army. O nyere aka guzobe Mmekọrịta Nọọsụ Mba Nile nke Salvation Army na 1943,<ref name=":1" /> wee jee ozi dị ka onye isi ụwa nke Home League. Ọ gara n'ihu na-edekwa akwụkwọ, na-ede akwụkwọ karịrị akwụkwọ iri na abụọ n'oge ndụ ya. Aghọtala akụkọ ndụ ya maka ntinye ama ama ha nyere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Salvation Army. <ref name=":1" /> Minnie Carpenter laghachiri Australia ya na di ya na nwa ya nwanyị na 1946, na njedebe nke oge di ya dị ka General. == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Minnie Carpenter nwụrụ na 23 Nọvemba 1960, na Undercliffe, na nso Sydney, na New South Wales, Australia.  [1] Ebe esie ama akpa ke 1948. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=10 April 1948|title=Gen. Carpenter, Salvationist, Dies Aged 77|pages=3|work=Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 – 1954)|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18067397|accessdate=1 July 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18067397 "Gen. Carpenter, Salvationist, Dies Aged 77"]. ''Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 – 1954)''. 10 April 1948. p.&nbsp;3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Na-arụ ọrụ == * ''Miriam Booth'' * ''William Booth'' * ''The Angel Adjutant nke "Ugboro Abụọ Ndị ikom"'' * ''Kọmishọna John Lawley'' * ''Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Agha Chineke'' * ''Obi atọ dị ukwuu'' * ''Ndị ọrụ ama ama nke Salvation Army'' * ''Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọkọlọtọ'' * ''N'ala nke ihunanya Ya'' == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rhjieqw3qnjvyroh81dytdjfofbn35a 672270 672258 2026-07-04T13:44:37Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ọnwụ na ihe nketa */ 672270 wikitext text/x-wiki   Minnie Lindsay Carpenter (12 Disemba 1873 - 23 Nọvemba 1960), nwa Rowell, bụ onye ode akwụkwọ Australia na onye uwe ojii na The Salvation Army na Australia .  O dere ihe akwụkwọ iri na abụọ metụtara ndị Salvationist.  O aka guzobe otu Salvation Army International Nursing Fellowship wee jee ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke Home League.  Ọ akụkọ George Lyndon Carpenter, onye Salvationist bụ onye e mechara họpụta dị ka General nke ise nke Salvation Army na 1939 == Ndụ onwe onye == Edekọkwara ụbọchị na ebe nchekwa Minnie Lindsay Rowell n'ụzọ dị iche iche n'ebe dị iche iche.  Dị ka akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Australia nke Biography si kwuo, a njikọ ya na 12 December 1873 na Bombira, na nso Mudgee, New South Wales, Australia, nwa ekiri na nwa nke ise nke Nicholas na Sarah Rowell.  [1] The Historical Dictionary of the Salvation Army na-ekwu na a biri Minnie na 1874 na Bridgenorth, Shropshire, England, na nna ya bụ onye ọrụ nke ọnwụ mgbe ọ bụ nwata.  Nne ya, Sarah Rowell, onye ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi;  mgbe di ya nwụsịrị, ọ kwagara Australia, biri na Mudgee, New South Wales.  [2] Ọ sonyeere The Salvation Army, nke e hibere na Australia afọ ole na ole gara aga, na 1880, ma na-eto ngwa ngwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Merritt|first=John G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5v41DwAAQBAJ&q=Stella+Carpenter+Australia&pg=PA88|title=Historical Dictionary of The Salvation Army|date=6 October 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-5381-0213-8|language=en}}</ref>Minnie Rowell onye ọrụ ndị agha, ma rara ndụ ya nye n'ịrụ ọrụ maka ndị Salvos, dị ka e ji ihu mara ha n'Australia.  Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ nke Salvation Army na Melbourne, ọ zutere George Lyndon Carpenter.  N'oge ahụ, Carpenter bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The War Cry, akwụkwọ bụ isi nke Salvation Army.  Di na ngosi ngosi na 21 June 1899. Ha ngosi na Melbourne site n'aka Herbert Booth, nwa William na Catherine Booth, ngalaba-guzobere nke The Salvation Army.  [1] [2] Minnie Carpenter egwuregwu nwa mbụ ya, Stella na 1901. Di na nna ahụ nwere ikike nke abụọ, bụ́ Irene, na 1904;  afọ ole na ole ka e hụ, a nhụ nwa ha nke atọ na otu nwa ha nwoke, George, na 1908 Stella gara n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ nna ya, nke aha ya bụ ''Man of Peace'', nke e bipụtara na 1993.<ref name=":1" /> Ya na George Carpenter lanarịrị nne na nna ha. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=10 April 1948|title=Gen. Carpenter, Salvationist, Dies Aged 77|pages=3|work=Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 – 1954)|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18067397|accessdate=1 July 2021}}</ref> == Ndị agha nzọpụta == <ref>{{Cite web|author=Australia|first=The Salvation Army|title=Structure, symbols and terminology {{!}} The Salvation Army Australia|url=https://www.salvationarmy.org.au/about-us/leadership-and-structure/structure-symbols-and-terminology/|accessdate=1 July 2021|work=www.salvationarmy.org.au|language=en-au}}</ref>N'ịbụ onye a na-akpọre na The Salvation Army mgbe ọ bụ nwata, Minnie akwụkwọ ime ka ozi Ndị shafukan bụ ọrụ.  Ọ gara ike Salvation Army na Melbourne na 1892, [1] wee bụrụ onye isi na 1893. [2] Ndị Agha Nzọpụta na-enye ma ụmụ anụmanụ ma ndị nwoke nwunye ndị isi, nke bụ ndị ozi oge nile yiri nke  mmehie e chiri echichi n'okpukpe Ndị ahịa ndị ọzọ.  A mmetụta tupu e nye mmadụ ọrụ, nke ya na echichi. Mgbe o nyechara Rowell ọrụ, e kenyere Rowell n'otu ụlọ ọrụ dị na Victoria obere oge, tupu e ziga ya Western Australia.  Ọka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Perth corps, Okwu Salvation Army maka mpaghara mpaghara, wee jee ozi na ikike ahụ site na 1893 ruo 1896. E buga egwuregwu ya na Melbourne, ebe ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ nchịkọta nke isi ụlọ ọrụ Salvation Army.  [1] Mgbe ọ gụrụ ọkwa nke Ensign, ọ deziri The Young Soldier, akwụkwọ gbadoro ụkwụ na ndị ọrịa na Salvation Army.  [1] Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ, ọ zutere wee lụọ George Carpenter, onye edemede na onye nchịkọta akụkọ Salvationist ibe. Na 1911, ndị mgbasa ozi nkà kwagara London, England, bụ ebe e kenyere George Carpenter ọrụ nke onye onwe onye na General of Salvation Army, Bramwell Booth .  N'ịghọta maka nka ide na idezi ya, a àmà Minnie Carpenter onye osote onye nchịkọta nke The Officer, ike Salvation Army.  Ọ akwụkwọ ide akwụkwọ ozi ndị Salvationist nakwa.  N'afọ 1921, ọ dechara ndị ndụ Kate Lee, nke na-egosi The Angel Adjutant, nke ajụjụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị a ma ama.  O bipụtakwara Women of the Flag, God's Battle School, Commissioner John Lawley, na Miriam Booth Ndị ọkwá nkà laghachiri Australia na 1927, mgbe e zigara George Carpenter na Sydney ka o dezie ''mkpu ákwá'' . A hụrụ ngbanwe ahụ dị ka nrịgo elu, wee bịa n'usoro nke Booth, onye n'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ emejọwo mmekọrịta ya na ọtụtụ ndị isi Salvos. Di na nwunye ahụ kwagara ugboro ugboro n'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ebe e kenyere George Carpenter akwụkwọ dị iche iche. N’afọ 1933, ha kwagara Buenos Aires, bụ́ ebe George Carpenter nọ na-achị ógbè South America, na 1937 kwa, ha kwagara Canada. N'afọ 1939, a họpụtara George Carpenter ka ọ bụrụ Ọchịagha nke ise maka Salvation Army, ma ha laghachiri na London. N'oge ya dị ka General, di na nwunye na-eme njem ugboro ugboro, ọbụna n'oge agha. <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 April 1948|title=DEATH OF GENERAL GEORGE CARPENTER|pages=3|work=Raymond Terrace Examiner and Lower Hunter and Port Stephens Advertiser (NSW : 1912 – 1955)|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article134524356|accessdate=1 July 2021}}</ref> Dị ka nwunye nke General, Minnie Carpenter gara n'ihu na-abụ onye ndu n'onwe ya, na-eji nkà nke ya na-eje ozi na Salvation Army. O nyere aka guzobe Mmekọrịta Nọọsụ Mba Nile nke Salvation Army na 1943,<ref name=":1" /> wee jee ozi dị ka onye isi ụwa nke Home League. Ọ gara n'ihu na-edekwa akwụkwọ, na-ede akwụkwọ karịrị akwụkwọ iri na abụọ n'oge ndụ ya. Aghọtala akụkọ ndụ ya maka ntinye ama ama ha nyere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Salvation Army. <ref name=":1" /> Minnie Carpenter laghachiri Australia ya na di ya na nwa ya nwanyị na 1946, na njedebe nke oge di ya dị ka General. == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Minnie Carpenter nwụrụ na 23 Nọvemba 1960, na Undercliffe, na nso Sydney, na New South Wales, Australia.  [1] Ebe esie ama akpa ke 1948. <ref name=":2" /> == Na-arụ ọrụ == * ''Miriam Booth'' * ''William Booth'' * ''The Angel Adjutant nke "Ugboro Abụọ Ndị ikom"'' * ''Kọmishọna John Lawley'' * ''Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Agha Chineke'' * ''Obi atọ dị ukwuu'' * ''Ndị ọrụ ama ama nke Salvation Army'' * ''Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọkọlọtọ'' * ''N'ala nke ihunanya Ya'' == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t06frq4xqutuxsubpeznrdq0pri2v89 672279 672270 2026-07-04T13:47:12Z Timzy D'Great 12485 /* Ọnwụ na ihe nketa */ 672279 wikitext text/x-wiki   Minnie Lindsay Carpenter (12 Disemba 1873 - 23 Nọvemba 1960), nwa Rowell, bụ onye ode akwụkwọ Australia na onye uwe ojii na The Salvation Army na Australia .  O dere ihe akwụkwọ iri na abụọ metụtara ndị Salvationist.  O aka guzobe otu Salvation Army International Nursing Fellowship wee jee ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke Home League.  Ọ akụkọ George Lyndon Carpenter, onye Salvationist bụ onye e mechara họpụta dị ka General nke ise nke Salvation Army na 1939 == Ndụ onwe onye == Edekọkwara ụbọchị na ebe nchekwa Minnie Lindsay Rowell n'ụzọ dị iche iche n'ebe dị iche iche.  Dị ka akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Australia nke Biography si kwuo, a njikọ ya na 12 December 1873 na Bombira, na nso Mudgee, New South Wales, Australia, nwa ekiri na nwa nke ise nke Nicholas na Sarah Rowell.  [1] The Historical Dictionary of the Salvation Army na-ekwu na a biri Minnie na 1874 na Bridgenorth, Shropshire, England, na nna ya bụ onye ọrụ nke ọnwụ mgbe ọ bụ nwata.  Nne ya, Sarah Rowell, onye ọrụ dịka onye nkuzi;  mgbe di ya nwụsịrị, ọ kwagara Australia, biri na Mudgee, New South Wales.  [2] Ọ sonyeere The Salvation Army, nke e hibere na Australia afọ ole na ole gara aga, na 1880, ma na-eto ngwa ngwa. <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Merritt|first=John G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5v41DwAAQBAJ&q=Stella+Carpenter+Australia&pg=PA88|title=Historical Dictionary of The Salvation Army|date=6 October 2017|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-1-5381-0213-8|language=en}}</ref>Minnie Rowell onye ọrụ ndị agha, ma rara ndụ ya nye n'ịrụ ọrụ maka ndị Salvos, dị ka e ji ihu mara ha n'Australia.  Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ nke Salvation Army na Melbourne, ọ zutere George Lyndon Carpenter.  N'oge ahụ, Carpenter bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke The War Cry, akwụkwọ bụ isi nke Salvation Army.  Di na ngosi ngosi na 21 June 1899. Ha ngosi na Melbourne site n'aka Herbert Booth, nwa William na Catherine Booth, ngalaba-guzobere nke The Salvation Army.  [1] [2] Minnie Carpenter egwuregwu nwa mbụ ya, Stella na 1901. Di na nna ahụ nwere ikike nke abụọ, bụ́ Irene, na 1904;  afọ ole na ole ka e hụ, a nhụ nwa ha nke atọ na otu nwa ha nwoke, George, na 1908 Stella gara n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ nna ya, nke aha ya bụ ''Man of Peace'', nke e bipụtara na 1993.<ref name=":1" /> Ya na George Carpenter lanarịrị nne na nna ha. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=10 April 1948|title=Gen. Carpenter, Salvationist, Dies Aged 77|pages=3|work=Sydney Morning Herald (NSW : 1842 – 1954)|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article18067397|accessdate=1 July 2021}}</ref> == Ndị agha nzọpụta == <ref>{{Cite web|author=Australia|first=The Salvation Army|title=Structure, symbols and terminology {{!}} The Salvation Army Australia|url=https://www.salvationarmy.org.au/about-us/leadership-and-structure/structure-symbols-and-terminology/|accessdate=1 July 2021|work=www.salvationarmy.org.au|language=en-au}}</ref>N'ịbụ onye a na-akpọre na The Salvation Army mgbe ọ bụ nwata, Minnie akwụkwọ ime ka ozi Ndị shafukan bụ ọrụ.  Ọ gara ike Salvation Army na Melbourne na 1892, [1] wee bụrụ onye isi na 1893. [2] Ndị Agha Nzọpụta na-enye ma ụmụ anụmanụ ma ndị nwoke nwunye ndị isi, nke bụ ndị ozi oge nile yiri nke  mmehie e chiri echichi n'okpukpe Ndị ahịa ndị ọzọ.  A mmetụta tupu e nye mmadụ ọrụ, nke ya na echichi. Mgbe o nyechara Rowell ọrụ, e kenyere Rowell n'otu ụlọ ọrụ dị na Victoria obere oge, tupu e ziga ya Western Australia.  Ọka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Perth corps, Okwu Salvation Army maka mpaghara mpaghara, wee jee ozi na ikike ahụ site na 1893 ruo 1896. E buga egwuregwu ya na Melbourne, ebe ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ nchịkọta nke isi ụlọ ọrụ Salvation Army.  [1] Mgbe ọ gụrụ ọkwa nke Ensign, ọ deziri The Young Soldier, akwụkwọ gbadoro ụkwụ na ndị ọrịa na Salvation Army.  [1] Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ, ọ zutere wee lụọ George Carpenter, onye edemede na onye nchịkọta akụkọ Salvationist ibe. Na 1911, ndị mgbasa ozi nkà kwagara London, England, bụ ebe e kenyere George Carpenter ọrụ nke onye onwe onye na General of Salvation Army, Bramwell Booth .  N'ịghọta maka nka ide na idezi ya, a àmà Minnie Carpenter onye osote onye nchịkọta nke The Officer, ike Salvation Army.  Ọ akwụkwọ ide akwụkwọ ozi ndị Salvationist nakwa.  N'afọ 1921, ọ dechara ndị ndụ Kate Lee, nke na-egosi The Angel Adjutant, nke ajụjụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ ndị a ma ama.  O bipụtakwara Women of the Flag, God's Battle School, Commissioner John Lawley, na Miriam Booth Ndị ọkwá nkà laghachiri Australia na 1927, mgbe e zigara George Carpenter na Sydney ka o dezie ''mkpu ákwá'' . A hụrụ ngbanwe ahụ dị ka nrịgo elu, wee bịa n'usoro nke Booth, onye n'ime afọ ndị gafeworonụ emejọwo mmekọrịta ya na ọtụtụ ndị isi Salvos. Di na nwunye ahụ kwagara ugboro ugboro n'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ebe e kenyere George Carpenter akwụkwọ dị iche iche. N’afọ 1933, ha kwagara Buenos Aires, bụ́ ebe George Carpenter nọ na-achị ógbè South America, na 1937 kwa, ha kwagara Canada. N'afọ 1939, a họpụtara George Carpenter ka ọ bụrụ Ọchịagha nke ise maka Salvation Army, ma ha laghachiri na London. N'oge ya dị ka General, di na nwunye na-eme njem ugboro ugboro, ọbụna n'oge agha. <ref>{{Cite news|date=22 April 1948|title=DEATH OF GENERAL GEORGE CARPENTER|pages=3|work=Raymond Terrace Examiner and Lower Hunter and Port Stephens Advertiser (NSW : 1912 – 1955)|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article134524356|accessdate=1 July 2021}}</ref> Dị ka nwunye nke General, Minnie Carpenter gara n'ihu na-abụ onye ndu n'onwe ya, na-eji nkà nke ya na-eje ozi na Salvation Army. O nyere aka guzobe Mmekọrịta Nọọsụ Mba Nile nke Salvation Army na 1943,<ref name=":1" /> wee jee ozi dị ka onye isi ụwa nke Home League. Ọ gara n'ihu na-edekwa akwụkwọ, na-ede akwụkwọ karịrị akwụkwọ iri na abụọ n'oge ndụ ya. Aghọtala akụkọ ndụ ya maka ntinye ama ama ha nyere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Salvation Army. <ref name=":1" /> Minnie Carpenter laghachiri Australia ya na di ya na nwa ya nwanyị na 1946, na njedebe nke oge di ya dị ka General. == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Minnie Carpenter nwụrụ na 23 Nọvemba 1960, na Undercliffe, na nso Sydney, na New South Wales, Australia.  [1] Ebe esie ama akpa ke 1948.<ref name=":2" /> == Na-arụ ọrụ == * ''Miriam Booth'' * ''William Booth'' * ''The Angel Adjutant nke "Ugboro Abụọ Ndị ikom"'' * ''Kọmishọna John Lawley'' * ''Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Agha Chineke'' * ''Obi atọ dị ukwuu'' * ''Ndị ọrụ ama ama nke Salvation Army'' * ''Ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọkọlọtọ'' * ''N'ala nke ihunanya Ya'' == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ikt562p89cmev6bbxajkhn65kgdeh4o 0 42589 672433 161744 2026-07-04T18:26:46Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672433 wikitext text/x-wiki The Salvation Army Act 1963 (c. xciv) bụ omume nke nzuko omeiwu nke United Kingdom nke emere na 1963. Iwu a na-achị isi ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa nke The Salvation Army ruo mgbe emeziri ya na 1968 na ọzọ na 1980. [1  ] [2] Iwu ahụ ikike eze site n'aka Elizabeth II na 7 Julaị 1963 wee malite ọrụ ozi. == Iwu == <ref name="Charity Commission">{{Cite web|title=THE SALVATION ARMY OFFICERS' PENSION FUND|url=https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-searchp_p_id=uk_gov_ccew_onereg_charitydetails_web_portlet_CharityDetailsPortlet&p_p_lifecycle=2&p_p_state=maximized&p_p_mode=view&p_p_resource_id=%2Faccountsresource&p_p_cacheability=cacheLevelPage&_uk_gov_ccew_onereg_charitydetails_web_portlet_CharityDetailsPortlet_objectiveId=A9362523&_uk_gov_ccew_onereg_charitydetails_web_portlet_CharityDetailsPortlet_priv_r_p_mvcRenderCommandName=%2Ffull-print&_uk_gov_ccew_onereg_charitydetails_web_portlet_CharityDetailsPortlet_priv_r_p_organisationNumber=230791|work=register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk|publisher=Charity Commission of the United Kingdom|accessdate=1 June 2023}}</ref>Iwu nke Salvation Army Act 1963 dakọkwara "Salvation Army Officers Pension Fund."  Iwu ahụ ndị Agha Nzọpụta ka igosipụta ezumike nka n'ụzọ ziri ezi na ikwesị obi nye ndị ọrụ ezumike nka ma ọ bụ ndị inyom ha di ha ọnwụ.  Iwu ahụ na-emekwa ka otu bọọdụ na-ahụ maka idebe ezumike nka.  [1] [2] Mana iwu ngwa achọ n'ezie ewepụ ezumike nka;  ọ na-ekwe nkwa na Ndị Agha Nzọpụta na-enye nhọrọ obi na ụzọ maka ịnyịnya dị otú ahụ.  [3] Iwu ahụ na-achọpụta mgbe onye uwe ojii tozuru oke maka ezumike nka yana mgbe ị na-eji ike ịkagbu ịkwụsị ezumike nka n'ụzọ iwu iwu.  [1] Omume ahụ na-eme ka ọdịiche nke ego mfe site n'ịchọ ka ndị otu ụlọ ọrụ kwado akwụkwọ ego maka afọ ego nke na-enye echiche ziri ezi na nke ziri ezi ziri ezi nke ego maka oge ahụ.  . Iwu a chọrọ ka ndị Agha Nzọpụta rụọ ọrụ atụmatụ ezumike nka anaghị enye onyinye, nke na-ahụ na ndị ọrụ abụghị ọrụ maka ịgbakwunye ego ezumike nka ha. <ref name="Charity Commission" /> Dịka amụma Salvation Army dị ugbu a si dị, ọ bụ naanị ndị ọrụ na-eje ozi ruo afọ ezumike nka bụ ndị tozuru oke maka ezumike nka. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, onye ọrụ nke gbara arụkwaghịm ka afọ iri gachara agaghị enweta ụgwọ ezumike nka ma ọ bụrụ na arụkwaghịm ahụ bụ tupu ụbọchị ezumike nka. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Reed|first=Betsy|title=Ex-officers direct anger at Salvation Army over pensions ‘injustice’|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/jul/15/ex-officers-direct-anger-at-salvation-army-over-pensions-injustice|work=theguardian.com|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=1 June 2023}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Iwu Salvation Army 1931 * Iwu Salvation Army 1980 == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] 931cgn6oipt52rgbcbvfbybx46m3xq0 0 42590 672347 161745 2026-07-04T14:29:36Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672347 wikitext text/x-wiki Iwu Salvation Army Act 1931 ( 21 & 22 Geo. 5. c. xciv) bụ emume nzuko omeiwu nke United Kingdom nke emere na 1931. Ruo mgbe emeziri ya na 1963 na ọzọ 1980, iwu ahụ na-achị isi ụlọ ọrụ International nke  Ndị agha nzọpụta.  Omume ahụ kpaara ikike nke izugbe nke The Salvation Army, onye na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi ụlọ ọrụ (CEO), wepuru ikike ya ime ihe dị ka onye nwe ya nwe Salvation Army mgbochi obi.  [1] Iwu ahụ ikike eze site n'aka George V na 31 Julaị 1931 wee ọrụ ọrụ. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Ka ọ na-erule 1929, Bramwell Booth, General of the Salvation Army, arịala ọrịa, mana ọ ደቀ ịla ezumike nka mgbe ndị isi Salvation Army ụmụaka ya.  Onye isi oche Bramwell Booth bụ William Booth hiwere nke mbụ High Council, onye bụkwa onye adi otu ahụ.  Kansụl Elu nke mbụ gba ozi ka ha na Bramwell Booth n'ọkwa ọrụ;  nha ahụka 52 ruo 5. [1] Booth nwere ihe ịga nke ọma na nhọpụta nke Edward Higgins, onye isi ndị ọrụ ya.  [2] N'ụzọ dị ukwuu n'ihi ọjụjụ Bramwell Booth ịgba arụkwaghịm, Iwu Salvation Army Act 1931, nke ndị omeiwu United Kingdom gosiri, wepụrụ ikike izugbe ndụ onye ga- amị ya.  [3] Nzọpụta Army Act 1931 ka emeziri site na Salvation Army Act 1963 na ọzọ site na Salvation Army Act 1980 . == Iwu == Ebumnuche mbụ nke iwu ahụ bụ, dịka nzuko omeiwu siri kwuo, "ịkwado maka nhazi kachasị mma nke Salvation Army na maka njide nke ezigbo ihe onwunwe na nke onwe ya na-adabere na ntụkwasị obi ebere site n'aka ma ọ bụ nchịkwa nke dabere na General of the Salvation Army na maka ebumnuche ndị ọzọ." <ref name="Chloe">{{Cite web|title=‘The Foundation Deeds have never failed’: The Salvation Army Acts deconstructed|url=https://www.salvationarmy.org.uk/about-us/international-heritage-centre/international-heritage-centre-blog/foundation-deeds-have|work=www.salvationarmy.org.uk|publisher=The Salvation Army of the United Kingdom|accessdate=1 June 2023}}</ref> * E wepụrụ ike nke General nke Salvation Army ịhọpụta onye ga-anọchi ya. Iwu ahụ chọrọ ka ndị otu High Council nke The Salvation Army họpụtara ndị isi ọ bụla n'ọdịnihu. Iwu ahụ kwuru na onye ọ bụla nwere ike ịhọpụta onye isi; [[Iwu Ndị Agha Nzọpụta 1980|Iwu Salvation Army Act 1980]] nwere oke onye enwere ike ịhọpụta onye izugbe na ndị ọrụ nchekwa Salvation Army . <ref name="Garth">{{Cite web|author=HENTZSCHEL|first=Garth|title=A soldier as General of The Salvation Army?|url=https://others.org.au/army-archives/a-soldier-as-general-of-the-salvation-army/|work=others.org.au|publisher=The Salvation Army of Australia|accessdate=1 June 2023}}</ref> * Haziri afọ ezumike nka maka izugbe nke afọ 68 <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Coutts|first=John|title=The Salvationists|publisher=A R Mowbray & Co Ltd|year=1977|isbn=0-264-66071-4|location=Oxford, England|pages=27}}</ref> * E wepụrụ n'ozuzu ya naanị ikike nke ihe onwunwe nke Salvation Army na ihe onwunwe ntụkwasị obi ndị ọzọ na ịmepụta ụlọ ọrụ ntụkwasị obi iji jide ihe onwunwe ntụkwasị obi. * Eguzobere n'ime Board of Arbitration (nke ndị isi ọrụ mejupụtara) iji chọpụta ụfọdụ esemokwu, nghọtahie ma ọ bụ mkpesa ma ọ bụrụ na nke ọ bụla dị n'etiti General na ụfọdụ ndị isi ọrụ. * Enyere ụkpụrụ maka ego ezumike nka maka ndị ọrụ nchekwa Salvation Army na ndị di na nwunye ha lara ezumike nka. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Salvation Army Act 1963|url=https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukla/1963/32/pdfs/ukla_19630032_en.pdf|work=www.legislation.gov.uk|publisher=Parliament of the United Kingdom|accessdate=1 June 2023}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Iwu Ndị Agha Nzọpụta 1963|Iwu Salvation Army 1963]] * Iwu Salvation Army 1980 == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Ịda ogbenye]] 2bh5g8tve60tso7sb7chqadllpifv5v 0 44353 672452 177338 2026-07-04T19:36:44Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Oge ọ malitere */ Fixed reference error 672452 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Jacques Toussele.jpg|thumb|Jacques Toussele]] '''Jacques Toussele''' bụ onye [[Kameroon|Cameroon]] na-ese foto si [[Bamessingué]] nso Mbouda na mpaghara okpomọkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Cameroon. E nwere ọtụtụ mkpụrụ okwu dị iche iche nke aha Bamiléké ya: Toussile, Tousellé, Tousselle na Touselle niile bụ ihe akaebe. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=McKeown|first=Katie|date=2010-04-26|title=Studio Photo Jacques: A Professional Legacy in Western Cameroon|journal=History of Photography|volume=34|issue=2|pages=181–192|doi=10.1080/03087290903361506|issn=0308-7298}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zeitlyn|first=David|date=2010-10-14|title=Representation/Self-representation: A Tale of Two Portraits; or, Portraits and Social Science Representations|journal=Visual Anthropology|volume=23|issue=5|pages=398–426|doi=10.1080/08949460903472978|issn=0894-9468|url=https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:fc019a5c-3a52-4411-938b-18d5c98e6c37}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Zeitlyn|first=David|date=2010-12-01|title=Photographic Props / The Photographer as Prop: The Many Faces of Jacques Tousselle|journal=History and Anthropology|volume=21|issue=4|pages=453–477|doi=10.1080/02757206.2010.520886|issn=0275-7206}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://www.openbookpublishers.com/product/283|chapter=16. Archiving a Cameroonian photographic studio|title=From Dust to Digital: Ten Years of the Endangered Archives Programme|editor=Maja Kominko|author=Zeitlyn|first=David|pages=531–546|language=en|doi=10.11647/obp.0052.16|publisher=Open Book Publishers|year=2015|isbn=978-1-78374-062-8}}</ref> Mkpụrụ okwu dị na kaadị njirimara ya bụ Toussele na-enweghị na ụda olu (ma a na-akpọ ya n'ụdị French <Tousselé>, phonetically [tus sεlε]). Mgbe egosiri ọrụ ya na mmekọrịta nke oru na nabatara umu Pitt Rivers Museum, e ji ụdị aha ya mee ihe. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ na Jacques Toussele na 1939na Bamensingue. == Ọrụ == Onye mbụ na-ese foto a mụrụ na Mbouda na-arụ ọrụ na Mbouta, onye na-ese ihe a mụrụ na Naijiria kụziiri ya foto. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Bamenda n'oge nsogbu ahụ ma laghachi na na Mbouda ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ kemgbe etiti afọ 1960 ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká ekwensu na Atụmatụ nrọ nke ọbọdọ nká na mbido afọ 2000. Ọ nwụrụ na Douala na Fraịde 30 June 2017.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ihe ndị a ma ama ọ rụzuru == Ọrụ ya dị na nchịkọta nke Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York na Carleton College ma tinye ya na mmekọrịta nke oru ngo ngosi ejiji na Fowler Museum, Los Angeles na-emeghe na ngwụcha afọ 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.fowler.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/AfricanPrintFashion_Fowler_PR.pdf|title=African-Print Fashion Now! A Story of Taste, Globalization and Style March 26–July 30, 2017|date=2017|work=Fowler Museum|accessdate=2018-02-11|language=en-US}}</ref> E mere obere ihe ngosi nke ọrụ ya na Pitt Rivers Museum, Oxford nke Philip Grover & Chris Morton haziri "Studio Cameroon: foto kwa ụbọchị bụrụ nke oru ngo nke Jacques Toussellé". 9 Nọvemba 2007-29 Julaị 2008. Ọrụ ya bụ isiokwu nke nnukwu ọrụ nchekwa dị ka akụkụ nke British Library's Endangered Archive Programme . <ref>{{Cite web|title=EAP054: Archiving a Cameroonian photographic studio|url=https://eap.bl.uk/project/EAP054|author=|first=|date=|work=Endangered Archives Programme|publisher=British Library|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219125551/https://eap.bl.uk/project/EAP054|archivedate=19 February 2020|accessdate=28 May 2020}}</ref> A na-enweta akwụkwọ praịmarị na ha agaghị ya n'ịntanetị site na njikọ BL. A gụnyere ọrụ ya na nnukwu ihe ngosi na Fowler Museum na UCLA na ọkara nke abụọ nke 2021: Lee https://www.fowler.ucla.edu/exhibitions/photo-cameroon/. == Ihe Nlereanya == [[Usòrò:Toussele_Jacques_self_portrait_1965.gif|thumb|Toussele Jacques na igwefoto 1965]] == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 06pcqrpf74nsbtigzfc9jits0q8kq88 0 44638 672174 638292 2026-07-04T12:31:33Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672174 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Usòrò:Sephora Store at Toronto Eaton Centre.jpg|thumb|Sephora Store at Toronto Eaton Centre.jpg]] '''Sephora bu uloahia otutu obodo ebe ana ere ihe eji elokota onwe nakwa ihe ehi eme ka mmadu makuo mma nke nwere aha ahia ruru 340, biakwa nwe label nke onwe ya, Sephora collection na ere ngwa eji Acho mma nke gunyere cosmetics, skincare, fragrance, nail color, beauty tools, body lotions na haircare.''' , <ref>{{Cite news|author=Wood Rudolph|first=Heather|title=Interview Insider: How to Get Hired at Sephora|url=http://www.cosmopolitan.com/career/interviews/a36704/interview-insider-sephora-career-jobs/|accessdate=24 July 2015|work=[[Cosmopolitan (magazine)|Cosmopolitan]]|date=19 February 2015}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Tungate|first=Mark|title=Branded Beauty: How Marketing Changed the Way We Look|publisher=Kogan Page|year=2011|isbn=9780749461812|pages=188}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Parsons|first=Sarah|date=2017-11-27|title=A sneak peek inside Sephora's new international head office|url=https://cosmeticsbusiness.com/news/article_page/A_sneak_peek_inside_Sephoras_new_international_head_office/136661|accessdate=2022-09-12|work=Cosmetics Business|language=en}}</ref><ref name="forbes">{{Cite news|author=Loeb|first=Walter|title=Sephora: Department Stores Cannot Stop Its Global Growth|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/walterloeb/2013/04/18/sephora-department-stores-cannot-stop-its-global-growth/|accessdate=3 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="Pete Born">{{Cite web|url=http://www.wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/people/calvin-mcdonald-named-ceo-of-sephora-americas-7247060?src=nl/newsAlert/20131024-7|title=Calvin McDonald Named CEO of Sephora Americas|work=Women's Wear Daily|date=24 October 2013|accessdate=24 October 2013|author=Born, Pete}}</ref>h ({{lang-el|Σεπφώρα}}[[Mozis|s]] Achotara uloorua n'obodo Limoges na 1969, Onokwa na Neullysur -Seine, France. O but ndi luxury conglomerate LvMH nwe Sephora na afo 1996. Aha SI na okwu Greek nke putara mma, sephos nke spelling ya na Greek putara Zipporah, nwunye Moses. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Sephora malitere na Paris n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1970. Ọ bụ Dominique Mandonnaud nwetara ya na 1993, onye jikọtara ịzụta ya na usoro ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ nke ya n'okpuru akara Sephora. A na-eto Mandonnaud maka imepụta na imezu ahụmịhe ahịa "enyere aka n'onwe ya" nke Sephora, nke kewara onwe ya na ụdị mkpọsa maka ihe ntecha site n'ịgba ndị ahịa (ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị) ume ịnwale ngwaahịa na ebe mkpọsa tupu ịzụta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sephora Holdings S.A. – Company Profile, Information, Business Description, History, Background Information on Sephora Holdings S.A.|url=http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/history2/73/Sephora-Holdings-S-A.html|work=References for Business|accessdate=16 February 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Sephora Saga|url=http://www.sephora-me.com/en/sephora-saga/pid21.html|accessdate=16 February 2016|archivedate=3 March 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195013/http://www.sephora-me.com/en/sephora-saga/pid21.html}}</ref> Mandonnaud gara n'ihu na-agbasawanye akara Sephora n'ime afọ ndị 1990, na-emeghe ụlọ ahịa ya na Champs Élysées na 1997. N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 1997, Mandonnaud na ndị mmekọ ya rere Sephora na LVMH, bụ ndị gbasaa ụlọ ahịa ahụ n'ụwa niile ma mee ka ngwaahịa nke eriri ahụ sie ike ịgụnye ihe ịchọ mma na ihe ntecha.<ref name="forbes"/> Sephora gbatịkwuru ọrụ ya na ahịa Middle East na 2007 ma mepee ihe karịrị ụlọ ahịa 44 Sephora [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]] na [[Saudi Arabia|KSA]] yana ụlọ ahịa ecommerce.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=http://emirateswoman.com/online-shopping-uae-get-lot-better/|title=Online Shopping In The UAE Is About To Get A Lot Better...|date=27 October 2016|work=Emirates Woman|accessdate=26 October 2016|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/beauty/news/sephora-reveals-the-best-selling-beauty-products-in-the-middle-east|title=Sephora Reveal The Best-Selling Beauty Products In The Middle East|date=17 August 2017|work=Harpers Bazaar Arabia|accessdate=17 August 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ na-agbatị mmekọrịta ya na ụdị ya pụrụ iche na mpaghara ahụ.[2]<ref name="auto" /> Artemis Patrick nọchiri Jean-André Rougeot dị ka onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke Sephora Americas.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (February 2024)">when?</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Sephora meghere ụlọ ahịa mbụ ya na United States na New York City na 1998, ụlọ ahịa mbụ nke [[Kánada|Canada]] na Toronto na 2004, na ụlọ ahịa Sephora mbụ nke Australia na 2014. <ref name="sephora2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sephora.com/about-us|title=About Sephora|publisher=Sephora|accessdate=23 March 2015|archivedate=28 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728171614/https://www.sephora.com/about-us}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://nymag.com/listings/beauty/sephora06/|title=Sephora|work=New York|accessdate=24 October 2011|archivedate=8 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108114823/https://nymag.com/listings/beauty/sephora06/}}</ref> Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na North America dị na New York City, yana ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na San Francisco na Montreal. Sephora na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a karịa ụlọ ahịa 430 gafee North America.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sephora.com/about-us|title=About Us {{!}} Sephora|work=sephora.com|language=en|accessdate=26 November 2018|archivedate=28 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200728171614/https://www.sephora.com/about-us}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2016, Sephora meghere ebe nke 400 ya na North America na Magnificent Mile na [[Chicago]]. Ụlọ ahịa ahụ bụ ebe ọhụrụ a ma ama n'obodo ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-michigan-ave-sephora-opening-0827-biz-20160826-story.html|title=Sephora's Magnificent Mile store has new, high-tech look|work=Chicago Tribune|date=26 August 2016}}</ref> Na 31 Machị 2017, Sephora meghere ebe mkpọsa ya kachasị ukwuu na North America nso Herald Square na New York City. Ụlọ ahịa ahụ dị ihe dịka square ụkwụ 11,380 ma nwee ihe karịrị ngwaahịa 13,000. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ebe isii Sephora TIP Workshop, nwere ọrụ na ngwaọrụ mmekọrịta, na North America; ndị ọzọ gụnyere San Francisco, Boston, [[Chicago]], Santa Clara Valley, na Toronto. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.allure.com/story/shopping-tips-for-largest-sephora-store-united-states|title=10 Hacks for Shopping the Largest Sephora in the United States|author=Panych|first=Sophia|work=Allure|accessdate=19 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://wwd.com/beauty-industry-news/beauty-features/experience-matters-sephora-goes-bigger-on-34th-street-10856012/|title=Experience Matters: Sephora Goes Bigger on 34th Street|author=Strugatz|first=Rachel|date=3 April 2017|work=WWD|accessdate=19 June 2017|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.glamour.com/story/sephora-new-york-city-34th-street|title=Sephora Just Opened Its Biggest Store Ever, and It's Truly Insane|author=Zoldan|first=Rachel Jacoby|work=Glamour|accessdate=19 June 2017|language=en}}</ref> Na 19 Nọvemba 2018, Sephora bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ịgbazite ogologo oge na Thor Equities" Town Square Metepec, ụlọ ahịa ọhụrụ na ntụrụndụ na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] nke ruru nde square ụkwụ 1.7.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.propertyfundsworld.com/2018/11/19/270640/sephora-signs-lease-thor-equities%E2%80%99-town-square-metepec-mexico|title=Sephora signs lease at Thor Equities' Town Square Metepec in Mexico|work=propertyfundsworld|accessdate=4 December 2018|language=en}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel 2019, onye na-agụ egwu R&amp;amp;B bụ SZA boro ụlọ ahịa ahụ ebubo ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Na Mee 23, 2019, Sephora kwupụtara na ha ga-emechi ebe niile na Wednesday, June 5, 2019, iji nwee ọzụzụ dị iche iche maka ndị ọrụ ya.<ref>Hollie Silverman, [https://www.cnn.com/2019/06/03/business/sephora-diversity-training/index.html "SZA accusation prompts Sephora to close all locations Wednesday for diversity training"], ''CNN'', June 3rd, 2019</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọzụzụ ndị ọrụ bụ akụkụ nke "We Belong To Something Beautiful Campaign" ọ bụghị ebubo sitere n'aka onye na-agụ egwu.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> maka mkpọsa a malitere na ngwụcha 2019. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  Na Julaị 26, 2021, Sephora kwetara na Palamon Capital Partners ịzụta Feelunique.com, <ref>{{Cite news|first=Samantha|author=Conti|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/money/companies/sephora-poised-to-buy-britains-feeluniquecom-report/ar-AAMiiHN|title=Sephora Poised to Buy Britain's Feelunique.com: Report|date=July 18, 2021|work=MSN}}</ref> onye na-ere ahịa n'ịntanetị nke ngwaahịa mara mma a tọrọ ntọala na 2005, yana ndị ahịa 1.3 na-arụsi ọrụ ike si mba 120 na ihe karịrị ngwaahịa 35,000 sitere na ụdị 800. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ecommercenews.eu/sephora-acquires-feelunique/|title=Sephora Acquires Feelunique|date=July 26, 2021}}</ref> A zụtara ya na Palamon Capital Partners maka £ 26 nde na 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|first=Sahar|author=Nazir|url=https://www.retailgazette.co.uk/blog/2021/07/sephora-puts-132m-takeover-bid-on-feelunique-as-it-eyes-uk-market/|title=Sephora Agrees £132m Takeover Bid For Feelunique As It Eyes UK market|date=July 18, 2021|accessdate=August 8, 2021}}</ref> A nụrụ na ọnụahịa ahụ bụ £ 132 nde.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://beautymatter.com/articles/sephora-confirms-purchase-of-online-beauty-retailer-feelunique|title=Sephora Confirms Purchase of Online Beauty Eetailer Feelunique|date=July 26, 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Sephora malitere ụlọ ahịa ya n'ịntanetị na US na 1999 na Canada na 2003.<ref name="sephora2"/> Marie-Christine Marchives, onye bụbu onye ọrụ Sephora U.S. na Sephora France, meghere isi ụlọ ọrụ Canada na Febụwarị 2007. Marie-Christine Marchives laghachiri France na July 2010 ka ọ bụrụ onye isi njikwa nke Sephora France. Klaus Ryum-Larsen nọchiri ya na Canada. Sephora na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a karịa ụlọ ahịa 2,300 na mba 33 n'ụwa niile, na-emepụta ihe karịrị ijeri $ 4 na ego a na-enweta na 2013 . <ref name="auto3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mediapost.com/publications/article/302536/as-ulta-looks-prettier-sephora-sharpens-tech-edge.html|title=As Ulta Looks Prettier, Sephora Sharpens Tech Edge|work=mediapost.com|language=en|accessdate=19 June 2017}}</ref><ref name="forbes"/><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sephora.com/contentStore/mediaContentTemplate.jsp?mediaId=10800104|title=Sephora.com: About Us|publisher=Sephora|accessdate=17 August 2012|archivedate=5 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005230045/https://www.sephora.com/contentStore/mediaContentTemplate.jsp?mediaId=10800104}}</ref> &nbsp;Ka ọ na-erule Septemba 2013, Sephora na Champs Élysées na Paris, France, na-adọta ihe karịrị nde mmadụ isii kwa afọ.<ref name="WallStreetJournal2">{{Cite news|author=MASIDLOVER|first=NADYA|title=Paris Casts A Shadow Over Hours at Sephora|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB40001424052702303983904579093212255489586|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> Afterpay na Sephora jikọrọ aka nye ndị ahịa ya mgbanwe ịkwụ ụgwọ n'ụzọ anọ na July 13, 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|title=Afterpay and Sephora Partner to Make Prestige Beauty Accessible to More Customers – Sephora Newsroom|url=https://newsroom.sephora.com/afterpay-and-sephora-partner-to-make-prestige-beauty/|accessdate=2022-07-21|language=en-US}}</ref> Sephora Canada opened its 100th store in Canada on November 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Sephora|title=Sephora Canada marks milestone 100th store opening in Winnipeg, Manitoba with $100,000 donation to Native Women's Association of Canada and celebrations from coast-to-coast|url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/sephora-canada-marks-milestone-100th-store-opening-in-winnipeg-manitoba-with-100-000-donation-to-native-women-s-association-of-canada-and-celebrations-from-coast-to-coast-874838485.html|accessdate=2023-04-09|work=www.newswire.ca|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2024, Sephora kwupụtara mmeghe nke ụlọ ahịa [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]] nke anọ na ụlọ ahịa Eldon Square nke Newcastle.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sephora chooses Newcastle for fourth UK store|url=https://cosmeticsbusiness.com/sephora-chooses-newcastle-for-fourth-uk-store|accessdate=25 March 2024|work=Cosmetics Business}}</ref> [[Usòrò:Sephora_Dalma_Mall.jpg|thumb|259x259px|Ụlọ ahịa Sephora na Dalma Mall]] === Akara === Sephora features a variety of beauty products from more than 300 brands, including Tatcha,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sephora.com/tatcha|title=TATCHA Skin Care|accessdate=14 September 2014|publisher=Sephora|archivedate=28 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728035710/https://www.sephora.com/tatcha}}</ref> Huda Beauty, Kat Von D, and Bobbi Brown<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://hellogiggles.com/beauty/makeup/kat-von-d-beauty-is-launching-a-new-program-with-sephora-that-will-allow-you-to-snag-new-products-before-they-hit-stores/|title=Kat Von D Beauty is launching a new program with Sephora that will allow you to snag new products before they hit stores|date=3 January 2017|work=HelloGiggles|accessdate=27 September 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Sephora also features its own make-up, skincare, beauty tools and accessories under the brand name Sephora Collection. Packaging for the line previously featured the company's elongated flame logo in standard black print. The new logo features the updated "Sephora Quality, Really Good Price" logo with the $ sign. N'afọ 2013, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gụnyere nchịkọta ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ site na Mary-Kate na Ashley Olsen, nke a maara dị ka Elizabeth na James, yana akara ntecha na Marc Jacobs. Na June 2020, nchịkọta echiche nke Maddie Ziegler na Morphe rụkọtara ọrụ, nke a malitere na Sephora Canada. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-22|title=Morphe x Maddie Ziegler The Imagination Collection {{!}} NEW & Exclusive Launch 2020|url=https://www.makeupmuddle.com/morphe-x-maddie-ziegler-the-imagination-collection/|accessdate=2022-03-21|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2023, Sephora ghọrọ onye mbụ na-ere ahịa nke ịdị ọcha ụmụ nwanyị na ihe ntecha Luna Daily na United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.fashionnetwork.com/news/Luna-daily-enters-the-u-s-secures-3-7-million-investment,1501118.html|title=Luna Daily enters the U.S., secures $3.7 million investment|publisher=fashionnetwork.com|accessdate=26 December 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegrocer.co.uk/fundraising/intimate-female-care-brand-luna-daily-raises-3m-as-it-launches-into-the-us/677787.article|title=FUNDRAISINGIntimate female care brand Luna Daily raises £3m as it launches into the US|publisher=The Grocer|accessdate=26 December 2023}}</ref> Sephora's Middle East na-echekwa ngwaahịa mba ụwa n'akụkụ akara mpaghara dị ka Shiffa Dubai Skin Care na Huda Beauty. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.businessoffashion.com/articles/business-blogging/huda-beauty-huda-kattan-blog-makeup-cosmetics|title=Inside Huda Kattan's Blog-to-Brand Beauty Empire|date=14 December 2016|work=The Business of Fashion|accessdate=4 August 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref> Dị ka ''Forbes'' si kwuo, Huda Beauty, nke onye na-ede blọgụ na nwanyị ọchụnta ego Huda Kattan nke dị na Dubai guzobere, bụ akara kachasị ere ihe ntecha na Sephora Middle East, na 2018. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chloesorvino/2018/07/11/huda-kattan-huda-beauty-billion-influencer/#2cac27e16120|title=How Huda Kattan Built A Billion-Dollar Cosmetics Brand With 26 Million Followers|author=Sorvino|first=Chloe|work=Forbes|accessdate=4 August 2018|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe ndị e nwetara == N'afọ 2000, Sephora.com zụrụ akụ nke Eve.com maka "ọnụ ọgụgụ isii dị elu".<ref name="Wall Street Journal">{{Cite news|author=Miles|first=Stephanie|title=Sephora.com Buys Assets of Defunct E-Tailer Eve.com|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB9736194156228736|work=The Wall Street Journal}}</ref> == Ikpe == N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2014, ndị ahịa anọ gbara akwụkwọ megide Sephora. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lawsuit-sephora/sephora-discriminated-against-asian-customers-lawsuit-claims-idUSKCN0J31Z020141119|title=Sephora discriminated against Asian customers, lawsuit claims|date=19 November 2014|work=Reuters|accessdate=27 September 2017}}</ref> Ikpe ahụ na-ekwu na Sephora na-etinye aka na Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ site n'ịkwụsị akaụntụ ndị ahịa na-akwụ ụgwọ nke ndị ahịa Eshia n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi n'okpuru nkwupụta na ndị ahịa a na-azụta ngwaahịa site na Sephra n'ụba ma na-ere ha.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Civil Complaint|url=http://www.pacermonitor.com/view/RQBYIZQ/Xiao_et_al_v_Sephora_USA_Inc_et_al__nysdce-14-09181__0001.0.pdf|work=PacerMonitor|accessdate=30 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Sephora Class Action Lawsuit|url=http://www.sephoraclassaction.com/|work=Sephora Class Action Lawsuit|accessdate=4 February 2016|archivedate=22 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122103208/http://www.sephoraclassaction.com/}}</ref> Sephora chọpụtara akaụntụ iji wepụ ọrụ site na ile anya na ngalaba email site na @qq.com (nke Tencent nwere), @126.com, ma ọ bụ @163.com (nke NetEase nwere). <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-02-21|title=COURT-AUTHORIZED NOTICE OF SETTLEMENT|url=https://community.sephora.com/t5/Customer-Support/COURT-AUTHORIZED-NOTICE-OF-SETTLEMENT/m-p/2705944#M101984|accessdate=2020-06-24|work=Sephora Community|language=en}}</ref> [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 762a5y8mtjtfb333jvmbe8rl96rr7yc 0 44679 672166 166503 2026-07-04T12:14:42Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672166 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Selasi Berdie''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 3 n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1986) bụ onye [[Ostraliya|Australia]] bụbu onye na-agba bọọlụ rugby league nke ya nke oru nke ọbọdọ na ahụ na-erizi na Gold Coast Titans gbara bọọlụ abụọ, dịka onye nkwado. E kwenyere na ọ bụ onye egwuregwu mbụ sitere n'Afrịka na-egwu na National Rugby League . == Afọ ndị mbụ == Berdie tolitere na Melbourne ma gbaa tenis tupu ọ banye na rugby league.   Berdie gụsịrị akwụkwọ na okpukpu abụọ na sayensị na njikwa egwuregwu mmezi nke oru ngo na 2008. <ref>[http://www.newsphotos.com.au/ImageDetail.asp?RefNum=95032307 Gold Coast Titans NRL player, Selasi Berdie graduates his double degree in sports science and management] ''Sunday Mail'', 21 December 2008</ref>   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2024)">failed verification</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Iko Queensland == N'afọ 2008, ndị Gold Coast Titans bịanyere aka na Berdie ma kenye ya ka ọ gbaa bọọlụ na mpaghara ọwụwa maka otu klọb, Tweed Heads Seagulls, na Queensland Cup. N'afọ 2008, ọ gbara bọọlụ maka mba Queensland na ndị bi na Queensland.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20200116065540/https://www.ourfootyteam.com/index_qld_weekend_footy.php QLD Representative Season In Review] '''Queensland Weekend & Club Footy News''', 22 December 2008</ref><ref>[http://www.goldcoast.com.au/article/2008/05/31/11900_gold-coast-sport.html Late call for Berdie to fly out] '''goldcoast.com.au''', 31 May 2008</ref> == Gold Coast Titans == Berdie mere egwuregwu mbụ ya na National Rugby League maka Gold Coast Titans na agba nke 26 nke Oge NRL nke afọ 2008. Na agba nke ọbọdọ na ahụ maka nkà mmụta nke 23 nke Oge NRL nke afọ 2009, ọ pụtara ọzọ maka klọb ahụ. A maara Berdie nke ọma site na aha njirimara "Big Bird".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.dailymercury.com.au/story/2010/02/24/berdie-gets-chance/|title=Mackay News &#124; Daily Mercury &#124; for all your news and events around Mackay, Daily Mercury has you covered. Get the latest updates on sport and local news. &#124; the Courier Mail}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qqw2kgce1aikvsiiy70c4yr5s0slv5f 0 45195 672542 167496 2026-07-04T22:23:51Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Photograph_of_Thakor_Patel_.jpg|thumb|417x417px| Foto nke Thakor Patel, nke Fabian Kaufmann Harare sere na 2014]] [[Usòrò:Thakor_Patel_Drawing.jpg|thumb| Ihe osise Thakor Patel]] '''Thakor Patel''' (amuru 1932) bu onye omenkà nke Zimbabwe nke amuru na India. Patel gụrụ nkà na mpaghara Bombay, na Sir JJ School of Art, ebe ọ gafere ọkwa mbụ ma nye ya ohere agụmakwụkwọ na mkpakọrịta ebe ọ na-enwetakwa klas mbụ na Art Commercial ma na-egosipụta n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi mpaghara. Ọ kwagara [[Zimbabwe]] na 1980 iji nyere nwa nwanne nna ya aka guzobe ụlọ ọrụ na-ebi akwụkwọ na Harare, bụ ebe o biri ọtụtụ oge ndụ ya. O gosipụtara ọrụ n'ọtụtụ veranda dị ka [[Gallery Delta]] na [[National Gallery nke Zimbabwe]], <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Whats On|url=http://www.nationalgallery.co.zw/|accessdate=2020-09-03|work=www.nationalgallery.co.zw|language=en-gb}}</ref> na nso nso a na ZEITZ MOCAA Gallery <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Zeitz MOCAA - Museum of Contemporary Art Africa|url=https://zeitzmocaa.museum/|accessdate=2020-09-03|work=Zeitz MOCAA}}</ref> na [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]] . N'akụkụ veranda ndị a, o gosila ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ mba ndị ọzọ dịka Japan, USA, Germany na India. Ọ kwagara United States of America na 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Thakor Patel {{!}}|url=https://zeitzmocaa.museum/artists/thakor-patel/|accessdate=2021-07-06}}</ref> Enwere ike ịhụ ihe osise ya na mkpokọta na-adịgide adịgide nke [[National Gallery nke Zimbabwe|National Gallery of Zimbabwe]] na na mkpokọta nka ọha na nke onwe ndị ọzọ gburugburu ụwa. == Ndụ mmalite na ụlọ akwụkwọ == Amụrụ ya na 1932 na Gujarat, [[Ndia|India]] .Thakor gara ụlọ akwụkwọ dị n'ógbè ya na Sojitra ruo <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">mgbe</span>]]'' &#x5B; &#x5D;</sup> afọ 12, ebe ọ gafere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà na [[Ahmedabad]] . Ọ rọrọ nrọ ịbụ onye egwu, mana ọ nweghị ohere ọ bụla iji nweta nkuzi. N'ikpeazụ, enyi ya Jeram Patel bịakwutere ya (onye na mberede ghọkwara onye na-ese ihe a ma ama) bụ onye jụrụ ya ma ọ chọrọ ịmụ nkà. Ọ na-ala azụ na mbụ, n'ihi nkwarụ ya. Ọbụna ndị nkụzi ga-etinye aka na omume ahụ na-ekwu na n'ihi na ọ bụ onye nwere nkwarụ, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ ga-abụ onye na-ese ihe nke nwere ike ime nke ọma, ọ dịghịkwa mkpa iji ya nweta ndụ. Ọ na-echetakwa na ya adịghị mma na ụlọ akwụkwọ (karịsịa nka) ebe ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ "ngwụrọ" na enweghị nkà. Patel họọrọ ileghara ha anya wee ṅụọ iyi na otu ụbọchị ọ ga-abụ onye na-ese ihe na-aga nke ọma. Otu n'ime ndị nkụzi ya tụrụ aro ka ọ chụsoo ịbụ onye nkụzi nkà, na ego chọkwara ya nke ukwuu, n'ihi ya, ọ gbalịrị ime otú ahụ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, dịka ọ nọ na ajụjụ ọnụ a jụrụ ya ajụjụ n'ihi na ọ nwere nkwarụ, ha kwuru na ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịchị ọchị na ọ ga-esikwa ike ịrụ ọrụ n'ụdị ikuku ahụ. O mechara bụrụ onye nkuzi ka o sina dị ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'ime ya. Nkà onwe onye nke Thakor gbagoro elu, ka ọ malitere ịsepụtakwu ihe, rụọ ọrụ ihe atụ ma malite ịbịakwute ihe okike. Thakor na-ekwu, "Enwere m mmasị na okike n'ihi na m na-egwu egwu. Enwere m mmasị na abalị, na ìhè ọnwa. Ọ na-agwa m okwu." Patel wee mụọ akwụkwọ afọ abụọ na Ahmedabad ruo mgbe enyi ya kwusara na ya nwere ike ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ Sir JJ Art na Bombay . <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Sir JJ School of Art, Mumbai|url=https://www.sirjjschoolofart.in/|accessdate=2020-09-03|work=www.sirjjschoolofart.in|archivedate=2020-08-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823165607/https://www.sirjjschoolofart.in/}}</ref> Patel bụ otu n'ime mmadụ iri abụọ na ise ndị nwere ohere na nnabata ka ha nwee ohere ịbanye n'ụlọ akwụkwọ wee họrọ Thakor dị ka otu n'ime atọ. Ihe ịma aka na-echere ya n'agbanyeghị dịka ha na-egosi na ọ gaghị enwe ike ịse mgbidi mgbidi n'ihi nkwarụ ya. Otú ọ dị, Thakor kwusara na ya na-agba cricket na ọ dịghị nsogbu ọrịre n'elu osisi iji see ihe osise ndị dị na mgbidi. Nkwụsi ike a na nraranye a nyeere ya aka ịnọ na ịga nke ọma na ụlọ akwụkwọ nkà maka afọ 5, bụ ebe ọ gafere klas mbụ wee nye ya akwụkwọ mmụta na mkpakọrịta ka ọ na-akụziri Fine Art na ụmụ akwụkwọ diploma 5th. Ọ nwetakwara klas mbụ na Art Commercial. == Ọrụ == Ịrụ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi abụghị maka ya dịka ọ na-azọrọ na e nwere ọtụtụ nsogbu na e kweghị ka ọ gosipụta ihe okike ya zuru oke na ọrụ agba ọ chọrọ ime. Thakor kwuru na ọ na-arịa ọrịa a gwara ya "Mba, mba, mba." N'ihi ya, o mere uche ya ma na-achụso Fine Art kama. Ọ gụrụ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ na otu nnukwu ngalaba gọọmentị na-achọ onye na-emepụta akwa akwa . O tinyere akwụkwọ maka ọrụ ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ maghị ihe ọ bụla gbasara textiles wee nweta ọrụ ahụ, n'ime mmadụ 25 ndị ọzọ debanyere aha. A jụrụ ya ajụjụ na ọ ga-aga ebe ọ bụla na [[Ndia|India]], Thakor zara ya n'olu dara ụda "Ee, a ga m Madame m nwere ike ịga ebe ọ bụla." Ebu ụzọ ziga ya na Calcutta, ebe otu ọnwa ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ, ma ọ dịghị mfe ma ọ bụ ihe bara uru, ebe Calcutta bụ ebe ọrụ n'aka ya mere Thakor na-eji ụkwụ na-efu efu eme njem. A manyeghị ya n'agbanyeghị dịka ọ kọwara onye isi ya dị ka onye nwere obiọma, ma hapụ ya ka ọ zụọ ọzụzụ na Bombay ọnwa atọ kama. Ada Mr Mahante (onye isi ya) nwekwara nkwarụ nke pụtara na ọ ghọtara ihe isi ike nke Mr. Patel na-eche ihu, nke mere ka ọ nọrọ na Bombay afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị. == Zimbabwe == [[Usòrò:1989_Thakor_Patel_Exhibition_at_The_National_Gallery_of_Zimbabwe_.jpg|thumb|414x414px| Ihe ngosi Thakor Patel (1989) na National Gallery nke Zimbabwe <ref>{{Cite web|title=Whats On|url=http://www.nationalgallery.co.zw/|accessdate=2021-02-28|work=www.nationalgallery.co.zw|language=en-gb}}</ref>]] [[Usòrò:Thakor_Patel_with_Installation.jpg|thumb|423x423px| Thakor na ntinye - "ụkwụ ikpeazụ m"]] Mgbe ọ laghachiri India ma soro ezinụlọ ya biri n'ebe ahụ, otu onye ikwu ya bịakwutere ya bụ́ onye chere ma ọ ga-achọ inyere ya aka ịrụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ebi akwụkwọ na [[Zimbabwe]] . O kwetara wee kwaga Harare naanị ya na 1980, na mbụ na-eme atụmatụ ịnọ otu afọ, ikekwe ọbụlagodi abụọ, mana emecha <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D; &#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">ọ</span>]]''</sup> masịrị ya n'ebe ahụ. O nwere ike ịbụ nna ya, bụ́ onye na-ebibu n’ebe ahụ ma na-ekwukarị otú o si jiri ya kpọrọ ihe <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5D; si ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">n’aka</span>]]'' &#x5B;</sup> . == Edensibia == 1980, na mbụ na-eme atụmatụ ịnọ otu afọ, ikekwe ọbụlagodi abụọ, mana emecha ] [ ọ masịrị ya n'ebe ahụ. O nwere ike ịbụ nna1980, na mbụ na-eme atụmatụ ịnọ otu afọ, ikekwe ọbụlagodi abụọ, mana emecha ^{&#x5D; &#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|ọ]]''} masịrị ya n'ebe ahụ. O nwere ike ịbụ nna{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] puxcb8d2jsd6rs5yatj2vdd7pw5dkkn 0 45475 672217 364742 2026-07-04T13:13:51Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672217 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Michelle Barnes.jpg|thumb|Michelle Barnes]] Michelle Barnes ( mmalite 1948) bụ onye omenkà America, onye nkuzi na onye ọzụzụ nka dabere na Houston .  Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ọkpụkpụ eriri na papier-mâché, na ọ bụ onye nhazi na onye isi nchọpụta nke Community Artists' Collective . == Ndụ mbido == <ref name="University of Houston">{{Cite web|date=27 February 2015|title=Interview with Mrs. Michelle Barnes|url=https://www.uh.edu/class/digital-history/one-false-step/Interview-michelle/index|accessdate=23 March 2024|work=[[University of Houston]]|language=en}}</ref>Michelle Anita Swain akwụkwọ na Austin na 1948 ruo August na Anita Swain;  mpaghara ya kwagara Houston's Third Ward na 1951 ma ọ bụ 1952 mgbe ọ dị afụ anọ ma ọ bụ ise ka nna ya gụchara akara ugo ojiji ya na ọrụ ndị .  [1] [2] Nne ya kuziri ụlọ ụlọ yana onye otu Delta Sigma Theta .  [1] [2] Barnes bụ nwa mbụ n'asụsụ abụọ nke isiokwu.  [2] Ezin mmetụta ahụ gara Wesley Chapel AME . O tolitere na ezinụlọ na-emepụta ihe. Mgbe ọ ka dị obere, nna ya kụziiri ya ihe ndị e ji arụ ákwà na otú e si arụ arịa ụlọ, nne ya kụziiri ya otú e si akwa ákwà. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 13, ọ nwetala ihe nrite maka ịkwa akwa. <ref name="Sewing-2015">{{Cite news|author=Sewing|first=Joy|date=5 October 2015|title=Style profile: Artist Michelle Barnes blends art and style|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/life/style/article/Style-profile-Artist-Michelle-Barnes-blends-art-6546296.php|accessdate=22 March 2024|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|language=en}}</ref> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Edward L. Blackshear na Lucian L. Lockhart na ụlọ akwụkwọ Miller junior (ugbu a Akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ Preparatory College nke Young Women's College ).  [1] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na 1966 na Jack Yates High School, [2] ebe o sonye na ihe ngosi ejiji ma àgwà ime uwe.  Ọ ahụmahụ na Mahadum Houston na 1966, were klas nka ọdịnala mbụ ya n'ebe ahụ, wee gụchaa na 1970. [2] [3] [4] [1] Ya na Lynn Eusan ikpe enyi mgbe ha abụọ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na Houston <ref name="University of Houston" /> == Ọrụ == Barnes nwere ọrụ mbụ na Sharpstown High School na Houston Independent School District, wee na Kinkaid School afọ emeghe na 1981. [1] Ruo afọ 30, ọ na-akpa na SHAPE Community Center dị ka onye ọrụ apụta.  [2] [3] Mgbe ọ na-ahụ ihe, Barnes ike ọrụ na DuBose gallery site na 1977 ruo 1981. [1] Na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ ya na Alvia Wardlaw, ọ bụ onye nhazi usoro ihe omume maka mmemme Scholastic Knowledge.  for Youth (SKY) na 1994 ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, ịme ihe nkiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ese ihe na mpaghara <ref>{{Cite news|author=Karkabi|first=Barbara|date=3 August 1984|title=Video students of summer may be directors of the future|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|pages=107}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=Patricia C.|date=4 September 1988|title=Museum to focus on black culture in Southwest|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|pages=16}}</ref>Ọ ntọala ntọala Barnes-Blackman Gallery na 1983 na fim ya na The Ensemble Theatre .  Usoro a ụzọ nka na nwa oge n'ime ụlọ ihe nkiri, ebe Barnes na-etinye ihe ngosi nke ọ elelu tupu egwuregwu mgbede ahụ wee gosi ha obere oge ka emechara.  [1] [2] N'afọ 1988, Barnes ikpe onye isi oche nke ụlọ ihe ngosi nke African American Heritage.  Obere ihe ngosi nka, nke meghere ka afã ahụ, dị na ogbe ndị Houston na 2101 Crawford Street. Barnes bụkwa onye ndidi onye isi na Mahadum Houston-Clear Lake Art Gallery na 1989. [1] Ọ bụ onye nhazi nke Minority Internship Program maka ụmụ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ hiwere na Museum of Fine Arts, Houston n'oge ọkọchị nke 1990.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 April 1990|title=Minority Internship Program offered at Museum of Fine Arts in Houston|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|pages=349}}</ref> N'afọ 1985, Barnes sonyeere nwa akwụkwọ kọleji ya na onye omenkà ibe ya Sarah Trotty ka ha mepụta mkpokọta ndị nka obodo iji nye ohere ngosi maka ndị na-ese ihe n'Afrika America na-apụta, yana ndị inyom America America na-ese ihe. <ref name="Johnson-1997">{{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=Patricia C.|date=20 April 1997|title=The collective conscious/Group celebrates 10 years of supporting black artists in myriad ways.|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|pages=10}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nickerson|first=Ryan|date=13 January 2022|title=Community Artists’ Collective presents- “Wisdom and Hope”|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/neighborhood/bellaire/article/Community-Artists-Collective-presents-16771356.php|accessdate=22 March 2024|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Karkabi-1994">{{Cite news|author=Karkabi|first=B.|date=27 January 1994|title=Let's do lunch with ...Michelle Barnes.|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|pages=4}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Medley|first=Alison|date=16 March 2021|title=Meet the creative force behind Houston's Community Artists' Collective|url=https://www.chron.com/culture/arts/article/Community-Artists-Collective-Houston-Black-Artists-15977821.php|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]}}</ref> Nzukọ a na-enyekwa mmemme iji webata ụmụaka na ndị okenye ụdị nka dị iche iche dị ka ite ite, eserese, ihe mkpuchi na foto. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Ọ ngalabara ebe mbụ maka mkpokọta mkpokọta na 1989 na ịdị nke okporo ụzọ La Branch na Elgin na Houston.  [1] [2] Na- mama ụlọ mposi na ụmụ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ahụ adịlarị nke na-enye ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ dị ala.  Ya na di ya na-arụ ọrụ iji rụzigharị oghere ahụ, na mkpokọta mere ihe ngosi ya na 1990 na oghere a dị ka nke Houston Fotofest.  [3] Ihe ngosi a foto foto nke akwụkwọ ozi South Africa mmeghe ya dabara na ntọhapụ Nelson Mandela n'ahụ, <ref name="Johnson-1997" /> == Ihe nrite == N'afọ 1992, ụlọ akwụkwọ kwanyere Barnes ugwu maka ime ihe ngosi na nka n'ọhụụ na Musicfest gala ya kwa awụ maka ohere aka ya na nka anya.  [1] A kwanyere ugwu maka mmezu ike ya dị ka YWCA nke afọ na 1993. [2] [3] [4] N'afọ 2009, ndị Africa America nyere ya ugwu na State of Art site na South Texas Cluster of  Njikọ na Museum of Fine Arts, Houston African American Art Advisory Association <ref>{{Cite news|author=Britt|first=Douglas|date=1 April 2009|title=Event salutes Houston art-world stars.|url=https://www.chron.com/culture/main/article/event-salutes-houston-s-top-black-artists-1591163.php|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|pages=2}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Barnes mụrụ mgbe ọ ka nọ na akwụkwọ tupu onye ọlụlụ ya debanyere aha ndị agha na 1968 wee tinye ya na Agha Vietnam .  [1] Di na gosipụtara ahụ ike otu nwa ma gbaa ihe.  [1] O mechara lụọ onye ọka iwu Barry Barnes ma ụmụ abụọ ọzọ<ref name="Karkabi-1994">{{Cite news|author=Karkabi|first=B.|date=27 January 1994|title=Let's do lunch with ...Michelle Barnes.|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|pages=4}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKarkabi1994">Karkabi, B. (27 January 1994). "Let's do lunch with ...Michelle Barnes". ''[[Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Houston|Houston Chronicle]]''. p.&nbsp;4.</cite></ref> <ref name="Houston Chronicle-1993">{{Cite news|date=27 June 1993|title=Michelle Barnes|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|pages=9}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Nnyocha ọzọ == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gzdpc2kv1e8nrpe8s02w7k5h3etfa9j 672220 672217 2026-07-04T13:15:45Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672220 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Michelle Barnes.jpg|thumb|Michelle Barnes]] Michelle Barnes ( mmalite 1948) bụ onye omenkà America, onye nkuzi na onye ọzụzụ nka dabere na Houston .  Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ọkpụkpụ eriri na papier-mâché, na ọ bụ onye nhazi na onye isi nchọpụta nke Community Artists' Collective . == Ndụ mbido == <ref name="University of Houston">{{Cite web|date=27 February 2015|title=Interview with Mrs. Michelle Barnes|url=https://www.uh.edu/class/digital-history/one-false-step/Interview-michelle/index|accessdate=23 March 2024|work=[[University of Houston]]|language=en}}</ref>Michelle Anita Swain akwụkwọ na Austin na 1948 ruo August na Anita Swain;  mpaghara ya kwagara Houston's Third Ward na 1951 ma ọ bụ 1952 mgbe ọ dị afụ anọ ma ọ bụ ise ka nna ya gụchara akara ugo ojiji ya na ọrụ ndị .  [1] [2] Nne ya kuziri ụlọ ụlọ yana onye otu Delta Sigma Theta .  [1] [2] Barnes bụ nwa mbụ n'asụsụ abụọ nke isiokwu.  [2] Ezin mmetụta ahụ gara Wesley Chapel AME . O tolitere na ezinụlọ na-emepụta ihe. Mgbe ọ ka dị obere, nna ya kụziiri ya ihe ndị e ji arụ ákwà na otú e si arụ arịa ụlọ, nne ya kụziiri ya otú e si akwa ákwà. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 13, ọ nwetala ihe nrite maka ịkwa akwa. <ref name="Sewing-2015">{{Cite news|author=Sewing|first=Joy|date=5 October 2015|title=Style profile: Artist Michelle Barnes blends art and style|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/life/style/article/Style-profile-Artist-Michelle-Barnes-blends-art-6546296.php|accessdate=22 March 2024|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|language=en}}</ref> Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị Edward L. Blackshear na Lucian L. Lockhart na ụlọ akwụkwọ Miller junior (ugbu a Akwụkwọ Akwụkwọ Preparatory College nke Young Women's College ).  [1] Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na 1966 na Jack Yates High School, [2] ebe o sonye na ihe ngosi ejiji ma àgwà ime uwe.  Ọ ahụmahụ na Mahadum Houston na 1966, were klas nka ọdịnala mbụ ya n'ebe ahụ, wee gụchaa na 1970. [2] [3] [4] [1] Ya na Lynn Eusan ikpe enyi mgbe ha abụọ bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na Houston <ref name="University of Houston" /> == Ọrụ == Barnes nwere ọrụ mbụ na Sharpstown High School na Houston Independent School District, wee na Kinkaid School afọ emeghe na 1981. [1] Ruo afọ 30, ọ na-akpa na SHAPE Community Center dị ka onye ọrụ apụta.  [2] [3] Mgbe ọ na-ahụ ihe, Barnes ike ọrụ na DuBose gallery site na 1977 ruo 1981. [1] Na-arụ ọrụ na ọrụ ya na Alvia Wardlaw, ọ bụ onye nhazi usoro ihe omume maka mmemme Scholastic Knowledge.  for Youth (SKY) na 1994 ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ, ịme ihe nkiri na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ese ihe na mpaghara <ref>{{Cite news|author=Karkabi|first=Barbara|date=3 August 1984|title=Video students of summer may be directors of the future|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|pages=107}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=Patricia C.|date=4 September 1988|title=Museum to focus on black culture in Southwest|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|pages=16}}</ref>Ọ ntọala ntọala Barnes-Blackman Gallery na 1983 na fim ya na The Ensemble Theatre .  Usoro a ụzọ nka na nwa oge n'ime ụlọ ihe nkiri, ebe Barnes na-etinye ihe ngosi nke ọ elelu tupu egwuregwu mgbede ahụ wee gosi ha obere oge ka emechara.  [1] [2] N'afọ 1988, Barnes ikpe onye isi oche nke ụlọ ihe ngosi nke African American Heritage.  Obere ihe ngosi nka, nke meghere ka afã ahụ, dị na ogbe ndị Houston na 2101 Crawford Street. Barnes bụkwa onye ndidi onye isi na Mahadum Houston-Clear Lake Art Gallery na 1989. [1] Ọ bụ onye nhazi nke Minority Internship Program maka ụmụ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ hiwere na Museum of Fine Arts, Houston n'oge ọkọchị nke 1990.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 April 1990|title=Minority Internship Program offered at Museum of Fine Arts in Houston|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|pages=349}}</ref> N'afọ 1985, Barnes sonyeere nwa akwụkwọ kọleji ya na onye omenkà ibe ya Sarah Trotty ka ha mepụta mkpokọta ndị nka obodo iji nye ohere ngosi maka ndị na-ese ihe n'Afrika America na-apụta, yana ndị inyom America America na-ese ihe. <ref name="Johnson-1997">{{Cite news|author=Johnson|first=Patricia C.|date=20 April 1997|title=The collective conscious/Group celebrates 10 years of supporting black artists in myriad ways.|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|pages=10}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nickerson|first=Ryan|date=13 January 2022|title=Community Artists’ Collective presents- “Wisdom and Hope”|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/neighborhood/bellaire/article/Community-Artists-Collective-presents-16771356.php|accessdate=22 March 2024|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Karkabi-1994">{{Cite news|author=Karkabi|first=B.|date=27 January 1994|title=Let's do lunch with ...Michelle Barnes.|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|pages=4}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Medley|first=Alison|date=16 March 2021|title=Meet the creative force behind Houston's Community Artists' Collective|url=https://www.chron.com/culture/arts/article/Community-Artists-Collective-Houston-Black-Artists-15977821.php|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]}}</ref> Nzukọ a na-enyekwa mmemme iji webata ụmụaka na ndị okenye ụdị nka dị iche iche dị ka ite ite, eserese, ihe mkpuchi na foto. </link><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">a chọrọ nkọwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Ọ ngalabara ebe mbụ maka mkpokọta mkpokọta na 1989 na ịdị nke okporo ụzọ La Branch na Elgin na Houston.  [1] [2] Na- mama ụlọ mposi na ụmụ akwụkwọ, ụlọ ahụ adịlarị nke na-enye ụlọ ọrụ ụlọ dị ala.  Ya na di ya na-arụ ọrụ iji rụzigharị oghere ahụ, na mkpokọta mere ihe ngosi ya na 1990 na oghere a dị ka nke Houston Fotofest.  [3] Ihe ngosi a foto foto nke akwụkwọ ozi South Africa mmeghe ya dabara na ntọhapụ Nelson Mandela n'ahụ, <ref name="Johnson-1997" /> == Ihe nrite == N'afọ 1992, ụlọ akwụkwọ kwanyere Barnes ugwu maka ime ihe ngosi na nka n'ọhụụ na Musicfest gala ya kwa awụ maka ohere aka ya na nka anya.  [1] A kwanyere ugwu maka mmezu ike ya dị ka YWCA nke afọ na 1993. [2] [3] [4] N'afọ 2009, ndị Africa America nyere ya ugwu na State of Art site na South Texas Cluster of  Njikọ na Museum of Fine Arts, Houston African American Art Advisory Association <ref>{{Cite news|author=Britt|first=Douglas|date=1 April 2009|title=Event salutes Houston art-world stars.|url=https://www.chron.com/culture/main/article/event-salutes-houston-s-top-black-artists-1591163.php|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|pages=2}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Barnes mụrụ mgbe ọ ka nọ na akwụkwọ tupu onye ọlụlụ ya debanyere aha ndị agha na 1968 wee tinye ya na Agha Vietnam .  [1] Di na gosipụtara ahụ ike otu nwa ma gbaa ihe.  [1] O mechara lụọ onye ọka iwu Barry Barnes ma ụmụ abụọ ọzọ<ref name="Karkabi-1994" /> <ref name="Houston Chronicle-1993">{{Cite news|date=27 June 1993|title=Michelle Barnes|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|pages=9}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Nnyocha ọzọ == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7gjq2ygqybgvolj6irya14x4a2tylmf 0 46227 672320 169339 2026-07-04T14:12:13Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Paul Otieno Imbaya''' (26 Septemba 1973 – 25 Disemba 2007), mara amara maka aha ogbo ya '''bụ Mighty King Kong''', bụ onye egwu reggae si [[Kenya]] . Amụrụ ya na Ugenya, Siaya District . Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ nwere ọrịa polio siri ike ma nwee nkwarụ site n'úkwù gbadaa. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị nke Ambira, mana ọ kwụsịrị na Standard isii ka nna ya nwụsịrị. Ọ kwagara n'obodo Kisumu ebe ọ ghọrọ nwata na- arịọ arịrịọ n'okporo ámá . <ref name="nationfm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationaudio.com/96-4NATION/feature8.html|title=Rags to Records - The reggae musician who started off as a street beggar in Kisumu|author=Karuoya|first=Njoki|date=2000|work=[[Nation FM]]|accessdate=20 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000510170051/http://www.nationaudio.com/96-4NATION/feature8.html|archivedate=10 May 2000}}</ref> Na 1993 ọ kwagara Nairobi . Site n'enyemaka nke [[DJ Stone]], onye deejay mpaghara nke ọ zutere na Kisumu, ọ na-enwe ike ịme egwuregwu na klọb Nairobi kwa izu. <ref name="nationfm"/> Afọ ole na ole ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ kwagara Mombasa wee jiri egwu egwu dị ka Them Mushrooms na Pressmen mee ihe. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ kwagara Kampala, [[Uganda]] iji soro ndị egwu Simba Ngoma na-ewu ewu mee egwu. Na Kampala, ọ nwetara ego zuru ezu iji dekọọ album mbụ ya. Ọ laghachiri na Nairobi ebe album ya, akpọrọ ''Ladies Choice'', bụ Maurice Oyando, nna RV na onye na-elekọta redio [[Tallia Oyando]], nke ụlọ ihe nkiri na-esote. <ref name="nationfm" /> E wepụtara ya na June 1999. E wepụtara album ya nke abụọ, ''Cinderella'' na 2001, ọzọ site na ụlọ ihe nkiri Level nke ọzọ. E wepụtara album ya nke atọ, ''Return of the King'' na 2004. Agbanyeghị, Mighty King Kong tara n'ihu ọha ụta na nkwekọrịta ya bụ nrigbu. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/mags/pulse/articles.php?articleid=1143965210&date=23/2/2007|title=Gone with the lyrics|author=Nyanga|first=Caroline|date=22 February 2007|work=[[The Standard (Kenya)|The Standard]]|accessdate=20 June 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, o wepụtara album nchịkọta "The Best of King Kong". <ref name="bounce" /> Na mpụga Kenya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[Jémanị|Germany]], [[Netherlands]] na [[South Africa]] . == Ihe ngosi == * RU njikere? * Cinderella Mama * Ntuziaka ziri ezi * Ndị ndu Africa * Nyem ihunanya gi * Nwoke na Nwanyị * Kwụsị ime ihe ike * Wan Wadhi * Ndụ * Nhọrọ ụmụ nwanyị * Mo' Round * Egwuregwu * Ememme * Cassanova Gal * Akụkọ Africa == Ọnwụ == Ọ nwụrụ n'ụbọchị ekeresimesi, 2007 mgbe ọ dị afọ 34, mgbe ọ nwụsịrị ya (dị ka ekwuru na akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara). E bugara ya na Kenyatta National Hospital na Nairobi, ebe ọ nwụrụ ka a na-agwọ ya. Ọ nwekwara nwunye ya, Jackline Ouma, na otu nwa. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eastandard.net/news/?id=1143979516&cid=159|title='Mighty' King Kong passes on|author=Adero|first=Brian|date=26 December 2007|work=The Standard|accessdate=20 June 2018}}</ref> == Ntụaka == Simba Ngoma na-ewu ewu mee egwu. Na Kampala, ọ nwetara ego zuru ezu iji dekọọ akụkọ mpaghara). E bugara ya na Kenyatta Nationa{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website fovl0qd4mkyfu08137uj11u5xrkupu8 672322 672320 2026-07-04T14:13:00Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Paul Otieno Imbaya''' (26 Septemba 1973 – 25 Disemba 2007), mara amara maka aha ogbo ya '''bụ Mighty King Kong''', bụ onye egwu reggae si [[Kenya]] . Amụrụ ya na Ugenya, Siaya District . Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ nwere ọrịa polio siri ike ma nwee nkwarụ site n'úkwù gbadaa. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị nke Ambira, mana ọ kwụsịrị na Standard isii ka nna ya nwụsịrị. Ọ kwagara n'obodo Kisumu ebe ọ ghọrọ nwata na- arịọ arịrịọ n'okporo ámá . <ref name="nationfm">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nationaudio.com/96-4NATION/feature8.html|title=Rags to Records - The reggae musician who started off as a street beggar in Kisumu|author=Karuoya|first=Njoki|date=2000|work=[[Nation FM]]|accessdate=20 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000510170051/http://www.nationaudio.com/96-4NATION/feature8.html|archivedate=10 May 2000}}</ref> Na 1993 ọ kwagara Nairobi . Site n'enyemaka nke [[DJ Stone]], onye deejay mpaghara nke ọ zutere na Kisumu, ọ na-enwe ike ịme egwuregwu na klọb Nairobi kwa izu. <ref name="nationfm"/> Afọ ole na ole ka nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ kwagara Mombasa wee jiri egwu egwu dị ka Them Mushrooms na Pressmen mee ihe. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ kwagara Kampala, [[Uganda]] iji soro ndị egwu Simba Ngoma na-ewu ewu mee egwu. Na Kampala, ọ nwetara ego zuru ezu iji dekọọ album mbụ ya. Ọ laghachiri na Nairobi ebe album ya, akpọrọ ''Ladies Choice'', bụ Maurice Oyando, nna RV na onye na-elekọta redio [[Tallia Oyando]], nke ụlọ ihe nkiri na-esote. <ref name="nationfm" /> E wepụtara ya na June 1999. E wepụtara album ya nke abụọ, ''Cinderella'' na 2001, ọzọ site na ụlọ ihe nkiri Level nke ọzọ. E wepụtara album ya nke atọ, ''Return of the King'' na 2004. Agbanyeghị, Mighty King Kong tara n'ihu ọha ụta na nkwekọrịta ya bụ nrigbu. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.eastandard.net/archives/cl/mags/pulse/articles.php?articleid=1143965210&date=23/2/2007|title=Gone with the lyrics|author=Nyanga|first=Caroline|date=22 February 2007|work=[[The Standard (Kenya)|The Standard]]|accessdate=20 June 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, o wepụtara album nchịkọta "The Best of King Kong". Na mpụga Kenya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na [[Jémanị|Germany]], [[Netherlands]] na [[South Africa]] . == Ihe ngosi == * RU njikere? * Cinderella Mama * Ntuziaka ziri ezi * Ndị ndu Africa * Nyem ihunanya gi * Nwoke na Nwanyị * Kwụsị ime ihe ike * Wan Wadhi * Ndụ * Nhọrọ ụmụ nwanyị * Mo' Round * Egwuregwu * Ememme * Cassanova Gal * Akụkọ Africa == Ọnwụ == Ọ nwụrụ n'ụbọchị ekeresimesi, 2007 mgbe ọ dị afọ 34, mgbe ọ nwụsịrị ya (dị ka ekwuru na akwụkwọ akụkọ mpaghara). E bugara ya na Kenyatta National Hospital na Nairobi, ebe ọ nwụrụ ka a na-agwọ ya. Ọ nwekwara nwunye ya, Jackline Ouma, na otu nwa. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://eastandard.net/news/?id=1143979516&cid=159|title='Mighty' King Kong passes on|author=Adero|first=Brian|date=26 December 2007|work=The Standard|accessdate=20 June 2018}}</ref> == Ntụaka == Simba Ngoma na-ewu ewu mee egwu. Na Kampala, ọ nwetara ego zuru ezu iji dekọọ akụkọ mpaghara). E bugara ya na Kenyatta Nationa{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website cdrwhhazykruqkvin6wy9fixj90n61y 0 46256 672254 169400 2026-07-04T13:38:38Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Michèle Pearson Clarke|image=|alt=|caption=|birth_name=|birth_date={{birth date and age|1973|02|16}}|birth_place=[[Port of Spain]], [[Trinidad]]|nationality=|other_names=|occupation=[[Filmmaker]]<br/>[[Photographer]]|education=[[Queen's University at Kingston|Queen's University]]<br/> [[University of Toronto]]<br/>[[Ryerson University]]|years_active=2005–present|known_for=|notable_works=|website={{URL|michelepearsonclarke.com|MichelePearsonClarke.com}}}} Michèle Pearson Clarke (amuru Febụwarị 16, 1973) bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Trinidadian na onye na-ese foto dabere na Toronto, Ontario, Canada. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.artforum.com/picks/gallery-44-centre-for-contemporary-photography-76824|title=Michèle Pearson Clarke at Gallery 44 Centre for Contemporary Photography|author=Vaughan|first=RM|date=September 2018|work=www.artforum.com|language=en-US|accessdate=March 23, 2019}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-mizota-gallery-reviews-20180310-htmlstory.html|title=Sweat lodge, Audre Lorde, magical holograms: Three stellar art shows that pull you to another place|author=Mizota|first=Sharon|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=March 10, 2018|accessdate=March 23, 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A Manchester Clarke na Port of Spain, Trinidad ma gụchaa akwụkwọ na Mahadum Queen na Mahadum Toronto .  Ọ natara MFA na Mahadum Ryerson na 2015. == Ọrụ == Emechara ihe nkiri mbụ ya, gbara gburugburu mmiri, site na njikọ nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nweere onwe ha nke Toronto.  Ihe nkiri ya nke abụọ, Black Men and Me, sere na 2007 Inside Out Film and Video Festival ma echiche Clarke ike nwoke ojii site na echiche ekiri ojii.  [1] E ihe nkiri nkiri ahụ ngosi 2007 Reel World Film Festival (Toronto), 2007 Miami Gay na Lesbian Film Festival na 2007 San Francisco International LGBT Film Festival .  Clarke bụkwa onye edemede ma tinye ya na Bent on Writing: Anthology of Queer Tales. N'afọ 2013, ọ malitere usoro eserese "Ọ dị mma ka achọrọ," nke ọ na-ese foto ndị ha na ha na-emebu bụ ndị nọgidere bụrụ enyi na-ejide aka. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/life/relationships/from-exes-to-friends-the-lasting-bonds-of-many-lgbtq-relationships/article34110401/|title=From exes to friends: The lasting bonds of many LGBTQ relationships|first=S. Bear|author=Bergman|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|date=February 22, 2017|accessdate=March 11, 2017}}</ref> Na 2016, Robert McLaughlin Gallery na Oshawa, Ontario nyere ya ọrụ ka o izi vidiyo nke ọwa abụọ a na akpọ "Ana m eche maka ọmụmụ ihe."  Ihe oru ngo a na-echeta afọ 150 ma ọ bụ ihe mere eme nke Oshawa site na ndị nchọpụta onwe onye nke ọrụ ọrụ.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.durhamregion.com/whatson-story/6927142-robert-mclaughlin-gallery-exhibit-to-delve-into-stories-of-grief-loss-due-to-gm-layoffs-in-oshawa/|title=Robert McLaughlin Gallery exhibit to delve into stories of grief, loss due to GM layoffs in Oshawa|first=Ian|author=McMillan|date=October 24, 2016|accessdate=March 11, 2017}}</ref> Ọrụ vidiyo Clarke "Suck Teeth Compositions (Mgbe Rashaad Newsome )" na ebe a anyị nọ: Black Canadian Contemporary Art, ihe ngosi na Royal Ontario Museum na 2018. [1] [2] [3] N'otu agbọ ahụ, a  ọrụ ya na LagosPhoto Festival <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.it/fotografia/news/2018/10/25/lagosphoto-festival-2018|title=LagosPhoto Festival 2018|work=Vogue Italia|date=25 October 2018|language=it|accessdate=March 23, 2019}}</ref> Ihe ngosi 2018 nke Clarke na Toronto, A nabatara arọ na ahụ m.  na-erigbu na ụdị ihe mere eme.  Ihe nrụnye foto dị ka akwụkwọ ahụ eyịride n'ime otu dị iche iche na shelf, ala, n'ime osisi ma ọ bụ okpokolo agba gbagwojuru ihe ngosi ahụ, iji dọpụ ha na echiche dị .  [1] N'ihe nghazi a Clarke na-Ịhụ arọ omenala nke Blackness wee gosi foto ndị a n'ụzọ e zubere ka ọ dị mfe ịbịaru nso na nke omume omume nke egwuregwu nkà na ihe ngosi ọgbara ọhụrụ.. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Making Heavy Weights Light|author=Cho|first=Lily|publisher=Gallery 44 Centre for Contemporary Photography|year=2018|location=Toronto|pages=2–3}}</ref> <ref name=":1" />N'afọ 2018 Clarke vidiyo ya na-egosi "Ihe niile Ah ekiri Ekwu" na Los Angeles.  Na vidiyo Clarke deziri ọnụ oge niile n'ekwughị okwu site na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Audre Lorde . == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} == Mbipụta == * {{Cite book|title=Visitor Information Digital publication|url=http://rmg.on.ca/digital-publications/|year=2017|location=Oshawa|publisher=The Robert McLaughlin Gallery|isbn=978-1-926589-92-3}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.michelepearsonclarke.com Weebụsaịtị nka] * Edebere ibe akwụkwọ maka ndị nwoke na ndị ojii ndepụta mmemme: [https://web.archive.org/web/20070709025239/http://www.frameline.org/festival/film/detail.aspx?id=861&FID=38 San Francisco International LGBT Film Festival] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gb508m1z26fvyi3u3zjxfelt4liul33 0 46288 672170 169458 2026-07-04T12:24:02Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 672170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''" ''El Shaab'' "''' ( Arabic "Ndị mmadụ") bụ nrụnye 2012 site n'aka onye omenkà Egypt [[Moataz Nasr]] nke nwere ihe osise seramiiki 25 nke na-anọchite anya ndị sonyere na mgbanwe ndị Ijipt 2011 . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Balaghi|first=Shiva|date=October 2015|title=Aftermath: Recent Works by Moataz Nasr|url=http://www.leilahellergallery.com/attachment/en/5570913907a72ca707c6918d/Publication/563bc648c5aa2cc852d5b116|journal=Moataz Nasr: Broken Patterns}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Cotter|first=Holland|date=2017-07-19|title=High-Flying Art for a Wall-Building Time|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/19/arts/design/middle-east-art-bard-college-emirates-barjeel.html|accessdate=2022-01-28}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a bụ 27 x 6 x 10&nbsp;cm nke ọ bụla, edoziri na shelf abụọ. Dịka nke 2022, ibe a bụ akụkụ nke mkpokọta Barjeel Art Foundation . == Aha == Aha a na-ezo aka n'abụ a ma ama nke Arab Spring : <nowiki><i id="mwFQ">ash-sha'b yurīd isqāṭ an-niẓām</i></nowiki> (الشعب يريد إسقاط النظام " ndị mmadụ chọrọ iwetu ọchịchị ahụ"). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2017-06-13|title=Political messages lie at the heart of the Sculpture exhibition|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/political-messages-lie-at-the-heart-of-the-sculpture-exhibition-1.3790|accessdate=2022-01-28|work=The National|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thenationalnews.com/arts-culture/art/political-messages-lie-at-the-heart-of-the-sculpture-exhibition-1.3790 "Political messages lie at the heart of the Sculpture exhibition"]. ''The National''. 2017-06-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-28</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ihe oyiyi ụrọ, ndị a haziri n'ụyọkọ na shelf abụọ, na-egosipụta ụdị dị iche iche nke ndị gbakọtara na Tahrir Square na-achọ ka njedebe nke ọchịchị aka ike nakwa achịcha (ndụ), nnwere onwe, ùgwù mmadụ, na ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha mmadụ. A na-egosi ụfọdụ ọnụọgụgụ nwere ọnya na mgbanwe mgbanwe ahụ. N'ime shelf dị iche, a na-eji ihe osise esere megharịa ime ihe ike ahụ ewepụtara na vidiyo viral nke ndị uwe ojii wakporo ''The Girl in the Blue Bra'' . Ahụ ya kụdara, dọkpụrụ na zọọ ụkwụ n'aka ndị isi atọ nke Council Supreme Egypt of the Armed Forces, dina n'ala, gbara ya gburugburu abaya adọwara adọka. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Amaria|first=Kainaz|date=2011-12-21|title='Girl In The Blue Bra' Symbol Of Egypt's Ongoing Strife|language=en|work=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/pictureshow/2011/12/21/144098384/the-girl-in-the-blue-bra|accessdate=2022-01-28}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hafez|first=Sherine|date=September 2014|title=Bodies That Protest: The Girl in the Blue Bra, Sexuality, and State Violence in Revolutionary Egypt|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/676977|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|language=en|volume=40|issue=1|pages=20–28|doi=10.1086/676977|issn=0097-9740}}</ref> E gosipụtara El Shaab nke mbụ na 2012, afọ na-esochi mgbawa nke mgbanwe na afọ nke nhoputa ndi ochichi onye isi ala Egypt nke mbu. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Moataz Nasr’s El Shaab at Salsali Private Museum in Dubai|url=https://enterprise.press/stories/2017/06/14/moataz-nasrs-el-shaab-at-salsali-private-museum-in-dubai/|accessdate=2022-01-28|work=Enterprise|language=en}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <references /> l6nvvmu1jci8p6z7w084h98s7tufzi0 0 46512 672620 309045 2026-07-05T11:32:55Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 672620 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Lobkov 2012 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Pavel '''Lobkov''']] Paul Albertovich Lobkov (amuru ya na 21 September,1967) bu one nzisa ozi nke Russian. Oso n'otu n'ime ndi na ekwuputa mana etinyekwa onu n'ihe onyonyo nke TV Rain(2012-2021). O bu bu one na ahazi Ihe onyonyo nke Progress with Pavel Lobkov na Petersburg - channel 5( 2007-2008), NTV(1993-2006;2008-2011), na program correspondent Itogi(1993-2001).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://tvrain.ru/teleshow/vechernee_shou/bozhena-424424/|title=Я испытывала страшные мучения, когда меня травило НТВ|author=Pavel Lobkov|work=|date=December 28, 2016|publisher=[[TV Rain]]|accessdate=29 December 2016}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya n'obodo Sestroretsk (Sestroretsk District nke Leningrad; ugbu a na Kurortny District nke St. Petersburg). N'afọ 1988, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba Biology nke Mahadum Leningrad State na nzere na botany.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mk.ru/social/highlife/interview/2000/11/13/117027-pridvornyiy-sadovnik.html|title=Придворный садовник|publisher=[[Московский комсомолец]]|date=November 13, 2000}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ nke Botanical Institute of Komarov Academy of Sciences nke USSR. Internship na Holland, mana ọ gbachiteghị thesis ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.prazdnikinfo.ru/5/33/i21_12584p0.htm|title=Павел Лобков: В школе я делал взрывчатку|publisher=Праздник Инфо, МК-Бульвар|date=October 18, 2004}}</ref><ref name="lobkovp">{{Cite web|url=http://ria.ru/spravka/20131010/968238883.html#14161585822883&message=resize&relto=register&action=addClass&value=registration|title=Павел Лобков. От НТВ до Дождя|publisher=[[РИА Новости]]|date=October 10, 2013}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1990 ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya maka ọrụ ozi nke TRK Petersburg, gụnyere mmemme Fifth Wheel.<ref name="lobkovp"/> Kemgbe Ọktọba 1993 - Onye nduzi nke nnọchiteanya nke NTV na St. Petersburg. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ria.ru/interview/20131010/968861350.html#14023065882643&message=resize&relto=register&action=addClass&value=registration|title=Павел Лобков: Не подниму тост ни за здравие, ни за упокой НТВ|publisher=[[РИА Новости]]|date=October 10, 2013}}</ref> Site na 1995 ruo 2004 ọ bụ onye nnọchi anya ọrụ ozi NTV. O mere isiokwu maka mmemme ozi ''Segodnya'', ''Itogi'', [1] Namedni, na Country and World.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://izvestia.ru/news/288397|title=Искусство возможного|publisher=[[Известия]]|date=March 26, 2004}}</ref> Site na 1995 ruo 1997, ya na Yevgeny Kiselyov na Leonid Parfyonov, duziri mmemme Hero of the Day . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://flb.ru/info/37943.html|title=Лобкова уволили с НТВ|publisher=flb.ru|date=August 1, 2006}}</ref> Laureate nke TEFI-1998 dị ka onye nta akụkọ kachasị mma. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tefi.ru/proekty/tefi/t1998|title=Победители конкурса «ТЭФИ—1998»|accessdate=July 27, 2018|archivedate=July 17, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717234652/http://tefi.ru/proekty/tefi/t1998}}</ref> Kemgbe Ọgọstụ afọ 2006 ọ bụ onye dere ọtụtụ ọrụ ihe nkiri na Petersburg - Channel 5.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sobesednik.ru/publications/sobesednik/2008/06/23/lobkov-vozvrat|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160529111014/http://sobesednik.ru/publications/sobesednik/2008/06/23/lobkov-vozvrat|archivedate=May 29, 2016|title=Лобков вернётся на НТВ|publisher=Sobesednik|date=June 17, 2008}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke Directorate of Documentary Broadcasting nke Channel 5 ma duzie ozi na mmemme nyocha Week in a Large Country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.media-atlas.ru/items/index.php?id=2588|title="ТРК Петербург – Пятый канал" основательно подготовился|publisher=МедиаАтлас|date=September 28, 2006|accessdate=July 27, 2018|archivedate=June 21, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621185636/http://www.media-atlas.ru/items/index.php?id=2588}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://gorod.afisha.ru/archive/pavel_lobkov/|title=Ответы. Павел Лобков, тележурналист|publisher=[[Afisha]]|date=August 27, 2007|accessdate=July 27, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141208074722/http://gorod.afisha.ru/archive/pavel_lobkov/|archivedate=December 8, 2014}}</ref> N'afọ 2008, ọ laghachiri na NTV, ebe a chụpụrụ ya na 16 Jenụwarị 2012, tupu nkwekọrịta ahụ agwụ. Kemgbe ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2012 ọ na-arụ ọrụ na TV Rain channel. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2013 o dekọrọ ozi vidiyo maka ọrụ Be Stronger, nke a na-eduzi megide homophobia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bg.ru/society/bud_silnee_pavel_lobkov-17131/|title=Будь сильнее. Павел Лобков|accessdate=2018-07-27|archivedate=2013-11-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104110512/http://bg.ru/society/bud_silnee_pavel_lobkov-17131/}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-akwado mmemme We Ride at Home on Rain, ya na Sasha Filipenko.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sobesednik.ru/politika/20150717-vladimir-kara-murza-starshiy-lozh-uvy-pobedila|title=Владимир Кара-Мурза-старший: Ложь, увы, победила|publisher=Sobesednik|date=July 17, 2015|accessdate=June 2, 2024|archivedate=November 26, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201126020812/https://sobesednik.ru/politika/20150717-vladimir-kara-murza-starshiy-lozh-uvy-pobedila}}</ref> Ugbu a ọ bụ otu n'ime akụkọ ikpeazụ na mmemme izu ụka The Burden of News . == Ndụ onwe onye == Pavel Lobkov alụghị di ma ọ bụ nwunye ọ nweghị ụmụ.<ref>[http://www.aif.ru/dontknows/file/televedushchiy_pavel_lobkov_dose Телеведущий Павел Лобков. Досье]</ref> Na 1 Disemba 2015, na ikuku nke TV Rain, Lobkov kwupụtara na ọ nwere nje HIV kemgbe afọ 2003. <ref>{{Cite web|accessdate=1 December 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5eW6rJtoErc|title=Павел Лобков: У меня обнаружили ВИЧ в 2003 году|work=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu Board of Trustees of the AIDS.Ọrịa AIDS.Ntọala etiti. <ref name="попечители">{{Cite web|url=https://spid.center/ru/about|title=Что такое фонд СПИД.Центр|publisher=[[AIDS.Center]]|accessdate=10 April 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, ọ pụtara dị ka nwoke na-edina nwoke ibe ya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://spid.center/ru/articles/2452/ |title=Павел Лобков: как меня лечили от «гомосексуализма» |accessdate=2024-06-02 |archivedate=2019-06-26 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190626131245/https://spid.center/ru/articles/2452/ }}</ref> Na Disemba 2023, Lobkov kwuru na a kụrụ ya ihe na Patriarch Ponds na Moscow, n'ihe ọ tụrụ aro bụ mwakpo homophobic, mana o nyeghị nkọwa ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=В Москве избили журналиста Павла Лобкова - Газета.Ru {{!}} Новости|url=https://www.gazeta.ru/social/news/2023/12/30/22039345.shtml|work=Газета.Ru|date=1 January 2024|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Gay Russian Anchor, Journalist Lobkov Alleges Moscow Beating|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-lobkov-gay-attacked/32753490.html|work=RFE/RL|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibịa == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] <references /> [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1967]] lqw0rco9vh7whkz7wezuz3ana72rb5c 0 46520 672624 444624 2026-07-05T11:40:37Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 672624 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Catalina-devandas.jpg|thumb|Catalina Devandas Aguilar]] '''Catalina Devandas Aguilar''' bu one ikpe Costa Rican bu onye mbu gbara odibo na United Nations Special Rapporteur na Ihe agbasara Right nke ndi nwere nkwaru bido na 2014 ruo 2020. Ona aru oru ugbua na Permanent Representative nke Costa Rica n'ebe ndi United Nations no na Geneva.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Disability/SRDisabilities/Pages/CatalinaDevandas.aspx|title=OHCHR {{!}} Ms Catalina Devandas Aguilar|work=www.ohchr.org|accessdate=2019-12-12}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|date=2019-01-01|title=Catalina Devandas Aguilar: empowering people with disabilities|journal=Bulletin of the World Health Organization|volume=97|issue=1|pages=8–9|doi=10.2471/BLT.19.030119|issn=0042-9686|pmid=30618460}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ gakwuuru [[World Bank|Ụlọ Akụ̀ Ụwa]] n'oge gara aga ma bụrụ akụkụ nke United Nations Secretariat nke guzobere Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. N'afọ 2009, Ms. Devandas Aguilar malitere ịrụ ọrụ maka Disability Rights Advocacy Fund na Disability Rights Fund.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Catalina Devandas-Aguilar appointed as Special Rapporteur on the rights of persons with disabilities|url=http://usicd.org/index.cfm/news_catalina-devandas-aguilar-appointed-as-special-rapporteur-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities|work=United States Council on Disabilities|accessdate=5 November 2017|archivedate=4 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180704153440/http://usicd.org/index.cfm/news_catalina-devandas-aguilar-appointed-as-special-rapporteur-on-the-rights-of-persons-with-disabilities}}</ref> N'afọ 2014, a kpọrọ Aguilar onye mbụ United Nations Special Rapporteur on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ms Catalina Devandas Aguilar|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/Issues/Disability/SRDisabilities/Pages/CatalinaDevandas.aspx|work=Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights|accessdate=5 November 2017}}</ref> N'oge ya dị ka Special Rapporteur, ọ gara ọtụtụ mba iji chọpụta ọnọdụ nke ndị nwere nkwarụ. N'afọ 2016, Ms. Devandas Aguilar nyochara ọnọdụ ndị nwere nkwarụ na [[Zambia]]. <ref>{{Cite news|title=UN rights expert arrives in Zambia this week to assess the situation of persons with disabilities|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/04/17/un-rights-expert-arrives-zambia-week-assess-situation-persons-disabilities/|accessdate=6 November 2017|work=Lusaka Times|date=17 April 2016}}</ref> Mgbe nleta ya gasịrị, ọ tụrụ aro ka Zambia tinye ego na ikike ndị nwere nkwarụ ma gbochie ime ihe ike megide ndị nwere nkwụsị.<ref>{{Cite web|title="Zambia has the potential to become a disability champion in the African region" – UN expert|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=19896|work=Office of the High Commissioner|accessdate=6 November 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, ọ ghọrọ onye otu United Nations mbụ e nyere nleta na North Korea.<ref>{{Cite news|author=England|first=Charlotte|title=North Korea agrees to visit from UN human rights expert for first time|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/north-korea-un-human-rights-disability-special-rapporteur-council-expert-first-time-a7706701.html|accessdate=5 November 2017|work=Independent|date=28 April 2017}}</ref> Mgbe njem ya na North Korea gasịrị, ọ kọrọ na a gbochiri ya izute ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ North Korea.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Shim|first=Elizabeth|title=U.N. disabilities rapporteur denied multiple requests in North Korea|url=https://www.upi.com/UN-disabilities-rapporteur-denied-multiple-requests-in-North-Korea/9981494960102/|accessdate=6 November 2017|work=UPI|date=16 May 2017}}</ref> Ntuziaka ya nye North Korea gụnyere ịkwụsị asụsụ ịkpa ókè megide ndị North Korea nwere nkwarụ na ịmepụta ndị BOZO Koreans.<ref>{{Cite web|title=End of Mission Statement by the United Nations Special Rapporteur on the rights of persons with disabilities, Ms. Catalina Devandas-Aguilar, on her visit to the DPRK|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=21610&LangID=E|work=Office of the High Commissioner|accessdate=6 November 2017}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ndị ọkachamara nke World Health Organization họpụtara maka ọzụzụ gbasara ikike mmadụ na ahụike uche, Quality Rights 2019.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140416144158/http://www.who.int/mental_health/publications/QualityRights_toolkit/en/ WHO QualityRights Tool Kit]</ref> == Nleta e mere na France == Site na Ọktọba 3 ruo 17, 2017, Devandas-Aguilar gara [[France]] ma nyefee akụkọ n'ihu United Nations, n'ihe gbasara ọnọdụ gbasara nkwanye ùgwù maka ikike mmadụ.<ref>[https://organisation.nexem.fr/assets/rapport-2019-de-lonu-sur-le-droits-des-personnes-handicapees-cf23-32135.html?lang=fr Rapport 2019 de l'Onu sur le droits des personnes handicapées]</ref> {{DEFAULTSORT:Aguilar, Catalina Devandas}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] amx5c33cduxwe2qlia960wqld4dtp5t 0 46588 672627 396317 2026-07-05T11:48:25Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 672627 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Molly Burke.png|thumb|Molly Burke na Eprel 2020.]] '''Molly Jane Lucy Burke''' (amụrụ na Febụwarị 8, 1994) bụ onye Canada [[YouTube]] na ọkà okwu na-akpali akpali nke ọwa ya nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ abụọ debanyere aha ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCwf9TcLyS5KDoLRLjke41Hg|title=Molly Burke|work=YouTube|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-11}}</ref> A chọpụtara na Burke nwere retinitis pigmentosa mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, ọnọdụ nke na-akpata enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ. Ọ tụfuru ihe ka ukwuu n'anya ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.yahoo.com/lifestyle/blind-youtuber-molly-burke-talks-about-accessibility-211607802.html|title='Disabled people are chronically forgotten': Blind YouTuber, Molly Burke, talks about accessibility in the era of inclusivity|work=www.yahoo.com|date=18 July 2019|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-11-11}}</ref> Na mbụ, ọ bụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Foundation Fighting Blindness Canada . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bondy|first=Halley|title=Blind YouTube star Molly Burke doesn't want a cure — she wants a voice|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/know-your-value/feature/blind-youtube-star-molly-burke-doesn-t-want-cure-she-ncna1040376|accessdate=8 November 2019|publisher=NBC News|date=August 8, 2019}}</ref> Ihe dị n'ime Burke na-elekwasị anya na ahụmịhe ya na [[Enweghị ike ịhụ ụzọ|ìsì]], ejiji na ndụmọdụ ntecha, na vlogs banyere ndụ ya na ọrụ ya kwa ụbọchị. Ọ na-akwado ikike ndị nwere nkwarụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Sung|first=Morgan|title=The unstoppable Molly Burke: A day in the life of a blind YouTube star|url=https://mashable.com/article/molly-burke-blind-youtube/|accessdate=8 November 2019|publisher=MASHABLE|date=May 28, 2018}}</ref> Ọ na-egosikwa ahụmahụ ya na nkịta nduzi ya Elton John tinyere nwamba ya Lavender na nkịta ndị nduzi ya gara aga, Gallop, Bennix na Gypsy.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://parade.com/927487/brittanyvincent/blind-youtube-star-molly-burke-on-what-everyone-gets-wrong-about-guide-dogs-youre-the-boss/|title=Blind YouTube Star Molly Burke on What Everyone Gets Wrong About Guide Dogs: 'You're the Boss'|author=Vincent|first=Brittany|date=2019-09-26|work=Parade: Entertainment, Recipes, Health, Life, Holidays|language=en|accessdate=2019-11-11}}</ref> N'afo 2019 Burke weputara audiobook na Audible, ana akpo It's Not What It Looks Like . <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.audible.com/pd/Its-Not-What-It-Looks-Like-Audiobook/B07TVF9RMY|title=It's Not What It Looks Like|author=Burke|first=Molly|publisher=Audible|year=2019|language=en}}</ref> Ajuru Molly ajuju onu gbasara Ihe onyonyo nke Daily Show n'onwa July 2022. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theglobalherald.com/entertainment/molly-burke-dispelling-misrepresentations-of-blindness-the-daily-show/|title=Molly Burke - Dispelling Misrepresentations of Blindness &#124; the Daily Show - the Global Herald|date=27 July 2022}}</ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * Ụdị ndụ, Shorty Awards, 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://shortyawards.com/11th/mollybofficial|title=Molly Burke - The Shorty Awards|work=shortyawards.com|accessdate=2019-11-11}}</ref> * Onye na-eme ihe nkiri YouTuber, Shorty Awards, 2018 [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] s133qurlkzn5hfaquwkhwv02z2lmivy 0 46644 672623 451015 2026-07-05T11:37:37Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 672623 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Kohl Stewart.jpg|thumb|Kohl Stewart]] '''Kohl Robert Stewart''' (amụrụ n'October 7, 1994) bụ onye American Professional baseball pitcher bu one free agent. O soro gbara ndi Minnesota Twins na Chicago Cubs major League Baseball (MLB). O bu one nke ano a hoputara na afo 2013 MLB draft. == Ọrụ amateur == Stewart gara St. Pius X High School na Houston, [[Texas]], wee gbaa St Pius X's baseball team dị ka pitcher na football team dị ka quarterback. Onye kachasị mma na bọọlụ kọleji, Stewart kpebisiri ike ịga Mahadum Texas A&amp;amp;M, igwu egwu maka otu bọọlụ Texas A&m Aggies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-sports/recruiting/football/story/_/id/8521375/espn-150-texas-commit-kohl-stewart-gets-jersey-armour-all-america-game|title=Decisions, decisions|publisher=Espn.go.com|date=October 19, 2012|accessdate=March 19, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Verdejo|first=Angel|url=http://www.houstonchronicle.com/sports/article/Kohl-faces-choice-between-MLB-draft-Texas-A-M-4432822.php|title=Kohl faces choice between MLB draft, Texas A&M|publisher=Houstonchronicle.com|date=April 13, 2013|accessdate=March 19, 2014}}</ref> == Edensibịa == [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1994]] r34xlkrixf389i2hu65a2i4q9hdwdsz 0 46781 672389 514911 2026-07-04T16:17:20Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''William Sylvester Alpheus Beal''' (16 Jenụwarị 1874). – 25 Jenụwarị 1968) bụ onye injinia na-akwọ osisi Canada. Beal bụ otu n'ime ndị isi ojii mbụ kwagara Manitoba wee biri na Swan River Valley ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri isii, ebe obibi ebe ahụ mgbe ọ bịarutere na 1906. N'ime ọtụtụ mmasị ya bụ ịnakọta akwụkwọ na ịse foto; foto ya adọtala uche maka uru nka ha yana ịbụ ndekọ nke ndụ ọsụ ụzọ na ime obodo Manitoba gburugburu 1920. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ William Sylvester Alpheus Beal na 16 Jenụwarị 1874 na Chelsea, Massachusetts . <ref>{{cite web |title=Memorable Manitobans: William Sylvester Alpheus "Billy" Beal (1874–1968) |url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/beal_wsa.shtml |website=Manitoba Historical Society |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> Nne na nna ya bụ Charles R. Beal, onye na-ere akwụkwọ, na Loretta H. Freeman. <ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Vernon |editor1-first=Karina |title=The black Prairie archives : an anthology |date=2019 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |location=Waterloo, Ontario |isbn=9781771123754 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fk_hDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT99 |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> N'ụdị ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ agbụrụ, nne ya ka edepụtara dị ka "mulatto" ma depụtara nna ya dị ka "ọtụtụ"; ha bi na mpaghara ọcha, na-atụ aro na ha nwere ike gafere dị ka ndị ọcha . <ref>{{cite web |title=Memorable Manitobans: William Sylvester Alpheus "Billy" Beal (1874–1968) |url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/beal_wsa.shtml |website=Manitoba Historical Society |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> O tolitere na Minneapolis, Minnesota, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na North Community High School na 1898. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cassidy|first=Christian|title='Every inch a gentleman' : Early Black settler Billy Beal was a ground breaker in many ways|url=https://stage.www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/every-inch-a-gentleman-474402413.html|accessdate=20 October 2021|work=Winnipeg Free Press|date=18 February 2018}}</ref> == Ọbịbịa na Manitoba == Beal nwere ike ịga [[Montana]] na/ma ọ bụ British Columbia tupu 1906, mgbe ọ rutere na Swan River Valley. <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Vernon|title=The black Prairie archives : an anthology|date=2019|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|location=Waterloo, Ontario|isbn=9781771123754|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fk_hDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT99|accessdate=20 October 2021}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVernon2019">Vernon, Karina, ed. (2019). [https://books.google.com/books?id=fk_hDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT99 ''The black Prairie archives : an anthology'']. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781771123754|<bdi>9781771123754</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Na mmalite 1900s, mgbasa ozi ike ike sitere n'aka gọọmentị Canada gbara ndị mmadụ bi na United States ume ka ha nọrọ n'ụlọ n'ala ahịhịa, na mgbalị ịchụpụ mba mbụ na ndị Métis . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cassidy|first=Christian|title='Every inch a gentleman' : Early Black settler Billy Beal was a ground breaker in many ways|url=https://stage.www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/every-inch-a-gentleman-474402413.html|accessdate=20 October 2021|work=Winnipeg Free Press|date=18 February 2018}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCassidy2018">Cassidy, Christian (18 February 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211020020149/https://stage.www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/every-inch-a-gentleman-474402413.html "'Every inch a gentleman' : Early Black settler Billy Beal was a ground breaker in many ways"]. ''Winnipeg Free Press''. Archived from [https://stage.www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/every-inch-a-gentleman-474402413.html the original] on 20 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na mgbasa ozi lekwasịrị anya ndị ọcha, Beal gara Manitoba ka ọ bụrụ injinia. <ref name="Cassidy2018" /> Ọ bụ onye isi ojii mbụ bi na mpaghara ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Memorable Manitobans: William Sylvester Alpheus "Billy" Beal (1874–1968)|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/beal_wsa.shtml|work=Manitoba Historical Society|accessdate=20 October 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/beal_wsa.shtml "Memorable Manitobans: William Sylvester Alpheus "Billy" Beal (1874–1968)"]. ''Manitoba Historical Society''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Afọ ise ka ọ bịarutere, gọọmentị Canada machiri ndị isi ojii ịkwaga Canada. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Fearon|first=Alyssa|title=Why you need to know about Billy Beal, the great unsung Black photographer of early 1900s Manitoba|url=https://www.cbc.ca/arts/why-you-need-to-know-about-billy-beal-the-great-unsung-black-photographer-of-early-1900s-manitoba-1.5692446|accessdate=20 October 2021}}</ref> Nzọrọ ụlọ obibi ya na 1908 bụ ihe a chọrọ iji wuo ụlọ, kpochapụ ala ahụ, ma kụọ ọ dịkarịa ala acres iri na ise n'ime afọ atọ ọ bịarutere. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cassidy|first=Christian|title='Every inch a gentleman' : Early Black settler Billy Beal was a ground breaker in many ways|url=https://stage.www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/every-inch-a-gentleman-474402413.html|accessdate=20 October 2021|work=Winnipeg Free Press|date=18 February 2018}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCassidy2018">Cassidy, Christian (18 February 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20211020020149/https://stage.www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/every-inch-a-gentleman-474402413.html "'Every inch a gentleman' : Early Black settler Billy Beal was a ground breaker in many ways"]. ''Winnipeg Free Press''. Archived from [https://stage.www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/every-inch-a-gentleman-474402413.html the original] on 20 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Vernon|title=The black Prairie archives : an anthology|date=2019|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|location=Waterloo, Ontario|isbn=9781771123754|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fk_hDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT99|accessdate=20 October 2021}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVernon2019">Vernon, Karina, ed. (2019). [https://books.google.com/books?id=fk_hDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT99 ''The black Prairie archives : an anthology'']. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781771123754|<bdi>9781771123754</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ala Beal dị na mpaghara Big Woody, nke dị kilomita 16 n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke obodo Swan River. N'ihi na ọ debanyere aha maka ụlọ obibi karịa ndị ọbịa ndị ọzọ, ala ya adịghị mma nke ọma, ọ na-alụso ọrụ ugbo ọgụ. <ref name="Cassidy2018" /> Ozugbo o zutere ihe a chọrọ, ọ gbaziri ọtụtụ ala ya, ọ naghịkwa akọ ugbo ọzọ. == Ọrụ na avocations == Beal rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye injinia uzuoku maka igwe igwe osisi na mpaghara, gụnyere Red Deer Lumber Mill . <ref name="Cassidy2018" /> Ụgwọ ọnwa ya nyere ya ohere ịchụso ọtụtụ mmasị, gụnyere iwu ụlọ ọbá akwụkwọ nke onwe ya na akwụkwọ ndị dị ka sayensị, iwu, mbara igwe na nkà ihe ọmụma; ọ gbazinyere ndị agbata obi ya mpịakọta ka ha gụọ. <ref name="Cassidy2018" /> Ihe ndị ọzọ ọ masịrị ya gụnyere ịkwa nkà, ngwá electronic, na ime uwe. <ref>{{Cite book|editor=Vernon|title=The black Prairie archives : an anthology|date=2019|publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press|location=Waterloo, Ontario|isbn=9781771123754|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fk_hDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT99|accessdate=20 October 2021}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFVernon2019">Vernon, Karina, ed. (2019). [https://books.google.com/books?id=fk_hDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT99 ''The black Prairie archives : an anthology'']. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781771123754|<bdi>9781771123754</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ rụrụ mgbidi eletrik maka ndị ọrụ ehi na mpaghara ahụ, ma rụkwaa arịa ụlọ na ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka maka ndị enyi na ndị agbata obi. <ref name="Vernon2019">{{cite book |editor1-last=Vernon |editor1-first=Karina |title=The black Prairie archives : an anthology |date=2019 |publisher=Wilfrid Laurier University Press |location=Waterloo, Ontario |isbn=9781771123754 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fk_hDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT99 |access-date=20 October 2021}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ redio nke ya ma jiri ọkpọkọ stovu na ite ofe rụọ teliskop. <ref name="Cassidy2018" /> Beal nwekwara ike nwetawo ọzụzụ ahụike, ebe ọ na-enyere ndị dọkịta nọ n'ógbè ahụ aka n'oge ọgba aghara dị ka ọrịa influenza nke 1918 ma buru akpa ahụike nke ya. <ref name="Vernon2019" /> <ref name="Cassidy2018" /> Ọ dọtara ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ ezé ma nyere ndị dọkịta aka n'ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi. <ref name="Vernon2019" /> <ref name="Cassidy2018" /> === Foto === Beal bụ onye na-ese foto nke kụziiri onwe ya. <ref name="Fearon2020">{{Cite news|author=Fearon|first=Alyssa|title=Why you need to know about Billy Beal, the great unsung Black photographer of early 1900s Manitoba|url=https://www.cbc.ca/arts/why-you-need-to-know-about-billy-beal-the-great-unsung-black-photographer-of-early-1900s-manitoba-1.5692446|accessdate=20 October 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFearon">Fearon, Alyssa. [https://www.cbc.ca/arts/why-you-need-to-know-about-billy-beal-the-great-unsung-black-photographer-of-early-1900s-manitoba-1.5692446 "Why you need to know about Billy Beal, the great unsung Black photographer of early 1900s Manitoba"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Foto ya na-edekọ ebe obibi n'ime obodo Manitoba site na 1915 ruo 1925, na-elekwasị anya na ndị enyi ya na ndị agbata obi ya bi n'ógbè ahụ. <ref name="Fearon2020" /> <ref name="Cassidy2018" /> Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya bụ eserese edobere na mpaghara dị n'èzí na Ndagwurugwu Swan River. <ref name="Vernon2019" /> Ihe dị ka efere foto 50 nke ọrụ ya dị. <ref name="Fearon2020" /> Onye isi ihe ngosi nka Alyssa Fearon na-ede maka otu n'ime ihe onyonyo ndị ahụ, ihe osise onwe ya: <ref name="Fearon2020">{{Cite news|author=Fearon|first=Alyssa|title=Why you need to know about Billy Beal, the great unsung Black photographer of early 1900s Manitoba|url=https://www.cbc.ca/arts/why-you-need-to-know-about-billy-beal-the-great-unsung-black-photographer-of-early-1900s-manitoba-1.5692446|accessdate=20 October 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFearon">Fearon, Alyssa. [https://www.cbc.ca/arts/why-you-need-to-know-about-billy-beal-the-great-unsung-black-photographer-of-early-1900s-manitoba-1.5692446 "Why you need to know about Billy Beal, the great unsung Black photographer of early 1900s Manitoba"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref>   === Mgbalị obodo === Na 1912, Beal nyeere aka chọta Big Woody School Division wee họpụta ya dị ka odeakwụkwọ mbụ-akpa ego; ọ jere ozi n'ọrụ ahụ afọ iri atọ na asaa. <ref name="ManitobaHistSoc">{{Cite web|title=Memorable Manitobans: William Sylvester Alpheus "Billy" Beal (1874–1968)|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/beal_wsa.shtml|work=Manitoba Historical Society|accessdate=20 October 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/people/beal_wsa.shtml "Memorable Manitobans: William Sylvester Alpheus "Billy" Beal (1874–1968)"]. ''Manitoba Historical Society''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> O nyere aka ịmalite ọbá akwụkwọ na-ekesa n'usoro ụlọ akwụkwọ, ma nyekwa aka dị ka odeakwụkwọ mbụ nke Big Woody Sunday School. <ref name="ManitobaHistSoc" /> N'afọ 1922, o nyere aka guzobe ọha mmadụ na-agụ akwụkwọ na klọb arụmụka, yana ịgba ume na nka na mpaghara ahụ site n'ịduzi egwuregwu na ịhazi ọgụgụ uri na egwu egwu. <ref name="ManitobaHistSoc" /> == Mgbe e mesịrị ndụ, ọnwụ, na ihe nketa == Beal bụ nwa agbọghọ na-enweghị nwa na ndụ ya niile, ọ nweghịkwa ụmụ. <ref name="Vernon2019" /> Mgbe o bisịrị nso Osimiri Swan ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri isii, ọ kwagara The Pas na 1955, bụ ebe ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi kacha nso dị. Beal nwụrụ na The Pas na 25 Jenụwarị 1968 wee lie ya na ili ozu Lakeside. <ref name="Cassidy2018">{{Cite news|author=Cassidy|first=Christian|title='Every inch a gentleman' : Early Black settler Billy Beal was a ground breaker in many ways|url=https://stage.www.winnipegfreepress.com/breakingnews/every-inch-a-gentleman-474402413.html|accessdate=20 October 2021|work=Winnipeg Free Press|date=18 February 2018}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ n'ụbịam ma e liri ya n'enweghị isi okwu. <ref name="Cassidy2018" /> N'afọ 1989, e mepụtara nkume ncheta iji mata mmetụta Beal nwere na obodo ya. <ref name="Cassidy2018" /> E tinyere ihe ncheta na mpụga Ọbá akwụkwọ Swan River na 2015 iji cheta ihe nketa ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Historic Sites of Manitoba: Billy Beal Plaque (First Street North, Swan River)|url=http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/sites/billybeal.shtml|work=Manitoba Historical Society|accessdate=20 October 2021}}</ref> E hiwere Billy Beal Ice Fishing Derby na 1997, yana ego enyere ya na ego enyemaka ahụike maka ndị bi na Swan River Valley. <ref>{{Cite news|title=20th Anniversary of the Billy Beal Classic Ice Fishing Derby|url=http://swanriver.valleybiz.ca/news/2017/03/24/20th-anniversary-of-the-billy-beal-classic-ice-fishing-derby/|accessdate=20 October 2021|work=ValleyBiz.ca|date=24 March 2017}}</ref> A biography, ''Billy: Life and Photographs of William SA Beal'', bipụtara na 1998, na-egosipụta nhọrọ nke foto ya; ihe ngosi nke foto a gara Manitoba na Nova Scotia. <ref name="Vernon2019" /> Ndụ Beal bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri 2010, ''Billy'', nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Black Manitoban bụ Winston Washington Moxam duziri; Enyere ihe nkiri ahụ ihe nrite nke Manitoba Human Rights Commitment Award. <ref name="Vernon2019" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * {{Cite book|author=Barrow|first=Robert|title=Billy: the Life and Photographs of William S.A. Beal|date=1988|publisher=Vig. Corps Press|location=Winnipeg, Manitoba|isbn=9780969369301|oclc=1103525797}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1adqrdgcs3e1dwkiu0gq26oz7ckcfol 0 46988 672234 199736 2026-07-04T13:27:12Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672234 wikitext text/x-wiki  [[File:Michelle Latimer, Genie Awards 2012 (6822698734) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Michelle Latimer]] Michelle Latimer bụ onye omere [[Kánada|Canada]], onye ntụzi, onye edemede na onye na-eme ihe nkiri .  O bidoro bụrụ onye ama ama maka ọrụ dị ka Trish Simkin na usoro Paradaịs Falls, nke egosiri na mba Canada na ihe ngosi Television (2001–2004).  [1] Ebe ọ bụ na-amụ 2010s, ọ na-eduzi akwụkwọ ndị, filimka fim director debut, Alias ​​(2013), [2] na usoro Viceland, Rise, nke na- na-amụ anya na 2016 Dakota Access Pipeline ;  nke ikpeazụ meri ihe nrite ihuenyo Canada na emume 6th kwa afọ na 2018. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/entertainment/cdn-screen-awards-nonfic-gala-1.4565181|title=Canadian Screen Awards 2018: Heather Hiscox, The Fifth Estate, APTN win top awards {{!}} CBC News|work=CBC|accessdate=2018-05-25|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|url=https://www.vice.com/en_ca/article/mb5dn3/hey-these-viceland-shows-just-won-canadian-screen-awards|title=Hey, These VICELAND Shows Just Won Canadian Screen Awards|date=2018-03-07|work=Vice|accessdate=2018-05-25|language=en-ca}}</ref> Ihe nkiri 2020 nke Latimer Inconvenient Indian aamaama nturu ugo ndị mmadụ maka akwụkwọ na ihe nrite maka ihe nkiri Canada kacha mma na Toronto International Film Festival .  [1] Ọ bụkwa onye na-emekọ ihe, onye edemede, na onye izi nke usoro ike CBC Trickster . <ref>{{Cite news|title=How filmmaker Michelle Latimer adapted Eden Robinson's novel Son of a Trickster into new CBC series, Trickster {{!}} CBC Books|language=en-US|work=CBC|url=https://www.cbc.ca/books/how-filmmaker-michelle-latimer-adapted-eden-robinson-s-novel-son-of-a-trickster-into-new-cbc-series-trickster-1.5753441|accessdate=2020-12-17}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == Akwụkwọ ozi Latimer na Thunder Bay, Ontario.  [1] Latimer mechara mechara ihe nkiri na Mahadum Concordia na Montreal, Quebec. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ctr.concordia.ca/2001-02/May_23/19-Latimer/index.shtml|title=Concordia's Thursday Report|work=ctr.concordia.ca|accessdate=2017-01-17}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Latimer isiokwu na mbụ maka igosi nwa ngosi goth Trish Simpkin na Paradaịs Falls .  [1] [2] E nso Paradaịs Falls, Latimer enweela oke ọrụ na-egosi ihe onyonyo ndị ọzọ.  Na 2004, o nwere ihe ngosi ndị ọbịa na obere furu ego Canada usoro Train 48 .  O fim obere na ihe nkiri 2004 Resident Evil: Apọkalips. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1005753/|title=Michelle Latimer|work=IMDb|accessdate=2017-01-17}}</ref> Mgbe Paradaịs Falls ihu ọma, ọ la mfe na ogbo ahụ, na-egosi na ndị mmadụ na-egosi ama na ezi ịhụnanya, nke Brad Fraser dere.  [1] Ọ egwuregwu ahụ na 2004 na Crow's Theatre na Toronto wee kpuchie Benita, onye muka ike.  Dị ka Paradaịs Falls, egwuregwu ahụ ụfọdụ ụfọdụ maka ọdịmma nke ọma ịhụnanya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.stage-door.com/Theatre/2004/Entries/2004/4/6_Unidentified_Human_Remains_and_the_True_Nature_of_Love.html|title=Review - Unidentified Human Remains and the True Nature of Love - Crow's Theatre, Toronto - Christopher Hoile|work=www.stage-door.com|accessdate=2017-01-17}}</ref> Latimer oge ikpeazụ ma duzie ihe nkiri animated ikiri Choke, bụ nke bravoFACT ma mmetụta ya na Sundance Film Festival ma bụrụ otu n'ime mkpirisi animated ise jijira maka onyunyo Genie na 2011<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://blog.bcdb.com/animated-shorts-nominated-genie-award-2730/|title=Five animated shorts nominated for Genie Award|first=Ethan|author=Minovitz|work=Big Cartoon News|date=17 January 2012|accessdate=17 January 2012}}</ref> Nwa nwanne 2010s, Latimer elele oge ya maka ịse ihe nkiri .  [1] N'afọ 2013, o mere ihe ngosi ihe nkiri ya nke mbụ Alias, nke "na-eso ndị na-achọ rapper na-agbara ịgbanahụ ndụ ndị omempụ."  [2] Ihe nkiri ahụ ekiri dị mma, fotora ya maka ọtụtụ onyonye, ​​[3] enyo maka ngosi ngosi Canada, [4] na enyo na Hot Docs Film Festival .  [5] Ọzọkwa na 2013, a na-achọpụta ya ka otu n'ime Playback's "10 To Watch . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://playbackonline.ca/2013/09/05/the-2013-10-to-watch-michelle-latimer/|title=The 2013 10 To Watch: Michelle Latimer|accessdate=2017-01-17}}</ref> Usoro akwụkwọ ndị Latimer's Viceland, nke nhụjuanya Rise, nke na- anya na-enyere iwe 2016 Dakota Access Pipeline, na-ebute na ngalaba ihe omume iche nke 2017 Sundance Film Festival .  [1] Usoro ihe nri nri Canada na emume 6th kwa afọ na 2018. [2] [3] Mgbe ọ na-ankwere ihe nrite ahụ, Latimer nyere ihe CBC News ngwaọrụ dị ka "otu n'ime okwu kacha mma n  'ahụ", bụ nke o mere mmemme n ụmụ amaala na Standing Rock. <ref name=":3" /> Na 2020, a mara ọkwa ya dị ka onye okike, onye edemede na onye ntụzi usoro ihe nkiri Trickster .  [1] N'ihu ihe ngosi ngosi, ihe ngosi ahụ nke usoro a na mmemme Primetime na 2020 Toronto International Film Festival, [2] yana na Cinéfest Sudbury International Film Festival na Sudbury. <ref>[https://www.thesudburystar.com/news/local-news/sudbury-festivals-adapting-to-covid-19 "Sudbury festivals adapting to COVID-19"]. ''[[Sudbury Star]]'', September 2, 2020.</ref> Trickster akụkọ na CBC Television na Ọktoba 7, 2020. [1] Ọ mehara usoro ahụ site na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Eden Robinson 's 2017 Nwa nke akwụkwọ .  [2] [3] [4] Usoro a na-adabere na Jared, nwa amaala Haisla dị afọ iri na ụma na onye na-ere ọgwụ obere oge na Kitimat, British Columbia, bụ onye na-amawanyewanye ihe omume omume ndị yiri ka  ọ na-eso ya.  Eme usoro a maka oge nke tupu abụọ nke oge mbụ;  [5] A na-atụ anya na oge nke abụọ ga-adabere na Trickster Drift, akwụkwọ ndị nke abụọ na trilogy Robinson.  CW ikike mgbasa ozi US maka usoro a, nke ahụ na mba ahụ na Jenụwarị 12, 2021. [6] N'ime afọ Disemba 2020 nyocha ya, ihe nkiri Canada na akwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ Playback aha ya bụ Trickster the Scripted Series  nke Afọ. <ref>Jordan Pinto, [https://playbackonline.ca/2020/12/14/scripted-series-of-the-year-trickster/ "Scripted Series of the Year 2020: Trickster: How the coming-of-age drama from Streel Films and Sienna Films has created a new narrative around Indigenous storytelling and become a red-hot commodity in an international marketplace hungry for new voices"]. ''[[Playback (magazine)|Playback]]'', December 14, 2020.</ref> Ihe nkiri akwụkwọ ọmụmụ Latimer, Inconvenient Indian, kwara na 2020 Toronto International Film Festival.  [1] E akwụkwọ site na akwụkwọ Thomas King The Inconvenient Indian, ihe nkiri a na-egosi ihe mere eme nke ụmụ amaala Canada .  [2] Ihe nkiri a na-agwakọta ihe nkiri nke Eze, onye na-esere n'akpa tagzi nke onye na-eme ihe nkiri Gail Maurice na-anya ya n'ahụ dị ka onye ndu ụmụ amaala, na-achọta nke nke  akwụkwọ nke ya, akwụkwọ ya na vidiyo nke ihe ngosi ihe mere eme nke ụmụ amaala yana nke na-achọpụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke oge a., dị ka Kent Monkman, Christi Belcourt, A Tribe Called Red, Alethea Arnaquq-Baril na  Nyla Innuksuk, bụ ndị na-abụ der ahụ na ọrụ ha nke oge a na nkà, egwu, akwụkwọ na ihe nkiri. <ref name="simonpillai">Radheyan Simonpillai, [https://www.straight.com/movies/viff-review-inconvenient-indian-is-made-with-love "VIFF review: Inconvenient Indian is made with love"]. ''[[The Georgia Straight]]'', September 15, 2020.</ref> Na 2020 Toronto International Film Festival, ndị [[Ndia|India]] na-egosi mma akara nhọpụta ndị mmadụ maka akwụkwọ na ihe nrite maka ihe nkiri Canada kacha mma .  [1] Maka Ugbu a na Georgia kwụpụta, Radheyan Simonpillai toro ihe nkiri ahụ.  [2] Ifiri ihe nkiri a ka ọ ndepụta TIFF kacha elu nke Canada na afọ maka ihe nkiri. === Ọrụ ndị ọzọ === Latimer na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri;  ọ bụ onye mmemme maka ImagineNATIVE Film + Media Arts Festival, Hot Docs Film Festival na bụ onye mmemme maka Winnipeg Film Group's Cinematheque na Regent Park Film Festival . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.michellelatimer.ca/about/|title=About {{!}} Streel Films {{!}} Michelle Latimer|work=www.michellelatimer.ca|accessdate=2017-01-17}}</ref> == Esemokwu njirimara ụmụ amaala == Site n'ọtụtụ ọrụ ya, Latimer chọpụtara na ọ nwere ihe nketa Algonquin na Métis, dabere na akụkọ ọnụ nke ezinụlọ nke agbụrụ ụmụ amaala na mpaghara Quebec. N'ajụjụ ọnụ, Latimer ekwuola na nna ya bụ French-Canadian na nne ya bụ Algonquin na Métis. <ref name=":6">Barry Hertz, [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/article-i-made-a-mistake-canadian-filmmaker-michelle-latimer-addresses/ "‘I made a mistake’: Canadian filmmaker Michelle Latimer addresses Indigenous ancestry questions"]. ''[[The Globe and Mail]]'', December 17, 2020.</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ Septemba 2020 gbasara ihe nkiri ya ugbu a na ọrụ TV, o kwuru na nne ya nwere mmekọrịta gbagwojuru anya na njirimara agbụrụ ya. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Simonpillai|first=Radheyan|date=2020-09-08|title=Filmmaker Michelle Latimer reclaims Indigenous storytelling with Trickster and Inconvenient Indian|work=Georgia Straight|url=https://www.straight.com/movies/filmmaker-michelle-latimer-reclaims-indigenous-storytelling-with-trickster-and-inconvenient|accessdate=2021-01-13}}</ref> Na Disemba 2020, ụdị onye amaala ya batara akwụkwọ mgbe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ National Film Board (NFB) na-amụta nke ihe nkiri ya Inconvenient Indian kwuru njikọ na obodo Kitigan Zibi na Quebec, nke ndị obodo.  [1] Latimer mgbe ikpeazụ mgbaghara maka ịzọrọ faịlụ ihe mere eme na obodo Kitigan Zibi tupu ihe ngosi ha nke ọma, [2] wee hapụ ọrụ nke usoro ekiri ya Trickster, [3] di na-eke na-ahụ otu Tony Elliott  na Danis Goulet gbara arụkwam na ihe ngwo ahụ, na-ehota ihe na nkaghị mmekọrịta egosi Latimer dị ka ihe sere ya.  [4] E wepụrụ ihe nkiri akwụkwọ ndị Latimer Inconvenient Indian na 2021 Sundance Film Festival, mmemme ihe nkiri ndị ọzọ niile, yana site na nkesa, site na NFB ruo mgbe ọkwa ụzọ. <ref name=":7">{{Cite news|author=Monkman|first=Lenard|date=22 December 2020|title=NFB pulls Michelle Latimer's documentary Inconvenient Indian from Sundance festival|work=CBC News|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/nfb-pulls-inconvenient-indian-sundance-1.5852150|accessdate=4 January 2021}}</ref> N'ịzaghachi ndị nta akụkọ, Latimer kwuru na njirimara ya dị ka onye amaala dabere na akụkọ ọnụ nke nna nna ya bụ onye kwuru banyere ịbụ onye amaala na mgbe ụfọdụ jiri okwu ahụ bụ "Métis". <ref name="scrutiny">Ka’nhehsí:io Deer and Jorge Barrera, [https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/michelle-latimer-kitigan-zibi-indigenous-identity-1.5845310 "Award-winning filmmaker Michelle Latimer's Indigenous identity under scrutiny"]. [[CBC News]] Indigenous, December 17, 2020.</ref> O kwuru, sị: "Enweghị m ihe mere m ga-eji na-ajụ ihe ezinụlọ m gwara m. M ga-ekwu ọzọ na ịlaghachi na njirimara dị mgbagwoju anya ... njirimara abụghị nanị njikọ nke ndị nna ochie. Ọ bụ banyere ụkpụrụ anyị na echiche ụwa anyị na otú anyị si ele ihe anya. agbakwunyere m na North, m tolitere na nkuzi ndị ahụ, nke ahụ bụ ihe na-eme m onye amaala. <ref name="truth">{{Cite news|title='All I can do is speak my truth': Filmmaker Michelle Latimer breaks her silence after Indigenous ancestry controversy|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/article-all-i-can-do-is-speak-my-truth-filmmaker-michelle-latimer-breaks-her/|publisher=The Globe and Mail|author=Hertz|first=Barry|accessdate=2 June 2024}}</ref> Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị CBC News tụlere na-egosi na nna nna Latimer bụ French-Canadian.  Otú ọ dị, Dominique Ritchot, onye na-ede usoro ọkụ na onye nwe nke nwere ike n'ime isiokwu French-Canadian, kwuru na Latimer nwere nna nna ụmụ amaala sitere na 1644, ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nna nna ya.  ọzọ na-amata dị ka French Canadian, Irish na Scottish.  [1] [2] Mgbe e ịhụ, Sébastien Malette, onye prọfesọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na Ngalaba Iwu na ike Iwu na Mahadum Carleton, na Siomon Pulla, onye prọfesọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na College of Interdisciplinary Studies na Royal Roads University aka nyere aka.  gbasara usoro mkpa nke tara na Latimer nwere ụmụ amaala sitere na ya.  ma ahịrị nna ya na nke nne ya sitere na "obodo Baskatong nke diski ihe mere eme nke amara maka ọnụ ọgụgụ Algonquin na Métis." <ref name="truth" /> Na January 2021, a kọrọ na Latimer jere ozi CBC na ɔkwa nkwutọ, [1] na-ekwu na ya "nwere ike dị ukwuu mgbasa izi ezi na izi ezi" nke CBC ọzọ nna ya.  [2] Latimer kọwapụtara na CBC "mepụtara ụdị mgbasa agwa m na ụdị m."  [2] Ọ na-ekwu, sị: "Akụkọ CBC sere foto nke onye na-arịhie onwe ya dị ka onye adịgboroja na onye arịa. nanị ihe m nwere ike ikwu bụ na ọ dịghị mgbe m na-arịchie onye m bụ.  m mgbe m bu n'obi iduhie onye ọlụ mụ na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ.  ime ka m na-ese ihe dị ka onye na-erite uru maka uru nke onwe m na-eche na ọ bụ ihe na- ihe na- ihe na nke na- ibu arọ ezi.. " Otu Okenye Algonquin sitere na Kitigan Zibi, Annie Smith St. Georges, (nke a ma ama maka ọrụ ya na National Arts Centre ) edi na Facebook na Latimer akwụkwọ ya na ndị nna nna ya site na ozi na eke, "nwa nwanne nna m  ochie na nne nne m, bụ ndị sitere na Mishomis Baskatong."  [1] Otú ọ dị, Jean Teillet, nnukwu nwa nwanne Métis onye ndu Louis Riel, gọrọ agọ na dị njikọ njikọ anya mere ka mmadụ bụrụ onye amaala, na-agwa CBC na "site n'echiche m, ọ bụ echiche efu" na  "Ọ n'ọnụ'ime ndị otu Métis ziri ezi ... ha nzaghachianabata ndị na- mama nne nne na- atụ na 1600. Nke ahụ ụgbọ omenala.. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/michelle-latimer-ancestry-report-expert-1.6024508|author=Jorge Barrera|title=Michelle Latimer breaks silence, presents ancestry report following questions about Indigenous identity|publisher=CBC|accessdate=26 October 2023|date=May 17, 2021}}</ref> N'October nke otu afọ ahụ, Latimer wepụrụ ikpe CBC n'enweghị nkọwa nkịtị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Brett Forester|title=Michelle Latimer drops lawsuit against CBC|url=https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/michelle-latimer-drops-lawsuit-against-cbc/|work=APTN News|publisher=APTN|accessdate=18 September 2023|date=November 16, 2021}}</ref> == Ekele == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Association !Category !Nominated work !Result !Ref. |- |2012 |Gemini Awards |Best Animated Short |''Choke'' |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nsi-canada.ca/2013/03/choke/|title=Choke {{!}} National Screen Institute - Canada (NSI)|date=2013-03-17|work=National Screen Institute - Canada (NSI)|accessdate=2018-05-25|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" |2013 | rowspan="1" |Hot Docs Film Festival |Best Canadian Documentary | rowspan="2" |''Alias'' |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiewire.com/2013/04/hotdocs-2013-preview-alias-goes-beyond-typical-music-video-images-of-girls-guns-gold-136390/|title=HotDocs 2013 Preview: 'Alias' Goes Beyond Typical Music Video Images of Girls, Guns & Gold|date=21 December 2023}}</ref> |- | rowspan="1" |2015 | rowspan="1" |Canadian Screen Awards |Best Biography or Arts Documentary Program or Series |{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web|title=Canadian Screen Awards '15|url=http://playbackonline.ca/2015/01/13/canadian-screen-awards-15-tv-categories/}}</ref> |- |2015 |Yorkton Film Festival |Golden Sheaf Award - Short Subject |''The Underground'' |{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web|author=Friesen|first=Laura|date=26 May 2015|title=NSI grads win at Yorkton Film Festival|url=https://nsi-canada.ca/2015/05/nsi-grads-win-at-yorkton-film-festival-2/|accessdate=27 November 2020|work=National Film Institute}}</ref> |- |2018 |Canadian Screen Awards |Best Documentary Program |''Rise'' |{{Won}} |{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} |- |2020 |Toronto International Film Festival |People's Choice Award for Documentaries |''Inconvenient Indian'' |{{Won}} |{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} |- |2020 |Toronto International Film Festival |Best Canadian Film |''Inconvenient Indian'' |{{Won}} |{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} |- |2020 |Toronto International Film Festival |Amplify Voices Award: BIPOC Directors |''Inconvenient Indian'' / Michelle Latimer | {{Nom}} | align="center" |<ref name="thekit">{{Cite web|author=Guber|first=Liz|date=2020-09-15|title=Michelle Latimer Brings Indigenous Stories to TIFF and Beyond|url=https://thekit.ca/life/culture-life/michelle-latimer-inconvenient-indian-tiff/|accessdate=2020-12-17|work=The Kit}}</ref> |- |2020 |Toronto International Film Festival |Top Ten Canadian Film |''Inconvenient Indian'' |{{Won}} |{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} |- |2020 |[[Ndị nduzi Guild nke Canada|Directors Guild of Canada Awards]] |Allan King Award for Best Documentary |''Inconvenient Indian'' |{{Won}} |{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} |- |2020 |Vancouver International Film Festival |Most Popular Canadian Documentary |''Inconvenient Indian'' | {{Won}} | align="center" |<ref name="POVawards">{{Cite web|work=Point of View Magazine|title=Inconvenient Indian Tops Directors' Guild of Canada Award Winners – Point of View Magazine|url=http://povmagazine.com/blog/view/inconvenient-indian-tops-directors-guild-of-canada-award-winners|accessdate=2020-12-17|archivedate=2021-04-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417025013/http://povmagazine.com/blog/view/inconvenient-indian-tops-directors-guild-of-canada-award-winners}}</ref> |- |2020 |Montreal International Documentary Festival |National Feature |''Inconvenient Indian'' | {{Won}} |{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} |- |2020 |Montreal International Documentary Festival |Magnus Isacsson Award |''Inconvenient Indian'' / Michelle Latimer | {{Won}} |{{citation needed|date=January 2021}} |- |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ụmụ nwanyị ihe nkiri na ndị isi ihe onyonyo == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|1005753}} * Michelle Latimer at AllMovie * [https://www.michellelatimer.ca/ Personal website] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n4dp8nk6a8unv489ckstmkl8yv1vzrl 0 47026 672319 588832 2026-07-04T14:11:14Z Timzy D'Great 12485 /* */ 672319 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Mandy Sirdah na Lara Sirdah</div> |- title="Arabic-language text" | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;" | <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">MANDI سرداح</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">laara سرداح</span></span> |- dir="rtl" lang="ar" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Sirdahs_and_friends_2017.png|frameless]]</img><div class="infobox-caption"> Njem gburugburu ebe obibi maka ikiri nnụnụ na akwụkwọ na mpaghara [[Al-Mawasi]] dị n'ụsọ osimiri na ndịda [[Gaza Strip]] na 2017</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" | <span style="display:none">( <span class="bday">1976-04-24</span> )</span> Ọnwa Nke Anọ 24, 1976 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(afọ&nbsp;48)</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Gaza City|Obodo Gaza]]</div> ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Obodo | class="infobox-data category" | [[Palestinian|Palestine]] |- class="noprint ForceAgeToShow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Mara&nbsp;maka | class="infobox-data" | [[Wildlife photography|foto anụ ọhịa]], [[Birdwatching|ikiri nnụnụ]] |} MqMandy Sirdah ( Arabic </link> ) na Lara Sirdah ( Arabic </link> ) (amuru 24, 1976) bu umu ejima ndi Palestine mara maka oru ha n'ise foto anụ ike na ikiri oyiyi na Gaza Strip . Ha bu n'obi idekọ anụ anụ na ime ka mmadụ mara ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ na Gaza. <ref name="newarab">{{Cite news|author=Salim|first=Heba|date=2022-01-21|title=Meet the twins pioneering wildlife exploration in Gaza|url=https://www.newarab.com/features/meet-twins-pioneering-wildlife-exploration-gaza|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The New Arab]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="iwmf">{{Cite news|date=2023-04-07|first=Marta|author=Vidal|title=How Trapped Palestinians Fell in Love With Bird-Watching|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-palestinians-trapped-in-gaza-fell-in-love-with-bird-watching|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == Mandy na Lara Sirdah bụ ejima yiri nke a, eje na Gaza City na 1976, [1] ma ọtụtụ ndụ ha na Gaza Strip . Ha na-eke ịhụnanya oke maka okike na anụ ndị nke ahụ mgbe ha bụ ngosi, n'agbanyeghị na ha enwetaghị akara na bayoloji ma ọ bụ foto<ref name="iwmf">{{Cite news|date=2023-04-07|first=Marta|author=Vidal|title=How Trapped Palestinians Fell in Love With Bird-Watching|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-palestinians-trapped-in-gaza-fell-in-love-with-bird-watching|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|language=en}}</ref> == Nnyocha anụ ọhịa == ihe anụ ndị nwere ọdịdị ha mgbe ha oghere nza Spanish n'azụ ụlọ nke ha na 2005. [1] Iji ekwentị ochie jide ya njikọ ha idekọ ncheta na anụ nke Gaza. <ref name="newarab">{{Cite news|author=Salim|first=Heba|date=2022-01-21|title=Meet the twins pioneering wildlife exploration in Gaza|url=https://www.newarab.com/features/meet-twins-pioneering-wildlife-exploration-gaza|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The New Arab]]|language=en}}</ref> Na 2008, Sirdahs nwetara igwefoto dijitalụ wee kpebie itinyekwu oge na-edekọ anụ ọhịa Gaza. Ha mechara zụta igwefoto Nikon wee guzobe akaụntụ mgbasa ozi ọha na 2012. N'ihi ya, ha ghọrọ ndị mbụ na-ese foto anụ ọhịa na Gaza. <ref name="newarab" /> Titan bụ isi nke Sirdahs bụ ịma mma nke gburugburu okike na anụ nke Gaza. Ha na-achọ ịgbagha echiche nke Gaza dị ka ebe ndị na-abụ na saịtị n'igosipụta ngwa ya dị egwu. Site n'akwa ha, ha enwewo ike ịdekọ ụdị osisi na ụdị osisi dị iche iche, pied avocet, Eurasian oystercatcher, European nightjar, Ophrys umbilicata, Hyoscyamus aureus, na Calotropis procera . <ref name="newarab">{{Cite news|author=Salim|first=Heba|date=2022-01-21|title=Meet the twins pioneering wildlife exploration in Gaza|url=https://www.newarab.com/features/meet-twins-pioneering-wildlife-exploration-gaza|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The New Arab]]|language=en}}</ref> Nnukwu ebe nchekwa ha nke anụ ọhịa Gaza abụrụla ihe bara uru maka ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ, ndị nyocha, na ndị na-edebe akwụkwọ. Mahadum Palestine ejikọtala ọrụ ha n'ime mmemme mmụta na nyocha. Mahadum nke Palestine bipụtara ntuziaka izizi maka osisi ọgwụ na Gaza na 2018, gụnyere foto 25 nke Sirdahs..<ref name="newarab">{{Cite news|author=Salim|first=Heba|date=2022-01-21|title=Meet the twins pioneering wildlife exploration in Gaza|url=https://www.newarab.com/features/meet-twins-pioneering-wildlife-exploration-gaza|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The New Arab]]|language=en}}</ref> Na 2018, ndị Sirdah mere ihe ngosi mbụ ha na anụ ọhịa Gaza na AM Qattan Foundation . Ihe omume ahụ dọtara ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi, na-amụbawanye mmata banyere ụdị ndụ dị iche iche nke Gaza. <ref name="newarab">{{Cite news|author=Salim|first=Heba|date=2022-01-21|title=Meet the twins pioneering wildlife exploration in Gaza|url=https://www.newarab.com/features/meet-twins-pioneering-wildlife-exploration-gaza|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The New Arab]]|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSalim2022">Salim, Heba (2022-01-21). [https://www.newarab.com/features/meet-twins-pioneering-wildlife-exploration-gaza "Meet the twins pioneering wildlife exploration in Gaza"]. ''[[New Arab|The New Arab]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> Na March 2023, ndị nchọpụta 18 na ndị na-ekiri nnụnụ, gụnyere Sirdahs, bipụtara ndepụta nnụnụ mbụ nke Gaza Strip, nke gụnyere ụdị nnụnụ 250, na-anọchite anya 45.4% nke ụdị nnụnụ 551 bi na Palestine. <ref name="iwmf" /> Ndị Sirdah echewo ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka ihu, gụnyere mgbochi nke Israel, nke na-egbochi ohere ha na-abanye na mpaghara dị iche iche nke anụ ọhịa na-emebeghị eme.[1] Ha enwewokwa nsogbu ibubata teliskop na igwefoto telephoto, bụ ndị a na-enyo enyo na ndị ọchịchị Izrel na-eji agha eme ihe. Ọ dịkwa ize ndụ nke ukwuu maka ha iburu igwe onyonyo na igwefoto na mpaghara oke.[2] Ọtụtụ n'ime nyocha ha na-akwụ ụgwọ onwe ha n'ihi enweghị nkwado sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ otu <ref name="newarab">{{Cite news|author=Salim|first=Heba|date=2022-01-21|title=Meet the twins pioneering wildlife exploration in Gaza|url=https://www.newarab.com/features/meet-twins-pioneering-wildlife-exploration-gaza|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The New Arab]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="iwmf">{{Cite news|date=2023-04-07|first=Marta|author=Vidal|title=How Trapped Palestinians Fell in Love With Bird-Watching|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-palestinians-trapped-in-gaza-fell-in-love-with-bird-watching|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == Enyere ndị Sirdah aha nke "Ndị na-ese foto kacha mkpa na Palestine" na 2019 site n'aka nzukọ sitere na Ramallah Lady of the Earth Foundation . Agbanyeghị, ha enweghị ike ịnata ihe nrite ahụ n'ihi mmachi ndị Izrel . <ref name="newarab">{{Cite news|author=Salim|first=Heba|date=2022-01-21|title=Meet the twins pioneering wildlife exploration in Gaza|url=https://www.newarab.com/features/meet-twins-pioneering-wildlife-exploration-gaza|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The New Arab]]|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSalim2022">Salim, Heba (2022-01-21). [https://www.newarab.com/features/meet-twins-pioneering-wildlife-exploration-gaza "Meet the twins pioneering wildlife exploration in Gaza"]. ''[[New Arab|The New Arab]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Atụmatụ n'ọdịnihu == Mandy na Lara Sirdah nọgidere na-agba mbọ na ozi ha nke idekọ na ichekwa anụ ọhịa Gaza. Ha na-eme atụmatụ ikpokọta akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma kachasị ukwuu nke anụ ọhịa Gaza ruo taa, nke ha bu n'obi wepụta n'afọ ndị na-abịanụ. <ref name="newarab">{{Cite news|author=Salim|first=Heba|date=2022-01-21|title=Meet the twins pioneering wildlife exploration in Gaza|url=https://www.newarab.com/features/meet-twins-pioneering-wildlife-exploration-gaza|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The New Arab]]|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFSalim2022">Salim, Heba (2022-01-21). [https://www.newarab.com/features/meet-twins-pioneering-wildlife-exploration-gaza "Meet the twins pioneering wildlife exploration in Gaza"]. ''[[New Arab|The New Arab]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-27</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Mandy and Lara Sirdah on Facebook * Mandy and Lara Sirdah on Instagram [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ixm90wzzkicsaxqwh8p0cu5iuglzi6b 672324 672319 2026-07-04T14:13:28Z Timzy D'Great 12485 /* */ 672324 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn">Mandy Sirdah na Lara Sirdah</div> |- title="Arabic-language text" | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;" | <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">MANDI سرداح</span></span>, <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">laara سرداح</span></span> |- dir="rtl" lang="ar" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Sirdahs_and_friends_2017.png|frameless]]</img><div class="infobox-caption"> Njem gburugburu ebe obibi maka ikiri nnụnụ na akwụkwọ na mpaghara [[Al-Mawasi]] dị n'ụsọ osimiri na ndịda [[Gaza Strip]] na 2017</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Amụrụ | class="infobox-data" | <span style="display:none">( <span class="bday">1976-04-24</span> )</span> Ọnwa Nke Anọ 24, 1976 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(afọ&nbsp;48)</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Gaza City|Obodo Gaza]]</div> ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Obodo | class="infobox-data category" | [[Palestinian|Palestine]] |- class="noprint ForceAgeToShow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Mara&nbsp;maka | class="infobox-data" | [[Wildlife photography|foto anụ ọhịa]], [[Birdwatching|ikiri nnụnụ]] |} MqMandy Sirdah ( Arabic </link> ) na Lara Sirdah ( Arabic </link> ) (amuru 24, 1976) bu umu ejima ndi Palestine mara maka oru ha n'ise foto anụ ike na ikiri oyiyi na Gaza Strip . Ha bu n'obi idekọ anụ anụ na ime ka mmadụ mara ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ na Gaza. <ref name="newarab">{{Cite news|author=Salim|first=Heba|date=2022-01-21|title=Meet the twins pioneering wildlife exploration in Gaza|url=https://www.newarab.com/features/meet-twins-pioneering-wildlife-exploration-gaza|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The New Arab]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="iwmf">{{Cite news|date=2023-04-07|first=Marta|author=Vidal|title=How Trapped Palestinians Fell in Love With Bird-Watching|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-palestinians-trapped-in-gaza-fell-in-love-with-bird-watching|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == Mandy na Lara Sirdah bụ ejima yiri nke a, eje na Gaza City na 1976, [1] ma ọtụtụ ndụ ha na Gaza Strip . Ha na-eke ịhụnanya oke maka okike na anụ ndị nke ahụ mgbe ha bụ ngosi, n'agbanyeghị na ha enwetaghị akara na bayoloji ma ọ bụ foto<ref name="iwmf">{{Cite news|date=2023-04-07|first=Marta|author=Vidal|title=How Trapped Palestinians Fell in Love With Bird-Watching|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-palestinians-trapped-in-gaza-fell-in-love-with-bird-watching|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|language=en}}</ref> == Nnyocha anụ ọhịa == ihe anụ ndị nwere ọdịdị ha mgbe ha oghere nza Spanish n'azụ ụlọ nke ha na 2005. [1] Iji ekwentị ochie jide ya njikọ ha idekọ ncheta na anụ nke Gaza. <ref name="newarab">{{Cite news|author=Salim|first=Heba|date=2022-01-21|title=Meet the twins pioneering wildlife exploration in Gaza|url=https://www.newarab.com/features/meet-twins-pioneering-wildlife-exploration-gaza|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The New Arab]]|language=en}}</ref> Na 2008, Sirdahs nwetara igwefoto dijitalụ wee kpebie itinyekwu oge na-edekọ anụ ọhịa Gaza. Ha mechara zụta igwefoto Nikon wee guzobe akaụntụ mgbasa ozi ọha na 2012. N'ihi ya, ha ghọrọ ndị mbụ na-ese foto anụ ọhịa na Gaza. Titan bụ isi nke Sirdahs bụ ịma mma nke gburugburu okike na anụ nke Gaza. Ha na-achọ ịgbagha echiche nke Gaza dị ka ebe ndị na-abụ na saịtị n'igosipụta ngwa ya dị egwu. Site n'akwa ha, ha enwewo ike ịdekọ ụdị osisi na ụdị osisi dị iche iche, pied avocet, Eurasian oystercatcher, European nightjar, Ophrys umbilicata, Hyoscyamus aureus, na Calotropis procera . Nnukwu ebe nchekwa ha nke anụ ọhịa Gaza abụrụla ihe bara uru maka ndị gụrụ akwụkwọ, ndị nyocha, na ndị na-edebe akwụkwọ. Mahadum Palestine ejikọtala ọrụ ha n'ime mmemme mmụta na nyocha. Mahadum nke Palestine bipụtara ntuziaka izizi maka osisi ọgwụ na Gaza na 2018, gụnyere foto 25 nke Sirdahs..<ref name="newarab">{{Cite news|author=Salim|first=Heba|date=2022-01-21|title=Meet the twins pioneering wildlife exploration in Gaza|url=https://www.newarab.com/features/meet-twins-pioneering-wildlife-exploration-gaza|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The New Arab]]|language=en}}</ref> Na 2018, ndị Sirdah mere ihe ngosi mbụ ha na anụ ọhịa Gaza na AM Qattan Foundation . Ihe omume ahụ dọtara ọtụtụ ndị ọkachamara gburugburu ebe obibi na ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi, na-amụbawanye mmata banyere ụdị ndụ dị iche iche nke Gaza. Na March 2023, ndị nchọpụta 18 na ndị na-ekiri nnụnụ, gụnyere Sirdahs, bipụtara ndepụta nnụnụ mbụ nke Gaza Strip, nke gụnyere ụdị nnụnụ 250, na-anọchite anya 45.4% nke ụdị nnụnụ 551 bi na Palestine. <ref name="iwmf" /> Ndị Sirdah echewo ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka ihu, gụnyere mgbochi nke Israel, nke na-egbochi ohere ha na-abanye na mpaghara dị iche iche nke anụ ọhịa na-emebeghị eme.[1] Ha enwewokwa nsogbu ibubata teliskop na igwefoto telephoto, bụ ndị a na-enyo enyo na ndị ọchịchị Izrel na-eji agha eme ihe. Ọ dịkwa ize ndụ nke ukwuu maka ha iburu igwe onyonyo na igwefoto na mpaghara oke.[2] Ọtụtụ n'ime nyocha ha na-akwụ ụgwọ onwe ha n'ihi enweghị nkwado sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ma ọ bụ otu <ref name="newarab">{{Cite news|author=Salim|first=Heba|date=2022-01-21|title=Meet the twins pioneering wildlife exploration in Gaza|url=https://www.newarab.com/features/meet-twins-pioneering-wildlife-exploration-gaza|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The New Arab]]|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="iwmf">{{Cite news|date=2023-04-07|first=Marta|author=Vidal|title=How Trapped Palestinians Fell in Love With Bird-Watching|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/how-palestinians-trapped-in-gaza-fell-in-love-with-bird-watching|accessdate=2023-10-27|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe nrite == Enyere ndị Sirdah aha nke "Ndị na-ese foto kacha mkpa na Palestine" na 2019 site n'aka nzukọ sitere na Ramallah Lady of the Earth Foundation . Agbanyeghị, ha enweghị ike ịnata ihe nrite ahụ n'ihi mmachi ndị Izrel . == Atụmatụ n'ọdịnihu == Mandy na Lara Sirdah nọgidere na-agba mbọ na ozi ha nke idekọ na ichekwa anụ ọhịa Gaza. Ha na-eme atụmatụ ikpokọta akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma kachasị ukwuu nke anụ ọhịa Gaza ruo taa, nke ha bu n'obi wepụta n'afọ ndị na-abịanụ. <ref name="newarab" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Mandy and Lara Sirdah on Facebook * Mandy and Lara Sirdah on Instagram [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] pfqeofl36333aymypdoi78og5dwrmnk 0 47085 672381 514909 2026-07-04T15:53:20Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''William "Bill" Lowell Howell''' (Septemba 12, 1942 - Julaị 25, 1975) bụ onye nrụpụta eserese, onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe, onye nrụpụta na onye na-ese foto. Ọ bụ onye mbụ so na Weusi Artist Collective, otu ndị na-ese ihe nyere aka mụọ Black Arts Movement na 1960. Ọ bụ onye isi nka maka The New Lafayette Theatre na New York na akwụkwọ akụkọ Black Theatre ya. O mebere Pamoja Studio Gallery na New York na 1967. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Howell na Septemba 12, 1942, na Jefferson City, TN . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Bill Howell Collection, circa 1945-1975|url=https://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/howellbill1213/|accessdate=2021-12-07|work=Emory University Library|date=29 February 2012|publisher=Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, and Rare Book Library|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001182946/http://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/howellbill1213/|archivedate=2015-10-01}}</ref> Ya na ezinụlọ ya kwagara Wilmington, DE, mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ọ gara Philadelphia College of Art <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Cederholm|first=Theresa Dickason|url=http://archive.org/details/afroamericanarti00cede_0|title=Afro-American artists; a bio-bibliographical directory|date=1973|publisher=[Boston] : Trustees of the Boston Public Library|others=Boston Public Library|isbn=978-0-89073-007-2}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=1973-11-02|title=Howell Exhibit|work=Morning News (Wilmington)|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/157174446/?terms=bill%20howell%20and%20pamoja%20gallery&|accessdate=2021-12-07}}</ref> (ugbu a Mahadum Arts ) site na 1960 ruo 1962. <ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ nka == Na 1961, Howell rụrụ ọrụ eserese mbụ ya na Lyons Advertising Studio na Wilmington. Onye omenkà azụmahịa, ọ bụ onye nduzi nka na ụlọ ahịa ngalaba JM Fields Co. Inc.. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=1975-08-01|title=William L. Howell (obituary)|work=New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/08/01/archives/william-l-howell.html|accessdate=2021-12-07}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=1975-07-29|title=William L. Howell|work=News Journal (Wilmington)|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/162303856/?terms=%22Black%20Theater%20magazine%22&|accessdate=2021-12-07}}</ref> Howell kwagara New York gburugburu 1965 ma ọ bụ 1966. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> Ya na ndị na-ese ihe bụ Ademola Olugebefola na Abdullah Aziz hibere Arts Seven mgbe ha bi na [[Ụlọ ndị dị na Amsterdam|Ụlọ Amsterdam]] dị nso na Lincoln Center . Ha mechara kwaga Harlem ebe ha sonyere na Twentieth Century Creators, otu ndị omenkà si New York na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu hibere na 1964. N'otu afọ ahụ, otu ahụ haziri nke mbụ Harlem Outdoor Art Festival. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last1=Williams|first1=Lloyd A.|title=Forever Harlem: Celebrating America's Most Diverse Community|last2=Rivers|first2=Voza (Eds.)|publisher=Sports Publishing LLC|year=2006}}{{page needed|date=August 2023}}</ref> Otu a gbasasịa ka ndị otu na-enwerịta ụka na nkà ihe ọmụma na ntụzịaka ya. === Weusi Artist mkpokọta === Na 1965, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe guzobere Weusi, nke pụtara "oji" na Swahili. Ndị otu ahụ kwadoro echiche nke Black art maka ndị isi ojii na ike ojii, na-ejikọta onwe ha na ndị na-ese ihe na-elekwasị anya na omenala Black ha na ihe nketa Africa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-03|title=Oral History Project: Dindga McCannon|url=https://bombmagazine.org/articles/dindga-mccannon-by-philip-glahn/|accessdate=2021-12-08|work=Bomb Magazine|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200830015927/https://bombmagazine.org/articles/dindga-mccannon-by-philip-glahn/|archivedate=2020-08-30}}</ref> Otu a hibere n'oge ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ole na ole nwere ihe ngosi nke ndị na-ese oji. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2016-07-06|title=Mounting Frustration: The Art Museum in the Age of Black Power|work=Harlem World Magazine|url=https://www.harlemworldmagazine.com/mounting-frustration-art-museum-age-black-power-susan-e-cahan-harlem/|accessdate=2021-12-12}}</ref> Howell bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ Weusi. Ndị na-ese Weusi bu ụzọ mepụta mbipụta ojii na nke ọcha nke enwere ike ikesa na ire ngwa ngwa. Howell sonyere na ihe ngosi obodo Weusi na 1960s na 1970s, yana ihe ngosi na gallery nke Weusi, Weusi Nyumba Ya Sanaa Art Gallery. <ref name=":4" /> Howell gosipụtara ya na ndị nka Weusi ndị ọzọ na ihe ngosi “mbilite n'ọnwụ” ha, nke emere na Studio Museum na Harlem na 1970. Nke a bụ ihe ngosi izizi otu a na nnukwu ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. === Pamoja Studio Gallery === Na 1967, Howell hiwere Pamoja Studio Gallery na Bob Davis na Ollie Johnson. <ref>{{Cite web|date=1967-10-12|title=New York Beat (column)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JLgDAAAAMBAJ&dq=Bob+Davis+and+pamoja+gallery&pg=PA64|accessdate=2021-12-12|work=Jet magazine}}</ref> Ụlọ ihe ngosi ahụ dị na Greenwich Village dị na New York, na-ewepụta aha na magazin Jet nke kọwara ha dị ka ndị nwe "mkpụrụ obi". Ọ bụ n’ime “mmụọ Weusi” ka e hiwere ya, anyị lere ya anya dị ka alaka ụlọ ọrụ dị n’ime ime obodo,” ka Olugebefola kwuru. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Nesmith|first=Nathaniel G.|date=2021|title=Doing It His Way: Ademola Olugebefola's Long and Varied Career in the Arts|url=https://www.nereview.com/vol-42-no-3-2021/doing-it-his-way-ademola-olugebefolas-long-and-varied-career-in-the-arts/|accessdate=2021-12-07|work=New England Review|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104132533/https://www.nereview.com/vol-42-no-3-2021/doing-it-his-way-ademola-olugebefolas-long-and-varied-career-in-the-arts/|archivedate=2021-11-04}}</ref> Weusi mepere gallery nke ya n'otu afọ ahụ, Nyumba Ya Sanaa Gallery, na Harlem. === Ihe ọsịse === Ọrụ Howell dị ka onye na-ese ihe na ihe osise jikọtara ọnụ. Dịka onye isi ihe nka nke The New Lafayette Theatre, o haziri mmemme, akwụkwọ mmado na ihe nhazi. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Jonathan|first=Takiff|date=1975-03-19|title=Marie's Message is Bullins' Talent|work=Philadelphia Daily News|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/185022578/?terms=%22bill%20howell%22&|accessdate=2021-12-12}}</ref> Ihe osise ya gbakọrọ na magazin Black Theatre. O mekwara akwụkwọ mmado na katalọgụ maka ụfọdụ ihe ngosi ndị o sonyere na ya. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Philadelphia Museum of Art <ref name=":14" /> dị ka onye nduzi nke "Mind's Eye," <ref name=":3" /> mmemme nka ụmụaka nwere nkeji mkpanaka na ihe ngosi. <blockquote>Howell bụ onye na-ese ihe osise mara mma,' ka Olugebefola, otu n'ime ndị malitere Weusi kwuru. “O nyere aka wepụta ụfọdụ akwụkwọ ịma ọkwa mara mma. Nke ahụ bụ otu n'ime ihe atụ nke New Lafayette mere. Anyị na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Black Theater isii kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ; M tinyere aka na atọ; Bill Howell tinyere opekata mpe abụọ n'ime ndị ahụ tupu ya anwụọ. … Bill haziri (New Lafayette) akwụkwọ mmado ''Ka ịkpọlite Ndị Nwụrụ Anwụ na ịkọ ọdịnihu, Goin' a Buffalo, Devil Catchers, A Ritual to Bond Together and Strengthen Black People nke mere na ha nwere ike ịlanahụ ogologo mgba nke ga-abịa'' – na ndị ọzọ, atụmatụ niile magburu onwe ya. "</blockquote>N'afọ ndị 1960, Howell bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe osise ojii na mba ahụ. Magazin PRINT dere otu akụkọ banyere ụkọ ahụ, e hotakwara Howell ọtụtụ ihe. N'ime akụkọ ahụ, Howell kwuru na a goro ya ọrụ maka ọrụ eserese mbụ ya site n'enyemaka nke NAACP . Ọ bụ ọrụ mmụta nke nyere ya ohere ịmụta banyere imewe mgbasa ozi wee nweta mgbasa ozi na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Akụkọ ahụ kwuru na Howell na ndị ọzọ na-emepụta Black amalitela ilekwasị anya n'ihe nketa agbụrụ ha na ọrụ ha. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Jackson|first=Dorothy|date=2016-06-27|title=The Black Experience in Graphic Design (reprint of 1968 article)|url=https://www.printmag.com/design-culture/the-black-experience-1968/|accessdate=2021-12-12|work=PRINT|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212184018/https://www.printmag.com/design-culture/the-black-experience-1968/|archivedate=2021-12-12}}</ref> === Solo na ihe ngosi otu === Howell bụ onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ihe, onye nrụpụta ihe na onye na-ese foto. O mere ihe ngosi nke ọma na New York na obodo ndị ọzọ dị na East Coast . <ref name=":2" /> Mgbe ọ bi na [[New York City|New York]] na 1968, ọ laghachiri na Wilmington iji mee ihe ngosi nka bara uru maka ndị ntorobịa. Ọ lọghachiri na 1973 maka ihe ngosi solo na gallery na Centerville. <ref name=":2" /> O sonyere na ihe ngosi "New Black Artists" na October 1969 na Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences Museum ( Brooklyn Museum of Art ) na mgbe ahụ na Mahadum Columbia otu ọnwa gachara. O mere akwụkwọ mmado maka ihe ngosi mahadum. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Howell|first=Bill|title=New Black Artists (poster)|year=1969|location=Columbia University}}</ref> Na 1970, Howell bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu ihe ngosi nke ndị oji ojii akpọrọ "Afro-American Artists New York na Boston" na Boston Museum of Fine Arts . Howell so na ndị na-ese ihe gosipụtara na ihe ngosi eserese na ihe nkiri nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị ojii na New York na Studio Museum na Harlem na 1970. Ndị nhazi kwuru na e bu n'obi gosipụta ihe okike nke ndị America America na mgbasa ozi na ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta. N'afọ 1971, ọ so na ndị na-ese ihe 60 si n'ofe obodo ahụ na ihe ngosi nke eserese, eserese, ihe ọkpụkpụ na eserese nke Illinois Bell na Chicago kwadoro. Ihe ngosi ahụ gara obodo asaa na Illinois, Indiana na Iowa. <ref name=":7">{{cite news |id={{ProQuest|493560099}} |title=Black American Artists '71 show here |newspaper=Chicago Daily Defender |date=30 January 1971 |page=36 }}</ref> Howell gosipụtara ihe okike ya na foto na ihe ngosi 1972 akpọrọ "Foto gbasasịrị," nke katalọgụ na akwụkwọ mmado ọ haziri. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Howell|first=Bill|title=The Expanded Photograph (poster)|year=1972|location=Philadelphia Civic Center Museum}}</ref> Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia na Philadelphia Civic Center Museum kwadoro ihe ngosi a. <ref name=":15">{{Cite book|title=Expanded Photograph|publisher=Philadelphia Civic Center Museum|year=1972}}</ref> O mekwara akwụkwọ mmado maka ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia Art's Inner-City Cultural Arts Festival na 1974. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Howell|first=Bill|title=Inner-City Cultural Arts Festival|year=1974|location=Philadelphia Civic Center Museum}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe ise na ihe ngosi "usoro ise" na Delaware Art Museum na 1972 nke gosipụtara ndị na-ese ihe na Philadelphia. E gosiburu ihe ngosi a na Studio Museum na Harlem na Ile-Ife Museum of Afro-American Life and Culture na Philadelphia. <ref name=":13" /> N'ikwekọ n'ebumnobi Weusi iwebata nka n'ime obodo, Howell sonye na ihe ngosi na ịre ahịa n'ụlọ ndị mmadụ, gụnyere otu oriri ubi nke Links social club na 1975 na onye ọzọ n'ụlọ nkeonwe na Bedford Stuyvesant nke Brooklyn na 1972. 1] Otu akwụkwọ akụkọ sitere na 1970 kwuru na ọ natara ihe nrite otu afọ tupu mgbe ahụ na Brooklyn Museum 's Fence Art Show - ebe e gosipụtara ihe osise na ngere gburugburu ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala - nke ụlọ ihe ngosi nka na-akwado. Howell haziri mmemme maka ihe ngosi Weusi na ụlọ ọrụ Opportunities Industrialization Center dị na New York na 1971. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Howell|first=Bill|title=Opportunities Industrialization Centers (program)|year=1971|location=New York}}</ref> == Nchịkọta == Ụfọdụ akwụkwọ Howell, katalọgụ, foto, akwụkwọ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị na nchịkọta nke Mahadum Emory 's Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, na Rare Book Library dị n'Atlanta. <ref name=":0" /> A na-anọchi anya ya n'ọtụtụ mkpokọta nzuzo. <ref name=":2" /> * Alaka Countee Cullen nke Ọbá akwụkwọ Ọhaneze New York, 1967 * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Brooklyn, 1969 * Mahadum Columbia, 1969 <ref name=":9">{{Cite book |date=1969 |title=New Black Artists |oclc=83005284 }}{{page needed|date=August 2023}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka, New York, 1970 <ref>{{Cite web|date=1970|title=Black Artists 1970|url=https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/197007/black-artists-1970-74367|accessdate=2021-12-07|work=ARTFORUM|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928221923/https://www.artforum.com/print/reviews/197007/black-artists-1970-74367|archivedate=2020-09-28}}</ref> * Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Arts Anya, 1970 * Osisi dị na Centerville, Wilmington DE, 1973 <ref name=":2" /> * Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 1970 * Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Rhode Island, 1970 <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" /> * Nyumba Ya Sanaa Gallery, 1971-1972, 1974 <ref name=":1" /> * Ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ohere, NY, 1971 * Ụlọ ihe nkiri Studio na Harlem, 1971 <ref name=":12">{{cite news |date=20 March 1971 |title=Weusi Art Exhibit At NY OIC Center |newspaper=New York Amsterdam News |page=25 |id={{ProQuest|226666372}}}}</ref> * Illinois Bell, Chicago, 1971 * Ile-Ife Museum of Afro-American Life and Culture, 1972 <ref>{{Cite news|author=Donohoe|first=Victoria|date=1972-04-28|title=An Altogether Unexpected Museum|work=Philadelphia Inquirer|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/179985816/?terms=%22philadelphia%20museum%20of%20art%22%20and%20%22bill%20howell%22&|accessdate=2021-12-07}}</ref> <ref name=":13">{{Cite news|date=1972-07-29|title='Five Phases' at museum|work=Morning News (Wilmington)|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/154959460/?terms=%22BILL%20HOWELL%22%20and%20delaware%20art%20museum&|accessdate=2021-12-07}}</ref> * Delaware Art Museum, 1972 <ref name=":14">{{Cite book|first=|title=The Expanded Photograph|publisher=Philadelphia Civic Center Museum|year=1972}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">''The Expanded Photograph''. Philadelphia Civic Center Museum. 1972.</cite></ref> * Philadelphia Civic Center Museum, 1972 <ref name=":15" /> * Cinque Gallery, NY, 1974, 1976 * Walnut Street Ụlọ ihe nkiri, 1975 <ref name=":17">{{Cite news|author=Neipold|first=Mary Martin|date=1975-03-21|title=Africa, the Old West Come to life|work=Philadelphia Inquirer|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/174708354/?terms=%22Spirits%20of%20Forgotten%20Ancestors%22&|accessdate=2021-12-07}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia, 1975 <ref name=":17" /> Howell nwụrụ n'ihi ọrịa shuga na 1975 mgbe ọ dị afọ 32 na New York. <ref name=":8" /> N'ịbụ onye gbara alụkwaghịm, ọ bụ nna ụmụ abụọ. N'ọnwa Disemba ahụ, ọ natara onyinye nturu ugo mgbe ọ nwụsịrị n'aka ndị ụlọ ọrụ Benin n'oge ngosi ihe nrite mba ụwa nke anọ ya. == Ntụaka == mmadụ, gụnyere otu oriri ubi nke Links social club na 1975 na onye ọzọ n'ụlọ nkeonwe na Bedford Stuyvesant nke Brooklyn na 1972. 1] Otu akwụkwọ akụkọ sitere na 1970 kwuru na ọ natara ihe nrite otummadụ, gụnyere otu oriri ubi nke Links social club na 1975 na onye ọzọ n'ụlọ nkeonwe na [[Bedford-Stuyvesant, Brooklyn|Bedford Stuyvesant]] nke Brooklyn na 1972. 1] Otu akwụkwọ akụkọ sitere na 1970 kwuru na ọ natara ihe nrite otu{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kmb2f3a5028ac5t342o0isr1299igzs 0 47152 672291 641956 2026-07-04T13:51:19Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672291 wikitext text/x-wiki ''' Edith Baumann''' bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri ihe osise mkpụmkpụ. <ref>{{cite book|title=The Print Collector's Newsletter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VAlMAAAAYAAJ|volume=20|year=1989|publisher=Print Collector's Newsletter, Incorporated|page=26}}</ref> nke dị na Santa Monica, California.<ref>{{cite book|title=In Plain Sight: Abstract Painting in Los Angeles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JChKAQAAMAAJ|year=1994|publisher=Blue Star Art Space|pages=1969–1973}}</ref><ref name="Pincus1994">{{cite book|author=Robert L Pincus|title=Art reviews and commentaries by Robert L. Pincus, art critic, snipped from the San Diego Union: a scrapbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKozAQAAIAAJ|year=1994|publisher=W.C. Thomas|page=431}}</ref> Ihe osise ya dị obere<ref name="Fallon2014">{{cite book|author=Michael Fallon|title=Creating the Future: Art and Los Angeles in the 1970s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UtHpBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT136|date=18 August 2014|publisher=Counterpoint LLC|isbn=978-1-61902-404-5|pages=136–}}</ref><ref name="Torri1988">{{cite book|author=Maria Grazia Torri|title=Grand Tour: Italian Geo-romantic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R3dOAAAAYAAJ|year=1988|publisher=Fabbri|page=not visible}}</ref> ma gụnye mmegharị na ụkpụrụ geometric na usoro,<ref name="Torri1988" /><ref name="NittveCrenzien1998">{{cite book|author1=Lars Nittve|author2=Helle Crenzien|author3=Louisiana (Museum : Humlebæk, Denmark)|title=Sunshine & noir: art in L.A., 1960-1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZ1PAAAAMAAJ|date=February 1998|publisher=Louisiana Museum of Modern Art|isbn=9788790029197}}</ref> a na-egosikarị ya n'agba siri ike.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1988-01-22-ca-25195-story.html "AT THE GALLERIES"]. ''Los Angeles Times'', January 22, 1988|Leah Ollman</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A zaman Baumann na Ames, Iowa na 1948. Ọ natara BFA ya na Mahadum California, Los Angeles na 1975 yana MFA sitere na Mahadum Southern California na 1985. [1] N'ime oge ọrụ ya niile, Baumann nwetara ọtụtụ oge, ihe nkiri  "Ihe osise Ogwe", [2] "Spiral Paintings", na "Randomness and Structure Painting"] Ihe kacha ọhụrụ ya bụ ike acrylic pigmenti na kwaaji. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Edith Baumann-Hudson at Newspace|journal=Art in America|date=June 1987}}</ref> Egosiputala ọrụ Baumann n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi solo na otu, <ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/1992-12-11/entertainment/ca-1529_1_otis-gallery "ART REVIEWS : 'Coming Unraveled' Is Anything But at Otis Gallery"]. ''Los Angeles Times'', December 11, 1992 DAVID PAGEL</ref> gụnyere na 2018 ihe ngosi na Charlotte Jackson Fine Art Gallery na Santa Fe. Na 2014 Joan Quinn gbara Baumann ajụjụ ọnụ na " Profaịlụ Joan Quinn" na DoubleGTV <ref>{{Cite web|author=Quinn|first=Joan|title=Interview|url=http://www.doublegtv.com/entertainment/JoanQuinn/joanquinn10636.html|accessdate=January 14, 2014}}</ref> Ọrụ Baumann bụ na mkpokọta Los Angeles County Museum of Art (LACMA). == Ihe ngosi == '''Ihe ngosi Solo''' * 1985 Lindhurst Gallery, Mahadum Southern California, Los Angeles, CA. * 1987 Newspace, Los Angeles, CA. * 1988 Newspace, Los Angeles, CA. * 1989 Rena Bransten Gallery, San Francisco, CA. * 1990 Modernism, San Francisco, CA. * 1990 Newspace, Los Angeles, CA. * 1993 Beatrix Wilhem Gallery, Stuttgart, Germany (katalọgụ). * 2005 M&W Art Ltd, Hong Kong, China * 2010 Pete na Susan Barrett Art Gallery, Santa Monica, CA. * 2011 Modernism, San Francisco, CA. * 2012 Katherine Cone Gallery, Culver City, CA. * 2018 parrasch heijnen, Los Angeles, CA. * 2020 parrasch heijnen, Los Angeles, CA. * 2023 Franklin Parrasch Gallery, New York, NY. '''Họrọ ihe ngosi otu''' * 1980 Abstract Painting 1980, Los Angeles Institute of Contemporary Art, CA. (katalọgụ). <ref name="Pincus1994">{{Cite book|author=Robert L Pincus|title=Art reviews and commentaries by Robert L. Pincus, art critic, snipped from the San Diego Union: a scrapbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IKozAQAAIAAJ|year=1994|publisher=W.C. Thomas}}</ref> * 1987 Ndị nka Los Angeles: Nna-ukwu nke oge a, Ruthven Gallery, Lancaster, Ohio. * 1988 Mgbe Abstract gasịrị, Art Center College, Pasadena, CA. (katalọgụ) * Nhọrọ 1989 Abstract, Mahadum Art Museum, Univ. nke CA, Santa Barbara, CA, (katalọgụ). * 1991 Abalị nke Ememe, Laguna Art Museum, Laguna Beach, CA, Nov. * 1992 Intimate Universe, Michael Walls Gallery, New York, NY, Septemba. * 1993 Ọdịdị nke ihe na-abịa, Laguna Art Museum, Laguna Beach, CA, Nov. * 2008 Banyere Abstraction, Chapman Univ. Ụlọ ihe ngosi Guggenheim, Orange, CA. Julaị. * 2010 Mgbidi ruo Wall, Daniel Weinberg Gallery, Los Angeles, CA, June 5-Ọgọst. 14. * 2010 Ọdịdị nke oghere, 222 Shelby St. Gallery, Santa Fe, NM, June 11-July 31. * 2011 Akara na mmegharị: 5 Ndị na-ese ihe, Barrett Art Gallery, Santa Monica, CA, Ọkt. 22-Dec. 3 (katalọgụ). * 2011 Skin Freaks, Inman Gallery Annex, Houston, TX, Mee 20-June 25. * 2011 Gịnị dị ọhụrụ, Pussycat? , The Torrance Art Museum, Torrance, CA, Jan. 22-Mar. 5 * 2012 Pink, Charlotte Jackson Fine Art, Santa Fe, NM, Eprel 3–24. * 2012 California Abstract Painting, 1952-2011, Woodbury University, Burbank, CA, Jan. 21-Mar. 4. * 2013 7 Magnifici Anni, Art 1307, Napoli, Italy, Nov. 28 - Eprel 6, 2014. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Los Angeles County (LACMA) == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.edithbaumannstudio.com/ Weebụsaịtị onye nka] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180827192904/http://edithbaumannstudio.com/InterviewWithEdithBaumann.html Ajụjụ ọnụ] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170223120054/http://georgelawsongallery.com/artists/e_baumann.html Osisi] {{DEFAULTSORT:Baumann, Edith}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7d4ux0arwc6d2wes7x10misjucdl39r 0 47184 672579 628685 2026-07-04T23:52:45Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672579 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Daniel R. Day''' (amụrụ Ọgọst 8, 1944), nke a maara dị ka '''Dapper Dan''', bụ onye mmebe ejiji na ndị America si Harlem, New York. Ụlọ ahịa ya, Dapper Dan's Boutique, na-arụ ọrụ site na 1982 ruo 1992 ma na-ejikọta ya na iwebata ejiji dị elu na omenala [[Hip hop music|hip hop]] ; ndị ahịa ya gụnyere Mike Tyson, Eric B. &amp;amp; Rakim, Salt-N-Pepa, LL Cool J, na Jay-Z . Na 2017, ọ malitere usoro [[Uwe|ejiji]] na Gucci, onye ya na ya meghere ụlọ ahịa nke abụọ na atelier, Dapper Dan's of Harlem, na 2018. <ref name="nytimes">{{Cite news|author=Safronova|first=Valeriya|title=Inside Dapper Dan and Gucci's Harlem Atelier|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/20/fashion/gucci-dapper-dan-atelier-harlem.html|accessdate=September 30, 2018|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 20, 2018|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="gq">{{Cite news|author=Houghton|first=Edwin Stats|title=Dapper Dan Talks His Gucci Partnership, Dressing Harlem's Notorious Gangsters, and Getting Busted by Sonia Sotomayor (Exclusive)|url=https://www.gq.com/story/dapper-dan-gucci-harlem-atelier-exclusive-interview|accessdate=September 30, 2018|work=[[GQ]]|date=March 5, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Dan so na <nowiki><i id="mwHA">Time</i></nowiki> ' s 100 Kasị Mma Ndị mmadụ na 2020. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Dan na Harlem, New York, na 1944, a mụrụ ya n'ụlọ ya na nne nne ya dị ka midwife. O tolitere na 129th na Lexington Avenue ya na ụmụnne nwoke atọ na ụmụnne nwanyị atọ. Nna ya, Robert, bụ onye ọrụ obodo na nne ya, Lily, onye nwe ụlọ. <ref name="nytimes2017" /> Ha niile bi n'otu ọnụ ụlọ atọ. <ref name=":3">{{Cite book |last1=Day |first1=Daniel R. |title=Dapper Dan : made in Harlem : a memoir |date=7 July 2020 |publisher=Random House Publishing |isbn=978-0-525-51053-6 |oclc=1246171384 }}{{page needed|date=December 2022}}</ref> Ọ na-echeta ịnyịnya na ụgbọ ịnyịnya ka nọ n'okporo ámá n'oge ọ bụ nwata, n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]] gasịrị nke Manhattan . Mgbe ọ dị afọ 13, ọ bụ onye ịgba chaa chaa nwere nkà; ihe ịga nke ọma ya dị ka onye na-agba chaa chaa nyeere ya aka ịkwado ụlọ ahịa mbụ ya. <ref name="interview">{{Cite news|title=Dapper Dan on Gucci, gangsters, and his unstoppable fashion empire|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/fashion/dapper-dan-gucci-interview|accessdate=September 30, 2018|work=[[Interview (magazine)|Interview]]|date=May 5, 2018}}</ref> Dapper Dan nwere ike gwụrụ ndụ n'okporo ámá mgbe ọ nụsịrị okwu [[Malcolm X|Malcolm X.]] Malcolm X kwuru, "Ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ịghọta ifuru, mụọ mkpụrụ." Nke a kpaliri Dan itinye aka n'ịmụ akwụkwọ na Countee Cullen Library . N'oge na-adịghị anya ọ laghachiri ụlọ akwụkwọ wee banye na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ nke Urban League na Mahadum Columbia na-akwado. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Cooper|first=Barry Michael|date=2017-06-03|title=The Fashion Outlaw Dapper Dan|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/fashion/dapper-dan-harlem-gucci.html|accessdate=2022-05-26}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1960, Dan rụrụ ọrụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Harlem nke a na-akpọ ''Forty Acres na Mule,'' dịka ọ chọrọ na mbụ ịghọ onye edemede. <ref name=":0" /> N'oge a, ọ gbanwere ụzọ ndụ wee ghọọ onye anaghị eri anụ. Na 1968 – 74, ọ gara Africa dịka akụkụ nke Mahadum Columbia na mmemme agụmakwụkwọ Urban League . <ref name="nytimes2017" /> == Ọrụ == === Dapper Dan's Boutique === Mgbe Dan laghachiri na New York na 1974, o kpebiri ịbụ onye na-akwa ákwà, ma buru ụzọ ree ihe ndị a tụfuru n'ụlọ ahịa n'ụgbọ ala ya. <ref name="nytimes2017">{{Cite news|author=Cooper|first=Barry Michael|title=The Fashion Outlaw Dapper Dan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/fashion/dapper-dan-harlem-gucci.html|accessdate=October 1, 2018|work=The New York Times|date=June 3, 2017|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCooper2017">Cooper, Barry Michael (June 3, 2017). [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/fashion/dapper-dan-harlem-gucci.html "The Fashion Outlaw Dapper Dan"]. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181001070456/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/fashion/dapper-dan-harlem-gucci.html Archived] from the original on October 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> Dapper Dan's Boutique, nke dị na 125th Street n'etiti Madison na Fifth Avenues, mepere na 1982, na mgbe ụfọdụ na-emeghe awa 24 n'ụbọchị, ụbọchị asaa n'izu. <ref name="interview" /> Dan rutere n'ichepụta ya site na ahụmahụ onwe onye, kpọmkwem site na ọrụ ya gara aga. Ịbụ ọkachamara n'ịgba chaa chaa kụziiri ya na uwe ị na-eyi ga-emetụta otú ndị mmadụ na gị na-emekọ ihe, n'ihi ya, o ji asụsụ a na-adịghị ekwu okwu mee ihe n'ichepụta ya. Ọzụzụ Dan gara aga bụkwa ihe kwadebere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye nduzi okike na onye ọchụnta ego n'otu oge. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụ onye na-ekiri ihe na-abịarute n'ichepụta ya site n'echiche nke uche. Mgbe ya na onye ahịa ọhụrụ na-arụ ọrụ, ọ ga-ajụ onwe ya "Ole ndị ka ha bụ?" na "Gịnị ka ha chọrọ?" Dan bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ ịbụ onye na-ere ákwà, ma n'oge na-adịghị anya, o nwere ajọ mbunobi ka ọ na-agbapụ. Ọ gbalịsiri ike ịzụta akwa na ajị anụ ọ chọrọ, ebe ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ jụrụ ịzụ ahịa n'ihi agbụrụ ma ọ bụ ebe ọ nọ. Kama ịzụrụ uwe ọ ga-eji ree, ọ malitere ịkụziri onwe ya ihe niile o nwere ike banyere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ka o wee nwee ike ịmepụta atụmatụ nke ya site na mmalite. <ref name="dazed">{{Cite news|author=Brumfitt|first=Stuart|title=Dapper Dan: natural born hustler|url=http://www.dazeddigital.com/fashion/article/21390/1/dapper-dan-natural-born-hustler|accessdate=October 1, 2018|work=[[Dazed]]|date=September 25, 2014|language=en}}</ref> Ọ ga-aga n'ọbá akwụkwọ ọha na Midtown ka ọ mụọ ejiji na akara, yabụ ebe ọ nwetara mmụọ nsọ site na ike nke akara ngosi oge. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Paulicelli|first=Eugenia|date=2021-10-22|title=''Made in Italy'': Translating Cultures from Gucci to Dapper Dan and Back|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14759756.2021.1963163|journal=Textile|volume=20|issue=2|pages=216–230|doi=10.1080/14759756.2021.1963163|issn=1475-9756|accessdate=2022-05-26}}</ref> Ire ajị anụ nke ya bụ ụzọ Dan isi pụọ n'ụdị ndụ ochie ya, ọ malitekwara imepụta ajị anụ kpọmkwem n'ihi na ha bụ ihe ejiji Harlem . Irving Chaiken, enyi Dapper Dan, kuziri Dan usoro nrụpụta dị iche iche maka ajị anụ, sitere na chinchilla ruo fox . Fred the Furrier ghọrọ onye na-ebubata ajị anụ Dan, nwanne Fred bụ onye mere Dan ka ọ gbasaa n'ahịa akpụkpọ anụ. Ọ chọpụtara na ndị na-emepụta ihe dị ka Louis Vuitton na Gucci na-eji akpụkpọ anụ na-emepụta akpa, obere akpa na akpa, ma ọ chọrọ iji akpụkpọ anụ mee uwe. Nke a bụ ihe kpaliri ya ime ka jaket ya dị egwu maka Diane Dixon . <ref name=":2" /> N'agbanyeghị njikọ ya, Dapper Dan gbalịsiri ike ịchọta ndị na-emepụta ụkpụrụ na ndị na-akwa akwa nke nwere ike mebie atụmatụ ya nke ọma. Dan n'onwe ya enweghị ike ịdụ akwa, ọ naghị ele onwe ya anya dị ka onye na-akwa akwa, n'agbanyeghị otú mgbasa ozi si egosi ya, ma n'ikpeazụ, ọ chọtara otu ìgwè ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ nke ọma. Dapper Dan zoro aka na onye nrụpụta ya sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ chepụta dị ka ịkụ aka, n'ihi na ọ chere na ha dị oke oke nke a na-akpọkwa ịkụ aka. <ref name=":2" /> Dan na-ekwu na ọ dịghị mgbe ọ ga-emebe ihe ọ bụla ụlọ ndị mara mma ga-eche maka ya n'ihi na atụmatụ ya dị oke ọnụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Schneier|first=Matthew|date=2017-05-31|title=Did Gucci Copy 'Dapper Dan'? Or Was It 'Homage'?|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/31/fashion/gucci-dapper-dan-jacket.html|accessdate=2022-05-26}}</ref> O ji akwa ndị o kpụrụ onwe ya mgbe ọ kụzichara onwe ya ibipụta akwa akwa. <ref name="interview" /> Notably, he invented a new process for screen printing ont leather, ma emesịa chepụta ọla na ime ụgbọ ala maka ụgbọ ala okomoko. <ref name="therake">{{Cite news|author=Brown|first=Benedict|title=Dapper Dan: Harlem's Hip Hop Tailor|url=https://therake.com/stories/icons/dapper-dan-harlems-hip-hop-tailor/|accessdate=September 30, 2018|work=The Rake|date=September 2017}}</ref> Mmeghe nke ụlọ ahịa ya na mmalite 1980s dabara na ntiwapụ nke cocaine na ịrị elu nke [[Hip hop music|egwu hip-hop]], nke abụọ kwalitere ndị ahịa ya. Akara ụghalaahịa Dan bụ nkwuwa okwu iji akara ngosi sitere na ụdị okomoko dị elu dị ka Gucci, Louis Vuitton na Fendi . <ref name="dazed" /> <ref name="therake" />{ Ụlọ ahịa mbụ ya dị ihe dị ka ụlọ ahịa ihe nri, ebe ndị ahịa na-abata n'ime oge mgbe ha gbachara ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ. Dan nwekwara ihe nchebe nke ga-eguzo n'èzí ọnụ ụzọ ámá, ma ha na-eleba anya n'ọnụ ụzọ. Dan na-ehi ụra mgbe niile n'ụlọ ya na-arụ ọrụ nke dị n'azụ ụlọ ahịa. Ọ ga-eme nke a ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi na a na-emeghe boutique mgbe ụfọdụ 24/7, kamakwa n'ihi na ụfọdụ ndị ahịa ga-arịọ maka ntụgharị awa 24 na uwe ha. Otu n'ime ndị ahịa Dan n'ihu kpalitere mmasị ya na logos, mgbe o ji njide Louis vuitton ọhụrụ bata. Ọ hụbeghị otu n'ime mmadụ mbụ na nke a bụ ihe gbanwere egwuregwu ahụ. Ụlọ ahịa mbụ nke Dapper Dan bụ ụlọ akwụkwọ agbụ a na-akpọ Harlem Children's Zone Academy. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Gareth Dylan|date=September 2018|title=Introduction to the Special Issue: The International Symposium on the Sociology of Music Education, and the MayDay Group Action Ideals|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.22176/act17.3.1|journal=Action, Criticism, and Theory for Music Education|volume=17|issue=3|pages=1–11|doi=10.22176/act17.3.1|issn=1545-4517|accessdate=2022-05-26}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-akpọkarị uwe ya dị ka uwe n'okporo ámá, ndị ahịa mbụ nke ụbọchị na 1980 sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ukwuu site na ejiji ejiji nke akara ngosi Rat Pack dị ka Frank Sinatra na Sammy Davis Jr. Ndị ahịa ya bụ isi bụ "ndị na-agba ọsọ na ndị na-agba n'okporo ámá" <ref name="dazed" /> - gụnyere gụnyere. eze ọgwụ Alpo Martinez —bụ́ ndị ụfọdụ n’ime ha rịọrọ ọbụna ogige ntụrụndụ na okpu ndị na-adịghị egbochi mgbọ . <ref name="therake" /> <ref name="dazed" /> <ref name="complex">{{Cite news|author=Hairston|first=Tahirah|title=Dapper Dan Is Finally Getting His Props|url=https://www.complex.com/style/2018/07/dapper-dan-gucci-interview|accessdate=September 30, 2018|work=[[Complex (magazine)|Complex]]|date=July 27, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Day ventured n'ime hip hop ejiji na 1985, mgbe mbụ o mere LL Cool J, na Day kemgbe ejikọrọ na hip-hop royalty. Eric B. &amp;amp; Rakim bụ ndị yi uwe Dapper Dan na mkpuchi nke ọba egwu ha ''akwụ ụgwọ zuru oke'' (1987) na ''Soro Onye Ndú'' (1988). <ref name="therake" /> O mekwara anya maka The Fat Boys, Salt-N-Pepa, KRS-One, Bobby Brown, Jam Master Jay na Big Daddy Kane, yana egwuregwu egwuregwu dịka ndị ọkpọ Mike Tyson na Floyd Mayweather, na onye na-eme egwuregwu Diane Dixon . <ref name="wsj">{{Cite news|author=Gallagher|first=Jacob|title=Dapper Dan Used to Knock Off Gucci. Now, He's Collaborating With Them|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dapper-dan-used-to-knock-off-gucci-now-hes-collaborating-with-them-1526310035|accessdate=September 30, 2018|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=May 14, 2018}}</ref> Iji akara ngosi n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ụbọchị n'ichepụta omenala ya butere mwakpo adịgboroja na ịgba akwụkwọ, na n'ikpeazụ daa ụlọ ahịa mbụ ya. Na 1988, Tyson batara na Mitch Green n'ọgbaghara n'èzí ụlọ ahịa ya, nke tinyere Dapper Dan na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi maka oge mbụ. Mgbe e sere Tyson na-eyiri jaket Fendi si na Dapper Dan - nke a na-akpọ "ụlọ ahịa uwe abalị niile nke na-enye ndị na-eme ihe nkiri" na ''The New York Times'' - mmasị na ụlọ ahịa ahụ mechara mee ka o jiri okomoko Europe mee ihe. akara ngosi ejiji na nlebara anya nke ụlọ ọrụ okomoko Europe. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Gucci Enlists Dapper Dan For Its New Campaign|url=https://www.harpersbazaar.com/fashion/models/a12222689/gucci-enlists-dapper-dan-for-its-new-campaign/|accessdate=September 30, 2018|work=[[Harper's Bazaar]]|date=September 11, 2017}}</ref> Na 1992, ka Fendi na mgbe ahụ-U. S. Attorney Sonia Sotomayor, Dapper Dan na-emechi maka ihe ọma. <ref name="wsj" /> Ụwa ejiji bụ isi na-agbara ya ọsọ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ "n'okpuru ala" dị ka onye mmebe. <ref name="nytimes2017">{{Cite news|author=Cooper|first=Barry Michael|title=The Fashion Outlaw Dapper Dan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/fashion/dapper-dan-harlem-gucci.html|accessdate=October 1, 2018|work=The New York Times|date=June 3, 2017|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCooper2017">Cooper, Barry Michael (June 3, 2017). [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/fashion/dapper-dan-harlem-gucci.html "The Fashion Outlaw Dapper Dan"]. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181001070456/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/fashion/dapper-dan-harlem-gucci.html Archived] from the original on October 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="complex" /> Ọ malitere ịkwanye onye ọkpọ ọkpọ Floyd Mayweather na 1999. <ref name="dazed" /> === Mwelite === Na Septemba 2006 ruo February 2007 Museum of City of New York Fashion, gosipụtara ihe atụ Dapper Dan na ihe ngosi a na-akpọ ''Black Styles Ugbu a'' . <ref name=":2" /> Emegharila ọrụ ụbọchị n'afọ 2010, ma ọ hụla ihe ịga nke ọma kemgbe 2017. <ref name="fast">{{Cite news|title=How Dapper Dan, Harlem's Tailor, Mainstreamed "Ghetto Couture"|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/40533205/how-dapper-dan-harlems-tailor-mainstreamed-ghetto-couture|accessdate=October 1, 2018|work=Fast Company|date=March 1, 2018}}</ref> N'etiti afọ 2017, n'ịsọpụrụ Dapper Dan, onye nduzi ihe okike nke Gucci Alessandro Michele haziri jaket dabere na ihe ngosi Dapper Dan ama ama maka Diane Dixon na 1989. Nke mbụ bụ jaket nwere ajị anụ nwere aka uwe balloon kpuchiri na logo Louis Vuitton, nke Michele jiri akara ngosi G Gucci abụọ dochie ya. Mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi meghachiri omume mgbe Dixon kesara foto nke jaket Gucci na-esote ya na nke mbụ, na Dixon na-arịọ ka Dapper Dan nweta otuto maka mbụ ya; ọtụtụ ndị kweere na Gucci zuru ohi Dapper Dan imewe, karịsịa n'ihi Gucci na-adịghị ekwu ya na-asọpụrụ ruo mgbe ha dọtara nkatọ. <ref name="nytimes2017">{{Cite news|author=Cooper|first=Barry Michael|title=The Fashion Outlaw Dapper Dan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/fashion/dapper-dan-harlem-gucci.html|accessdate=October 1, 2018|work=The New York Times|date=June 3, 2017|language=en}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCooper2017">Cooper, Barry Michael (June 3, 2017). [https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/fashion/dapper-dan-harlem-gucci.html "The Fashion Outlaw Dapper Dan"]. ''The New York Times''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20181001070456/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/03/fashion/dapper-dan-harlem-gucci.html Archived] from the original on October 1, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Schneier|first=Matthew|title=Did Gucci Copy 'Dapper Dan'? Or Was It 'Homage'?|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/31/fashion/gucci-dapper-dan-jacket.html|accessdate=September 30, 2018|work=The New York Times|date=May 31, 2017|language=en}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, nke a ga-eduga Diane Dixon na-atụ aro a Gucci na Dapper Dan mmekorita. <ref name=":0" /> Michelle na Dapper Dan jiri omenala subcultural mgbe ha na-achọ mkpali maka mkpokọta ha, iji hụ na ihe ịchọ mma pụrụ iche. <ref>{{Cite book|author=F|first=José Blanco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DZcXEAAAQBAJ&dq=dapper+dan&pg=PA75|title=Fashion, Dress and Post-postmodernism|date=2021-01-28|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing|isbn=978-1-350-11517-0|language=en|accessdate=2022-06-01}}</ref> == Na omenala ewu ewu == Dapper Dan arụwo ọrụ na ndị na-egwu egwu dị ka Bobby Brown, Eric B. &amp;amp; Rakim, LL Cool J, Big Daddy Kane na Salt-N-Pepa, na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti omenala hip-hop na ejiji okomoko. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Sterling|date=2020-05-01|title=The Fusion of Fashion and Rap Music|url=https://scholarworks.uark.edu/ampduht/12|journal=Apparel Merchandising and Product Development Undergraduate Honors Theses|accessdate=2022-05-26}}</ref> Na 2001, Dapper Dan na-ezo aka na Jay-Z lyric na egwu ya "U Don't Know" site na album ya ''The Blueprint'' . <ref name="chicagotribune">{{Cite news|author=Janssen|first=Kim|title=Fashion counterfeiter turned design icon Dapper Dan: Rappers gave me bouncing checks|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/chicagoinc/ct-met-dapper-dan-1018-chicago-inc-20171017-story.html|accessdate=October 1, 2018|work=[[Chicago Tribune]]|date=October 17, 2017}}</ref> Na 2002, a kpọtụrụ ya aha ọtụtụ oge na ihe nkiri mpụ Alpo Martinez ''akwụ ụgwọ zuru oke'' . <ref name="therake" /> Na mgbakwunye na 2019, e zoro aka na ya na uri ''Dapper Dan zutere Petey Shooting Cee-lo'' nke Willie Perdomo dere . Na Septemba 2016, tupu mmalite nke usoro Netflix mbụ ''Luke Cage'', Dapper Dan gosipụtara na akụkụ nke "Street Level Hero" usoro mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi dijitalụ iji kwurịta ''Luke Cage'', nke edobere na Harlem. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Watch Hip-Hop Legends Talk the 'Luke Cage' Netflix Series|url=https://www.bet.com/celebrities/news/2016/09/27/hip-hop-legends-luke-cage.html|accessdate=October 4, 2018|publisher=BET.com|date=September 28, 2016}}</ref> O mechara pụta na akụkụ abụọ nke usoro ahụ, otu n'ime oge mbụ na otu na nke abụọ, na-egwu onwe ya. Na Nọvemba 2017, ọ pụtara na ngalaba na ''Conan'' maka ọnụnọ Conan O'Brien na Apollo Theatre nke o mere ka ndị ọbịa okwu ngosi. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Wright|first=Megh|title=Conan O'Brien Gets a Harlem Swag Makeover by Dapper Dan|url=http://www.vulture.com/2017/11/conan-obrien-gets-a-harlem-swag-makeover-by-dapper-dan.html|accessdate=October 1, 2018|work=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]|date=November 7, 2017|language=en}}</ref> Random House bipụtara ihe ncheta ụbọchị na 2019. Foto Sony azụtalarị ikike maka mmegharị ihe nkiri, yana onye na-agụ ọchị Jerrod Carmichael jikọtara ya dị ka onye na-ese ihe na onye na-emepụta ihe. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Galuppo|first=Mia|title=Dapper Dan Biopic in the Works From Sony, Jerrod Carmichael (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/dapper-dan-biopic-works-sony-jerrod-carmichael-1092914|accessdate=September 30, 2018|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=March 7, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Ụbọchị ga-abụ onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Grant|first=Jasmine|title=A Dapper Dan Biopic Is in Development|url=https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2018/03/dapper-dan-biopic-in-development|accessdate=October 1, 2018|work=Complex|date=March 7, 2018|language=en}}</ref> Onye na-agụ egwú Spanish, [[Rosalía]], zoro aka na Mazi Dan na egwu, 'Combi Versace ', site na album studio nke atọ ya, MOTOMAMI . Na 2019 Dapper Dan bụ onye ọka ikpe ọbịa na Runway Project maka ịma aka iyi okporo ụzọ; Oge 17 Nkeji 5. [[Nicki Minaj]] zoro Dan n'amaokwu ya na egwu Lil Uzi Vert "Ejiji na-adịghị agwụ agwụ". == Ndụ onwe onye == Ahụmahụ agbụrụ mbụ nke Dapper Dan na-anụ ka ndị mụrụ ya na-ekwu banyere otú usoro nke ọha mmadụ si emetụta ha. <ref name=":0" /> Dan nwere ụmụ asatọ nwere ụmụ nwanyị asaa: William Long, Daniel Day Jr., Danique Day, Aisha Day, Danielle Day, Malik Day, Tiffany White na Jelani Day, bụ onye njikwa ika maka nna ya. <ref name="gq" /> == Hụkwa == * Ejiji hip hop == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Dan, Dapper}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 857rxxb4im166dz4g36xajr9xb2x489 0 47304 672603 656370 2026-07-05T09:24:35Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Wesley Howard Henderson|other_names=Wes Henderson|birth_date=September 22, 1951|birth_place=[[Troy, Ohio|Troy]], [[Ohio]], U.S.|education=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]],<br/> [[University of California, Los Angeles]]|occupation=Architect, educator, and historian}} {{Databox}}'''Wesley Howard Henderson''' (amụrụ 1951), <ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Henderson|first=Wesley Howard|title=Two Case Studies of African-American Architects' Careers in Los Angeles, 1890-1945 : Paul R. Williams, FAIA and James H. Garrott, AIA|publisher=University of California, Los Angeles|year=1992|isbn=|location=|pages=}}</ref> bụ onye omenkà America, onye nkuzi na onye ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Barnes|first=Michael|date=1999-09-16|title=Respect Community When Designing|pages=45|work=[[Austin American-Statesman]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118472002/respect-community-when-designing/|accessdate=2023-02-12}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Barnes|first=Michael|date=1999-09-16|title=A Screened Oasis|pages=48|work=[[Austin American-Statesman]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118472042/a-screened-oasis/|accessdate=2023-02-12}}</ref> Ọ bụ osote prọfesọ na Robert R. Taylor School of Architecture and Construction Science na Tuskegee University, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=TSACS Faculty and Staff|url=https://www.tuskegee.edu/programs-courses/colleges-schools/tsacs/tsacs-faculty-and-staff|accessdate=2020-07-10|work=Tuskegee University}}</ref> ma bụrụ onye otu American Institute of Architects (AIA), na National Organisation of Minority Architects (NOMA). <ref name=":0" /> Nke kachasị ama bụ akwụkwọ edemede Henderson na Paul Revere Williams, bụ nke a na-eme dị ka nyocha kachasị omimi nke ọrụ Williams, onye a ma ama na onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ n'Africa. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Wilson|first=Kristina|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ljwDEAAAQBAJ|title=Mid-Century Modernism and the American Body: Race, Gender, and the Politics of Power in Design|date=2021-04-13|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-20819-0|pages=59|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":3" /> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Wesley Howard Henderson mụrụ na Septemba 22, 1951 na Troy, Ohio. Henderson nwetara ma nzere bachelọ sayensị ya na Architectural Design na obere obere na History (1974) na Master of Architecture degree (1976) na Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Ọ nwetara Ph.D ya na Architectural History na Mahadum California, Los Angeles na 1992. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2010-06-01|title=Alumni|url=http://architecture.mit.edu/aa-alumni.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601190502/http://architecture.mit.edu/aa-alumni.html|archivedate=2010-06-01|accessdate=2020-07-10|work=MIT Architecture}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. ''MIT Architecture''. 2010-06-01. Archived from on 2010-06-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-10</span></span>.</cite></ref> Akwụkwọ edemede ya, "Ọmụmụ ihe abụọ nke African-American Architects' Careers in Los Angeles, 1890-1945" na-akọwa ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ abụọ nke Los-Angeles, Paul Revere Williams na [[James H. Garrott|James Garrott]], na-ele anya karịa ọrụ ha iji nyochaa ọrụ ha na ọrụ ha. njikọ na obodo African American. N'ime ime nke a, Henderson na-enye elekwasị anya na ọrụ nke njirimara agbụrụ na ụzọ ọrụ ụkpụrụ ụlọ yana ịga nke ọma na-esote. <ref name=":3" /> == Ọrụ == Henderson ghọrọ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ edebanyere aha na Texas na 1981. <ref name=":0"/> Ọ kụziri na Mahadum Prairie View A&amp;amp;M dị ka osote prọfesọ nke ụkpụrụ ụlọ site na 1976 ruo 1978 yana prọfesọ osote site na 1983 ruo 1986. Ọ kụzikwara ihe na Mahadum Texas dị na Austin, Texas A&amp;amp;M University na Florida A&amp;amp;M University . <ref name=":0" /> Henderson na-akụzi ugbu a na Mahadum Tuskegee, ebe ọ na-eme nchọpụta dị iche iche nke isiokwu ndị sitere na ụlọ Art Deco, World Fairs, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ime obodo South, na ndị ọzọ. <ref name=":1" /> Henderson abụrụla onye isi na omume nchụpụ aha ya dị na Dallas, Texas kemgbe 2003. == Mbipụta == * {{Cite book|author=Henderson|first=Wesley H.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cBkCHAAACAAJ|title=African-American Architects in Los Angeles: Lester O. Bankhead|publisher=Regents of the University of California|others=University of California, Los Angeles; University of California, Los Angeles Oral History Program, [[Lester Oliver Bankhead]]|year=1992}} * {{Cite book|author=Henderson|first=Wesley H.|title=Two Case Studies of African-American Architects' Careers in Los Angeles, 1890-1945: Paul R. Williams, FAIA and James H. Garrott, AIA|publisher=University of California, Los Angeles|year=1992}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Reading List {{!}} AIA Gold: Paul Revere Williams|url=https://placesjournal.org/reading-list/aia-gold-paul-revere-williams/|accessdate=2020-07-10|work=Places Journal|language=en-US}}</ref> * {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0OaSAgAAQBAJ|title=African American Architects: A Biographical Dictionary, 1865–1945|publisher=Routledge|others=Wesley Henderson (associate editor), Simmona Simmons-Hodo (associate editor)|year=2004|isbn=9781135956295|editor=Wilson|location=New York City, NY}} == Hụkwa == * African-American architects == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0trp52i7q7ceh45yljq56pcbu1atvf3 0 47463 672596 541115 2026-07-05T08:28:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672596 wikitext text/x-wiki   Walter Darby Bannard (Septemba 23, 1934 - Ọktoba 2, 2016) bụ onye na-ese ihe ndị ọrụ na onye prọfesọ nke nka na-eme ihe mere eme na Mahadum Miami. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Bannard na New Haven, Connecticut wee gaa Phillips Exeter Academy, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1952. [1] Ọ gara Mahadum Princeton, ebe ọ mere enyi Frank Stella na Michael Fried, ndị nwekwara mmasị na obere abstraction. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Art Story: Michael Fried|accessdate=January 21, 2023|url=https://www.theartstory.org/critic/fried-michael/}}</ref> Clement Greenberg hụrụ Bannard na ihe ngosi " Post-Painterly Abstraction" na Los Angeles County Museum of Art na 1964. <ref>{{Cite web|title=List of included artists, Post-Painterly Abstraction|accessdate=January 21, 2023|url=http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/ppacatalog.html|archivedate=October 2, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002170305/http://www.sharecom.ca/greenberg/ppacatalog.html}}</ref> Enyere Bannard onyinye Guggenheim Fellowship na 1968. [1] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Ihe ngosi Mba Nile nke National Endowment for Arts . Site na 1989 ruo 1992, Bannard na-elekọta Ngalaba Art na Art History na Mahadum Miami na Coral Gables, Florida, ebe ọ na-enye ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|title=The College Remembers Walter Darby Bannard|accessdate=January 21, 2023|url=https://news.miami.edu/as/stories/2016/10/the-college-remembers-walter-darby-bannard.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Art === Eji ozi Bannard na modernism, abstraction lyrical, minimalism, formal, abstraction na agba ubi .  Egosipụta nka ya n'ihe ngozi ihe ngozi otu ike solo na otutu ihe ngosi otu. Eserese Bannard sitere na 1959 ruo 1965 nwere ụdị ole na ole, ọ bụ ebe na otu egwu na-ese gburugburu mpaghara agba, wee jide n'ụdị geometric dị anya anya n'etiti 1960s.  Onye nkatọ Phyllis Tuchman dere ihe ihe ngosi 2015 nke ọrụ ndị a na Berry Campbell Gallery, "Ụcha ndị a ka na-na-Maka ọdịdị. Na palette palette nke onye na-ese ihe dị iche iche taa dị ka ọ dị afọ iri ise gara aga.  Ịpụghị agụ mma na ya" <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tuchman|first=Phyllis|title=Walter Darby Bannard|url=https://artforum.com/inprint/issue=201506&id=52381|work=Artforum|accessdate=8 October 2016}}</ref> N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1960, ụdị ndị ahụ gbazere ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-acha uhie uhie, nke a na-eji igwe na-acha uhie uhie na akwa akwa akwa. Ọ malitere iji igwe acrylic ọhụrụ ahụ na 1970 na eserese ya wee ghọọ ọmarịcha ọmarịcha gels na polymers nke etinyere na squeegees na brooms ala azụmahịa. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Grimes|first=William|title=Walter Darby Bannard, Artist of the Color Field Movement, Dies at 82|work=The New York Times|date=8 October 2016|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/08/arts/design/darby-bannard-dead.html|accessdate=8 October 2016}}</ref> === Edemede === Bannard dere ihe ụmụaka otu ọpụpụ na edemede [1] nke mbipụta na Artforum, [2] Art in America, na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ.  Ọ curated ma dee katalọgụ maka ihe ngosi nlegharị anya nke mbụ nke onye ọrụ Hans Hofmann na Hirshhorn Museum na Washington, DC [3] Aphorisms for Artists: 100 Ways Toward Better Art, nchịkọta echiche nke Franklin Einspruch deziri, bụ e nwere na 2022. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Bannard|first=Walter Darby|authorlink=|date=June 2022|title=Aphorisms for Artists: 100 Ways Toward Better Art|url=https://aphorismsforartists.com/|location=Miami, FL|publisher=Letter 16 Press|isbn=978-1-953995-02-5|editor=Einspruch}}</ref> == Nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka ahọpụtara == * Buffalo AKG Art Museum <ref>{{Cite web|title=Walter Darby Bannard - Buffalo AKG Art Museum|accessdate=January 21, 2023|url=https://buffaloakg.org/person/walter-darby-bannard}}</ref> * Museum of Fine Arts, Boston <ref>{{Cite web|title=Object search, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston|accessdate=January 21, 2023|url=https://collections.mfa.org/search/objects/*/bannard}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke ọgbara ọhụrụ <ref>{{Cite web|title=Walter Darby Bannard - MoMA|accessdate=January 21, 2023|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/322}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Philadelphia <ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon No. 3|accessdate=January 21, 2023|url=https://www.moma.org/artists/322}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Portland <ref>{{Cite web|title=Walter Darby Bannard - Online Collections, Portland Art Museum|accessdate=January 21, 2023|url=http://www.portlandartmuseum.us/mwebcgi/mweb.exe?request=record;id=10560;type=701}}</ref> * Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Whitney nke American Art <ref>{{Cite web|title=Float and Pause Number 1, Whitney Museum of American Art|accessdate=January 21, 2023|url=https://whitney.org/collection/works/1979}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * Krauss, R., "Ọrụ Ọhụrụ nke Darby Bannard," ''Artforum'', vol. 4, Eprel 1966, p.&nbsp;32- * Bourdon, D., "Darby Bannard: Ohere nke Agba," ''Art International'', vol.11, Mee 1967, p.&nbsp;37-39 * "Ahụhụ ọhụrụ maka Omenala Ochie," ''Time Magazine'', vol. 93, Febụwarị 7, 1969, p.&nbsp;60-63 * Mashek, J., "London Commentary: Bannard na Kasmin," ''Studio International'', vol. 178, Nọvemba 1969, p.&nbsp;175 * ...... "Canvases Brimming with Agba," ''Life Magazine'', Septemba 24, 1971, p.&nbsp;74-79 * Elderfield, J., "Walter Darby Bannard na Kasmin Gallery," ''Studio International'', vol. 184, #949, Nọvemba 1972, p.&nbsp;184-186 * Mashek, P., "Ọrụ Ya Kacha ọhụrụ," ''Artforum'', Vol. XI, #8, p.&nbsp;Ọnwa Atọ 66, 1973 * Cone, JH, katalọgụ edemede na ajụjụ ọnụ, "Walter Darby Bannard," ihe ngosi nlegharị anya, Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, Maryland * Carmean, Jr., EA, "Nkà nke oge a 1960 ruo 1970," edemede edemede maka ngosi "The Great Decade of American Painting," Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas. Ebipụtakwara ya na ''Magazin Studio'', Julaị/August 1974, Vol. 188, #968 * Walsh, J., "Foto Ọhụrụ nke Walter Darby Bannard," Arts, Septemba 1982, p.&nbsp;77-79, gụnyere. mmeputakwa agba atọ: ''Riffle'', 1982; ''Cloud Comb'', 1981; ''Tarquin'', 1981 * Fenton, T., "Walter Darby Bannard," Katalọgụ maka ihe ngosi na Edmonton Art Gallery, Septemba 2 - Ọktoba 30, 1983, nke Terry Fenton haziri ma dee ya (gụnyere ọtụtụ mmeputakwa na foto) * Fox, M., "Walter Darby Bannard," na katalọgụ nke ngosi ''Nkọwa Nkọwapụta - American Art: 1964 - 1966'', List Art Center, Mahadum Brown, March 1-30, 1986, (ọrịa: ''Oge #2'', 1965, b&w) * Wilkin, K., "Walter Darby Bannard" ''Ndị nka nke oge a'', mbipụta nke atọ 1989, St. James Press, London, (ọrịa: ''The Flurry'', 1982) * Koenig, R., "Walter Darby Bannard: Ọrụ na-adịbeghị anya, 1987 - 1990," edemede edemede maka ihe ngosi na Montclair Art Museum, Montclair, NJ, February 17 March 31, 1991 (ọrịa. na agba: ''Osa Montana #2'', 1987; ''Formosa'', 1988; ''Ndị India'', 1990) * Humblet, C., "La Nouvelle Abstraction Americaine", nnukwu nyocha nke mpịakọta atọ nke ihe osise America nke Skira nke Milan bipụtara, gụnyere isiakwụkwọ zuru ezu na ọrụ Bannard, mmepụta 33 na agba nke eserese na ihe osise ojii & ọcha nke ihe osise. nka. (Mpịakọta nke Atọ, Nkeji 13, Pgs 1480-1513) E bipụtara ya na mbụ na French ma Skira bipụtara ya na Bekee dị ka "The New American Abstraction 1950-1970" na 2007 * Njikọ, J., "Darby Bannard's Scallop Series: Minimalism Mastered" katalọgụ edemede maka ihe ngosi "Darby Bannard: The Scallop Series", Mahadum Western Michigan, Kalamazoo, Michigan, Feb. 1-20, 2006 * Rose, Barbara et al, [https://web.archive.org/web/20201021184410/https://pap.brussels/ "Painting After Postmodernism | Belgium - USA"], ngosi ihe ngosi nke [https://web.archive.org/web/20161005132208/http://www.lannoo.be/painting-after-postmodernism-belgium-usa Lannoo], Tielt (Belgium), 2016, P. 7, p.&nbsp;9–20, p.&nbsp;21–32. == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/08/arts/design/darby-bannard-dead.html?_r=0 ''New York Times'' obituary] * Ihe osise [https://www.flickr.com/photos/bannard/ Flickr.com] * [http://wbannard.com/ Webụsaịtị Bannard] ahọpụtara ọrụ nka na akụkọ ndụ * Akwụkwọ akụkọ [http://wdbannard.org Walter Darby Bannard] na akwụkwọ ozi nkọwa, Franklin Einspruch, onye nchịkọta akụkọ. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231113081817/http://kickassart.org/newcrit/PlainTalk.html newCrit] “Ekwupụta okwu gbasara nka”, nke John Link na Darby Bannard na-elekọta nkwujgxx0wfrmjdjgwvar14m5v75qag 0 47469 672351 632562 2026-07-04T14:33:07Z Bigcee007 24507 Fixed reference error 672351 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Nwanne nwanyị Gertrude Morgan''' (Eprel 7, 1900 - Julaị 8, 1980) <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sPGdBxzaWj0C&q=Gertrude+Morgan+july+1980&pg=RA2-PA350|title=The Grove Encyclopedia of American Art|first=Joan M.|author=Marter|date=3 November 2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=9780195335798|accessdate=3 November 2020}}</ref> <ref name="southern">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eyy5F58fypMC&q=Gertrude+Morgan+april+1900&pg=PA363|title=The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 23: Folk Art|first=Carol|author=Crown|date=3 June 2013|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=9781469607993|accessdate=3 November 2020}}</ref> bụ [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|onye America]] na-ese ihe, onye egwu, onye na-agụ uri na onye nkwusa. Amụrụ na LaFayette, [[Alabama]], ọ kwagara New Orleans na 1939, ebe o biri wee rụọ ọrụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 1980. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L3aL4OEUJQoC&q=Gertrude+Morgan+new+orleans+1939&pg=PA140|title=Pictured in My Mind: Contemporary American Self-taught Art from the Collection of Kurt Gitter and Alice Rae Yelen|first=Roger|author=Cardinal|date=3 November 1995|publisher=Univ. Press of Mississippi|isbn=9780878058778|accessdate=3 November 2020}}</ref> Nwanne nwanyị Morgan nwetara otuto dị egwu n'oge ndụ ya maka eserese ndị mmadụ . Agụnyela ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ihe ngosi ihe ngosi ọhụụ na nka ọdịnala site na 1970 gawa. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Sista Morgan Gertrude Williams na Lafayette, Alabama, nye nne Frances "Fannie" Williams na nna Edward Williams. <ref name="southern" />{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eyy5F58fypMC&q=Gertrude+Morgan+april+1900&pg=PA363|title=The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture: Volume 23: Folk Art|first=Carol|author=Crown|date=3 June 2013|publisher=UNC Press Books|isbn=9781469607993|accessdate=3 November 2020}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ọ bụ nwa nke asaa nke otu ezinụlọ dara ogbenye. <ref name="NYTimes-PreacherPaint-2004" />{{Cite news|author=DeCarlo|first=Tessa|title=Sister Gertrude, a Preacher Who Could Paint|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/arts/design/22DECA.html|accessdate=21 November 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=22 February 2004}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> N’ihi ihe ndị a na-amaghị, Nwanna Nwanyị Morgan hapụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ tupu ya agụchaa klaasị nke atọ. <ref name="NYTimes-PreacherPaint-2004" />{{Cite news|author=DeCarlo|first=Tessa|title=Sister Gertrude, a Preacher Who Could Paint|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/arts/design/22DECA.html|accessdate=21 November 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=22 February 2004}}</ref> N'ihe dị ka 1917 ezinụlọ ya kwagara Columbus, Georgia, <ref name="FamilySearch-USCensus-1940">{{Cite web|title=Gertrude Morgan - United States Census, 1940|url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:VYP8-5TG|work=[[FamilySearch]]|accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}</ref>{{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}</ref> ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka odibo na onye nọọsụ n'ụlọ nkeonwe. <ref name="NYTimes-PreacherPaint-2004" /> == Alụmdi na nwunye == Gertrude Williams lụrụ Will Morgan na February 12, 1928. {{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ya na di ya biri na 1324 North Avenue na Columbus, GA. Ọ bụ ezie na e nweghị ihe àmà na-egosi na a gbara alụkwaghịm, a maara na Nwanna Nwaanyị Morgan hapụrụ Columbus nanị ya na 1938, na-ebu ụzọ gaa Alabama ma mesịa gaa New Orleans, bụ́ ebe ọ ga-ebi. == Oku okpukperechi == === Ntinye aka na mbụ na chọọchị === Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ Sista Morgan tinyere aka n'okpukpe bịara mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, mgbe ọ banyere Rose Hill Memorial Baptist Church, ọgbakọ dị na Columbus, Georgia. Mgbe ọ malitere eserese na 1956, Nwanna Nwanyị Morgan depụtara oge a na ndụ ya na eserese ''THE ROSE HILL MEMORIAL BAPTiST CHURCH, Columbus Ga.'' (nd) na ''Rose Hill Memorial Baptist Church'' (nd). {{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Eserese ndị a na-akọwa mgbanwe mgbanwe na ndu ụka Rose Hill, ka Reverend Miller nwụsịrị na 1930. === Mkpughe sitere na Chineke === Nke mbụ n’ime ọtụtụ mkpughe nke Gertrude ga-enweta bịara na 1934. Edere akụkọ nke mkpughe a n'otu ihe osise ya, ''1324 NO AVE COLUMBUS GA.'' (nd). Odewo n'elu ya, sị, "Ịnọdụ n'ime kichin m n'otu abalị, anụrụ m nnukwu olu dị ike na-agwa m na m ga-eme gị ka ị bụrụ akara n'ihi na ahọpụtara m gị, enwetara m ọkpụkpọ a n'ụbọchị 30 nke Dec na 1934. zaa m oku na otu ụbọchị nyela na Pack elu na-aga … a họọrọ arịa nke Chineke ya ebube ịbụ Chineke kpọrọ m a chụrụ m na tụgharịa m n'aka nwa ya nwoke na JESUS sị welie gị obe na-eso m." <ref name=":2" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/sister-gertrude-morgan-mn0000682108|title=Sister Gertrude Morgan {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic|work=AllMusic|accessdate=2017-07-08}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Na 1938 mkpughe nke abụọ sochiri, n'ụdị olu nke kwuru, "Gaa-oooo, Onye nkwusa, gwa ya ụwa". Ọ bụ n'afọ a ka ọ hapụrụ Columbus, nke mbụ gawa Opelika, Alabama, wee gaa Mobile na ikekwe Montgomery. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nọọsụ na nwa nwa nwanyị na Opelika na Mobile, na ikekwe malite ọrụ dịka onye na-agwọ ọrịa na onye amụma okporo ụzọ n'oge a. {{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> === Ụlọ mgbei na New Orleans === Mgbe ọ rutere New Orleans na 1939, Nwanna Nwanyị Gertrude zutere mama Margaret Parker na Nwanna Nwanyị Cora Williams. Ụmụnwaanyị abụọ ahụ tinyere aka na ngagharị ịdị nsọ na nke dị nsọ, okwukwe Africa America nke mmemme egwu, egwu na egwu bụ isi. N’oge na-adịghị anya, ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ hibere ozi na ebe ụmụ mgbei n’ụlọ nne Parker dị na 533 Flake Avenue na Lower Gentilly, wee na mpụga New Orleans. E ji ego e nwetara site n’ikwusa ozi ọma na ime ihe nkiri n’okporo ámá kwụọ ụlọ ụmụ mgbei ahụ. {{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ chiri uwe ojii, ma nye ihe ruru ụmụ mgbei iri abụọ na ndị gbapụrụ agbapụ n'otu oge. (N'ihe osise Sista Gertrude mere, a na-ese onyinyo ụmụ nwanyị atọ a na uwe mwụda ojii ha, nke ejiri akwa ọcha, eriri na eriri úkwù chọọ ya mma). Ebe Gentilly bụ ime ime obodo n'oge a, ha na-azụ anụ ụlọ ma na-akụ inine n'ala gbara nnukwu ụlọ ahụ gburugburu. Ha mere oriri agbata obi n’ogige ụmụ mgbei, ebe ‘Ndị amụma’ (dị ka Nwanna Nwanyị Morgan ga-emecha kpọọ ha na ihe osise ya) na-akpọ piano, ịgbà, ájà na iti ịgbà. Na mgbakwunye na ikwusa ozi ọma n'okporo ámá, ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ gara n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Orleans Parish, na-enye nduzi ime mmụọ maka ndị mkpọrọ, yana ịga obodo ndị ọzọ na Louisiana na [[Texas]] maka ogige ụka na nzukọ. Sista Morgan rụrụ ọrụ n’ebe a na-elekọta ụmụ mgbei ruo 1957. === Isi okwu === Na mbụ na-echepụta ihe osise ya dị ka ihe mgbakwunye na nkuzi ozi-ọma ya, <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Divine Folk Art|author=Reynolds|first=Clarence V.|date=June 2004|journal=Black Issues Book Review|pages=33}}</ref> A na-edekarị ihe osise Sista Morgan na akụkụ Akwụkwọ Nsọ na egwu na egwu ozi ọma ama ama. N'otu aka ahụ, ihe osise ya nke na-edepụta oge ọ bụ nwata, oge ọ bụ nwata na afọ mbụ na New Orleans ka edere ya na akụkọ nke ihe omume dị iche iche, bụ ndị na-ekwukarị ọrụ ozi ọma ya. Morgan kwadoro Akwụkwọ Mkpughe karịsịa. William A. Fagaly na-ede, sị: "Ihe odide apocalyptic nke Akwụkwọ Mkpughe na-enye plethora nke ihe oyiyi ọhụụ: Apọkalips na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya anọ ya, onye àmà na-egosi, onye akwụna nke Babilọn, anụ ọhịa ahụ (ya na akara 666), akwụkwọ eluigwe nke akara asaa, Amagedọn, nloghachi nke ndị Juu n’Ala Nsọ, alaeze otu puku afọ nke Kraịst n’elu ụwa, na [[Jerusalem]] Ọhụrụ.” {{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ọ bụ maka ihe osise ya nke Jerusalem Ọhụrụ ka a kacha mara Sista Morgan. Obodo nsọ Jerusalem Ọhụrụ “na-esi n’eluigwe na-arịdata” bụ nke a na-egosipụta mgbe nile dị ka nnukwu ụlọ nwere nnukwu ọnụ ụlọ n’ime ihe ndị o dere. N'ime ụfọdụ ihe osise Jerusalem Ọhụrụ, otu ukwe nke ndị mmụọ ozi dị n'etiti agbụrụ na-achọ eluigwe mma. Ndị otu mmụọ ozi na-agakarị ọtụtụ ihe osise ya, mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka otu n'ime ọtụtụ ihe dị na ihe mejupụtara, na oge ndị ọzọ dị ka naanị isiokwu. Ihe oyiyi ọzọ na-emegharị ugboro ugboro na ọrụ ya bụ ihe osise onwe ya dị ka Nwunye nke Kraịst, ka ya na Jizọs nọ n'ụgbọelu. Enwere nkọwa na nke a na-ezo aka n'abụ "Oh, Jesus Is My Air-o-plane", nke e dekọrọ na 1930. {{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ukwe ọzọ, "Jizọs, Onye Nzọpụta, Pilot Me", nke Edward Hopper bipụtara nke mbụ ya na 1871, guzobe ụkpụrụ Jizọs-dị ka-pilot metụtara ya. Ihe e ji mara ọrụ ya na-emecha site na akara nke ihe odide ndị ahụ. Onyonyo ya na-aghọ obere ihe na n'ụdị ụfọdụ adịghị adị. Nwanne nwanyị Morgan binyere aka na eserese ya nwere ọtụtụ aha, n'ime ha Black Angel, Nwa Atụrụ a na-alụ ọhụrụ, Nọọsụ nye Dọkịta Jesus, Onye Nkwusa Ozi Ọma Ebighị Ebi, Nwunye nke Kraịst na Nwa nwanyị Etiopia. === Ọrụ === N'ihe dị ka n'afọ 1960, onye na-ere ihe osise Larry Borenstein zutere Nwanna Nwanyị Morgan mgbe ọ na-ekwusa ozi ọma na Quarter French. Ọ kpọrọ ya ka o mee na gosi ọrụ n'ebe a na-ese ihe osise ya ka ọ bịachara n'ebe ọ nọ na-eti mkpu n'akụkụ okporo ámá na-eji megaphone akwụkwọ. <ref name="NYTimes-Tools-Review-2004">{{Cite news|author=Sheets|first=Hilarie M.|title=Books in Brief: Nonfiction - Shouting in Color|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/15/books/books-in-brief-nonfiction-shouting-in-color.html|accessdate=21 November 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=15 August 2004}}</ref> Borenstein zụlitere ndị na-ege ntị maka ọrụ ya site n'iwebata ihe osise ya na ndị nchịkọta, ndị na-ese ihe, ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie na ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi. Lee Friedlander na Andy Warhol bụ ndị na-akwado ọrụ ya. Warhol bụ onye nta akụkọ mgbe ụfọdụ, ebe Friedlander ji Sista Morgan mee ihe dịka isiokwu na foto ya. <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|title=Her All-Seeing Eye|author=Hirsch|first=Faye|date=May 2005|journal=Art in America|pages=66–69}}</ref> Na 1970 onye na-ede uri na onye na-eme ihe nkiri Rod McKuen, onye na-akwado na onye na-anakọta ọrụ Morgan ji ihe atụ iri na atọ nke ya soro otu akwụkwọ nhota Bible, ''Chineke Kasị Ukwuu'' . Ọ rere ihe karịrị 300 000 mbipụta. Otu n'ime ihe nlere ọkụ na eserese sitere na ''ihe kacha mma nke Chukwu'' bụ mkpokọta Smithsonian 's Evans-Tibbs. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericana0000mcel/page/107|title=African-American artists, 1880-1987 : selections from the Evans-Tibbs Collection|author=C.|first=McElroy, Guy|date=1989|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, in association with University of Washington Press, Seattle|others=Powell, Richard J., 1953-, Patton, Sharon F., Smithsonian Institution. Traveling Exhibition Service.|isbn=0295968370|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/africanamericana0000mcel/page/107 107, 120]|oclc=20917949}}</ref> Ihe osise ya ''Ka anyị Mee ndekọ'' sitere na 1970s dị na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Pérez Art Museum Miami . <ref>{{Cite web|title=What Carried Us Over: Gifts from the Gordon W. Bailey Collection • Pérez Art Museum Miami|url=https://www.pamm.org/en/exhibition/what-carried-us-over-gifts-from-the-gordon-w-bailey-collection/|accessdate=2023-09-29|work=Pérez Art Museum Miami|language=en-US}}</ref> === Nnukwu ngosi === Na 1970, e gosiri ọrụ Nwanna Nwanyị Morgan na Arts and Science Center dị na Baton Rouge, LA. <ref>Price, Ann. "Character Portrayal Outstanding in Show", ''Morning Advocate,'' October 7, 1970, 16-A.</ref> Na 1973 ọrụ ya gụnyere na ihe ngosi ''Louisiana Folk Painting'' na Museum of American Folk Art (ugbu a American Folk Art Museum ) na New York. <ref name=":2" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/sister-gertrude-morgan-mn0000682108|title=Sister Gertrude Morgan {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic|work=AllMusic|accessdate=2017-07-08}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ihe ngosi mmadụ atọ ahụ gosipụtara ihe karịrị ihe osise 75 nke Nwanna Nwanyị Morgan, yana ndị omenkà ibe ya bụ Clementine Hunter na Bruce Brice. <ref name=":0" />{{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> Ọ bụkwa na 1973 ka NOMA gosipụtara ọrụ Nwanna Nwanyị Morgan na nke mbụ, na ihe ngosi akpọrọ ''Naive Art na Louisiana.'' N'afọ 1982, ihe ngosi ''Black Folk Art na America, 1930-1980'' gosipụtara ndị nka iri abụọ (gụnyere Nwanna nwanyị Morgan) na nso ihe osise 400 na ihe ọkpụkpụ. Ọ mepere na Corcoran Museum of Art wee gaa na San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, Saint Louis Art Museum, Baltimore Museum of Art, Des Moines Art Center na Cleveland Museum of Art. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Black Folk Art in America|author=Campbell|first=Mary Schmidt|date=Winter 1982|journal=Art Journal|doi=10.1080/00043249.1982.10792823|issue=4|pages=345–346|volume=42}}</ref> Na 2004, nlegharị anya nke mbụ nke ọrụ Morgan ''The Tools of Her Ministry: Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan'' meghere na Folk Art Museum na New York City. Ọ bụ William A. Fagaly, onye bụbu onye ntụzi [[Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke New Orleans|ihe ngosi nka nke New Orleans]] (NOMA) mere ihe ngosi ahụ. Ihe ngosi a gakwara na NOMA ma mechaa gaa na Center for Intuitive and Outsider Art na Chicago. Ihe ngosi ahụ sonye na mbipụta nke katalọgụ nwere edemede nke William A. Fagaly, Jason A. Berry na Helen M. Shannon dere. === Ọgwụgwụ nke eserese === Nkà Sista Morgan wetara ya ama na aha ya, ihe a kọrọ na ọ masịrị ya ma nwee mmetụta na-emegiderịta onwe ya. N'afọ 1973 ọ mara ọkwa na Onye-nwe nyere ya iwu ka ọ kwụsị ịse ihe iji tinye uche n'ime nkwusa na uri ya. <ref name="NYTimes-PreacherPaint-2004">{{Cite news|author=DeCarlo|first=Tessa|title=Sister Gertrude, a Preacher Who Could Paint|url=https://www.nytimes.com/ref/arts/design/22DECA.html|accessdate=21 November 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=22 February 2004}}</ref> 'Na-ese ihe ugbu a? Ee e,' ka o kwuru na 1974. Enwere m oke nchegbu. Na-echegbu onwe gị banyere oge ọ bụ na ikpe ekpere na ikpe ndị mmadụ. ' <ref name="NYTimes-PreacherPaint-2004" /> == Egwu == Egwú bụ ngwá ọrụ ọzọ Nwanna Morgan ji eje ozi. Na mmalite 1970s, ''Let's Make A Record'' <ref name=":2" />{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/sister-gertrude-morgan-mn0000682108|title=Sister Gertrude Morgan {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic|work=AllMusic|accessdate=2017-07-08}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> ka edekọtara iji jide Morgan na-abụ abụ ma na-akụ ịgbà ya. N'afọ 2004, ewepụtara ya album mbụ na label Preservation Hall Recordings. N'afọ 2005, akara Ropeadope wepụtara ''King Britt na-enye Nwanna nwanyị Gertrude Morgan'', bụ nke weere ihe ndekọ cappella/tambourine nke ''Let's Make A Record'' ma gbakwunyere mmemme ịkụ egwu nke oge a na ngwá ọrụ. Ndekọ a nwetara nyocha dị egwu <ref name="NYTimes-LMAR-Review-2004">{{Cite news|author=Ratliff|first=Ben|title=CRITIC'S CHOICE/Jazz CD's; Singing With Power, Citing the Bible|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/02/arts/critic-s-choice-jazz-cd-s-singing-with-power-citing-the-bible.html|accessdate=21 November 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 August 2004}}</ref> wee mepụta ndị na-ege ntị ọhụrụ maka Nwanna nwanyị Gertrude Morgan. Ihe osise album ahụ gosipụtara eserese ya. == Ọrụ ma ọ bụ akwụkwọ == * Morgan, Gertrude. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/56203237 Ka anyị Mee Ndekọ.]'' [New Orleans, Louisiana]: Ndekọ Ụlọ Nzukọ Nchekwa, 2004. Edekọrọ ndụ n'ime ọnụ ụlọ ekpere, 511 Royal Street, New Orleans, Louisiana. * Britt, King na Gertrude Morgan. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61773184 Eze Britt na-enye nwanne nwanyị Gertrude Morgan.]'' [New York]: Ropeadope, 2005. Nwanna nwanyị Gertrude Morgan dekọrọ na mbụ n’Ụlọ Nchekwa, New Orleans, 1968. Eze Britt dekọrọ na Hut na Nautica, Philadelphia. * Levin, Gail. ''Nkà na-aga n'ihu: Nwanna nwanyị Gertrude'' (2004) == Ọnwụ == Na Julaị 8, 1980, Nwanna Nwanyị Morgan nwụrụ n’ụra ya n’ụlọ ya dị na Lower Ninth Ward. <ref name="NYTimes-LMAR-Review-2004" />{{Cite news|author=Ratliff|first=Ben|title=CRITIC'S CHOICE/Jazz CD's; Singing With Power, Citing the Bible|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/08/02/arts/critic-s-choice-jazz-cd-s-singing-with-power-citing-the-bible.html|accessdate=21 November 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 August 2004}}</ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/sister-gertrude-morgan-mn0000682108|title=Sister Gertrude Morgan {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic|work=AllMusic|accessdate=2017-07-08}}</ref> Ọ bụ Larry Borenstein mere ndokwa maka olili ya na e mere mmemme n'ụlọ a na-eme nke ọma nke Bultman, na St. Charles Avenue. <ref name=":0" />{{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}<nowiki></ref></nowiki> E gosipụtara ọrụ nka ya na ọrụ ahụ, wee ''kpọọ Ka Anyị Mee ndekọ'' . == Hụkwa == * Nkà dị n'èzí == Ihe ndetu na nrụtụ aka == dị ike na-agwa m na m ga-eme gị ka ị bụrụ akara n'ihi na ahọpụtara m gị, enwetara m ọkpụkpọ a n'ụbọchị 30 nke Dec na 1934. zaa m oku na otu ụbọchị nyela na Pack elu na-aga … a họọrọ arịa nke Chineke ya ebube ịbụ Chineke kpọrọ m a chụrụ m na tụgharịa m n'aka nwa ya nwoke na JESUS sị welie gị obe na-eso m." dị ike na-agwa m na m ga-eme gị ka ị bụrụ akara n'ihi na ahọpụtara m gị, enwetara m ọkpụkpọ a n'ụbọchị 30 nke Dec na 1934. zaa m oku na otu ụbọchị nyela na Pack elu na-aga … a họọrọ arịa nke Chineke ya ebube ịbụ Chineke kpọrọ m a chụrụ m na tụgharịa m n'aka nwa ya nwoke na JESUS sị welie gị obe na-eso m." <ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=The Tools of Her Ministry: The Art of Sister Gertrude Morgan|author=Berry|first=Jason|publisher=American Folk Art Museum; Rizzoli International Publications|year=2004|isbn=0-8478-2623-6|location=New York, New York|url=https://archive.org/details/toolsofherminist0000faga}}</ref> <ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmusic.com/artist/sister-gertrude-morgan-mn0000682108|title=Sister Gertrude Morgan {{!}} Biography & History {{!}} AllMusic|work=AllMusic|accessdate=2017-07-08}}</ref>{{Reflist|2}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Arnett, Paul, na William Arnett. ''Mkpụrụ obi toro miri emi : African American nka asụsụ ndịda'' . np: Atlanta, Ga. : Akwụkwọ Tinwood ; [New York, NY] : Na mkpakọrịta na Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture, New York Public Library, 2000. * Conwill, Kinshasha Holman. "N'ịchọ ihe 'Ezigbo' Ọhụụ: Ịmepụta Mkpesa nke Onye Nkà Mmụta America-Amụma Akụziri Onwe Ya." ''American Art'' 5, mba. 4 (Mgbụsị akwụkwọ 1991): 2-9 . * Clark, Emily. ''[http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/747718945 Ọ bụ Clover Akwụkwọ anọ dị na Obodo Katrina tụgharịrị: Nwanne nwanyị akụkọ ihe mere eme Gertrude Morgan na ndị na-ekiri ajọ ifufe nke Katrina.]'' Thesis (MA) - Mahadum Missouri-Columbia, 2009. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.tfaoi.com/aa/5aa/5aa94b.htm Ngwa nke Ozi Ya: Akụkọ ndụ Nwanna Nwanyị Gertrude Morgan] sitere na [[Ebe Ngosi Ihe Ochie nke New Orleans|New Orleans Museum of Art]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5u2ey50dcir0gdg7fhljopcitqd8ngi 0 47645 672318 171872 2026-07-04T14:11:13Z Bigcee007 24507 Fixed reference error 672318 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Gerrit_Beneker_at_easel_1915.jpg|thumb| Gerrit Beneker nọ n'ọgbọ ya na 1915]] [[Usòrò:Portrait_of_Reinhart_Geiger,_locomotive_engineer,_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker_dl_full_size.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Eserese nke Reinhart Geiger, injinia locomotive]] Gerrit Albertus Beneker (January 26, 1882 - Ọktoba 23, 1934) bụ onye America na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe kacha mara maka ya nke ihe nkiri ụlọ ọrụ yana maka ọrụ mmado ya na Agha mbụ Mbụ. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Beneker na Jenụwarị 26, 1882, na Grand Rapids, Michigan, nwa nwoke Bartel Albertus Beneker, onye si Serooskerke na Netherlands kwaga na Pauline Catherine Steketee. [1] [2] [3] O buru ụzọ mụọ na Chicago Art Institute, ebe ndị nkuzi ya gụnyere John Vanderpoel na Frederick Richardson ; emesia ọ gafere na Art Students League na New York. [4] Na Septemba 1907 ọ lụrụ Flora Judd Van Vranken si Marcellus, New York, onye ya na ya ga-amụ ụmụ anọ. <ref name="anc">{{Cite web|url=http://records.ancestry.com/Gerrit_A_Beneker_records.ashx?pid=5316373|title=Gerrit A Beneker 1881-1934 - Ancestry|work=records.ancestry.com}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe na New York, ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ nke Charles Webster Hawthorne na 1912 na Cape Cod School of Art ;  [1] ọ bụ ebe na ọrụ ya wetara ugboro ugboro, ọ la iche na mpaghara ahụ n'oge akwụkwọ na 1920 ụlọ ụlọ na Truro, Massachusetts. . <ref name="askart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901|title=Biography for Gerrit Beneker|publisher=AskArt|accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> <ref name="artnet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/gerrit-albertus-beneker/biography-links|title=Gerrit Albertus Beneker|publisher=artnet.com|accessdate=2011-11-17}}</ref>Na July 1918, a goro Beneker, n'okpuru aha nke "Aid Expert Aid, Navy Department", iji akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mmado na ihe atụ maka agha.  [1] Ọ bụ n’oge a ka o sere ọrụ ọ mara nke ọma, “O doro anya na anyị ga-arụcha ọrụ ahụ,” nke rere ihe ụmụaka nde atọ.<gallery> Usòrò:I_will_back_you_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker,_1918.png|alt="I will back you"|"A ga m azụ gị" Usòrò:Work_as_you_would_fight_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker,_1918.png|alt="Work as you would fight"|"Na-arụ ọrụ ka ị ga-alụ ogụ" Usòrò:Sure_we'll_finish_the_job.jpg|alt="Sure! We'll finish the job"|"N'ezie! Anyị ga-arụcha ọrụ ahụ" Usòrò:The_Past_is_Behind_Us,_The_Future_is_Ahead._Let_us_all_strive_to_make_the_future_better_and_brighter_than_the_past..._-_NARA_-_541774.tif|alt="The Past is Behind Us, The Future is Ahead. Let us all strive to make the future better and brighter than the past..."|"Ihe gara aga dị n'azụ anyị, ihe dị n'ihu. Ka anyị niile ịgbasie ike ime ka dị mma ma dị mma ƙarin oge gara aga..." </gallery>Mgbe e ịhụ, Beneker mgbatị afọ a na-ese ndị ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ Hydraulic Pressed Steel Company na Cleveland, Ohio dị ka ọrụ nkwalite nke njikwa ọrụ;  [1] A ọrụ ndị yiri ya na ụlọ ọrụ General Electric dị na Schenectady, New York, na na ụlọ ọrụ Rohm na Haas dị na Philadelphia. <ref name="askart" /> Beneker bụ otu n'ime ndị post Provincetown Art Association na Museum .  [1] Akwụkwọ ya bụ Archives of American Art of the Smithsonian Institution na-ejide akwụkwọ ya. <ref name="AAA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/gerrit-beneker-papers-8880|title=Gerrit A. Beneker papers, 1869–1972|publisher=Archives of American Art|accessdate=2011-11-16}}</ref> == Nyocha == [[Usòrò:'Telephone_Operator'_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker.JPG|thumb| ''Onye na-arụ ekwentị (Onye na-akpa ákwà nke echiche ọha)'', 1921]] [[Usòrò:Portrait_of_George_Trapp,_worker,_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker_dl_full_size.jpg|thumb| ''Eserese nke George Trapp, onye ọrụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ'', 1930]] Ihe si na Beneker pụta dị nnọọ ukwuu, na-arụ ihe dị ka narị ise na mmanụ a rụpụtara n'ime afọ iri atọ, ewezuga ọtụtụ ihe atụ ya. <ref name="askart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901|title=Biography for Gerrit Beneker|publisher=AskArt|accessdate=2011-11-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901 "Biography for Gerrit Beneker"]. AskArt<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya bụ ihe osise, ọdịdị ala, na ụdị ihe osise nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ọrụ aka, na ọ bụ nke ikpeazụ ka a maara ya nke ọma. <ref name="askart" /> Eserese ụlọ ọrụ Beneker nwere nchekwube ma na-ebuli ndị ọrụ ozi elu.  James Guimond depụtara ya, yana ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka Alfred Stieglitz, Joseph Stella, na Margaret Bourke-White, dị ka onye na-ekere òkè na " ụdị ọrụ ihe na-ewu nke bụ ụdị sooty romanticism.  "  [1] Eserese ụlọ ọrụ ya na-elegharị anya na mba ahụ, Beneker nọkwa na-achọsi ike dị ka onye nkuzi. <ref name="artnet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/gerrit-albertus-beneker/biography-links|title=Gerrit Albertus Beneker|publisher=artnet.com|accessdate=2011-11-17}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.artnet.com/artists/gerrit-albertus-beneker/biography-links "Gerrit Albertus Beneker"]. artnet.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-17</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ebe na ihe ndị ọrụ ya na ọrụ ihe bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya, a na-ahụta ịhụ ala ya maka ike ha.. <ref name="boston">{{Cite news|work=Boston Globe|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2003/08/29/museums_exhibits_celebrate_provincetowns_artistic_heritage/|title=Museum's exhibits celebrate Provincetown's artistic heritage|first=Cate|author=McQuaid|date=2003-08-29|accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> <ref name="askart" />Na mgbakwunye, ihe atụ Beneker nọmba n'ihe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ iri 15111111 Scientific American na Harper's Weekly .  [1] A mara ya maka mgbasa ozi ncha ncha ya. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Gerrit Albertus Beneker}} * {{Cite journal|title=Gerrit Beneker's Labor Posters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1HrAAAAMAAJ&q=beneker&pg=PA479-IA3|journal=The American Magazine of Art|volume=IX|date=October 1918|issue=12|pages=479–482}} * {{Cite journal|title=Art – A Constructive Force|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vz8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA377|journal=The American Magazine of Art|volume=X|date=August 1919|issue=10|pages=377–385}} 7czfeioysqhvvlvki2bthfkd3cqlvg4 672321 672318 2026-07-04T14:12:27Z Bigcee007 24507 Fixed reference error 672321 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Gerrit_Beneker_at_easel_1915.jpg|thumb| Gerrit Beneker nọ n'ọgbọ ya na 1915]] [[Usòrò:Portrait_of_Reinhart_Geiger,_locomotive_engineer,_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker_dl_full_size.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Eserese nke Reinhart Geiger, injinia locomotive]] Gerrit Albertus Beneker (January 26, 1882 - Ọktoba 23, 1934) bụ onye America na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe kacha mara maka ya nke ihe nkiri ụlọ ọrụ yana maka ọrụ mmado ya na Agha mbụ Mbụ. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Beneker na Jenụwarị 26, 1882, na Grand Rapids, Michigan, nwa nwoke Bartel Albertus Beneker, onye si Serooskerke na Netherlands kwaga na Pauline Catherine Steketee. [1] [2] [3] O buru ụzọ mụọ na Chicago Art Institute, ebe ndị nkuzi ya gụnyere John Vanderpoel na Frederick Richardson ; emesia ọ gafere na Art Students League na New York. [4] Na Septemba 1907 ọ lụrụ Flora Judd Van Vranken si Marcellus, New York, onye ya na ya ga-amụ ụmụ anọ. <ref name="anc">{{Cite web|url=http://records.ancestry.com/Gerrit_A_Beneker_records.ashx?pid=5316373|title=Gerrit A Beneker 1881-1934 - Ancestry|work=records.ancestry.com}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe na New York, ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ nke Charles Webster Hawthorne na 1912 na Cape Cod School of Art ;  [1] ọ bụ ebe na ọrụ ya wetara ugboro ugboro, ọ la iche na mpaghara ahụ n'oge akwụkwọ na 1920 ụlọ ụlọ na Truro, Massachusetts. . <ref name="askart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901|title=Biography for Gerrit Beneker|publisher=AskArt|accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> <ref name="artnet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/gerrit-albertus-beneker/biography-links|title=Gerrit Albertus Beneker|publisher=artnet.com|accessdate=2011-11-17}}</ref>Na July 1918, a goro Beneker, n'okpuru aha nke "Aid Expert Aid, Navy Department", iji akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mmado na ihe atụ maka agha.  [1] Ọ bụ n’oge a ka o sere ọrụ ọ mara nke ọma, “O doro anya na anyị ga-arụcha ọrụ ahụ,” nke rere ihe ụmụaka nde atọ.<gallery> Usòrò:I_will_back_you_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker,_1918.png|alt="I will back you"|"A ga m azụ gị" Usòrò:Work_as_you_would_fight_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker,_1918.png|alt="Work as you would fight"|"Na-arụ ọrụ ka ị ga-alụ ogụ" Usòrò:Sure_we'll_finish_the_job.jpg|alt="Sure! We'll finish the job"|"N'ezie! Anyị ga-arụcha ọrụ ahụ" Usòrò:The_Past_is_Behind_Us,_The_Future_is_Ahead._Let_us_all_strive_to_make_the_future_better_and_brighter_than_the_past..._-_NARA_-_541774.tif|alt="The Past is Behind Us, The Future is Ahead. Let us all strive to make the future better and brighter than the past..."|"Ihe gara aga dị n'azụ anyị, ihe dị n'ihu. Ka anyị niile ịgbasie ike ime ka dị mma ma dị mma ƙarin oge gara aga..." </gallery>Mgbe e ịhụ, Beneker mgbatị afọ a na-ese ndị ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ Hydraulic Pressed Steel Company na Cleveland, Ohio dị ka ọrụ nkwalite nke njikwa ọrụ;  [1] A ọrụ ndị yiri ya na ụlọ ọrụ General Electric dị na Schenectady, New York, na na ụlọ ọrụ Rohm na Haas dị na Philadelphia. <ref name="askart" /> Beneker bụ otu n'ime ndị post Provincetown Art Association na Museum .  [1] Akwụkwọ ya bụ Archives of American Art of the Smithsonian Institution na-ejide akwụkwọ ya. <ref name="AAA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/gerrit-beneker-papers-8880|title=Gerrit A. Beneker papers, 1869–1972|publisher=Archives of American Art|accessdate=2011-11-16}}</ref> == Nyocha == [[Usòrò:'Telephone_Operator'_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker.JPG|thumb| ''Onye na-arụ ekwentị (Onye na-akpa ákwà nke echiche ọha)'', 1921]] [[Usòrò:Portrait_of_George_Trapp,_worker,_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker_dl_full_size.jpg|thumb| ''Eserese nke George Trapp, onye ọrụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ'', 1930]] Ihe si na Beneker pụta dị nnọọ ukwuu, na-arụ ihe dị ka narị ise na mmanụ a rụpụtara n'ime afọ iri atọ, ewezuga ọtụtụ ihe atụ ya. <ref name="askart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901|title=Biography for Gerrit Beneker|publisher=AskArt|accessdate=2011-11-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901 "Biography for Gerrit Beneker"]. AskArt<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya bụ ihe osise, ọdịdị ala, na ụdị ihe osise nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ọrụ aka, na ọ bụ nke ikpeazụ ka a maara ya nke ọma. <ref name="askart" /> Eserese ụlọ ọrụ Beneker nwere nchekwube ma na-ebuli ndị ọrụ ozi elu.  James Guimond depụtara ya, yana ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka Alfred Stieglitz, Joseph Stella, na Margaret Bourke-White, dị ka onye na-ekere òkè na " ụdị ọrụ ihe na-ewu nke bụ ụdị sooty romanticism.  "  [1] Eserese ụlọ ọrụ ya na-elegharị anya na mba ahụ, Beneker nọkwa na-achọsi ike dị ka onye nkuzi. <ref name="artnet" /> Ọ bụ ebe na ihe ndị ọrụ ya na ọrụ ihe bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya, a na-ahụta ịhụ ala ya maka ike ha.. <ref name="boston">{{Cite news|work=Boston Globe|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2003/08/29/museums_exhibits_celebrate_provincetowns_artistic_heritage/|title=Museum's exhibits celebrate Provincetown's artistic heritage|first=Cate|author=McQuaid|date=2003-08-29|accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> <ref name="askart" />Na mgbakwunye, ihe atụ Beneker nọmba n'ihe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ iri 15111111 Scientific American na Harper's Weekly .  [1] A mara ya maka mgbasa ozi ncha ncha ya. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Gerrit Albertus Beneker}} * {{Cite journal|title=Gerrit Beneker's Labor Posters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1HrAAAAMAAJ&q=beneker&pg=PA479-IA3|journal=The American Magazine of Art|volume=IX|date=October 1918|issue=12|pages=479–482}} * {{Cite journal|title=Art – A Constructive Force|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vz8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA377|journal=The American Magazine of Art|volume=X|date=August 1919|issue=10|pages=377–385}} dcfn889gi4s5jmhgr4n3kjgwp7o92fk 672326 672321 2026-07-04T14:13:59Z Bigcee007 24507 Wepu mgbanwe [[Special:Diff/672321|672321]] nke [[Special:Contributions/Bigcee007|Bigcee007]] ([[User talk:Bigcee007|talk]]) 672326 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Gerrit_Beneker_at_easel_1915.jpg|thumb| Gerrit Beneker nọ n'ọgbọ ya na 1915]] [[Usòrò:Portrait_of_Reinhart_Geiger,_locomotive_engineer,_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker_dl_full_size.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Eserese nke Reinhart Geiger, injinia locomotive]] Gerrit Albertus Beneker (January 26, 1882 - Ọktoba 23, 1934) bụ onye America na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe kacha mara maka ya nke ihe nkiri ụlọ ọrụ yana maka ọrụ mmado ya na Agha mbụ Mbụ. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Beneker na Jenụwarị 26, 1882, na Grand Rapids, Michigan, nwa nwoke Bartel Albertus Beneker, onye si Serooskerke na Netherlands kwaga na Pauline Catherine Steketee. [1] [2] [3] O buru ụzọ mụọ na Chicago Art Institute, ebe ndị nkuzi ya gụnyere John Vanderpoel na Frederick Richardson ; emesia ọ gafere na Art Students League na New York. [4] Na Septemba 1907 ọ lụrụ Flora Judd Van Vranken si Marcellus, New York, onye ya na ya ga-amụ ụmụ anọ. <ref name="anc">{{Cite web|url=http://records.ancestry.com/Gerrit_A_Beneker_records.ashx?pid=5316373|title=Gerrit A Beneker 1881-1934 - Ancestry|work=records.ancestry.com}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe na New York, ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ nke Charles Webster Hawthorne na 1912 na Cape Cod School of Art ;  [1] ọ bụ ebe na ọrụ ya wetara ugboro ugboro, ọ la iche na mpaghara ahụ n'oge akwụkwọ na 1920 ụlọ ụlọ na Truro, Massachusetts. . <ref name="askart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901|title=Biography for Gerrit Beneker|publisher=AskArt|accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> <ref name="artnet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/gerrit-albertus-beneker/biography-links|title=Gerrit Albertus Beneker|publisher=artnet.com|accessdate=2011-11-17}}</ref>Na July 1918, a goro Beneker, n'okpuru aha nke "Aid Expert Aid, Navy Department", iji akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mmado na ihe atụ maka agha.  [1] Ọ bụ n’oge a ka o sere ọrụ ọ mara nke ọma, “O doro anya na anyị ga-arụcha ọrụ ahụ,” nke rere ihe ụmụaka nde atọ.<gallery> Usòrò:I_will_back_you_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker,_1918.png|alt="I will back you"|"A ga m azụ gị" Usòrò:Work_as_you_would_fight_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker,_1918.png|alt="Work as you would fight"|"Na-arụ ọrụ ka ị ga-alụ ogụ" Usòrò:Sure_we'll_finish_the_job.jpg|alt="Sure! We'll finish the job"|"N'ezie! Anyị ga-arụcha ọrụ ahụ" Usòrò:The_Past_is_Behind_Us,_The_Future_is_Ahead._Let_us_all_strive_to_make_the_future_better_and_brighter_than_the_past..._-_NARA_-_541774.tif|alt="The Past is Behind Us, The Future is Ahead. Let us all strive to make the future better and brighter than the past..."|"Ihe gara aga dị n'azụ anyị, ihe dị n'ihu. Ka anyị niile ịgbasie ike ime ka dị mma ma dị mma ƙarin oge gara aga..." </gallery>Mgbe e ịhụ, Beneker mgbatị afọ a na-ese ndị ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ Hydraulic Pressed Steel Company na Cleveland, Ohio dị ka ọrụ nkwalite nke njikwa ọrụ;  [1] A ọrụ ndị yiri ya na ụlọ ọrụ General Electric dị na Schenectady, New York, na na ụlọ ọrụ Rohm na Haas dị na Philadelphia. <ref name="askart" /> Beneker bụ otu n'ime ndị post Provincetown Art Association na Museum .  [1] Akwụkwọ ya bụ Archives of American Art of the Smithsonian Institution na-ejide akwụkwọ ya. <ref name="AAA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/gerrit-beneker-papers-8880|title=Gerrit A. Beneker papers, 1869–1972|publisher=Archives of American Art|accessdate=2011-11-16}}</ref> == Nyocha == [[Usòrò:'Telephone_Operator'_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker.JPG|thumb| ''Onye na-arụ ekwentị (Onye na-akpa ákwà nke echiche ọha)'', 1921]] [[Usòrò:Portrait_of_George_Trapp,_worker,_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker_dl_full_size.jpg|thumb| ''Eserese nke George Trapp, onye ọrụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ'', 1930]] Ihe si na Beneker pụta dị nnọọ ukwuu, na-arụ ihe dị ka narị ise na mmanụ a rụpụtara n'ime afọ iri atọ, ewezuga ọtụtụ ihe atụ ya. <ref name="askart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901|title=Biography for Gerrit Beneker|publisher=AskArt|accessdate=2011-11-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901 "Biography for Gerrit Beneker"]. AskArt<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya bụ ihe osise, ọdịdị ala, na ụdị ihe osise nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ọrụ aka, na ọ bụ nke ikpeazụ ka a maara ya nke ọma. <ref name="askart" /> Eserese ụlọ ọrụ Beneker nwere nchekwube ma na-ebuli ndị ọrụ ozi elu.  James Guimond depụtara ya, yana ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka Alfred Stieglitz, Joseph Stella, na Margaret Bourke-White, dị ka onye na-ekere òkè na " ụdị ọrụ ihe na-ewu nke bụ ụdị sooty romanticism.  "  [1] Eserese ụlọ ọrụ ya na-elegharị anya na mba ahụ, Beneker nọkwa na-achọsi ike dị ka onye nkuzi. <ref name="artnet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/gerrit-albertus-beneker/biography-links|title=Gerrit Albertus Beneker|publisher=artnet.com|accessdate=2011-11-17}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.artnet.com/artists/gerrit-albertus-beneker/biography-links "Gerrit Albertus Beneker"]. artnet.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-17</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ebe na ihe ndị ọrụ ya na ọrụ ihe bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya, a na-ahụta ịhụ ala ya maka ike ha.. <ref name="boston">{{Cite news|work=Boston Globe|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2003/08/29/museums_exhibits_celebrate_provincetowns_artistic_heritage/|title=Museum's exhibits celebrate Provincetown's artistic heritage|first=Cate|author=McQuaid|date=2003-08-29|accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> <ref name="askart" />Na mgbakwunye, ihe atụ Beneker nọmba n'ihe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ iri 15111111 Scientific American na Harper's Weekly .  [1] A mara ya maka mgbasa ozi ncha ncha ya. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Gerrit Albertus Beneker}} * {{Cite journal|title=Gerrit Beneker's Labor Posters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1HrAAAAMAAJ&q=beneker&pg=PA479-IA3|journal=The American Magazine of Art|volume=IX|date=October 1918|issue=12|pages=479–482}} * {{Cite journal|title=Art – A Constructive Force|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vz8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA377|journal=The American Magazine of Art|volume=X|date=August 1919|issue=10|pages=377–385}} 7czfeioysqhvvlvki2bthfkd3cqlvg4 672327 672326 2026-07-04T14:14:30Z Bigcee007 24507 Wepu mgbanwe [[Special:Diff/672318|672318]] nke [[Special:Contributions/Bigcee007|Bigcee007]] ([[User talk:Bigcee007|talk]]) 672327 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Gerrit_Beneker_at_easel_1915.jpg|thumb| Gerrit Beneker nọ n'ọgbọ ya na 1915]] [[Usòrò:Portrait_of_Reinhart_Geiger,_locomotive_engineer,_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker_dl_full_size.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Eserese nke Reinhart Geiger, injinia locomotive]] Gerrit Albertus Beneker (January 26, 1882 - Ọktoba 23, 1934) bụ onye America na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe kacha mara maka ya nke ihe nkiri ụlọ ọrụ yana maka ọrụ mmado ya na Agha mbụ Mbụ. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Beneker na Jenụwarị 26, 1882, na Grand Rapids, Michigan, nwa nwoke Bartel Albertus Beneker, onye si Serooskerke na Netherlands kwaga na Pauline Catherine Steketee. [1] [2] [3] O buru ụzọ mụọ na Chicago Art Institute, ebe ndị nkuzi ya gụnyere John Vanderpoel na Frederick Richardson ; emesia ọ gafere na Art Students League na New York. [4] Na Septemba 1907 ọ lụrụ Flora Judd Van Vranken si Marcellus, New York, onye ya na ya ga-amụ ụmụ anọ. <ref name="anc">{{Cite web|url=http://records.ancestry.com/Gerrit_A_Beneker_records.ashx?pid=5316373|title=Gerrit A Beneker 1881-1934 - Ancestry|work=records.ancestry.com}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe na New York, ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ nke Charles Webster Hawthorne na 1912 na Cape Cod School of Art ;  [1] ọ bụ ebe na ọrụ ya wetara ugboro ugboro, ọ la iche na mpaghara ahụ n'oge akwụkwọ na 1920 ụlọ ụlọ na Truro, Massachusetts. . <ref name="askart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901|title=Biography for Gerrit Beneker|publisher=AskArt|accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> <ref name="artnet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/gerrit-albertus-beneker/biography-links|title=Gerrit Albertus Beneker|publisher=artnet.com|accessdate=2011-11-17}}</ref>Na July 1918, a goro Beneker, n'okpuru aha nke "Aid Expert Aid, Navy Department", iji akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mmado na ihe atụ maka agha.  [1] Ọ bụ n’oge a ka o sere ọrụ ọ mara nke ọma, “O doro anya na anyị ga-arụcha ọrụ ahụ,” nke rere ihe ụmụaka nde atọ.<gallery> Usòrò:I_will_back_you_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker,_1918.png|alt="I will back you"|"A ga m azụ gị" Usòrò:Work_as_you_would_fight_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker,_1918.png|alt="Work as you would fight"|"Na-arụ ọrụ ka ị ga-alụ ogụ" Usòrò:Sure_we'll_finish_the_job.jpg|alt="Sure! We'll finish the job"|"N'ezie! Anyị ga-arụcha ọrụ ahụ" Usòrò:The_Past_is_Behind_Us,_The_Future_is_Ahead._Let_us_all_strive_to_make_the_future_better_and_brighter_than_the_past..._-_NARA_-_541774.tif|alt="The Past is Behind Us, The Future is Ahead. Let us all strive to make the future better and brighter than the past..."|"Ihe gara aga dị n'azụ anyị, ihe dị n'ihu. Ka anyị niile ịgbasie ike ime ka dị mma ma dị mma ƙarin oge gara aga..." </gallery>Mgbe e ịhụ, Beneker mgbatị afọ a na-ese ndị ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ Hydraulic Pressed Steel Company na Cleveland, Ohio dị ka ọrụ nkwalite nke njikwa ọrụ;  [1] A ọrụ ndị yiri ya na ụlọ ọrụ General Electric dị na Schenectady, New York, na na ụlọ ọrụ Rohm na Haas dị na Philadelphia. <ref name="askart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901|title=Biography for Gerrit Beneker|publisher=AskArt|accessdate=2011-11-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901 "Biography for Gerrit Beneker"]. AskArt<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Beneker bụ otu n'ime ndị post Provincetown Art Association na Museum .  [1] Akwụkwọ ya bụ Archives of American Art of the Smithsonian Institution na-ejide akwụkwọ ya. <ref name="AAA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/gerrit-beneker-papers-8880|title=Gerrit A. Beneker papers, 1869–1972|publisher=Archives of American Art|accessdate=2011-11-16}}</ref> == Nyocha == [[Usòrò:'Telephone_Operator'_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker.JPG|thumb| ''Onye na-arụ ekwentị (Onye na-akpa ákwà nke echiche ọha)'', 1921]] [[Usòrò:Portrait_of_George_Trapp,_worker,_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker_dl_full_size.jpg|thumb| ''Eserese nke George Trapp, onye ọrụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ'', 1930]] Ihe si na Beneker pụta dị nnọọ ukwuu, na-arụ ihe dị ka narị ise na mmanụ a rụpụtara n'ime afọ iri atọ, ewezuga ọtụtụ ihe atụ ya. <ref name="askart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901|title=Biography for Gerrit Beneker|publisher=AskArt|accessdate=2011-11-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901 "Biography for Gerrit Beneker"]. AskArt<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya bụ ihe osise, ọdịdị ala, na ụdị ihe osise nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ọrụ aka, na ọ bụ nke ikpeazụ ka a maara ya nke ọma. <ref name="askart" /> Eserese ụlọ ọrụ Beneker nwere nchekwube ma na-ebuli ndị ọrụ ozi elu.  James Guimond depụtara ya, yana ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka Alfred Stieglitz, Joseph Stella, na Margaret Bourke-White, dị ka onye na-ekere òkè na " ụdị ọrụ ihe na-ewu nke bụ ụdị sooty romanticism.  "  [1] Eserese ụlọ ọrụ ya na-elegharị anya na mba ahụ, Beneker nọkwa na-achọsi ike dị ka onye nkuzi. <ref name="artnet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/gerrit-albertus-beneker/biography-links|title=Gerrit Albertus Beneker|publisher=artnet.com|accessdate=2011-11-17}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.artnet.com/artists/gerrit-albertus-beneker/biography-links "Gerrit Albertus Beneker"]. artnet.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-17</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ebe na ihe ndị ọrụ ya na ọrụ ihe bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya, a na-ahụta ịhụ ala ya maka ike ha.. <ref name="boston">{{Cite news|work=Boston Globe|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2003/08/29/museums_exhibits_celebrate_provincetowns_artistic_heritage/|title=Museum's exhibits celebrate Provincetown's artistic heritage|first=Cate|author=McQuaid|date=2003-08-29|accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> <ref name="askart" />Na mgbakwunye, ihe atụ Beneker nọmba n'ihe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ iri 15111111 Scientific American na Harper's Weekly .  [1] A mara ya maka mgbasa ozi ncha ncha ya. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Gerrit Albertus Beneker}} * {{Cite journal|title=Gerrit Beneker's Labor Posters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1HrAAAAMAAJ&q=beneker&pg=PA479-IA3|journal=The American Magazine of Art|volume=IX|date=October 1918|issue=12|pages=479–482}} * {{Cite journal|title=Art – A Constructive Force|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vz8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA377|journal=The American Magazine of Art|volume=X|date=August 1919|issue=10|pages=377–385}} jbtixrbhgrmkumpmctswlggshcqeztr 672331 672327 2026-07-04T14:17:16Z Bigcee007 24507 /* Nyocha */ 672331 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Gerrit_Beneker_at_easel_1915.jpg|thumb| Gerrit Beneker nọ n'ọgbọ ya na 1915]] [[Usòrò:Portrait_of_Reinhart_Geiger,_locomotive_engineer,_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker_dl_full_size.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Eserese nke Reinhart Geiger, injinia locomotive]] Gerrit Albertus Beneker (January 26, 1882 - Ọktoba 23, 1934) bụ onye America na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe kacha mara maka ya nke ihe nkiri ụlọ ọrụ yana maka ọrụ mmado ya na Agha mbụ Mbụ. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Beneker na Jenụwarị 26, 1882, na Grand Rapids, Michigan, nwa nwoke Bartel Albertus Beneker, onye si Serooskerke na Netherlands kwaga na Pauline Catherine Steketee. [1] [2] [3] O buru ụzọ mụọ na Chicago Art Institute, ebe ndị nkuzi ya gụnyere John Vanderpoel na Frederick Richardson ; emesia ọ gafere na Art Students League na New York. [4] Na Septemba 1907 ọ lụrụ Flora Judd Van Vranken si Marcellus, New York, onye ya na ya ga-amụ ụmụ anọ. <ref name="anc">{{Cite web|url=http://records.ancestry.com/Gerrit_A_Beneker_records.ashx?pid=5316373|title=Gerrit A Beneker 1881-1934 - Ancestry|work=records.ancestry.com}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe na New York, ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ nke Charles Webster Hawthorne na 1912 na Cape Cod School of Art ;  [1] ọ bụ ebe na ọrụ ya wetara ugboro ugboro, ọ la iche na mpaghara ahụ n'oge akwụkwọ na 1920 ụlọ ụlọ na Truro, Massachusetts. . <ref name="askart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901|title=Biography for Gerrit Beneker|publisher=AskArt|accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> <ref name="artnet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/gerrit-albertus-beneker/biography-links|title=Gerrit Albertus Beneker|publisher=artnet.com|accessdate=2011-11-17}}</ref>Na July 1918, a goro Beneker, n'okpuru aha nke "Aid Expert Aid, Navy Department", iji akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mmado na ihe atụ maka agha.  [1] Ọ bụ n’oge a ka o sere ọrụ ọ mara nke ọma, “O doro anya na anyị ga-arụcha ọrụ ahụ,” nke rere ihe ụmụaka nde atọ.<gallery> Usòrò:I_will_back_you_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker,_1918.png|alt="I will back you"|"A ga m azụ gị" Usòrò:Work_as_you_would_fight_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker,_1918.png|alt="Work as you would fight"|"Na-arụ ọrụ ka ị ga-alụ ogụ" Usòrò:Sure_we'll_finish_the_job.jpg|alt="Sure! We'll finish the job"|"N'ezie! Anyị ga-arụcha ọrụ ahụ" Usòrò:The_Past_is_Behind_Us,_The_Future_is_Ahead._Let_us_all_strive_to_make_the_future_better_and_brighter_than_the_past..._-_NARA_-_541774.tif|alt="The Past is Behind Us, The Future is Ahead. Let us all strive to make the future better and brighter than the past..."|"Ihe gara aga dị n'azụ anyị, ihe dị n'ihu. Ka anyị niile ịgbasie ike ime ka dị mma ma dị mma ƙarin oge gara aga..." </gallery>Mgbe e ịhụ, Beneker mgbatị afọ a na-ese ndị ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ Hydraulic Pressed Steel Company na Cleveland, Ohio dị ka ọrụ nkwalite nke njikwa ọrụ;  [1] A ọrụ ndị yiri ya na ụlọ ọrụ General Electric dị na Schenectady, New York, na na ụlọ ọrụ Rohm na Haas dị na Philadelphia. <ref name="askart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901|title=Biography for Gerrit Beneker|publisher=AskArt|accessdate=2011-11-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901 "Biography for Gerrit Beneker"]. AskArt<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Beneker bụ otu n'ime ndị post Provincetown Art Association na Museum .  [1] Akwụkwọ ya bụ Archives of American Art of the Smithsonian Institution na-ejide akwụkwọ ya. <ref name="AAA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/gerrit-beneker-papers-8880|title=Gerrit A. Beneker papers, 1869–1972|publisher=Archives of American Art|accessdate=2011-11-16}}</ref> == Nyocha == [[Usòrò:'Telephone_Operator'_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker.JPG|thumb| ''Onye na-arụ ekwentị (Onye na-akpa ákwà nke echiche ọha)'', 1921]] [[Usòrò:Portrait_of_George_Trapp,_worker,_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker_dl_full_size.jpg|thumb| ''Eserese nke George Trapp, onye ọrụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ'', 1930]] Ihe si na Beneker pụta dị nnọọ ukwuu, na-arụ ihe dị ka narị ise na mmanụ a rụpụtara n'ime afọ iri atọ, ewezuga ọtụtụ ihe atụ ya. <ref name="askart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901|title=Biography for Gerrit Beneker|publisher=AskArt|accessdate=2011-11-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901 "Biography for Gerrit Beneker"]. AskArt<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya bụ ihe osise, ọdịdị ala, na ụdị ihe osise nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ọrụ aka, na ọ bụ nke ikpeazụ ka a maara ya nke ọma. <ref name="askart" /> Eserese ụlọ ọrụ Beneker nwere nchekwube ma na-ebuli ndị ọrụ ozi elu.  James Guimond depụtara ya, yana ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka Alfred Stieglitz, Joseph Stella, na Margaret Bourke-White, dị ka onye na-ekere òkè na " ụdị ọrụ ihe na-ewu nke bụ ụdị sooty romanticism.  "  [1] Eserese ụlọ ọrụ ya na-elegharị anya na mba ahụ, Beneker nọkwa na-achọsi ike dị ka onye nkuzi. <ref name="artnet" /> Ọ bụ ebe na ihe ndị ọrụ ya na ọrụ ihe bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya, a na-ahụta ịhụ ala ya maka ike ha.. <ref name="boston">{{Cite news|work=Boston Globe|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2003/08/29/museums_exhibits_celebrate_provincetowns_artistic_heritage/|title=Museum's exhibits celebrate Provincetown's artistic heritage|first=Cate|author=McQuaid|date=2003-08-29|accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> <ref name="askart" />Na mgbakwunye, ihe atụ Beneker nọmba n'ihe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ iri 15111111 Scientific American na Harper's Weekly .  [1] A mara ya maka mgbasa ozi ncha ncha ya. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Gerrit Albertus Beneker}} * {{Cite journal|title=Gerrit Beneker's Labor Posters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1HrAAAAMAAJ&q=beneker&pg=PA479-IA3|journal=The American Magazine of Art|volume=IX|date=October 1918|issue=12|pages=479–482}} * {{Cite journal|title=Art – A Constructive Force|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vz8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA377|journal=The American Magazine of Art|volume=X|date=August 1919|issue=10|pages=377–385}} kwfddxpfm3a6r1u5lvltu8d84jlf95t 672339 672331 2026-07-04T14:24:19Z Bigcee007 24507 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 672339 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Gerrit_Beneker_at_easel_1915.jpg|thumb| Gerrit Beneker nọ n'ọgbọ ya na 1915]] [[Usòrò:Portrait_of_Reinhart_Geiger,_locomotive_engineer,_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker_dl_full_size.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Eserese nke Reinhart Geiger, injinia locomotive]] Gerrit Albertus Beneker (January 26, 1882 - Ọktoba 23, 1934) bụ onye America na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe kacha mara maka ya nke ihe nkiri ụlọ ọrụ yana maka ọrụ mmado ya na Agha mbụ Mbụ. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Beneker na Jenụwarị 26, 1882, na Grand Rapids, Michigan, nwa nwoke Bartel Albertus Beneker, onye si Serooskerke na Netherlands kwaga na Pauline Catherine Steketee. [1] [2] [3] O buru ụzọ mụọ na Chicago Art Institute, ebe ndị nkuzi ya gụnyere John Vanderpoel na Frederick Richardson ; emesia ọ gafere na Art Students League na New York. [4] Na Septemba 1907 ọ lụrụ Flora Judd Van Vranken si Marcellus, New York, onye ya na ya ga-amụ ụmụ anọ. <ref name="anc">{{Cite web|url=http://records.ancestry.com/Gerrit_A_Beneker_records.ashx?pid=5316373|title=Gerrit A Beneker 1881-1934 - Ancestry|work=records.ancestry.com}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe na New York, ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ nke Charles Webster Hawthorne na 1912 na Cape Cod School of Art ;  [1] ọ bụ ebe na ọrụ ya wetara ugboro ugboro, ọ la iche na mpaghara ahụ n'oge akwụkwọ na 1920 ụlọ ụlọ na Truro, Massachusetts. . <ref name="askart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901|title=Biography for Gerrit Beneker|publisher=AskArt|accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> <ref name="artnet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/gerrit-albertus-beneker/biography-links|title=Gerrit Albertus Beneker|publisher=artnet.com|accessdate=2011-11-17}}</ref>Na July 1918, a goro Beneker, n'okpuru aha nke "Aid Expert Aid, Navy Department", iji akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mmado na ihe atụ maka agha.  [1] Ọ bụ n’oge a ka o sere ọrụ ọ mara nke ọma, “O doro anya na anyị ga-arụcha ọrụ ahụ,” nke rere ihe ụmụaka nde atọ.<gallery> Usòrò:I_will_back_you_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker,_1918.png|alt="I will back you"|"A ga m azụ gị" Usòrò:Work_as_you_would_fight_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker,_1918.png|alt="Work as you would fight"|"Na-arụ ọrụ ka ị ga-alụ ogụ" Usòrò:Sure_we'll_finish_the_job.jpg|alt="Sure! We'll finish the job"|"N'ezie! Anyị ga-arụcha ọrụ ahụ" Usòrò:The_Past_is_Behind_Us,_The_Future_is_Ahead._Let_us_all_strive_to_make_the_future_better_and_brighter_than_the_past..._-_NARA_-_541774.tif|alt="The Past is Behind Us, The Future is Ahead. Let us all strive to make the future better and brighter than the past..."|"Ihe gara aga dị n'azụ anyị, ihe dị n'ihu. Ka anyị niile ịgbasie ike ime ka dị mma ma dị mma ƙarin oge gara aga..." </gallery>Mgbe e ịhụ, Beneker mgbatị afọ a na-ese ndị ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ Hydraulic Pressed Steel Company na Cleveland, Ohio dị ka ọrụ nkwalite nke njikwa ọrụ;  [1] A ọrụ ndị yiri ya na ụlọ ọrụ General Electric dị na Schenectady, New York, na na ụlọ ọrụ Rohm na Haas dị na Philadelphia. <ref name="askart" /> Beneker bụ otu n'ime ndị post Provincetown Art Association na Museum .  [1] Akwụkwọ ya bụ Archives of American Art of the Smithsonian Institution na-ejide akwụkwọ ya. <ref name="AAA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/gerrit-beneker-papers-8880|title=Gerrit A. Beneker papers, 1869–1972|publisher=Archives of American Art|accessdate=2011-11-16}}</ref> == Nyocha == [[Usòrò:'Telephone_Operator'_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker.JPG|thumb| ''Onye na-arụ ekwentị (Onye na-akpa ákwà nke echiche ọha)'', 1921]] [[Usòrò:Portrait_of_George_Trapp,_worker,_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker_dl_full_size.jpg|thumb| ''Eserese nke George Trapp, onye ọrụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ'', 1930]] Ihe si na Beneker pụta dị nnọọ ukwuu, na-arụ ihe dị ka narị ise na mmanụ a rụpụtara n'ime afọ iri atọ, ewezuga ọtụtụ ihe atụ ya. <ref name="askart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901|title=Biography for Gerrit Beneker|publisher=AskArt|accessdate=2011-11-18}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901 "Biography for Gerrit Beneker"]. AskArt<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-11-18</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya bụ ihe osise, ọdịdị ala, na ụdị ihe osise nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ọrụ aka, na ọ bụ nke ikpeazụ ka a maara ya nke ọma. <ref name="askart" /> Eserese ụlọ ọrụ Beneker nwere nchekwube ma na-ebuli ndị ọrụ ozi elu.  James Guimond depụtara ya, yana ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka Alfred Stieglitz, Joseph Stella, na Margaret Bourke-White, dị ka onye na-ekere òkè na " ụdị ọrụ ihe na-ewu nke bụ ụdị sooty romanticism.  "  [1] Eserese ụlọ ọrụ ya na-elegharị anya na mba ahụ, Beneker nọkwa na-achọsi ike dị ka onye nkuzi. <ref name="artnet" /> Ọ bụ ebe na ihe ndị ọrụ ya na ọrụ ihe bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya, a na-ahụta ịhụ ala ya maka ike ha.. <ref name="boston">{{Cite news|work=Boston Globe|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2003/08/29/museums_exhibits_celebrate_provincetowns_artistic_heritage/|title=Museum's exhibits celebrate Provincetown's artistic heritage|first=Cate|author=McQuaid|date=2003-08-29|accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> <ref name="askart" />Na mgbakwunye, ihe atụ Beneker nọmba n'ihe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ iri 15111111 Scientific American na Harper's Weekly .  [1] A mara ya maka mgbasa ozi ncha ncha ya. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Gerrit Albertus Beneker}} * {{Cite journal|title=Gerrit Beneker's Labor Posters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1HrAAAAMAAJ&q=beneker&pg=PA479-IA3|journal=The American Magazine of Art|volume=IX|date=October 1918|issue=12|pages=479–482}} * {{Cite journal|title=Art – A Constructive Force|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vz8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA377|journal=The American Magazine of Art|volume=X|date=August 1919|issue=10|pages=377–385}} dcfn889gi4s5jmhgr4n3kjgwp7o92fk 672342 672339 2026-07-04T14:25:20Z Bigcee007 24507 /* Nyocha */ 672342 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Gerrit_Beneker_at_easel_1915.jpg|thumb| Gerrit Beneker nọ n'ọgbọ ya na 1915]] [[Usòrò:Portrait_of_Reinhart_Geiger,_locomotive_engineer,_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker_dl_full_size.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb| Eserese nke Reinhart Geiger, injinia locomotive]] Gerrit Albertus Beneker (January 26, 1882 - Ọktoba 23, 1934) bụ onye America na-ese ihe na onye na-ese ihe kacha mara maka ya nke ihe nkiri ụlọ ọrụ yana maka ọrụ mmado ya na Agha mbụ Mbụ. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Beneker na Jenụwarị 26, 1882, na Grand Rapids, Michigan, nwa nwoke Bartel Albertus Beneker, onye si Serooskerke na Netherlands kwaga na Pauline Catherine Steketee. [1] [2] [3] O buru ụzọ mụọ na Chicago Art Institute, ebe ndị nkuzi ya gụnyere John Vanderpoel na Frederick Richardson ; emesia ọ gafere na Art Students League na New York. [4] Na Septemba 1907 ọ lụrụ Flora Judd Van Vranken si Marcellus, New York, onye ya na ya ga-amụ ụmụ anọ. <ref name="anc">{{Cite web|url=http://records.ancestry.com/Gerrit_A_Beneker_records.ashx?pid=5316373|title=Gerrit A Beneker 1881-1934 - Ancestry|work=records.ancestry.com}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ dị ka onye na-ese ihe na New York, ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ nke Charles Webster Hawthorne na 1912 na Cape Cod School of Art ;  [1] ọ bụ ebe na ọrụ ya wetara ugboro ugboro, ọ la iche na mpaghara ahụ n'oge akwụkwọ na 1920 ụlọ ụlọ na Truro, Massachusetts. . <ref name="askart">{{Cite web|url=http://www.askart.com/AskART/artists/biography.aspx?searchtype=BIO&artist=23901|title=Biography for Gerrit Beneker|publisher=AskArt|accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> <ref name="artnet">{{Cite web|url=http://www.artnet.com/artists/gerrit-albertus-beneker/biography-links|title=Gerrit Albertus Beneker|publisher=artnet.com|accessdate=2011-11-17}}</ref>Na July 1918, a goro Beneker, n'okpuru aha nke "Aid Expert Aid, Navy Department", iji akwụkwọ akwụkwọ mmado na ihe atụ maka agha.  [1] Ọ bụ n’oge a ka o sere ọrụ ọ mara nke ọma, “O doro anya na anyị ga-arụcha ọrụ ahụ,” nke rere ihe ụmụaka nde atọ.<gallery> Usòrò:I_will_back_you_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker,_1918.png|alt="I will back you"|"A ga m azụ gị" Usòrò:Work_as_you_would_fight_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker,_1918.png|alt="Work as you would fight"|"Na-arụ ọrụ ka ị ga-alụ ogụ" Usòrò:Sure_we'll_finish_the_job.jpg|alt="Sure! We'll finish the job"|"N'ezie! Anyị ga-arụcha ọrụ ahụ" Usòrò:The_Past_is_Behind_Us,_The_Future_is_Ahead._Let_us_all_strive_to_make_the_future_better_and_brighter_than_the_past..._-_NARA_-_541774.tif|alt="The Past is Behind Us, The Future is Ahead. Let us all strive to make the future better and brighter than the past..."|"Ihe gara aga dị n'azụ anyị, ihe dị n'ihu. Ka anyị niile ịgbasie ike ime ka dị mma ma dị mma ƙarin oge gara aga..." </gallery>Mgbe e ịhụ, Beneker mgbatị afọ a na-ese ndị ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ Hydraulic Pressed Steel Company na Cleveland, Ohio dị ka ọrụ nkwalite nke njikwa ọrụ;  [1] A ọrụ ndị yiri ya na ụlọ ọrụ General Electric dị na Schenectady, New York, na na ụlọ ọrụ Rohm na Haas dị na Philadelphia. <ref name="askart" /> Beneker bụ otu n'ime ndị post Provincetown Art Association na Museum .  [1] Akwụkwọ ya bụ Archives of American Art of the Smithsonian Institution na-ejide akwụkwọ ya. <ref name="AAA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.aaa.si.edu/collections/gerrit-beneker-papers-8880|title=Gerrit A. Beneker papers, 1869–1972|publisher=Archives of American Art|accessdate=2011-11-16}}</ref> == Nyocha == [[Usòrò:'Telephone_Operator'_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker.JPG|thumb| ''Onye na-arụ ekwentị (Onye na-akpa ákwà nke echiche ọha)'', 1921]] [[Usòrò:Portrait_of_George_Trapp,_worker,_by_Gerrit_A._Beneker_dl_full_size.jpg|thumb| ''Eserese nke George Trapp, onye ọrụ na-acha anụnụ anụnụ'', 1930]] Ihe si na Beneker pụta dị nnọọ ukwuu, na-arụ ihe dị ka narị ise na mmanụ a rụpụtara n'ime afọ iri atọ, ewezuga ọtụtụ ihe atụ ya. Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya bụ ihe osise, ọdịdị ala, na ụdị ihe osise nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ọrụ aka, na ọ bụ nke ikpeazụ ka a maara ya nke ọma. Eserese ụlọ ọrụ Beneker nwere nchekwube ma na-ebuli ndị ọrụ ozi elu.  James Guimond depụtara ya, yana ndị na-ese ihe ndị ọzọ dị ka Alfred Stieglitz, Joseph Stella, na Margaret Bourke-White, dị ka onye na-ekere òkè na " ụdị ọrụ ihe na-ewu nke bụ ụdị sooty romanticism.  "  [1] Eserese ụlọ ọrụ ya na-elegharị anya na mba ahụ, Beneker nọkwa na-achọsi ike dị ka onye nkuzi. <ref name="artnet" /> Ọ bụ ebe na ihe ndị ọrụ ya na ọrụ ihe bụ ihe ezi uche dị na ya, a na-ahụta ịhụ ala ya maka ike ha.. <ref name="boston">{{Cite news|work=Boston Globe|url=http://www.boston.com/ae/theater_arts/articles/2003/08/29/museums_exhibits_celebrate_provincetowns_artistic_heritage/|title=Museum's exhibits celebrate Provincetown's artistic heritage|first=Cate|author=McQuaid|date=2003-08-29|accessdate=2011-11-18}}</ref> <ref name="askart" />Na mgbakwunye, ihe atụ Beneker nọmba n'ihe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ iri 15111111 Scientific American na Harper's Weekly .  [1] A mara ya maka mgbasa ozi ncha ncha ya. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category|Gerrit Albertus Beneker}} * {{Cite journal|title=Gerrit Beneker's Labor Posters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J1HrAAAAMAAJ&q=beneker&pg=PA479-IA3|journal=The American Magazine of Art|volume=IX|date=October 1918|issue=12|pages=479–482}} * {{Cite journal|title=Art – A Constructive Force|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vz8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA377|journal=The American Magazine of Art|volume=X|date=August 1919|issue=10|pages=377–385}} iapshuy4ltqlrzbj1r2k4m20qmyv963 0 47882 672557 496901 2026-07-04T22:54:01Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|website=|image=Coleman Hughes on Rebel Wisdom.jpg|name=Coleman Cruz Hughes|birth_date=Febụwarị 25, 1996|occupation=onye ode akwụkwọ America na onye nnabata pọdkastị Ọ bụ onye otu ibe na Manhattan Institute for Policy Research onye ọrụ ibe na onye na-enye aka na nchịkọta akụkọ obodo ha onye ọbịa nke Mkparịta ụka Podcast na Coleman}} '''Coleman Cruz Hughes''' (amuru Febụwarị 25, 1996 ) bụ onye ode akwụkwọ America na onye nnabata pọdkastị. Ọ bụ onye otu ibe na Manhattan Institute for Policy Research na onye ọrụ ibe na onye na-enye aka na ''nchịkọta akụkọ obodo'' ha, ọ bụkwa onye ọbịa nke ''Mkparịta ụka Podcast na Coleman'' . == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Hughes bụ onye African American <ref name="wapo-mcardle" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=African American families of Monticello|url=https://www.monticello.org/getting-word/people/warren-hughes|accessdate=June 20, 2019|work=monticello.org}}</ref> na agbụrụ Puerto Rican, ma tolite na Montclair, New Jersey . <ref name="GillespieInterview" /> Nne ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 19. <ref name=":0" /> Hughes gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Newark Academy wee họrọ ya dị ka onye isi ala United States na 2014. Ọ mechara gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ Juilliard wee mụọ jazz trombone mana emechara hapụ ya, n'ihi ọnwụ nne ya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=November 5, 2022|title=Jazz at one: Coleman Hughes|url=https://jazzhousekids.org/news/jazz-at-one-coleman-hughes/|accessdate=April 5, 2024|work=Jazz House Kids}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=bncu|date=October 16, 2017|title=Coleman Hughes (CC '20)|url=https://beetsnoodz.com/2017/10/15/coleman-hughes-cc-20-interview/|accessdate=April 5, 2024|work=beets & noodz}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Peters|first=Jeremy W.|date=February 1, 2024|title=The Young Black Conservative Who Grew Up with, and Rejects, D.E.I.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/02/01/us/coleman-hughes-black-conservative-colorblind.html|accessdate=April 5, 2024|work=The New York Times}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gachara Mahadum Columbia, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2020 na BA na [[Ákọ na Uche|nkà ihe ọmụma]] . <ref name="manhattan-author-page">{{Cite web|title=Coleman Hughes|url=https://www.manhattan-institute.org/expert/coleman-hughes|work=Manhattan Institute|accessdate=October 2, 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Na June 19, 2019, Hughes gbara akaebe n'ihu otu kọmitii na-ahụ maka ikpe ikpe US na ntị maka nkwụghachi maka ịgba ohu, na-arụ ụka megide mkpọsa ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hearing on Slavery Reparations|url=https://www.c-span.org/video/?461767-1/house-judiciary-subcommittee-examines-case-slavery-reparations|publisher=National Cable Satellite Corporation|work=c-span.org|accessdate=June 20, 2019}}</ref> <ref name="guardian-reparations">{{Cite web|first=Ta-Nehisi|author=Coates|title=Should America pay reparations for slavery? Ta-Nehisi Coates v Coleman Hughes|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jun/19/reparations-slavery-ta-nehisi-coates-v-coleman-hughes|work=The Guardian|date=June 19, 2019|accessdate=June 22, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 21, 2019|title=In Defense of Coleman Hughes|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/coleman-hughes-slavery-reparations-defense/|accessdate=August 22, 2020|work=[[National Review]]|first=Sahil|author=Handa|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ụka na "[i] ọ bụrụ na anyị ga-akwụ ụgwọ taa, anyị ga-ekewa mba ahụ n'ihu, na-eme ka o sie ike ịmepụta njikọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị chọrọ iji dozie nsogbu ndị na-eche ndị isi ojii ihu taa." <ref name="NaranjoHill">{{Cite news|author=Naranjo|first=Jesse|title=Slavery Reparations Issue Gets Rare Hearing on Hill|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/slavery-reparations-issue-gets-rare-hearing-on-hill-11560983015|accessdate=June 27, 2019|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=June 19, 2019}}</ref> N'okwu a, o kwuputara n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na oke igbu ọchụ dị ka nsogbu na-emetụta [[Ndị Afụrịka ǹkè Amerịka|ndị ojii America]] taa. <ref name="guardian-reparations" /> Ọ tụrụ aro atụmatụ ọzọ nke ịkwụ ụgwọ nkwụghachi nye ndị Black America bụ ndị tolitere n'onwe ha n'okpuru Jim Crow . <ref name="guardian-reparations" /> Hughes gara n'ihu kwuo na nkwụghachi ụmụ nke ndị ohu ga-akparị ọtụtụ ndị isi ojii America ma kwuo na ha ga-eme ya na "otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị isi ojii America bụ ndị nyocha megide nkwụghachi n'ime ndị ihe metụtara na-enweghị nkwenye ha." <ref name="guardian-reparations" /> Na mgbakwunye na ide akwụkwọ maka ''Quillette'', <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/identities/2019/6/20/18692949/congress-reparations-slavery-discrimination-hr-40-coates-glover|title=America is having an unprecedented debate about reparations. What comes next?|date=June 20, 2019}}</ref> Hughes enyela aka na mbipụta gụnyere ''The Spectator'', <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/author/colemanhughes/|title=Author: Coleman Hughes|work=The Spectator}}</ref> ''New York Times'', <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/28/opinion/bayard-rustin-race-identity.html|title=Opinion - The Gay, Black Civil Rights Hero Opposed to Affirmative Action|author=Hughes|first=Coleman|date=February 28, 2019|work=The New York Times|accessdate=June 10, 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Wall Street'', <ref name="HughesPolitics">{{Cite news|author=Hughes|first=Coleman|title=Martin Luther King, Colorblind Radical|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/martin-luther-king-colorblind-radical-11547769741|accessdate=June 27, 2019|work=The Wall Street Journal|date=January 17, 2019}}</ref> ''National Review'', <ref name="nr-author-page">{{Cite web|title=Coleman Hughes|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/author/coleman-hughes/|work=National Review|accessdate=June 2, 2020}}</ref> ''Washington Examiner'', <ref name="washington-examiner">{{Cite news|author=Hughes|first=Coleman|title=The puzzle of racial preferences|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/the-puzzle-of-racial-preferences|accessdate=June 2, 2020|work=[[Washington Examiner]]}}</ref> na Heterodox Academy blog. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://heterodoxacademy.org/a-tale-of-two-columbia-classes/|title=A Tale of Two Columbia Classes|date=January 29, 2018|work=heterodoxacademy.org}}</ref> Na Mee 2020, ọ ghọrọ onye ibe nke Manhattan Institute for Policy Research na onye na-enye aka na ''nchịkọta akụkọ obodo'' ha. <ref name="manhattan-twitter">{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/ManhattanInst/status/1265277833246474241|title=Joining City Journal|publisher=Manhattan Institute|date=May 26, 2020|accessdate=August 2, 2020}}</ref> Edepụtara Hughes dị ka ọkà mmụta maka ọrụ 1776 Unites . <ref name="1776-scholars">{{Cite web|title=Scholars|url=https://1776unites.com/about/scholars/|work=1776 Unites|accessdate=May 31, 2020|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20210511003300/https://1776unites.com/about/scholars/|archivedate=May 11, 2021}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 2020, Hughes rụrụ ụka Julianne Malveaux na arụmụka Munk nke iHeartRadio gbasara isiokwu nkwụghachi ụgwọ ịgba ohu. <ref name="munk-debate">{{Cite web|title=Reparations|url=https://munkdebates.com/podcast/reparations|work=Munk Debates|accessdate=May 31, 2020}}</ref> == 2023 TED Talk == N’April 2023, Hughes kwuru okwu na ọgbakọ TED kwa afọ, na Vancouver, Canada. N'ịgbachitere echiche nke kpuru ìsì agba, ọ kọwara echiche ya banyere ịgwọ ndị mmadụ n'agbanyeghị agbụrụ, ma n'onwe ya ma na iwu ọha. Okwu ya zutere nkatọ sitere na TED na otu ndị ọrụ n'ime ụlọ aha ya bụ "Black@TED", na-eduga na mbọ iji gbochie mwepụta ya. Chris Anderson, onye isi nke TED, gwara Hughes banyere mmegide nke ime, na-ekwu na onye ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ekwu na okwu Hughes na-enye ozi na-ezighị ezi. Hughes na-agbagha nkwupụta a, na-arụ ụka na nyocha a kpọtụrụ aha  kwadoro ọnọdụ ya n'ezie. TED tụpụtara atụmatụ ntọhapụ na-adịghị ahụkebe, na-ejikọta okwu ya na arụmụka na-agbanwe agbanwe, nke Hughes kwenyesiri ike na ya iji hụ na a nụrụ ozi ya. Onye mmegide ya na arụmụka ahụ, Jamelle Bouie, kwetara na Hughes na nnọpụiche agbụrụ dị mma maka mmekọrịta onwe onye mana ọ rụrụ ụka na iwu ọha na eze kwesịrị ịdị na-agba ọsọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/newsletters/archive/2023/09/colorblindness-race-consciousness-conversation/675224/|title=How race-consciousness can affect relationships|first=Conor|author=Friedersdorf|publisher=The Atlantic|date=September 3, 2023|accessdate=October 8, 2023}}</ref> == Echiche == Hughes na-ekwu na ọ bụbu kwenyere n'echiche nke Black Lives Matter - na, n'okwu ya, "ndị uwe ojii na-akpa ókè agbụrụ na-egbu ndị ojii na-enweghị ngwa agha" - mana ugbu a kwenyere na ịdị adị nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na agbapụ na-egbu egbu anaghị adị ndụ nyocha ozugbo ihe ndị ọzọ na-abụghị agbụrụ bụ. weere n'ime akaụntụ. O kwupụtala nyocha sitere na Roland G. Fryer Jr. na Sendhil Mullainathan, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, na-akwado ọnọdụ ya. <ref name="mclaughlin-nr">{{Cite news|author=McLaughlin|first=Dan|title=Does It Matter What the Police-Shooting Data Show?|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/corner/does-it-matter-what-the-police-shooting-data-show/|accessdate=October 2, 2020|date=June 16, 2020}}</ref> Hughes họpụtara Joe Biden na ntuli aka onye isi ala United States 2020 . <ref name="why-biden">{{Cite web|author=Hughes|first=Coleman|title=Why I'm Voting For Biden – Bonus|url=https://colemanhughes.org/why-im-voting-for-biden-bonus/|work=colemanhughes.org|accessdate=March 21, 2021|date=October 30, 2020}}</ref> Ọ kwupụtara "enweghị mmasị na otu abụọ ahụ" mana o kwuru na 2023 na ruo ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị mgbe ọ votu maka ndị Democrats. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Interview with Coleman Hughes|url=https://www.maxraskin.com/interviews/coleman-hughes|accessdate=October 31, 2023|work=Interviews with Max Raskin}}</ref> == nnabata == N'ịde na ''The Washington Post'' na 2018, Megan McArdle kpọrọ Hughes "onye na-agụghị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia mana ọ bụrịrị onye na-eche echiche nke a ga-atụle." <ref name="wapo-mcardle">{{Cite news|author=McArdle, Megan|date=July 20, 2018|title=The puzzle of race and wealth|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/post-partisan/wp/2018/07/20/the-puzzle-of-race-and-wealth/|accessdate=June 20, 2019|work=The Washington Post}}</ref> Nick Gillespie dere na ''Reason'' na 2019 na Hughes "apụtala n'afọ gara aga dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ekwu okwu kachasị mma na nghọta gbasara agbụrụ na klaasị na United States." <ref name="GillespieInterview" />N'afọ 2020, Christopher Bollen dere na ''Ajụjụ ọnụ'' na Hughes "abụrụla otu n'ime olu na-adọrọ adọrọ na nke na-ekwe nkwa na mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị." <ref name="interview-magazine">{{Cite web|author=Bollen|first=Christopher|title=Ask a Sane Person: Coleman Hughes is not Panicking at All|url=https://www.interviewmagazine.com/culture/ask-a-sane-person-coleman-hughes|work=Interview|date=May 11, 2020|accessdate=June 3, 2020}}</ref> Na Septemba 2020, Stéphanie Chayet, na-ede na akwụkwọ akụkọ French ''Le Monde'', kọwara Hughes dị ka otu n'ime "ndị na-emegide mmegide nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ" yana Glenn Loury, Thomas Chatterton Williams na John McWhorter . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Chayet|first=Stéphanie|title=Les anticonformistes de l'antiracisme|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/m-le-mag/article/2020/09/18/thomas-chatterton-williams-glenn-loury-coleman-hughes-les-anticonformistes-de-l-antiracisme_6052654_4500055.html|work=Le Monde.fr|language=French|date=September 18, 2020}}</ref> Na Disemba 2020, edepụtara Hughes na ndepụta ''Forbes'' 30-n'okpuru-30 maka 2021 na ngalaba mgbasa ozi. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Garret|first=Briane|title=30-Under-30 2021|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/coleman-hughes/?list=30under30-media&sh=31e44811946f|work=Forbes.com}}</ref> == Egwu == Hughes malitere ịmụ violin mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ. Ọ bụ onye rapper nwere mmasị - na 2021 na 2022, o wepụtara ọtụtụ rap singles na [[YouTube]] na Spotify, na-eji moniker COLDXMAN, gụnyere vidiyo egwu maka egwu akpọrọ "Nkwulu", nke pụtara na Jenụwarị 2022. Hughes na-ejikwa otu egwu ụtụ Charles Mingus na-egwu jazz trombone na-egwuri egwu mgbe niile na Jazz Standard na New York City. <ref name="GillespieInterview">{{Cite news|author=Gillespie|first=Nick|authorlink=Nick Gillespie|title=23-Year-Old Coleman Hughes Is Reframing the Discussion on Race: Podcast|url=https://reason.com/podcast/coleman-hughes-podcast/|accessdate=June 28, 2019|publisher=[[Reason (magazine)|Reason]]|date=March 8, 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGillespie2019">[[Nick Gillespie|Gillespie, Nick]] (March 8, 2019). [https://reason.com/podcast/coleman-hughes-podcast/ "23-Year-Old Coleman Hughes Is Reframing the Discussion on Race: Podcast"]. [[Ihe kpatara (magazine)|Reason]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":0" /> == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * {{Cite book|author=Hughes|first=Coleman|title=The End of Race Politics: Arguments for a Colorblind America|publisher=[[Penguin Books]]|year=2024|isbn=978-0593332450|location=London & New York}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cj5ilc04iiarg4av2ol3a5v59rc1mnf 0 48075 672275 172668 2026-07-04T13:46:15Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 672275 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Michael Bradford''' (amuru Jenụwarị 23, 1965) bụ onye odee America bụ onye prọfesọ na Mahadum Connecticut na onye bụbu onye isi nka nke Connecticut Repertory Theatre . Na 2021, isi Connecticut nke NAACP kpọrọ Bradford otu n'ime "100 Kachasị Ndị ojii na steeti Connecticut." <ref>{{Cite web|author=Enright|first=Mike|date=2021-10-22|title=UConn Faculty, Staff, Students and Alumni Honored by NAACP|url=https://today.uconn.edu/2021/10/uconn-faculty-staff-students-and-alumni-honored-by-naacp/|accessdate=2021-12-15|work=UConn Today|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Amụrụ ma zụlite na Arkansas City, Kansas, Bradford gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Colorado wee kwaga San Jose, California, obere oge ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ere akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ụlọ ruo n'ọnụ ụzọ, onye na-eje ozi ọdụ ụgbọ ala, onye ọrụ nri ngwa ngwa, na ọrụ ndị ọzọ jọgburu onwe ya mgbe ọ na-agụ ndị inyom America America ndị na-ede uri na-ede ihe ọ kpọrọ "abụ abụ ọjọọ." Ọ jere ozi afọ 10 na ndị agha mmiri US dị ka onye na-ahụ maka sistemu wee bụrụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ebe ihe nkiri obodo na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Mgbe ọ nọ ọdụ na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị na Groton, Connecticut, Bradford weere ntọhapụ mbụ iji nwetaghachi ndụ nkịtị. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=LaMar-Rodgers|first=Nancy|date=2017-01-02|title=Written In Stages - Playwright Michael Bradford|url=https://inkct.com/2017/01/playwright-michael-bradford/|accessdate=2021-12-15|work=Ink Publications|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Savage|first=Melanie|date=2014-09-22|title=CRT produces 'Olives and Blood,' by UConn professor Michael Bradford|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/rnw-wm-storrs-olives-and-blood-0926-20140922-story.html|accessdate=2021-12-15|work=New York Daily News}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Best|first=Kenneth|date=2018-05-17|title=A "Brainpower Job"|url=https://magazine.uconn.edu/2018/05/17/michael-bradfords-brainpower-job/|accessdate=2021-12-16|work=UConn Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ pụọ n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, Bradford rụrụ ọrụ maka ụgbọ mmiri Electric wee gaa ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ Avery Point nke Connecticut na Groton. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke General Studies site na UConn na 1998 yana MFA sitere na kọleji Brooklyn na 2000, na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na-adịghị mma na nkuzi ide na Avery Point.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Best|first=Kenneth|date=2018-05-17|title=A "Brainpower Job"|url=https://magazine.uconn.edu/2018/05/17/michael-bradfords-brainpower-job/|accessdate=2021-12-16|work=UConn Magazine|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBest2018">Best, Kenneth (2018-05-17). [https://magazine.uconn.edu/2018/05/17/michael-bradfords-brainpower-job/ "A "Brainpower Job""]. ''UConn Magazine''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ edemede == Ejije Bradford, na-elekwasị anya na isiokwu ndị Africa America, ka emechara na mba na mba ụwa. Ọrụ ya kacha mara amara gụnyere ''ibi na ikuku'' (2000), nke natara nhọpụta iri AUDELCO, na ''Oliv and Blood'' (2012), ọgwụgwọ nke igbu ọchụ nke Federico García Lorca . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Best|first=Kenneth|date=2014-10-03|title=New Play Explores Theme of Silencing Opposition|url=https://today.uconn.edu/2014/10/new-play-explores-theme-of-silencing-opposition/|accessdate=2021-12-15|work=UConn Today|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Best|first=Kenneth|date=2018-05-17|title=A "Brainpower Job"|url=https://magazine.uconn.edu/2018/05/17/michael-bradfords-brainpower-job/|accessdate=2021-12-16|work=UConn Magazine|language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBest2018">Best, Kenneth (2018-05-17). [https://magazine.uconn.edu/2018/05/17/michael-bradfords-brainpower-job/ "A "Brainpower Job""]. ''UConn Magazine''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-16</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Ntụaka == ngwa ngwa, na ọrụ ndị ọzọ jọgburu onwe ya mgbe ọ na-agụ ndị inyom America America{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 70sic0779lfrsc8odmgkhomkomutkdu 672306 672275 2026-07-04T13:59:54Z Ceentia 24734 Fixed reference errors 672306 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Michael Bradford''' (amuru Jenụwarị 23, 1965) bụ onye odee America bụ onye prọfesọ na Mahadum Connecticut na onye bụbu onye isi nka nke Connecticut Repertory Theatre . Na 2021, isi Connecticut nke NAACP kpọrọ Bradford otu n'ime "100 Kachasị Ndị ojii na steeti Connecticut." <ref>{{Cite web|author=Enright|first=Mike|date=2021-10-22|title=UConn Faculty, Staff, Students and Alumni Honored by NAACP|url=https://today.uconn.edu/2021/10/uconn-faculty-staff-students-and-alumni-honored-by-naacp/|accessdate=2021-12-15|work=UConn Today|language=en-US}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Amụrụ ma zụlite na Arkansas City, Kansas, Bradford gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Colorado wee kwaga San Jose, California, obere oge ka ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ere akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma ụlọ ruo n'ọnụ ụzọ, onye na-eje ozi ọdụ ụgbọ ala, onye ọrụ nri ngwa ngwa, na ọrụ ndị ọzọ jọgburu onwe ya mgbe ọ na-agụ ndị inyom America America ndị na-ede uri na-ede ihe ọ kpọrọ "abụ abụ ọjọọ." Ọ jere ozi afọ 10 na ndị agha mmiri US dị ka onye na-ahụ maka sistemu wee bụrụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ebe ihe nkiri obodo na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri. Mgbe ọ nọ ọdụ na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị na Groton, Connecticut, Bradford weere ntọhapụ mbụ iji nwetaghachi ndụ nkịtị. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=LaMar-Rodgers|first=Nancy|date=2017-01-02|title=Written In Stages - Playwright Michael Bradford|url=https://inkct.com/2017/01/playwright-michael-bradford/|accessdate=2021-12-15|work=Ink Publications|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Savage|first=Melanie|date=2014-09-22|title=CRT produces 'Olives and Blood,' by UConn professor Michael Bradford|url=https://www.nydailynews.com/rnw-wm-storrs-olives-and-blood-0926-20140922-story.html|accessdate=2021-12-15|work=New York Daily News}}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Best|first=Kenneth|date=2018-05-17|title=A "Brainpower Job"|url=https://magazine.uconn.edu/2018/05/17/michael-bradfords-brainpower-job/|accessdate=2021-12-16|work=UConn Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe ọ pụọ n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ, Bradford rụrụ ọrụ maka ụgbọ mmiri Electric wee gaa ogige ụlọ akwụkwọ Avery Point nke Connecticut na Groton. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke General Studies site na UConn na 1998 yana MFA sitere na kọleji Brooklyn na 2000, na-aga n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ na-adịghị mma na nkuzi ide na Avery Point.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ edemede == Ejije Bradford, na-elekwasị anya na isiokwu ndị Africa America, ka emechara na mba na mba ụwa. Ọrụ ya kacha mara amara gụnyere ''ibi na ikuku'' (2000), nke natara nhọpụta iri AUDELCO, na ''Oliv and Blood'' (2012), ọgwụgwọ nke igbu ọchụ nke Federico García Lorca . <ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Best|first=Kenneth|date=2014-10-03|title=New Play Explores Theme of Silencing Opposition|url=https://today.uconn.edu/2014/10/new-play-explores-theme-of-silencing-opposition/|accessdate=2021-12-15|work=UConn Today|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntụaka == ngwa ngwa, na ọrụ ndị ọzọ jọgburu onwe ya mgbe ọ na-agụ ndị inyom America America{{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1nvsrmvtu29dsgivq4yfs736wou88sd 0 48099 672515 515404 2026-07-04T22:02:21Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672515 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Charles Ethan Porter''' (1847 - Maachị 6, 1923) bụ onye America na-ese ihe bụ ọkachamara na eserese ndụ . Nwa akwụkwọ na National Academy of Design na New York City, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị America America mbụ gosipụtara ebe ahụ. Ọ bụ naanị ya bụ onye America na-ese ihe na mmalite narị afọ ahụ nke na-ese ihe na ndụ. == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Porter na 1847 na Hartford, Connecticut . [Notes 1] <ref name="Charles Ethan Porter book" /> Ma eleghị anya nna ya bụ onye ọrụ igwe nri, nne ya na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ohu. <ref name="Seattle Pacific University">{{Cite web|author=Kresser|first=Katie|title=Charles Ethan Porter: Tenderness and Tragedy|url=http://spu.edu/depts/uc/response/new/2016-summer/features/charles-ethan-porter.asp|work=Seattle Pacific University|accessdate=17 October 2018}}</ref> Ezinụlọ Porter kwagara n'ebe ahụ bụ obodo Rockville dị nso (nke bụzi Vernon, Connecticut ) na mbido 1850s. <ref name="Conn History web page" /> Ezinụlọ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ mfu mgbe Porter dị obere. Ha diri ịda ogbenye na ọdachi nanị afọ ole na ole ka ha kwagara Rockville. Porter nwụrụ n'ọrịa asaa n'ime ụmụnne ya na otu n'ime agha n'etiti 1858 na 1868. <ref name="Charles Ethan Porter book" /> [[Usòrò:Boy_and_book_by_Charles_Porter.jpg|thumb| ''Nwa nwoke na Akwụkwọ'', c 1880]] Ụmụnne Porter, Joseph na William, debara aha na Union Army na 1863. Joseph sonyeere 29th Connecticut Infantry Regiment (Acha) na William sonyeere 14th Rhode Island Heavy Artillery (Colored) . E gburu Joseph na Virginia na 1864, e wee lie ya na Rockville ụbọchị ole na ole tupu ndị agha ya laghachi n'ụlọ. William dara ọrịa [[Iba|ịba]] nke ukwuu ma nyekwa ya nkwarụ na Jenụwarị 1865. <ref name="Charles Ethan Porter book" /> Porter bụ nwa mbụ ezinụlọ ya ga-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na 1865. <ref name="Charles Ethan Porter book">{{Cite book|author=Cummings|first=Hildegard|title=Charles Ethan Porter:African-American Master of Still Life|date=2007|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=978-0972449762}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCummings2007">Cummings, Hildegard (2007). ''Charles Ethan Porter:African-American Master of Still Life''. University Press of New England. p.&nbsp;13. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-0972449762|<bdi>978-0972449762</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Porter hapụrụ Rockville na 1868 ka ọ mụọ ihe osise na Wilbraham, Massachusetts, obodo dị kilomita iri abụọ n'ebe ugwu Rockville. Na mbụ ndị mmadụ gọnahụrụ ya, n'ihi na ọ bụ oji, ma ọ natara n'otu oge. Na 1870, mgbe afọ abụọ nke ọmụmụ nka na Wesleyan Academy (nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Wilbraham & Monson Academy), Porter debara aha na National Academy of Design na October 1869, na-aghọ onye mbụ African-American kwetara na ụlọ akwụkwọ. <ref name="Conn History web page">{{Cite web|title=Charles Ethan Porter, African American Still-life Painter|url=https://connecticuthistory.org/charles-ethan-porter-african-american-still-life-painter/|work=Connecticut History.org|accessdate=17 October 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1873, Porter mụtara nkà na Joseph Oriel Eaton, ihe osise a ma ama na onye na-ese ihe nkiri, otu afọ. Kwa afọ, ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ ma na-ese ihe na [[New York City]] site na ọdịda ruo n'oge opupu ihe ubi mana ọ laghachiri na Rockville n'oge okpomọkụ iji ese na kụziere klaasị nka. Site na 1873 ruo 1875, Porter malitere ire ọrụ ya. A na-ere otu eserese maka $175, ọnụ ahịa dị elu maka oge ahụ yana maka ahụmịhe onye na-ese ihe. A maghị ihe ọzọ gbasara Porter n'oge a. Ndị na-anakọta ihe osise na-efunahụ mmasị n'ebe ndị na-ese ihe na America na-eme njem na mba ofesi, na-azụta nkà French nke oge a na Old Masters . Ọtụtụ ndị na-eto eto America, n'oge ndakpọ akụ na ụba, malitere ịmụ akwụkwọ na mba ofesi na 1870s. Ahịa nke ndị nka America agaghị agbake ruo 1890s. <ref name="Charles Ethan Porter book">{{Cite book|author=Cummings|first=Hildegard|title=Charles Ethan Porter:African-American Master of Still Life|date=2007|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=978-0972449762}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCummings2007">Cummings, Hildegard (2007). ''Charles Ethan Porter:African-American Master of Still Life''. University Press of New England. p.&nbsp;13. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-0972449762|<bdi>978-0972449762</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Na 1878, Porter kwagara Hartford, Connecticut wee guzobe ụlọ ihe nkiri. Obodo ahụ nọ na-enwe ọganihu dị ukwuu, ụmụ amaala ya bara ọgaranya nwekwara mmasị na nkà na omenala ma nwee ego iji malite ma ọ bụ tinye na nchịkọta ihe osise. Ọzụzụ agụmagụ nka ọdịnala Porter mere ka ọ pụta ìhè ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọtụtụ ndị nka na-akụzi onwe ha ndị kwagara Hartford na nso nso a. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe ole na ole n'oge ahụ, na naanị nwoke, bụ ọkachamara na eserese ndụ . <ref name="Charles Ethan Porter book">{{Cite book|author=Cummings|first=Hildegard|title=Charles Ethan Porter:African-American Master of Still Life|date=2007|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=978-0972449762}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCummings2007">Cummings, Hildegard (2007). ''Charles Ethan Porter:African-American Master of Still Life''. University Press of New England. p.&nbsp;13. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-0972449762|<bdi>978-0972449762</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref name="Conn History web page" /> Mgbe ọ nọ na Hartford, Porter kere ọtụtụ eserese ndụ ndị a ma ama taa. Ọtụtụ ihe osise ya nke mkpụrụ osisi abụghị ụdị nke oge ahụ, n'ihi na ha etinyeghị tebụl, poselin, na iko iko na mmetụ pụrụ iche dị ka ụmụ ahụhụ. Ihe osise apụl ya bụ ihe ịga nke ọma n'ahịa ma na-ese apụl maka ọtụtụ ọrụ ya. <ref name="Charles Ethan Porter book" /> Porter nọrọ ezigbo oge n'èzí. O nwere mmasị nke ukwuu n'okike, nke a na-egosipụta na eserese ya nke urukurubụba, nnụnụ nwụrụ anwụ, ụmụ ahụhụ, na osisi. Na 1879, ọrụ ya nwetara nlebara anya nke onye na-ese ihe nkiri Frederic Edwin Church . Ụka gara Porter, zụta ihe osise ole na ole, ma kwupụta Porter na "enweghị onye ka elu dị ka onye na-agba agba na United States." Ụka gbara Porter ume ka ọ mụọ na ese ala ala. Na 1880, Porter gara Adirondacks maka ọnwa abụọ nke ịse na eserese. O kwuputara n'oge ahụ na ọ ga-elekwasị anya n'ọrụ ya n'ụzọ bụ isi na mbara ala, ma e wezụga ihe osise ndụ ndị e nyere ikike. <ref name="Charles Ethan Porter book">{{Cite book|author=Cummings|first=Hildegard|title=Charles Ethan Porter:African-American Master of Still Life|date=2007|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=978-0972449762}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCummings2007">Cummings, Hildegard (2007). ''Charles Ethan Porter:African-American Master of Still Life''. University Press of New England. p.&nbsp;13. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-0972449762|<bdi>978-0972449762</bdi>]].</cite></ref><div align="center"><gallery widths="150px" heights="150px" perrow="6"> Usòrò:Banjo_player_by_Charles_Porter.jpg|alt=Banjo player, c 1880| ''Onye egwu Banjo'', c 1880 Usòrò:Roses_by_Charles_Ethan_Porter,_c._1882,_oil_on_canvas_-_New_Britain_Museum_of_American_Art_-_DSC09546.JPG| ''Roses'', 1882 Usòrò:Flies_on_a_Plate.jpg|alt=Flies on a Plate, 1878| ''Ijiji na efere'', 1878 Usòrò:Landscape_with_grain_stacks_1882.jpg|alt=Landscape with Grain Stacks, c 1882| ''Okirikiri ala nwere nnukwu ọka'', c 1882 Usòrò:'Still_Life'_by_Charles_Ethan_Porter,_San_Antonio_Museum_of_Art.jpg|alt=Still Life c. 1880| ''N'agbanyeghị ndụ''c. 1880 Usòrò:Charles_Ethan_Porter_-_Autumn_Landscape_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|alt=Autumn Landscape, c 1891| ''Okirikiri ala mgbụsị akwụkwọ'', c 1891 Usòrò:Untitled_(Cracked_Watermelon)_by_Charles_Ethan_Porter,_c._1890.JPG|alt=Untitled (Cracked Watermelon), 1890| ''Edeghị aha (Akụkụ gbawara agbawa)'', 1890 Usòrò:Charles_Ethan_Porter_-_Lilacs_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|alt=Lilacs, 1890| ''Lilac'', 1890 Usòrò:Mountain_Laurel_2000.10_1a.jpg|alt=Mountain Laurel, 1888| ''Ugwu Laurel'', 1888 Usòrò:Still_life_with_apples_-charles_ethan_porter.png|alt=Still Life with Apples, 1886| ''Still Life na apụl'', 1886 Usòrò:Charles Ethan Porter - Peonies in a Vase (c. 1885) - NGA.jpg|alt=Peonies in a Vase, circa 1885| ''Peonies na Vase'', ihe dịka 1885 </gallery></div> == Ihe ndetu == == Ntụaka == agụmagụ nka ọdịnala Porter mere ka ọ pụta ìhè ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọtụtụ ndị nka na-akụzi onwe ha ndị kwagara Hartford na nso nso a. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ese ihe ole na ole n'oge ahụ, na naanị nwoke, bụ ọkachamara na eserese [[N'agbanyeghị ndụ|ndụ]] . <ref name="Charles Ethan Porter book2">{{Cite book|author=Cummings|first=Hildegard|title=Charles Ethan Porter:African-American Master of Still Life|date=2007|publisher=University Press of New England|isbn=978-0972449762}}</ref> <ref name="Conn History web page2">{{Cite web|title=Charles Ethan Porter, African American Still-life Painter|url=https://connecticuthistory.org/charles-ethan-porter-african-american-still-life-painter/|work=Connecticut History.org|accessdate=17 October 2018}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Hartford, Porter kere ọtụtụ{{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * Ifkovic, Ed. 'The Colored Artist': Akwụkwọ akụkọ dabere na ndụ Charles Ethan Porter. Mepụta oghere 2016. * Krieble, Helen et al., ''Charles Ethan Porter, 1847?'' ''-1923'' (katalọgụ ngosi, Connecticut Gallery, 1987) * New Britain Museum of American Art, ''Charles Ethan Porter: African-American Master of Still Life'' (2008), ngosi na monograph katalọgụ == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.hartford-hwp.com/HBHP/exhibit/05/3.html Charles Ethan Porter], Hartford Black History Project * [https://www.bedfordfineartgallery.com/charles_ethan_porter_art.html Ihe osise nke Charles Ethan Porter] * [https://connecticuthistory.org/charles-ethan-porter-african-american-still-life-painter/, Charles Ethan Porter], connecticuthistory.org 1rhaq3o5bai8z0hj2vftyy1qlm6zkeo 0 48128 672611 641986 2026-07-05T10:02:04Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Eisa Davis|image=Eisa Davis sings at NYC Hip-Hop Theater Festival 10th Anniversary (cropped).jpg|caption=Davis sings at NYC Hip-Hop Theater Festival 10th Anniversary benefit in 2010|birth_date={{birth date and age|May 5, 1971}}|education=[[Harvard University]] ([[Bachelor of Arts|AB]])<br>[[Pace University]] ([[Master of Fine Arts|MFA]])|relatives=[[Angela Davis]] (aunt)|occupation=Playwright, actress, singer-songwriter}} {{Databox}}'''Eisa Davis''' (amuru May 5, 1971) bu onye odee America, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-abụ abụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eisadavis.com/about/|title=about « Eisa Davis|work=www.eisadavis.com|accessdate=2016-11-21}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ede egwuregwu, ide ihe ngosi dị ka ''Bulrusher'' na ''Angela's Mixtape'' yana site n'ọrụ ọ na-eme ihe nkiri, ebe ọ meriri Obie Award for Sustained Excellence in Performance. Ọ bi na Brooklyn. <ref name="Elist">{{Cite news|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2011/aug/14/entertainment/la-ca-eisa-davis-20110814|title=A double life as actress, playwright|author=Elist|first=Jasmine|date=2011-08-14|work=Los Angeles Times|language=en-US|accessdate=2016-11-21}}</ref> == Ndụ mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == Davis nọrọ oge ọ bụ nwata na San Francisco, California . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/08/theater/08davi.html|title=Eisa Davis – Passing Strange – Theater|author=Lee|first=Felicia R.|date=2008-03-08|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2016-11-21}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, ọ na-etinye oge ya ịga klas ịgba egwú na ịmụ piano. Ọ bụ nwa nwanne onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Angela Davis . Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Berkeley High School, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta bachelor na Mahadum Harvard na Master of Fine Arts site na Studio Actors, ebe ọ gbara okpukpu abụọ na edemede egwuregwu na ime ihe nkiri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Revolution, Racism and Family in "Angela's Mixtape" By FRED DODSWORTH. Category: Election Section from The Berkeley Daily Planet|url=https://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2005-05-06/article/21342|accessdate=2021-07-13|work=www.berkeleydailyplanet.com}}</ref> Nkà ịgba egwu ya bụ ihe ama ama, ya na onye isi nke mmemme ya na-ekwu na ọ ga-abụrịrị na a nabatara ya na Alvin Ailey . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/08/theater/08davi.html|title=Eisa Davis – Passing Strange – Theater|author=Lee|first=Felicia R.|date=2008-03-08|work=The New York Times|accessdate=2016-11-21}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Davis kpakpando dị ka Addie Pickett, nọọsụ na onye na-anabata ndị ọbịa na Bluebell, Alabama's local medical practice in The CW's series ''Hart of Dixie'', akụkọ banyere azụ na mmiri banyere onye dọkịta New York City (Rachel Bilson) na-agbanwe ndụ na obere ndịda. obodo mgbe ọ ketara usoro ahụike mpaghara. N'afọ 2006 ka a họpụtara Davis maka, ma mechaa nweta ya, onyinye Obie maka ịrụ ọrụ ya na ''Passing Strange'' . Ihe ngosi a malitere na Berkeley Rep, ma mesịa gaa na Broadway na Davis gara na ihe ngosi ahụ, nanị mgbe e mesịrị ka Spike Lee na-emepụta ihe niile. Na 2009 o dere na kpakpando na ''Angela's Mixtapes'' . Ihe ngosi a bụ akụkọ ndụ onwe ya wee gaa n'ihu wee tinye ya na ndepụta New Yorkers nke egwuregwu kacha mma n'afọ ahụ. <ref name="Elist" /> Davis bụbu onye na-ede egwuregwu na New Dramatists, n'oge nke ọ meriri ihe nrite egwu egwu abụọ, Whitfield Cook na Helen Merrill. <ref name=":0" /> Na nso nso a ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Williams College dị ka Arthur Levitt Fellow maka oge 2013/14. <ref name=":0" /> Ugbu a ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe na Symphony Space . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.symphonyspace.org/event/7841/Music/a-conversation-with-the-artists-in-residence|title=A Conversation with the Artists-in-Residence at Symphony Space|language=en-US|accessdate=2016-11-21}}</ref> Davis nwere ọba abụọ nke egwu nke ya, ''Ihe ọzọ'' na ''Tinctures'' . Edepụtala ụfọdụ egwu ya na usoro ihe ngosi nke ''mkpụrụ obi nri'' . <ref name=":0" /> Davis kọwakwara ọrụ nke Celestial Davenport Hamilton na akwụkwọ ọdịyo nke ''An American Marriage'' nke Tayari Jones dere. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://highbridgeaudio.com/anamericanmarriage.html|title=An American Marriage - HighBridge Audio}}</ref> A ga-emepụtakwa egwuregwu ya Bulrusher na Berkeley Rep OCT 27–DEC 3, 2023. <ref>https://www.berkeleyrep.org/shows/bulrusher/</ref> === Nkà ihe ọmụma nka === Davis kwenyere na ụkpụrụ Ghana nke [[Sankofa]] . Ntụgharị asụsụ nkịtị nke okwu ahụ bụ "laghachi ma chịkọta ya" ma ọ bụ "laghachi azụ nweta ya". Nke a na-ezo aka n'ojiji o ji egwu ala site na usoro ọmụmụ ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme iji chọta ihe omume na isiokwu enwere ike iji na egwuregwu ya. Ọ na-ejikwa nka ya zaa ajụjụ ndị na-akpagbu ya ma ọ bụ echiche ndị ya na onwe ya na-alụ. Enwere ike chịkọta ọtụtụ n'ime nkà ihe ọmụma nka nka n'okwu ya, "Ụlọ ihe nkiri bụ otu n'ime oghere ọha mmadụ ole na ole anyị nwere maka ịtụgharị uche." <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://herbalpertawards.org/artist/about-eisa-davis|title=About Eisa Davis {{!}} The Herb Alpert Award in the Arts|work=herbalpertawards.org|date=28 April 2013|accessdate=2016-11-21}}</ref> Ọ na-agbasi mbọ ike na echiche dị ka oji na ezinụlọ site na uri nke asụsụ ya. <ref name=":1" /> == Ihe nkiri == === Ihe nkiri === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+ !Year !Title !Role !Notes |- |1997 |''Box Suite'' |Davis | |- |2001 |''Mourning Glory'' |Victim | |- |2003 |''Robot Stories'' |Helen | |- |2004 |''Brass Tacks'' |Tamara | |- |2005 |<nowiki><i id="mwbQ">Confess</i></nowiki> |Glyness Bennet | |- |2006 |<nowiki><i id="mwdA">The Architect</i></nowiki> |Linda Freeman | |- |2008 |''Pretty Bird'' |Corporate Hotshot #3 | |- |2010 |''Welcome to the Rileys'' |Vivian | |- |2011 |<nowiki><i id="mwiQ">In the Family</i></nowiki> |Anne Carter | |- |2012 |<nowiki><i id="mwkA">The Letter</i></nowiki> |Therapist | |- |2013 |''The Volunteer'' |Karen | |- |2014 |''Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit'' |FBI Explosives Expert | |- |2018 |''First Match'' |Bianca | |- |2019 |<nowiki><i id="mwqw">After the Wedding</i></nowiki> |Tanya | |- |2021 |''Tick, Tick... Boom!'' |Aspiring Composer and Lyricist | |- |2023 |''Ex-Husbands'' |Eileen Link | |} == Ihe nrite == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ ! Ihe nrite ! Gosi ! Nsonaazụ |- | 2006 | Obie Award | ''Na-agafe Iche'' |{{Won}} |- | 2007 | Pulitzer ihe nrite | ''Bulrusher'' |{{Nom}} |- | 2011 | Ihe nrite Ruby | ''Ramp''|{{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2012 | Herb Alpert Theatre Award | N/A |{{Won}} |- | Ihe nrite Barrymore | ''Akụkọ nke Ìhè'' |{{Nom}} |- | N/A | Whitfield Cook Award | N/A |{{Won}} |- | N/A | Helen Merrill Award | N/A |{{Won}} |- | 2016 | Lucille Lortel Award | ''Na-ebu ụzọ''|{{Nom}} |} == Ntụaka == akwụkwọ na Berkeley High School, ọ nwetara akara ugo mmụta bachelor na Mahadum Harvard na Master of Fine Arts site na Studio Actors, ebe ọ gbara okpukpu abụọ na edemede egwuregwu na ime ihe nkiri. Nkà ịgba egwu ya bụ ihe ama ama,{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Davis, Eisa}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 232n4byvvylssniinowemxrj7aut4zu 0 48368 672191 671687 2026-07-04T12:53:22Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ndị na-alụbeghị di */ 672191 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Jeanie Tracy''' bụ onye America na-agụ abụ-onye na-ede abụ, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na onye na-edekọ ihe. Ọ ghọrọ onye ama ama na njedebe 1970 dị ka onye na-agụ egwú Sylvester, onye na-agụ diski America. Ndekọ mbụ ya, ''Mụ na Gị'' (1982), gosipụtara post-disco hits "Abụ m Jeanie gị," na-abụ abụ nke gị, na 1983 nke a na-eleghara anya mebiri R&B na Funk kụrụ," Enwere m ike ịbịakwute ma soro gị gwuo egwu n'abalị a. ". Site na njedebe 1984 ruo mmalite 1985, ọ rụrụ na telivishọn Gosi Star Search ebe ọ bụ onye mmeri na ngalaba Vocalist nwanyị maka izu isii. Na 1995, Tracy wepụtara album ya nke abụọ ''Ọ bụ Oge M.'' == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Jeanie Autre Tracy na Houston, [[Texas]] wee zụlite na Fresno, [[California]] . Mgbe ọ ka dị obere, Tracy malitere ịbụ abụ n'ime ukwe ụka ya na Nzukọ-nsọ Pentikọstal nke Chineke n'ime Kraịst. <ref name="allmusic">[https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jeanie-tracy-mn0000814295/biography Jeanie Tracy | Biography & History | AllMusic]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> N'ime afọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gụrụ opera na piano oge gboo . <ref name="allmusic" /> Ọ gbara ụzọ na egwuregwu Oscar Brown Jr.'s ''Slave Driver'' na 1970. <ref name="allmusic" /> == Ọrụ == === 1975–1981: Sylvester na abụ ndabere === Na 1975, Tracy wepụtara otu mpụta mbụ ya bụ "Ịme Ndị Enyi Ọhụrụ" na Brown Door Records. <ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Jeanie-Tracy-Making-New-Friends-Trippin-On-The-Sounds-/master/842455 Jeanie Tracy – Making New Friends / Trippin On The Sounds]. Discogs. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na 1976, o nyere ụda olu na album Richard "Dimples" Fields ' ''Njikere Maka Ihe Ọ bụla'' . Na 1979, Tracy kwagara San Francisco, California ebe a kpọbatara ya na Harvey Fuqua, onye njikwa maka onye na-agụ egwú disco America Sylvester . N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ zutere Sylvester, Tracy ghọrọ enyi ya wee malite ịbụ abụ maka ya na mgbakwunye na ndị na-agụ egwú ya na-eme ugbu a Two Tons o' Fun ( [[Martha Wash]] na [[Izora Armstead]] ). <ref name="allmusic">[https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jeanie-tracy-mn0000814295/biography Jeanie Tracy | Biography & History | AllMusic]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na March 1979, ọ rụrụ arụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akụ ụda n'azụ ya na album ndụ Sylvester ''Living Proof'' nke emere na War Memorial Opera House . <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/living-proof-mw0000309348 Living Proof – Sylvester | Overview | AllMusic]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Tracy nyere ụda olu ya na ụda egwu nke ihe nkiri Francis Ford Coppola, ''Apọkalips Ugbu a'' . <ref name="allmusic" /> === 1989–1998: Mgbanwe gaa na egwu ụlọ na ''ọ bụ oge m'' === Na 1990, Tracy mere mgbanwe na egwu ụlọ na egwu teknụzụ . N'agbata 1990 na 1991, ọ wepụtara abụọ singles n'okpuru utu aha Technodiva a na-akpọ: "Achọtara m ịhụnanya" na "Foto nke a". Ọ weputara alụlụ abụọ ọzọ, "Funkin' With Yo Emotion" na "Party Up (Feel The Funky Beat)", tupu ọ laa ezumike nka Technodiva moniker. <ref name="bredband">[http://hem.bredband.net/funkyflyy/jeanie/jeanie.html Jeanie Tracy Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223031449/http://hem.bredband.net/funkyflyy/jeanie/jeanie.html |date=February 23, 2020 }}. Bredband. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na 1994, Tracy bịanyere aka na akara ndekọ UK Pulse-8 Records. N'August 1994, o wepụtara "Ọ bụrụ na Nke a bụ ịhụnanya" dị ka onye ndu otu sitere na album na-abịa. Ọ na-esochi na mwepụta nke otu ọzọ "Ị kwenyere na ihe ịtụnanya" na Nọvemba 1994. <ref name="bredband" /> Na March 1995 ọ wepụtara "Ọ bụ My Time". Na June 1995, Tracy wepụtara album ya nke abụọ ''Ọ bụ Oge M.'' Nke anọ nke album a " Ọ bụ Ụwa Nwoke Mmadụ ", ihe mkpuchi nke James Brown kụrụ, gosipụtara mmekorita ya na onye na-agụ egwú Bobby Womack . Otu ahụ ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ iri asaa na atọ na chaatị ndị alụbeghị di na UK . <ref name="ukchart">[https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/30378/jeanie-tracy/ Jeanie Tracy UK Chart history]. Official Charts. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> A tọhapụrụ "Ịkwa ákwá n'ụra m" dị ka nke ikpeazụ nke album na 1995. N'afọ 1997, ọ wepụtara otu egwu a na-akpọ "Obi Ụtọ". N'afọ 1998, ọ bịanyeghị aka na Pulse-8 ọzọ, ọ jikọtara ya na ndị na-emepụta album "It's My Time", Band of Gypsies, maka otu isiokwu ya bụ "Zaa Ekpere M". N'otu afọ ahụ, Tracy malitere onye na-eme ihe nkedo mgbe nile ma kwupụta àgwà Bantu na usoro ụmụaka ''Adventures na Kanga Roddy'' . === 1999–2016: Rosabel na Altar === Na 1999, Tracy wepụtara otu " Enweghị ike iwepụ anya m n'ahụ gị ", nke Rosabel megharịrị wee wepụta ya na AM Records. Otu ahụ ruru ọnụọgụ iri abụọ na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/jeanie-tracy Jeanie Tracy Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na Maachị 2000, Tracy wepụtara otu ọzọ Rosabel mepụtara nke a kpọrọ "Keep The Party Jumpin" na AM Records. <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/keep-the-party-jumpin-mw0000007083 Keep the Party Jumpin' – Jeanie Tracy | Overview]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Otu eserese na nọmba ise na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> Na mmekorita ọzọ na ụlọ egwu duo Rosabel, Tracy wepụtara otu "The Power" na 2001. Otu ahụ gbagoro na ọnụọgụ mbụ na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'', na-etinye otu izu na ọnụọgụ mbụ. <ref name="billboard" /> Na June 2004, ha wepụtara otu "Cha Cha Heels" ọzọ, <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cha-cha-heels-ep/44454650 Cha Cha Heels – EP by Rosabel and Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> nke gbagoro na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbụ na chaatị Dance nke ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> Na Maachị 2006, Tracy wepụtara otu akpọrọ "Party People", mmekorita ya na ụlọ egwu duo Altar na MamaHouse Records. <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/altar-featuring-jeanie-tracy-party-people/204165075 Party People – Single by Altar Featuring Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Otu ahụ ghọrọ abụ nke atọ Tracy-otu na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/jeanie-tracy Jeanie Tracy Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> N'afọ 2007, Tracy na onye America na-agụ egwú bụ Vicki Shepard wepụtara otu "Enwetara m mmetụta 2007", ụdị edekọghachiri nke ọlụlụ mbụ ya. Otu ahụ gbagoro na ọnụọgụ iri na ise na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri telivishọn BBC "The Queens of Disco". Na February 2008, ọ wepụtara ọzọ mmekorita otu na Altar a na-akpọ "Onye ọ bụla Elu". <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/everybody-up-feat-jeanie-tracy/272921170 Everybody Up – Single by Altar Featuring Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Egwu a kacha elu na ọnụọgụ asaa na chaatị Dance nke ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> Na Nọvemba 2008, Tracy rụrụ na ihe omume Winds of Change n'oge Ememe Nganga na Palm Springs, California . Na Mee 2009, ọ rụrụ na Let the Sunshine na egwu egwu bara uru. Na 2010, ọ pụtara na TV One 's ''Unsung'' program banyere Sylvester. Na February 2010, Tracy nọchiri Jennifer Holliday ma gosipụta onye na-abụ abụ ozioma Mahalia Jackson na egwuregwu ihe nkiri ''Mahalia: Onye na-agụ Oziọma'' . Tracy pụtakwara na akwụkwọ akụkọ telivishọn Unsung gbasara enyi ya Angela Bofill na 2012. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri telivishọn BBC "The Joy of Disco". Na Eprel 20, 2015, Tracy wepụtara egwuregwu agbatịkwuru ''Ime ndị enyi ọhụrụ'' . <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/making-new-friends-ep/995564489 Making New Friends – EP by Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Egwuregwu a gbatịrị agbatị nwere ndị otu anọ gara aga: "Enwere m ike ịbata ma soro gị gwuo egwu n'abalị a", "ọkụ (maka ịhụnanya gị)", "ime ndị enyi ọhụrụ", na "Trippin' na ụda". === 2017– dị ugbu a: Ọrụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya === == Ihe nketa == Na 2012, ewebatara Tracy n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ nke West Coast Blues. <ref>[https://www.timesheraldonline.com/2012/03/25/vallejo-musicians-inducted-into-west-coast-blues-hall-of-fame/ Vallejo musicians inducted into West Coast Blues Hall of Fame]. Times Herald. April 4, 2019</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, a kpọbakwara ya na Just Circuit Award Hall of Fame Artist Award. Aretha Franklin na Patti LaBelle, ha abụọ dekọrọ na Tracy, ewerewo Tracy dị ka "Otu n'ime olu iri kachasị elu n'ụwa". N'ihe dị ka afọ 2016, Tracy achịkọtala mkpokọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke otu agba egwu anọ. <ref name="billboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/jeanie-tracy Jeanie Tracy Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref>malitere ịbụ abụ n'ime ukwe ụka ya na Nzukọ-nsọ Pentikọstal nke Chineke n'ime Kraịst. N'ime afọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ di ya William Smith. <ref name="sfgate">[https://www.sfgate.com/performance/article/Jeanie-Tracy-gets-into-the-spirit-of-gospel-3199055.php Jeanie Tracy gets into the spirit of gospel]. SF Gate. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Dị ka onye Kraịst ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ọ na-agachi anya Acts Full Gospel Church na Oakland, California . <ref name="sfgate" /> Ọ makwa asụsụ French nke ọma. == Ihe ngosi == === Albums === ghọrọ enyi ya wee malite ịbụ abụ maka ya na mgbakwunye na ndị na-agụ egwú ya na-eme ugbu a Two Tons o' Fun ( Martha na Just Circuit Award Hall of Fame Artist Award. Aretha Franklin na Patti LaBelle, ha abụọ dekọrọ na Tracy, ewerewo Tracy dị ka "Otu n'ime olu iri kachasị elu n'ụwa". N'ihe dị ka afọ 2016, Tracy achịkọtala mkpokọt * ''Mụ na gị'' (1982) * ''Ọ bụ oge m'' (1995) === Ndị na-alụbeghị di === ; Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Title ! rowspan="2" |Year ! colspan="3" |Peak chart positions ! rowspan="2" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" |US Dance<br /><br /> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" |US Electronic<br /><br /><ref name="billboard" /> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" |UK<br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" |"Making New Friends" | rowspan="1" |1975 |— |— |— |rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Your Old Standby" | rowspan="3" |1982 |— |— |— | rowspan="3" |''Me and You'' |- ! scope="row" |"I'm Your Jeanie" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Me and You" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Can I Come Over And Play With You Tonight" | rowspan="1" |1983 |15 |— |— |rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Hot (For Your Love)" | rowspan="1" |1983 |45 |— |— |rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Sing Your Own Song" | rowspan="3" |1984 |33 |— |— | rowspan="1" |''Me and You'' |- ! scope="row" |"Time Bomb" |33 |— |— |rowspan="8" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Manhunt" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Don't Leave Me This Way" | rowspan="1" |1985 |22 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Let's Dance" | rowspan="1" |1988 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"I Found Love"{{efn|name=B}} | rowspan="3" |1990 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Picture This"{{efn|name=B}} |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Funkin' With Yo Emotion"{{efn|name=B}} |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Party Up (Feel The Funky Beat)"{{efn|name=B}} | rowspan="1" |1991 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"It's My Time" | rowspan="1" |1993 |— |— |82 | rowspan="6" |''It's My Time'' |- ! scope="row" |"If This Is Love" | rowspan="2" |1994 |— |— |83 |- ! scope="row" |"Do You Believe In The Wonder" |— |— |57 |- ! scope="row" |"Do You Wanna Be" | rowspan="3" |1995 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"It's A Man's Man's Man's World"<br /><br /><small>(with Bobby Womack)</small> |— |— |73 |- ! scope="row" |"Crying In My Sleep" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Happiness" | rowspan="1" |1997 |— |— |— |rowspan="18" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Answer My Prayer" | rowspan="1" |1998 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Can't Take My Eyes Off You" | rowspan="1" |1999 |20 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Keep The Party Jumpin" | rowspan="1" |2000 |5 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"The Power"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> | rowspan="1" |2001 |1 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Cha Cha Heels"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> | rowspan="1" |2004 |1 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Party People"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2006 |1 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Everybody Up"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2008 |7 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Turn It Up"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2009 |7 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Feel Good"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Edson Pride)</small> | rowspan="1" |2010 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Getcha" | rowspan="2" |2012 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"We Will Be Free Tonight"<br /><br /><small>(with Altar)</small> |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Viva"<br /><br /><small>(with Altar)</small> | rowspan="2" |2014 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Stand Strong"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> |5 |33 |— |- ! scope="row" |"Andalé"<br /><br /><small>(with Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2015 |20 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Livin' For Your Love (Your Love)"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> | rowspan="1" |2016 |1 |27 |— |- ! scope="row" |"Is This My Last Stop for Love" | rowspan="1" |2018 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Happiness 2020"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Wand)</small> | rowspan="1" |2020 |— |— |— |- |} ; Dị ka onye na-eme ihe ngosi {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Aha ! rowspan="2" | Afọ ! colspan="2" | Ọkwa chaatị kacha elu ! rowspan="2" | Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | US R&amp;amp;B<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <ref name="billboardguest">[https://www.billboard.com/music/sylvester Sylvester Billboard Chart History]</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | Ịgba egwu US<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <ref name="billboardguest" /> |- ! scope="row" | "Lee ịhụnanya m"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>( Sylvester na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="2" | 1982 | 20 | 44 | rowspan="2" | ''Ọ na-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu ịra ụra'' |- ! scope="row" | "Hapụ ya (emela ka m chere)"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>( Sylvester na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | 20 | - |- ! scope="row" | "Kpọọ Ya Ịhụnanya"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Billy "Jack" Williams na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 1996 | - | - |rowspan="7" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "N'Echi"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Ụlọ zuru ezu na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 1997 | - | - |- ! scope="row" | "Tinye ụfọdụ funk na akpụkpọ ụkwụ gị"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(N'etiti na-egosi Jeanie Tracy na Larry Batiste)</small> | rowspan="2" | 2007 | - | 20 |- ! scope="row" | "Enwere m mmetụta"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Vicki Shepard na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | - | 15 |- ! scope="row" | "dị egwu"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Dirty Disco na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 2016 | - | 13 |- ! scope="row" | "Egwu zuru oke"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Dirty Disco na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 2017 | - | - |- ! scope="row" | " Santa Baby "<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Dirty Disco na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 2019 | - | - |- |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ọnụọgụ-otu egwu egwu (United States) * Ndepụta ndị na-ese ihe ruru nọmba nke mbụ na chaatị Dance US == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * Jeanie Tracy at AllMusic * Jeanie Tracy discography at Discogs * {{IMDb name|0870526|Jeanie Tracy}} * [http://www.facebook.com/jeanietracy Jeanie Tracy Facebook page] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] r5yql9upbuqr62bbk8udj5gvy30xruw 672192 672191 2026-07-04T12:54:10Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ndị na-alụbeghị di */ 672192 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Jeanie Tracy''' bụ onye America na-agụ abụ-onye na-ede abụ, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na onye na-edekọ ihe. Ọ ghọrọ onye ama ama na njedebe 1970 dị ka onye na-agụ egwú Sylvester, onye na-agụ diski America. Ndekọ mbụ ya, ''Mụ na Gị'' (1982), gosipụtara post-disco hits "Abụ m Jeanie gị," na-abụ abụ nke gị, na 1983 nke a na-eleghara anya mebiri R&B na Funk kụrụ," Enwere m ike ịbịakwute ma soro gị gwuo egwu n'abalị a. ". Site na njedebe 1984 ruo mmalite 1985, ọ rụrụ na telivishọn Gosi Star Search ebe ọ bụ onye mmeri na ngalaba Vocalist nwanyị maka izu isii. Na 1995, Tracy wepụtara album ya nke abụọ ''Ọ bụ Oge M.'' == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Jeanie Autre Tracy na Houston, [[Texas]] wee zụlite na Fresno, [[California]] . Mgbe ọ ka dị obere, Tracy malitere ịbụ abụ n'ime ukwe ụka ya na Nzukọ-nsọ Pentikọstal nke Chineke n'ime Kraịst. <ref name="allmusic">[https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jeanie-tracy-mn0000814295/biography Jeanie Tracy | Biography & History | AllMusic]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> N'ime afọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gụrụ opera na piano oge gboo . <ref name="allmusic" /> Ọ gbara ụzọ na egwuregwu Oscar Brown Jr.'s ''Slave Driver'' na 1970. <ref name="allmusic" /> == Ọrụ == === 1975–1981: Sylvester na abụ ndabere === Na 1975, Tracy wepụtara otu mpụta mbụ ya bụ "Ịme Ndị Enyi Ọhụrụ" na Brown Door Records. <ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Jeanie-Tracy-Making-New-Friends-Trippin-On-The-Sounds-/master/842455 Jeanie Tracy – Making New Friends / Trippin On The Sounds]. Discogs. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na 1976, o nyere ụda olu na album Richard "Dimples" Fields ' ''Njikere Maka Ihe Ọ bụla'' . Na 1979, Tracy kwagara San Francisco, California ebe a kpọbatara ya na Harvey Fuqua, onye njikwa maka onye na-agụ egwú disco America Sylvester . N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ zutere Sylvester, Tracy ghọrọ enyi ya wee malite ịbụ abụ maka ya na mgbakwunye na ndị na-agụ egwú ya na-eme ugbu a Two Tons o' Fun ( [[Martha Wash]] na [[Izora Armstead]] ). <ref name="allmusic">[https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jeanie-tracy-mn0000814295/biography Jeanie Tracy | Biography & History | AllMusic]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na March 1979, ọ rụrụ arụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akụ ụda n'azụ ya na album ndụ Sylvester ''Living Proof'' nke emere na War Memorial Opera House . <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/living-proof-mw0000309348 Living Proof – Sylvester | Overview | AllMusic]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Tracy nyere ụda olu ya na ụda egwu nke ihe nkiri Francis Ford Coppola, ''Apọkalips Ugbu a'' . <ref name="allmusic" /> === 1989–1998: Mgbanwe gaa na egwu ụlọ na ''ọ bụ oge m'' === Na 1990, Tracy mere mgbanwe na egwu ụlọ na egwu teknụzụ . N'agbata 1990 na 1991, ọ wepụtara abụọ singles n'okpuru utu aha Technodiva a na-akpọ: "Achọtara m ịhụnanya" na "Foto nke a". Ọ weputara alụlụ abụọ ọzọ, "Funkin' With Yo Emotion" na "Party Up (Feel The Funky Beat)", tupu ọ laa ezumike nka Technodiva moniker. <ref name="bredband">[http://hem.bredband.net/funkyflyy/jeanie/jeanie.html Jeanie Tracy Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223031449/http://hem.bredband.net/funkyflyy/jeanie/jeanie.html |date=February 23, 2020 }}. Bredband. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na 1994, Tracy bịanyere aka na akara ndekọ UK Pulse-8 Records. N'August 1994, o wepụtara "Ọ bụrụ na Nke a bụ ịhụnanya" dị ka onye ndu otu sitere na album na-abịa. Ọ na-esochi na mwepụta nke otu ọzọ "Ị kwenyere na ihe ịtụnanya" na Nọvemba 1994. <ref name="bredband" /> Na March 1995 ọ wepụtara "Ọ bụ My Time". Na June 1995, Tracy wepụtara album ya nke abụọ ''Ọ bụ Oge M.'' Nke anọ nke album a " Ọ bụ Ụwa Nwoke Mmadụ ", ihe mkpuchi nke James Brown kụrụ, gosipụtara mmekorita ya na onye na-agụ egwú Bobby Womack . Otu ahụ ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ iri asaa na atọ na chaatị ndị alụbeghị di na UK . <ref name="ukchart">[https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/30378/jeanie-tracy/ Jeanie Tracy UK Chart history]. Official Charts. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> A tọhapụrụ "Ịkwa ákwá n'ụra m" dị ka nke ikpeazụ nke album na 1995. N'afọ 1997, ọ wepụtara otu egwu a na-akpọ "Obi Ụtọ". N'afọ 1998, ọ bịanyeghị aka na Pulse-8 ọzọ, ọ jikọtara ya na ndị na-emepụta album "It's My Time", Band of Gypsies, maka otu isiokwu ya bụ "Zaa Ekpere M". N'otu afọ ahụ, Tracy malitere onye na-eme ihe nkedo mgbe nile ma kwupụta àgwà Bantu na usoro ụmụaka ''Adventures na Kanga Roddy'' . === 1999–2016: Rosabel na Altar === Na 1999, Tracy wepụtara otu " Enweghị ike iwepụ anya m n'ahụ gị ", nke Rosabel megharịrị wee wepụta ya na AM Records. Otu ahụ ruru ọnụọgụ iri abụọ na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/jeanie-tracy Jeanie Tracy Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na Maachị 2000, Tracy wepụtara otu ọzọ Rosabel mepụtara nke a kpọrọ "Keep The Party Jumpin" na AM Records. <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/keep-the-party-jumpin-mw0000007083 Keep the Party Jumpin' – Jeanie Tracy | Overview]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Otu eserese na nọmba ise na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> Na mmekorita ọzọ na ụlọ egwu duo Rosabel, Tracy wepụtara otu "The Power" na 2001. Otu ahụ gbagoro na ọnụọgụ mbụ na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'', na-etinye otu izu na ọnụọgụ mbụ. <ref name="billboard" /> Na June 2004, ha wepụtara otu "Cha Cha Heels" ọzọ, <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cha-cha-heels-ep/44454650 Cha Cha Heels – EP by Rosabel and Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> nke gbagoro na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbụ na chaatị Dance nke ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> Na Maachị 2006, Tracy wepụtara otu akpọrọ "Party People", mmekorita ya na ụlọ egwu duo Altar na MamaHouse Records. <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/altar-featuring-jeanie-tracy-party-people/204165075 Party People – Single by Altar Featuring Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Otu ahụ ghọrọ abụ nke atọ Tracy-otu na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/jeanie-tracy Jeanie Tracy Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> N'afọ 2007, Tracy na onye America na-agụ egwú bụ Vicki Shepard wepụtara otu "Enwetara m mmetụta 2007", ụdị edekọghachiri nke ọlụlụ mbụ ya. Otu ahụ gbagoro na ọnụọgụ iri na ise na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri telivishọn BBC "The Queens of Disco". Na February 2008, ọ wepụtara ọzọ mmekorita otu na Altar a na-akpọ "Onye ọ bụla Elu". <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/everybody-up-feat-jeanie-tracy/272921170 Everybody Up – Single by Altar Featuring Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Egwu a kacha elu na ọnụọgụ asaa na chaatị Dance nke ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> Na Nọvemba 2008, Tracy rụrụ na ihe omume Winds of Change n'oge Ememe Nganga na Palm Springs, California . Na Mee 2009, ọ rụrụ na Let the Sunshine na egwu egwu bara uru. Na 2010, ọ pụtara na TV One 's ''Unsung'' program banyere Sylvester. Na February 2010, Tracy nọchiri Jennifer Holliday ma gosipụta onye na-abụ abụ ozioma Mahalia Jackson na egwuregwu ihe nkiri ''Mahalia: Onye na-agụ Oziọma'' . Tracy pụtakwara na akwụkwọ akụkọ telivishọn Unsung gbasara enyi ya Angela Bofill na 2012. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri telivishọn BBC "The Joy of Disco". Na Eprel 20, 2015, Tracy wepụtara egwuregwu agbatịkwuru ''Ime ndị enyi ọhụrụ'' . <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/making-new-friends-ep/995564489 Making New Friends – EP by Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Egwuregwu a gbatịrị agbatị nwere ndị otu anọ gara aga: "Enwere m ike ịbata ma soro gị gwuo egwu n'abalị a", "ọkụ (maka ịhụnanya gị)", "ime ndị enyi ọhụrụ", na "Trippin' na ụda". === 2017– dị ugbu a: Ọrụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya === == Ihe nketa == Na 2012, ewebatara Tracy n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ nke West Coast Blues. <ref>[https://www.timesheraldonline.com/2012/03/25/vallejo-musicians-inducted-into-west-coast-blues-hall-of-fame/ Vallejo musicians inducted into West Coast Blues Hall of Fame]. Times Herald. April 4, 2019</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, a kpọbakwara ya na Just Circuit Award Hall of Fame Artist Award. Aretha Franklin na Patti LaBelle, ha abụọ dekọrọ na Tracy, ewerewo Tracy dị ka "Otu n'ime olu iri kachasị elu n'ụwa". N'ihe dị ka afọ 2016, Tracy achịkọtala mkpokọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke otu agba egwu anọ. <ref name="billboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/jeanie-tracy Jeanie Tracy Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref>malitere ịbụ abụ n'ime ukwe ụka ya na Nzukọ-nsọ Pentikọstal nke Chineke n'ime Kraịst. N'ime afọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ di ya William Smith. <ref name="sfgate">[https://www.sfgate.com/performance/article/Jeanie-Tracy-gets-into-the-spirit-of-gospel-3199055.php Jeanie Tracy gets into the spirit of gospel]. SF Gate. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Dị ka onye Kraịst ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ọ na-agachi anya Acts Full Gospel Church na Oakland, California . <ref name="sfgate" /> Ọ makwa asụsụ French nke ọma. == Ihe ngosi == === Albums === ghọrọ enyi ya wee malite ịbụ abụ maka ya na mgbakwunye na ndị na-agụ egwú ya na-eme ugbu a Two Tons o' Fun ( Martha na Just Circuit Award Hall of Fame Artist Award. Aretha Franklin na Patti LaBelle, ha abụọ dekọrọ na Tracy, ewerewo Tracy dị ka "Otu n'ime olu iri kachasị elu n'ụwa". N'ihe dị ka afọ 2016, Tracy achịkọtala mkpokọt * ''Mụ na gị'' (1982) * ''Ọ bụ oge m'' (1995) === Ndị na-alụbeghị di === ; Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Title ! rowspan="2" |Year ! colspan="3" |Peak chart positions ! rowspan="2" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" |US Dance<br /><br /> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" |US Electronic<br /><br /><ref name="billboard" /> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" |UK<br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" |"Making New Friends" | rowspan="1" |1975 |— |— |— |rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Your Old Standby" | rowspan="3" |1982 |— |— |— | rowspan="3" |''Me and You'' |- ! scope="row" |"I'm Your Jeanie" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Me and You" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Can I Come Over And Play With You Tonight" | rowspan="1" |1983 |15 |— |— |rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Hot (For Your Love)" | rowspan="1" |1983 |45 |— |— |rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Sing Your Own Song" | rowspan="3" |1984 |33 |— |— | rowspan="1" |''Me and You'' |- ! scope="row" |"Time Bomb" |33 |— |— |rowspan="8" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Manhunt" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Don't Leave Me This Way" | rowspan="1" |1985 |22 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Let's Dance" | rowspan="1" |1988 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"I Found Love"{{efn|name=B}} | rowspan="3" |1990 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Picture This"{{efn|name=B}} |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Funkin' With Yo Emotion" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Party Up (Feel The Funky Beat)"{{efn|name=B}} | rowspan="1" |1991 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"It's My Time" | rowspan="1" |1993 |— |— |82 | rowspan="6" |''It's My Time'' |- ! scope="row" |"If This Is Love" | rowspan="2" |1994 |— |— |83 |- ! scope="row" |"Do You Believe In The Wonder" |— |— |57 |- ! scope="row" |"Do You Wanna Be" | rowspan="3" |1995 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"It's A Man's Man's Man's World"<br /><br /><small>(with Bobby Womack)</small> |— |— |73 |- ! scope="row" |"Crying In My Sleep" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Happiness" | rowspan="1" |1997 |— |— |— |rowspan="18" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Answer My Prayer" | rowspan="1" |1998 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Can't Take My Eyes Off You" | rowspan="1" |1999 |20 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Keep The Party Jumpin" | rowspan="1" |2000 |5 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"The Power"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> | rowspan="1" |2001 |1 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Cha Cha Heels"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> | rowspan="1" |2004 |1 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Party People"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2006 |1 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Everybody Up"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2008 |7 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Turn It Up"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2009 |7 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Feel Good"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Edson Pride)</small> | rowspan="1" |2010 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Getcha" | rowspan="2" |2012 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"We Will Be Free Tonight"<br /><br /><small>(with Altar)</small> |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Viva"<br /><br /><small>(with Altar)</small> | rowspan="2" |2014 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Stand Strong"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> |5 |33 |— |- ! scope="row" |"Andalé"<br /><br /><small>(with Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2015 |20 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Livin' For Your Love (Your Love)"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> | rowspan="1" |2016 |1 |27 |— |- ! scope="row" |"Is This My Last Stop for Love" | rowspan="1" |2018 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Happiness 2020"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Wand)</small> | rowspan="1" |2020 |— |— |— |- |} ; Dị ka onye na-eme ihe ngosi {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Aha ! rowspan="2" | Afọ ! colspan="2" | Ọkwa chaatị kacha elu ! rowspan="2" | Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | US R&amp;amp;B<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <ref name="billboardguest">[https://www.billboard.com/music/sylvester Sylvester Billboard Chart History]</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | Ịgba egwu US<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <ref name="billboardguest" /> |- ! scope="row" | "Lee ịhụnanya m"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>( Sylvester na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="2" | 1982 | 20 | 44 | rowspan="2" | ''Ọ na-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu ịra ụra'' |- ! scope="row" | "Hapụ ya (emela ka m chere)"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>( Sylvester na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | 20 | - |- ! scope="row" | "Kpọọ Ya Ịhụnanya"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Billy "Jack" Williams na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 1996 | - | - |rowspan="7" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "N'Echi"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Ụlọ zuru ezu na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 1997 | - | - |- ! scope="row" | "Tinye ụfọdụ funk na akpụkpọ ụkwụ gị"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(N'etiti na-egosi Jeanie Tracy na Larry Batiste)</small> | rowspan="2" | 2007 | - | 20 |- ! scope="row" | "Enwere m mmetụta"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Vicki Shepard na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | - | 15 |- ! scope="row" | "dị egwu"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Dirty Disco na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 2016 | - | 13 |- ! scope="row" | "Egwu zuru oke"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Dirty Disco na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 2017 | - | - |- ! scope="row" | " Santa Baby "<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Dirty Disco na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 2019 | - | - |- |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ọnụọgụ-otu egwu egwu (United States) * Ndepụta ndị na-ese ihe ruru nọmba nke mbụ na chaatị Dance US == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * Jeanie Tracy at AllMusic * Jeanie Tracy discography at Discogs * {{IMDb name|0870526|Jeanie Tracy}} * [http://www.facebook.com/jeanietracy Jeanie Tracy Facebook page] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ozfjdhn1nknh03mhex37f294r89vxcv 672193 672192 2026-07-04T12:54:46Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ndị na-alụbeghị di */ 672193 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Jeanie Tracy''' bụ onye America na-agụ abụ-onye na-ede abụ, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na onye na-edekọ ihe. Ọ ghọrọ onye ama ama na njedebe 1970 dị ka onye na-agụ egwú Sylvester, onye na-agụ diski America. Ndekọ mbụ ya, ''Mụ na Gị'' (1982), gosipụtara post-disco hits "Abụ m Jeanie gị," na-abụ abụ nke gị, na 1983 nke a na-eleghara anya mebiri R&B na Funk kụrụ," Enwere m ike ịbịakwute ma soro gị gwuo egwu n'abalị a. ". Site na njedebe 1984 ruo mmalite 1985, ọ rụrụ na telivishọn Gosi Star Search ebe ọ bụ onye mmeri na ngalaba Vocalist nwanyị maka izu isii. Na 1995, Tracy wepụtara album ya nke abụọ ''Ọ bụ Oge M.'' == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Jeanie Autre Tracy na Houston, [[Texas]] wee zụlite na Fresno, [[California]] . Mgbe ọ ka dị obere, Tracy malitere ịbụ abụ n'ime ukwe ụka ya na Nzukọ-nsọ Pentikọstal nke Chineke n'ime Kraịst. <ref name="allmusic">[https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jeanie-tracy-mn0000814295/biography Jeanie Tracy | Biography & History | AllMusic]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> N'ime afọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gụrụ opera na piano oge gboo . <ref name="allmusic" /> Ọ gbara ụzọ na egwuregwu Oscar Brown Jr.'s ''Slave Driver'' na 1970. <ref name="allmusic" /> == Ọrụ == === 1975–1981: Sylvester na abụ ndabere === Na 1975, Tracy wepụtara otu mpụta mbụ ya bụ "Ịme Ndị Enyi Ọhụrụ" na Brown Door Records. <ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Jeanie-Tracy-Making-New-Friends-Trippin-On-The-Sounds-/master/842455 Jeanie Tracy – Making New Friends / Trippin On The Sounds]. Discogs. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na 1976, o nyere ụda olu na album Richard "Dimples" Fields ' ''Njikere Maka Ihe Ọ bụla'' . Na 1979, Tracy kwagara San Francisco, California ebe a kpọbatara ya na Harvey Fuqua, onye njikwa maka onye na-agụ egwú disco America Sylvester . N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ zutere Sylvester, Tracy ghọrọ enyi ya wee malite ịbụ abụ maka ya na mgbakwunye na ndị na-agụ egwú ya na-eme ugbu a Two Tons o' Fun ( [[Martha Wash]] na [[Izora Armstead]] ). <ref name="allmusic">[https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jeanie-tracy-mn0000814295/biography Jeanie Tracy | Biography & History | AllMusic]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na March 1979, ọ rụrụ arụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akụ ụda n'azụ ya na album ndụ Sylvester ''Living Proof'' nke emere na War Memorial Opera House . <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/living-proof-mw0000309348 Living Proof – Sylvester | Overview | AllMusic]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Tracy nyere ụda olu ya na ụda egwu nke ihe nkiri Francis Ford Coppola, ''Apọkalips Ugbu a'' . <ref name="allmusic" /> === 1989–1998: Mgbanwe gaa na egwu ụlọ na ''ọ bụ oge m'' === Na 1990, Tracy mere mgbanwe na egwu ụlọ na egwu teknụzụ . N'agbata 1990 na 1991, ọ wepụtara abụọ singles n'okpuru utu aha Technodiva a na-akpọ: "Achọtara m ịhụnanya" na "Foto nke a". Ọ weputara alụlụ abụọ ọzọ, "Funkin' With Yo Emotion" na "Party Up (Feel The Funky Beat)", tupu ọ laa ezumike nka Technodiva moniker. <ref name="bredband">[http://hem.bredband.net/funkyflyy/jeanie/jeanie.html Jeanie Tracy Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223031449/http://hem.bredband.net/funkyflyy/jeanie/jeanie.html |date=February 23, 2020 }}. Bredband. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na 1994, Tracy bịanyere aka na akara ndekọ UK Pulse-8 Records. N'August 1994, o wepụtara "Ọ bụrụ na Nke a bụ ịhụnanya" dị ka onye ndu otu sitere na album na-abịa. Ọ na-esochi na mwepụta nke otu ọzọ "Ị kwenyere na ihe ịtụnanya" na Nọvemba 1994. <ref name="bredband" /> Na March 1995 ọ wepụtara "Ọ bụ My Time". Na June 1995, Tracy wepụtara album ya nke abụọ ''Ọ bụ Oge M.'' Nke anọ nke album a " Ọ bụ Ụwa Nwoke Mmadụ ", ihe mkpuchi nke James Brown kụrụ, gosipụtara mmekorita ya na onye na-agụ egwú Bobby Womack . Otu ahụ ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ iri asaa na atọ na chaatị ndị alụbeghị di na UK . <ref name="ukchart">[https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/30378/jeanie-tracy/ Jeanie Tracy UK Chart history]. Official Charts. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> A tọhapụrụ "Ịkwa ákwá n'ụra m" dị ka nke ikpeazụ nke album na 1995. N'afọ 1997, ọ wepụtara otu egwu a na-akpọ "Obi Ụtọ". N'afọ 1998, ọ bịanyeghị aka na Pulse-8 ọzọ, ọ jikọtara ya na ndị na-emepụta album "It's My Time", Band of Gypsies, maka otu isiokwu ya bụ "Zaa Ekpere M". N'otu afọ ahụ, Tracy malitere onye na-eme ihe nkedo mgbe nile ma kwupụta àgwà Bantu na usoro ụmụaka ''Adventures na Kanga Roddy'' . === 1999–2016: Rosabel na Altar === Na 1999, Tracy wepụtara otu " Enweghị ike iwepụ anya m n'ahụ gị ", nke Rosabel megharịrị wee wepụta ya na AM Records. Otu ahụ ruru ọnụọgụ iri abụọ na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/jeanie-tracy Jeanie Tracy Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na Maachị 2000, Tracy wepụtara otu ọzọ Rosabel mepụtara nke a kpọrọ "Keep The Party Jumpin" na AM Records. <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/keep-the-party-jumpin-mw0000007083 Keep the Party Jumpin' – Jeanie Tracy | Overview]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Otu eserese na nọmba ise na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> Na mmekorita ọzọ na ụlọ egwu duo Rosabel, Tracy wepụtara otu "The Power" na 2001. Otu ahụ gbagoro na ọnụọgụ mbụ na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'', na-etinye otu izu na ọnụọgụ mbụ. <ref name="billboard" /> Na June 2004, ha wepụtara otu "Cha Cha Heels" ọzọ, <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cha-cha-heels-ep/44454650 Cha Cha Heels – EP by Rosabel and Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> nke gbagoro na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbụ na chaatị Dance nke ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> Na Maachị 2006, Tracy wepụtara otu akpọrọ "Party People", mmekorita ya na ụlọ egwu duo Altar na MamaHouse Records. <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/altar-featuring-jeanie-tracy-party-people/204165075 Party People – Single by Altar Featuring Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Otu ahụ ghọrọ abụ nke atọ Tracy-otu na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/jeanie-tracy Jeanie Tracy Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> N'afọ 2007, Tracy na onye America na-agụ egwú bụ Vicki Shepard wepụtara otu "Enwetara m mmetụta 2007", ụdị edekọghachiri nke ọlụlụ mbụ ya. Otu ahụ gbagoro na ọnụọgụ iri na ise na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri telivishọn BBC "The Queens of Disco". Na February 2008, ọ wepụtara ọzọ mmekorita otu na Altar a na-akpọ "Onye ọ bụla Elu". <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/everybody-up-feat-jeanie-tracy/272921170 Everybody Up – Single by Altar Featuring Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Egwu a kacha elu na ọnụọgụ asaa na chaatị Dance nke ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> Na Nọvemba 2008, Tracy rụrụ na ihe omume Winds of Change n'oge Ememe Nganga na Palm Springs, California . Na Mee 2009, ọ rụrụ na Let the Sunshine na egwu egwu bara uru. Na 2010, ọ pụtara na TV One 's ''Unsung'' program banyere Sylvester. Na February 2010, Tracy nọchiri Jennifer Holliday ma gosipụta onye na-abụ abụ ozioma Mahalia Jackson na egwuregwu ihe nkiri ''Mahalia: Onye na-agụ Oziọma'' . Tracy pụtakwara na akwụkwọ akụkọ telivishọn Unsung gbasara enyi ya Angela Bofill na 2012. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri telivishọn BBC "The Joy of Disco". Na Eprel 20, 2015, Tracy wepụtara egwuregwu agbatịkwuru ''Ime ndị enyi ọhụrụ'' . <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/making-new-friends-ep/995564489 Making New Friends – EP by Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Egwuregwu a gbatịrị agbatị nwere ndị otu anọ gara aga: "Enwere m ike ịbata ma soro gị gwuo egwu n'abalị a", "ọkụ (maka ịhụnanya gị)", "ime ndị enyi ọhụrụ", na "Trippin' na ụda". === 2017– dị ugbu a: Ọrụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya === == Ihe nketa == Na 2012, ewebatara Tracy n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ nke West Coast Blues. <ref>[https://www.timesheraldonline.com/2012/03/25/vallejo-musicians-inducted-into-west-coast-blues-hall-of-fame/ Vallejo musicians inducted into West Coast Blues Hall of Fame]. Times Herald. April 4, 2019</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, a kpọbakwara ya na Just Circuit Award Hall of Fame Artist Award. Aretha Franklin na Patti LaBelle, ha abụọ dekọrọ na Tracy, ewerewo Tracy dị ka "Otu n'ime olu iri kachasị elu n'ụwa". N'ihe dị ka afọ 2016, Tracy achịkọtala mkpokọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke otu agba egwu anọ. <ref name="billboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/jeanie-tracy Jeanie Tracy Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref>malitere ịbụ abụ n'ime ukwe ụka ya na Nzukọ-nsọ Pentikọstal nke Chineke n'ime Kraịst. N'ime afọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ di ya William Smith. <ref name="sfgate">[https://www.sfgate.com/performance/article/Jeanie-Tracy-gets-into-the-spirit-of-gospel-3199055.php Jeanie Tracy gets into the spirit of gospel]. SF Gate. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Dị ka onye Kraịst ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ọ na-agachi anya Acts Full Gospel Church na Oakland, California . <ref name="sfgate" /> Ọ makwa asụsụ French nke ọma. == Ihe ngosi == === Albums === ghọrọ enyi ya wee malite ịbụ abụ maka ya na mgbakwunye na ndị na-agụ egwú ya na-eme ugbu a Two Tons o' Fun ( Martha na Just Circuit Award Hall of Fame Artist Award. Aretha Franklin na Patti LaBelle, ha abụọ dekọrọ na Tracy, ewerewo Tracy dị ka "Otu n'ime olu iri kachasị elu n'ụwa". N'ihe dị ka afọ 2016, Tracy achịkọtala mkpokọt * ''Mụ na gị'' (1982) * ''Ọ bụ oge m'' (1995) === Ndị na-alụbeghị di === ; Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Title ! rowspan="2" |Year ! colspan="3" |Peak chart positions ! rowspan="2" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" |US Dance<br /><br /> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" |US Electronic<br /><br /><ref name="billboard" /> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" |UK<br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" |"Making New Friends" | rowspan="1" |1975 |— |— |— |rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Your Old Standby" | rowspan="3" |1982 |— |— |— | rowspan="3" |''Me and You'' |- ! scope="row" |"I'm Your Jeanie" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Me and You" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Can I Come Over And Play With You Tonight" | rowspan="1" |1983 |15 |— |— |rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Hot (For Your Love)" | rowspan="1" |1983 |45 |— |— |rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Sing Your Own Song" | rowspan="3" |1984 |33 |— |— | rowspan="1" |''Me and You'' |- ! scope="row" |"Time Bomb" |33 |— |— |rowspan="8" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Manhunt" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Don't Leave Me This Way" | rowspan="1" |1985 |22 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Let's Dance" | rowspan="1" |1988 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"I Found Love"{{efn|name=B}} | rowspan="3" |1990 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Picture This"{{efn|name=B}} |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Funkin' With Yo Emotion" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Party Up (Feel The Funky Beat)" | rowspan="1" |1991 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"It's My Time" | rowspan="1" |1993 |— |— |82 | rowspan="6" |''It's My Time'' |- ! scope="row" |"If This Is Love" | rowspan="2" |1994 |— |— |83 |- ! scope="row" |"Do You Believe In The Wonder" |— |— |57 |- ! scope="row" |"Do You Wanna Be" | rowspan="3" |1995 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"It's A Man's Man's Man's World"<br /><br /><small>(with Bobby Womack)</small> |— |— |73 |- ! scope="row" |"Crying In My Sleep" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Happiness" | rowspan="1" |1997 |— |— |— |rowspan="18" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Answer My Prayer" | rowspan="1" |1998 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Can't Take My Eyes Off You" | rowspan="1" |1999 |20 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Keep The Party Jumpin" | rowspan="1" |2000 |5 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"The Power"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> | rowspan="1" |2001 |1 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Cha Cha Heels"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> | rowspan="1" |2004 |1 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Party People"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2006 |1 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Everybody Up"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2008 |7 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Turn It Up"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2009 |7 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Feel Good"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Edson Pride)</small> | rowspan="1" |2010 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Getcha" | rowspan="2" |2012 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"We Will Be Free Tonight"<br /><br /><small>(with Altar)</small> |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Viva"<br /><br /><small>(with Altar)</small> | rowspan="2" |2014 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Stand Strong"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> |5 |33 |— |- ! scope="row" |"Andalé"<br /><br /><small>(with Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2015 |20 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Livin' For Your Love (Your Love)"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> | rowspan="1" |2016 |1 |27 |— |- ! scope="row" |"Is This My Last Stop for Love" | rowspan="1" |2018 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Happiness 2020"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Wand)</small> | rowspan="1" |2020 |— |— |— |- |} ; Dị ka onye na-eme ihe ngosi {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Aha ! rowspan="2" | Afọ ! colspan="2" | Ọkwa chaatị kacha elu ! rowspan="2" | Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | US R&amp;amp;B<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <ref name="billboardguest">[https://www.billboard.com/music/sylvester Sylvester Billboard Chart History]</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | Ịgba egwu US<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <ref name="billboardguest" /> |- ! scope="row" | "Lee ịhụnanya m"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>( Sylvester na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="2" | 1982 | 20 | 44 | rowspan="2" | ''Ọ na-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu ịra ụra'' |- ! scope="row" | "Hapụ ya (emela ka m chere)"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>( Sylvester na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | 20 | - |- ! scope="row" | "Kpọọ Ya Ịhụnanya"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Billy "Jack" Williams na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 1996 | - | - |rowspan="7" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "N'Echi"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Ụlọ zuru ezu na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 1997 | - | - |- ! scope="row" | "Tinye ụfọdụ funk na akpụkpọ ụkwụ gị"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(N'etiti na-egosi Jeanie Tracy na Larry Batiste)</small> | rowspan="2" | 2007 | - | 20 |- ! scope="row" | "Enwere m mmetụta"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Vicki Shepard na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | - | 15 |- ! scope="row" | "dị egwu"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Dirty Disco na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 2016 | - | 13 |- ! scope="row" | "Egwu zuru oke"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Dirty Disco na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 2017 | - | - |- ! scope="row" | " Santa Baby "<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Dirty Disco na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 2019 | - | - |- |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ọnụọgụ-otu egwu egwu (United States) * Ndepụta ndị na-ese ihe ruru nọmba nke mbụ na chaatị Dance US == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * Jeanie Tracy at AllMusic * Jeanie Tracy discography at Discogs * {{IMDb name|0870526|Jeanie Tracy}} * [http://www.facebook.com/jeanietracy Jeanie Tracy Facebook page] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hs1t8lirc7ovpoowt6s1e1dketpdibg 672195 672193 2026-07-04T12:55:35Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ndị na-alụbeghị di */ 672195 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Jeanie Tracy''' bụ onye America na-agụ abụ-onye na-ede abụ, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na onye na-edekọ ihe. Ọ ghọrọ onye ama ama na njedebe 1970 dị ka onye na-agụ egwú Sylvester, onye na-agụ diski America. Ndekọ mbụ ya, ''Mụ na Gị'' (1982), gosipụtara post-disco hits "Abụ m Jeanie gị," na-abụ abụ nke gị, na 1983 nke a na-eleghara anya mebiri R&B na Funk kụrụ," Enwere m ike ịbịakwute ma soro gị gwuo egwu n'abalị a. ". Site na njedebe 1984 ruo mmalite 1985, ọ rụrụ na telivishọn Gosi Star Search ebe ọ bụ onye mmeri na ngalaba Vocalist nwanyị maka izu isii. Na 1995, Tracy wepụtara album ya nke abụọ ''Ọ bụ Oge M.'' == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Jeanie Autre Tracy na Houston, [[Texas]] wee zụlite na Fresno, [[California]] . Mgbe ọ ka dị obere, Tracy malitere ịbụ abụ n'ime ukwe ụka ya na Nzukọ-nsọ Pentikọstal nke Chineke n'ime Kraịst. <ref name="allmusic">[https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jeanie-tracy-mn0000814295/biography Jeanie Tracy | Biography & History | AllMusic]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> N'ime afọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gụrụ opera na piano oge gboo . <ref name="allmusic" /> Ọ gbara ụzọ na egwuregwu Oscar Brown Jr.'s ''Slave Driver'' na 1970. <ref name="allmusic" /> == Ọrụ == === 1975–1981: Sylvester na abụ ndabere === Na 1975, Tracy wepụtara otu mpụta mbụ ya bụ "Ịme Ndị Enyi Ọhụrụ" na Brown Door Records. <ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Jeanie-Tracy-Making-New-Friends-Trippin-On-The-Sounds-/master/842455 Jeanie Tracy – Making New Friends / Trippin On The Sounds]. Discogs. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na 1976, o nyere ụda olu na album Richard "Dimples" Fields ' ''Njikere Maka Ihe Ọ bụla'' . Na 1979, Tracy kwagara San Francisco, California ebe a kpọbatara ya na Harvey Fuqua, onye njikwa maka onye na-agụ egwú disco America Sylvester . N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ zutere Sylvester, Tracy ghọrọ enyi ya wee malite ịbụ abụ maka ya na mgbakwunye na ndị na-agụ egwú ya na-eme ugbu a Two Tons o' Fun ( [[Martha Wash]] na [[Izora Armstead]] ). <ref name="allmusic">[https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jeanie-tracy-mn0000814295/biography Jeanie Tracy | Biography & History | AllMusic]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na March 1979, ọ rụrụ arụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akụ ụda n'azụ ya na album ndụ Sylvester ''Living Proof'' nke emere na War Memorial Opera House . <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/living-proof-mw0000309348 Living Proof – Sylvester | Overview | AllMusic]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Tracy nyere ụda olu ya na ụda egwu nke ihe nkiri Francis Ford Coppola, ''Apọkalips Ugbu a'' . <ref name="allmusic" /> === 1989–1998: Mgbanwe gaa na egwu ụlọ na ''ọ bụ oge m'' === Na 1990, Tracy mere mgbanwe na egwu ụlọ na egwu teknụzụ . N'agbata 1990 na 1991, ọ wepụtara abụọ singles n'okpuru utu aha Technodiva a na-akpọ: "Achọtara m ịhụnanya" na "Foto nke a". Ọ weputara alụlụ abụọ ọzọ, "Funkin' With Yo Emotion" na "Party Up (Feel The Funky Beat)", tupu ọ laa ezumike nka Technodiva moniker. <ref name="bredband">[http://hem.bredband.net/funkyflyy/jeanie/jeanie.html Jeanie Tracy Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223031449/http://hem.bredband.net/funkyflyy/jeanie/jeanie.html |date=February 23, 2020 }}. Bredband. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na 1994, Tracy bịanyere aka na akara ndekọ UK Pulse-8 Records. N'August 1994, o wepụtara "Ọ bụrụ na Nke a bụ ịhụnanya" dị ka onye ndu otu sitere na album na-abịa. Ọ na-esochi na mwepụta nke otu ọzọ "Ị kwenyere na ihe ịtụnanya" na Nọvemba 1994. <ref name="bredband" /> Na March 1995 ọ wepụtara "Ọ bụ My Time". Na June 1995, Tracy wepụtara album ya nke abụọ ''Ọ bụ Oge M.'' Nke anọ nke album a " Ọ bụ Ụwa Nwoke Mmadụ ", ihe mkpuchi nke James Brown kụrụ, gosipụtara mmekorita ya na onye na-agụ egwú Bobby Womack . Otu ahụ ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ iri asaa na atọ na chaatị ndị alụbeghị di na UK . <ref name="ukchart">[https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/30378/jeanie-tracy/ Jeanie Tracy UK Chart history]. Official Charts. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> A tọhapụrụ "Ịkwa ákwá n'ụra m" dị ka nke ikpeazụ nke album na 1995. N'afọ 1997, ọ wepụtara otu egwu a na-akpọ "Obi Ụtọ". N'afọ 1998, ọ bịanyeghị aka na Pulse-8 ọzọ, ọ jikọtara ya na ndị na-emepụta album "It's My Time", Band of Gypsies, maka otu isiokwu ya bụ "Zaa Ekpere M". N'otu afọ ahụ, Tracy malitere onye na-eme ihe nkedo mgbe nile ma kwupụta àgwà Bantu na usoro ụmụaka ''Adventures na Kanga Roddy'' . === 1999–2016: Rosabel na Altar === Na 1999, Tracy wepụtara otu " Enweghị ike iwepụ anya m n'ahụ gị ", nke Rosabel megharịrị wee wepụta ya na AM Records. Otu ahụ ruru ọnụọgụ iri abụọ na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/jeanie-tracy Jeanie Tracy Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na Maachị 2000, Tracy wepụtara otu ọzọ Rosabel mepụtara nke a kpọrọ "Keep The Party Jumpin" na AM Records. <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/keep-the-party-jumpin-mw0000007083 Keep the Party Jumpin' – Jeanie Tracy | Overview]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Otu eserese na nọmba ise na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> Na mmekorita ọzọ na ụlọ egwu duo Rosabel, Tracy wepụtara otu "The Power" na 2001. Otu ahụ gbagoro na ọnụọgụ mbụ na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'', na-etinye otu izu na ọnụọgụ mbụ. <ref name="billboard" /> Na June 2004, ha wepụtara otu "Cha Cha Heels" ọzọ, <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cha-cha-heels-ep/44454650 Cha Cha Heels – EP by Rosabel and Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> nke gbagoro na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbụ na chaatị Dance nke ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> Na Maachị 2006, Tracy wepụtara otu akpọrọ "Party People", mmekorita ya na ụlọ egwu duo Altar na MamaHouse Records. <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/altar-featuring-jeanie-tracy-party-people/204165075 Party People – Single by Altar Featuring Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Otu ahụ ghọrọ abụ nke atọ Tracy-otu na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/jeanie-tracy Jeanie Tracy Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> N'afọ 2007, Tracy na onye America na-agụ egwú bụ Vicki Shepard wepụtara otu "Enwetara m mmetụta 2007", ụdị edekọghachiri nke ọlụlụ mbụ ya. Otu ahụ gbagoro na ọnụọgụ iri na ise na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri telivishọn BBC "The Queens of Disco". Na February 2008, ọ wepụtara ọzọ mmekorita otu na Altar a na-akpọ "Onye ọ bụla Elu". <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/everybody-up-feat-jeanie-tracy/272921170 Everybody Up – Single by Altar Featuring Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Egwu a kacha elu na ọnụọgụ asaa na chaatị Dance nke ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> Na Nọvemba 2008, Tracy rụrụ na ihe omume Winds of Change n'oge Ememe Nganga na Palm Springs, California . Na Mee 2009, ọ rụrụ na Let the Sunshine na egwu egwu bara uru. Na 2010, ọ pụtara na TV One 's ''Unsung'' program banyere Sylvester. Na February 2010, Tracy nọchiri Jennifer Holliday ma gosipụta onye na-abụ abụ ozioma Mahalia Jackson na egwuregwu ihe nkiri ''Mahalia: Onye na-agụ Oziọma'' . Tracy pụtakwara na akwụkwọ akụkọ telivishọn Unsung gbasara enyi ya Angela Bofill na 2012. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri telivishọn BBC "The Joy of Disco". Na Eprel 20, 2015, Tracy wepụtara egwuregwu agbatịkwuru ''Ime ndị enyi ọhụrụ'' . <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/making-new-friends-ep/995564489 Making New Friends – EP by Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Egwuregwu a gbatịrị agbatị nwere ndị otu anọ gara aga: "Enwere m ike ịbata ma soro gị gwuo egwu n'abalị a", "ọkụ (maka ịhụnanya gị)", "ime ndị enyi ọhụrụ", na "Trippin' na ụda". === 2017– dị ugbu a: Ọrụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya === == Ihe nketa == Na 2012, ewebatara Tracy n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ nke West Coast Blues. <ref>[https://www.timesheraldonline.com/2012/03/25/vallejo-musicians-inducted-into-west-coast-blues-hall-of-fame/ Vallejo musicians inducted into West Coast Blues Hall of Fame]. Times Herald. April 4, 2019</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, a kpọbakwara ya na Just Circuit Award Hall of Fame Artist Award. Aretha Franklin na Patti LaBelle, ha abụọ dekọrọ na Tracy, ewerewo Tracy dị ka "Otu n'ime olu iri kachasị elu n'ụwa". N'ihe dị ka afọ 2016, Tracy achịkọtala mkpokọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke otu agba egwu anọ. <ref name="billboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/jeanie-tracy Jeanie Tracy Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref>malitere ịbụ abụ n'ime ukwe ụka ya na Nzukọ-nsọ Pentikọstal nke Chineke n'ime Kraịst. N'ime afọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ di ya William Smith. <ref name="sfgate">[https://www.sfgate.com/performance/article/Jeanie-Tracy-gets-into-the-spirit-of-gospel-3199055.php Jeanie Tracy gets into the spirit of gospel]. SF Gate. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Dị ka onye Kraịst ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ọ na-agachi anya Acts Full Gospel Church na Oakland, California . <ref name="sfgate" /> Ọ makwa asụsụ French nke ọma. == Ihe ngosi == === Albums === ghọrọ enyi ya wee malite ịbụ abụ maka ya na mgbakwunye na ndị na-agụ egwú ya na-eme ugbu a Two Tons o' Fun ( Martha na Just Circuit Award Hall of Fame Artist Award. Aretha Franklin na Patti LaBelle, ha abụọ dekọrọ na Tracy, ewerewo Tracy dị ka "Otu n'ime olu iri kachasị elu n'ụwa". N'ihe dị ka afọ 2016, Tracy achịkọtala mkpokọt * ''Mụ na gị'' (1982) * ''Ọ bụ oge m'' (1995) === Ndị na-alụbeghị di === ; Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Title ! rowspan="2" |Year ! colspan="3" |Peak chart positions ! rowspan="2" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" |US Dance<br /><br /> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" |US Electronic<br /><br /><ref name="billboard" /> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" |UK<br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" |"Making New Friends" | rowspan="1" |1975 |— |— |— |rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Your Old Standby" | rowspan="3" |1982 |— |— |— | rowspan="3" |''Me and You'' |- ! scope="row" |"I'm Your Jeanie" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Me and You" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Can I Come Over And Play With You Tonight" | rowspan="1" |1983 |15 |— |— |rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Hot (For Your Love)" | rowspan="1" |1983 |45 |— |— |rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Sing Your Own Song" | rowspan="3" |1984 |33 |— |— | rowspan="1" |''Me and You'' |- ! scope="row" |"Time Bomb" |33 |— |— |rowspan="8" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Manhunt" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Don't Leave Me This Way" | rowspan="1" |1985 |22 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Let's Dance" | rowspan="1" |1988 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"I Found Love"{{efn|name=B}} | rowspan="3" |1990 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Picture This" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Funkin' With Yo Emotion" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Party Up (Feel The Funky Beat)" | rowspan="1" |1991 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"It's My Time" | rowspan="1" |1993 |— |— |82 | rowspan="6" |''It's My Time'' |- ! scope="row" |"If This Is Love" | rowspan="2" |1994 |— |— |83 |- ! scope="row" |"Do You Believe In The Wonder" |— |— |57 |- ! scope="row" |"Do You Wanna Be" | rowspan="3" |1995 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"It's A Man's Man's Man's World"<br /><br /><small>(with Bobby Womack)</small> |— |— |73 |- ! scope="row" |"Crying In My Sleep" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Happiness" | rowspan="1" |1997 |— |— |— |rowspan="18" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Answer My Prayer" | rowspan="1" |1998 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Can't Take My Eyes Off You" | rowspan="1" |1999 |20 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Keep The Party Jumpin" | rowspan="1" |2000 |5 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"The Power"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> | rowspan="1" |2001 |1 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Cha Cha Heels"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> | rowspan="1" |2004 |1 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Party People"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2006 |1 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Everybody Up"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2008 |7 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Turn It Up"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2009 |7 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Feel Good"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Edson Pride)</small> | rowspan="1" |2010 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Getcha" | rowspan="2" |2012 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"We Will Be Free Tonight"<br /><br /><small>(with Altar)</small> |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Viva"<br /><br /><small>(with Altar)</small> | rowspan="2" |2014 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Stand Strong"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> |5 |33 |— |- ! scope="row" |"Andalé"<br /><br /><small>(with Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2015 |20 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Livin' For Your Love (Your Love)"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> | rowspan="1" |2016 |1 |27 |— |- ! scope="row" |"Is This My Last Stop for Love" | rowspan="1" |2018 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Happiness 2020"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Wand)</small> | rowspan="1" |2020 |— |— |— |- |} ; Dị ka onye na-eme ihe ngosi {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Aha ! rowspan="2" | Afọ ! colspan="2" | Ọkwa chaatị kacha elu ! rowspan="2" | Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | US R&amp;amp;B<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <ref name="billboardguest">[https://www.billboard.com/music/sylvester Sylvester Billboard Chart History]</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | Ịgba egwu US<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <ref name="billboardguest" /> |- ! scope="row" | "Lee ịhụnanya m"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>( Sylvester na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="2" | 1982 | 20 | 44 | rowspan="2" | ''Ọ na-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu ịra ụra'' |- ! scope="row" | "Hapụ ya (emela ka m chere)"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>( Sylvester na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | 20 | - |- ! scope="row" | "Kpọọ Ya Ịhụnanya"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Billy "Jack" Williams na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 1996 | - | - |rowspan="7" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "N'Echi"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Ụlọ zuru ezu na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 1997 | - | - |- ! scope="row" | "Tinye ụfọdụ funk na akpụkpọ ụkwụ gị"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(N'etiti na-egosi Jeanie Tracy na Larry Batiste)</small> | rowspan="2" | 2007 | - | 20 |- ! scope="row" | "Enwere m mmetụta"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Vicki Shepard na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | - | 15 |- ! scope="row" | "dị egwu"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Dirty Disco na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 2016 | - | 13 |- ! scope="row" | "Egwu zuru oke"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Dirty Disco na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 2017 | - | - |- ! scope="row" | " Santa Baby "<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Dirty Disco na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 2019 | - | - |- |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ọnụọgụ-otu egwu egwu (United States) * Ndepụta ndị na-ese ihe ruru nọmba nke mbụ na chaatị Dance US == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * Jeanie Tracy at AllMusic * Jeanie Tracy discography at Discogs * {{IMDb name|0870526|Jeanie Tracy}} * [http://www.facebook.com/jeanietracy Jeanie Tracy Facebook page] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5f55c167zdsail7b3lmz6u4tppan7hi 672196 672195 2026-07-04T12:56:14Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Ndị na-alụbeghị di */ 672196 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Jeanie Tracy''' bụ onye America na-agụ abụ-onye na-ede abụ, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, na onye na-edekọ ihe. Ọ ghọrọ onye ama ama na njedebe 1970 dị ka onye na-agụ egwú Sylvester, onye na-agụ diski America. Ndekọ mbụ ya, ''Mụ na Gị'' (1982), gosipụtara post-disco hits "Abụ m Jeanie gị," na-abụ abụ nke gị, na 1983 nke a na-eleghara anya mebiri R&B na Funk kụrụ," Enwere m ike ịbịakwute ma soro gị gwuo egwu n'abalị a. ". Site na njedebe 1984 ruo mmalite 1985, ọ rụrụ na telivishọn Gosi Star Search ebe ọ bụ onye mmeri na ngalaba Vocalist nwanyị maka izu isii. Na 1995, Tracy wepụtara album ya nke abụọ ''Ọ bụ Oge M.'' == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Jeanie Autre Tracy na Houston, [[Texas]] wee zụlite na Fresno, [[California]] . Mgbe ọ ka dị obere, Tracy malitere ịbụ abụ n'ime ukwe ụka ya na Nzukọ-nsọ Pentikọstal nke Chineke n'ime Kraịst. <ref name="allmusic">[https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jeanie-tracy-mn0000814295/biography Jeanie Tracy | Biography & History | AllMusic]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> N'ime afọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ gụrụ opera na piano oge gboo . <ref name="allmusic" /> Ọ gbara ụzọ na egwuregwu Oscar Brown Jr.'s ''Slave Driver'' na 1970. <ref name="allmusic" /> == Ọrụ == === 1975–1981: Sylvester na abụ ndabere === Na 1975, Tracy wepụtara otu mpụta mbụ ya bụ "Ịme Ndị Enyi Ọhụrụ" na Brown Door Records. <ref>[https://www.discogs.com/Jeanie-Tracy-Making-New-Friends-Trippin-On-The-Sounds-/master/842455 Jeanie Tracy – Making New Friends / Trippin On The Sounds]. Discogs. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na 1976, o nyere ụda olu na album Richard "Dimples" Fields ' ''Njikere Maka Ihe Ọ bụla'' . Na 1979, Tracy kwagara San Francisco, California ebe a kpọbatara ya na Harvey Fuqua, onye njikwa maka onye na-agụ egwú disco America Sylvester . N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ọ zutere Sylvester, Tracy ghọrọ enyi ya wee malite ịbụ abụ maka ya na mgbakwunye na ndị na-agụ egwú ya na-eme ugbu a Two Tons o' Fun ( [[Martha Wash]] na [[Izora Armstead]] ). <ref name="allmusic">[https://www.allmusic.com/artist/jeanie-tracy-mn0000814295/biography Jeanie Tracy | Biography & History | AllMusic]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na March 1979, ọ rụrụ arụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akụ ụda n'azụ ya na album ndụ Sylvester ''Living Proof'' nke emere na War Memorial Opera House . <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/living-proof-mw0000309348 Living Proof – Sylvester | Overview | AllMusic]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Tracy nyere ụda olu ya na ụda egwu nke ihe nkiri Francis Ford Coppola, ''Apọkalips Ugbu a'' . <ref name="allmusic" /> === 1989–1998: Mgbanwe gaa na egwu ụlọ na ''ọ bụ oge m'' === Na 1990, Tracy mere mgbanwe na egwu ụlọ na egwu teknụzụ . N'agbata 1990 na 1991, ọ wepụtara abụọ singles n'okpuru utu aha Technodiva a na-akpọ: "Achọtara m ịhụnanya" na "Foto nke a". Ọ weputara alụlụ abụọ ọzọ, "Funkin' With Yo Emotion" na "Party Up (Feel The Funky Beat)", tupu ọ laa ezumike nka Technodiva moniker. <ref name="bredband">[http://hem.bredband.net/funkyflyy/jeanie/jeanie.html Jeanie Tracy Biography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223031449/http://hem.bredband.net/funkyflyy/jeanie/jeanie.html |date=February 23, 2020 }}. Bredband. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na 1994, Tracy bịanyere aka na akara ndekọ UK Pulse-8 Records. N'August 1994, o wepụtara "Ọ bụrụ na Nke a bụ ịhụnanya" dị ka onye ndu otu sitere na album na-abịa. Ọ na-esochi na mwepụta nke otu ọzọ "Ị kwenyere na ihe ịtụnanya" na Nọvemba 1994. <ref name="bredband" /> Na March 1995 ọ wepụtara "Ọ bụ My Time". Na June 1995, Tracy wepụtara album ya nke abụọ ''Ọ bụ Oge M.'' Nke anọ nke album a " Ọ bụ Ụwa Nwoke Mmadụ ", ihe mkpuchi nke James Brown kụrụ, gosipụtara mmekorita ya na onye na-agụ egwú Bobby Womack . Otu ahụ ruru ọnụ ọgụgụ iri asaa na atọ na chaatị ndị alụbeghị di na UK . <ref name="ukchart">[https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/30378/jeanie-tracy/ Jeanie Tracy UK Chart history]. Official Charts. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> A tọhapụrụ "Ịkwa ákwá n'ụra m" dị ka nke ikpeazụ nke album na 1995. N'afọ 1997, ọ wepụtara otu egwu a na-akpọ "Obi Ụtọ". N'afọ 1998, ọ bịanyeghị aka na Pulse-8 ọzọ, ọ jikọtara ya na ndị na-emepụta album "It's My Time", Band of Gypsies, maka otu isiokwu ya bụ "Zaa Ekpere M". N'otu afọ ahụ, Tracy malitere onye na-eme ihe nkedo mgbe nile ma kwupụta àgwà Bantu na usoro ụmụaka ''Adventures na Kanga Roddy'' . === 1999–2016: Rosabel na Altar === Na 1999, Tracy wepụtara otu " Enweghị ike iwepụ anya m n'ahụ gị ", nke Rosabel megharịrị wee wepụta ya na AM Records. Otu ahụ ruru ọnụọgụ iri abụọ na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/jeanie-tracy Jeanie Tracy Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Na Maachị 2000, Tracy wepụtara otu ọzọ Rosabel mepụtara nke a kpọrọ "Keep The Party Jumpin" na AM Records. <ref>[https://www.allmusic.com/album/keep-the-party-jumpin-mw0000007083 Keep the Party Jumpin' – Jeanie Tracy | Overview]. All Music Guide. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Otu eserese na nọmba ise na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> Na mmekorita ọzọ na ụlọ egwu duo Rosabel, Tracy wepụtara otu "The Power" na 2001. Otu ahụ gbagoro na ọnụọgụ mbụ na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'', na-etinye otu izu na ọnụọgụ mbụ. <ref name="billboard" /> Na June 2004, ha wepụtara otu "Cha Cha Heels" ọzọ, <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/cha-cha-heels-ep/44454650 Cha Cha Heels – EP by Rosabel and Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> nke gbagoro na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mbụ na chaatị Dance nke ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> Na Maachị 2006, Tracy wepụtara otu akpọrọ "Party People", mmekorita ya na ụlọ egwu duo Altar na MamaHouse Records. <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/altar-featuring-jeanie-tracy-party-people/204165075 Party People – Single by Altar Featuring Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Otu ahụ ghọrọ abụ nke atọ Tracy-otu na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/jeanie-tracy Jeanie Tracy Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> N'afọ 2007, Tracy na onye America na-agụ egwú bụ Vicki Shepard wepụtara otu "Enwetara m mmetụta 2007", ụdị edekọghachiri nke ọlụlụ mbụ ya. Otu ahụ gbagoro na ọnụọgụ iri na ise na chaatị Dance ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri telivishọn BBC "The Queens of Disco". Na February 2008, ọ wepụtara ọzọ mmekorita otu na Altar a na-akpọ "Onye ọ bụla Elu". <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/everybody-up-feat-jeanie-tracy/272921170 Everybody Up – Single by Altar Featuring Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Egwu a kacha elu na ọnụọgụ asaa na chaatị Dance nke ''Billboard'' . <ref name="billboard" /> Na Nọvemba 2008, Tracy rụrụ na ihe omume Winds of Change n'oge Ememe Nganga na Palm Springs, California . Na Mee 2009, ọ rụrụ na Let the Sunshine na egwu egwu bara uru. Na 2010, ọ pụtara na TV One 's ''Unsung'' program banyere Sylvester. Na February 2010, Tracy nọchiri Jennifer Holliday ma gosipụta onye na-abụ abụ ozioma Mahalia Jackson na egwuregwu ihe nkiri ''Mahalia: Onye na-agụ Oziọma'' . Tracy pụtakwara na akwụkwọ akụkọ telivishọn Unsung gbasara enyi ya Angela Bofill na 2012. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ pụtara na ihe nkiri telivishọn BBC "The Joy of Disco". Na Eprel 20, 2015, Tracy wepụtara egwuregwu agbatịkwuru ''Ime ndị enyi ọhụrụ'' . <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/album/making-new-friends-ep/995564489 Making New Friends – EP by Jeanie Tracy on Apple Music]. Apple Music. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Egwuregwu a gbatịrị agbatị nwere ndị otu anọ gara aga: "Enwere m ike ịbata ma soro gị gwuo egwu n'abalị a", "ọkụ (maka ịhụnanya gị)", "ime ndị enyi ọhụrụ", na "Trippin' na ụda". === 2017– dị ugbu a: Ọrụ ndị na-adịbeghị anya === == Ihe nketa == Na 2012, ewebatara Tracy n'ime Ụlọ Nzukọ nke West Coast Blues. <ref>[https://www.timesheraldonline.com/2012/03/25/vallejo-musicians-inducted-into-west-coast-blues-hall-of-fame/ Vallejo musicians inducted into West Coast Blues Hall of Fame]. Times Herald. April 4, 2019</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, a kpọbakwara ya na Just Circuit Award Hall of Fame Artist Award. Aretha Franklin na Patti LaBelle, ha abụọ dekọrọ na Tracy, ewerewo Tracy dị ka "Otu n'ime olu iri kachasị elu n'ụwa". N'ihe dị ka afọ 2016, Tracy achịkọtala mkpokọta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke otu agba egwu anọ. <ref name="billboard">[https://www.billboard.com/music/jeanie-tracy Jeanie Tracy Billboard Chart History]. Billboard. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref>malitere ịbụ abụ n'ime ukwe ụka ya na Nzukọ-nsọ Pentikọstal nke Chineke n'ime Kraịst. N'ime afọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ di ya William Smith. <ref name="sfgate">[https://www.sfgate.com/performance/article/Jeanie-Tracy-gets-into-the-spirit-of-gospel-3199055.php Jeanie Tracy gets into the spirit of gospel]. SF Gate. Retrieved on April 3, 2019</ref> Dị ka onye Kraịst ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ọ na-agachi anya Acts Full Gospel Church na Oakland, California . <ref name="sfgate" /> Ọ makwa asụsụ French nke ọma. == Ihe ngosi == === Albums === ghọrọ enyi ya wee malite ịbụ abụ maka ya na mgbakwunye na ndị na-agụ egwú ya na-eme ugbu a Two Tons o' Fun ( Martha na Just Circuit Award Hall of Fame Artist Award. Aretha Franklin na Patti LaBelle, ha abụọ dekọrọ na Tracy, ewerewo Tracy dị ka "Otu n'ime olu iri kachasị elu n'ụwa". N'ihe dị ka afọ 2016, Tracy achịkọtala mkpokọt * ''Mụ na gị'' (1982) * ''Ọ bụ oge m'' (1995) === Ndị na-alụbeghị di === ; Dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Title ! rowspan="2" |Year ! colspan="3" |Peak chart positions ! rowspan="2" |Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" |US Dance<br /><br /> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" |US Electronic<br /><br /><ref name="billboard" /> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" |UK<br /><br /> |- ! scope="row" |"Making New Friends" | rowspan="1" |1975 |— |— |— |rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Your Old Standby" | rowspan="3" |1982 |— |— |— | rowspan="3" |''Me and You'' |- ! scope="row" |"I'm Your Jeanie" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Me and You" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Can I Come Over And Play With You Tonight" | rowspan="1" |1983 |15 |— |— |rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Hot (For Your Love)" | rowspan="1" |1983 |45 |— |— |rowspan="1" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Sing Your Own Song" | rowspan="3" |1984 |33 |— |— | rowspan="1" |''Me and You'' |- ! scope="row" |"Time Bomb" |33 |— |— |rowspan="8" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Manhunt" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Don't Leave Me This Way" | rowspan="1" |1985 |22 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Let's Dance" | rowspan="1" |1988 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"I Found Love" | rowspan="3" |1990 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Picture This" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Funkin' With Yo Emotion" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Party Up (Feel The Funky Beat)" | rowspan="1" |1991 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"It's My Time" | rowspan="1" |1993 |— |— |82 | rowspan="6" |''It's My Time'' |- ! scope="row" |"If This Is Love" | rowspan="2" |1994 |— |— |83 |- ! scope="row" |"Do You Believe In The Wonder" |— |— |57 |- ! scope="row" |"Do You Wanna Be" | rowspan="3" |1995 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"It's A Man's Man's Man's World"<br /><br /><small>(with Bobby Womack)</small> |— |— |73 |- ! scope="row" |"Crying In My Sleep" |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Happiness" | rowspan="1" |1997 |— |— |— |rowspan="18" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" |"Answer My Prayer" | rowspan="1" |1998 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Can't Take My Eyes Off You" | rowspan="1" |1999 |20 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Keep The Party Jumpin" | rowspan="1" |2000 |5 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"The Power"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> | rowspan="1" |2001 |1 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Cha Cha Heels"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> | rowspan="1" |2004 |1 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Party People"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2006 |1 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Everybody Up"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2008 |7 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Turn It Up"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2009 |7 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Feel Good"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Edson Pride)</small> | rowspan="1" |2010 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Getcha" | rowspan="2" |2012 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"We Will Be Free Tonight"<br /><br /><small>(with Altar)</small> |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Viva"<br /><br /><small>(with Altar)</small> | rowspan="2" |2014 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Stand Strong"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> |5 |33 |— |- ! scope="row" |"Andalé"<br /><br /><small>(with Altar)</small> | rowspan="1" |2015 |20 |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Livin' For Your Love (Your Love)"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Rosabel)</small> | rowspan="1" |2016 |1 |27 |— |- ! scope="row" |"Is This My Last Stop for Love" | rowspan="1" |2018 |— |— |— |- ! scope="row" |"Happiness 2020"<br /><br /><small>(featuring Wand)</small> | rowspan="1" |2020 |— |— |— |- |} ; Dị ka onye na-eme ihe ngosi {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" border="1" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Aha ! rowspan="2" | Afọ ! colspan="2" | Ọkwa chaatị kacha elu ! rowspan="2" | Album |- ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | US R&amp;amp;B<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <ref name="billboardguest">[https://www.billboard.com/music/sylvester Sylvester Billboard Chart History]</ref> ! scope="col" style="width:2.75em;font-size:85%;" | Ịgba egwu US<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <ref name="billboardguest" /> |- ! scope="row" | "Lee ịhụnanya m"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>( Sylvester na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="2" | 1982 | 20 | 44 | rowspan="2" | ''Ọ na-ekpo ọkụ nke ukwuu ịra ụra'' |- ! scope="row" | "Hapụ ya (emela ka m chere)"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>( Sylvester na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | 20 | - |- ! scope="row" | "Kpọọ Ya Ịhụnanya"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Billy "Jack" Williams na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 1996 | - | - |rowspan="7" {{N/A|Non-album single}} |- ! scope="row" | "N'Echi"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Ụlọ zuru ezu na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 1997 | - | - |- ! scope="row" | "Tinye ụfọdụ funk na akpụkpọ ụkwụ gị"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(N'etiti na-egosi Jeanie Tracy na Larry Batiste)</small> | rowspan="2" | 2007 | - | 20 |- ! scope="row" | "Enwere m mmetụta"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Vicki Shepard na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | - | 15 |- ! scope="row" | "dị egwu"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Dirty Disco na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 2016 | - | 13 |- ! scope="row" | "Egwu zuru oke"<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Dirty Disco na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 2017 | - | - |- ! scope="row" | " Santa Baby "<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> <small>(Dirty Disco na-egosi Jeanie Tracy)</small> | rowspan="1" | 2019 | - | - |- |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta nke ọnụọgụ-otu egwu egwu (United States) * Ndepụta ndị na-ese ihe ruru nọmba nke mbụ na chaatị Dance US == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * Jeanie Tracy at AllMusic * Jeanie Tracy discography at Discogs * {{IMDb name|0870526|Jeanie Tracy}} * [http://www.facebook.com/jeanietracy Jeanie Tracy Facebook page] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:1960 births]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] nwh9nwua1slt6atkfeq5ueehnaol7le 0 48509 672343 173320 2026-07-04T14:26:43Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ọrụ */ 672343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Joe De Yong|image=|caption=|birth_name=Joseph Franklin de Yong|birth_date=1894|birth_place=[[Webster Groves, Missouri]], U.S.|death_date=1975|death_place=[[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.|death_cause=|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=|nationality=|other_names=|known_for=|education=|employer=|occupation=Sculptor, etcher, historical consultant|title=|term=|predecessor=|successor=|party=|boards=|spouse=|children=|parents=|relatives=}} Joe De Yong (1894-1975) bụ onye America ọkpụkpụ, etcher, na onye ndụmọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme maka ihe nkiri Western.  Ihe osise ya na etchings gosipụtara Old West, gụnyere ụmụ amaala America na ndị na-agba ehi, yana ndị egwuregwu polo. == Ndụ mbido == Njikọ De Yong na 1894 na Webster Groves, Missouri.  [1] O tolitere na Washington County, Oklahoma . <ref name="sbhmtalkjoe">{{Cite web|title=Talk: Joe De Yong: A Life in the West|url=https://www.sbhistorical.org/event/talk-joe-de-yong-a-life-in-the-west/|work=Santa Barbara Historical Museum|accessdate=December 12, 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ == De Yong ahụmahụ ọrụ ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri Western na Hollywood n'ụdị onye na-eme ihe nkiri Tom Mix .  [1] Site na 1916 1926 ruo ruo ọrụ maka onye na-ese ihe nkiri Western Charles M. Russell na Montana na California.  [1] [2] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ebe a na-azụ anụ Howard Eaton na Wyoming. <ref name="sbhmtalkjoe" /> <ref name="billingsgazetteonwaytosuccess">{{Cite news|title=Montana Artist Is On Way To Success|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/409451896/?terms=%22Joe%2BDe%2BYong%22|accessdate=December 12, 2018|work=The Billings Weekly Gazette|date=August 14, 1923|page=12}}</ref> De Yong mechara mechara Santa Barbara, California, ebe ọ rụkọrọ ọrụ na Edward Borein na Maynard Dixon .  [1] Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri nke rancheros Visitadores, otu nri equestrian na Santa Barbara. <ref name="santamariatimesworkfeatured">{{Cite news|title=Work of Joe De Yong featured in gallery|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/446819238/?terms=%22Joe%2BDe%2BYong%22|work=Santa Maria Times|date=September 15, 1976|page=8}}</ref> De Yong la iche na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri dị ka onye na-ahụ ejiji na onye akwụkwọ ihe mere eme na 1930-1950s.  Ọ bụ ọrụ na The Plainsman na 1937, [1] Union Pacific na 1939, Buffalo Bill na 1944, Red River na 1948, na Shane 1953. <ref name="nationalcowboymuseumimages">{{Cite web|title=Images from the Joe De Yong & Richard J. Flood Collection|url=https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/explore/images-joe-de-yong-richard-j-flood-collection/|work=National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum|accessdate=December 12, 2018}}</ref> De Yong's etchings na-egosi Old West, ụmụ amaala America na ndị na-achị ehi, yana ndị egwuregwu polo. <ref name="santamariatimesworkfeatured" /> == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == De Yong nwụrụ na 1975 na Los Angeles, California.  [1] Enwere ike ịhụ ọrụ ya na National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum na Will Rogers Museum na Oklahoma, na William S. Hart Museum na California. <ref name="santamariatimesworkfeatured">{{Cite news|title=Work of Joe De Yong featured in gallery|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/446819238/?terms=%22Joe%2BDe%2BYong%22|work=Santa Maria Times|date=September 15, 1976|page=8}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[https://www.newspapers.com/image/446819238/?terms=%22Joe%2BDe%2BYong%22 "Work of Joe De Yong featured in gallery"]</span>. ''Santa Maria Times''. Santa Maria, California. September 15, 1976. p.&nbsp;8 &#x2013; via [[Akwụkwọ akụkọ.com|Newspapers.com]].</cite></ref> Enyi De Yong, [1] Richard J. Iju mmiri, ketara ala ya wee bụrụ onye na-ere ihe nka.. <ref name="greatfallstribunewesternartdealer">{{Cite news|title=Western art dealer, collector Flood dies|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/243607118/?terms=%22Joe%2BDe%2BYong%22|accessdate=December 12, 2018|work=Great Falls Tribune|date=September 23, 1993|page=12}}</ref> == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Reynolds|first=William|title=Joe De Yong: A Life in the West|date=2018|publisher=Alamar Media|location=Santa Ynez, California|isbn=9780989070164|oclc=1077775611}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} 82bqi6pvhq8hbddhcz60804z85iaq6m 672345 672343 2026-07-04T14:27:39Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ọnwụ na ihe nketa */ 672345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Joe De Yong|image=|caption=|birth_name=Joseph Franklin de Yong|birth_date=1894|birth_place=[[Webster Groves, Missouri]], U.S.|death_date=1975|death_place=[[Los Angeles, California]], U.S.|death_cause=|resting_place=|resting_place_coordinates=|nationality=|other_names=|known_for=|education=|employer=|occupation=Sculptor, etcher, historical consultant|title=|term=|predecessor=|successor=|party=|boards=|spouse=|children=|parents=|relatives=}} Joe De Yong (1894-1975) bụ onye America ọkpụkpụ, etcher, na onye ndụmọdụ akụkọ ihe mere eme maka ihe nkiri Western.  Ihe osise ya na etchings gosipụtara Old West, gụnyere ụmụ amaala America na ndị na-agba ehi, yana ndị egwuregwu polo. == Ndụ mbido == Njikọ De Yong na 1894 na Webster Groves, Missouri.  [1] O tolitere na Washington County, Oklahoma . <ref name="sbhmtalkjoe">{{Cite web|title=Talk: Joe De Yong: A Life in the West|url=https://www.sbhistorical.org/event/talk-joe-de-yong-a-life-in-the-west/|work=Santa Barbara Historical Museum|accessdate=December 12, 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ == De Yong ahụmahụ ọrụ ya site n'ịrụ ọrụ na ihe nkiri Western na Hollywood n'ụdị onye na-eme ihe nkiri Tom Mix .  [1] Site na 1916 1926 ruo ruo ọrụ maka onye na-ese ihe nkiri Western Charles M. Russell na Montana na California.  [1] [2] Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na ebe a na-azụ anụ Howard Eaton na Wyoming. <ref name="sbhmtalkjoe" /> <ref name="billingsgazetteonwaytosuccess">{{Cite news|title=Montana Artist Is On Way To Success|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/409451896/?terms=%22Joe%2BDe%2BYong%22|accessdate=December 12, 2018|work=The Billings Weekly Gazette|date=August 14, 1923|page=12}}</ref> De Yong mechara mechara Santa Barbara, California, ebe ọ rụkọrọ ọrụ na Edward Borein na Maynard Dixon .  [1] Ọ bụ onye na-ese ihe nkiri nke rancheros Visitadores, otu nri equestrian na Santa Barbara. <ref name="santamariatimesworkfeatured">{{Cite news|title=Work of Joe De Yong featured in gallery|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/446819238/?terms=%22Joe%2BDe%2BYong%22|work=Santa Maria Times|date=September 15, 1976|page=8}}</ref> De Yong la iche na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri dị ka onye na-ahụ ejiji na onye akwụkwọ ihe mere eme na 1930-1950s.  Ọ bụ ọrụ na The Plainsman na 1937, [1] Union Pacific na 1939, Buffalo Bill na 1944, Red River na 1948, na Shane 1953. <ref name="nationalcowboymuseumimages">{{Cite web|title=Images from the Joe De Yong & Richard J. Flood Collection|url=https://nationalcowboymuseum.org/explore/images-joe-de-yong-richard-j-flood-collection/|work=National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum|accessdate=December 12, 2018}}</ref> De Yong's etchings na-egosi Old West, ụmụ amaala America na ndị na-achị ehi, yana ndị egwuregwu polo. <ref name="santamariatimesworkfeatured" /> == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == De Yong nwụrụ na 1975 na Los Angeles, California.  [1] Enwere ike ịhụ ọrụ ya na National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum na Will Rogers Museum na Oklahoma, na William S. Hart Museum na California. <ref name="santamariatimesworkfeatured" /> Enyi De Yong, [1] Richard J. Iju mmiri, ketara ala ya wee bụrụ onye na-ere ihe nka.. <ref name="greatfallstribunewesternartdealer">{{Cite news|title=Western art dealer, collector Flood dies|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/243607118/?terms=%22Joe%2BDe%2BYong%22|accessdate=December 12, 2018|work=Great Falls Tribune|date=September 23, 1993|page=12}}</ref> == Ọgụgụ ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Reynolds|first=William|title=Joe De Yong: A Life in the West|date=2018|publisher=Alamar Media|location=Santa Ynez, California|isbn=9780989070164|oclc=1077775611}} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} rpeaqw45t8z4jbf4wzl4p76gl4dsdm7 0 48588 672329 173420 2026-07-04T14:16:23Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mignon Holland Anderson''' (amụrụ1945) bu onye odee na prọfesọ America. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-02|title=Mignon Holland Anderson|url=https://literarydc.wordpress.com/2019/09/02/mignon-holland-anderson/|accessdate=2020-06-19|work=literarydc|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=M Anderson - Professor Profile|url=https://www.umes.edu/English/Pages/M-Anderson-Profile/|accessdate=2020-06-19|work=University of Maryland Eastern Shore}}</ref> Ọ na-edekarị akụkọ mkpirisi nke na-elekwasị anya na ndụ ndị Africa na America na Eastern Shore nke Virginia . == Ndụ onwe onye == Mignon Holland Anderson mụrụ na Cheriton, Virginia . <ref name="Page2007">{{Cite book|author=Yolanda Williams Page|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iTWu0aSofkkC|title=Encyclopedia of African American Women Writers|date=30 January 2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33429-0|pages=11–12|accessdate=November 13, 2012}}</ref> <ref name="Beaulieu2006" /> Ndị mụrụ ya, Frank na Ruby Holland, nwere ụlọ olili ozu . <ref name="Beaulieu2006">{{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu|title=Writing African American Women: An Encyclopedia of Literature by and about Women of Color|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq4ULhcfkVkC&pg=PA10|accessdate=November 13, 2012|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33197-8|pages=10–11}}</ref> Ọ gara Mahadum Fisk wee nweta Bachelor of Arts na 1966. Na 1970 ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia na Master of Fine Arts . Ọ jere ozi n'otu oge dị ka onye enyemaka nyocha na Arna Bontemps . <ref name="Company1973">{{Cite book|title=Black World/Negro Digest|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MzoDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|accessdate=November 13, 2012|date=September 1973|publisher=Johnson Publishing Company}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Anderson na-ede mkpirisi akụkọ. Ọtụtụ akụkọ ya na-eme na Eastern Shore nke Virginia ma lekwasị anya na ndụ ndị America America. Akụkọ ya ''na-abụkarị ụmụ nwanyị na nwoke ma ọ bụ abụọ,'' na-ewere ọnọdụ mgbe njedebe nke ịgba ohu na United States na-elekwasị anya na otú ndị Africa-America si malite ịkwado omenala ndị ọcha . E bipụtara akụkọ ya ọzọ, ''Ọgwụgwụ nke ịnwụ anwụ'' na 2001 ma lekwasịrị anya na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'etiti narị afọ nke 20. <ref name="Page2007" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Anderson|first=Mignon Holland|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LgQLPQAACAAJ|title=End of Dying|date=June 2001|publisher=America Star Books|isbn=978-1-58851-019-8|language=en}}</ref> Anderson na-akụzi Bekee na Mahadum Maryland Eastern Shore, kọleji ojii na akụkọ ihe mere eme. <ref name="Page2007" /><ref name="Beaulieu2006">{{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu|title=Writing African American Women: An Encyclopedia of Literature by and about Women of Color|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq4ULhcfkVkC&pg=PA10|accessdate=November 13, 2012|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33197-8|pages=10–11}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFElizabeth_Ann_Beaulieu2006">Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq4ULhcfkVkC&pg=PA10 ''Writing African American Women: An Encyclopedia of Literature by and about Women of Color'']. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.&nbsp;10–11. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-0-313-33197-8|<bdi>978-0-313-33197-8</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> Anderson abụrụla onye nnata nke Mahadum Maryland Eastern Shore Onye Nkụzi nke Afọ Onye isi ala. Ahọpụtakwala ya otu n'ime ndị nkuzi iri kacha elu nke onye isi ala. Ọ bụbu onye nchịkọta akụkọ mmekọ maka ''Maryland Review.'' <ref name="Beaulieu2006">{{Cite book|author=Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu|title=Writing African American Women: An Encyclopedia of Literature by and about Women of Color|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq4ULhcfkVkC&pg=PA10|accessdate=November 13, 2012|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33197-8|pages=10–11}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFElizabeth_Ann_Beaulieu2006">Elizabeth Ann Beaulieu (2006). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq4ULhcfkVkC&pg=PA10 ''Writing African American Women: An Encyclopedia of Literature by and about Women of Color'']. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.&nbsp;10–11. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ọpụrụiche:Isi akwụkwọ/978-0-313-33197-8|<bdi>978-0-313-33197-8</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 13,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> == Na-arụ ọrụ == abụọ, na-ewere ọnọdụ mgbe njedebe nke ịgba ohu na United States na-elekwasị anya na otú ndị Africa-America si malite ịkwado * ''Ọgwụgwụ nke ịnwụ anwụ.'' Baltimore: Ụlọ ndị America (2001). * "N'ihu ọkụ agaghị m alaghachi azụ." ''Negro Digest'' : 17 (1968), p.&nbsp;20–23. * ''Ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na nwoke ma ọ bụ abụọ: mkpokọta.'' Chicago: Ndị nta akụkọ ụwa nke atọ (1976). . == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cii19z4aet376q7x6p5czjhlb3ak9tg 0 48769 672612 444299 2026-07-05T10:04:41Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|predecessor1=Mississippi}} Icey Wiley Day (July 1, 1891 - December 21, 1955) o bu onye notere aka na Democratic nke Mississippi House of Representatives, o na anochi anya ndi Attala Country. O kpuru isi. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Icey Wiley Day na July 1, 1891, na Ethel, Attala County, Mississippi . <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=History|first=Mississippi Department of Archives and|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b8sGAQAAIAAJ|title=The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi|date=1917|publisher=Department of Archives and History|pages=831|language=en}}</ref> Nne na nna ya bụ John Vandiver Day na Anne Elizabeth (Wilson) Day . <ref name=":0" /> E kpuru ya ìsì mgbe ọ dị afọ iri mgbe ọ na-egwu baseball na Ethel.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1955-12-29|title=Icey Day memorial, Star Herald, December 29, 1955|pages=4|work=The Star-Herald|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/63996882/icey-day-memorial-star-herald/|accessdate=2021-03-07}}</ref> Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, ọ banyere na State Institution for the Blind na Jackson, Mississippi, ma nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ 19.<ref name=":0" /> Ọ banyere na Mahadum nke Mississippi, ebe ọ natara L.L.B. ya na 1913. <ref name=":0" /> A nabatara ya n'ụlọikpe n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọnwụ == A họpụtara Day ka ọ bụrụ onye nnọchi anya ụlọ omebe iwu nke Mississippi, na-anọchite anya obodo ya bụ Attala County dị ka Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na nke mbụ ya na 1915. N'afọ 1919, ọ gbara ọsọ maka ọfịs nke Mississippi Railroad Commissioner, mana George R. Edwards meriri ya na ntuli aka nke 1st Supreme Court District . <ref>{{Cite book|author=History|first=Mississippi Department of Archives and|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8sGAQAAIAAJ|title=The Official and Statistical Register of the State of Mississippi|date=1923|publisher=Department of Archives and History|pages=375|language=en}}</ref> A họpụtara ya ọzọ maka, ma jee ozi, oge nke 1932-1936, 1936-1940, 1944-1948, na 1948-1952. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Representatives|first=Mississippi Legislature House of|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=849OAQAAMAAJ&q=Icey+Wiley+Day|title=Journal|date=1953|language=en}}</ref> A họpụtakwara ya n'afọ 1955, mana ọ nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi na Disemba 21, 1955, tupu ọ banye n'ọkwa, nke gaara abụ na Jenụwarị 3 nke afọ 1956.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1955-12-22|title=Icey Day obituary, page one, Star Herald, December 22, 1955|pages=1|work=The Star-Herald|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/63996734/icey-day-obituary-page-one-star/|accessdate=2021-03-07}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|date=1976-09-09|title=Day, Icey W bio 2|pages=33|work=The Star-Herald|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/13824332/day-icey-w-bio-2/|accessdate=2021-03-07}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa, o guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Mississippi Industries for the Blind.<ref>{{Cite web|title=22 Dec 1955, 2 - The Star-Herald at Newspapers.com|url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/?clipping_id=63996775&fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjI3MzAwMDI5NSwiaWF0IjoxNjE1MTU4MTE0LCJleHAiOjE2MTUyNDQ1MTR9.OJvGLGh1nRkPwkqrZyjUVVg1wTDU82Soe_yYXryFCwc|accessdate=2021-03-07|work=Newspapers.com|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Day bụ onye otu Baptist Church . <ref name=":0" /> Ọ lụrụ Gladys Allen na 1927, ha mụtara ụmụ abụọ.<ref name=":1" /> Day bu nwoke mbu kpuru isi no na Masons nke Mississippi.<ref name=":1" /> == Edensibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Day, Icey Wiley}} [[Òtù:Living people]] [[Òtù:Visibilizing disabilities in Nigeria (1.0)]] [[Òtù:WikiforMiniorities]] rgn9paiplqq5ta4z9y77if7krho3xq5 0 48798 672349 213755 2026-07-04T14:30:20Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ọnwụ */ 672349 wikitext text/x-wiki Joseph Eula (Januarrị 16, 1925 - Ọktoba 27, 2004) bụ onye ihe ngosi ejiji America.  Ọ bụ onye ihe ngosi ama na 1960s na 70s, ebe ọ nrụpụta ọkwa onye isi ihe okike na Halston afọ iri. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Eula Joseph Eula na Norwalk, Connecticut, Jenụwarị 16, 1925, nke abụọ n’ime ụmụ anọ.  Nna ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ abụọ;  Nne Eula, bụ́ Lena, na-azụ ụlọ ihe oriri iji na-egbo agụ ya.  Eula akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ na 1942, mgbe ọ dị afọ 17, e debanyere aha ya na 10th Mountain Division iji jee ozi na Mgbasa Ozi Ịtali .  N'ikpeazụ, ọ na-ekiri ogụ na Apennines wee nye ya akwụkwọ Bronze .  Mgbe ọ dị na 1945, ọ debanyere aha na Art Student League of New York .  E egosi ihe atụ mbụ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ na Town & Country magazine - onye nchịkọta n'oge ahụ bụ Baron Nicolas de Gunzburg - na Saks Fifth Avenue . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Horyn|first=Cathy|title=Joe Eula, Fashion Illustrator, Dies at 79|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/28/arts/28eula.html|accessdate=June 17, 2015|work=New York Times|date=October 28, 2004}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Horwell|first=Veroncia|title=Joe Eula|url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/2004/nov/22/guardianobituaries.artsobituaries1|accessdate=June 17, 2015|work=The Guardian|date=November 22, 2004}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'etiti afọ 1950, Eula ihe ịrịba ọrụ na Eugenia Sheppard, na-egosi kọlụm ya syndicated Inside Fashion in New York Herald Tribune .  [1] [2] O mechara soro Ernestine Carter ọrụ na London Sunday Times, na-ekpuchi ejiji Europe.  [3] Nke a bụ ihe a na-emekarị n'oge ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na ebe a na-achọ ejiji dị eji nabata ndị na-ese foto na ndị na-ede akwụkwọ-ndị na-ese ihe ga-anọ ọrụ  ijikoo ihe nkiri na ihe ngosi ejiji. <ref name=":1" /> N'ime ọrụ ya maka American Vogue na New York Times, Eula gosiri dị ogologo na Italian Harper's Bazaar.  [1] [2] N'ime ọrụ a, ọ kpuchiri mkpokọta Yves Saint Laurent nke mbụ (1958) na nke ikpeazụ (2002), ma bụrụ onye na-ese ụlọ maka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ihe nkiri, Coco Chanel,  Hubert de Givenchy, Gianni Versace, Christian Dior na Karl Lagerfeld.  [2] [3] Ọ ihe na-enwe ndị enyi na enyi na ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a ma ama nke ụwa ejiji, eji na Coco Chanel, bụ onye nchịkọta ọ na-esekarị.  [4] A mara na ọ gara ihe ngosi Yves Saint Laurent couture show n'otu oge, na-eti mkpu na ọ dị egwu mgbe obere oge okpukpe wee mee;  ụbubụenyi ya na Yves Saint Laurent na onye mmekọ ya, Pierre Bergé, ihe na- enweghị ya <ref>{{Cite news|author=Indvik|first=Lauren|title=Cathy Horyn on Joe Eula and Life After the 'New York Times'|url=http://fashionista.com/2014/11/cathy-horyn-joe-eula|accessdate=June 17, 2015|work=Fashionista|date=November 14, 2014}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Standen|first=Dirk|title=Cathy Horyn on Her New Joe Eula Book, Galliano at Margiela, and More|url=http://www.style.com/trends/industry/2014/cathy-horyn-joe-eula-book|work=Style.com|date=November 11, 2014}}</ref> O ndị chiri anya na nke ekere na isi nke mpaghara nka ndị ọzọ, na-ahụ uwe maka onye na-egwu jazz Miles Davis, na mgbakwunye na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị yiri mkpisi na nhọrọ nke 1960 album Sketches of Spain, [1]  akwụkwọ mmado maka egwu egwu.  The Supremes (Lincoln Center, New York, 1965) na Liza Minnelli's Liza nwere "Z" (1972).  [2] [3] [4] [5] N'ịbụ enyi na onye na-ese foto Milton Greene 1940s, ya na ya na-ekerịta ụlọ na New York City ma soro ya onye ọrụ maka magazin ndụ, mgbe ọ lọtara  na Europe. <ref name=":1" /> Kewara na Greene na 1968, Eula ihe n'ime ihe nkiri ebe ọrụ ya na Broadway mmetụta nke Private Lives ikike ya Tony Award .  [1] O mekwara setịpụ na ejiji maka ịgba egwu n'oge ọhụrụ (1969) na ejiji emesịa maka The Goldberg Variations na ugboro Jerome Robbins nke New York City Ballet . <ref name=":1" /> Na mmalite 70s Joe Eula bụ onye ndụmọdụ onye na-ahụ maka nka nka na Halston Ltd., American Vogue, magazin ajụjụ ọnụ, na ọtụtụ akwụkwọ. <ref name=":0" />N'afọ 1973, o haziri ihe ngosi nke ndị America ise (gụnyere Halston) nyere ndị ọrụ France ise na Versailles.  N'ihi ntọghata gbachiri site na ukwu gaa na nsogbu metric, drapery ha ga-eji pụta dị.  Ọ gbaziri ụlọ ahụ nke ọma site n'ịgbakwunye mpempe akwụkwọ ọcha na iji agba stovu ojii na-esepụta ụlọ elu Eiffel .  [1] Ọ ga- mgba na Halston dị ka onye nduzi okike maka ọtụtụ n'ime 70s. Na 1974 ọ ghọrọ onye ndụmọdụ maka Halston Enterprise Inc emepụtara ọhụrụ. Ọrụ ya bụ onye nduzi okike nke onyonyo Halston niile, mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, na mkpokọta site na 1974 ruo 1980. == Ọnwụ == Eula gburu n' ọgwụ ọgwụ na October 27, 2004, mgbe ọ dị afọ 79, na Kingston, New York .  A kpọgara ya n' ọgwụ ọgwụ maka oyi baa na-eme ihe ike na chemotherapy ya.  N'oge ọnwụ ya, Eula biri na Manhattan na Hurley, New York. <ref name=":0" /> == Ememe ncheta == Na 2008 ka Joe Eula pụta ìhè dị ka onye na-ese ihe ngosi na ''Line of Fashion Design'' ngosi na Leslie Lohman Art Foundation, NY. N’afọ sochirinụ, 2009, a gbasaara ma gosi ihe ngosi ahụ na Society of Illustrators, NY. Chris Royer nyere ọtụtụ ọrụ nka Joe Eula isi maka ihe ngosi ahụ. Na 2014 Abigail Franzen-Sheehan deziri Halston na Andy Warhol: Silver na Suede, akwụkwọ nke Abrahms, nke Chris Royer bụ otu n'ime ndị nyere aka, yana onye akwụkwọ, ma weta ihe onye ọrụ Joe Eula chirira maka akwụkwọ ahụ. Na 2020 ọtụtụ ihe osise Joe Ejijiula na-egosi na ihe ngosi Ejiji: The Visionaries: A Century of Illustrations from the Frances Neady Collection, nke Society of Illustrators, NY.  Chris Royer nyere nka Joe Eula Sitera na mkpokọta mkpokọta ya mkpokọta Frances Neady Permanent.  vidiyo obere vidiyo, Halstonette Memoirs: Joe Eula, nke emere n'okpuru CRC Inc. maka ihe ngosi. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} 7c7cdfg7bm6spox97mvuwjrc1h4i47u 0 48979 672442 630471 2026-07-04T19:07:28Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed error 672442 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Gilbert L. Laws (Nebraska Congressman).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|G L. Laws]] '''Gilbert Lafayette Laws''' ([[11 Maachị|March 11, 1838]] - April 25, 1907) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America, onye na emeputa akwukwo nzisa ozi, na onye na azuahia. Oruru oru dika onye ode akwukwo nke state na dika onye otu United States of Representatives N'oge 1800s. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya n'ugbo dị nso na Olney, Illinois, Laws bụ nwa James Laws na Lucinda (Calhoun) Laws.<ref name="Hayes 1889 41">{{Cite book|author=Hayes|first=Arthur Badley and Cox, Samuel D.|title=History of the City of Lincoln, Nebraska: With Brief Historical Sketches of the State and of Lancaster County|year=1889|publisher=Higginson Book Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQI1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA35}}</ref> N'afọ 1845, ya na ndị mụrụ ya kwagara Iowa County, Wisconsin. Ọ gara Mahadum Haskell na Mahadum Milton nke ọ kwadoro site n'ịrụ ọrụ na azụmaahịa osisi n'oge ọkọchị.<ref name="Obit" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ kụziri ụlọ akwụkwọ ruo 1861 na Richland Center, Wisconsin.<ref name="Obit" /> N'oge [[Agha Obodo America]], Laws debanyere aha na 5th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment. E gbupụrụ ụkwụ aka ekpe ya n'okpuru ikpere n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ya n'Agha nke Williamsburg na Mee 5, 1862. A tọhapụrụ ya na July 1862 wee biri na Richland County, Wisconsin . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Laws|first=Gilbert|title=Publications - Nebraska State Historical Society|year=1902|publisher=Nebraska State Historical Society|pages=439|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gy0UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA439}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Laws nwụrụ na Eprel 25, 1907 (afọ 69, ụbọchị 45), na Lincoln, Nebraska . E liri ya na Wyuka Cemetery na Lincoln. == Ndụ onwe onye == Laws lụrụ Josephine Lawrence na October 25, 1868. Ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, Gertrude H. Laws, Theodosia C. Laws na Helen Lucile Laws. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Iwu, Gilbert L.}} [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1838]] csq00s16q15qx6b3iykn460wqzjtnxs 672443 672442 2026-07-04T19:08:20Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed error 672443 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Gilbert L. Laws (Nebraska Congressman).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|G L. Laws]] '''Gilbert Lafayette Laws''' ([[11 Maachị|March 11, 1838]] - April 25, 1907) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America, onye na emeputa akwukwo nzisa ozi, na onye na azuahia. Oruru oru dika onye ode akwukwo nke state na dika onye otu United States of Representatives N'oge 1800s. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya n'ugbo dị nso na Olney, Illinois, Laws bụ nwa James Laws na Lucinda (Calhoun) Laws.<ref name="Hayes 1889 41">{{Cite book|author=Hayes|first=Arthur Badley and Cox, Samuel D.|title=History of the City of Lincoln, Nebraska: With Brief Historical Sketches of the State and of Lancaster County|year=1889|publisher=Higginson Book Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQI1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA35}}</ref> N'afọ 1845, ya na ndị mụrụ ya kwagara Iowa County, Wisconsin. Ọ gara Mahadum Haskell na Mahadum Milton nke ọ kwadoro site n'ịrụ ọrụ na azụmaahịa osisi n'oge ọkọchị.<ref name="Obit" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ kụziri ụlọ akwụkwọ ruo 1861 na Richland Center, Wisconsin. N'oge [[Agha Obodo America]], Laws debanyere aha na 5th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment. E gbupụrụ ụkwụ aka ekpe ya n'okpuru ikpere n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ya n'Agha nke Williamsburg na Mee 5, 1862. A tọhapụrụ ya na July 1862 wee biri na Richland County, Wisconsin . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Laws|first=Gilbert|title=Publications - Nebraska State Historical Society|year=1902|publisher=Nebraska State Historical Society|pages=439|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gy0UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA439}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Laws nwụrụ na Eprel 25, 1907 (afọ 69, ụbọchị 45), na Lincoln, Nebraska . E liri ya na Wyuka Cemetery na Lincoln. == Ndụ onwe onye == Laws lụrụ Josephine Lawrence na October 25, 1868. Ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, Gertrude H. Laws, Theodosia C. Laws na Helen Lucile Laws. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Iwu, Gilbert L.}} [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1838]] oickpblz16q92xjpfnn0jlaye4ni37w 672444 672443 2026-07-04T19:13:06Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Oge ọ malitere */ Fixed error 672444 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Gilbert L. Laws (Nebraska Congressman).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|G L. Laws]] '''Gilbert Lafayette Laws''' ([[11 Maachị|March 11, 1838]] - April 25, 1907) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America, onye na emeputa akwukwo nzisa ozi, na onye na azuahia. Oruru oru dika onye ode akwukwo nke state na dika onye otu United States of Representatives N'oge 1800s. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya n'ugbo dị nso na Olney, Illinois, Laws bụ nwa James Laws na Lucinda (Calhoun) Laws.<ref name="Hayes 1889 41">{{Cite book|author=Hayes|first=Arthur Badley and Cox, Samuel D.|title=History of the City of Lincoln, Nebraska: With Brief Historical Sketches of the State and of Lancaster County|year=1889|publisher=Higginson Book Company|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nQI1AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA35}}</ref> N'afọ 1845, ya na ndị mụrụ ya kwagara Iowa County, Wisconsin. Ọ gara Mahadum Haskell na Mahadum Milton nke ọ kwadoro site n'ịrụ ọrụ na azụmaahịa osisi n'oge ọkọchị.<ref name="Obit" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ kụziri ụlọ akwụkwọ ruo 1861 na Richland Center, Wisconsin. N'oge [[Agha Obodo America]], Laws debanyere aha na 5th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment. E gbupụrụ ụkwụ aka ekpe ya n'okpuru ikpere n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ya n'Agha nke Williamsburg na Mee 5, 1862. A tọhapụrụ ya na July 1862 wee biri na Richland County, Wisconsin .<ref>{{Cite book|author=Laws|first=Gilbert|title=Publications - Nebraska State Historical Society|year=1902|publisher=Nebraska State Historical Society|pages=439|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gy0UAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA439}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Laws nwụrụ na Eprel 25, 1907 (afọ 69, ụbọchị 45), na Lincoln, Nebraska . E liri ya na Wyuka Cemetery na Lincoln. == Ndụ onwe onye == Laws lụrụ Josephine Lawrence na October 25, 1868. Ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị atọ, Gertrude H. Laws, Theodosia C. Laws na Helen Lucile Laws. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Iwu, Gilbert L.}} [[Otú:Ndị amụrụ n'afọ 1838]] 9dep99ekkjedahooz9jl9p956wq1x19 0 49324 672625 246661 2026-07-05T11:43:43Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 672625 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Jennifer Longdon by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|Jennifer Longdon na-ekwu okwu n'otu mmemme na Phoenix, Arizona]] '''Jennifer "Jen" Longdon''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị America na onye bụbu onye otu Democratic nke Arizona House of Representatives na-anọchite anya District 5 site na 2023 ruo 2024. Ọ nọchitere anya District 24 site na 2019 ruo 2023. A họpụtara Longdon n'afọ 2018 ka ọ nọchie onye nnọchi anya steeti Lela Alston, onye gbara ọsọ maka Senate steeti.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2018/08/31/voters-send-some-candidates-from-varsity-to-the-bench/|title=Voters send some candidates from 'varsity' to the bench|work=The Arizona Capitol Times|accessdate=January 14, 2019|date=August 31, 2018|author=Pineda, Paulina}}</ref> Na January 2024, Longdon kwusiri oru na Arizona House iji ruo oru Maka iwu ndi na echekwa ahu Ike ndi mmadu na Nonprofit organization u. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/legislature/2024/01/25/arizona-rep-jennifer-longdon-resigns-seat-for-health-care-policy-job/72359038007/|title=Jennifer Longdon, a champion for gun-violence prevention, resigns from Arizona Legislature|work=AZ Central|accessdate=January 26, 2024|date=January 25, 2024|author=Pitzl, Mary Jo}}</ref> Longdon nwere ahụ mkpọnwụ n'afọ 2004 n'oge a na-agbapụ ya na mberede. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Phoenix Mayor's Commission on Disability Issues, na kọmitii ndụmọdụ nke Christopher na Dana Reeve Foundation Public Impact Panel, <ref name="arizonalist" /> dịka onye isi oche nke Arizonans for Gun Safety.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://jenlongdonforhouse.com/|title=Meet Jen|accessdate=January 14, 2019|publisher=Jen Longdon for House|archivedate=January 15, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115023142/http://jenlongdonforhouse.com/}}</ref> == Michael Bloomberg 2020 Mgbasa ozi Onye isi ala == N'afọ 2020, Longdon kwadoro mkpọsa Michael Bloomberg maka onye isi ala, ma wepụta onwe ya na mbọ ọ na-agba na mpaghara obodo ya. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-23|title=LD 24 Canvass for Mike · Bloomberg 2020 for Arizona|url=https://www.mobilize.us/mikebloombergaz/event/210400/|accessdate=2022-07-23|work=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223124135/https://www.mobilize.us/mikebloombergaz/event/210400/|archivedate=23 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=AZ for Mike on Instagram|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/B9PomLiH4D0/|accessdate=2022-07-22|work=Instagram}}</ref> N'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ ahụ, onye njikwa mkpọsa ndị omeiwu steeti Longdon bụ Amber Rivera gbara arụkwaghịm wee sonye na mkpọsa onye isi ala Michael Bloomberg 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Whitman|first=Elizabeth|title=Is Bloomberg's Pledge to Help Arizona Democrats Backfiring?|url=https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/arizona-bloomberg-president-democratic-money-election-2020-trump-11450767|accessdate=2022-07-23|work=Phoenix New Times|language=en}}</ref> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Visibilizing disabilities in Nigeria (1.0)]] [[Òtù:WikiforMiniorities]] 7ru6gx10b4y34my7perabkagazyphqm 0 49400 672453 208233 2026-07-04T19:39:27Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672453 wikitext text/x-wiki   Jacuzzi bụ ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo nke America na-arụpụta ma na-ere ahịa ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ, ọdọ mmiri, na ngwaahịa ịsa ahụ ndị ọzọ. A maara ya nke ọma maka ngwaahịa hydrotherapy Jacuzzi. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị na Irvine, [[California]]. Ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mmiri ọkụ na Europe nwere ụlọ ọrụ asatọ, nke kachasị na Italy. <ref name="Weinstein 2008 p. 181">{{Cite book|author=Weinstein|first=D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fta0bAMk6GkC&pg=PA181|title=It Came from Berkeley: How Berkeley Changed the World|publisher=Gibbs Smith|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4236-0254-5|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1915 site n'aka ụmụnna asaa sitere na ezinụlọ Jacuzzi na Berkeley, California. Ọ mepụtara ngwaahịa dị iche iche gụnyere nfuli maka ọrụ ugbo. Na 1948, Jacuzzi mepụtara nfuli mmiri iji gwọọ ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo nke onye òtù ezinụlọ. Nfuli mmiri ahụ bụ ngwaahịa ahụike niche ruo mgbe etinyere ha n'ime ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na 1968. Ka ewu ewu nke ikpo ọkụ na-eto eto, Jacuzzi kere ụdị ndị ọzọ dị elu karị. Jacuzzi bụ ezinụlọ na-agba ọsọ ruo 1979, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbanwere aka ọtụtụ oge, tupu onye nwe ya ugbu a Investindustrial zụta ya na 2019.. Associated Press Stylebook depụtara Jacuzzi dị ka akara ahịa maka ngwaahịa dị ka hot tubs, whirlpool spas, na whirl pool baths <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Associated Press Stylebook.|date=2015|publisher=Turtleback Books|isbn=9780606373043}}</ref> ma ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ iwu iji aha ahụ mee ihe na azụmahịa na-enweghị ikike. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Historic_Jacuzzi_Bros._storefront.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Jacuzzi Bros. ụlọ ahịa, n'ihe dị ka 1960]] === Mmalite === Ụmụnne asaa nọ n'ezinụlọ Jacuzzi guzobere Jacuzzi: Giocondo, Frank, Rachele, Candido, Joseph, Gelindo na Valeriano, ndị si Casarsa della Delizia n'ebe ugwu [[Italy|Ịtali]].<ref name="Euvino Filippo 2001 p.">{{Cite book|author=Euvino|first=G.|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Italian History and Culture|publisher=Alpha|series=Complete Idiot's Guide to|year=2001|isbn=978-0-02-864234-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo-AuN9xL6MC|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> Aha ikpeazụ ha bụ Iacuzzi, mana mgbe ụmụnne abụọ mbụ si [[Italy|Ịtali]] kwaga US na 1907, ndị ọrụ mbata na-eduhie aha ha dị ka "Jacuzzi".<ref name="Dodd 2008 p.">{{Cite book|author=Dodd|first=P.|title=What's in a Name?: From Joseph P. Frisbie to Roy Jacuzzi, How Everyday Items Were Named for Extraordinary People|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59240-432-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TYM9ljdonYC|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> Ụmụnne asaa ahụ kwagara mba ọzọ ka ọ na-erule afọ 1910.Ndị ọzọ nọ n'ezinụlọ kwagara na US mgbe ụmụnne ahụ meriri nkwekọrịta iji nye US propellors maka ụgbọ elu Agha Ụwa Mbụ.<ref name="Fucini 1985 p.">{{Cite book|author=Fucini|first=Joseph|title=Entrepreneurs, the men and women behind famous brand names and how they made it|publisher=G.K. Hall|year=1985|isbn=0-8161-8736-3|oclc=11068215}}</ref> Jacuzzi malitere dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ígwè. <ref name="Martone 2016 p. 240">{{Cite book|author=Martone|first=E.|title=Italian Americans: The History and Culture of a People|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2016|isbn=978-1-61069-995-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHJ1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|accessdate=October 9, 2021}}</ref> Ụmụnne ahụ rụrụ ọrụ n'ugbo citrus nke onye mepụtara ụgbọelu mbụ nwere.<ref name="Dodd 2008 p.">{{Cite book|author=Dodd|first=P.|title=What's in a Name?: From Joseph P. Frisbie to Roy Jacuzzi, How Everyday Items Were Named for Extraordinary People|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59240-432-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TYM9ljdonYC|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFDodd2008">Dodd, P. (2008). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2TYM9ljdonYC ''What's in a Name?: From Joseph P. Frisbie to Roy Jacuzzi, How Everyday Items Were Named for Extraordinary People'']. Penguin Publishing Group. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-1-59240-432-2|<bdi>978-1-59240-432-2</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Ha nyere aka mepụta ngwaahịa ụgbọ elu, na-emepụta ihe mkpuchi osisi mbụ nke gbagọrọ agbagọ kama ịdị larịị ma jiri ya mee ihe na Agha Ụwa Mbụ. <ref name="Dodd 2008 p." /><ref name="Johnson 1982">{{Cite web|author=Johnson|first=Finos|title=Whirlpools only part of Jacuzzi business|work=UPI|date=March 8, 1982|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/03/08/Whirlpools-only-part-of-Jacuzzi-businessNEWLNSeven-brothers-first-made-wooden-airplane-propellers/3034144819640/|accessdate=October 9, 2021}}</ref> Otu n'ime propellers mbụ ha mere ugbu a bụ ma ọ bụ na nchekwa ma ọ bụ ịgbazinye site na Smithsonian Institution.[2] Ha mepụtara otu n'ime ụlọ mbụ mechiri emechi maka ụgbọelu, nke a na-akpọ Jacuzzi J-7, nke a na'iji ebuga akwụkwọ ozi.<ref name="Dodd 2008 p." /> N'afọ 1921, ụgbọelu post dara, na-egbu ndị njem niile nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ, gụnyere Giocondo Jacuzzi.<ref name="Dodd 2008 p.">{{Cite book|author=Dodd|first=P.|title=What's in a Name?: From Joseph P. Frisbie to Roy Jacuzzi, How Everyday Items Were Named for Extraordinary People|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59240-432-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TYM9ljdonYC|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref>Ụmụnne ahụ mechara hapụ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu wee nwalee ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ, nke mbụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma bụ mgbapụta mmiri nke Rachele Jacuzzi mepụtara na 1926. <ref name="Hupp Sentinel 1985">{{Cite news|author=Hupp|first=Susanne|date=July 21, 1985|title=Before Hot Tubs Became Hot, There was Jacuzzi|work=The Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-07-21-8502170603-story.html|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref>Usoro ngwaahịa ahụ gbasaa n'ime ụdị mgbapụta dị iche iche.<ref name="Leykam 1989 p.">{{Cite book|author=Leykam|first=John|title=Contra Costa County : a chronicle of progress|publisher=Windsor Publications|year=1989|isbn=0-89781-289-1}}</ref> === Mmiri ọgwụgwọ === N'afọ 1948, Candido Jacuzzi mepụtara mgbapụta hydrotherapy zuru oke, J-300, iji gwọọ Ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo nke nwa ya nwoke (Ken Jacuzzi) n'etiti nleta ụlọ ọgwụ, mgbe ọ chọpụtara mmeghachi omume ya dị mma na obere tankị Hubbard na ụlọ ọgwụ Herrick na Berkeley.<ref name="Jack 2015 p. 239">{{Cite book|author=Jack|first=A.|title=They Laughed at Galileo: How the Great Inventors Proved Their Critics Wrong|publisher=Skyhorse|year=2015|isbn=978-1-63220-236-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VyyCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT239|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> O nwetara ikike ikike nke mgbapụta ahụ na 1952 <ref name="Jack 2015 p. 239" /> wee malite ire ya n'etiti 1955 na 1956 dị ka enyemaka ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Martone 2016 p. 240">{{Cite book|author=Martone|first=E.|title=Italian Americans: The History and Culture of a People|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2016|isbn=978-1-61069-995-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHJ1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|accessdate=October 9, 2021}}</ref> Pump ahụ bụ ngwaọrụ a na-ebugharị ebugharị nke nwere ike ịgbanwe ịsa ahụ ọ bụla ka ọ bụrụ spa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Hot Tubs and Jacuzzi {{!}} Jacuzzi.com {{!}} Jacuzzi®|url=https://www.jacuzzi.com/en-us/HISTORY-OF-HOT-TUBS-AND-JACUZZI.html|accessdate=2023-01-06|work=www.jacuzzi.com}}</ref> Site na 1968, e mepụtara mmiri ịsa ahụ, nke gụnyere ikuku na mmiri. Ọ bụ Roy Jacuzzi, onye otu ọgbọ nke atọ nke ezinụlọ ahụ mepụtara ngwaahịa a (nke a na-akpọ Roman Bath).<ref name="Martin 2017 p. 87">{{Cite book|author=Martin|first=K.|title=Famous Brand Names and Their Origins|publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited|year=2017|isbn=978-1-78159-015-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c76wDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA87|accessdate=October 13, 2021}}</ref> A na-ewere nke a dị ka ịsa ahụ mbụ e mere maka ntụrụndụ, kama maka ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Professional Builder 1997 p.">{{Cite book|title=Professional Builder|publisher=Cahners Publishing Company|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j74WAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=October 13, 2021}}</ref> Jacuzzi jiri onye ama ama Jayne Mansfield na ndị ọzọ na-ere tubs ahụ, nke nwetara ewu ewu n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Hollywood.<ref name="Jack 2015 p. 239">{{Cite book|author=Jack|first=A.|title=They Laughed at Galileo: How the Great Inventors Proved Their Critics Wrong|publisher=Skyhorse|year=2015|isbn=978-1-63220-236-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VyyCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT239|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1970, e gosipụtara ngwaahịa Jacuzzi na Queen for a Day na ihe ngosi TV ndị ọzọ ma bụrụ ndị a ma ama na California.<ref name="Fucini 1985 p.">{{Cite book|author=Fucini|first=Joseph|title=Entrepreneurs, the men and women behind famous brand names and how they made it|publisher=G.K. Hall|year=1985|isbn=0-8161-8736-3|oclc=11068215}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFucini1985">Fucini, Joseph (1985). ''Entrepreneurs, the men and women behind famous brand names and how they made it''. Boston: G.K. Hall. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/0-8161-8736-3|<bdi>0-8161-8736-3</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe njirimara)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:11068215|11068215]].</cite></ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere ịmepụta ụdị buru ibu nke nwere ike [[Iba|ịba]] ihe karịrị otu onye. Ha gbakwunyere nzacha na ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, n'ihi ya, ọ dịghị mkpa ka a kpochapụ mmiri na tubes ahụ mgbe ọ bụla o ji ya mee ihe.<ref name="International">{{Cite book|title=International Directory of Company Histories|year=2006|pages=204–2010|first=Tina|author=Grant|chapter=Jacuzzi Brands, Inc.|publisher=St. James Press}}</ref> Site na 1970, a na-emepụta ụlọ ịsa ahụ dị ka ezinụlọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-05|title=Explore the History of Jacuzzi® Hot Tubs - Jacuzzi Ontario|url=https://www.jacuzziontario.com/for-owners/history/|accessdate=2023-01-06|language=en-US}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 1989, Jacuzzi nwere ndị ọrụ 2,200.<ref name="Leykam 1989 p.">{{Cite book|author=Leykam|first=John|title=Contra Costa County : a chronicle of progress|publisher=Windsor Publications|year=1989|isbn=0-89781-289-1}}</ref> Na mbido, Jacuzzi na-ere site na ndị ọrụ ngo na ndị na-ewu ụlọ, mana na 1993 ọ malitere ire site na ndị na'ere ahịa.<ref name="Emert 2012">{{Cite news|author=Emert|first=Carol|title=Hot Water, Cold Cash / How Roy Jacuzzi turned family business into global bath empire|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=June 12, 1999|url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Hot-Water-Cold-Cash-How-Roy-Jacuzzi-turned-2924035.php|accessdate=October 13, 2021}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1990 Jacuzzi banyere n'ahịa ndị na-abụghị US, ọkachasị na [[Italy|Ịtali]] na [[Spain]]. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ ndị 1990, ọkara ahịa ya dị n'èzí US.<ref name="International">{{Cite book|title=International Directory of Company Histories|year=2006|pages=204–2010|first=Tina|author=Grant|chapter=Jacuzzi Brands, Inc.|publisher=St. James Press}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGrantDerdak2006">Grant, Tina; Derdak, Thomas (2006). "Jacuzzi Brands, Inc.". ''International Directory of Company Histories''. Vol.&nbsp;76. St. James Press. pp.&nbsp;204–2010.</cite></ref> Jacuzzi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ịga n'ihu n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ buru ibu ma dị oké ọnụ ahịa.<ref name="Hupp Sentinel 1985">{{Cite news|author=Hupp|first=Susanne|date=July 21, 1985|title=Before Hot Tubs Became Hot, There was Jacuzzi|work=The Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-07-21-8502170603-story.html|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> === Mgbanwe n'inwe === Ka ọ na-erule 1979, e nwere ndị ezinụlọ Jacuzzi 257 na-etinye aka na akara Jacuzzi na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke esemokwu n'etiti ha. Mgbe ahụ Kidde nwetara azụmahịa ahụ maka nde $ 70. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ezinụlọ Jacuzzi hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ma e wezụga Roy Jacuzzi, bụ onye nọgidere dị ka onye isi nke ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ na ebe ịsa ahụ. Na 1987, Hanson PLC nwetara Kidde. Na 1995 Hanson tụpụrụ Jacuzzi na ụdị ndị ọzọ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze akpọrọ U.S. Industries. USI degharịrị aha onwe ya Jacuzzi Brands na 2003. Nke a bụ nke Apollo Management zụtara, wee bụrụ nke Investindustrial na 2019. <ref name="WSJ 2017">{{Cite news|date=June 13, 2017|title=Private Equity-Backed Jacuzzi Brands Buying Hydropool and Liners Direct|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/private-equity-backed-jacuzzi-brands-buying-hydropool-and-liners-direct-1497381595|accessdate=October 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Interior Design 2021">{{Cite web|author=Adrian-Diaz|first=Jenna|date=January 16, 2019|title=Investindustrial to Acquire Jacuzzi Brands|url=https://interiordesign.net/designwire/investindustrial-to-acquire-jacuzzi-brands/|accessdate=October 12, 2021|work=Interior Design}}</ref> Nzụta kemgbe 1990s gụnyere Haugh Products (ọdọ mmiri dị n'elu), Sundance Spas, Gatsby Spas, Zurn Industries (ụlọ mposi, sinks), Hydropool (ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ), Liners Direct (ngwaahịa ịsa ahụ), BathWraps (ụlọ ịsa ahụ na nrụzi ụlọ ịsa ahụ). N'afọ ndị 1990, Jacuzzi ejirila ụgwọ dị ukwuu wee ree ihe karịrị $ 600 nde azụmahịa. Azụmahịa nke na-emepụta ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ogbugba mmiri n'ubi, mmiri olulu mmiri, submersible, na centrifugal sistem ka e rere ya na Franklin Electric na 2004. E rere ngalaba plumbing, Zurn Industries, na 2007 maka $ 950 nde. Ụdị dị ugbu a gụnyere ThermoSpas, Sundance Spas, na Dimension One.. == Ihe ngosi == <gallery> Usòrò:HISTORIC_picture_of_whirlpool_bath.jpg|alt=Historic whirlpool bath, circa 1969|Ebe a na-asa ahụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'ihe dị ka 1969 Usòrò:Jacuzzi_Lowboy_Advert_-historic.jpg|alt=Historic Lowboy advertisement, circa 1970|Mgbasa ozi Lowboy nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'ihe dị ka afọ 1970 </gallery> == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s7c506ul7e3i7xcaunq5v03x7vi5ep5 672456 672453 2026-07-04T19:57:55Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672456 wikitext text/x-wiki   Jacuzzi bụ ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo nke America na-arụpụta ma na-ere ahịa ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ, ọdọ mmiri, na ngwaahịa ịsa ahụ ndị ọzọ. A maara ya nke ọma maka ngwaahịa hydrotherapy Jacuzzi. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị na Irvine, [[California]]. Ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mmiri ọkụ na Europe nwere ụlọ ọrụ asatọ, nke kachasị na Italy. <ref name="Weinstein 2008 p. 181">{{Cite book|author=Weinstein|first=D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fta0bAMk6GkC&pg=PA181|title=It Came from Berkeley: How Berkeley Changed the World|publisher=Gibbs Smith|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4236-0254-5|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1915 site n'aka ụmụnna asaa sitere na ezinụlọ Jacuzzi na Berkeley, California. Ọ mepụtara ngwaahịa dị iche iche gụnyere nfuli maka ọrụ ugbo. Na 1948, Jacuzzi mepụtara nfuli mmiri iji gwọọ ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo nke onye òtù ezinụlọ. Nfuli mmiri ahụ bụ ngwaahịa ahụike niche ruo mgbe etinyere ha n'ime ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na 1968. Ka ewu ewu nke ikpo ọkụ na-eto eto, Jacuzzi kere ụdị ndị ọzọ dị elu karị. Jacuzzi bụ ezinụlọ na-agba ọsọ ruo 1979, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbanwere aka ọtụtụ oge, tupu onye nwe ya ugbu a Investindustrial zụta ya na 2019.. Associated Press Stylebook depụtara Jacuzzi dị ka akara ahịa maka ngwaahịa dị ka hot tubs, whirlpool spas, na whirl pool baths <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Associated Press Stylebook.|date=2015|publisher=Turtleback Books|isbn=9780606373043}}</ref> ma ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ iwu iji aha ahụ mee ihe na azụmahịa na-enweghị ikike. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Historic_Jacuzzi_Bros._storefront.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Jacuzzi Bros. ụlọ ahịa, n'ihe dị ka 1960]] === Mmalite === Ụmụnne asaa nọ n'ezinụlọ Jacuzzi guzobere Jacuzzi: Giocondo, Frank, Rachele, Candido, Joseph, Gelindo na Valeriano, ndị si Casarsa della Delizia n'ebe ugwu [[Italy|Ịtali]].<ref name="Euvino Filippo 2001 p.">{{Cite book|author=Euvino|first=G.|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Italian History and Culture|publisher=Alpha|series=Complete Idiot's Guide to|year=2001|isbn=978-0-02-864234-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo-AuN9xL6MC|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> Aha ikpeazụ ha bụ Iacuzzi, mana mgbe ụmụnne abụọ mbụ si [[Italy|Ịtali]] kwaga US na 1907, ndị ọrụ mbata na-eduhie aha ha dị ka "Jacuzzi".<ref name="Dodd 2008 p.">{{Cite book|author=Dodd|first=P.|title=What's in a Name?: From Joseph P. Frisbie to Roy Jacuzzi, How Everyday Items Were Named for Extraordinary People|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59240-432-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TYM9ljdonYC|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> Ụmụnne asaa ahụ kwagara mba ọzọ ka ọ na-erule afọ 1910.Ndị ọzọ nọ n'ezinụlọ kwagara na US mgbe ụmụnne ahụ meriri nkwekọrịta iji nye US propellors maka ụgbọ elu Agha Ụwa Mbụ.<ref name="Fucini 1985 p.">{{Cite book|author=Fucini|first=Joseph|title=Entrepreneurs, the men and women behind famous brand names and how they made it|publisher=G.K. Hall|year=1985|isbn=0-8161-8736-3|oclc=11068215}}</ref> Jacuzzi malitere dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ígwè. <ref name="Martone 2016 p. 240">{{Cite book|author=Martone|first=E.|title=Italian Americans: The History and Culture of a People|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2016|isbn=978-1-61069-995-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHJ1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|accessdate=October 9, 2021}}</ref> Ụmụnne ahụ rụrụ ọrụ n'ugbo citrus nke onye mepụtara ụgbọelu mbụ nwere.Ha nyere aka mepụta ngwaahịa ụgbọ elu, na-emepụta ihe mkpuchi osisi mbụ nke gbagọrọ agbagọ kama ịdị larịị ma jiri ya mee ihe na Agha Ụwa Mbụ. <ref name="Dodd 2008 p." /><ref name="Johnson 1982">{{Cite web|author=Johnson|first=Finos|title=Whirlpools only part of Jacuzzi business|work=UPI|date=March 8, 1982|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/03/08/Whirlpools-only-part-of-Jacuzzi-businessNEWLNSeven-brothers-first-made-wooden-airplane-propellers/3034144819640/|accessdate=October 9, 2021}}</ref> Otu n'ime propellers mbụ ha mere ugbu a bụ ma ọ bụ na nchekwa ma ọ bụ ịgbazinye site na Smithsonian Institution.[2] Ha mepụtara otu n'ime ụlọ mbụ mechiri emechi maka ụgbọelu, nke a na-akpọ Jacuzzi J-7, nke a na'iji ebuga akwụkwọ ozi.<ref name="Dodd 2008 p." /> N'afọ 1921, ụgbọelu post dara, na-egbu ndị njem niile nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ, gụnyere Giocondo Jacuzzi.<ref name="Dodd 2008 p.">{{Cite book|author=Dodd|first=P.|title=What's in a Name?: From Joseph P. Frisbie to Roy Jacuzzi, How Everyday Items Were Named for Extraordinary People|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59240-432-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TYM9ljdonYC|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref>Ụmụnne ahụ mechara hapụ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu wee nwalee ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ, nke mbụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma bụ mgbapụta mmiri nke Rachele Jacuzzi mepụtara na 1926. <ref name="Hupp Sentinel 1985">{{Cite news|author=Hupp|first=Susanne|date=July 21, 1985|title=Before Hot Tubs Became Hot, There was Jacuzzi|work=The Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-07-21-8502170603-story.html|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref>Usoro ngwaahịa ahụ gbasaa n'ime ụdị mgbapụta dị iche iche.<ref name="Leykam 1989 p.">{{Cite book|author=Leykam|first=John|title=Contra Costa County : a chronicle of progress|publisher=Windsor Publications|year=1989|isbn=0-89781-289-1}}</ref> === Mmiri ọgwụgwọ === N'afọ 1948, Candido Jacuzzi mepụtara mgbapụta hydrotherapy zuru oke, J-300, iji gwọọ Ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo nke nwa ya nwoke (Ken Jacuzzi) n'etiti nleta ụlọ ọgwụ, mgbe ọ chọpụtara mmeghachi omume ya dị mma na obere tankị Hubbard na ụlọ ọgwụ Herrick na Berkeley.<ref name="Jack 2015 p. 239">{{Cite book|author=Jack|first=A.|title=They Laughed at Galileo: How the Great Inventors Proved Their Critics Wrong|publisher=Skyhorse|year=2015|isbn=978-1-63220-236-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VyyCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT239|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> O nwetara ikike ikike nke mgbapụta ahụ na 1952 <ref name="Jack 2015 p. 239" /> wee malite ire ya n'etiti 1955 na 1956 dị ka enyemaka ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Martone 2016 p. 240">{{Cite book|author=Martone|first=E.|title=Italian Americans: The History and Culture of a People|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2016|isbn=978-1-61069-995-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHJ1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|accessdate=October 9, 2021}}</ref> Pump ahụ bụ ngwaọrụ a na-ebugharị ebugharị nke nwere ike ịgbanwe ịsa ahụ ọ bụla ka ọ bụrụ spa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Hot Tubs and Jacuzzi {{!}} Jacuzzi.com {{!}} Jacuzzi®|url=https://www.jacuzzi.com/en-us/HISTORY-OF-HOT-TUBS-AND-JACUZZI.html|accessdate=2023-01-06|work=www.jacuzzi.com}}</ref> Site na 1968, e mepụtara mmiri ịsa ahụ, nke gụnyere ikuku na mmiri. Ọ bụ Roy Jacuzzi, onye otu ọgbọ nke atọ nke ezinụlọ ahụ mepụtara ngwaahịa a (nke a na-akpọ Roman Bath).<ref name="Martin 2017 p. 87">{{Cite book|author=Martin|first=K.|title=Famous Brand Names and Their Origins|publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited|year=2017|isbn=978-1-78159-015-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c76wDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA87|accessdate=October 13, 2021}}</ref> A na-ewere nke a dị ka ịsa ahụ mbụ e mere maka ntụrụndụ, kama maka ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Professional Builder 1997 p.">{{Cite book|title=Professional Builder|publisher=Cahners Publishing Company|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j74WAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=October 13, 2021}}</ref> Jacuzzi jiri onye ama ama Jayne Mansfield na ndị ọzọ na-ere tubs ahụ, nke nwetara ewu ewu n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Hollywood.<ref name="Jack 2015 p. 239">{{Cite book|author=Jack|first=A.|title=They Laughed at Galileo: How the Great Inventors Proved Their Critics Wrong|publisher=Skyhorse|year=2015|isbn=978-1-63220-236-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VyyCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT239|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1970, e gosipụtara ngwaahịa Jacuzzi na Queen for a Day na ihe ngosi TV ndị ọzọ ma bụrụ ndị a ma ama na California.<ref name="Fucini 1985 p.">{{Cite book|author=Fucini|first=Joseph|title=Entrepreneurs, the men and women behind famous brand names and how they made it|publisher=G.K. Hall|year=1985|isbn=0-8161-8736-3|oclc=11068215}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFucini1985">Fucini, Joseph (1985). ''Entrepreneurs, the men and women behind famous brand names and how they made it''. Boston: G.K. Hall. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/0-8161-8736-3|<bdi>0-8161-8736-3</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe njirimara)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:11068215|11068215]].</cite></ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere ịmepụta ụdị buru ibu nke nwere ike [[Iba|ịba]] ihe karịrị otu onye. Ha gbakwunyere nzacha na ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, n'ihi ya, ọ dịghị mkpa ka a kpochapụ mmiri na tubes ahụ mgbe ọ bụla o ji ya mee ihe.<ref name="International">{{Cite book|title=International Directory of Company Histories|year=2006|pages=204–2010|first=Tina|author=Grant|chapter=Jacuzzi Brands, Inc.|publisher=St. James Press}}</ref> Site na 1970, a na-emepụta ụlọ ịsa ahụ dị ka ezinụlọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-05|title=Explore the History of Jacuzzi® Hot Tubs - Jacuzzi Ontario|url=https://www.jacuzziontario.com/for-owners/history/|accessdate=2023-01-06|language=en-US}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 1989, Jacuzzi nwere ndị ọrụ 2,200.<ref name="Leykam 1989 p.">{{Cite book|author=Leykam|first=John|title=Contra Costa County : a chronicle of progress|publisher=Windsor Publications|year=1989|isbn=0-89781-289-1}}</ref> Na mbido, Jacuzzi na-ere site na ndị ọrụ ngo na ndị na-ewu ụlọ, mana na 1993 ọ malitere ire site na ndị na'ere ahịa.<ref name="Emert 2012">{{Cite news|author=Emert|first=Carol|title=Hot Water, Cold Cash / How Roy Jacuzzi turned family business into global bath empire|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=June 12, 1999|url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Hot-Water-Cold-Cash-How-Roy-Jacuzzi-turned-2924035.php|accessdate=October 13, 2021}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1990 Jacuzzi banyere n'ahịa ndị na-abụghị US, ọkachasị na [[Italy|Ịtali]] na [[Spain]]. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ ndị 1990, ọkara ahịa ya dị n'èzí US.<ref name="International">{{Cite book|title=International Directory of Company Histories|year=2006|pages=204–2010|first=Tina|author=Grant|chapter=Jacuzzi Brands, Inc.|publisher=St. James Press}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGrantDerdak2006">Grant, Tina; Derdak, Thomas (2006). "Jacuzzi Brands, Inc.". ''International Directory of Company Histories''. Vol.&nbsp;76. St. James Press. pp.&nbsp;204–2010.</cite></ref> Jacuzzi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ịga n'ihu n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ buru ibu ma dị oké ọnụ ahịa.<ref name="Hupp Sentinel 1985">{{Cite news|author=Hupp|first=Susanne|date=July 21, 1985|title=Before Hot Tubs Became Hot, There was Jacuzzi|work=The Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-07-21-8502170603-story.html|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> === Mgbanwe n'inwe === Ka ọ na-erule 1979, e nwere ndị ezinụlọ Jacuzzi 257 na-etinye aka na akara Jacuzzi na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke esemokwu n'etiti ha. Mgbe ahụ Kidde nwetara azụmahịa ahụ maka nde $ 70. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ezinụlọ Jacuzzi hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ma e wezụga Roy Jacuzzi, bụ onye nọgidere dị ka onye isi nke ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ na ebe ịsa ahụ. Na 1987, Hanson PLC nwetara Kidde. Na 1995 Hanson tụpụrụ Jacuzzi na ụdị ndị ọzọ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze akpọrọ U.S. Industries. USI degharịrị aha onwe ya Jacuzzi Brands na 2003. Nke a bụ nke Apollo Management zụtara, wee bụrụ nke Investindustrial na 2019. <ref name="WSJ 2017">{{Cite news|date=June 13, 2017|title=Private Equity-Backed Jacuzzi Brands Buying Hydropool and Liners Direct|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/private-equity-backed-jacuzzi-brands-buying-hydropool-and-liners-direct-1497381595|accessdate=October 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Interior Design 2021">{{Cite web|author=Adrian-Diaz|first=Jenna|date=January 16, 2019|title=Investindustrial to Acquire Jacuzzi Brands|url=https://interiordesign.net/designwire/investindustrial-to-acquire-jacuzzi-brands/|accessdate=October 12, 2021|work=Interior Design}}</ref> Nzụta kemgbe 1990s gụnyere Haugh Products (ọdọ mmiri dị n'elu), Sundance Spas, Gatsby Spas, Zurn Industries (ụlọ mposi, sinks), Hydropool (ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ), Liners Direct (ngwaahịa ịsa ahụ), BathWraps (ụlọ ịsa ahụ na nrụzi ụlọ ịsa ahụ). N'afọ ndị 1990, Jacuzzi ejirila ụgwọ dị ukwuu wee ree ihe karịrị $ 600 nde azụmahịa. Azụmahịa nke na-emepụta ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ogbugba mmiri n'ubi, mmiri olulu mmiri, submersible, na centrifugal sistem ka e rere ya na Franklin Electric na 2004. E rere ngalaba plumbing, Zurn Industries, na 2007 maka $ 950 nde. Ụdị dị ugbu a gụnyere ThermoSpas, Sundance Spas, na Dimension One.. == Ihe ngosi == <gallery> Usòrò:HISTORIC_picture_of_whirlpool_bath.jpg|alt=Historic whirlpool bath, circa 1969|Ebe a na-asa ahụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'ihe dị ka 1969 Usòrò:Jacuzzi_Lowboy_Advert_-historic.jpg|alt=Historic Lowboy advertisement, circa 1970|Mgbasa ozi Lowboy nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'ihe dị ka afọ 1970 </gallery> == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] la2l079ogefc6ib99gnz9mavif8r0sq 672473 672456 2026-07-04T21:05:10Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 672473 wikitext text/x-wiki   Jacuzzi bụ ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo nke America na-arụpụta ma na-ere ahịa ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ, ọdọ mmiri, na ngwaahịa ịsa ahụ ndị ọzọ. A maara ya nke ọma maka ngwaahịa hydrotherapy Jacuzzi. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị na Irvine, [[California]]. Ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mmiri ọkụ na Europe nwere ụlọ ọrụ asatọ, nke kachasị na Italy. <ref name="Weinstein 2008 p. 181">{{Cite book|author=Weinstein|first=D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fta0bAMk6GkC&pg=PA181|title=It Came from Berkeley: How Berkeley Changed the World|publisher=Gibbs Smith|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4236-0254-5|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1915 site n'aka ụmụnna asaa sitere na ezinụlọ Jacuzzi na Berkeley, California. Ọ mepụtara ngwaahịa dị iche iche gụnyere nfuli maka ọrụ ugbo. Na 1948, Jacuzzi mepụtara nfuli mmiri iji gwọọ ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo nke onye òtù ezinụlọ. Nfuli mmiri ahụ bụ ngwaahịa ahụike niche ruo mgbe etinyere ha n'ime ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na 1968. Ka ewu ewu nke ikpo ọkụ na-eto eto, Jacuzzi kere ụdị ndị ọzọ dị elu karị. Jacuzzi bụ ezinụlọ na-agba ọsọ ruo 1979, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbanwere aka ọtụtụ oge, tupu onye nwe ya ugbu a Investindustrial zụta ya na 2019.. Associated Press Stylebook depụtara Jacuzzi dị ka akara ahịa maka ngwaahịa dị ka hot tubs, whirlpool spas, na whirl pool baths <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Associated Press Stylebook.|date=2015|publisher=Turtleback Books|isbn=9780606373043}}</ref> ma ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ iwu iji aha ahụ mee ihe na azụmahịa na-enweghị ikike. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Historic_Jacuzzi_Bros._storefront.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Jacuzzi Bros. ụlọ ahịa, n'ihe dị ka 1960]] === Mmalite === Ụmụnne asaa nọ n'ezinụlọ Jacuzzi guzobere Jacuzzi: Giocondo, Frank, Rachele, Candido, Joseph, Gelindo na Valeriano, ndị si Casarsa della Delizia n'ebe ugwu [[Italy|Ịtali]].<ref name="Euvino Filippo 2001 p.">{{Cite book|author=Euvino|first=G.|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Italian History and Culture|publisher=Alpha|series=Complete Idiot's Guide to|year=2001|isbn=978-0-02-864234-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo-AuN9xL6MC|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> Aha ikpeazụ ha bụ Iacuzzi, mana mgbe ụmụnne abụọ mbụ si [[Italy|Ịtali]] kwaga US na 1907, ndị ọrụ mbata na-eduhie aha ha dị ka "Jacuzzi".<ref name="Dodd 2008 p.">{{Cite book|author=Dodd|first=P.|title=What's in a Name?: From Joseph P. Frisbie to Roy Jacuzzi, How Everyday Items Were Named for Extraordinary People|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59240-432-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TYM9ljdonYC|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> Ụmụnne asaa ahụ kwagara mba ọzọ ka ọ na-erule afọ 1910.Ndị ọzọ nọ n'ezinụlọ kwagara na US mgbe ụmụnne ahụ meriri nkwekọrịta iji nye US propellors maka ụgbọ elu Agha Ụwa Mbụ.<ref name="Fucini 1985 p.">{{Cite book|author=Fucini|first=Joseph|title=Entrepreneurs, the men and women behind famous brand names and how they made it|publisher=G.K. Hall|year=1985|isbn=0-8161-8736-3|oclc=11068215}}</ref> Jacuzzi malitere dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ígwè. <ref name="Martone 2016 p. 240">{{Cite book|author=Martone|first=E.|title=Italian Americans: The History and Culture of a People|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2016|isbn=978-1-61069-995-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHJ1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|accessdate=October 9, 2021}}</ref> Ụmụnne ahụ rụrụ ọrụ n'ugbo citrus nke onye mepụtara ụgbọelu mbụ nwere.Ha nyere aka mepụta ngwaahịa ụgbọ elu, na-emepụta ihe mkpuchi osisi mbụ nke gbagọrọ agbagọ kama ịdị larịị ma jiri ya mee ihe na Agha Ụwa Mbụ. <ref name="Dodd 2008 p." /><ref name="Johnson 1982">{{Cite web|author=Johnson|first=Finos|title=Whirlpools only part of Jacuzzi business|work=UPI|date=March 8, 1982|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/03/08/Whirlpools-only-part-of-Jacuzzi-businessNEWLNSeven-brothers-first-made-wooden-airplane-propellers/3034144819640/|accessdate=October 9, 2021}}</ref> Otu n'ime propellers mbụ ha mere ugbu a bụ ma ọ bụ na nchekwa ma ọ bụ ịgbazinye site na Smithsonian Institution.[2] Ha mepụtara otu n'ime ụlọ mbụ mechiri emechi maka ụgbọelu, nke a na-akpọ Jacuzzi J-7, nke a na'iji ebuga akwụkwọ ozi.<ref name="Dodd 2008 p." /> N'afọ 1921, ụgbọelu post dara, na-egbu ndị njem niile nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ, gụnyere Giocondo Jacuzzi.<ref name="Dodd 2008 p.">{{Cite book|author=Dodd|first=P.|title=What's in a Name?: From Joseph P. Frisbie to Roy Jacuzzi, How Everyday Items Were Named for Extraordinary People|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59240-432-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TYM9ljdonYC|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref>Ụmụnne ahụ mechara hapụ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu wee nwalee ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ, nke mbụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma bụ mgbapụta mmiri nke Rachele Jacuzzi mepụtara na 1926. <ref name="Hupp Sentinel 1985">{{Cite news|author=Hupp|first=Susanne|date=July 21, 1985|title=Before Hot Tubs Became Hot, There was Jacuzzi|work=The Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-07-21-8502170603-story.html|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref>Usoro ngwaahịa ahụ gbasaa n'ime ụdị mgbapụta dị iche iche.<ref name="Leykam 1989 p.">{{Cite book|author=Leykam|first=John|title=Contra Costa County : a chronicle of progress|publisher=Windsor Publications|year=1989|isbn=0-89781-289-1}}</ref> === Mmiri ọgwụgwọ === N'afọ 1948, Candido Jacuzzi mepụtara mgbapụta hydrotherapy zuru oke, J-300, iji gwọọ Ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo nke nwa ya nwoke (Ken Jacuzzi) n'etiti nleta ụlọ ọgwụ, mgbe ọ chọpụtara mmeghachi omume ya dị mma na obere tankị Hubbard na ụlọ ọgwụ Herrick na Berkeley.<ref name="Jack 2015 p. 239">{{Cite book|author=Jack|first=A.|title=They Laughed at Galileo: How the Great Inventors Proved Their Critics Wrong|publisher=Skyhorse|year=2015|isbn=978-1-63220-236-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VyyCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT239|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> O nwetara ikike ikike nke mgbapụta ahụ na 1952 <ref name="Jack 2015 p. 239" /> wee malite ire ya n'etiti 1955 na 1956 dị ka enyemaka ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Martone 2016 p. 240">{{Cite book|author=Martone|first=E.|title=Italian Americans: The History and Culture of a People|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2016|isbn=978-1-61069-995-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHJ1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|accessdate=October 9, 2021}}</ref> Pump ahụ bụ ngwaọrụ a na-ebugharị ebugharị nke nwere ike ịgbanwe ịsa ahụ ọ bụla ka ọ bụrụ spa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Hot Tubs and Jacuzzi {{!}} Jacuzzi.com {{!}} Jacuzzi®|url=https://www.jacuzzi.com/en-us/HISTORY-OF-HOT-TUBS-AND-JACUZZI.html|accessdate=2023-01-06|work=www.jacuzzi.com}}</ref> Site na 1968, e mepụtara mmiri ịsa ahụ, nke gụnyere ikuku na mmiri. Ọ bụ Roy Jacuzzi, onye otu ọgbọ nke atọ nke ezinụlọ ahụ mepụtara ngwaahịa a (nke a na-akpọ Roman Bath).<ref name="Martin 2017 p. 87">{{Cite book|author=Martin|first=K.|title=Famous Brand Names and Their Origins|publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited|year=2017|isbn=978-1-78159-015-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c76wDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA87|accessdate=October 13, 2021}}</ref> A na-ewere nke a dị ka ịsa ahụ mbụ e mere maka ntụrụndụ, kama maka ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Professional Builder 1997 p.">{{Cite book|title=Professional Builder|publisher=Cahners Publishing Company|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j74WAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=October 13, 2021}}</ref> Jacuzzi jiri onye ama ama Jayne Mansfield na ndị ọzọ na-ere tubs ahụ, nke nwetara ewu ewu n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Hollywood.<ref name="Jack 2015 p. 239">{{Cite book|author=Jack|first=A.|title=They Laughed at Galileo: How the Great Inventors Proved Their Critics Wrong|publisher=Skyhorse|year=2015|isbn=978-1-63220-236-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VyyCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT239|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1970, e gosipụtara ngwaahịa Jacuzzi na Queen for a Day na ihe ngosi TV ndị ọzọ ma bụrụ ndị a ma ama na California.Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere ịmepụta ụdị buru ibu nke nwere ike [[Iba|ịba]] ihe karịrị otu onye. Ha gbakwunyere nzacha na ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, n'ihi ya, ọ dịghị mkpa ka a kpochapụ mmiri na tubes ahụ mgbe ọ bụla o ji ya mee ihe.<ref name="International">{{Cite book|title=International Directory of Company Histories|year=2006|pages=204–2010|first=Tina|author=Grant|chapter=Jacuzzi Brands, Inc.|publisher=St. James Press}}</ref> Site na 1970, a na-emepụta ụlọ ịsa ahụ dị ka ezinụlọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-05|title=Explore the History of Jacuzzi® Hot Tubs - Jacuzzi Ontario|url=https://www.jacuzziontario.com/for-owners/history/|accessdate=2023-01-06|language=en-US}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 1989, Jacuzzi nwere ndị ọrụ 2,200.<ref name="Leykam 1989 p.">{{Cite book|author=Leykam|first=John|title=Contra Costa County : a chronicle of progress|publisher=Windsor Publications|year=1989|isbn=0-89781-289-1}}</ref> Na mbido, Jacuzzi na-ere site na ndị ọrụ ngo na ndị na-ewu ụlọ, mana na 1993 ọ malitere ire site na ndị na'ere ahịa.<ref name="Emert 2012">{{Cite news|author=Emert|first=Carol|title=Hot Water, Cold Cash / How Roy Jacuzzi turned family business into global bath empire|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=June 12, 1999|url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Hot-Water-Cold-Cash-How-Roy-Jacuzzi-turned-2924035.php|accessdate=October 13, 2021}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1990 Jacuzzi banyere n'ahịa ndị na-abụghị US, ọkachasị na [[Italy|Ịtali]] na [[Spain]]. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ ndị 1990, ọkara ahịa ya dị n'èzí US.<ref name="International">{{Cite book|title=International Directory of Company Histories|year=2006|pages=204–2010|first=Tina|author=Grant|chapter=Jacuzzi Brands, Inc.|publisher=St. James Press}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFGrantDerdak2006">Grant, Tina; Derdak, Thomas (2006). "Jacuzzi Brands, Inc.". ''International Directory of Company Histories''. Vol.&nbsp;76. St. James Press. pp.&nbsp;204–2010.</cite></ref> Jacuzzi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ịga n'ihu n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ buru ibu ma dị oké ọnụ ahịa.<ref name="Hupp Sentinel 1985">{{Cite news|author=Hupp|first=Susanne|date=July 21, 1985|title=Before Hot Tubs Became Hot, There was Jacuzzi|work=The Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-07-21-8502170603-story.html|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> === Mgbanwe n'inwe === Ka ọ na-erule 1979, e nwere ndị ezinụlọ Jacuzzi 257 na-etinye aka na akara Jacuzzi na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke esemokwu n'etiti ha. Mgbe ahụ Kidde nwetara azụmahịa ahụ maka nde $ 70. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ezinụlọ Jacuzzi hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ma e wezụga Roy Jacuzzi, bụ onye nọgidere dị ka onye isi nke ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ na ebe ịsa ahụ. Na 1987, Hanson PLC nwetara Kidde. Na 1995 Hanson tụpụrụ Jacuzzi na ụdị ndị ọzọ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze akpọrọ U.S. Industries. USI degharịrị aha onwe ya Jacuzzi Brands na 2003. Nke a bụ nke Apollo Management zụtara, wee bụrụ nke Investindustrial na 2019. <ref name="WSJ 2017">{{Cite news|date=June 13, 2017|title=Private Equity-Backed Jacuzzi Brands Buying Hydropool and Liners Direct|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/private-equity-backed-jacuzzi-brands-buying-hydropool-and-liners-direct-1497381595|accessdate=October 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Interior Design 2021">{{Cite web|author=Adrian-Diaz|first=Jenna|date=January 16, 2019|title=Investindustrial to Acquire Jacuzzi Brands|url=https://interiordesign.net/designwire/investindustrial-to-acquire-jacuzzi-brands/|accessdate=October 12, 2021|work=Interior Design}}</ref> Nzụta kemgbe 1990s gụnyere Haugh Products (ọdọ mmiri dị n'elu), Sundance Spas, Gatsby Spas, Zurn Industries (ụlọ mposi, sinks), Hydropool (ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ), Liners Direct (ngwaahịa ịsa ahụ), BathWraps (ụlọ ịsa ahụ na nrụzi ụlọ ịsa ahụ). N'afọ ndị 1990, Jacuzzi ejirila ụgwọ dị ukwuu wee ree ihe karịrị $ 600 nde azụmahịa. Azụmahịa nke na-emepụta ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ogbugba mmiri n'ubi, mmiri olulu mmiri, submersible, na centrifugal sistem ka e rere ya na Franklin Electric na 2004. E rere ngalaba plumbing, Zurn Industries, na 2007 maka $ 950 nde. Ụdị dị ugbu a gụnyere ThermoSpas, Sundance Spas, na Dimension One.. == Ihe ngosi == <gallery> Usòrò:HISTORIC_picture_of_whirlpool_bath.jpg|alt=Historic whirlpool bath, circa 1969|Ebe a na-asa ahụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'ihe dị ka 1969 Usòrò:Jacuzzi_Lowboy_Advert_-historic.jpg|alt=Historic Lowboy advertisement, circa 1970|Mgbasa ozi Lowboy nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'ihe dị ka afọ 1970 </gallery> == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f28q7j230n45dmi9aogt7cfrlm98ovx 672475 672473 2026-07-04T21:06:35Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 672475 wikitext text/x-wiki   Jacuzzi bụ ụlọ ọrụ nzuzo nke America na-arụpụta ma na-ere ahịa ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ, ọdọ mmiri, na ngwaahịa ịsa ahụ ndị ọzọ. A maara ya nke ọma maka ngwaahịa hydrotherapy Jacuzzi. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ dị na Irvine, [[California]]. Ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta mmiri ọkụ na Europe nwere ụlọ ọrụ asatọ, nke kachasị na Italy. <ref name="Weinstein 2008 p. 181">{{Cite book|author=Weinstein|first=D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fta0bAMk6GkC&pg=PA181|title=It Came from Berkeley: How Berkeley Changed the World|publisher=Gibbs Smith|year=2008|isbn=978-1-4236-0254-5|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> E hiwere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ na 1915 site n'aka ụmụnna asaa sitere na ezinụlọ Jacuzzi na Berkeley, California. Ọ mepụtara ngwaahịa dị iche iche gụnyere nfuli maka ọrụ ugbo. Na 1948, Jacuzzi mepụtara nfuli mmiri iji gwọọ ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo nke onye òtù ezinụlọ. Nfuli mmiri ahụ bụ ngwaahịa ahụike niche ruo mgbe etinyere ha n'ime ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ na 1968. Ka ewu ewu nke ikpo ọkụ na-eto eto, Jacuzzi kere ụdị ndị ọzọ dị elu karị. Jacuzzi bụ ezinụlọ na-agba ọsọ ruo 1979, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbanwere aka ọtụtụ oge, tupu onye nwe ya ugbu a Investindustrial zụta ya na 2019.. Associated Press Stylebook depụtara Jacuzzi dị ka akara ahịa maka ngwaahịa dị ka hot tubs, whirlpool spas, na whirl pool baths <ref>{{Cite book|title=The Associated Press Stylebook.|date=2015|publisher=Turtleback Books|isbn=9780606373043}}</ref> ma ọ nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ iwu iji aha ahụ mee ihe na azụmahịa na-enweghị ikike. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == [[Usòrò:Historic_Jacuzzi_Bros._storefront.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Jacuzzi Bros. ụlọ ahịa, n'ihe dị ka 1960]] === Mmalite === Ụmụnne asaa nọ n'ezinụlọ Jacuzzi guzobere Jacuzzi: Giocondo, Frank, Rachele, Candido, Joseph, Gelindo na Valeriano, ndị si Casarsa della Delizia n'ebe ugwu [[Italy|Ịtali]].<ref name="Euvino Filippo 2001 p.">{{Cite book|author=Euvino|first=G.|title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Italian History and Culture|publisher=Alpha|series=Complete Idiot's Guide to|year=2001|isbn=978-0-02-864234-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qo-AuN9xL6MC|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> Aha ikpeazụ ha bụ Iacuzzi, mana mgbe ụmụnne abụọ mbụ si [[Italy|Ịtali]] kwaga US na 1907, ndị ọrụ mbata na-eduhie aha ha dị ka "Jacuzzi".<ref name="Dodd 2008 p.">{{Cite book|author=Dodd|first=P.|title=What's in a Name?: From Joseph P. Frisbie to Roy Jacuzzi, How Everyday Items Were Named for Extraordinary People|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59240-432-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TYM9ljdonYC|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> Ụmụnne asaa ahụ kwagara mba ọzọ ka ọ na-erule afọ 1910.Ndị ọzọ nọ n'ezinụlọ kwagara na US mgbe ụmụnne ahụ meriri nkwekọrịta iji nye US propellors maka ụgbọ elu Agha Ụwa Mbụ.<ref name="Fucini 1985 p.">{{Cite book|author=Fucini|first=Joseph|title=Entrepreneurs, the men and women behind famous brand names and how they made it|publisher=G.K. Hall|year=1985|isbn=0-8161-8736-3|oclc=11068215}}</ref> Jacuzzi malitere dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ígwè. <ref name="Martone 2016 p. 240">{{Cite book|author=Martone|first=E.|title=Italian Americans: The History and Culture of a People|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2016|isbn=978-1-61069-995-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHJ1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|accessdate=October 9, 2021}}</ref> Ụmụnne ahụ rụrụ ọrụ n'ugbo citrus nke onye mepụtara ụgbọelu mbụ nwere.Ha nyere aka mepụta ngwaahịa ụgbọ elu, na-emepụta ihe mkpuchi osisi mbụ nke gbagọrọ agbagọ kama ịdị larịị ma jiri ya mee ihe na Agha Ụwa Mbụ. <ref name="Dodd 2008 p." /><ref name="Johnson 1982">{{Cite web|author=Johnson|first=Finos|title=Whirlpools only part of Jacuzzi business|work=UPI|date=March 8, 1982|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1982/03/08/Whirlpools-only-part-of-Jacuzzi-businessNEWLNSeven-brothers-first-made-wooden-airplane-propellers/3034144819640/|accessdate=October 9, 2021}}</ref> Otu n'ime propellers mbụ ha mere ugbu a bụ ma ọ bụ na nchekwa ma ọ bụ ịgbazinye site na Smithsonian Institution.[2] Ha mepụtara otu n'ime ụlọ mbụ mechiri emechi maka ụgbọelu, nke a na-akpọ Jacuzzi J-7, nke a na'iji ebuga akwụkwọ ozi.<ref name="Dodd 2008 p." /> N'afọ 1921, ụgbọelu post dara, na-egbu ndị njem niile nọ n'ụgbọ ahụ, gụnyere Giocondo Jacuzzi.<ref name="Dodd 2008 p.">{{Cite book|author=Dodd|first=P.|title=What's in a Name?: From Joseph P. Frisbie to Roy Jacuzzi, How Everyday Items Were Named for Extraordinary People|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59240-432-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2TYM9ljdonYC|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref>Ụmụnne ahụ mechara hapụ ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ elu wee nwalee ọtụtụ ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ, nke mbụ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma bụ mgbapụta mmiri nke Rachele Jacuzzi mepụtara na 1926. <ref name="Hupp Sentinel 1985">{{Cite news|author=Hupp|first=Susanne|date=July 21, 1985|title=Before Hot Tubs Became Hot, There was Jacuzzi|work=The Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-07-21-8502170603-story.html|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref>Usoro ngwaahịa ahụ gbasaa n'ime ụdị mgbapụta dị iche iche.<ref name="Leykam 1989 p.">{{Cite book|author=Leykam|first=John|title=Contra Costa County : a chronicle of progress|publisher=Windsor Publications|year=1989|isbn=0-89781-289-1}}</ref> === Mmiri ọgwụgwọ === N'afọ 1948, Candido Jacuzzi mepụtara mgbapụta hydrotherapy zuru oke, J-300, iji gwọọ Ọrịa ogbu na nkwonkwo nke nwa ya nwoke (Ken Jacuzzi) n'etiti nleta ụlọ ọgwụ, mgbe ọ chọpụtara mmeghachi omume ya dị mma na obere tankị Hubbard na ụlọ ọgwụ Herrick na Berkeley.<ref name="Jack 2015 p. 239">{{Cite book|author=Jack|first=A.|title=They Laughed at Galileo: How the Great Inventors Proved Their Critics Wrong|publisher=Skyhorse|year=2015|isbn=978-1-63220-236-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VyyCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT239|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> O nwetara ikike ikike nke mgbapụta ahụ na 1952 <ref name="Jack 2015 p. 239" /> wee malite ire ya n'etiti 1955 na 1956 dị ka enyemaka ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Martone 2016 p. 240">{{Cite book|author=Martone|first=E.|title=Italian Americans: The History and Culture of a People|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2016|isbn=978-1-61069-995-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHJ1DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA240|accessdate=October 9, 2021}}</ref> Pump ahụ bụ ngwaọrụ a na-ebugharị ebugharị nke nwere ike ịgbanwe ịsa ahụ ọ bụla ka ọ bụrụ spa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=History of Hot Tubs and Jacuzzi {{!}} Jacuzzi.com {{!}} Jacuzzi®|url=https://www.jacuzzi.com/en-us/HISTORY-OF-HOT-TUBS-AND-JACUZZI.html|accessdate=2023-01-06|work=www.jacuzzi.com}}</ref> Site na 1968, e mepụtara mmiri ịsa ahụ, nke gụnyere ikuku na mmiri. Ọ bụ Roy Jacuzzi, onye otu ọgbọ nke atọ nke ezinụlọ ahụ mepụtara ngwaahịa a (nke a na-akpọ Roman Bath).<ref name="Martin 2017 p. 87">{{Cite book|author=Martin|first=K.|title=Famous Brand Names and Their Origins|publisher=Pen & Sword Books Limited|year=2017|isbn=978-1-78159-015-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c76wDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA87|accessdate=October 13, 2021}}</ref> A na-ewere nke a dị ka ịsa ahụ mbụ e mere maka ntụrụndụ, kama maka ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Professional Builder 1997 p.">{{Cite book|title=Professional Builder|publisher=Cahners Publishing Company|year=1997|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j74WAQAAMAAJ|accessdate=October 13, 2021}}</ref> Jacuzzi jiri onye ama ama Jayne Mansfield na ndị ọzọ na-ere tubs ahụ, nke nwetara ewu ewu n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Hollywood.<ref name="Jack 2015 p. 239">{{Cite book|author=Jack|first=A.|title=They Laughed at Galileo: How the Great Inventors Proved Their Critics Wrong|publisher=Skyhorse|year=2015|isbn=978-1-63220-236-9|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VyyCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT239|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1970, e gosipụtara ngwaahịa Jacuzzi na Queen for a Day na ihe ngosi TV ndị ọzọ ma bụrụ ndị a ma ama na California.Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere ịmepụta ụdị buru ibu nke nwere ike [[Iba|ịba]] ihe karịrị otu onye. Ha gbakwunyere nzacha na ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, n'ihi ya, ọ dịghị mkpa ka a kpochapụ mmiri na tubes ahụ mgbe ọ bụla o ji ya mee ihe.<ref name="International">{{Cite book|title=International Directory of Company Histories|year=2006|pages=204–2010|first=Tina|author=Grant|chapter=Jacuzzi Brands, Inc.|publisher=St. James Press}}</ref> Site na 1970, a na-emepụta ụlọ ịsa ahụ dị ka ezinụlọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-05|title=Explore the History of Jacuzzi® Hot Tubs - Jacuzzi Ontario|url=https://www.jacuzziontario.com/for-owners/history/|accessdate=2023-01-06|language=en-US}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 1989, Jacuzzi nwere ndị ọrụ 2,200.<ref name="Leykam 1989 p.">{{Cite book|author=Leykam|first=John|title=Contra Costa County : a chronicle of progress|publisher=Windsor Publications|year=1989|isbn=0-89781-289-1}}</ref> Na mbido, Jacuzzi na-ere site na ndị ọrụ ngo na ndị na-ewu ụlọ, mana na 1993 ọ malitere ire site na ndị na'ere ahịa.<ref name="Emert 2012">{{Cite news|author=Emert|first=Carol|title=Hot Water, Cold Cash / How Roy Jacuzzi turned family business into global bath empire|work=The San Francisco Chronicle|date=June 12, 1999|url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Hot-Water-Cold-Cash-How-Roy-Jacuzzi-turned-2924035.php|accessdate=October 13, 2021}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1990 Jacuzzi banyere n'ahịa ndị na-abụghị US, ọkachasị na [[Italy|Ịtali]] na [[Spain]]. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ ndị 1990, ọkara ahịa ya dị n'èzí US. Jacuzzi nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ịga n'ihu n'ụlọ ịsa ahụ buru ibu ma dị oké ọnụ ahịa.<ref name="Hupp Sentinel 1985">{{Cite news|author=Hupp|first=Susanne|date=July 21, 1985|title=Before Hot Tubs Became Hot, There was Jacuzzi|work=The Chicago Tribune|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1985-07-21-8502170603-story.html|accessdate=October 10, 2021}}</ref> === Mgbanwe n'inwe === Ka ọ na-erule 1979, e nwere ndị ezinụlọ Jacuzzi 257 na-etinye aka na akara Jacuzzi na ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke esemokwu n'etiti ha. Mgbe ahụ Kidde nwetara azụmahịa ahụ maka nde $ 70. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị ezinụlọ Jacuzzi hapụrụ ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ma e wezụga Roy Jacuzzi, bụ onye nọgidere dị ka onye isi nke ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ na ebe ịsa ahụ. Na 1987, Hanson PLC nwetara Kidde. Na 1995 Hanson tụpụrụ Jacuzzi na ụdị ndị ọzọ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze akpọrọ U.S. Industries. USI degharịrị aha onwe ya Jacuzzi Brands na 2003. Nke a bụ nke Apollo Management zụtara, wee bụrụ nke Investindustrial na 2019. <ref name="WSJ 2017">{{Cite news|date=June 13, 2017|title=Private Equity-Backed Jacuzzi Brands Buying Hydropool and Liners Direct|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/private-equity-backed-jacuzzi-brands-buying-hydropool-and-liners-direct-1497381595|accessdate=October 12, 2021}}</ref><ref name="Interior Design 2021">{{Cite web|author=Adrian-Diaz|first=Jenna|date=January 16, 2019|title=Investindustrial to Acquire Jacuzzi Brands|url=https://interiordesign.net/designwire/investindustrial-to-acquire-jacuzzi-brands/|accessdate=October 12, 2021|work=Interior Design}}</ref> Nzụta kemgbe 1990s gụnyere Haugh Products (ọdọ mmiri dị n'elu), Sundance Spas, Gatsby Spas, Zurn Industries (ụlọ mposi, sinks), Hydropool (ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ), Liners Direct (ngwaahịa ịsa ahụ), BathWraps (ụlọ ịsa ahụ na nrụzi ụlọ ịsa ahụ). N'afọ ndị 1990, Jacuzzi ejirila ụgwọ dị ukwuu wee ree ihe karịrị $ 600 nde azụmahịa. Azụmahịa nke na-emepụta ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ogbugba mmiri n'ubi, mmiri olulu mmiri, submersible, na centrifugal sistem ka e rere ya na Franklin Electric na 2004. E rere ngalaba plumbing, Zurn Industries, na 2007 maka $ 950 nde. Ụdị dị ugbu a gụnyere ThermoSpas, Sundance Spas, na Dimension One.. == Ihe ngosi == <gallery> Usòrò:HISTORIC_picture_of_whirlpool_bath.jpg|alt=Historic whirlpool bath, circa 1969|Ebe a na-asa ahụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'ihe dị ka 1969 Usòrò:Jacuzzi_Lowboy_Advert_-historic.jpg|alt=Historic Lowboy advertisement, circa 1970|Mgbasa ozi Lowboy nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'ihe dị ka afọ 1970 </gallery> == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] m0ankx6hmc8cuscy1rg1zlggwtiiwde 0 49760 672439 207930 2026-07-04T18:56:46Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 672439 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Iwu Nri''' bụ mpaghara nke Iwu ọha na eze gbasara otu esi emepụta nri, nhazi, kesaa, zụta, ma ọ bụ nye ya. A n'emepụta ụkpụrụ nri iji metụta ọrụ nke usoro nri na ọrụ ugbo nke kwụsiri ike iji hụ na mkpa ahụike mmadụ. Nke a n'agụnyekarị mkpebi gbasara usoro mmepụta na nhazi, ahịa, nnweta, ojiji, na oriri nke nri, maka ọdịmma nke izute ma ọ bụ ịkwalite ebum n'uche mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Enwere ike iwepụta iwu nri na ọkwa ọ bụla, site na mpaghara rụo n'ụwa niile, ya na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị, azụmaahịa, ma ọ bụ nzukọ. Ndị n'eme iwu nri n'etinye aka n'ihe omume ndị dị ka ịchịkwa ụlọ ọrụ ndị metụtara nri, n'eguzobe ụkpụrụ iru eru maka mmemme enyemaka nri maka ndị ogbenye, n'ahụ maka nchekwa nke nri, akara nri, na ọbụna iru eru nke ngwa ahịa a ga-ewere dị ka ihe dị ndụ. A na-amalite ọtụtụ iwu nri na mpaghara ụlọ maka ebum n'uche nke ijide n'aka na nri zuru oke maka ụmụ amaala.<ref name="Linked National Models">{{Cite book|author=Fischer, G.|title=Linked National Models: A Tool for International Policy Analysis|year=1988|publisher=[[Kluwer Academic Publishers]]|location=The Netherlands|isbn=978-9024737345}}</ref> Na Mba na-emepe emepe, e nwere ebum n'uche atọ maka iwu nri: ichebe ndị ogbenye pụọ na nsogbụ, ịzụlite ahịa ogologo oge nke n'eme ka ojiji nke ihe onwunwe dị mma, ya na ịbawanye mmepụta nri nke ga-akwalite mmụba nke ego. Iwu nri n'agụnye ụsoro nke gọọmentị n'ekwu maka ma ọ bụ n'achịkwa ihe gbasara nri, gụnyere ndị otu mba ụwa ma ọ bụ netwọk, ya na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ onwe. Ndị n'arụ ọrụ ụgbo n'ebukarị ibu arọ nke ọchịchọ gọọmentị ime ka ọnụahịa nri dị ala iji mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị bi n'obodo ukwu na-eto eto. Ọnụahịa dị ala maka ndị n'azụ ahịa nwere ike ịbụ ihe n'egbochi ndị ọrụ ugbo imepụta nri karịa, n'akpatakarị agụụ, atụmanya azụmaahịa n'adịghị mma, na mkpa dị ukwuu maka mbubata nri.<ref name="Linked National Models">{{Cite book|author=Fischer, G.|title=Linked National Models: A Tool for International Policy Analysis|year=1988|publisher=[[Kluwer Academic Publishers]]|location=The Netherlands|isbn=978-9024737345}}</ref> Na mba mepere emepe dịka [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]], a ghaghị ile iwu nri na nri n'edozi ahụ anya n'ihe gbasara nchegbu akụ na ụba mpaghara na nke mba, nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi, nlekọta nke netwọk nchekwa ọha na eze, ahụike, agbamume nke ụlọ ọrụ onwe na ihe ọhụrụ, na ala ugbo nke obere, nnukwu ugbo.<ref name="Wilde">{{Cite book|author=Wilde|first=Parke|title=Food Policy in the United States: An Introduction|year=2013|publisher=[[Routledge Taylor & Francis Group]]|location=London and New York|isbn=978-1-84971-428-0}}</ref> Mba ndị mepere emepe n'agba mbọ ịhụ na ndị ọrụ ugbo n'enweta ego siri ike n'agbanyeghị mgbanwe ọnụahịa na nnyefe na ọnọdụ ihu igwe n'adịghị mma. A n'enyefe ndị n'azụ ahịa ego a na-akwụ maka ego a n'enweta n'ugbo n'ụdị ọnụahịa nri dị elu. tuzeq8lzw1nt1nitprmkxmtwud2p4em 0 50536 672441 656262 2026-07-04T19:06:17Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672441 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox officeholder|image=|office=37th [[Prime Minister of Nepal]]|president=[[Ram Baran Yadav]]|termstart=11 February 2014|termend=11 October 2015|predecessor=[[Khil Raj Regmi]] {{small|(Acting)}}|successor=[[Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli]]|children=21 January 2014|party=[[Nepali Congress]]}} '''Sushil Prasad Koirala''' ( Nepali; 12 August 1931 – 9 February 2016) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Nepalese na Prime Minister nke Nepal site na 11 February 2014 ruo 10 October 2015. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Koirala elected new PM|url=http://ekantipur.com/2014/02/10/top-story/koirala-elected-new-pm/385172.html|work=[[The Kathmandu Post]]|accessdate=10 February 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Nepali Congress site na 2010 ruo 2016, na-eje ozi na mbụ n'ọkwá dị iche iche na pati ahụ. <ref name="Resume"/> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Koirala nye Bodh Prasad na Kumudini Koirala na 12 August 1939 na Biratnagar, obodo nke abụọ kasị ukwuu na Nepal. <ref name="Resume">{{Cite web|title=Personal Resume|url=http://www.nepalicongressoffice.org.np/Bio-data/Sushil%20Koirala.htm|publisher=[[Nepali Congress]]|accessdate=10 February 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321163024/http://www.nepalicongressoffice.org.np/Bio-data/Sushil%20Koirala.htm|archivedate=21 March 2012}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. [[Nepali Congress]]. Archived from on 21 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Onye otu ezinụlọ Koirala a ma ama na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ bụ nwa nwanne nna (nne ya bụ nwanne nwunye Krishna Prasad Koirala ) nke onye bụbu praịm minista Matrika Prasad Koirala, Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala na Girija Prasad Koirala . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Parashar|first=Utpal|title=Nepali Congress looks at future without a Koirala at its helm|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/nepali-congress-looks-at-future-without-a-koirala-at-its-helm/story-n2uXKRofDi6fHDmN0hKnKN.html|accessdate=10 February 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=9 February 2016}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Koirala banyere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1954 sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ na-elekọta mmadụ-democracy nke Nepali Congress . Na 1958, o sonyeere nke ọma na ''Bhadra Abagya Aandalon'' (Civil Disobedience Movement) nke Nepali Congress hibere. N'afọ 1959, o tinyere aka na ya n'ebumnobi pati ahụ nke ime ntuli aka onye kwuo uche ya. Ntuli aka ahụ hụrụ Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala ka ọ bụrụ praịm minista mbụ a họpụtara na mba ahụ. Otú ọ dị, Eze Mahendra zubere ma gbuo ọchịchị n'ike na December 1960 wee chụpụ ọchịchị a họpụtara ahọpụta nke BP Koirala duziri. Nke a mere ka a dọrọ ọtụtụ ndị òtù Nepali Congress n'agha gaa India, bụ́ nke gụnyere Sushil Koirala. Ọ nọgidere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na India ruo afọ 16 mgbe ọchịchị eze chịchara 1960. Koirala nọrọkwa afọ atọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ndị India maka itinye aka na njide ụgbọ elu na 1973 . <ref name="kath"/>Mgbe ọ nọ n'ala ọzọ, Koirala bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Tarun'' na Varanasi, mbipụta ndị otu gọọmentị. Ọ bụbu onye otu Central Working Committee nke otu ahụ kemgbe 1979 wee bụrụ onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke otu ahụ na 1996 na osote onye isi ala na 1998. N'afọ 2001, ọ tụfuru vootu onye isi maka pati omeiwu Nepali Congress n'aka onye bụbu praịm minista Sher Bahadur Deuba . Onye isi ala Girija Prasad Koirala họpụtara Koirala onye osote onye isi otu pati ahụ na 2008. Mgbakọ izugbe nke iri na abụọ nke Nepali Congress, na 22 Septemba 2010, họpụtara ya onye isi otu pati. <ref name="kath">{{Cite news|author=Bhattarai|first=Kamal Dev|title=ADIOS SUSHIL DA (1939-2016)|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-02-10/adios-sushil-da-1939-2016.html|accessdate=10 February 2016|work=[[The Kathmandu Post]]|date=10 February 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBhattarai2016">Bhattarai, Kamal Dev (10 February 2016). [http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/news/2016-02-10/adios-sushil-da-1939-2016.html "ADIOS SUSHIL DA (1939-2016)"]. ''[[Akwụkwọ akụkọ Kathmandu|The Kathmandu Post]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị otu Nepali Congress pụtara dị ka pati kacha ukwuu na ntuli aka ọgbakọ nke afọ 2013 n'okpuru ọchịchị Koirala. A họpụtara ya onye isi otu ndị omeiwu Congress na-enweta 105 n'ime 194 votes megidere ntuli aka 89 onye isi ala Deuba, na 10 February 2014, ọgbakọ ndị mejupụtara họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ praịm minista. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Koirala elected as NC PP leader|url=http://www.myrepublica.com/portal/index.php?action=news_details&news_id=68598|accessdate=26 January 2014|work=[[República (Nepalese newspaper)|My Republica]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ghimire|first=Binod|title=For PMship, Koirala to be PP leader first|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/01/03/top-story/for-pmship-koirala-to-be-pp-leader-first/383325.html|accessdate=7 January 2014|work=[[The Kathmandu Post]]|date=3 January 2014}}</ref> N'oge ya dị ka praịm minista, a katọrọ gọọmentị ya maka nzaghachi ngwa ngwa ọ na-azaghachi na ala ọma jijiji Nepal nke Eprel 2015 . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Subramanian|first=Samanth|title=Anger rises in Nepal over government's response to earthquake|url=http://www.thenational.ae/world/south-asia/anger-rises-in-nepal-over-governments-response-to-earthquake|accessdate=10 February 2016|work=[[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]]|date=30 April 2015}}</ref> E mekwara nkwekọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme n'etiti otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anọ bụ́ isi nke mba ahụ n'afọ ahụ, bụ́ nke meghere ụzọ maka iwepụta iwu ọhụrụ . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Jha|first=Prashant|title=Why Sushil Koirala leaves a contested legacy in Nepal|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/analysis/why-sushil-koirala-leaves-a-contested-legacy-in-nepal/story-vCtuo5VgrPapSCOcuIq3YM.html|accessdate=10 February 2016|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|date=9 February 2016}}</ref> N'ihi nnukwu ọrụ ya, a makwaara ya dị ka "Nna nke Iwu" N'ịkwanyere nkwa iguzo dị ka praịm minista ozugbo iwu ọhụrụ malitere, Koirala gbara arụkwaghịm na 10 October 2015. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/10/nepal-pm-koirala-resigns-pm-seeks-election-151010160207623.html|title=Nepal's Koirala resigns as PM and seeks re-election|accessdate=10 February 2016|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]}}</ref> Ọ chọrọ ntuli aka ọzọ mana KP Sharma Oli, onye ndu nke ndị mmekọ otu Congress, CPN (UML) meriri ya. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Communist party leader elected as Nepal's new prime minister|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/oct/11/nepal-communist-party-leader-elected-new-prime-minister-khadga-prasad-oli|accessdate=10 February 2016|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Akụkọ ntuli aka == A họpụtara Koirala na Pratinidhi Sabha site na mpaghara Banke–2 na 1991 na 1999, ebe e meriri ya na 1994 . Ọ tụfuru na ntuli aka ọgbakọ nke 2008 site na Banke–3, gụchara nke atọ n'azụ ndị ntuli aka nke MJFN na UCPN (Maoist). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.election.gov.np/reports/CAResults/reportBody.php?selectedMenu=Constituency%20Wise%20Top%203%20Candidate%28English%29&rand=1315196378|title=Ca Election report}}</ref> Ọ gbara aka wee merie site na Banke – 3 na Chitwan–4 na ntuli aka Mgbakọ nke 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ca Election report|url=http://election.gov.np/CA2070/CAResults/reportBody.php?selectedMenu=5&rand=1384967216|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402152402/http://election.gov.np/CA2070/CAResults/reportBody.php?selectedMenu=5&rand=1384967216|archivedate=2015-04-02}}</ref> O mechara hapụ oche Chitwan–4 wee nọchite anya Banke–3 na ọgbakọ ọgbakọ nke abụọ . <ref>{{Cite news|date=5 February 2014|title=Top leaders give up seats from Chitwan, Kailali, Kathmandu|work=[[The Kathmandu Post]]|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2014/02/05/top-story/top-leaders-give-up-seats-from-chitwan-kailali-kathmandu/384951.html|accessdate=5 February 2014}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Party ! Onye ndoro-ndoro ochichi ! votu ! Ọnọdụ |- | CPN (UML) | KP Sharma Oli | 338 | Ahọpụtara |- | Congress | Sushil Koirala | 249 | Echefuola |- | colspan="2" | '''Nsonaazụ''' | colspan="2" bgcolor="#ffcccb" | CPN (UML) '''nwetara''' site na Congress |} == Ndụ onwe onye == Koirala nọgidere na-alụghị di n'oge ndụ ya niile, a makwa na ọ na-ebi ndụ dị mfe. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Sushil shifts to GPK's apartment|work=[[The Kathmandu Post]]|url=http://www.ekantipur.com/2010/04/06/capital/sushil-shifts-to-gpks-apartment/311853.html|accessdate=10 February 2016}}</ref> A maara ya nke ọma n'etiti ndị enyi ya na ndị na-akwado ya dị ka ' ''Sushil daa''' . Ọ bụ ezie na a kwenyere na Koirala gụchara akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ na Intermediate of Commerce (I. Comm.) site na kọleji dị na India dịka ọgọ ya nwanyị siri kwuo, ọ gbaghaara nkwupụta ndị ahụ ma nọgide na-enweta naanị agụmakwụkwọ nkịtị. === Ọrịa na ọnwụ === Onye na-ese anwụrụ ọkụ, Koirala chọpụtara ọrịa cancer ire na 2006 na ọrịa cancer akpa ume na June 2014. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Nepal PM Sushil Koirala has lung cancer|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-28038866|accessdate=10 February 2016}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na 10 February 2016 na 12:50 AM nke oyi baa na Kathmandu, mgbe ọ dị afọ 76. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ex-PM Sushil Koirala passes away|url=http://myrepublica.com/feature-article/story/36678/sushil-koirala-passes-away.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160215234857/http://myrepublica.com/feature-article/story/36678/sushil-koirala-passes-away.html|archivedate=15 February 2016|accessdate=10 February 2016}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ akụkọ == * {{Cite book|author=Koirala|first=Sushil|title=Nepal's Foreign Policy: From Expediency to Pragmatism|date=2017|publisher=B.P. Koirala Memorial Trust|editor=Dinesh Bhattarai}} == Hụkwa == * Sushil Koirala Memorial Foundation * Ụlọ ọrụ Koirala, 2013 == Ntụaka == Sushil daa' . Ọ bụ ezie na a kwenyere na Koirala gụchara akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ napati ahụ na 2008. Mgbakọ izugbe nke iri na abụọ nke Nepali Congress, na 22 Septembpati ahụ na 2008. [[12th General Convention nke Nepali Congress|Mgbakọ izugbe nke iri na abụọ]] nke Nepali Congress, na 22 Septemb{{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{Commons category}}{{s-start}} {{s-ppo}} {{s-bef|before=[[Girija Prasad Koirala]]}} {{s-ttl|title=President of the [[Nepali Congress]]|years=22 September 2010 – 9 February 2016}} {{s-aft|after=[[Sher Bahadur Deuba]]}} {{s-break}} {{s-off}} {{s-bef|before=[[Khil Raj Regmi]]<br />{{small|Acting}}}} {{s-ttl|title=[[List of Prime Ministers of Nepal|Prime Minister of Nepal]]|years=11 February 2014 – 10 October 2015}} {{s-aft|after=[[KP Sharma Oli]]}} {{s-break}} {{s-dip}} {{s-bef|before=[[Mohammed Nasheed]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Host leader of the [[18th SAARC summit|SAARC summit]]|years=26–27 November 2014}} {{s-aft|after=TBA}} {{s-end}} p1fws17ylhx9dkbynwnosu5zg6lm363 0 50614 672590 656311 2026-07-05T03:51:38Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672590 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Usòrò:Horticulturist_Amy_Boul_by_Lance_Cheung.jpg|thumb|Nwa akwụkwọ na-ahụ maka ọrụ ubi na-elekọta osisi n'ogige dị na Lawrenceville, Georgia, Machị 2015]] [[Usòrò:Shrub,_Topiary_Garden.jpg|thumb|Ogige Nkume, Ogige Leonardslee]] Horticulture bụ nka na sayensị nke osisi na-eto eto. A na-ahụ nkọwapụta a n'ime usoro ọmụmụ ya, nke sitere na okwu Latịn hortus, nke pụtara "ubi" na omenala nke pụtara "ịkọ ihe"[1]. Enwere ngalaba dị iche iche nke ubi n'ihi na a na-akụ osisi maka ebumnuche dị iche iche.[2]. Nkewa ndị a gụnyere, mana ọnweghị oke na: ịkọ ugbo, mmepụta/mgbasa ihe ọkụkụ, arboriculture, nhazi ala, floriculture na nlekọta ahịhịa. Maka nke ọ bụla n'ime ndị a, e nwere ọrụ dị iche iche, akụkụ, ngwá ọrụ eji na ihe ịma aka ndị metụtara; Onye ọ bụla chọrọ nkà pụrụ iche na ihe ọmụma nke horticulturist. Dị ka ọ na-adịkarị, a na-eji ihe ọkụkụ mara dị ka ihe ịchọ mma, obere obere / anaghị arụ ọrụ nke ihe ọkụkụ, ma e jiri ya tụnyere nnukwu ihe ubi / anụ ụlọ nke a na-ahụ na ọrụ ugbo. Otú ọ dị, e nwere akụkụ nke ihe ọkụkụ bụ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe / azụmahịa dị ka mmepụta griin haus gburugburu ụwa. Horticulture malitere site n'ime ụlọ nke osisi ihe dị ka afọ 10,000-20,000 gara aga.[3][4] Na mbụ, ọ bụ naanị osisi maka nri ka a na-eto ma na-echekwa ya, ma n'ikpeazụ ka ụmụ mmadụ na-esiwanye ike, a na-akụ osisi maka uru ịchọ mma ha. A na-ewere Horticulture dị iche iche na ọrụ ugbo n'oge etiti afọ mgbe ndị mmadụ malitere ịkụ osisi maka ihe ụtọ / ịchọ mma, kama ịbụ naanị maka nri.<ref name=":4">Baeyer, E. T''HE DEVELOPMENT AND HISTORY OF HORTICULTURE.'' Encyclopedia of Life Support Systems (EOLSS) https://www.eolss.net/sample-chapters/c09/e6-156-07-00.pdf</ref> Nkà na ụzụ na-apụta na-akpali ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gaa n'ihu, ọkachasị n'ụzọ nke ịgbanwe osisi ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma maka nje, ọrịa na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo. Mgbanwe teknụzụ dị ka Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR / Cas9), na-emekwa ka nri na-edozi ahụ, ụtọ na mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ. E nwere ọtụtụ òtù na ọha mmadụ na-ahụ maka ịkọ ugbo gburugburu ụwa, nke ndị na-akọ ugbo na ndị nọ n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ guzobere. Ndị a gụnyere: Royal Horticultural Society, International Society for Horticultural Science, American Society of Horticultural Science, The Horticultural Association of India, The Global Horticulture Initiative, The Chartered Institute of Horticulture na The Australian Society of Horcultural Science.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=ASHS|url=http://www.ashs.org/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170811103104/http://www.ashs.org/|archivedate=2017-08-11|accessdate=2016-06-11|publisher=ashs.org}}</ref> == Nkewa nke horticulture na ụdị nke horticulturists == E nwere nkewa na nkewa dị iche iche n'ime ọrụ ugbo, nke a bụ n'ihi na a na-akụ osisi maka ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche. Ụfọdụ n'ime nkewa na horticulture gụnyere: * ịkọ ubi * mmepụta na mgbasa nke osisi * Ịzụ osisi * ịma mma ala * [[Ịzụ okooko osisi|Ubi okooko osisi]] * Nhazi ubi na mmezi * Nlekọta ahịhịa * Nchekwa osisi na mweghachi ala. <ref name="Preece-Biology-2005">{{Cite book|author=Preece|first=John E.|title=The biology of horticulture: an introductory textbook|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|year=2005|isbn=0-471-46579-8|edition=2|pages=4–6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Arteca|first=Richard N.|title=Introduction to Horticultural Science|publisher=Cengage Learning|year=2015|isbn=978-1-111-31279-4|edition=2|location=Stamford, Connecticut}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Horticulture?|url=https://horticulture.umn.edu/students/why-horticulture|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502082101/https://horticulture.umn.edu/students/why-horticulture|archivedate=2019-05-02|accessdate=2 May 2019|work=Department of Horticultural Science|publisher=University of Minnesota}}</ref> Ọ na-agụnye ịzụlite osisi niile gụnyere, ma ọ bụghị nanị: osisi / obere osisi / osisi, mkpụrụ osisi, akwụkwọ nri, [[Ìfulū|okooko osisi]], [[Ahịhịhịa|ahịhịa]], mkpụrụ osisi. [[Ogige|ubi]] a nwere ike ime n'ogige ntụrụndụ, ebe a na-azụ ụmụ, ụlọ akwụkwọ, ubi vaịn, ubi mkpụrụ osisi, ogige ntụrụntụ, wdg. [[Usòrò:027_Flowers_at_Algemene_warenmarkt_-_market_in_Grote_Markt,_Breda,_Netherlands.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|Mkpụrụ osisi na ahịa dị na Breda, Netherlands]] Horticulturists, bụ ndị na-amụ ma na-eme ihe ọkụkụ nke ọma. Enwere ọtụtụ ụdị horticulturists dị iche iche nwere aha ọrụ dị iche iche, gụnyere: onye na-akọ ubi, onye na-akọ ubi, onye ọrụ ugbo, onye na-akụ ahịhịa, onye na-akụ ifuru, onye na-ahụ maka ahịhịa, onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, ọkachamara n'ịgba ahịhịa, onye na-elekọta ụlọ akwụkwọ, onye na-ahụ maka ubi ubi, onye na-ahụ maka ahịhịa, na ọtụtụ ihe ndị ọzọ.[11] Enwere ike were ha n'ọrụ site na ụlọ ọrụ / ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche gụnyere, mana ọnweghị oke na: ubi ahịhịa, ubi nkeonwe / ọha, ogige ntụrụndụ, ebe a na-eli ozu, ụlọ griin haus, ebe a na-egwu gọọlfụ, ubi vine, ala, ụlọ ọrụ nhazi ala, nurseries, ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ, wdg. nwekwara ike ịbụ onye ọrụ onwe ya. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Horticulture malitere site n'ime ụlọ nke osisi 10,000-20,000 afọ gara aga, ma kemgbe ahụ, etinyere ya nke ukwuu n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmadụ.[3][4] Ime ụlọ nke osisi mere onwe ya n'ime mmepeanya dị iche iche n'ofe ụwa. Akụkọ banyere ihe ọkụkụ na-ejikọta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ugbo na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ihe ọkụkụ, n'ihi na atọ ahụ sitere na ụlọ nke osisi dị iche iche maka nri.[4]. Na Europe, ọrụ ugbo na ihe ọkụkụ dịgasị iche n'oge ụfọdụ n'oge emepechabeghị anya..<ref name=":4"/> === Omume mbụ n'ọrụ ugbo === Omume mbụ na horticulture gụnyere ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche ndị mmadụ na-elekọta ala (iji ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ), yana ụzọ dị ichegasị iche iche na ụdị osisi a na-akụ maka ọtụtụ ojiji. Usoro, ngwá ọrụ na osisi ndị a na-akụ, na-adabere mgbe niile na ọdịbendị na ihu igwe. ==== Ebe Ugwu na Central America tupu ha achịkwa ==== E nwere ọtụtụ omenala ọdịnala nke anyị maara taa: dị ka ụmụ amaala nke North America tupu ha enwee ọchịchị iji biochar mee ka ala na-arụpụta ihe site na ịgba ihe mkpofu ahịhịa ọkụ - ndị bi na Europe kpọrọ ala a Terra Preta de Indio. <ref>Solomon, Dawit, Johannes Lehmann, Janice Thies, Thorsten Schafer, Biqing Liang, James Kinyangi, Eduardo Neves, James Petersen, Flavio Luizao, and Jan Skjemstad, ''Molecular signature and sources of biochemical recalcitrance of organic carbone in Amazonian Dark Earths'', Geochemica et cosmochemica ACTA 71.9 2285–2286 (2007) ("Amazonian Dark Earths (ADE) are a unique type of soils apparently developed between 500 and 9000 years B.P. through intense anthropogenic activities such as biomass-burning and high-intensity nutrient depositions on pre-Columbian Amerindian settlements that transformed the original soils into Fimic Anthrosols throughout the Brazilian Amazon Basin.") (internal citations omitted)</ref><ref>Glaser, Bruno, Johannes Lehmann, and Wolfgang Zech,'' Ameliorating physical and chemical properties of highly weathered soils in the tropics with charcoal – a review'', Biology and Fertility of Soils 35.4 219-220 (2002) ("These so called Terra Preta do Indio (Terra Preta) characterize the settlements of pre-Columbian Indios. In Terra Preta soils large amounts of black C indicate a high and prolonged input of carbonized organic matter probably due to the production of charcoal in hearths, whereas only low amounts of charcoal are added to soils as a result of forest fires and slash-and-burn techniques.") (internal citations omitted)</ref> Na North America, ụmụ amaala na-akụ ọka, squash, na sunflower - n'etiti ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ. Ọdịbendị Mesoamerica lekwasịrị anya n'ịzụlite ihe ọkụkụ na obere, dị ka milpa ma ọ bụ ubi ọka, gburugburu ebe obibi ha ma ọ bụ n'ala pụrụ iche nke a na-eleta mgbe ụfọdụ n'oge ngafe site n'otu mpaghara gaa na nke ọzọ.<ref name="Hagen, V.W. 19572">von Hagen, V.W. (1957) The Ancient Sun Kingdoms Of The Americas. Ohio: The World Publishing Company</ref> Na Central America, ndị Maya gụnyere mmụba nke oké ọhịa na osisi bara uru dị ka papaị, avocado, cacao, Seiba na sapodilla. N'ọhịa, a na-akụ ọtụtụ ihe ọkụkụ dịka agwa, squash, pumpkins na chili peppers. Ndị mbụ na-akọ ugbo n'ọtụtụ ọdịbendị, bụ ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>Thompson, S.I. (1977) Women, Horticulture, and Society in Tropical America. American Anthropologist, N.S., 79: 908–10</ref> === Ojiji akụkọ ihe mere eme maka osisi na ịkọ ugbo === Na mgbakwunye na uru ọgwụ na nri na-edozi ahụ nke osisi nwere, a na-akụkwa osisi maka ịma mma ha, yana iji mee ka ike, ihe ọmụma, ọnọdụ na ọbụna akụ na ụba nke ndị na-achịkwa ihe ọkụkụ a kụrụ akụ. Ike ihe atụ a nke osisi nwere adịla ọbụna tupu mmalite nke ịkọ ha.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Pollan|first=Michael|title=The Botany of Desire|publisher=Random House|isbn=0-375-50129-0|date=2001|language=en}}</ref> E nwere ihe akaebe na ogige dị iche iche Ndị Aztec na-elekọta dị nsọ, ka ha na-akụ osisi ndị nwere uru okpukpe. A zụlitere osisi maka mmekọrịta ihe atụ ha na Chi na Chi nwanyị. <ref name=":4"/> Okooko osisi nwere ike ihe atụ n'ememe okpukpe, dịka a na-enye ha Chi, yana a na-enyekwa ha ndị isi n'ememme iji gosipụta njikọ ha na Chi.<ref name=":4" /> == Akụkụ nke ịkọ ugbo == === Mgbasawanye === Mgbasa nke osisi na horticulture bụ usoro nke a na-eme ka ụdị dị iche iche mụbaa, na-abawanye ọnụ ọgụgụ nke osisi ọ bụla. Mgbasa mgbasa na-agụnye ma usoro mmekọahụ na nke na-enweghị mmekọahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Arteca|first=Richard N.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=84XAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA109|title=Introduction to Horticultural Science|date=2014-02-14|publisher=Cengage Learning|isbn=978-1-305-17780-2|language=en|accessdate=2022-12-07}}</ref> Na mgbasa nke mmekọahụ, a na-eji mkpụrụ eme ihe, ebe mgbasa nke na-enweghị mmekọahụ na-agụnye nkewa nke osisi, nkewa nke tubers, corms, na bulbs - site na iji usoro dị ka ịkpụ, ịkwa akwa, itinye.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Peter|first=K. V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NWMa741kG_gC&pg=PA338|title=Basics Of Horticulture|date=2009-02-05|publisher=New India Publishing|isbn=978-81-89422-55-4|language=en|accessdate=2022-12-07}}</ref> === Nhọrọ nke osisi === Mgbe ị na-ahọrọ osisi iji kọọ, onye na-akọ ugbo nwere ike ịtụle akụkụ ndị dabeere na osisi ndị a chọrọ iji mee ihe ma nwee ike ịgụnye ọdịdị osisi, ụkọ, na uru.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Horticultural Practices|url=https://www.saanich.ca/EN/main/parks-recreation-community/parks/horticulture/horticultural-practices.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221206230537/https://www.saanich.ca/EN/main/parks-recreation-community/parks/horticulture/horticultural-practices.html|archivedate=2022-12-06|accessdate=2022-12-06|work=District of Saanich|language=en}}</ref> Mgbe ị na-ahọrọ osisi maka ala, enwere nyocha dị mkpa nke ebe a ga-ebu ụzọ mee. A na-atụle ụdị ala, okpomọkụ / ihu igwe, ìhè, mmiri, na osisi ndị dịbu adị. A na-atụle nyocha ndị a nke gburugburu ebe obibi enyere mgbe ị na-ahọrọ ihe ọkụkụ maka ebe ahụ. Nhọrọ osisi nwere ike ịbụ maka ngosipụta kwa afọ, ma ọ bụ ha nwere ike ịbụ iji kụọ osisi na-adịgide adịgide. Ihe ndị e ji mara osisi ahụ dị ka ogo / ogo, ụcha, omume uto, uru ịchọ mma, oge okooko osisi na ikike mwakpo bụ ihe na-emechi usoro nhọrọ osisi. === Nchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi / mgbanwe uto === Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi na-emetụta mmepe osisi gụnyere: okpomọkụ, ìhè, mmiri, pH, nnweta ihe oriri, ihe omume ihu igwe (mmiri ozuzo, snow, snow na mmiri ozuzo, igirigi, ifufe na oyi) iru mmiri, ịdị elu, ala, na mmetụta nke obere ihu igwe.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Rice|first=Laura W.|title=Practical Horticulture; A Guide to Growing Indoor and Outdoor Plants|publisher=Reston|year=1980|location=USA}}</ref> N'ọrụ ugbo, enwere ike izere mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a, chịkwaa ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee ihe n'ime ụlọ. ==== Okpomọkụ ==== Osisi chọrọ okpomọkụ pụrụ iche iji too ma too nke ọma. Enwere ike ịchịkwa okpomọkụ site na ụzọ dị iche iche. Ikpuchi osisi na plastik n'ụdị cones - nke a na-akpọ hot caps, ma ọ bụ tunnels, nwere ike inye aka ịchịkwa okpomọkụ gbara ya gburugburu. Mulching bụkwa usoro dị irè iji chebe osisi ndị dị n'èzí site na oyi n'oge oyi. N'ime, ụzọ ndị ọzọ a na-esi egbochi oyi na-agụnye iji igwe ikuku, ihe na-ekpo ọkụ, na sprinklers.<ref name=":0" /> ==== Ìhè ==== Osisi amalitela ịchọ oke ìhè dị iche iche, na ogologo oge ehihie; uto na mmepe ha na-ekpebi site na oke ìhè / ike ọkụ ha na-enweta. Enwere ike ịchịkwa nke a site na iji ọkụ fluorescent n'ime ụlọ. Ịchịkwa oke ìhè na-achịkwa okooko osisi. Ịdị ogologo ụbọchị na-agba ume ka osisi ndị na-eto ogologo oge na-agbawa ma na-egbochi okooko osisi ndị na'oge dị mkpirikpi.<ref name=":0"/> ==== Mmiri ==== Ụzọ nchịkwa mmiri na-agụnye iji usoro ịgba mmiri / drainage, na ịchịkwa mmiri nke ala maka mkpa nke ụdị ahụ. Ụzọ ịgba mmiri gụnyere ịgba mmiri n'elu, ịgba mmiri, ịgba mmiri n"okpuru, na ịgba mmiri. A na-agbanwe oke mmiri, nrụgide, na ugboro ugboro iji melite gburugburu ebe obibi na-eto eto. Enwere ike iji aka mee obere mmiri.<ref name=":0"/> ==== Mgbasa ozi na-eto eto na njikwa ala ==== Nhọrọ nke mgbasa ozi na-eto eto na ihe ndị mejupụtara mgbasa ozi na na-enyere aka ịkwado ndụ osisi. N'ime ebe obibi, ndị na-akụ ihe nwere ike ịhọrọ ịzụlite osisi ha na usoro [[Aquaponics|aquaponic]] ebe enweghị ala eji eme ihe. Ndị na-eto eto n'ime ụlọ okpomọkụ ga-ahọrọkarị ngwakọta na-enweghị ala nke na-agụnyeghị ihe ọ bụla dị n'ala na-apụta. Ngwakọta ndị a na-enye uru dị ka ịmịkọrọ mmiri, enweghị ike ịmụ nwa, ma na-adịkarị n'ime ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ụzọ nchịkwa ala sara mbara, mana ọ na-agụnye iji fatịlaịza, atụmatụ ntụgharị ihe ọkụkụ iji gbochie mmebi nke ala a na-ahụ na monocultures, itinye fatịlaịtị, na nyocha ala.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Horticulture {{!}} Definition, Types, Techniques, & Uses {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/horticulture|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207032531/https://www.britannica.com/science/horticulture|archivedate=2022-12-07|accessdate=2022-12-07|work=www.britannica.com|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.britannica.com/science/horticulture "Horticulture | Definition, Types, Techniques, & Uses | Britannica"]. ''www.britannica.com''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221207032531/https://www.britannica.com/science/horticulture Archived] from the original on 2022-12-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> ==== Nchịkwa site na iji gburugburu ebe obibi mechiri emechi ==== Ihe ndị na-emetụta nje dị ka ihu igwe, ìhè na okpomọkụ bụ ihe niile enwere ike ịchịkwa gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka okpokoro oyi, greenhouses, conservatories, poly houses na ụlọ ndò. A na-ahọrọ ihe eji ewu ụlọ ndị a dabere na ihu igwe, ebumnuche na mmefu ego. Okpokoro oyi na-enye gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-ewu ha nso n'ala ma nwee elu nke e ji ugegbe ma ọ bụ plastik mee. Glass ma ọ bụ plastik na-enye ohere ìhè anyanwụ n'ime etiti n'ehihie ma gbochie ọnwụ okpomọkụ nke ga-efu dị ka radiation ogologo oge n'abalị. Nke a na-enye ohere ịmalite ịzụlite osisi tupu oge uto amalite. Greenhouses / conservatories yiri n'ọrụ, mana ha buru ibu n'iwu ma jiri isi iyi ike mpụga kpoo ya. Enwere ike iji ugegbe wuo ha, ọ bụ ezie na a na-eji mpempe plastik eme ha ugbu a. Ụlọ okpomọkụ ndị dị oke ọnụ na nke oge a nwere ike ịgụnye njikwa okpomọkụ site na njikwa onyinyo na ọkụ ma ọ bụ ikuku oyi yana mmiri na-akpaghị aka. Ụlọ ndò na-enye ndò iji belata mmiri na-efu site na evapotranspiration.<ref name=":0"/> == Ihe ịma aka == === Nsogbu Mmetụta Mmetụta === A chọrọ ọrụ ugbo azụmahịa iji kwado ọnụ ọgụgụ na-eto ngwa ngwa na ọchịchọ maka ngwaahịa ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Stress tolerance in horticultural crops: challenges and mitigation strategies|date=2021|publisher=Woodhead Publishing|editor=Avinash Chandra Rai|isbn=978-0-323-85363-7|location=Cambridge|oclc=1251764903}}</ref> N'ihi mgbanwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ, oke okpomọkụ, ike nke ihe omume mmiri ozuzo, ugboro ole idei mmiri, na ogologo oge na ugboro ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-abawanye. Tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ na-akpata nrụgide dị ka salinity, nsị metal dị arọ, mmebi UV, na mmetọ ikuku, a na-emepụta gburugburu ebe nrụgide maka mmepụta ihe ọkụkụ. A na-agbakwunye nke a ka evapotranspiration na-abawanye, ala na-emebi ihe oriri ha, na ọkwa oxygen na-ebelata, na-akpata ihe ruru 70% nke ihe ọkụkụ. === Nsogbu nke nje === Ihe ndị dị ndụ dị ka nje bacteria, nje, fungus, parasites, ụmụ ahụhụ, ahịhịa na osisi ndị a mụrụ n'ala bụ isi iyi nke nrụgide biotics ma nwee ike ịnapụ onye nwe ya ihe oriri ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of food grains|date=2016|editor=Colin W. Wrigley|isbn=978-0-12-394786-4|edition=Second|location=Kidlington, Oxford, UK|publisher=Elsevier|oclc=939553708}}</ref> Osisi na-emeghachi omume na nrụgide ndị a site na iji usoro nchebe dị ka ihe mgbochi ọdịdị na nke ọdịdị, kemịkal compounds, protein, enzymes na homonụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Postharvest physiology and biochemistry of fruits and vegetables|date=2019|editor=Elhadi M. Yahia|isbn=978-0-12-813279-1|location=Duxford|publisher=Elsevier|oclc=1061148070}}</ref> Enwere ike igbochi mmetụta nke nrụgide nke ndụ site na iji omume ndị dị ka itinye harging, spraying ma ọ bụ Integrated Pest Management (IPM).<ref>{{Cite book|author=Pantazi|first=Xanthoula-Eirini|title=Intelligent data mining and fusion systems in agriculture|date=2020|isbn=978-0-12-814392-6|location=London|publisher=Elsevier|oclc=1124761701}}</ref> === Nchịkwa owuwe ihe ubi === A chọrọ nlekọta iji belata mmebi na mfu nke ihe ọkụkụ n'oge owuwe ihe ubi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hussein|first=Zaharan|date=2020-01-01|title=Harvest and Postharvest Factors Affecting Bruise Damage of Fresh Fruits|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468014119301943|journal=Horticultural Plant Journal|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=1–13|doi=10.1016/j.hpj.2019.07.006|issn=2468-0141|accessdate=2022-12-07}}</ref> Ike mkpakọ na-eme n'oge owuwe ihe ubi, a pụkwara imetụta ihe ọkụkụ n'usoro mmetụta n'oge njem na ọrụ nkwakọba ihe. A na-eji usoro dị iche iche eme ihe iji belata mmerụ ahụ na mmerụ ahụ nke osisi dịka:<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Postharvest technology of perishable horticultural commodities|date=2019|editor=Elhadi M. Yahia|isbn=978-0-12-813277-7|location=Duxford|publisher=Elsevier|oclc=1109725060}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFElhadi_M._Yahia2019">Elhadi M. Yahia, ed. (2019). ''Postharvest technology of perishable horticultural commodities''. Duxford: Elsevier. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Ihe pụrụ iche:BookSources/978-0-12-813277-7|<bdi>978-0-12-813277-7</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (ihe njirimara)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[[oclc:1109725060|1109725060]].</cite></ref> * Nchịkọta aka: Nke a bụ usoro nke ịghọrọ ihe ọkụkụ site n'aka. Mkpụrụ osisi, dị ka apụl, pears na peaches, nwere ike ịghọrọ site na clippers * Nlekọta: A ghaghị ịsacha akpa owuwe ihe ubi, igbe, clippers na ngwá ọrụ ndị ọzọ tupu owuwe ihe ọṅụṅụ.<ref name=":2" /> == Nkà na ụzụ na-apụta == Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR / Cas9) enwetala nkwado n'oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka usoro dị irè, dị mfe, nke ziri ezi, na nke dị ala iji gbanwee genomes nke ụdị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Liu|first=Yang|date=2022-07-01|title=CRISPR/Cas9 technology and its application in horticultural crops|journal=Horticultural Plant Journal|language=en|volume=8|issue=4|pages=395–407|doi=10.1016/j.hpj.2022.04.007|issn=2468-0141}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2013, a na-eji CRISPR eme ihe iji bulie ụdị ọka, mkpụrụ osisi, na akwụkwọ nri dị iche iche. A na-agbanwe ihe ọkụkụ iji mee ka ha na-eguzogide ihe mgbochi na ihe mgbochi dị ka parasites, ọrịa, na ụkọ mmiri ozuzo yana ịbawanye mmepụta, nri na-edozi ahụ, na ụtọ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=Tian|date=2021-11-17|title=CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing Revolutionizes the Improvement of Horticulture Food Crops|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00104|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry|language=en|volume=69|issue=45|pages=13260–13269|doi=10.1021/acs.jafc.1c00104|pmid=33734711|issn=0021-8561|accessdate=2022-12-07}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, ejirila CRISPR mee ihe iji dezie àgwà ndị a na-achọghị, dịka ọmụmaatụ, belata nchara na mmepụta nke ihe na-egbu egbu na ihe ilu nke poteto. A na-ejikwa CRISPR mee ihe iji dozie nsogbu nke ọnụego mmịpụta mkpụrụ osisi dị ala na mkpụrụ osisi dị obere nke a na-ahụkarị na greenhouses. N'iji ya tụnyere Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO), CRISPR anaghị agbakwunye DNA ọ bụla na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke osisi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Sonali|author=Mookerjee|date=2023-11-30|title=Gene-editing primer: What's the difference between CRISPR crops and GMOs?|url=https://geneticliteracyproject.org/2023/11/30/gene-editing-primer-whats-the-difference-between-crispr-crops-and-gmos/|accessdate=2024-03-06|work=Genetic Literacy Project|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nzukọ == E nwere òtù dị iche iche n'ụwa niile na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwalite na ịgba ume nyocha na agụmakwụkwọ na ngalaba niile nke sayensị ubi; òtù ndị dị otú ahụ gụnyere International Society for Horticultural Science na American Society of Horticultural Science . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=ISHS|url=http://ishs.org/about|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120922225337/http://ishs.org/about|archivedate=September 22, 2012|accessdate=August 9, 2024}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. Archived from on September 22, 2012.</cite></ref><ref name=":7" /> Na United Kingdom, e nwere nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ abụọ na-ahụ maka ọrụ ugbo. Ancient Society of York Florists bụ òtù horticultural kachasị ochie n'ụwa ma guzobe ya na 1768; nzukọ a na-aga n'ihu na-akwado ihe ngosi horticultural anọ kwa afọ na York, England.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ancient society of York Florists,oldest horticultural society in world,longest running horticultural show in world established 1768, flower shows in york yorkshire uk,horticultural shows in york yorkshire uk, vegetable shows in york yorkshire uk, fruit shows in york yorkshire uk, floral art shows in york yorkshire uk,handicrafts and baking shows in york uk,dahlia shows in york yorkshire uk,gladioli shows in york yorkshire uk,chrysanthemum shows in york yorkshire uk, auricula shows in york yorkshire uk, sweet pea shows in york yorkshire uk|url=http://www.ancientsocietyofyorkflorists.co.uk/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181112171754/http://ancientsocietyofyorkflorists.co.uk/|archivedate=2018-11-12|accessdate=2016-07-13|work=www.ancientsocietyofyorkflorists.co.uk}}</ref> Tụkwasị na nke a, Royal Horticultural Society, nke e guzobere na 1804, bụ ọrụ ebere na United Kingdom nke na-eduga na agbamume na imeziwanye sayensị, nka, na omume nke ịkọ ugbo na alaka ya niile.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Royal Horticultural Society, UK charity focussed on the art, science and practice of horticulture.|url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/science|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526150441/https://www.rhs.org.uk/science|archivedate=2019-05-26|accessdate=2018-01-13|work=The Royal Horticultural Society Website}}</ref> Nzukọ ahụ na-ekerịta ihe ọmụma banyere ọrụ ugbo site na obodo ya, mmemme mmụta, na ogige na ihe ngosi ụwa.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [https://www.horticulture.org.uk/ Chartered Institute of Horticulture] (CIH) bụ òtù ọkachamara Chartered maka ndị na-ahụ maka horticulturists na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na-ahụ Maka ubi na-anọchite anya ngalaba niile nke ụlọ ọrụ ubi gafee Great Britain, Ireland na mba ofesi.Ọ bụ naanị ndị ọkachamara n'ọrụ ugbo ebe ndị ọkachamara ya kachasị elu nwere ike inweta ọnọdụ Chartered ma ghọọ Chartered Horticulturist. E guzobere Australian Society of Horticultural Science na 1990 dị ka òtù ọkachamara iji kwalite ma melite sayensị na ụlọ ọrụ horticultural nke Australia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Australian Society of Horticultural Science – Australian Society of Horticultural Science|url=http://aushs.org.au/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119180941/http://aushs.org.au/|archivedate=2023-01-19|accessdate=2016-06-11}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, New Zealand Horticulture Institute bụ nzukọ ọzọ a ma ama na-ahụ maka ịkọ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite web|title=RNZIH – Royal New Zealand Institute of Horticulture – Home Page|url=http://www.rnzih.org.nz/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119180944/https://www.rnzih.org.nz/|archivedate=2023-01-19|accessdate=2012-10-26}}</ref> Na India, Horticultural Society of India (nke bụzi Indian Academy of Horticultural Sciences) bụ ụlọ ọrụ kachasị ochie nke e guzobere na 1941 na Lyallpur, Punjab (nke dị na Pakistan ugbu a) mana e mechara kwaga Delhi na 1949.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Headquarters|url=https://www.iahs.org.in/headquarters/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819171137/https://www.iahs.org.in/headquarters/|archivedate=2021-08-19|accessdate=2021-08-19|work=IAHS|language=en-US}}</ref> Òtù ọzọ a ma ama na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe afọ 2005 bụ Society for Promotion of Horticulture nke dị na Bengaluru.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SPH|url=https://sph.iihr.res.in/about_us.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210819171138/https://sph.iihr.res.in/about_us.php|archivedate=2021-08-19|accessdate=2021-08-19|work=sph.iihr.res.in}}</ref> Ndị otu abụọ a na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọkà mmụta - Indian Journal of Horticulture na Journal of Horticultural Sciences maka ọganihu nke sayensị horticultural.   Ọ bụ Kerala State Horticulture Mission na-eduzi Horticulture na steeti India nke Kerala. E guzobere National Junior Horticultural Association (NJHA) na 1934 ma bụrụ nzukọ mbụ n'ụwa nke a raara nye naanị ndị ntorobịa na ọrụ ugbo. A na-eme mmemme NJHA iji nyere ndị na-eto eto aka inweta nghọta bụ isi banyere ọrụ ugbo ma zụlite nkà na nka na sayensị a na-agbasawanye.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Home – NJHA|url=http://www.njha.org/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119180942/https://www.njha.org/|archivedate=2023-01-19|accessdate=2016-06-11}}</ref> Global Horticulture Initiative (GlobalHort) na-akwalite mmekọrịta na ọrụ n'etiti ndị ọrụ dị iche iche na horticulture. Nzukọ a na-elekwasị anya pụrụ iche na horticulture maka mmepe (H4D), nke na-agụnye iji horticulture belata ịda ogbenye na imeziwanye nri na-edozi ahụ n'ụwa niile. A na-ahazi GlobalHort n'ime njikọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mba na nke mba ụwa nke na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ na nyocha, ọzụzụ, na ọrụ na-emepụta teknụzụ iji mezuo ebumnuche kwekọrịtara. GlobalHort bụ òtù na-enweghị uru edebanyere aha na Belgium.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Global Horticulture Initiative|url=http://www.globalhort.org/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180413061926/http://www.globalhort.org/|archivedate=2018-04-13|accessdate=2016-06-11}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==    == Ebem si dee == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ilse4wbo2wdkbngzcj9jfxvvavlzti3 0 51202 672259 185480 2026-07-04T13:41:16Z IfyClassique 20717 /* Akụ na ụba */ 672259 wikitext text/x-wiki Minjibir bụ ọchịchị ime obodo dị na Kano Steeti, Naijiria.  Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị n'obodo Minjibir, ihe dịka irí abụọ km ndịda ugwu nke isi obodo steeti Kano Ọ dị mpaghara 416 km 2 na ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ 213,794 na ngụkọ 2006. Koodu ozi nke mpaghara ahụ bụ 702. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Post Offices- with map of LGA|publisher=NIPOST|url=http://www.nipost.gov.ng/PostCode.aspx|accessdate=2009-10-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121126042849/http://www.nipost.gov.ng/postcode.aspx|archivedate=2012-11-26}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==  Ndị Fulani nke ekiri Yerimawa kpara Minjibir na-akpa ncheta afọ nke 18. Na mbụ, onye nwe aha Hausa mara dị ka Turakin Romo na-achị obodo ahụ.  Ka Jihad Usman dan Fodio gachara, e hiwere Emirate nke Kano .  Suleimanu, Emir nke Kano, nyere otu nwa akwụkwọ ya bụ onye si n'agbụrụ Yerimawa aha Turakin Romo.  [2] : 248 A mara Minjibir n'okpuru ihe mere eme dị ka ebe a na-ahụ akwa akwa, ngwaahịa akwa aka, bụ nke bụbu isi iyi maka ọtụtụ ezina-ebu.  Tinyere obodo ndị gbara gburugburu, a ma Minjibir mara maka ihe na-acha ọcha wide strip-woven bullam, blue-black bunu, na oji na-acha ọcha na-egosi na akwa ọrụ .  Ịdị nso obodo ahụ na obodo Kano mere ka nhicha dị mfe.  N'afọ 1949, ndị iche obodo Kano hibere nnukwu ogbako na Minjibir;  Ndị ụgbọ mmiri ụgbọ mmiri Akụ na Kano.  Nke a mechaa mechi.  Ka oge na-aga, ndị na-akpa ihe Minjibir na-ahụolulu mmiri nke ha iji kpọọ ndị ọkpọ n'ịjiji ma si otú ahụ nwetara uru dị elu.  Mgbe Ashiru Abdullahi gara Minjibir n'afọ 2018, ọ tara na ngwazi akpa akwa na Minjibir n'onwe ya, kama n'ime ime obodo Gidan Gabas .  Ndị egwuregwu ha bụ isi bụ ndị eze ọdịnala yana ndị na-ahụ n'ịnyịnya na-esochi Eid al-Fitr na Eid al-Kabir .  Ọ bụ ebe na akwa akwa a kpara akpa agbadala nke ukwuu na Naijiria 1970s, Abdullah kwuru na ọtụtụ ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọrụ dị ka ndị na-akpa ihe na Gidan Gabas, si otú a na-eme ka ahụ omenala ndụ na mpaghara ahụ. <ref name="Maiwada">{{Cite book|author=Maiwada|first=Salihu|editor=Renne|title=Textile Ascendancies: Aesthetics, Production, and Trade in Northern Nigeria|date=2020|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-12663-7|pages=69–85|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5ODSDwAAQBAJ|accessdate=18 October 2020|chapter=Declining Supply and Continued Demand for Handwoven Textiles, Kano State}}</ref> == Ihu igwe == Na Minjibir, oge ọkọchị na-enwe obere urukpuru, oge udu mmiri na-akpagbu ma na-enwekarị urukpuru, ihu igwe na-ekpokwa ọkụ n'afọ niile.  Nkezi afọ na- agbanwe n'etiti 57°F na 102°F;  ọ na- akara ala ma ọ bụ ụfọdụ 52°F ma ọ bụ 107°F.  [4] Oge mmalite, nke na-amalite site na Machị 18 ruo Mee 31, na-adịru ọnwa 2.4 yana ọ na-adịkwa elu kwa ụbọchị na nkezi 99°F.  Mee bụ ụnwa kacha ewu na Minjibir, nke nwere oke dị 100ºF yana obere akwụkwọ nke 78°F.  [5] Nkezi okpomoku dị elu kwa ụbọchị n'oge oge dị nro nke ọnwa 1.7, nke na-amalite site na Disemba 7 ruo Jenụwarị 29, nọ n'okpuru 88°F.  N'iji nkezi dị 58ºF yana oke oke nke 86°F, Jenụwarị bụ ụnwayọ kacha oyi n'afọ na Minjibir.. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Minjibir Climate, Weather By Month, Average Temperature (Nigeria) - Weather Spark|url=https://weatherspark.com/y/58592/Average-Weather-in-Minjibir-Nigeria-Year-Round|accessdate=2024-08-18|work=weatherspark.com|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-08-18|title=Weather Forecast Minjibir - Nigeria (Kano) : free 15 day weather forecasts|url=https://www.weathercrave.com/weather-forecast-nigeria/city-519996/weather-forecast-minjibir-today|accessdate=2024-08-18|work=Weather Crave|language=en}}</ref> == Geography == àgwà ime obodo Minjibir nwere nke ọma dị ogo Celsius 33 na mpaghara ya dị square kilomita 416. ọmụmụ ime obodo na-enwe oge dị iche iche: oge ​​mmiri ozuzo na oge ọkọchị.  Nkezi ọsọ ikuku na mpaghara ahụ bụ 11 km / h <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Minjibir Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/436/minjibir|accessdate=2024-08-18|work=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> == Akụ na ụba == Nokpuruokpuru Minjibir, ọrụ ugbo na-aga nke ọma, ebe a makwara mpaghara ahụ nke ọma maka mmepụta ihe dị iche iche, nri osikapa, anyụ, mkpuru, na okpete.  Na mgbakwunye, Gọọmenti akwụkwọ na-eje ozi dị ka ebe a na-azụ na-aịhụ nke ụdị anụ ụlọ, egwu egwu ibu, ebule na ehi.  N'ime ọdịiche ime obodo Minjibir, ịzụ ahịa na-agakwa nke ọma n'ihi na ọtụtụ akara na-eme ka ndị dị njikere iche iche na agbanwe agbanwe.  bi n'okpuru elu Minjibir na-arụkwa ọrụ dị nta, ceramik na Ndị na-arụ ọrụ aka. <ref name=":0" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} eg36sy5shis9lz7t2jo60jccbbulyzs 0 52618 672600 644862 2026-07-05T09:14:12Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Wendie Thérèse Renard''' (amụrụ 20 Julaị 1990) bụ [[Footbọl|onye egwuregwu bọọlụ]] France nke na-egwu egwu dị ka onye na-agbachitere etiti na ndị isi ma Première Ligue club Lyon na ndị otu mba France . Renard bụ otu n'ime ndị egwu kachasị mma n'egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị ọgbara ọhụrụ. Ọ nwetala ndekọ 14 French league na asatọ European Cup . N’afọ 2019, ''akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times'' kọwara ya dị ka “ụlọ ọrụ” na Lyon, klọb kacha nwee ihe ịga nke ọma na bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị Europe. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Clarey|first=Christopher|date=17 June 2019|title=For Wendie Renard and France, Another Misstep and Another Win|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/17/sports/womens-world-cup-france-wendie-renard.html|accessdate=30 August 2020}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Renard na Martinique, agwaetiti French dị na Antilles nta . Ọ bụ ya bụ ọdụdụ nwa n’ime ụmụ nwaanyị anọ. Nna ya nwụrụ n'ọrịa cancer akpa ume mgbe ọ dị afọ asatọ. <ref name="tpt">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theplayerstribune.com/articles/wendie-renard-life-at-the-end-of-the-world|title=Life at the End of the World|date=17 January 2019|accessdate=10 June 2019|language=en|publisher=The Players' Tribune}}</ref> Tupu ịkwaga n'ala, Renard na-egwuri egwu maka Essor-Préchotain n'àgwàetiti ya. Mgbe ọ dị afọ 15, Renard gbagara France maka ikpe ikpe na Clairefontaine mana anabataghị ya na mmemme ọzụzụ mba. <ref name="tpt" /> O mechara banye ụgbọ oloko gaa Lyon na, mgbe ọ nwesịrị nnwale na-aga nke ọma, ya na Lyon rutere otu ebe. Ọ hapụrụ Martinique ka ọ biri na Lyon mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii. <ref name="tpt" /> == Ọrụ klọb == Renard mere mpụta mbụ ya na L'Essor Préchotin mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa wee kpọọ Rapid Club Le Lorrain. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wendie Renard, the high-flyer|url=https://www.fff.fr/|accessdate=2024-10-03|archivedate=2011-03-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316050621/http://www.fff.fr/}}</ref> Na 2006, Farid Benstiti, onye nchịkwa Olympique Lyon mgbe ahụ, wetara Wendie Renard n'ime ụlọ ntorobịa nke klọb wee jiri 16 dị afọ 16 na egwuregwu abụọ na otu egwuregwu kachasị elu na njedebe nke otu oge ahụ. Ọnwa atọ ka e mesịrị, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bịa n'òtù mba ndị ntorobịa na nke mbụ ya. Renard sonyeere Lyon na 2006 na, kemgbe oge 2007 – 08, bụ onye na-emekarị n'ime mmalite iri na otu na-emeri aha otu egwuregwu iri na anọ site na 2006 ruo 2020, yana ọtụtụ asọmpi Challenge de France . Na 2010, Renard gosipụtara na egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke UEFA Women's Champions League na, na mbipụta 2010-11, nyeere Lyon aka imeri asọmpi ahụ. O meriri goolu mmalite na mmeri 2-0 meriri Turbine Potsdam n'ikpeazụ . Na 26 Ọgọst 2020, ọ gbara ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmeri na mmeri 1 – 0 megide Paris Saint-Germain na 2019–20 UEFA Women's Champions League semi-final, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.uefa.com/womenschampionsleague/match/2030155/|title=Paris 0–1 Lyon|work=UEFA|date=26 August 2020}}</ref> iji mechaa merie asọmpi nke oge nke asaa na ọrụ ya. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Renard bụ onye bụbu onye ntorobịa mba ụwa na-egwuri egwu n'okpuru-19 na n'okpuru-20 larịị. O mere mpụta mbụ ya maka otu mba France na iko Saịprọs 2011 n'asọmpi ha na Switzerland . Renard na-anọchi anya France na abụọ FIFA World Cup na abụọ Olympics, na ọ bụ onye isi otu si September 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fff.fr/actualites/7059-550032-wendie-renard-nommee-capitaine-des-bleues|title=Wendie Renard nommée capitaine des Bleues|accessdate=30 August 2016|archivedate=11 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160911011027/http://www.fff.fr/actualites/7059-550032-wendie-renard-nommee-capitaine-des-bleues}}</ref> A napụrụ ya n'ọchịchị mgbe asọmpi Euro 2017 gasịrị ma Amandine Henry meriri ya n'ikpeazụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Corinne-diacre-a-choisi-amandine-henry-comme-capitaine/844906|title=Corinne Diacre a choisi Amandine Henry comme capitaine|date=23 October 2017|work=L'Équipe|accessdate=16 October 2019}}</ref> Renard nwetaraghachi ọchịchị na Septemba 2021. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Wendie-renard-sur-le-capitanat-j-ai-surtout-accepte-par-rapport-au-groupe-france/1286184|title=Wendie Renard sur le capitanat : " J'ai surtout accepté par rapport au groupe France "|date=17 September 2021|work=L'Équipe|accessdate=23 July 2022}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {{updated|3 December 2022}}<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olweb.fr/fr/joueur/wendie-renard-1687.html |title=Wendie Renard profile |access-date=30 September 2014 |language=fr |publisher=olweb.fr}}</ref><ref name=a>{{cite web |title=Wendie Renard |language=fr |url=http://www.statsfootofeminin.fr/joueur.php?joueur=701&saison=40 |publisher=footofeminin |access-date=20 December 2014}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |Cup ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="17" |Lyon |2006–07 | rowspan="17" |Division 1 Féminine |2 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |- |2007–08 |14 |2 |3 |1 |6 |2 | colspan="2" |— |23 |5 |- |2008–09 |19 |2 |3 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— |26 |2 |- |2009–10 |20 |6 |3 |0 |9 |0 | colspan="2" |— |32 |6 |- |2010–11 |20 |2 |3 |0 |9 |3 | colspan="2" |— |32 |5 |- |2011–12 |20 |9 |4 |1 |8 |1 | colspan="2" |— |32 |11 |- |2012–13 |13 |3 |6 |2 |7 |3 | colspan="2" |— |26 |8 |- |2013–14 |19 |7 |6 |1 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— |29 |8 |- |2014–15 |21 |10 |4 |1 |4 |1 | colspan="2" |— |29 |12 |- |2015–16 |15 |6 |3 |4 |6 |1 | colspan="2" |— |24 |11 |- |2016–17 |16 |6 |4 |0 |8 |2 | colspan="2" |— |28 |8 |- |2017–18 |17 |5 |5 |3 |8 |4 | colspan="2" |— |30 |12 |- |2018–19 |17 |8 |4 |2 |9 |4 | colspan="2" |— |30 |14 |- |2019–20 |14 |7 |5 |2 |6 |5 |1<ref group="lower-alpha" /> |0 |26 |14 |- |2020–21 |20 |10 |1 |1 |5 |4 | colspan="2" |— |26 |15 |- |2021–22 |16 |2 |2 |2 |9 |3 | colspan="2" |— |27 |7 |- |2022–23 |9 |4 |0 |0 |3 |0 |0 |0 |12 |4 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !272 !89 !57 !20 !105 !33 !1 !0 !435 !142 |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere 100 ma ọ bụ karịa mba ụwa * Ndepụta ndị egwu pụtara na anọ ma ọ bụ karịa FIFA World Cup * Ndepụta nke ndị asọmpi asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị UEFA * Ndepụta okpu okpu UEFA Women's Champions League * Ndepụta ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ mba ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị France == Ntụaka == yana ọtụtụ asọmpi Challenge de France . Na 2010, Renard gosipụtara na egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke UEFA Women's Champions League na, na mbipụta 2010-11, nyeere Lyon aka{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.olweb.fr/fr/Accueil/300104/Fiche-Joueur/1687/RENARD-Wendie?grp=3&saison=2011 Profaịlụ klọb] (in French) * Wendie Renard ndekọ asọmpi * Wendie Renard ( * Wendie Renard * Wendie Renard * [http://www.statsfootofeminin.fr/joueur.php?joueur=701&saison=40 Profaịlụ StatsFootoFeminin] (in French) [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] n9y3nwfn8ugnrqefpz5wn3h0ndlrqgy 0 52769 672264 189722 2026-07-04T13:43:16Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Igbu Iv na ọganihu (2018-2021) */ 672264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Jodie Comer''' / / ˈk oʊmər / KOH -mər ; amuru 11 Maachị 1993) bu onye omekorita bekee. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na ihe omume nke ''Royal Today'' na 2008. Comer nwetara nkwanye ugwu maka ịpụta na usoro ''My Mad Fat Diary'' (2013 – 2015) na ''Dọkịta Foster'' (2015 – 2017), wee mee ihe nkiri na miniseries ''iri na atọ'' (2016). Site na 2018 ruo 2022, Comer gbara onye na-egbu ọchụ sociopathic Villanelle na usoro ihe nkiri onyonyo nke BBC America spy thriller ''Killing Eve'', na-emeri ihe nrite telivishọn BAFTA na onyinye Emmy Primetime . Maka ịkpọ Sarah, onye enyemaka ahụike, na ihe nkiri onyonyo ''Help'' (2021), ọ meriri ihe nrite Television BAFTA ọzọ. Comer gbasaara na ihe nkiri na 2021 yana ọrụ bụ isi na ihe nkiri ihe nkiri ''Free Guy'' na ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere eme ''The Duel Ikpeazụ'' . Na 2022, o mere mpụta ihe nkiri West End na egwuregwu otu nwanyị Suzie Miller ''bụ Prima Facie'', nke nwetara ya ihe nrite Evening Standard Theater Award na Laurence Olivier Award . Site na mbufe ya na Broadway na 2023, ọ meriri Tony Award . === ''Igbu Iv'' na ọganihu (2018-2021) === [[Usòrò:Jodie_Comer_during_an_interview,_August_2021_(cropped).png|alt=Jodie Comer being interviewed for 'Free Guy' in August 2021.|thumb| Batara na 2021]] N'April 2018, Comer malitere starring na BBC spy thriller series ''Killing Eve'' dị ka Villanelle / Oksana Astankova, onye na-egbu onye Russia sociopathic bụ onye na-enwe mmasị na Eve Polastri ( Sandra Oh ), onye ọrụ MI6 na-achụ ya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Wittmer|first=Carrie|date=8 May 2018|title='Killing Eve' is a smart and seductive spy thriller that has a 100% score on Rotten Tomatoes|work=[[Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/killing-eve-is-a-smart-seductive-spy-thriller-with-100-on-rotten-tomatoes-2018-5|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185144/https://www.businessinsider.com/killing-eve-is-a-smart-seductive-spy-thriller-with-100-on-rotten-tomatoes-2018-5|archivedate=8 May 2018|accessdate=8 May 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/05/killing-eve-season-1-jodie-comer-interview.html|title='Killing Eve's' Jodie Comer Knows Villanelle is Scariest When She Seems Totally Normal|author=McHenry|first=Jackson|work=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]|date=24 May 2018|accessdate=24 May 2018|archivedate=24 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524232713/http://www.vulture.com/2018/05/killing-eve-season-1-jodie-comer-interview.html|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name="Villanelle">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/dec/20/the-chic-assassin-jodie-comer-on-playing-killing-eves-villanelle|title=The chic assassin: Jodie Comer on playing 'Killing Eve's' Villanelle|author=Williams|first=Zoe|authorlink=Zoe Williams|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=20 December 2018|accessdate=26 August 2024|archivedate=20 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520162819/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/dec/20/the-chic-assassin-jodie-comer-on-playing-killing-eves-villanelle|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name="Vogue">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/jodie-comer-on-love-killing-eve-season-three|title=Jodie Comer on Exploring Villanelle's Vulnerable Side in Season 3 of 'Killing Eve'|author=Hattersley|first=Giles|authorlink=Giles Hattersley|work=[[British Vogue]]|date=18 April 2020|accessdate=26 August 2024|archivedate=15 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315131528/https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/jodie-comer-on-love-killing-eve-season-three|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/killing-eve-star-jodie-comer-26277840|title='Killing Eve' star Jodie Comer says playing cold-blooded Villanelle has changed her life|author=Robertson|first=Sarah|work=[[Daily Mirror|Mirror]]|date=18 February 2022|accessdate=26 August 2024|archivedate=19 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219201925/https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/killing-eve-star-jodie-comer-26277840|language=en-GB}}</ref> Comer nwetara otuto maka arụmọrụ ya; Jia Tolentino nke ''New Yorker'' kwuru na, n'ọnọdụ nke usoro "mgbanwe na-agbanwe agbanwe na ụda na ụda", "enweghị ike ime - nke àgwà Villanelle arụ ọrụ (site na oge mbụ) ekele Comer's mercurial, unassailable charisma" . Mgbe oge mbụ nke ''Killing Eve'' kwuchara, Comer kpughere ihe ọ ga-amụta site n'ịkwado àgwà ya, na-ekwu, sị: "Enwere m mmetụta a na, ime ihe ọma, ihe niile dị ntakịrị, n'ezie na-atụgharị uche, ọ dị ntakịrị. Ihe m mụtara. Ịkpọ Villanelle bụ na e nwere ime ihe nwere ike ime ka ndụ juputara na obi ike nke na ọ bụ ihe ọchị mgbe ụfọdụ enwere ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịkụ ya. " <ref name=":0" /> Maka ọrụ ahụ, a họpụtara Comer ugboro atọ maka ihe nrite Television Academy Award for Best Actress na Primetime Emmy Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè na usoro ihe nkiri, na-emeri abụọ na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/tvfilm/bafta-tv-awards-2019-jodie-comer-crowned-best-actress-as-killing-eve-scoops-three-gongs-a4140436.html|title=BAFTA Winners 2019: The full list as Jodie Comer is crowned Best Actress at TV Awards and 'Killing Eve' scoops THREE gongs|author=Powell|first=Emma|work=[[Evening Standard]]|date=13 May 2019|accessdate=25 June 2024|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emmys.com/bios/jodie-comer|title=Jodie Comer – Emmy Awards, Nominations and Wins|publisher=[[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences|Television Academy {{!}} Emmys]]|accessdate=25 June 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/features/jodie-comer-emmys-killing-eve-sandra-oh-1203347900/|title=No One Was More Surprised by Jodie Comer's Emmy Win Than Jodie Comer|author=Schneider|first=Michael|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=25 September 2019|accessdate=25 June 2024}}</ref> Nyere ikike agwa ya iji nweta ọtụtụ ụda olu dị ka akụkụ nke ngbanwe ya, ọ na-eju ndị Fans anya ịnụ ụda olu Scouse nke Comer. <ref name="Liverpool">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/tv/fans-cant-believe-star-hit-15548671|title=Fans can't believe star of hit American TV show is from Liverpool|author=Koncienzcy|first=Rebecca|work=[[Liverpool Echo]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=5 June 2019|archivedate=5 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605215654/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/tv/fans-cant-believe-star-hit-15548671|language=en-GB}}</ref> === ''Prima Facie'' na gafere (2022- dị ugbu a) === [[Usòrò:Jodie_comer_2023_1_(cropped).jpg|alt=Jodie Comer, following her win for Best Actress in a Play, at the 76th Tony Awards on 11 June 2023.|thumb| Batara na 2023]] Comer mere mpụta mbụ ya na West End na egwuregwu otu nwanyị Suzie Miller na ''Prima Facie'' na Harold Pinter Theatre nke malitere na Eprel 2022 wee mechie na June 2022. A jara ya mma maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye ọka iwu na-agbachitere ndị omekome Tessa Ensler. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/23/theater/prima-facie-review-jodie-comer.html|title=Review: Jodie Comer Makes the Case in 'Prima Facie'|author=Green|first=Jesse|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 June 2023|accessdate=15 June 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=4 October 2021|title=Prima Facie|url=https://www.londonboxoffice.co.uk/prima-facie-tickets|accessdate=4 October 2021|publisher=London Box Office|archivedate=4 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004124733/https://www.londonboxoffice.co.uk/prima-facie-tickets|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kit|first=Borys|date=4 January 2022|title=Jodie Comer Exits Ridley Scott's Napoleon Drama 'Kitbag' (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jodie-comer-exits-ridley-scott-kitbag-movie-1235069264/|accessdate=4 January 2022|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archivedate=4 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104210630/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jodie-comer-exits-ridley-scott-kitbag-movie-1235069264/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-61255096|title=Prima Facie: Critics praise Jodie Comer in her West End debut|date=28 April 2022|publisher=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=29 April 2022|archivedate=29 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429104149/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-61255096|language=en-GB}}</ref> Comer mere ya Broadway mpụta mbụ ya na ''Prima Facie'' mgbe emepụtara ya na West End, na mmiri 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Culwell-Block|first=Logan|title='Killing Eve' Star Jodie Comer to Bring 'Prima Facie' to Broadway|url=https://playbill.com/article/killing-eve-star-jodie-comer-to-bring-prima-facie-to-broadway|work=[[Playbill]]|accessdate=9 June 2022|date=9 June 2022|archivedate=9 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609134539/https://www.playbill.com/article/killing-eve-star-jodie-comer-to-bring-prima-facie-to-broadway}}</ref> Malite na 21 Julaị 2022, ihe nkiri emere ihe nkiri nke egwuregwu ahụ na Harold Pinter Theater bụ egosiri na sinima gburugburu ụwa site na National Theater Live (NT Live), ebe ọ ghọrọ ntọhapụ ihe nkiri sinima kachasị na-enweta mgbe ọ bụla, na-ewere nde £4.47. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Prima Facie|url=https://primafacie.ntlive.com/synopsis/|accessdate=15 July 2022|publisher=[[National Theatre Live]]|archivedate=14 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714075759/https://primafacie.ntlive.com/synopsis/|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a41066055/jodie-comer-prima-facie-cinema-record/|title=Jodie Comer's 'Prima Facie' has set an impressive new record|author=Warner|first=Sam|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|date=1 September 2022|accessdate=13 September 2024|archivedate=2 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902151022/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a41066055/jodie-comer-prima-facie-cinema-record/|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatre-news.com/news/UK/110970/Record-breaking-National-Theatre-Live-Prima-Facie-starring-Jodie-Comer-returns-to-cinemas-worldwide|title=Record-breaking National Theatre Live 'Prima Facie' starring Jodie Comer returns to cinemas worldwide|publisher=Theatre News|date=27 June 2024|accessdate=13 September 2024|archivedate=1 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701133837/https://www.theatre-news.com/news/UK/110970/Record-breaking-National-Theatre-Live-Prima-Facie-starring-Jodie-Comer-returns-to-cinemas-worldwide|language=en-US}}</ref> Maka arụmọrụ ya, ọ meriri Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress and Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/spotlight-london-hosts-olivier-awards-theatre-2023-04-02/|title=Paul Mescal, Jodie Comer win prizes at London Theatre's Olivier Awards|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=2 April 2023|accessdate=2 April 2023|archivedate=2 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402034944/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/spotlight-london-hosts-olivier-awards-theatre-2023-04-02/|author=Gumuchian|first=Marie-Louise}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=Greg|url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/tony-award-nominations-2023-1235352038/|title=Tony Award Nominations – The Complete List|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=2 May 2023|accessdate=2 May 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/PRIMA-FACIEs-Jodie-Comer-Wins-2023-Tony-Award-for-Best-Actress-in-a-Leading-Role-in-a-Play-20230611|title='Prima Facie's' Jodie Comer Wins 2023 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Play|publisher=[[BroadwayWorld]]|date=11 June 2023|accessdate=22 June 2024}}</ref> N'ịtụgharị uche n'ahụmahụ ya na ogbo, Comer kpọrọ ya "ahụmahụ kachasị dị egwu ma dị ike na nke na-akwado ndụ". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a62112674/jodie-comer-prima-facie/|title=Jodie Comer 'couldn't believe' she was offered 'Prima Facie' role|author=Sandwell|first=Ian|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|date=8 September 2024|accessdate=13 September 2024|language=en-GB}}</ref> PNa 2023, Comer gbara egwu, n'akụkụ Austin Butler na Tom Hardy, na Jeff Nichols 's ''The Bikeriders'', ihe nkiri sitere na foto Danny Lyon na akwụkwọ 1967 ya nwere otu aha. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=4 August 2022|title=Jodie Comer, Austin Butler & Tom Hardy to Lead Ensemble for Jeff Nichols' 'The Bikeriders' at New Regency|url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/jodie-comer-austin-butler-tom-hardy-jeff-nichols-new-regency-1235084092/|accessdate=4 August 2022|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archivedate=30 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930013623/https://deadline.com/2022/08/jodie-comer-austin-butler-tom-hardy-jeff-nichols-new-regency-1235084092/}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ ọ kpalitere ma mepụta ihe nkiri gburugburu ebe obibi ''The End We Start From'', mmegharị nke akwụkwọ akụkọ mpụta mbụ nke Megan Hunter, nke Mahalia Belo duziri. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wiseman|first=Andreas|date=9 May 2022|title=BAFTA Winner Jodie Comer to Star in Apocalyptic Thriller 'The End We Start From' with Benedict Cumberbatch's SunnyMarch Among Producers, Anton & UTA Launch Sales|url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/jodie-comer-bafta-help-killing-eve-new-movie-benedict-cumberbatch-end-we-start-from-1235019264/|accessdate=9 May 2022|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archivedate=22 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045526/https://deadline.com/2022/05/jodie-comer-bafta-help-killing-eve-new-movie-benedict-cumberbatch-end-we-start-from-1235019264/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/benedict-cumberbatch-jodie-comer-the-end-we-start-from-1235362818/|title=Benedict Cumberbatch, Mark Strong Join Jodie Comer on 'The End We Start From' Cast|author=Ramachandran|first=Naman|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=7 September 2022|accessdate=8 September 2022|archivedate=27 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927115559/https://variety.com/2022/film/global/benedict-cumberbatch-jodie-comer-the-end-we-start-from-1235362818/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/jodie-comer-flees-flooding-london-the-end-we-start-from-exclusive-images/|title=Jodie Comer Flees a Flooding London in 'The End We Start From' – Exclusive Images|author=Travis|first=Ben|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|date=11 October 2023|accessdate=11 October 2023|archivedate=11 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011192333/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/jodie-comer-flees-flooding-london-the-end-we-start-from-exclusive-images/}}</ref> Ihe nkiri abụọ ahụ nwetara nlebanya dị mma n'ozuzu ya, na arụmọrụ Comer na-anata otuto maka ha abụọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ natara mmeghachi omume polarized megide ụda olu America ya na ''The Bikeriders'' . <ref>Multiple sources: </ref> Comer kwuru na ọ siri ike dị ka naanị nwanyị nọ na set nke ''Bikeriders'' . Na 2024, o kwupụtara agwa Emily Hartwood n'ime egwuregwu vidiyo egwu nlanarị ''naanị ya n'ọchịchịrị'', nlegharị anya egwuregwu vidiyo mbụ nke 1992 na nkeji nke asaa na ''naanị na usoro egwuregwu vidiyo gbara ọchịchịrị'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/23713109/alone-in-the-dark-remake-release-date-david-harbour-jodie-comer|title='Alone in the Dark' remake stars David Harbour and Jodie Comer|author=McWhertor|first=Michael|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=25 May 2023|accessdate=25 June 2024}}</ref> == Ụdị nnabata na ime omume == A na-akpọ Comer otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma nke ọgbọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Power|first=Ed|date=13 June 2023|title=Jodie Comer is on the eve of something huge. Should she cash in?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/jodie-comer-prima-facie-ton-awards-hollywood/|accessdate=23 January 2024|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Baalla|first=Sara|date=22 September 2023|title=Jodie Comer: How the Scouse Powerhouse Has Cemented Herself as the Actress of Our Generation|url=https://www.indiependent.co.uk/jodie-comer-how-the-scouse-powerhouse-has-cemented-herself-as-the-actress-of-our-generation/|accessdate=23 January 2024|work=[[The Independent]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> O kwuwo na ihe omume ndị ọ na-eme emetụtawo ọnọdụ uche ya, na-azọrọ, sị: "Echere m na m bụ onye nzuzu iche na ihe agaghị abanye n'ọrụ ruo ndụ n'ikpeazụ, ọ bụrụgodị na ị maghị ya." <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lamont|first=Tom|date=9 October 2021|title=Jodie Comer: 'I've had to know my own worth. 'Cos there'll always be someone to question that'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/oct/09/jodie-comer-ive-had-to-know-my-own-worth-cos-therell-always-be-someone-to-question-that|accessdate=23 January 2024|work=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> A jala Comer mma maka ike ya ịme ọtụtụ ụda olu. <ref name="Liverpool">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/tv/fans-cant-believe-star-hit-15548671|title=Fans can't believe star of hit American TV show is from Liverpool|author=Koncienzcy|first=Rebecca|work=[[Liverpool Echo]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=5 June 2019|archivedate=5 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605215654/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/tv/fans-cant-believe-star-hit-15548671|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFKoncienzcy2018">Koncienzcy, Rebecca (13 December 2018). [https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/tv/fans-cant-believe-star-hit-15548671 "Fans can't believe star of hit American TV show is from Liverpool"]. ''[[Liverpool Echo]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190605215654/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/tv/fans-cant-believe-star-hit-15548671 Archived] from the original on 5 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/bikeriders-jodie-comer-accent-1235926126/|title=Jodie Comer on Creating Her Contradictory 'The Bikeriders' Accent and That 'Furiosa' Call|author=Davids|first=Brian|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=18 June 2024|accessdate=25 June 2024}}</ref> O kpughere na ọ malitere ịṅụ sịga iji nweta ezigbo arụmọrụ maka ọrụ ya na ''The Bikeriders'', naanị iji na-abụ nku anya ya na mberede. == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==   Amara maka arụmọrụ ya na ogbo na ihuenyo, Comer anatala BAFTA Television Awards abụọ, otu Laurence Olivier Award, otu Primetime Emmy Award, na otu Tony Award . Ọ natakwara nhọpụta maka onyinye nturu ugo ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ihuenyo, onyinye abụọ Critics' Choice Awards na abụọ Golden Globe Awards . == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8tt8x01lfme69xm37h8rzdn24iza62t 672283 672264 2026-07-04T13:48:47Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ụdị nnabata na ime omume */ 672283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Jodie Comer''' / / ˈk oʊmər / KOH -mər ; amuru 11 Maachị 1993) bu onye omekorita bekee. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na ihe omume nke ''Royal Today'' na 2008. Comer nwetara nkwanye ugwu maka ịpụta na usoro ''My Mad Fat Diary'' (2013 – 2015) na ''Dọkịta Foster'' (2015 – 2017), wee mee ihe nkiri na miniseries ''iri na atọ'' (2016). Site na 2018 ruo 2022, Comer gbara onye na-egbu ọchụ sociopathic Villanelle na usoro ihe nkiri onyonyo nke BBC America spy thriller ''Killing Eve'', na-emeri ihe nrite telivishọn BAFTA na onyinye Emmy Primetime . Maka ịkpọ Sarah, onye enyemaka ahụike, na ihe nkiri onyonyo ''Help'' (2021), ọ meriri ihe nrite Television BAFTA ọzọ. Comer gbasaara na ihe nkiri na 2021 yana ọrụ bụ isi na ihe nkiri ihe nkiri ''Free Guy'' na ihe nkiri akụkọ ihe mere eme ''The Duel Ikpeazụ'' . Na 2022, o mere mpụta ihe nkiri West End na egwuregwu otu nwanyị Suzie Miller ''bụ Prima Facie'', nke nwetara ya ihe nrite Evening Standard Theater Award na Laurence Olivier Award . Site na mbufe ya na Broadway na 2023, ọ meriri Tony Award . === ''Igbu Iv'' na ọganihu (2018-2021) === [[Usòrò:Jodie_Comer_during_an_interview,_August_2021_(cropped).png|alt=Jodie Comer being interviewed for 'Free Guy' in August 2021.|thumb| Batara na 2021]] N'April 2018, Comer malitere starring na BBC spy thriller series ''Killing Eve'' dị ka Villanelle / Oksana Astankova, onye na-egbu onye Russia sociopathic bụ onye na-enwe mmasị na Eve Polastri ( Sandra Oh ), onye ọrụ MI6 na-achụ ya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Wittmer|first=Carrie|date=8 May 2018|title='Killing Eve' is a smart and seductive spy thriller that has a 100% score on Rotten Tomatoes|work=[[Business Insider]]|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/killing-eve-is-a-smart-seductive-spy-thriller-with-100-on-rotten-tomatoes-2018-5|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508185144/https://www.businessinsider.com/killing-eve-is-a-smart-seductive-spy-thriller-with-100-on-rotten-tomatoes-2018-5|archivedate=8 May 2018|accessdate=8 May 2018}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vulture.com/2018/05/killing-eve-season-1-jodie-comer-interview.html|title='Killing Eve's' Jodie Comer Knows Villanelle is Scariest When She Seems Totally Normal|author=McHenry|first=Jackson|work=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]|date=24 May 2018|accessdate=24 May 2018|archivedate=24 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524232713/http://www.vulture.com/2018/05/killing-eve-season-1-jodie-comer-interview.html|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name="Villanelle">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/dec/20/the-chic-assassin-jodie-comer-on-playing-killing-eves-villanelle|title=The chic assassin: Jodie Comer on playing 'Killing Eve's' Villanelle|author=Williams|first=Zoe|authorlink=Zoe Williams|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=20 December 2018|accessdate=26 August 2024|archivedate=20 May 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520162819/https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/dec/20/the-chic-assassin-jodie-comer-on-playing-killing-eves-villanelle|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref name="Vogue">{{Cite web|url=https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/jodie-comer-on-love-killing-eve-season-three|title=Jodie Comer on Exploring Villanelle's Vulnerable Side in Season 3 of 'Killing Eve'|author=Hattersley|first=Giles|authorlink=Giles Hattersley|work=[[British Vogue]]|date=18 April 2020|accessdate=26 August 2024|archivedate=15 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200315131528/https://www.vogue.co.uk/news/article/jodie-comer-on-love-killing-eve-season-three|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/killing-eve-star-jodie-comer-26277840|title='Killing Eve' star Jodie Comer says playing cold-blooded Villanelle has changed her life|author=Robertson|first=Sarah|work=[[Daily Mirror|Mirror]]|date=18 February 2022|accessdate=26 August 2024|archivedate=19 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219201925/https://www.mirror.co.uk/tv/tv-news/killing-eve-star-jodie-comer-26277840|language=en-GB}}</ref> Comer nwetara otuto maka arụmọrụ ya; Jia Tolentino nke ''New Yorker'' kwuru na, n'ọnọdụ nke usoro "mgbanwe na-agbanwe agbanwe na ụda na ụda", "enweghị ike ime - nke àgwà Villanelle arụ ọrụ (site na oge mbụ) ekele Comer's mercurial, unassailable charisma" . Mgbe oge mbụ nke ''Killing Eve'' kwuchara, Comer kpughere ihe ọ ga-amụta site n'ịkwado àgwà ya, na-ekwu, sị: "Enwere m mmetụta a na, ime ihe ọma, ihe niile dị ntakịrị, n'ezie na-atụgharị uche, ọ dị ntakịrị. Ihe m mụtara. Ịkpọ Villanelle bụ na e nwere ime ihe nwere ike ime ka ndụ juputara na obi ike nke na ọ bụ ihe ọchị mgbe ụfọdụ enwere ihe na-eme ka ọ ghara ịkụ ya. " <ref name=":0" /> Maka ọrụ ahụ, a họpụtara Comer ugboro atọ maka ihe nrite Television Academy Award for Best Actress na Primetime Emmy Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri pụtara ìhè na usoro ihe nkiri, na-emeri abụọ na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/culture/tvfilm/bafta-tv-awards-2019-jodie-comer-crowned-best-actress-as-killing-eve-scoops-three-gongs-a4140436.html|title=BAFTA Winners 2019: The full list as Jodie Comer is crowned Best Actress at TV Awards and 'Killing Eve' scoops THREE gongs|author=Powell|first=Emma|work=[[Evening Standard]]|date=13 May 2019|accessdate=25 June 2024|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.emmys.com/bios/jodie-comer|title=Jodie Comer – Emmy Awards, Nominations and Wins|publisher=[[Academy of Television Arts & Sciences|Television Academy {{!}} Emmys]]|accessdate=25 June 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2019/tv/features/jodie-comer-emmys-killing-eve-sandra-oh-1203347900/|title=No One Was More Surprised by Jodie Comer's Emmy Win Than Jodie Comer|author=Schneider|first=Michael|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=25 September 2019|accessdate=25 June 2024}}</ref> Nyere ikike agwa ya iji nweta ọtụtụ ụda olu dị ka akụkụ nke ngbanwe ya, ọ na-eju ndị Fans anya ịnụ ụda olu Scouse nke Comer. <ref name="Liverpool">{{Cite web|url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/tv/fans-cant-believe-star-hit-15548671|title=Fans can't believe star of hit American TV show is from Liverpool|author=Koncienzcy|first=Rebecca|work=[[Liverpool Echo]]|date=13 December 2018|accessdate=5 June 2019|archivedate=5 June 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605215654/https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/news/tv/fans-cant-believe-star-hit-15548671|language=en-GB}}</ref> === ''Prima Facie'' na gafere (2022- dị ugbu a) === [[Usòrò:Jodie_comer_2023_1_(cropped).jpg|alt=Jodie Comer, following her win for Best Actress in a Play, at the 76th Tony Awards on 11 June 2023.|thumb| Batara na 2023]] Comer mere mpụta mbụ ya na West End na egwuregwu otu nwanyị Suzie Miller na ''Prima Facie'' na Harold Pinter Theatre nke malitere na Eprel 2022 wee mechie na June 2022. A jara ya mma maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye ọka iwu na-agbachitere ndị omekome Tessa Ensler. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/23/theater/prima-facie-review-jodie-comer.html|title=Review: Jodie Comer Makes the Case in 'Prima Facie'|author=Green|first=Jesse|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=14 June 2023|accessdate=15 June 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=4 October 2021|title=Prima Facie|url=https://www.londonboxoffice.co.uk/prima-facie-tickets|accessdate=4 October 2021|publisher=London Box Office|archivedate=4 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211004124733/https://www.londonboxoffice.co.uk/prima-facie-tickets|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kit|first=Borys|date=4 January 2022|title=Jodie Comer Exits Ridley Scott's Napoleon Drama 'Kitbag' (Exclusive)|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jodie-comer-exits-ridley-scott-kitbag-movie-1235069264/|accessdate=4 January 2022|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|archivedate=4 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220104210630/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/jodie-comer-exits-ridley-scott-kitbag-movie-1235069264/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-61255096|title=Prima Facie: Critics praise Jodie Comer in her West End debut|date=28 April 2022|publisher=[[BBC News]]|accessdate=29 April 2022|archivedate=29 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220429104149/https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-61255096|language=en-GB}}</ref> Comer mere ya Broadway mpụta mbụ ya na ''Prima Facie'' mgbe emepụtara ya na West End, na mmiri 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Culwell-Block|first=Logan|title='Killing Eve' Star Jodie Comer to Bring 'Prima Facie' to Broadway|url=https://playbill.com/article/killing-eve-star-jodie-comer-to-bring-prima-facie-to-broadway|work=[[Playbill]]|accessdate=9 June 2022|date=9 June 2022|archivedate=9 June 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220609134539/https://www.playbill.com/article/killing-eve-star-jodie-comer-to-bring-prima-facie-to-broadway}}</ref> Malite na 21 Julaị 2022, ihe nkiri emere ihe nkiri nke egwuregwu ahụ na Harold Pinter Theater bụ egosiri na sinima gburugburu ụwa site na National Theater Live (NT Live), ebe ọ ghọrọ ntọhapụ ihe nkiri sinima kachasị na-enweta mgbe ọ bụla, na-ewere nde £4.47. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Prima Facie|url=https://primafacie.ntlive.com/synopsis/|accessdate=15 July 2022|publisher=[[National Theatre Live]]|archivedate=14 July 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220714075759/https://primafacie.ntlive.com/synopsis/|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a41066055/jodie-comer-prima-facie-cinema-record/|title=Jodie Comer's 'Prima Facie' has set an impressive new record|author=Warner|first=Sam|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|date=1 September 2022|accessdate=13 September 2024|archivedate=2 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902151022/https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a41066055/jodie-comer-prima-facie-cinema-record/|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatre-news.com/news/UK/110970/Record-breaking-National-Theatre-Live-Prima-Facie-starring-Jodie-Comer-returns-to-cinemas-worldwide|title=Record-breaking National Theatre Live 'Prima Facie' starring Jodie Comer returns to cinemas worldwide|publisher=Theatre News|date=27 June 2024|accessdate=13 September 2024|archivedate=1 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240701133837/https://www.theatre-news.com/news/UK/110970/Record-breaking-National-Theatre-Live-Prima-Facie-starring-Jodie-Comer-returns-to-cinemas-worldwide|language=en-US}}</ref> Maka arụmọrụ ya, ọ meriri Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress and Tony Award for Best Actress in a Play . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/spotlight-london-hosts-olivier-awards-theatre-2023-04-02/|title=Paul Mescal, Jodie Comer win prizes at London Theatre's Olivier Awards|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=2 April 2023|accessdate=2 April 2023|archivedate=2 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402034944/https://www.reuters.com/lifestyle/spotlight-london-hosts-olivier-awards-theatre-2023-04-02/|author=Gumuchian|first=Marie-Louise}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=Greg|url=https://deadline.com/2023/05/tony-award-nominations-2023-1235352038/|title=Tony Award Nominations – The Complete List|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|date=2 May 2023|accessdate=2 May 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/article/PRIMA-FACIEs-Jodie-Comer-Wins-2023-Tony-Award-for-Best-Actress-in-a-Leading-Role-in-a-Play-20230611|title='Prima Facie's' Jodie Comer Wins 2023 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role in a Play|publisher=[[BroadwayWorld]]|date=11 June 2023|accessdate=22 June 2024}}</ref> N'ịtụgharị uche n'ahụmahụ ya na ogbo, Comer kpọrọ ya "ahụmahụ kachasị dị egwu ma dị ike na nke na-akwado ndụ". <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/movies/a62112674/jodie-comer-prima-facie/|title=Jodie Comer 'couldn't believe' she was offered 'Prima Facie' role|author=Sandwell|first=Ian|publisher=[[Digital Spy]]|date=8 September 2024|accessdate=13 September 2024|language=en-GB}}</ref> PNa 2023, Comer gbara egwu, n'akụkụ Austin Butler na Tom Hardy, na Jeff Nichols 's ''The Bikeriders'', ihe nkiri sitere na foto Danny Lyon na akwụkwọ 1967 ya nwere otu aha. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kroll|first=Justin|date=4 August 2022|title=Jodie Comer, Austin Butler & Tom Hardy to Lead Ensemble for Jeff Nichols' 'The Bikeriders' at New Regency|url=https://deadline.com/2022/08/jodie-comer-austin-butler-tom-hardy-jeff-nichols-new-regency-1235084092/|accessdate=4 August 2022|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archivedate=30 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220930013623/https://deadline.com/2022/08/jodie-comer-austin-butler-tom-hardy-jeff-nichols-new-regency-1235084092/}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ ọ kpalitere ma mepụta ihe nkiri gburugburu ebe obibi ''The End We Start From'', mmegharị nke akwụkwọ akụkọ mpụta mbụ nke Megan Hunter, nke Mahalia Belo duziri. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Wiseman|first=Andreas|date=9 May 2022|title=BAFTA Winner Jodie Comer to Star in Apocalyptic Thriller 'The End We Start From' with Benedict Cumberbatch's SunnyMarch Among Producers, Anton & UTA Launch Sales|url=https://deadline.com/2022/05/jodie-comer-bafta-help-killing-eve-new-movie-benedict-cumberbatch-end-we-start-from-1235019264/|accessdate=9 May 2022|work=[[Deadline Hollywood]]|archivedate=22 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220922045526/https://deadline.com/2022/05/jodie-comer-bafta-help-killing-eve-new-movie-benedict-cumberbatch-end-we-start-from-1235019264/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2022/film/global/benedict-cumberbatch-jodie-comer-the-end-we-start-from-1235362818/|title=Benedict Cumberbatch, Mark Strong Join Jodie Comer on 'The End We Start From' Cast|author=Ramachandran|first=Naman|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=7 September 2022|accessdate=8 September 2022|archivedate=27 September 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927115559/https://variety.com/2022/film/global/benedict-cumberbatch-jodie-comer-the-end-we-start-from-1235362818/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/jodie-comer-flees-flooding-london-the-end-we-start-from-exclusive-images/|title=Jodie Comer Flees a Flooding London in 'The End We Start From' – Exclusive Images|author=Travis|first=Ben|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]|date=11 October 2023|accessdate=11 October 2023|archivedate=11 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231011192333/https://www.empireonline.com/movies/news/jodie-comer-flees-flooding-london-the-end-we-start-from-exclusive-images/}}</ref> Ihe nkiri abụọ ahụ nwetara nlebanya dị mma n'ozuzu ya, na arụmọrụ Comer na-anata otuto maka ha abụọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ natara mmeghachi omume polarized megide ụda olu America ya na ''The Bikeriders'' . <ref>Multiple sources: </ref> Comer kwuru na ọ siri ike dị ka naanị nwanyị nọ na set nke ''Bikeriders'' . Na 2024, o kwupụtara agwa Emily Hartwood n'ime egwuregwu vidiyo egwu nlanarị ''naanị ya n'ọchịchịrị'', nlegharị anya egwuregwu vidiyo mbụ nke 1992 na nkeji nke asaa na ''naanị na usoro egwuregwu vidiyo gbara ọchịchịrị'' . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.polygon.com/23713109/alone-in-the-dark-remake-release-date-david-harbour-jodie-comer|title='Alone in the Dark' remake stars David Harbour and Jodie Comer|author=McWhertor|first=Michael|work=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]|date=25 May 2023|accessdate=25 June 2024}}</ref> == Ụdị nnabata na ime omume == A na-akpọ Comer otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma nke ọgbọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Power|first=Ed|date=13 June 2023|title=Jodie Comer is on the eve of something huge. Should she cash in?|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/jodie-comer-prima-facie-ton-awards-hollywood/|accessdate=23 January 2024|work=[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Baalla|first=Sara|date=22 September 2023|title=Jodie Comer: How the Scouse Powerhouse Has Cemented Herself as the Actress of Our Generation|url=https://www.indiependent.co.uk/jodie-comer-how-the-scouse-powerhouse-has-cemented-herself-as-the-actress-of-our-generation/|accessdate=23 January 2024|work=[[The Independent]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> O kwuwo na ihe omume ndị ọ na-eme emetụtawo ọnọdụ uche ya, na-azọrọ, sị: "Echere m na m bụ onye nzuzu iche na ihe agaghị abanye n'ọrụ ruo ndụ n'ikpeazụ, ọ bụrụgodị na ị maghị ya." <ref>{{Cite web|author=Lamont|first=Tom|date=9 October 2021|title=Jodie Comer: 'I've had to know my own worth. 'Cos there'll always be someone to question that'|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2021/oct/09/jodie-comer-ive-had-to-know-my-own-worth-cos-therell-always-be-someone-to-question-that|accessdate=23 January 2024|work=[[The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> A jala Comer mma maka ike ya ịme ọtụtụ ụda olu. <ref name="Liverpool" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-features/bikeriders-jodie-comer-accent-1235926126/|title=Jodie Comer on Creating Her Contradictory 'The Bikeriders' Accent and That 'Furiosa' Call|author=Davids|first=Brian|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=18 June 2024|accessdate=25 June 2024}}</ref> O kpughere na ọ malitere ịṅụ sịga iji nweta ezigbo arụmọrụ maka ọrụ ya na ''The Bikeriders'', naanị iji na-abụ nku anya ya na mberede. == Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==   Amara maka arụmọrụ ya na ogbo na ihuenyo, Comer anatala BAFTA Television Awards abụọ, otu Laurence Olivier Award, otu Primetime Emmy Award, na otu Tony Award . Ọ natakwara nhọpụta maka onyinye nturu ugo ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ihuenyo, onyinye abụọ Critics' Choice Awards na abụọ Golden Globe Awards . == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0yea79fxp67sjnva4yh2xn8di0qln8i 0 52898 672179 672123 2026-07-04T12:40:35Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 672179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Jana Thiel''' (17 Ọktoba 1971 - 11 Julaị 2016) bụ onye ngosi egwuregwu German na onye nta akụkọ maka ZDF . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọdụ redio Antenne Brandenburg tupu ọ gawa na ngalaba egwuregwu nke Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg . Thiel sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn Deutsche Welle DW-TV na 1999 wee rụọ ọrụ ebe ahụ ruo 2002. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ZDF na 2000 dị ka onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu maka mmemme telivishọn ''ZDF-Morgenmagazin'' wee bụrụ ngalaba egwuregwu izizi nke mgbasa ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-eweta akwụkwọ akụkọ egwuregwu mgbede bụ isi na ''heute'' afọ anọ ka e mesịrị. Thiel kpuchiri Egwuregwu Olimpik oyi, Egwuregwu Olimpik Summer, Egwuregwu Paralympic, ski Alpine, iko mba ụwa nke 2006 na Germany na egwuregwu FEI World Equestrian . == Akụkọ ndụ == Na 17 October 1971, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Riedmeier|first=Glenn|date=11 July 2016|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel im Alter von 44 Jahren verstorben|url=https://www.fernsehserien.de/news/zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-im-alter-von-44-jahren-verstorben|accessdate=2 August 2021|publisher=Fernsehserien|archivedate=2 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802195709/https://www.fernsehserien.de/news/zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-im-alter-von-44-jahren-verstorben}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Jana Thiel: Ehemalige Moderatorin der HR Sport|url=https://presseportal.zdf.de/biografie/Person/jana-thiel/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711133553/https://presseportal.zdf.de/biografie/Person/jana-thiel/|archivedate=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021|publisher=[[ZDF]]|language=de}}</ref> A mụrụ Thiel na Peitz im Spreewald na Spreewald . <ref name="DerTagObit">{{Cite news|author=Huber|first=Joachim|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel gestorben|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/medien/wintersportexpertin-wurde-44-jahre-alt-zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-gestorben/13859332.html|work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> <ref name="BRObit">{{Cite news|author=Schikora|first=Klaus|title=ZDF-Sportreporterin Jana Thiel mit 44 Jahren gestorben|url=https://www.br.de/nachrichten/sport/zdf-sportreporterin-jana-thiel-mit-44-jahren-gestorben,68r34c1k6mtk4e9k6rvk0c9n6gt38|publisher=[[Bayerischer Rundfunk]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> A zụlitere ya na Brandenburg.<ref name=":0" /> Ọrụ Thiel na onye nta akụkọ malitere na 1989 mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na redio redio Antenne Brandenburg, <ref name="BRObit" /> <ref name="TageblattObit">{{Cite news|author=Tonnar|first=Chantal|title=ZDF-Ski-alpin-Expertin Jana Thiel ist tot|url=https://www.tageblatt.lu/nachrichten/zdf-ski-alpin-expertin-jana-thiel-ist-tot-19993694/|work=[[Tageblatt]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> nke bụ akụkụ nke Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg (ORB) na Potsdam, <ref name="DerTagObit" /> dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nta akụkọ.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1994, ọ gbanwere na telivishọn, na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba egwuregwu nke ORB, iji nwetakwuo ahụmahụ. <ref name="TageblattObit" /> <ref name="DWObit">{{Cite news|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel tot|url=https://www.welt.de/sport/article156956739/ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel-tot.html|work=[[Die Welt]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> Site na 1997 ruo 1999, <ref name=":1" />Thiel bụ nwa akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na Free University of Berlin ka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ mgbasa ozi ya na ịgbasawanye ihe ọmụma ya. <ref name="DWObit" /> <ref name="MPObit">{{Cite news|title=So trauern Kollegen um ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel|url=https://www.morgenpost.de/kultur/tv/article207819213/So-trauern-Kollegen-um-ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel.html|work=[[Berliner Morgenpost]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ngalaba akụkọ egwuregwu dịka onye na-ahụ maka egwuregwu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbasa ozi nke ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn Deutsche Welle DW-TV sitere na 1999 ruo 2002. <ref name=":0" /><ref name="DerTagObit" />Thiel malitere ịrụ ọrụ nwa oge maka onye mgbasa ozi ZDF wee bụrụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu maka mmemme telivishọn ''ZDF-Morgenmagazin'' na Berlin malite na 2000. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="DerTagObit" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Haas|first=Christa|date=13 July 2016|title=Nachruf Auf Jana Thiel: Lebensmotto: Nie aufgeben!!!|url=https://www.sportjournalist.de/VDS-Nachrichten/Meldungen/;1682-Nachruf_auf_Jana_Thiel|accessdate=3 August 2021|publisher=Verband Deutscher Sportjournalisten|language=de|archivedate=3 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803071922/https://www.sportjournalist.de/VDS-Nachrichten/Meldungen/;1682-Nachruf_auf_Jana_Thiel}}</ref> A họpụtara ya maka ihe nrite Deutscher Fernsehpreis na ngalaba mgbasa ozi egwuregwu kacha mma maka mkpuchi ya nke 2002 Tour de France na 2002 Winter Olympics na Salt Lake City. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominierte 2002|date=9 July 2012|url=https://www.deutscher-fernsehpreis.de/archiv/archiv-2002/nominierte-2002/|accessdate=3 August 2021|publisher=[[Deutscher Fernsehpreis]]|language=de|archivedate=23 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923030308/https://www.deutscher-fernsehpreis.de/archiv/archiv-2002/nominierte-2002//}}</ref> N'etiti afọ 2003, a kpaliri ya ịnye akwụkwọ akụkọ ''egwuregwu ehihie na mgbede heute'', na-anọchi nwa oge onye bụbu onye na-egwu mmiri na onye mgbasa ozi Kristin Otto, bụ onye nọ na ezumike ọmụmụ. <ref name="DW2003">{{Cite news|title=Moderatorin auf Zeit: Jana Thiel halbiert ihre kurzen Nächte|url=https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article692569/Moderatorin-auf-Zeit-Jana-Thiel-halbiert-ihre-kurzen-Naechte.html|work=Die Welt|language=de|date=5 June 2003|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> A gbanwere Thiel na ngalaba egwuregwu izizi nke ZDF na Mainz na Ọktoba 2004, <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Jana Thiel: Ehemalige Moderatorin der HR Sport|url=https://presseportal.zdf.de/biografie/Person/jana-thiel/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711133553/https://presseportal.zdf.de/biografie/Person/jana-thiel/|archivedate=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021|publisher=[[ZDF]]|language=de}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160711133553/https://presseportal.zdf.de/biografie/Person/jana-thiel/ "Jana Thiel: Ehemalige Moderatorin der HR Sport"] &#x5B;Jana Thiel: Former presenter of HR Sport&#x5D; (in German). [[ZDF]]. Archived from [https://presseportal.zdf.de/biografie/Person/jana-thiel/ the original] on 11 July 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> <ref name="MPObit">{{Cite news|title=So trauern Kollegen um ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel|url=https://www.morgenpost.de/kultur/tv/article207819213/So-trauern-Kollegen-um-ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel.html|work=[[Berliner Morgenpost]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.morgenpost.de/kultur/tv/article207819213/So-trauern-Kollegen-um-ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel.html "So trauern Kollegen um ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel"] &#x5B;This is how colleagues mourn the loss of ZDF sports presenter Jana Thiel&#x5D;. ''[[Berliner Morgenpost]]'' (in German). 11 July 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210802172209/https://www.morgenpost.de/kultur/tv/article207819213/So-trauern-Kollegen-um-ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel.html Archived] from the original on 2 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-eweta akwụkwọ akụkọ egwuregwu mgbede bụ isi na ''heute'' . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="DWObit">{{Cite news|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel tot|url=https://www.welt.de/sport/article156956739/ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel-tot.html|work=[[Die Welt]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.welt.de/sport/article156956739/ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel-tot.html "ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel tot"] &#x5B;ZDF sports presenter Jana Thiel is dead&#x5D;. ''[[anwụ Welt|Die Welt]]'' (in German). 11 July 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210802172211/https://www.welt.de/sport/article156956739/ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel-tot.html Archived] from the original on 2 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Ihe nketa == Joachim Huber nke ''Der Tagesspiegel'' dere banyere Thiel: "Onye ọ bụla hụrụ ma nụ Jana Thiel n'oge nhazi ya na ajụjụ ọnụ ya nwere ahụmahụ onye nta akụkọ telivishọn bụ onye lekwasịrị anya n'ịdị mma nke egwuregwu na njirimara onye na-eme egwuregwu. Ụdị Hooray dị iche na ya. Ọ na-etinye aka na ya, ọ chọrọ izigara ndị na-ege ntị ihe ọ ga-ahụ - na ihe ọ na-enweghị ike ịhụ - na-enweghị ihe oyiyi na-enweghị atụ. <ref name="DerTagObit">{{Cite news|author=Huber|first=Joachim|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel gestorben|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/medien/wintersportexpertin-wurde-44-jahre-alt-zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-gestorben/13859332.html|work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHuber2016">Huber, Joachim (11 July 2016). [https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/medien/wintersportexpertin-wurde-44-jahre-alt-zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-gestorben/13859332.html "ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel gestorben"] &#x5B;ZDF sports presenter Jana Thiel has died&#x5D;. ''[[Nke Tagesspiegel|Der Tagesspiegel]]'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210802172209/https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/medien/wintersportexpertin-wurde-44-jahre-alt-zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-gestorben/13859332.html Archived] from the original on 2 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} bfunwkl3yuvzj1wz3cihrbkux9t9noe 672183 672179 2026-07-04T12:42:42Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 672183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Jana Thiel''' (17 Ọktoba 1971 - 11 Julaị 2016) bụ onye ngosi egwuregwu German na onye nta akụkọ maka ZDF . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọdụ redio Antenne Brandenburg tupu ọ gawa na ngalaba egwuregwu nke Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg . Thiel sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn Deutsche Welle DW-TV na 1999 wee rụọ ọrụ ebe ahụ ruo 2002. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ZDF na 2000 dị ka onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu maka mmemme telivishọn ''ZDF-Morgenmagazin'' wee bụrụ ngalaba egwuregwu izizi nke mgbasa ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-eweta akwụkwọ akụkọ egwuregwu mgbede bụ isi na ''heute'' afọ anọ ka e mesịrị. Thiel kpuchiri Egwuregwu Olimpik oyi, Egwuregwu Olimpik Summer, Egwuregwu Paralympic, ski Alpine, iko mba ụwa nke 2006 na Germany na egwuregwu FEI World Equestrian . == Akụkọ ndụ == Na 17 October 1971, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Riedmeier|first=Glenn|date=11 July 2016|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel im Alter von 44 Jahren verstorben|url=https://www.fernsehserien.de/news/zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-im-alter-von-44-jahren-verstorben|accessdate=2 August 2021|publisher=Fernsehserien|archivedate=2 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802195709/https://www.fernsehserien.de/news/zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-im-alter-von-44-jahren-verstorben}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Jana Thiel: Ehemalige Moderatorin der HR Sport|url=https://presseportal.zdf.de/biografie/Person/jana-thiel/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711133553/https://presseportal.zdf.de/biografie/Person/jana-thiel/|archivedate=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021|publisher=[[ZDF]]|language=de}}</ref> A mụrụ Thiel na Peitz im Spreewald na Spreewald . <ref name="DerTagObit">{{Cite news|author=Huber|first=Joachim|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel gestorben|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/medien/wintersportexpertin-wurde-44-jahre-alt-zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-gestorben/13859332.html|work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> <ref name="BRObit">{{Cite news|author=Schikora|first=Klaus|title=ZDF-Sportreporterin Jana Thiel mit 44 Jahren gestorben|url=https://www.br.de/nachrichten/sport/zdf-sportreporterin-jana-thiel-mit-44-jahren-gestorben,68r34c1k6mtk4e9k6rvk0c9n6gt38|publisher=[[Bayerischer Rundfunk]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> A zụlitere ya na Brandenburg.<ref name=":0" /> Ọrụ Thiel na onye nta akụkọ malitere na 1989 mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na redio redio Antenne Brandenburg, <ref name="BRObit" /> <ref name="TageblattObit">{{Cite news|author=Tonnar|first=Chantal|title=ZDF-Ski-alpin-Expertin Jana Thiel ist tot|url=https://www.tageblatt.lu/nachrichten/zdf-ski-alpin-expertin-jana-thiel-ist-tot-19993694/|work=[[Tageblatt]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> nke bụ akụkụ nke Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg (ORB) na Potsdam, <ref name="DerTagObit" /> dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nta akụkọ.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1994, ọ gbanwere na telivishọn, na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba egwuregwu nke ORB, iji nwetakwuo ahụmahụ. <ref name="TageblattObit" /> <ref name="DWObit">{{Cite news|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel tot|url=https://www.welt.de/sport/article156956739/ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel-tot.html|work=[[Die Welt]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> Site na 1997 ruo 1999, <ref name=":1" />Thiel bụ nwa akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na Free University of Berlin ka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ mgbasa ozi ya na ịgbasawanye ihe ọmụma ya. <ref name="DWObit" /> <ref name="MPObit">{{Cite news|title=So trauern Kollegen um ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel|url=https://www.morgenpost.de/kultur/tv/article207819213/So-trauern-Kollegen-um-ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel.html|work=[[Berliner Morgenpost]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ngalaba akụkọ egwuregwu dịka onye na-ahụ maka egwuregwu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbasa ozi nke ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn Deutsche Welle DW-TV sitere na 1999 ruo 2002. <ref name=":0" /><ref name="DerTagObit" />Thiel malitere ịrụ ọrụ nwa oge maka onye mgbasa ozi ZDF wee bụrụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu maka mmemme telivishọn ''ZDF-Morgenmagazin'' na Berlin malite na 2000. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="DerTagObit" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Haas|first=Christa|date=13 July 2016|title=Nachruf Auf Jana Thiel: Lebensmotto: Nie aufgeben!!!|url=https://www.sportjournalist.de/VDS-Nachrichten/Meldungen/;1682-Nachruf_auf_Jana_Thiel|accessdate=3 August 2021|publisher=Verband Deutscher Sportjournalisten|language=de|archivedate=3 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803071922/https://www.sportjournalist.de/VDS-Nachrichten/Meldungen/;1682-Nachruf_auf_Jana_Thiel}}</ref> A họpụtara ya maka ihe nrite Deutscher Fernsehpreis na ngalaba mgbasa ozi egwuregwu kacha mma maka mkpuchi ya nke 2002 Tour de France na 2002 Winter Olympics na Salt Lake City. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominierte 2002|date=9 July 2012|url=https://www.deutscher-fernsehpreis.de/archiv/archiv-2002/nominierte-2002/|accessdate=3 August 2021|publisher=[[Deutscher Fernsehpreis]]|language=de|archivedate=23 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923030308/https://www.deutscher-fernsehpreis.de/archiv/archiv-2002/nominierte-2002//}}</ref> N'etiti afọ 2003, a kpaliri ya ịnye akwụkwọ akụkọ ''egwuregwu ehihie na mgbede heute'', na-anọchi nwa oge onye bụbu onye na-egwu mmiri na onye mgbasa ozi Kristin Otto, bụ onye nọ na ezumike ọmụmụ. <ref name="DW2003">{{Cite news|title=Moderatorin auf Zeit: Jana Thiel halbiert ihre kurzen Nächte|url=https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article692569/Moderatorin-auf-Zeit-Jana-Thiel-halbiert-ihre-kurzen-Naechte.html|work=Die Welt|language=de|date=5 June 2003|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> A gbanwere Thiel na ngalaba egwuregwu izizi nke ZDF na Mainz na Ọktoba 2004,<ref name=":1" /> na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-eweta akwụkwọ akụkọ egwuregwu mgbede bụ isi na ''heute'' . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="DWObit">{{Cite news|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel tot|url=https://www.welt.de/sport/article156956739/ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel-tot.html|work=[[Die Welt]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.welt.de/sport/article156956739/ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel-tot.html "ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel tot"] &#x5B;ZDF sports presenter Jana Thiel is dead&#x5D;. ''[[anwụ Welt|Die Welt]]'' (in German). 11 July 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210802172211/https://www.welt.de/sport/article156956739/ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel-tot.html Archived] from the original on 2 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Ihe nketa == Joachim Huber nke ''Der Tagesspiegel'' dere banyere Thiel: "Onye ọ bụla hụrụ ma nụ Jana Thiel n'oge nhazi ya na ajụjụ ọnụ ya nwere ahụmahụ onye nta akụkọ telivishọn bụ onye lekwasịrị anya n'ịdị mma nke egwuregwu na njirimara onye na-eme egwuregwu. Ụdị Hooray dị iche na ya. Ọ na-etinye aka na ya, ọ chọrọ izigara ndị na-ege ntị ihe ọ ga-ahụ - na ihe ọ na-enweghị ike ịhụ - na-enweghị ihe oyiyi na-enweghị atụ. <ref name="DerTagObit">{{Cite news|author=Huber|first=Joachim|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel gestorben|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/medien/wintersportexpertin-wurde-44-jahre-alt-zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-gestorben/13859332.html|work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHuber2016">Huber, Joachim (11 July 2016). [https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/medien/wintersportexpertin-wurde-44-jahre-alt-zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-gestorben/13859332.html "ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel gestorben"] &#x5B;ZDF sports presenter Jana Thiel has died&#x5D;. ''[[Nke Tagesspiegel|Der Tagesspiegel]]'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210802172209/https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/medien/wintersportexpertin-wurde-44-jahre-alt-zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-gestorben/13859332.html Archived] from the original on 2 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} l63c8o8g96isk2yn0n0o5hs6h3tot7y 672185 672183 2026-07-04T12:45:01Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 672185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Jana Thiel''' (17 Ọktoba 1971 - 11 Julaị 2016) bụ onye ngosi egwuregwu German na onye nta akụkọ maka ZDF . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọdụ redio Antenne Brandenburg tupu ọ gawa na ngalaba egwuregwu nke Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg . Thiel sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn Deutsche Welle DW-TV na 1999 wee rụọ ọrụ ebe ahụ ruo 2002. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ZDF na 2000 dị ka onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu maka mmemme telivishọn ''ZDF-Morgenmagazin'' wee bụrụ ngalaba egwuregwu izizi nke mgbasa ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-eweta akwụkwọ akụkọ egwuregwu mgbede bụ isi na ''heute'' afọ anọ ka e mesịrị. Thiel kpuchiri Egwuregwu Olimpik oyi, Egwuregwu Olimpik Summer, Egwuregwu Paralympic, ski Alpine, iko mba ụwa nke 2006 na Germany na egwuregwu FEI World Equestrian . == Akụkọ ndụ == Na 17 October 1971, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Riedmeier|first=Glenn|date=11 July 2016|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel im Alter von 44 Jahren verstorben|url=https://www.fernsehserien.de/news/zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-im-alter-von-44-jahren-verstorben|accessdate=2 August 2021|publisher=Fernsehserien|archivedate=2 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802195709/https://www.fernsehserien.de/news/zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-im-alter-von-44-jahren-verstorben}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Jana Thiel: Ehemalige Moderatorin der HR Sport|url=https://presseportal.zdf.de/biografie/Person/jana-thiel/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711133553/https://presseportal.zdf.de/biografie/Person/jana-thiel/|archivedate=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021|publisher=[[ZDF]]|language=de}}</ref> A mụrụ Thiel na Peitz im Spreewald na Spreewald . <ref name="DerTagObit">{{Cite news|author=Huber|first=Joachim|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel gestorben|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/medien/wintersportexpertin-wurde-44-jahre-alt-zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-gestorben/13859332.html|work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> <ref name="BRObit">{{Cite news|author=Schikora|first=Klaus|title=ZDF-Sportreporterin Jana Thiel mit 44 Jahren gestorben|url=https://www.br.de/nachrichten/sport/zdf-sportreporterin-jana-thiel-mit-44-jahren-gestorben,68r34c1k6mtk4e9k6rvk0c9n6gt38|publisher=[[Bayerischer Rundfunk]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> A zụlitere ya na Brandenburg.<ref name=":0" /> Ọrụ Thiel na onye nta akụkọ malitere na 1989 mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na redio redio Antenne Brandenburg, <ref name="BRObit" /> <ref name="TageblattObit">{{Cite news|author=Tonnar|first=Chantal|title=ZDF-Ski-alpin-Expertin Jana Thiel ist tot|url=https://www.tageblatt.lu/nachrichten/zdf-ski-alpin-expertin-jana-thiel-ist-tot-19993694/|work=[[Tageblatt]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> nke bụ akụkụ nke Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg (ORB) na Potsdam, <ref name="DerTagObit" /> dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nta akụkọ.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1994, ọ gbanwere na telivishọn, na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba egwuregwu nke ORB, iji nwetakwuo ahụmahụ. <ref name="TageblattObit" /> <ref name="DWObit">{{Cite news|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel tot|url=https://www.welt.de/sport/article156956739/ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel-tot.html|work=[[Die Welt]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> Site na 1997 ruo 1999, <ref name=":1" />Thiel bụ nwa akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na Free University of Berlin ka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ mgbasa ozi ya na ịgbasawanye ihe ọmụma ya. <ref name="DWObit" /> <ref name="MPObit">{{Cite news|title=So trauern Kollegen um ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel|url=https://www.morgenpost.de/kultur/tv/article207819213/So-trauern-Kollegen-um-ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel.html|work=[[Berliner Morgenpost]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ngalaba akụkọ egwuregwu dịka onye na-ahụ maka egwuregwu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbasa ozi nke ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn Deutsche Welle DW-TV sitere na 1999 ruo 2002. <ref name=":0" /><ref name="DerTagObit" />Thiel malitere ịrụ ọrụ nwa oge maka onye mgbasa ozi ZDF wee bụrụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu maka mmemme telivishọn ''ZDF-Morgenmagazin'' na Berlin malite na 2000. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="DerTagObit" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Haas|first=Christa|date=13 July 2016|title=Nachruf Auf Jana Thiel: Lebensmotto: Nie aufgeben!!!|url=https://www.sportjournalist.de/VDS-Nachrichten/Meldungen/;1682-Nachruf_auf_Jana_Thiel|accessdate=3 August 2021|publisher=Verband Deutscher Sportjournalisten|language=de|archivedate=3 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803071922/https://www.sportjournalist.de/VDS-Nachrichten/Meldungen/;1682-Nachruf_auf_Jana_Thiel}}</ref> A họpụtara ya maka ihe nrite Deutscher Fernsehpreis na ngalaba mgbasa ozi egwuregwu kacha mma maka mkpuchi ya nke 2002 Tour de France na 2002 Winter Olympics na Salt Lake City. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominierte 2002|date=9 July 2012|url=https://www.deutscher-fernsehpreis.de/archiv/archiv-2002/nominierte-2002/|accessdate=3 August 2021|publisher=[[Deutscher Fernsehpreis]]|language=de|archivedate=23 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923030308/https://www.deutscher-fernsehpreis.de/archiv/archiv-2002/nominierte-2002//}}</ref> N'etiti afọ 2003, a kpaliri ya ịnye akwụkwọ akụkọ ''egwuregwu ehihie na mgbede heute'', na-anọchi nwa oge onye bụbu onye na-egwu mmiri na onye mgbasa ozi Kristin Otto, bụ onye nọ na ezumike ọmụmụ. <ref name="DW2003">{{Cite news|title=Moderatorin auf Zeit: Jana Thiel halbiert ihre kurzen Nächte|url=https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article692569/Moderatorin-auf-Zeit-Jana-Thiel-halbiert-ihre-kurzen-Naechte.html|work=Die Welt|language=de|date=5 June 2003|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> A gbanwere Thiel na ngalaba egwuregwu izizi nke ZDF na Mainz na Ọktoba 2004,<ref name=":1" /> <ref name="MPObit" /> na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-eweta akwụkwọ akụkọ egwuregwu mgbede bụ isi na ''heute'' . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="DWObit">{{Cite news|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel tot|url=https://www.welt.de/sport/article156956739/ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel-tot.html|work=[[Die Welt]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.welt.de/sport/article156956739/ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel-tot.html "ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel tot"] &#x5B;ZDF sports presenter Jana Thiel is dead&#x5D;. ''[[anwụ Welt|Die Welt]]'' (in German). 11 July 2016. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210802172211/https://www.welt.de/sport/article156956739/ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel-tot.html Archived] from the original on 2 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Ihe nketa == Joachim Huber nke ''Der Tagesspiegel'' dere banyere Thiel: "Onye ọ bụla hụrụ ma nụ Jana Thiel n'oge nhazi ya na ajụjụ ọnụ ya nwere ahụmahụ onye nta akụkọ telivishọn bụ onye lekwasịrị anya n'ịdị mma nke egwuregwu na njirimara onye na-eme egwuregwu. Ụdị Hooray dị iche na ya. Ọ na-etinye aka na ya, ọ chọrọ izigara ndị na-ege ntị ihe ọ ga-ahụ - na ihe ọ na-enweghị ike ịhụ - na-enweghị ihe oyiyi na-enweghị atụ. <ref name="DerTagObit">{{Cite news|author=Huber|first=Joachim|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel gestorben|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/medien/wintersportexpertin-wurde-44-jahre-alt-zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-gestorben/13859332.html|work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFHuber2016">Huber, Joachim (11 July 2016). [https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/medien/wintersportexpertin-wurde-44-jahre-alt-zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-gestorben/13859332.html "ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel gestorben"] &#x5B;ZDF sports presenter Jana Thiel has died&#x5D;. ''[[Nke Tagesspiegel|Der Tagesspiegel]]'' (in German). [https://web.archive.org/web/20210802172209/https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/medien/wintersportexpertin-wurde-44-jahre-alt-zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-gestorben/13859332.html Archived] from the original on 2 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)]]</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} fk139aupqffmw7g1r4vlpy49zjs5v22 672187 672185 2026-07-04T12:47:34Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 672187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Jana Thiel''' (17 Ọktoba 1971 - 11 Julaị 2016) bụ onye ngosi egwuregwu German na onye nta akụkọ maka ZDF . Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ọdụ redio Antenne Brandenburg tupu ọ gawa na ngalaba egwuregwu nke Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg . Thiel sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn Deutsche Welle DW-TV na 1999 wee rụọ ọrụ ebe ahụ ruo 2002. Ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na ZDF na 2000 dị ka onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu maka mmemme telivishọn ''ZDF-Morgenmagazin'' wee bụrụ ngalaba egwuregwu izizi nke mgbasa ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-eweta akwụkwọ akụkọ egwuregwu mgbede bụ isi na ''heute'' afọ anọ ka e mesịrị. Thiel kpuchiri Egwuregwu Olimpik oyi, Egwuregwu Olimpik Summer, Egwuregwu Paralympic, ski Alpine, iko mba ụwa nke 2006 na Germany na egwuregwu FEI World Equestrian . == Akụkọ ndụ == Na 17 October 1971, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Riedmeier|first=Glenn|date=11 July 2016|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel im Alter von 44 Jahren verstorben|url=https://www.fernsehserien.de/news/zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-im-alter-von-44-jahren-verstorben|accessdate=2 August 2021|publisher=Fernsehserien|archivedate=2 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802195709/https://www.fernsehserien.de/news/zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-im-alter-von-44-jahren-verstorben}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Jana Thiel: Ehemalige Moderatorin der HR Sport|url=https://presseportal.zdf.de/biografie/Person/jana-thiel/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160711133553/https://presseportal.zdf.de/biografie/Person/jana-thiel/|archivedate=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021|publisher=[[ZDF]]|language=de}}</ref> A mụrụ Thiel na Peitz im Spreewald na Spreewald . <ref name="DerTagObit">{{Cite news|author=Huber|first=Joachim|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel gestorben|url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/gesellschaft/medien/wintersportexpertin-wurde-44-jahre-alt-zdf-sportmoderatorin-jana-thiel-gestorben/13859332.html|work=[[Der Tagesspiegel]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> <ref name="BRObit">{{Cite news|author=Schikora|first=Klaus|title=ZDF-Sportreporterin Jana Thiel mit 44 Jahren gestorben|url=https://www.br.de/nachrichten/sport/zdf-sportreporterin-jana-thiel-mit-44-jahren-gestorben,68r34c1k6mtk4e9k6rvk0c9n6gt38|publisher=[[Bayerischer Rundfunk]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> A zụlitere ya na Brandenburg.<ref name=":0" /> Ọrụ Thiel na onye nta akụkọ malitere na 1989 mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na redio redio Antenne Brandenburg, <ref name="BRObit" /> <ref name="TageblattObit">{{Cite news|author=Tonnar|first=Chantal|title=ZDF-Ski-alpin-Expertin Jana Thiel ist tot|url=https://www.tageblatt.lu/nachrichten/zdf-ski-alpin-expertin-jana-thiel-ist-tot-19993694/|work=[[Tageblatt]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> nke bụ akụkụ nke Ostdeutscher Rundfunk Brandenburg (ORB) na Potsdam, <ref name="DerTagObit" />dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nta akụkọ.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1994, ọ gbanwere na telivishọn, na-arụ ọrụ na ngalaba egwuregwu nke ORB, iji nwetakwuo ahụmahụ. <ref name="TageblattObit" /> <ref name="DWObit">{{Cite news|title=ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel tot|url=https://www.welt.de/sport/article156956739/ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel-tot.html|work=[[Die Welt]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> Site na 1997 ruo 1999, <ref name=":1" />Thiel bụ nwa akwụkwọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ na Free University of Berlin ka ọ na-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ mgbasa ozi ya na ịgbasawanye ihe ọmụma ya. <ref name="DWObit" /> <ref name="MPObit">{{Cite news|title=So trauern Kollegen um ZDF-Sportmoderatorin Jana Thiel|url=https://www.morgenpost.de/kultur/tv/article207819213/So-trauern-Kollegen-um-ZDF-Sportmoderatorin-Jana-Thiel.html|work=[[Berliner Morgenpost]]|language=de|date=11 July 2016|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka ngalaba akụkọ egwuregwu dịka onye na-ahụ maka egwuregwu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ mgbasa ozi nke ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn Deutsche Welle DW-TV sitere na 1999 ruo 2002. <ref name=":0" /><ref name="DerTagObit" />Thiel malitere ịrụ ọrụ nwa oge maka onye mgbasa ozi ZDF wee bụrụ onye nta akụkọ egwuregwu maka mmemme telivishọn ''ZDF-Morgenmagazin'' na Berlin malite na 2000. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="DerTagObit" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Haas|first=Christa|date=13 July 2016|title=Nachruf Auf Jana Thiel: Lebensmotto: Nie aufgeben!!!|url=https://www.sportjournalist.de/VDS-Nachrichten/Meldungen/;1682-Nachruf_auf_Jana_Thiel|accessdate=3 August 2021|publisher=Verband Deutscher Sportjournalisten|language=de|archivedate=3 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803071922/https://www.sportjournalist.de/VDS-Nachrichten/Meldungen/;1682-Nachruf_auf_Jana_Thiel}}</ref> A họpụtara ya maka ihe nrite Deutscher Fernsehpreis na ngalaba mgbasa ozi egwuregwu kacha mma maka mkpuchi ya nke 2002 Tour de France na 2002 Winter Olympics na Salt Lake City. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nominierte 2002|date=9 July 2012|url=https://www.deutscher-fernsehpreis.de/archiv/archiv-2002/nominierte-2002/|accessdate=3 August 2021|publisher=[[Deutscher Fernsehpreis]]|language=de|archivedate=23 September 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923030308/https://www.deutscher-fernsehpreis.de/archiv/archiv-2002/nominierte-2002//}}</ref> N'etiti afọ 2003, a kpaliri ya ịnye akwụkwọ akụkọ ''egwuregwu ehihie na mgbede heute'', na-anọchi nwa oge onye bụbu onye na-egwu mmiri na onye mgbasa ozi Kristin Otto, bụ onye nọ na ezumike ọmụmụ. <ref name="DW2003">{{Cite news|title=Moderatorin auf Zeit: Jana Thiel halbiert ihre kurzen Nächte|url=https://www.welt.de/print-welt/article692569/Moderatorin-auf-Zeit-Jana-Thiel-halbiert-ihre-kurzen-Naechte.html|work=Die Welt|language=de|date=5 June 2003|accessdate=2 August 2021}}</ref> A gbanwere Thiel na ngalaba egwuregwu izizi nke ZDF na Mainz na Ọktoba 2004,<ref name=":1" /> <ref name="MPObit" /> na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-eweta akwụkwọ akụkọ egwuregwu mgbede bụ isi na ''heute'' . <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="DWObit" /> == Ihe nketa == Joachim Huber nke ''Der Tagesspiegel'' dere banyere Thiel: "Onye ọ bụla hụrụ ma nụ Jana Thiel n'oge nhazi ya na ajụjụ ọnụ ya nwere ahụmahụ onye nta akụkọ telivishọn bụ onye lekwasịrị anya n'ịdị mma nke egwuregwu na njirimara onye na-eme egwuregwu. Ụdị Hooray dị iche na ya. Ọ na-etinye aka na ya, ọ chọrọ izigara ndị na-ege ntị ihe ọ ga-ahụ - na ihe ọ na-enweghị ike ịhụ - na-enweghị ihe oyiyi na-enweghị atụ. <ref name="DerTagObit" /> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|30em}} tb4tfn5w5cmv9kot6hbt5lwkhg3vb3l 0 53862 672626 194706 2026-07-05T11:45:57Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 672626 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Tilde Johansson in 2023.jpg|thumb|Tilde Johansson na 2023]]   '''Tilde Johansson''', (amụrụ 5 Jenụwarị 2001) bụ onye egwuregwu Sweden nke na-asọ mpi n'ọtụtụ ọzụzụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=19692|title=:: friidrott.se :: - Nyheter & Artiklar|work=www.friidrott.se|accessdate=2019-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308080956/http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=19692|archivedate=2019-03-08}}</ref> Ọ gbara asọmpi n'ihe mgbochi mita 60 na asọmpi ime ụlọ nke European 2019 na Glasgow . N'asọmpi European U18 Athletics 2018 ọ jiri 6,33 m nweta nrite ọla edo n'ogologo ogologo. Ọ gbara asọmpi na asọmpi egwuregwu ụwa nke 2019 na Doha, na mmemme ịgba ogologo ogologo, ebe ọ gụchara na ebe 17th na ntozu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.expressen.se/sport/friidrott/just-nu-johansson-missar-vm-finalen/|title=Tilde Johansson missar VM-final|language=Swedish|publisher=[[Expressen]]|date=5 October 2019|accessdate=30 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226141355/https://www.expressen.se/sport/friidrott/just-nu-johansson-missar-vm-finalen/|archivedate=26 December 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Tilde Johansson malitere dị ka onye egwuregwu bọọlụ, mgbe ọ dị afọ 14, o meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ 49 maka Skrea Ọ BỤRỤ na ihe karịrị ọkara nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ 75 nke Division 4 n'oge ahụ. N'afọ sochirinụ, n'afọ 2016, ọ ghọrọ onye kacha agba bọọlụ n'oge a na ngalaba nke atọ, rute goolu iri abụọ na ise. N'oge okpomọkụ, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ ogige ndị ọkachamara kwa afọ na Halmstad, bụ ebe ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ kacha nwee nkà na Sweden na-ezukọ, mana ọ jụrụ wee họrọ egwu na egwuregwu kama. Johansson malitere imere onwe ya aha na okirikiri egwuregwu Sweden na 2016, ka ọ gbara afọ 15, mgbe ọ meriri 200 mita na asọmpi ime ụlọ ntorobịa na oke nke 0.85 sekọnd wee debe ihe kacha mma nke onwe ya na oge nke 24.95 sekọnd. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=:: friidrott.se :: - Nyheter & Artiklar|url=http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=19301|accessdate=2024-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308080814/http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=19301|archivedate=2019-03-08}}</ref> Mgbe afọ ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyere na klas F15 na ogologo jumps na egwuregwu ndị ntorobịa ụwa nke emere na Ullevi na Gothenburg na Julaị. N'asọmpi ahụ, n'agba nke abụọ ọ kwalitere ihe kacha mma nke onwe ya site na 6.05 ruo 6.50 centimeters, nke pụtara ọkwa asatọ n'etiti ndị agadi Sweden oge niile nakwa na ọ gafere oke ntozu (5.95) maka isonye na EC ntorobịa site na oke. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ otu afọ na-etorubeghị ike isonye. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=:: friidrott.se :: - Nyheter & Artiklar|url=http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=19692|accessdate=2024-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308080956/http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=19692|archivedate=2019-03-08}}</ref> Na asọmpi ndị ntorobịa n'August, ọ meriri dị ka mita 300 ọkacha mmasị na klas F16. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-08|title=:: friidrott.se :: - Nyheter & Artiklar|url=http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=19919|accessdate=2024-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308080840/http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=19919|archivedate=2019-03-08}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, Johansson sonyeere ma n'ịwụ elu ogologo na ihe mgbochi 100 mita na Ememme Olympic Youth European emere na Győr, Hungary. N'ime ogologo wụli elu, o kwuru na ọla kọpa nwere ogologo mita 6.10. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-29|title=:: friidrott.se :: - Nyheter & Artiklar|url=http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=21213|accessdate=2024-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729085231/http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=21213|archivedate=2017-07-29}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye na-ekpo ọkụ nke ihe mgbochi ahụ, ndị na-agba ọsọ agbata obi wutere ya nke ukwuu nke na ọ ghaghị ịmaliteghachi agbụrụ ya ma e kpochapụrụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=:: friidrott.se :: - Nyheter & Artiklar|url=https://arkiv.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=21223|accessdate=2024-03-25|work=arkiv.friidrott.se|archivedate=2023-09-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230922105646/https://arkiv.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=21223}}</ref> Na 2018, Johansson sonyeere na ogologo ịwụ elu na U18 European Championship nke emere na Györ na Julaị. N'ebe a, ọ jiri mita 6.33 were nweta nrite ọla edo. N'ime ime ụlọ WC na Febụwarị 2019, Johansson meriri WC ọla edo na ogologo mwụli elu, pentathlon na ihe mgbochi 60 mita. N'ime ime ụlọ EC dị na Glasgow ka emechara n'ọnwa Febụwarị, ahọpụtara ya na ihe mgbochi 60 mita, mana ewepụrụ ya na agba ikpe. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-29|title=:: friidrott.se :: - Nyheter & Artiklar|url=http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=23624|accessdate=2024-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190729011013/http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=23624|archivedate=2019-07-29}}</ref> Na Julaị, ọ gbara asọmpi na Junior EC na Borås . N'ebe ahụ ọ nwetara ihe nrite ọla edo na ihe mgbochi 100 mita na ọlaọcha n'ịwụ elu ogologo. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-15|title=:: friidrott.se :: - Nyheter & Artiklar|url=http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=23952|accessdate=2024-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115061525/http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=23952|archivedate=2019-11-15}}</ref> N'asọmpi World Athletics na Doha na Ọktọba 2019, Johansson, dị ka onye mpụta mbụ, wepụrụ na ntozu mgbe ọ wụsịrị mita 6.48 ugboro abụọ - 6.53 gaara ezuru maka ebe ikpeazụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-11-15|title=:: friidrott.se :: - Nyheter & Artiklar|url=http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=23952|accessdate=2024-03-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115061525/http://www.friidrott.se/nyheter.aspx?id=23952|archivedate=2019-11-15}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Long Jump Result {{!}} IAAF World Athletics Championships, DOHA 2019|url=https://worldathletics.org/results/iaaf-world-championships-in-athletics/2019/iaaf-world-athletics-championships-doha-2019-7125365/women/long-jump/qualification/result|accessdate=2024-03-25|work=worldathletics.org|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Nwanne ya nwanyị Molly Johansson na-agba bọọlụ na BK Häcken FF . == Kachasị mma nkeonwe == {| class="wikitable" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" !Ihe omume ! Nsonaazụ ! Ebe ! Ụbọchị |- ! colspan="4" | ''N'èzí'' |- | 100 m ihe mgbochi | '''13.16 s''' <small>(ifufe: +0.1&nbsp;m/s)</small> |</img> [[Borås]] | 20 Julaị 2019 |- | Ogologo elu | '''6.73 m''' <small>(ifufe: +1.3&nbsp;m/s)</small> |</img> [[Karlstad]] | 3 Julaị 2019 |- ! colspan="4" | ''Ime ụlọ'' |- | 60m ihe mgbochi | '''8,14 s''' |</img> [[Växjö]] | Jenụwarị 19, 2019 |- | Ogologo elu | '''6,43 m''' |</img> [[Norrköping]] | Febụwarị 16, 2019 |} == Ntụaka == <references /> [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ckw204zqu6ksnjuy4wztfku6xnk5gmd 0 53889 672229 191718 2026-07-04T13:22:09Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Michelle Denee Carter''' (amuru Ọktoba 12, 1985) bu onye ama ama ama ama ama ama ama ama ama ama ama ama n’agba agba agba . O meriri ihe nrite ọla edo na ihe omume na 2016 Rio Olympics, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị America mbụ meriri ọla edo Olympic na agba agba na naanị nke abụọ iji nweta nrite nke agba ọ bụla. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=Michelle Carter: Shot put athlete, motivational speaker and make up artist|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/michelle-carter-shot-put-athlete-motivational-speaker-and-make-up-artist|accessdate=2024-08-25|work=Olympics.com}}</ref> Carter bụ onye njide ndekọ America mbụ na ihe omume nwere anya nke 20.63 nke m (67 ft 8 na) setịpụrụ na 2016 Olympic Games. A kpọbatara ya na Texas Sports Hall of Fame na 2020. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Carter na October 12, 1985, na San Jose, [[California]], ma tolite na Red Oak, [[Texas]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Michelle Carter|url=https://www.teamusa.com/profiles/michelle-carter-858818|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=www.teamusa.com|language=en}}</ref> Nne na nna ya bụ Sandra na Michael Carter, ndị nke ikpeazụ n'ime ha nwetara ihe nrite ọla ọcha na ogbunigwe gbara na 1984 Summer Olympics na Los Angeles wee gaa n'ihu gbaa bọọlụ America maka San Francisco 49ers . <ref name=":0" /> O nwere otu nwanne nwoke, Michael Jr., na otu nwanne, D'Andra. <ref name=":0" /> Carter bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2003 nke Red Oak High School na Red Oak, Texas, ebe ọ bụ onye mmeri nke oge anọ na-agbapụ ma jide ihe ndekọ mba ụmụ agbọghọ na ihe omume site na 2003 ruo 2014. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Michelle Carter|url=https://www.teamusa.com/profiles/michelle-carter-858818|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=www.teamusa.com|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.teamusa.com/profiles/michelle-carter-858818 "Michelle Carter"]. </cite></ref> O nwetara akwụkwọ mmụta egwuregwu na Mahadum Texas, bụ ebe ọ na-asọ mpi n'ịgba égbè, wee gụchaa akara ugo mmụta bachelor na ntorobịa na ọmụmụ obodo, na obere nwa na kinesiology, na 2007. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-02|title=Shot Diva|url=https://alcalde.texasexes.org/2016/11/shot-diva/|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=The Alcalde|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Tucker|first=Geri Coleman|title=Chasing Gold, Olympic Shot Putter Michelle Carter Opens Up About ADHD and Dyslexia|url=https://www.understood.org/en/articles/chasing-gold-olympic-shot-putter-michelle-carter-opens-up-about-adhd-and-dyslexia|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=Understood|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Carter meriri ihe nrite ọla edo nke 2016 na Rio Olympics n'ikpeazụ nke iti isii ya, na-eche onye mmeri oge abụọ bụ Valerie Adams nke [[New Zealand]] . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/international/ct-michelle-carter-gold-womens-shot-put-20160812-story.html|title=Michelle Carter wins gold for U.S. in women's shot put|work=Chicago Tribune|date=August 12, 2016|accessdate=August 13, 2016}}</ref> N'ime nke a, Carter ghọrọ onye egwuregwu ụmụ nwanyị [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] mbụ meriri ihe omume ahụ kemgbe asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị malitere na 1948 Summer Olympic Games na [[London]], na naanị onye America nke abụọ meriri nrite ọ bụla na mmemme ahụ ( Earlene Brown, bronze, 1960). . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/news/michelle-carter-wins-womens-shot-put-gold-medal|first=Seth|author=Rubinroit|publisher=NBCOlympics.com|accessdate=2016-08-12|title=Michelle Carter wins women's shot put gold medal}}</ref> Carter mebiri ndekọ Amerịka nke ya site n'itinye nrite ọla edo n'egwuregwu Olympic nke 20.63 nke m (67 ft 8 na) . Ọ gụchara nke iri na ise n'egwuregwu Olympic nke afọ 2008 na nke anọ n'egwuregwu Olympic 2012 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/results/olympic-games/2012/the-xxx-olympic-games-4871/women/shot-put/final/result|title=Shot Put Women: The XXX Olympic Games|work=IAAF|publisher=International Association of Athletics Federations|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> Onye nwetara ihe nrite ọla na 2015 na 2017 IAAF World Championship, Carter nwetakwara nrite ọla edo na asọmpi ime ụlọ nke ụwa nke 2016 mgbe o meriri ọla na 2012. Ọ meriri ihe nrite ọla ọcha na asọmpi ndị ntorobịa ụwa nke 2001 na ihe nrite ọla edo na asọmpi 2004 nke mba ụwa . Na mgbakwunye na imeri 2008 United States Olympic Team Trials, ọ bụ 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015 na 2016 onye mmeri mba . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legacy.usatf.org/statistics/champions/USAOutdoorTF/women/wSP.asp|title=USA Outdoor Track & Field Champions: Women's Shot Put|work=USA Track & Field|date=2001–2012|publisher=USA Track & Field, Inc.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620123238/http://www.usatf.org/statistics/champions/USAOutdoorTF/women/wSP.asp|archivedate=June 20, 2012|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-asọ mpi maka Mahadum Texas, ọ meriri NCAA collegiate mba asọmpi na 2006. Na kọleji, ọ bụ onye America oge asaa, ma nwetakwa aha ọgbakọ Big 12 ugboro ise. Na 2006, o meriri aha ime ụlọ NCAA iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị Mahadum Texas aka ị nweta aha otu NCAA. N'ịbụ onye na-agba ọsọ na-agba ọsọ na-agbapụ na 2005 n'èzí nzute, Carter nyeere Longhorns aka imeri asọmpi NCAA. Na June 2022, Carter kwupụtara ịla ezumike nka na asọmpi. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2022-06-23|title='Shot Diva" Says Its Time to Move On From Track & Field|url=https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/sports/north-texas-olympic-gold-medalist-michelle-carter-announces-retirement-from-competition/2998922/|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == A kpọbatara Carter n'ime Texas Longhorns Hall of Honor na 2016, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Michelle Carter (2016) - Hall of Honor|url=https://texaslonghorns.com/honors/hall-of-honor/michelle-carter/89|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=University of Texas Athletics|language=en}}</ref> Texas Track na Field Hall of Fame na 2018, <ref>{{Cite web|title=INDUCTEES|url=https://www.ttfca.org/inductees|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=ttfca|language=en}}</ref> na Texas Sports Hall of Fame na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|title=TSHOF to Induct Olympian Michelle Carter|url=https://www.tshof.org/news/tshof-to-induct-olympian-michelle-carter|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=Texas Sports Hall of Fame|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Carter bụ [[Efefe Kraịst|Onye Kraịst]] . O kwuru, sị, "Site n'okwukwe na egwuregwu, amụtala m ịdọ aka ná ntị na njide onwe onye. N'ime [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]], Chineke na-agwa anyị na anyị ga-arụ ọrụ, ọ bụrụgodị na ihe anyị chọrọ agaghị eme ozugbo. Ndị mmadụ na-achọ ikpo okwu, ma na nke ahụ na-abịa ọrụ tupu imeri nrite ọla edo, ọ dị m mkpa ịnọ n'ebe tozuru okè iji jikwaa ohere ndị ga-abịa n'ụzọ m, iji jide n'aka na ejighị m ha maka uru m nganga wepuru ma ka atumatu Chineke bia, O nyewo m ikpo okwu a ka O wee nwuo. O kwuwokwa na "Amaara m na Chineke kwere ka m nweta ihe nrite a, na m chọrọ iji ya nye ya otuto ma tụda ndị ọzọ aka na Ya." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Golden Opportunity|url=https://www.fca.org/magazine-story/2018/07/02/golden-opportunity|publisher=[[Fellowship of Christian Athletes|FCA Magazine]]|date=July 2, 2018|accessdate=May 29, 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, a chọpụtara na Carter nwere ADHD na [[Ọrịa na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị|dyslexia]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Tucker|first=Geri Coleman|title=Chasing Gold, Olympic Shot Putter Michelle Carter Opens Up About ADHD and Dyslexia|url=https://www.understood.org/en/articles/chasing-gold-olympic-shot-putter-michelle-carter-opens-up-about-adhd-and-dyslexia|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=Understood|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFTucker">Tucker, Geri Coleman. </cite></ref> Carter bụ onye omenkà emeputa ihe eji eme ihe . Carter lekwasịrị anya n'ihe oyiyi ahụ ma n'èzí ma n'ọhịa, na-agwa ụmụ agbọghọ na-eto eto banyere obi ike site na mmemme ya ''Ị tụpụrụ Nwanyị'' . "Ị ghaghị ịghọta ahụ onye ọ bụla ka e wuru iji mee ihe. E wuru m ime ihe, ọ bụkwa otú ahụ ka e si wuo m. echere m na ụwa na-aghọta na anyị na-akwalite otu ụdị ahụ na enwere ọtụtụ mgbe." <ref>{{Cite web|title=You Throw, Girl: An Olympic Shot-Putter's Feminist Mission|author=Mary Pilon|date=August 11, 2016|accessdate=May 29, 2020|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/sporting-scene/you-throw-girl-an-olympic-shot-putters-feminist-mission}}</ref> Carter lụrụ di Courtney Elder na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=Kelley D.|date=2019-01-29|title=Olympic gold medalist shot putter Michelle Carter is married, and we have exclusive photos|url=https://andscape.com/galleries/olympic-gold-medalist-shot-putter-michelle-carter-is-married-and-we-have-exclusive-photos/|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=Andscape|language=en-US}}</ref> Ha zutere na mbụ dị ka ụmụaka na Oak Cliff Bible Fellowship Church, mgbe Carter dị afọ 5, wee jikọọ ọzọ dị ka ndị okenye na 2016. == Akụkọ asọmpi == === Asọmpi mba ụwa === {| {{AchievementTable|width=auto|Event=yes|Result=Yes|nation=USA}} |- |2001 |[[2001 World Youth Championships in Athletics|World Youth Championships]] | [[Debrecen]], Hungary | bgcolor=silver|2nd | [[2001 World Youth Championships in Athletics#Girls|Shot put]] | {{T&Fcalc|15.23}} |{{AthAbbr|SB}} |- |2003 | [[2003 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships|Pan American Junior Championships]] | [[Bridgetown]], Barbados | bgcolor=gold|1st | [[2003 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships#Women|Shot put]] | {{T&Fcalc|16.23}} |{{n/a}} |- |2004 | [[2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] | [[Grosseto]], Italy | bgcolor=gold | 1st | [[2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] | {{T&Fcalc|17.55}} |{{AthAbbr|SB}} |- |2006 | [[2006 NACAC Under-23 Championships in Athletics|NACAC U23 Championships]] | [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic | bgcolor=silver|2nd | [[2006 NACAC Under-23 Championships in Athletics – Results#Shot put 2|Shot put]] | {{T&Fcalc|16.74}} |{{n/a}} |- |2008 | [[2008 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Beijing]], China |13th | [[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] | {{T&Fcalc|17.74}} |{{n/a}} |- |2009 |[[2009 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Berlin, Germany|Berlin]], Germany |5th |[[2009 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|18.96}} |{{n/a}} |- |2010 |[[2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]] |[[Doha, Qatar|Doha]], Qatar |10th |[[2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships#Women|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|18.20}} |{{n/a}} |- | rowspan=2|2011 |[[2011 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Daegu]], South Korea |8th |[[2011 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|18.76}} |{{n/a}} |- |[[2011 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]] |[[Guadalajara]], Mexico |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[Athletics at the 2011 Pan American Games – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|18.09}} |{{n/a}} |- |- | rowspan=2|2012 |[[2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]] |[[Istanbul]], Turkey |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships#Women|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|19.58}} |{{n/a}} |- | [[2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[London, United Kingdom|London]], United Kingdom |4th | [[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] | {{T&Fcalc|19.42}} |{{n/a}} |- | 2013 |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Moscow, Russia|Moscow]], Russia |4th |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|19.94}} |{{n/a}} |- | 2014 |[[2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]] |[[Sopot]], Poland |4th |[[2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships#Women|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|19.10}} |{{n/a}} |- | 2015 |[[2015 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Beijing]], China |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[2015 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|19.76}} |{{n/a}} |- | rowspan=2|2016 |[[2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]] |[[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], Oregon |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships#Women|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|20.21}} |{{n/a}} |- | [[2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] | [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil |bgcolor=gold|1st | [[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] | {{T&Fcalc|20.63}} |{{AthAbbr|PB}} |- |2017 |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[London, United Kingdom|London]], United Kingdom |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|19.14}} |{{n/a}} |- |2019 |[[2019 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Doha, Qatar|Doha]], Qatar |9th |[[2019 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|18.41}} |{{n/a}} |- |} === Mmeri sekit na aha === * Njikọ Diamond ** '''Ncheta Van Damme (ikpeazụ) : 2016''' ** Doha Diamond League : 2017 ** Egwuregwu ncheta afọ London : 2015 === Asọmpi mba === == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|3}} * Michelle Carter at World Athletics * Michelle Carter at www.USATF.org * Michelle Carter at Team USA (archive March 10, 2023) * Michelle Carter at Olympics.com * Michelle Carter at Olympedia * [https://texassports.com/hof.aspx?hof=89 University of Texas Athletics Hall of Honor] * [https://www.youtube.com/@TheShotDiva/videos The Podium Life Podcast with Michelle Carter] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] r7vuzztutvuwdmigul3i0r3mqzoxqe1 672230 672229 2026-07-04T13:23:42Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Michelle Denee Carter''' (amuru Ọktoba 12, 1985) bu onye ama ama ama ama ama ama ama ama ama ama ama ama n’agba agba agba . O meriri ihe nrite ọla edo na ihe omume na 2016 Rio Olympics, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ nwanyị America mbụ meriri ọla edo Olympic na agba agba na naanị nke abụọ iji nweta nrite nke agba ọ bụla. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-20|title=Michelle Carter: Shot put athlete, motivational speaker and make up artist|url=https://olympics.com/en/news/michelle-carter-shot-put-athlete-motivational-speaker-and-make-up-artist|accessdate=2024-08-25|work=Olympics.com}}</ref> Carter bụ onye njide ndekọ America mbụ na ihe omume nwere anya nke 20.63 nke m (67 ft 8 na) setịpụrụ na 2016 Olympic Games. A kpọbatara ya na Texas Sports Hall of Fame na 2020. == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Carter na October 12, 1985, na San Jose, [[California]], ma tolite na Red Oak, [[Texas]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Michelle Carter|url=https://www.teamusa.com/profiles/michelle-carter-858818|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=www.teamusa.com|language=en}}</ref> Nne na nna ya bụ Sandra na Michael Carter, ndị nke ikpeazụ n'ime ha nwetara ihe nrite ọla ọcha na ogbunigwe gbara na 1984 Summer Olympics na Los Angeles wee gaa n'ihu gbaa bọọlụ America maka San Francisco 49ers . <ref name=":0" /> O nwere otu nwanne nwoke, Michael Jr., na otu nwanne, D'Andra. <ref name=":0" /> Carter bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2003 nke Red Oak High School na Red Oak, Texas, ebe ọ bụ onye mmeri nke oge anọ na-agbapụ ma jide ihe ndekọ mba ụmụ agbọghọ na ihe omume site na 2003 ruo 2014. <ref name=":0" /> O nwetara akwụkwọ mmụta egwuregwu na Mahadum Texas, bụ ebe ọ na-asọ mpi n'ịgba égbè, wee gụchaa akara ugo mmụta bachelor na ntorobịa na ọmụmụ obodo, na obere nwa na kinesiology, na 2007. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-02|title=Shot Diva|url=https://alcalde.texasexes.org/2016/11/shot-diva/|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=The Alcalde|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Tucker|first=Geri Coleman|title=Chasing Gold, Olympic Shot Putter Michelle Carter Opens Up About ADHD and Dyslexia|url=https://www.understood.org/en/articles/chasing-gold-olympic-shot-putter-michelle-carter-opens-up-about-adhd-and-dyslexia|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=Understood|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Carter meriri ihe nrite ọla edo nke 2016 na Rio Olympics n'ikpeazụ nke iti isii ya, na-eche onye mmeri oge abụọ bụ Valerie Adams nke [[New Zealand]] . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/international/ct-michelle-carter-gold-womens-shot-put-20160812-story.html|title=Michelle Carter wins gold for U.S. in women's shot put|work=Chicago Tribune|date=August 12, 2016|accessdate=August 13, 2016}}</ref> N'ime nke a, Carter ghọrọ onye egwuregwu ụmụ nwanyị [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]] mbụ meriri ihe omume ahụ kemgbe asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị malitere na 1948 Summer Olympic Games na [[London]], na naanị onye America nke abụọ meriri nrite ọ bụla na mmemme ahụ ( Earlene Brown, bronze, 1960). . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/news/michelle-carter-wins-womens-shot-put-gold-medal|first=Seth|author=Rubinroit|publisher=NBCOlympics.com|accessdate=2016-08-12|title=Michelle Carter wins women's shot put gold medal}}</ref> Carter mebiri ndekọ Amerịka nke ya site n'itinye nrite ọla edo n'egwuregwu Olympic nke 20.63 nke m (67 ft 8 na) . Ọ gụchara nke iri na ise n'egwuregwu Olympic nke afọ 2008 na nke anọ n'egwuregwu Olympic 2012 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.iaaf.org/results/olympic-games/2012/the-xxx-olympic-games-4871/women/shot-put/final/result|title=Shot Put Women: The XXX Olympic Games|work=IAAF|publisher=International Association of Athletics Federations|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> Onye nwetara ihe nrite ọla na 2015 na 2017 IAAF World Championship, Carter nwetakwara nrite ọla edo na asọmpi ime ụlọ nke ụwa nke 2016 mgbe o meriri ọla na 2012. Ọ meriri ihe nrite ọla ọcha na asọmpi ndị ntorobịa ụwa nke 2001 na ihe nrite ọla edo na asọmpi 2004 nke mba ụwa . Na mgbakwunye na imeri 2008 United States Olympic Team Trials, ọ bụ 2009, 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015 na 2016 onye mmeri mba . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legacy.usatf.org/statistics/champions/USAOutdoorTF/women/wSP.asp|title=USA Outdoor Track & Field Champions: Women's Shot Put|work=USA Track & Field|date=2001–2012|publisher=USA Track & Field, Inc.|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120620123238/http://www.usatf.org/statistics/champions/USAOutdoorTF/women/wSP.asp|archivedate=June 20, 2012|accessdate=August 12, 2016}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-asọ mpi maka Mahadum Texas, ọ meriri NCAA collegiate mba asọmpi na 2006. Na kọleji, ọ bụ onye America oge asaa, ma nwetakwa aha ọgbakọ Big 12 ugboro ise. Na 2006, o meriri aha ime ụlọ NCAA iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị Mahadum Texas aka ị nweta aha otu NCAA. N'ịbụ onye na-agba ọsọ na-agba ọsọ na-agbapụ na 2005 n'èzí nzute, Carter nyeere Longhorns aka imeri asọmpi NCAA. Na June 2022, Carter kwupụtara ịla ezumike nka na asọmpi. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=2022-06-23|title='Shot Diva" Says Its Time to Move On From Track & Field|url=https://www.nbcdfw.com/news/sports/north-texas-olympic-gold-medalist-michelle-carter-announces-retirement-from-competition/2998922/|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=NBC 5 Dallas-Fort Worth|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu == A kpọbatara Carter n'ime Texas Longhorns Hall of Honor na 2016, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Michelle Carter (2016) - Hall of Honor|url=https://texaslonghorns.com/honors/hall-of-honor/michelle-carter/89|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=University of Texas Athletics|language=en}}</ref> Texas Track na Field Hall of Fame na 2018, <ref>{{Cite web|title=INDUCTEES|url=https://www.ttfca.org/inductees|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=ttfca|language=en}}</ref> na Texas Sports Hall of Fame na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|title=TSHOF to Induct Olympian Michelle Carter|url=https://www.tshof.org/news/tshof-to-induct-olympian-michelle-carter|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=Texas Sports Hall of Fame|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Carter bụ [[Efefe Kraịst|Onye Kraịst]] . O kwuru, sị, "Site n'okwukwe na egwuregwu, amụtala m ịdọ aka ná ntị na njide onwe onye. N'ime [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]], Chineke na-agwa anyị na anyị ga-arụ ọrụ, ọ bụrụgodị na ihe anyị chọrọ agaghị eme ozugbo. Ndị mmadụ na-achọ ikpo okwu, ma na nke ahụ na-abịa ọrụ tupu imeri nrite ọla edo, ọ dị m mkpa ịnọ n'ebe tozuru okè iji jikwaa ohere ndị ga-abịa n'ụzọ m, iji jide n'aka na ejighị m ha maka uru m nganga wepuru ma ka atumatu Chineke bia, O nyewo m ikpo okwu a ka O wee nwuo. O kwuwokwa na "Amaara m na Chineke kwere ka m nweta ihe nrite a, na m chọrọ iji ya nye ya otuto ma tụda ndị ọzọ aka na Ya." <ref>{{Cite web|title=Golden Opportunity|url=https://www.fca.org/magazine-story/2018/07/02/golden-opportunity|publisher=[[Fellowship of Christian Athletes|FCA Magazine]]|date=July 2, 2018|accessdate=May 29, 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bụ nwata, a chọpụtara na Carter nwere ADHD na [[Ọrịa na-adịghị akwụsị akwụsị|dyslexia]] . <ref name=":1" /> Carter bụ onye omenkà emeputa ihe eji eme ihe . Carter lekwasịrị anya n'ihe oyiyi ahụ ma n'èzí ma n'ọhịa, na-agwa ụmụ agbọghọ na-eto eto banyere obi ike site na mmemme ya ''Ị tụpụrụ Nwanyị'' . "Ị ghaghị ịghọta ahụ onye ọ bụla ka e wuru iji mee ihe. E wuru m ime ihe, ọ bụkwa otú ahụ ka e si wuo m. echere m na ụwa na-aghọta na anyị na-akwalite otu ụdị ahụ na enwere ọtụtụ mgbe." <ref>{{Cite web|title=You Throw, Girl: An Olympic Shot-Putter's Feminist Mission|author=Mary Pilon|date=August 11, 2016|accessdate=May 29, 2020|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/sporting-scene/you-throw-girl-an-olympic-shot-putters-feminist-mission}}</ref> Carter lụrụ di Courtney Elder na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Evans|first=Kelley D.|date=2019-01-29|title=Olympic gold medalist shot putter Michelle Carter is married, and we have exclusive photos|url=https://andscape.com/galleries/olympic-gold-medalist-shot-putter-michelle-carter-is-married-and-we-have-exclusive-photos/|accessdate=2024-08-26|work=Andscape|language=en-US}}</ref> Ha zutere na mbụ dị ka ụmụaka na Oak Cliff Bible Fellowship Church, mgbe Carter dị afọ 5, wee jikọọ ọzọ dị ka ndị okenye na 2016. == Akụkọ asọmpi == === Asọmpi mba ụwa === {| {{AchievementTable|width=auto|Event=yes|Result=Yes|nation=USA}} |- |2001 |[[2001 World Youth Championships in Athletics|World Youth Championships]] | [[Debrecen]], Hungary | bgcolor=silver|2nd | [[2001 World Youth Championships in Athletics#Girls|Shot put]] | {{T&Fcalc|15.23}} |{{AthAbbr|SB}} |- |2003 | [[2003 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships|Pan American Junior Championships]] | [[Bridgetown]], Barbados | bgcolor=gold|1st | [[2003 Pan American Junior Athletics Championships#Women|Shot put]] | {{T&Fcalc|16.23}} |{{n/a}} |- |2004 | [[2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] | [[Grosseto]], Italy | bgcolor=gold | 1st | [[2004 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] | {{T&Fcalc|17.55}} |{{AthAbbr|SB}} |- |2006 | [[2006 NACAC Under-23 Championships in Athletics|NACAC U23 Championships]] | [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic | bgcolor=silver|2nd | [[2006 NACAC Under-23 Championships in Athletics – Results#Shot put 2|Shot put]] | {{T&Fcalc|16.74}} |{{n/a}} |- |2008 | [[2008 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[Beijing]], China |13th | [[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] | {{T&Fcalc|17.74}} |{{n/a}} |- |2009 |[[2009 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Berlin, Germany|Berlin]], Germany |5th |[[2009 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|18.96}} |{{n/a}} |- |2010 |[[2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]] |[[Doha, Qatar|Doha]], Qatar |10th |[[2010 IAAF World Indoor Championships#Women|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|18.20}} |{{n/a}} |- | rowspan=2|2011 |[[2011 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Daegu]], South Korea |8th |[[2011 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|18.76}} |{{n/a}} |- |[[2011 Pan American Games|Pan American Games]] |[[Guadalajara]], Mexico |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[Athletics at the 2011 Pan American Games – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|18.09}} |{{n/a}} |- |- | rowspan=2|2012 |[[2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]] |[[Istanbul]], Turkey |bgcolor=silver|2nd |[[2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships#Women|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|19.58}} |{{n/a}} |- | [[2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] |[[London, United Kingdom|London]], United Kingdom |4th | [[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] | {{T&Fcalc|19.42}} |{{n/a}} |- | 2013 |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Moscow, Russia|Moscow]], Russia |4th |[[2013 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|19.94}} |{{n/a}} |- | 2014 |[[2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]] |[[Sopot]], Poland |4th |[[2014 IAAF World Indoor Championships#Women|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|19.10}} |{{n/a}} |- | 2015 |[[2015 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Beijing]], China |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[2015 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|19.76}} |{{n/a}} |- | rowspan=2|2016 |[[2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]] |[[Portland, Oregon|Portland]], Oregon |bgcolor=gold|1st |[[2016 IAAF World Indoor Championships#Women|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|20.21}} |{{n/a}} |- | [[2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] | [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil |bgcolor=gold|1st | [[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] | {{T&Fcalc|20.63}} |{{AthAbbr|PB}} |- |2017 |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[London, United Kingdom|London]], United Kingdom |bgcolor=cc9966|3rd |[[2017 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|19.14}} |{{n/a}} |- |2019 |[[2019 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]] |[[Doha, Qatar|Doha]], Qatar |9th |[[2019 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|Shot put]] |{{T&Fcalc|18.41}} |{{n/a}} |- |} === Mmeri sekit na aha === * Njikọ Diamond ** '''Ncheta Van Damme (ikpeazụ) : 2016''' ** Doha Diamond League : 2017 ** Egwuregwu ncheta afọ London : 2015 === Asọmpi mba === == Ntụaka == {{Reflist|3}} * Michelle Carter at World Athletics * Michelle Carter at www.USATF.org * Michelle Carter at Team USA (archive March 10, 2023) * Michelle Carter at Olympics.com * Michelle Carter at Olympedia * [https://texassports.com/hof.aspx?hof=89 University of Texas Athletics Hall of Honor] * [https://www.youtube.com/@TheShotDiva/videos The Podium Life Podcast with Michelle Carter] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fx5158qpjb517e01nheepl6agnh21mt 0 53913 672415 198967 2026-07-04T17:33:19Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672415 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}  '''Stellah Wairimu Bosire''', bụ dọkịta Kenya, onye isi ụlọ ọrụ, onye na-akwado ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na onye edemede, onye bụbu onye na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ nke Uhai Eashri ma bụrụ onye isi ọrụ nke ''Kenya Medical Association'' na dịka osote onye isi oche nke HIV na AIDS. Ụlọ ikpe nke Kenya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/uhaieashri/docs/board_communication_cr|title=Uhai Eashri Board update July 2022 by UHAI Communications|work=Issuu|date=30 September 2022}}</ref> == Nzụlite na agụmakwụkwọ == Amụrụ ya wee tolite na Kibera, bụ mkpọmkpọ ebe kacha na Nairobi, isi obodo Kenya na obodo kacha ukwuu. Stellah bụ nwa akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Kibera mana ọ nọdụrụ ala maka Asambodo Mmụta Primarị nke Kenya na ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Joseph Kang'ethe. O nwere ihe ịma aka nwata ebe ọ nọrọla akụkụ ka mma nke ndụ ya dị ka nwatakịrị na-enweghị ebe obibi na-ekpughere ya mmebi iwu dị iche iche gụnyere ime ihe ike mmekọahụ nke ọ bụ onye lanarịrịnụ. Ọgwụ ọjọọ na mmanya riri ya ahụ́ mgbe ọ ka na-eto eto. Nne Stellah nwere schizophrenia, ya mere ọ chọrọ enyemaka dị nso n'aka ụmụ ya. Nne ya nwụrụ site na nje HIV / AIDS metụtara nsogbu na 2011. <ref name="Data">{{Cite web|url=http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf|publisher=[[Nation Media Group]]|date=2017|title=Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya|accessdate=23 November 2017}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://host.nationmedia.com/Top40Under40-2017.pdf "Top 40 Women Under 40 in Kenya"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Nairobi: [[Otu Mgbasa Ozi Mba|Nation Media Group]]. 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ dabara nke ọma ịbanye na "State House Girls High School", na Nairobi maka agụmakwụkwọ O-Level ya, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2003. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ A-Level ya, a nabatara ya na Mahadum Nairobi ka ọ mụọ ọgwụ mmadụ, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 2012 na Bachelor of Medicine na Bachelor of Surgery degree. O mechara nweta nzere Master of Science in Global Health Policy, na Mahadum London International Programs, na 2017. Ọ na-ejidekwa mmemme nzere [[Master nke Nchịkwa Azụmaahịa|Master of Business Administration]] na Strathmore Business School, yana dịka nke 2017, edebanye aha ya maka nzere bachelọ iwu, nzere na Mahadum Nairobi. Ọ na-ejidekwa diploma na Health Reproductive, nwetara site na [https://www.gfmer.ch/ Geneva Foundation for Medical Education and Research], na 2016. <ref name="Data"/> <ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|date=23 November 2017|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-stellah-wairimu-bosire-otieno-3a18273b/|title=Dr. Stellah Wairimu Bosire-Otieno: Chief Executive Officer, Kenya Medical Association|accessdate=23 November 2017|publisher=[[LinkedIn]]|author=Stellah Wairimu Bosire-Otieno}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFStellah_Wairimu_Bosire-Otieno2017">Stellah Wairimu Bosire-Otieno (23 November 2017). [https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-stellah-wairimu-bosire-otieno-3a18273b/ "Dr. Stellah Wairimu Bosire-Otieno: Chief Executive Officer, Kenya Medical Association"]. [[LinkedIn]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref> == Ahụmịhe ọrụ == Dr. Stellah Bosire bụ ọkachamara ahụike nke nwere ahụmahụ zuru ụwa ọnụ na nke ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị mba ọzọ, ndị na-enye onyinye onwe ha, na òtù ndị ọzọ na-enyocha ma na-atụle mmemme ahụike ọha na eze, na-eduzi nchọpụta ọrịa na ọrịa; na-atụle mmetụta nke usoro ọhụrụ maka igbochi ọrịa, ọgwụgwọ na mbelata; na akwụkwọ mmepụta ihe omume, ịdị irè, na atụmatụ mmepe. <ref name="1R">{{Cite web|url=https://uhai-eashri.org/about-us/|title=About Uhai Eashri: Who We Are|publisher=Uhai Eashri|date=1 March 2021|accessdate=1 March 2021|archivedate=22 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122073933/https://uhai-eashri.org/about-us/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">. Nairobi: Uhai Eashri. 1 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> O nwere ahụmịhe siri ike na ntinye ego na njikwa anaghị akwụ ụgwọ; Ahụmahụ pụtara ìhè na-eduga mgbanwe na uto nhazi nke ọma site na atụmatụ atụmatụ; ihe ọmụma pụrụ iche nke onye ndu ndị ọrụ, ịkpakọta ego, mmepe mmekọrịta, na njikwa ego; Ọmụma nke ọma banyere nsogbu ndị obodo na-adịghị ike chere ihu; Ọkachamara n'idu na inyere otu ndị ọrụ aka; Ikike imepụta na mejuputa mmemme nnabata ego dị irè; Ikike inye nkwado ikpe, jikọọ ndị na-enye onyinye na ịkwado inye ihe. <ref name="1R"/> Dịka ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị, ọ bụ ọkachamara na mmepe nhazi na njikwa dabere na nsonaazụ ya na ya na-arụkọ ọrụ, gọọmentị mba dị iche iche, ndị ọrụ enyemaka ọha na nke onwe, INGO, CBOs, na gọọmentị iji wulite ikike n'ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na ikike ụmụ nwanyị yana ndị ọzọ a kpagburu. obodo. Ọ na-eme nyocha nke nwoke na nwanyị, na-enyocha site na ọkwa dị elu (obere ọkwa), ọkwa etiti (ogo Meso), ọkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kachasị elu (macro-level), na mpaghara niile na mmemme nke mmekorita mmepe. O tinyekwala aka n'ịme nkọwa amụma, nyocha, nyocha ọrụ, na ọmụmụ nyocha, na nyocha ntọala na mpaghara ndị a; Mmekọahụ na ikike ịmụ nwa (SRHR); HIV; TB; Ikike mmadụ; Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ; Ahụike Ọha; Ọzụzụ na okike bụ isiokwu na-agafe agafe. <ref name="ResR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/news/2017-05-13-most-kids-wake-up-early-for-school-miss-breakfast/|title=Most kids wake up early for school, miss breakfast|date=13 May 2017|author=John Muchangi|accessdate=2 March 2021}}</ref> Na mbụ, mgbe ọ gụchara ọrụ ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ maka Gọọmenti Kenya otu afọ tupu ọ kwaga ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe. Ọ bụ Avenue Healthcare were ya n'ọrụ, netwọkụ nke ụlọ ọrụ nlekọta ngwa ngwa, dịka onye njikwa dibịa na-ewere ọchịchị nke alaka dị iche iche. Kemgbe Septemba 2013, Dr. Bosire-Otieno abụrụla osote onye isi oche nke Ụlọikpe HIV/AIDS nke Kenya. N'ọrụ a, ọ na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwalite ikike mmadụ na ịnweta ikpe ziri ezi maka ndị [[HIV/AIDS|nje HIV / AIDS]] metụtara ma butere ya. Na 2016, ọ hapụrụ Avenue Healthcare ka ọ tinye aka na amụma nlekọta ahụike ọha na Kenya site n'iwere ọrụ nke onye isi nchịkwa nke Association Medical Kenya. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2016, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa na odeakwụkwọ nke Board of Kenya Medical Association, nkwado ụlọ ọrụ na otu ndụmọdụ. <ref name="Data"/> <ref name="Bio"/> Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a na Council Advisory Council maka [[ICS Africa|CFK Africa]], otu NGO na-eduga na-arụ ọrụ na ebe obibi ndị Kenya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet Our Team {{!}} Staff, Board, and Advisory Council|url=https://cfkafrica.org/our-team/|accessdate=2023-08-22|work=CFK Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> Bosire bụ ruo Julaị 2022 otu n'ime ndị isi ngalaba na-ahụ maka UHAI EASHRI. == Edere akụkọ == 1. Ụgwọ ụlọ ọgwụ, njide na ugwu na ahụike, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/202212270220.html|title=Africa: Hospital Debt, Detention and Dignity in Health|first=Dr Stellah|author=Bosire|work=Allafrica.com|date=27 December 2022}}</ref> 2. Nyocha TB na Gender; <ref>{{Cite web|title=Tuberculosis: A Gender Assessment in Kenya|url=https://stoptb.org/assets/documents/communities/CRG/TB%20Gender%20Assessment%20Kenya.pdf|work=stoptb.org|accessdate=March 10, 2023}}</ref> 3. Gbaa ụmụ agbọghọ ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa iji chebe ha pụọ na ọrịa kansa cervical; <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/culture/dr-bosire-ezekiel-mutua-s-woes-were-painfully-predictable--3506260|first=Stellah|author=Bosire|title=Ezekiel Mutua's woes were painfully predictable|date=10 August 2021|work=Nation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBosire2021">Bosire, Stellah (10 August 2021). [https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/culture/dr-bosire-ezekiel-mutua-s-woes-were-painfully-predictable--3506260 "Ezekiel Mutua's woes were painfully predictable"]. ''Nation''.</cite></ref> 4. Ihe nkuzi maka Kenya sitere na omume US na nkwupụta nkwenye Geneva; <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/wellness/bosire-saoyo-lessons-for-kenya-from-us-actions-on-geneva-consensus-declaration-3289814|first=Stellah|author=Bosire|title=Lessons for Kenya from US actions on Geneva Consensus Declaration|date=13 February 2021|work=Nation}}</ref> 5. Ọkpụkpụ na ngalaba ahụike; <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/wellness/dr-bosire-the-skeletons-in-the-medical-field--3441580|first=Stellah|author=Bosire|title=The skeletons in the medical field|date=18 June 2021|work=Nation}}</ref> 6. Anyị na-ata ụta maka ọgba aghara ụlọ akwụkwọ; <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/life-and-style/family/bosire-and-muthuri-we-are-partly-to-blame-for-school-unrest-3618882|first=Stellah|author=Bosire|title=We are partly to blame for school unrest|date=14 November 2021|work=Nation}}</ref> 7. Inye aka na-ekere òkè, anyị nwere ike ghara ime ya? <ref name="auto">{{Cite web|first=Stellah|author=Bosire|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201803230189.html|title=Participatory grant-making, can we afford not to do it?}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFBosire">Bosire, Stellah. [https://allafrica.com/stories/201803230189.html "Participatory grant-making, can we afford not to do it?"].</cite></ref> 8. Iwu mgbochi nwoke na nwanyị idina nwoke na-egbochi anyị inweta mkpuchi ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ; <ref name="auto"/> 9. Na-ama ihe ngwọta kuki-cutter aka maka enyemaka enyemaka; <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.alliancemagazine.org/blog/challenging-the-cookie-cutter-solutions-to-philanthropy/|title=Challenging the cookie cutter solutions to philanthropy - Alliance magazine|first=Stellah|author=Bosire|date=23 February 2019}}</ref> 10. Ihe Justice Kavanaugh pụtara maka Kenya: <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://msmagazine.com/2018/10/23/kavanaugh-means-kenya/|title=What Kavanaugh Means for Kenya|first=Stellah|author=Bosire|date=23 October 2018}}</ref> 11. LGBTIQ+ ahụ ike bụ banyere ụzọ karịa mmekọahụ; <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://brightthemag.com/lgbtq-healthcare-is-about-way-more-than-sex-cefcc5bf3806|title=LGBTQ+ Healthcare Is About Way More Than Sex|date=19 June 2019|work=Medium|first=Stellah|author=Bosire|accessdate=21 October 2024|archivedate=8 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608095928/https://brightthemag.com/lgbtq-healthcare-is-about-way-more-than-sex-cefcc5bf3806}}</ref> 12. Olee otú mmekọahụ pests pụọ na igbu ọchụ; <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2001277389/how-sex-pests-easily-get-away-with-murder|title=How sex pests easily get away with murder|first=Stellah|author=Bosire|work=The Standard}}</ref> 13. Ahụhụ Mutua Ezikiel bụ nke a na-atụ n'anya nke ukwuu; <ref name="auto1"/> 14. Nhata maka ụmụ nwanyị Africa: <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/08/equality-for-african-women|title=Equality for African women|date=8 March 2019|work=The Guardian|first=Stellah|author=Bosire}}</ref> 15. Na-ebute ụzọ na ikike mmadụ; <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theelders.org/news/taking-lead-human-rights|title=Taking the lead on Human Rights|work=theelders.org|first=Stellah|author=Bosire|date=2 November 2018}}</ref> 16. Ndị na-eme ihe ike n'ihu ihu nha anya nwoke na nwanyị; <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.one.org/us/blog/open-letter-cosigners-2019/|title=These powerful activists are at the frontlines of gender equality|date=8 March 2019|work=One|first=Stellah|author=Bosire|accessdate=21 October 2024|archivedate=3 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603175512/https://www.one.org/us/blog/open-letter-cosigners-2019/}}</ref> 17. Ụdị agbụrụ dị iche iche na ahụike zuru ụwa ọnụ; <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://matahari.global/insight/racial-diversity-in-global-health-initiative-announces-advisory-committee/|title=Racial Diversity in Global Health Initiative Announces Advisory Committee – Matahari Global Solutions|first=Stellah|author=Bosire}}</ref> == Echiche ndị ọzọ == N'afọ 2017, a kpọrọ ya aha n'etiti "Ụmụ nwanyị 40 kacha elu n'okpuru afọ 40 na Kenya", nke Business Daily Africa, akwụkwọ akụkọ azụmahịa na-asụ Bekee kwa ụbọchị. <ref name="Data"/> <ref name="AlumR">{{Cite web|url=https://www.strathmore.edu/news/sbs-students-and-alumnae-among-top-40-under-40-women/|title=SBS Students and Alumnae Among Top 40 Under 40 Women|date=2017|publisher=[[Strathmore University]]|accessdate=2 March 2021|archivedate=1 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201124845/https://strathmore.edu/news/sbs-students-and-alumnae-among-top-40-under-40-women/}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a kpọrọ ya aha dị ka onye nnata nke Award International Leadership Award Accountability. Ihe nrite a, nke Accountability International na-enye kwa afọ, “bụ n'obi ka ewepụtara ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ otu ndị na-arụ ọrụ pụrụiche n'ịkwalite aza ajụjụ na nzaghachi mba ụwa maka ikike mmadụ na mmepe na-adigide”. <ref name="AcctR">{{Cite news|work=Accountability International|url=https://accountability.international/about-us/aila/|title=Accountability International Leadership Award: 2019 Honouree, Dr Stella Bosire|date=September 2020|accessdate=24 September 2020}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Queen nke England nyere ya onyinye Commonwealth Point of Light Award 2019. <ref name="Pol2019R">{{Cite web|date=2019|url=https://www.pointsoflight.gov.uk/dr-stellah-bosire-foundation-kenya/|title=Dr Stellah Bosire Foundation Kenya: Commonwealth Point of Light 119. Stellah Bosire|publisher=UK Points of Light|accessdate=2 March 2021}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}}  == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.kma.co.ke/ Weebụsaịtị nke Kenya Medical Association] * [https://issuu.com/uhaieashri/docs/board_communication_cr Ọkwa UHAI EASHRI] [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 219bgl9073qxz57cfvotecrn2jqro95 0 54003 672267 364022 2026-07-04T13:44:05Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barbara Charline Jordan''' (February 21, 1936 - Jenụwarị 17, 1996) bụ onye ọka iwu America, onye nkuzi, <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-First Century|author=Finkelman|first=Paul|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-516779-5|location=New York|pages=59–61}}</ref> na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị . Onye otụ ndi ochichi onye kwuo uche, ọ bụ onye mbụ Afrikan Amerikan a họpụtara na Texas Sineti mgbe nwughari, onye mbụ Nwanyi South Afrikan-Amerikan a họpụtara na United States Ụlọ Nnọchiteanya, <ref name="Clines">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/18/us/barbara-jordan-dies-at-59-her-voice-stirred-the-nation.html|title=Barbara Jordan Dies at 59; Her Voice Stirred the Nation|author=Clines|first=Francis X.|work=The New York Times|date=January 18, 1996|accessdate=2016-10-22}}</ref> na otu n'ime mbụ Afrikan Amerikan abuọ a họpụtara na n'ulọ U.S Nkwekorita mbụ kemgbe 1901, yana Andrew Young nke Georgia. Jordan nwetara aha ama ama maka ịnye nkwupụta mmeghe dị ike <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://history.house.gov/People/Detail?id=16031|title=JORDAN, Barbara Charline {{!}} US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives|work=history.house.gov|accessdate=2016-10-22}}</ref> na nnọkọ kọmitii Ụlọikpe n'oge usoro nchụpụ megide Richard Nixon . N'afọ 1976, ọ ghọrọ onye Afrikan-Amerikan mbụ, na nwanyị mbụ, na-ekwu okwu isi okwu na Mgbakọ Mba Democratic . <ref name=":8">Curtin, M.E. (2004) Barbara Jordan: The politics of insertion and accommodation, ''Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy, 7(4)'', 279-303, <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.1080/1369823042000300117</nowiki></ref> Ọ natara nrite onye isi ala nke nnwere onwe, n'etiti ọtụtụ nkwanye ugwu ndị ọzọ. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ Afrikan- Amerikan e liri na ebe ana-eli ozu Texas Steeti <ref name="HumanitiesTX">{{Cite web|title=Barbara Jordan|url=http://www.humanitiestexas.org/programs/tx-originals/list/barbara-jordan|work=Humanities Texas|accessdate=18 February 2016|quote=...{{nbsp}}When she died, in 1996, her burial in the Texas State Cemetery marked yet another first: she was the first black woman interred there.}}</ref> <ref>Wilson, Scott. ''Resting Places: The Burial Sites of More Than 14,000 Famous Persons'', 3d ed.: 2 (Kindle Location 24267). McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. Kindle Edition</ref> A makwaara Jordan maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye isi oche nke ulọ ọru US Commission na mgbanwe mbata na opụpụ == Ndụ Mbido == A mụrụ Barbara Charline Jordan na ngalaba nke is di na Houston, Texas . <ref name="Clines">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/18/us/barbara-jordan-dies-at-59-her-voice-stirred-the-nation.html|title=Barbara Jordan Dies at 59; Her Voice Stirred the Nation|author=Clines|first=Francis X.|work=The New York Times|date=January 18, 1996|accessdate=2016-10-22}}</ref> Jordan biri ndụ ya di ka nwatakịri n'ime ụlọ ụka a na kpọ Good Hope Missionary Baptist . Nne ya bụ Arlyne Patten Jordan, onye nkuzi na ụlọ ụka ahu buru kwa onye odibo, nna ya bụ Benjamin Jordan, onye nkwusa na ụlọ ụka Baptist na arụ kwa ọrụ dike onye nkwakọba ihe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-First Century|author=Finkelman|first=Paul|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-516779-5|location=New York|pages=59–61}}</ref><ref name="Beejae profile">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beejae.com/bjordan.htm|title=Barbara Jordan|accessdate=2009-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145243/http://www.beejae.com/bjordan.htm|archivedate=July 16, 2011}} at Beejae.com</ref> Jordan ga-agụ uri na chọọchị ma soro kwa ụmụnne ya ndị nwanyị bụrụ abụ gospel.<ref name=":10">Oliver, B. J. (2006). The life and times of Barbara Jordan: A twentieth-century Baptist and political pioneer: The world was a different place for women in 1962 when Barbara Charline Jordan lost her first race for the Texas house of representatives. ''Baptist History and Heritage, 41''(3), 66.</ref> N'afọ 1949, nna Jordan bidoro kpewa chọọchị na Greater Pleasant Hill Baptist dị ka onye ụkọchukwu oge niile.<ref name=":10" /> Site na úmú nne ya, Jordan bụ nwa nwa nwa Edward Patton, onye bụ otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ Afrikan Amerikan so na Ụlọ ndị nnọchiteanya tupu a napụ ndị oji Texas ikike n'okpuru Jim Crow. Barbara Jordan bụ nwa ikpetemaazụ n'ime ụmụ atọ, <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-First Century|author=Finkelman|first=Paul|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-516779-5|location=New York|pages=59–61}}</ref> ụmụnne ya atọ bu Rose Mary Jordan McGowan na Bennie Creswell Jordan (1933-2000). Jordan gara Roberson Ụlọ akwụkwọ elementri . <ref name="Beejae profile">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beejae.com/bjordan.htm|title=Barbara Jordan|accessdate=2009-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145243/http://www.beejae.com/bjordan.htm|archivedate=July 16, 2011}} at Beejae.com</ref> O ji nkwanye ugwu guchaa na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndri Phillis Wheatley n'afọ 1952 . <ref name="Beejae profile" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of African American History 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-First Century|author=Finkelman|first=Paul|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-516779-5|location=New York|pages=59–61}}</ref><ref name="HRC profile">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hrc.org/issues/3554.htm|title=Profile: Barbara Jordan (1936–1996)|accessdate=2009-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114152344/http://www.hrc.org/issues/3554.htm|archivedate=November 14, 2008}} at Human Rights Campaign</ref> Na Wheatley, ikike asụsụ Jordan biara tozuo okè site na nkwado nke ndị nkuzi na usoro mmụta ya. Onye nkuzi Bekee ya Mrs. D. B. Reid, ọkà okwu Ashton J. Oliver, na onye nkuzi okwu na ejije Robert T. Holland.<ref name=":3">Ferreira-Buckley, L. (2013). "Remember the world is not a playground but a schoolroom": Barbara Jordan's early rhetorical education. In D. Gold, D. Gold, C. L. Hobbs & C. L. Hobbs (Eds.), ''Rhetoric, history, and women's oratorical education'' (1st ed., pp. 196-216). Routledge. <nowiki>https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203073773-11</nowiki></ref> bu ndị metụtata ndu Jordan ebe odi ukwuu Jordan tụrụ aka na okwu Edith S. Sampson ọ nụrụ n'oge ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị bu ihe kpaliri mmụọ ya ịghọ onye ọka iwu.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ross|first=Irwin|title=Barbara Jordan-New Voice in Washington|journal=The Reader's Digest|date=February 1977|pages=148–152}}</ref> N'ihi nkewa, Jordan ewelịghị ike ịgụ aķwụkwọ Mahadum Texas na Austin kama ọ họọrọ Mahadum Southern Texas, ụlo akwụkwọ ndị oji ebe ana akuziri kari sayensị ndọrọ ọchịchị na akụkọ ihe mere eme.<ref name=":10" /> Na Mahadum Texas Southern, Jordan bụ onye mmeri na-nrụrịta ụka, na-amụta kwa ihe n'aka onye nkuzi ya, Thomas Freeman, O meriri ndị nrụrịta ụka si Yale na Brown, ma na ya na ndị nrụrita ụka Mahadum Harvard.<ref name="Beejae profile">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beejae.com/bjordan.htm|title=Barbara Jordan|accessdate=2009-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145243/http://www.beejae.com/bjordan.htm|archivedate=July 16, 2011}} at Beejae.com</ref> jikotara Na ngụcha akwụkwọ ya, ọ tụrụ ugwu ''magna cum laude'' n'afọ 1956. <ref name="Beejae profile" /><ref name="HRC profile">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hrc.org/issues/3554.htm|title=Profile: Barbara Jordan (1936–1996)|accessdate=2009-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081114152344/http://www.hrc.org/issues/3554.htm|archivedate=November 14, 2008}} at Human Rights Campaign</ref> Na Mahadum Texas Southern, o so na ndị otụ Delta Gamma chapta nke Delta Sigma Theta .<ref name="Beejae profile" /> Ọ gara Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Iwu nke Mahadum Boston gụchaa n'afọ 1959. <ref name="Beejae profile" /><ref name="HRC profile" /> Jordan kụziri sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Ụlọ akwụkwọ Tuskegee na [[Alabama]] ruo orụ ebe ahụ otu afọ.<ref name="Beejae profile">{{Cite web|url=http://www.beejae.com/bjordan.htm|title=Barbara Jordan|accessdate=2009-05-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716145243/http://www.beejae.com/bjordan.htm|archivedate=July 16, 2011}} at Beejae.com</ref> N'afọ 1960, ọ laghachiri Houston wee bido omume iwu nkeionwe<ref name="Beejae profile" /> N'oge ahụ na Texas, e nwere naanị ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọka iwu ojii abụọ, otu bụ Jordan, onye dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ. Iji bido sụ ọrụ ya, Jordan ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ oǰīī rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka nchịkwa nye onye ọka ikpe mpaghara, Bill Elliott.<ref name=":8" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Barbara Jordan Biography|url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/barbara-jordan|accessdate=2024-04-10|work=Barbara Jordan Biography|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Brown|first=Melissa R.|date=1998|title=Barbara C. Jordan - 1936-1996 Ahead of Her Time: Women in History|url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/bufwlj6&i=5|journal=Circles: Buffalo Women's Journal of Law and Social Policy 6|volume=6|pages=1–2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Biography – Barbara Jordan Freedom Foundation|url=https://www.barbarajordanfreedomfoundation.org/biography/|accessdate=2024-04-10|language=en}}</ref> Jordan malitere ọrụ ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ1960 mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye ọrụ afọ ofufo maka mkpọsa John F. Kennedy-Lyndon B. Johnson, na-aga na ụlọ ụka ndị Afrikan Amerikan na Houston iji igbaa ndị mmadụ ume ka ha tụọ vootu. 3gafy2lmqv13ejrp6r1xeyr7xvhx3tt 0 54036 672231 192153 2026-07-04T13:25:22Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Michelle Jacques''' bụ onye ọbụ abụ America, onye nkuzi egwu na onye na-ese ihe ndekọ Jenpet. Ọ bụ onye ntụzi nka nka nke Chelle! na ndị enyi.<ref name="BV">{{Cite news|author=<!--not stated-->|date=May 17, 2010|title=Haiti Awareness Day and Celebration Tuesday, May 18|url=http://sfbayview.com/2010/haiti-awareness-day-and-celebration-tuesday-may-18/|work=[[San Francisco Bay View]]|accessdate=April 27, 2023}}</ref> A mụrụ Jacques na New Orleans. Ọ malitere ịmụ ihe nkiri, ịgba egwu ọgbara ọhụrụ, mgbata, ballet na violin, malite mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa. Dịka otu n'ime ndị mbụ nke Street Sounds, ọ gagharịala na United States na Europe dum.<ref name="BV" /> Ọ bụkwa onye otu mbụ nke Linda Tillery na Cultural Heritage Choir. Ọ malitere ịmụ gbasara omenala, asụsụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme Creole na-eso ajọ ifufe Katrina na 2005. Otu ya Chelle! na ndị enyi na-echeta egwu nke Mardi Gras, New Orleans, na egwu Creole. Otu a gụnyere Jacques, Rhonda Crane, Jay Lamont na Bryan Dyer, ya na Donna Viscuso n'elu osisi, yana Sam Bevan na bass. Ọ bụ onye nnata nke City of Oakland 2008, onyinye onye nka n'otu n'otu, wee nye ya 1995 Contemporary A Cappella Recording Awards (CARA) maka onye edemede nke Best Folk/Progressive Song "Home Africa".<ref name="BV">{{Cite news|author=<!--not stated-->|date=May 17, 2010|title=Haiti Awareness Day and Celebration Tuesday, May 18|url=http://sfbayview.com/2010/haiti-awareness-day-and-celebration-tuesday-may-18/|work=[[San Francisco Bay View]]|accessdate=April 27, 2023}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://sfbayview.com/2010/haiti-awareness-day-and-celebration-tuesday-may-18/ "Haiti Awareness Day and Celebration Tuesday, May 18"]. ''[[San Francisco Bay View]]''. San Francisco, California. May 17, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 10j35391z29x6ic68t36illsjzu3zfy 0 54323 672212 192762 2026-07-04T13:10:48Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 672212 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} [[Usòrò:Mikaela_Åhlin-Kottulinsky_Audi_R8_LMS.jpg|thumb|287x287px| 2016 ADAC GT Nna-ukwu]] '''Mikaela Åhlin-Kottulinsky''' (amụrụ 13 Nọvemba 1992 na Karlstad ) bụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala Sweden na-asọ mpi ugbu a na Extreme E Championship maka Rosberg X Racing . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.stcc.se/driver/tba-4/|title=STCC - Drivers|language=Swedish}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.touringcartimes.com/2019/01/24/mikaela-ahlin-kottulinsky-signed-third-season-pwr-racing/|title=Mikaela Åhlin-Kottulinsky signed for a third season with PWR Racing|accessdate=2019-06-24|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|title=Rosberg X Racing confirms driver line-up for season two|url=https://www.rosbergxracing.com/post/rosberg-x-racing-confirms-driver-line-up-for-season-two}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mmalite === Åhlin-Kottulinsky malitere ịgba ọsọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ na go-karts. N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 2011, ọ gbagoro n'ịgba ọsọ ụgbọ ala mgbe ọ sonyere na FIA Women in Motorsport's shoot-out, <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.fia.com/news/volkswagen-continues-support-women-motor-sport|title=Volkswagen continues to support women in motor sport|accessdate=2011-11-01|language=en}}</ref> ebe ọ gụchara nke abụọ wee nweta ohere ịgba ọsọ na Volkswagen Scirocco R-Cup na 2012. === Volkswagen Scirocco R Cup === Ọ gbara ọsọ na usoro ahụ maka oge atọ, na 2014 ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme iji merie agbụrụ na asọmpi Volkswagen na-akwado. Na njedebe nke 2014, Volkswagen kpebiri ịkwụsị usoro ịgba ọsọ nke otu ha na-eme, na Audi Sport na-ewere ọnọdụ ha ma malite Audi Sport TT Cup . Ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala 165 tinyere akwụkwọ maka usoro ahụ, yana ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala 18 ebe a họọrọ ịsọ mpi na Åhlin-Kottulinsky bụ otu n'ime ha. Nsonaazụ ya kacha mma na 2015 bụ ebe nke atọ na Norisring, yana agba abụọ kachasị ọsọ edobere n'oge oge. Site na 2016 ruo mgbe ọ gbanwere na STCC, ọ gbara ọsọ na German ADAC GT Masters series, na-asọmpi na Audi R8 LMS . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mikaelaracing.com/single-post/2017/04/12/ADAC-GT-Masters-2017|title=ADAC GT Masters 2017|accessdate=2017-04-12|language=en}}</ref> === STCC TCR Scandinavia Touring Car Championship === Na 2017, o sonyeere STCC, na-akwọ ụgbọala maka PWR Racing - Junior Team in an Audi RS 3 LMS, n'agbanyeghị na ndị otu ya na-asọmpi SEAT León TCRs, ebe ọ nọ n'okpuru nkwekọrịta Audi dịka akụkụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ịgba ọsọ Audi Sport. . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.touringcartimes.com/2017/03/07/mikaela-ahlin-kottulinsky-confirmed-to-drive-audi-for-pwr-racing/|title=Mikaela Åhlin-Kottulinsky confirmed at PWR Racing in an Audi|date=2017-03-07|work=TouringCarTimes|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-25}}</ref> Na 2018, na oge nke abụọ ya na STCC, ọ ghọrọ onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala mbụ nwanyị na-agba ọsọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme ụgbọ ala Sweden iji merie n'ọsọ, na-enweta mmeri na okpomọkụ nke abụọ na Karlskoga n'August <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.touringcartimes.com/2018/08/19/mikaela-ahlin-kottulinsky-makes-history-wins-karlskoga-race-2/|title=Mikaela Åhlin-Kottulinsky makes history as she wins Karlskoga Race 2|date=2018-08-19|work=TouringCarTimes|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-25}}</ref> ruo mgbe ụgbọ ala niile nke PWR Racing team. ewepụrụ mgbe e mesịrị na mgbede ahụ na-eso mkpesa sitere n'aka ndị na-emegide ha, bụ ndị na-ekwu na ha na-eji ike ọgwụgwụ na-enweghị iwu na-agba ọsọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.touringcartimes.com/2018/08/19/mikaela-ahlin-kottulinsky-excluded-race-2-andersson-declared-winner/|title=Mikaela Åhlin-Kottulinsky excluded from Race 2, Andersson declared the winner|date=2018-08-19|work=TouringCarTimes|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-25}}</ref> Ndị otu a rịọrọ mwepu ahụ wee merie ikpe ha otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.touringcartimes.com/2018/09/18/mikaela-ahlin-kottulinsky-never-stopped-seeing-victory/|title=Mikaela Åhlin-Kottulinsky: "I never stopped seeing it as a victory"|date=2018-09-18|work=TouringCarTimes|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-25}}</ref> na mmeri Åhlin-Kottulinsky weghachiri eweghachi. Åhlin-Kottulinsky bịanyere aka na PWR Racing maka 2019 TCR Scandinavia Touring Car Championship, usoro nnọchi maka STCC na-esote ọdịda nke ndị nhazi n'oge oyi. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.touringcartimes.com/2019/02/14/new-organisation-confirm-tcr-scandinavia-name-2019-season/|title=New organisation confirms TCR Scandinavia name for 2019 season|date=2019-02-14|work=TouringCarTimes|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-25}}</ref> Ọ mere akụkọ ihe mere eme ọzọ ka ọ na-azọrọ na mbụ pole ọnọdụ maka nwanyị ọkwọ ụgbọala na mmalite nke oge na Knutstorp, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.touringcartimes.com/2019/05/03/mikaela-ahlin-kottulinsky-claims-last-gasp-pole-position-season-opener/|title=Mikaela Åhlin-Kottulinsky claims last-gasp pole position for season opener|date=2019-05-03|work=TouringCarTimes|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-25}}</ref> na-aga n'ihu na-emeri mbụ agbụrụ nke oge, na-azọrọ ya nke abụọ ọrụ mmeri na Swedish njem ụgbọ ala. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.touringcartimes.com/2019/05/04/mikaela-ahlin-kottulinsky-takes-first-win-season-knutstorp/|title=Mikaela Åhlin-Kottulinsky takes the first win of the season at Knutstorp|date=2019-05-04|work=TouringCarTimes|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-06-25}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu gụchaa oge nke isii n'ọkwa asọmpi ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala, na-aga n'ihu n'ọkwa anọ gwụchara n'oge oge. Maka 2020, ọ bịanyere aka na PWR Racing ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ asọmpi na oge STCC TCR Scandinavia, na-agba asọmpi Cupra Leon ọhụrụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pwrracingteam.com/mikaela-ahlin-kottulinsky-robert-dahlgren-i-stcc-2020/|title=Mikaela Åhlin-Kottulinsky & Robert Dahlgren i STCC 2020|author=Åström|first=Joakim|date=2020-04-03|work=PWR Racing Team|language=sv-SE|accessdate=2020-04-03}}</ref> O ji egwuregwu abụọ mechie oge nke itoolu. N'afọ 2021 ọ gụchara onye otu ya Robert Dahlgren nke abụọ n'ọkwa n'ọkwa, na-akwọkwa PWR Racing Cupra León Competición ọzọ. N'afọ 2022 ka o kwusachara nkwekọrịta ya na Rosberg X Racing na ya agaghị eso PWR, mana ọ nwere ike ịchụso ohere mmemme ịgba ọsọ ndị ọzọ, n'ihi na ọ chọrọ "ọsọ karịa ihe omume ise Extreme E" ọ nwere ugbu a. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-02-04|title=Mikaela Åhlin-Kottulinsky confirms no 2022 STCC programme with PWR Racing|work=Touring Car Times|url=https://www.touringcartimes.com/2022/02/04/mikaela-ahlin-kottulinsky-confirms-no-2022-stcc-programme-pwr-racing/}}</ref> === Oke E === Na 2021 ya na ndị otu JBXE nke Jenson Button gbara ọsọ na asọmpi Egwu ya na Kevin Hansen. Ha gụchara oge ahụ na ọnọdụ nke atọ n'ozuzu ya. Na 4 February 2022 ekwuputara ya dị ka onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala Rosberg X yana onye Swede ibe ya na 4x FIA World Rallycross Champion Johan Kristoffersson . <ref name=":0" /> Ha meriri agba nke mbụ nke oge na Neom, [[Saudi Arabia]] . <ref>{{Cite web|title=RXR win the opening X Prix of Extreme E Season 2|url=https://www.extreme-e.com/en/news/517_RXR-win-the-opening-X-Prix-of-Extreme-E-Season-2|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=Extreme E - The Electric Odyssey|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Åhlin-Kottulinsky si n'ezinụlọ na-agba ọsọ. Nna nna Mikaela bụ Silesian Count Freddy Kottulinsky, onye meriri 1980 Paris-Dakar Rally . Nna ya, Jerry Åhlin, gbara ọsọ n'etiti 1983 na 1991 na European Rally Championship na n'etiti 1984 na 2000 so na asọmpi WRC isii nke ọ meriri otu isi. Nne ya, Susanne Kottulinsky, sonyere n'etiti 1982 na 2002 na European Rally Championship na Opel, Volvo, Audi, na nwanne ya nwoke nke obere, Fredrik Åhlin, bụ onye ọkwọ ụgbọ ala. === Rịzọlt Audi Sport TT Cup zuru ezu === ( igodo ) (Ọsọ na '''nkwuwa okwu''' ''na'' -egosi ọnọdụ okporo osisi) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%" !Afọ ! Mba ! width="150" | Ụgbọ ala ! colspan="2" | 1-2 ! colspan="2" | 3-4 ! colspan="2" | 5-6 ! colspan="2" | 7-8 ! colspan="2" | 9-10 ! colspan="2" | 11-12 ! Isi ihe ! Ọnọdụ |- ! rowspan="2" | 2015 | rowspan="2" | 89 | rowspan="2" align="left" | Audi Sport TT | colspan="2" |</img> [[Hockenheimring|HOC]] | colspan="2" |</img> [[Norisring|NORỌ]] | colspan="2" |</img> [[Red Bull Ring|RBR]] | colspan="2" |</img> [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|OSC]] | colspan="2" |</img> [[Nürburgring|NÜR]] | colspan="2" |</img> [[Hockenheimring|HOC]] ! rowspan="2" | 75 ! rowspan="2" | 15th |- | style="background:#DFFFDF;" width="30" | 9 | style="background:#EFCFFF;" width="30" | Ret | style="background:#DFFFDF;" width="30" | 8 | style="background:#ffdf9f;" width="30" | ''3'' | style="background:#DFFFDF;" width="30" | 10 | style="background:#DFFFDF;" width="30" | 18 | style="background:#EFCFFF;" width="30" | Ret | style="background:#DFFFDF;" width="30" | 12 | style="background:#DFFFDF;" width="30" | 6 | style="background:#EFCFFF;" width="30" | Ret | style="background:#EFCFFF;" width="30" | Ret | style="background:#EFCFFF;" width="30" | ''Ret'' |} === Rịzọlt ADAC GT Masters zuru ezu === ( igodo ) (Ọsọ na '''nkwuwa okwu''' ''na'' -egosi ọnọdụ okporo osisi) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%" !Year !Team !No !Car ! colspan="2" width="65" |1-2 ! colspan="2" width="60" |3-4 ! colspan="2" width="60" |5-6 ! colspan="2" width="60" |7-8 ! colspan="2" width="60" |9-10 ! colspan="2" width="60" |11-12 ! colspan="2" width="60" |13-14 !Points !Position |- ! rowspan="2" |2016 | rowspan="2" align="left" width="220" |Aust Motorsport | rowspan="2" |44 | rowspan="2" align="left" |Audi R8 LMS | colspan="2" |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|OSC]] | colspan="2" |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Sachsenring|SAC]] | colspan="2" |{{flagicon|GER}} [[EuroSpeedway Lausitz|LAU]] | colspan="2" |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Red Bull Ring|RBR]] | colspan="2" |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Nürburgring|NÜR]] | colspan="2" |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Circuit Park Zandvoort|ZAN]] | colspan="2" |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Hockenheimring|HOC]] ! rowspan="2" |1 ! rowspan="2" |52nd |- | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |Ret | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |17 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |23 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |24 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |19 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |11 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |17 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |20 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |11 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |17 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |15 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |18 | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |10 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |19 |- ! rowspan="2" |2017 | rowspan="2" align="left" width="220" |Audi Sport Racing Academy | rowspan="2" |8 | rowspan="2" align="left" width="100" |Audi R8 LMS | colspan="2" |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Motorsport Arena Oschersleben|OSC]] | colspan="2" |{{flagicon|GER}} [[EuroSpeedway Lausitz|LAU]] | colspan="2" |{{flagicon|AUT}} [[Red Bull Ring|RBR]] | colspan="2" |{{flagicon|NED}} [[Circuit Park Zandvoort|ZAN]] | colspan="2" |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Nürburgring|NÜR]] | colspan="2" |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Sachsenring|SAC]] | colspan="2" |{{flagicon|GER}} [[Hockenheimring|HOC]] ! rowspan="2" |0 ! rowspan="2" |NC |- | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |17 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |23 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |20 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |20 | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |Ret | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |17 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |21 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |13 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |22 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |17 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |19 | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |18 | - | - |} === Nsonaazụ asọmpi ụgbọ ala Scandinavian zuru ezu === ( igodo ) (Ọsọ na '''nkwuwa okwu''' ''na'' -egosi ọnọdụ okporo osisi) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:85%" !Year !Team !Car !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !7 !8 !9 !10 !11 !12 !13 !14 !15 !16 !17 !18 !19 !20 !21 !DC !Points |- |2017 !PWR Racing – Junior Team !Audi RS3 LMS TCR | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |KNU<nowiki><br id="mwAvc"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |KNU<nowiki><br id="mwAvw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |KNU<nowiki><br id="mwAwE"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#;" |ALA<nowiki><br id="mwAwY"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1 | style="background:#;" |ALA<nowiki><br id="mwAwk"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2 | style="background:#;" |ALA<nowiki><br id="mwAww"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3 | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |SOL<nowiki><br id="mwAw8"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SOL<nowiki><br id="mwAxQ"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|8}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |SOL<nowiki><br id="mwAxk"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|11}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |FAL<nowiki><br id="mwAx4"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|9}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |FAL<nowiki><br id="mwAyM"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|11}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |FAL<nowiki><br id="mwAyg"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|15}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |GEL<nowiki><br id="mwAy0"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |GEL<nowiki><br id="mwAzI"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |GEL<nowiki><br id="mwAzc"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|15}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |AND<nowiki><br id="mwAzw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |AND<nowiki><br id="mwA0E"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|15}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |AND<nowiki><br id="mwA0Y"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|15}} | style="background:#;" |MAN<nowiki><br id="mwA0s"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1 | style="background:#;" |MAN<nowiki><br id="mwA04"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2 | style="background:#;" |MAN<nowiki><br id="mwA1E"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3 !20th !6 |- |2018 !SEAT Dealer Team – PWR Racing !Cupra León TCR | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |KNU<nowiki><br id="mwA10"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|11}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |KNU<nowiki><br id="mwA2I"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|18}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |AND<nowiki><br id="mwA2c"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|8}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |AND<nowiki><br id="mwA2w"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|7}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |FAL<nowiki><br id="mwA3E"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|12}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |FAL<nowiki><br id="mwA3Y"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|9}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |GEL<nowiki><br id="mwA3s"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#FFFFBF;" |GEL<nowiki><br id="mwA4A"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|1}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |RUD<nowiki><br id="mwA4U"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|15}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |RUD<nowiki><br id="mwA4o"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|16}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |MAN<nowiki><br id="mwA48"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|9}} | style="background:#CFCFFF;" |MAN<nowiki><br id="mwA5Q"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|12}} | | | | | | | | | !10th !39 |- |2019 !PWR Racing – SEAT Dealer Team !Cupra León TCR | style="background:#FFFFBF;" |'''''KNU<nowiki><br id="mwA60"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1'''''<br /><br />{{small|1}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |KNU<nowiki><br id="mwA7I"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |AND<nowiki><br id="mwA7c"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|5}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |AND<nowiki><br id="mwA7w"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|10}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SKE<nowiki><br id="mwA8E"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|4}} | style="background:#DFDFDF;" |SKE<nowiki><br id="mwA8Y"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|2}} | style="background:#FFDF9F;" |FAL<nowiki><br id="mwA8s"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|3}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |FAL<nowiki><br id="mwA9A"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|7}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |GEL<nowiki><br id="mwA9U"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|4}} | style="background:#FFDF9F;" |''GEL<nowiki><br id="mwA9s"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2''<br /><br />{{small|3}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |JYL<nowiki><br id="mwA-A"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|6}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |JYL<nowiki><br id="mwA-U"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|5}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |MAN<nowiki><br id="mwA-o"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|6}} | style="background:#FFDF9F;" |MAN<nowiki><br id="mwA-8"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|3}} | | | | | | | !6th !167 |- |2020 !PWR Racing – SEAT Dealer Team !Cupra León Competición TCR | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |GEL<nowiki><br id="mwBAQ"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |GEL<nowiki><br id="mwBAk"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|4}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |GEL<nowiki><br id="mwBA4"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|10}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SKE<nowiki><br id="mwBBM"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|8}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SKE<nowiki><br id="mwBBg"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|10}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |SKE<nowiki><br id="mwBB0"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#FFDF9F;" |MAN<nowiki><br id="mwBCI"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|3}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |MAN<nowiki><br id="mwBCc"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|7}} | style="background:#FFDF9F;" |MAN<nowiki><br id="mwBCw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|3}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |KNU<nowiki><br id="mwBDE"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|5}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |KNU<nowiki><br id="mwBDY"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|4}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |KNU<nowiki><br id="mwBDs"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | | | | | | | | | !9th !79 |- |2021 !Cupra Dealer Team – PWR Racing !Cupra León Competición TCR | style="background:#DFDFDF;" |LJU<nowiki><br id="mwBFI"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|2}} | style="background:#FFDF9F;" |LJU<nowiki><br id="mwBFc"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|3}} | style="background:#EFCFFF;" |LJU<nowiki><br id="mwBFw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|Ret}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SKE<nowiki><br id="mwBGE"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|5}} | style="background:#DFDFDF;" |SKE<nowiki><br id="mwBGY"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|2}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |SKE<nowiki><br id="mwBGs"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|6}} | style="background:#DFDFDF;" |GEL<nowiki><br id="mwBHA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|2}} | style="background:#DFDFDF;" |GEL<nowiki><br id="mwBHU"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|2}} | style="background:#FFDF9F;" |GEL<nowiki><br id="mwBHo"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|3}} | style="background:#DFDFDF;" |AND<nowiki><br id="mwBH8"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|2}} | style="background:#DFDFDF;" |AND<nowiki><br id="mwBIQ"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|2}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |AND<nowiki><br id="mwBIk"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|9}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |MAN<nowiki><br id="mwBI4"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|6}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |''MAN<nowiki><br id="mwBJQ"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2''<br /><br />{{small|5}} | style="background:#FFFFBF;" |''MAN<nowiki><br id="mwBJo"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3''<br /><br />{{small|1}} | style="background:#FFFFBF;" |KNU<nowiki><br id="mwBJ8"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|1}} | style="background:#DFDFDF;" |KNU<nowiki><br id="mwBKQ"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|2}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |KNU<nowiki><br id="mwBKk"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>3<br /><br />{{small|9}} | | | ! style="background:#DFDFDF;" |2nd ! style="background:#DFDFDF;" |259 |} === Nsonaazụ Oke E zuru oke === ( igodo ) {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%" !Year !Team !Car !1 !2 !3 !4 !5 !6 !7 !8 !9 !10 !{{Tooltip|Pos.|Championship position}} !Points |- |2021 !JBXE !Spark ODYSSEY 21 | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |DES<nowiki><br id="mwBNE"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>Q<br /><br />{{small|6}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |DES<nowiki><br id="mwBNY"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>R<br /><br />{{small|6}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |OCE<nowiki><br id="mwBNs"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>Q<br /><br />{{small|4}} | style="background:#FFDF9F;" |OCE<nowiki><br id="mwBOA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>R<br /><br />{{small|3}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |ARC<nowiki><br id="mwBOU"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>Q<br /><br />{{small|8}} | style="background:#DFDFDF;" |ARC<nowiki><br id="mwBOo"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>R<br /><br />{{small|2}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |ISL<nowiki><br id="mwBO8"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>Q<br /><br />{{small|7}} | style="background:#FFDF9F;" |ISL<nowiki><br id="mwBPQ"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>R<br /><br />{{small|3}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |JUR<nowiki><br id="mwBPk"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>Q<br /><br />{{small|5}} | style="background:#DFDFDF;" |JUR<nowiki><br id="mwBP4"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>R<br /><br />{{small|2}} !4th !{{tooltip|102|119, including dropped points}} |- |2022 !Rosberg X Racing !Spark ODYSSEY 21 | style="background:#FFFFBF;" |DES<br /><br />{{small|1}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |ISL1<br /><br />{{small|5}} | style="background:#FFFFBF;" |ISL2<br /><br />{{small|1}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |COP<br /><br />{{small|6}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |ENE<br /><br />{{small|10}} | | | | | ! style="background:#DFDFDF;" |2nd ! style="background:#DFDFDF;" |{{tooltip|68|69, including dropped points}} |- |2023 !Rosberg X Racing !Spark ODYSSEY 21 | style="background:#FFDF9F;" |DES<nowiki><br id="mwBTA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|3}} | style="background:#FFDF9F;" |DES<nowiki><br id="mwBTU"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|3}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |HYD<nowiki><br id="mwBTo"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|5}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |HYD<nowiki><br id="mwBT8"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|5}} | style="background:#FFFFBF;" |ISL1<nowiki><br id="mwBUQ"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|1}} | style="background:#FFFFBF;" |ISL1<nowiki><br id="mwBUk"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|1}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |ISL2<nowiki><br id="mwBU4"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|4}} | style="background:#DFDFDF;" |ISL2<nowiki><br id="mwBVM"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|2}} | style="background:#FFFFBF;" |COP<nowiki><br id="mwBVg"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|1}} | style="background:#DFDFDF;" |COP<nowiki><br id="mwBV0"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|2}} ! style="background:#FFFFBF;" |1st ! style="background:#FFFFBF;" |{{tooltip|159|180, including dropped points}} |- |2024 !Rosberg X Racing !Spark ODYSSEY 21 | style="background:#FFFFBF;" |DES<nowiki><br id="mwBWw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|1}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |DES<nowiki><br id="mwBXE"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|4}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |HYD<nowiki><br id="mwBXY"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|4}} | style="background:#DFFFDF;" |HYD<nowiki><br id="mwBXs"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|4}} | style="background:#;" |ISL1<nowiki><br id="mwBYA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|}} | style="background:#;" |ISL1<nowiki><br id="mwBYY"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|}} | style="background:#;" |ISL2<nowiki><br id="mwBYw"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|}} | style="background:#;" |ISL2<nowiki><br id="mwBZI"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|}} | style="background:#;" |VAL<nowiki><br id="mwBZg"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>1<br /><br />{{small|}} | style="background:#;" |VAL<nowiki><br id="mwBZ4"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki>2<br /><br />{{small|}} ! style="background:#FFDF9F;" |3rd* ! style="background:#FFDF9F;" |67* |} == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.mikaelaracing.com/ Weebụsaịtị gọọmentị] * Mikaela Åhlin-Kottulinsky * profaịlụ [https://www.motorsport.com/driver/mikaela-ahlin-kottulinsky/ Mikaela Åhlin-Kottulinsky] na Motorsport.com * [https://instagram.com/mikaelaakottulinsky Mikaela Åhlin-Kottulinsky] na Instagram [[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dodkfwwvh6fk3ze4rebqaznrgo0t6gu 0 54762 672175 193453 2026-07-04T12:32:19Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672175 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Jahanara Rob''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Awami na onye otu nzuko omeiwu nọ n'oche echekwara ya. == Ọrụ == A họpụtara Rob ka ọ bụrụ nzuko omeiwu site n'oche echekwara dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Awami na 1973. <ref>{{Cite web|title=List of 1st Parliament Members|url=http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/1st.pdf|work=Bangladesh Parliament|language=bn|accessdate=12 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180909153327/http://www.parliament.gov.bd/images/pdf/formermp/1st.pdf|archivedate=9 September 2018}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Rob lụrụ Abdur Rob Boga Miah, onye bụbu onye isi oche mpaghara Pabna District nke Awami League na onye otu ọgbakọ ọgbakọ nke Bangladesh . Ọ nwụrụ n'ihe mberede okporo ụzọ na 1973 ka ọ na-eme mkpọsa maka ntuli aka. <ref name="ob">{{Cite news|title=Obituary|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/obituary-44116|accessdate=6 December 2020|work=The Daily Star|date=1 October 2014|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|title=Death anniversary|url=https://www.daily-sun.com/arcprint/details/291289/Death-anniversary/2018-02-25|accessdate=6 December 2020|work=Daily Sun|language=en}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Rob nwụrụ na 1 October 2014 na Square Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh. == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} 07f9x0qn2trlhcmwin1ugcy3yhhlcid 0 54995 672407 495930 2026-07-04T17:22:19Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672407 wikitext text/x-wiki Na 26 Mee 2010, ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ asaa nwụrụ na mgbawa bọmbụ na Stavropol, Russia. Ọ dịkarịa ala mmadụ 40 merụrụ ahụ, <ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://edition.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/asiapcf/05/27/russia.explosion.death.toll/|title=Death toll rises to 7 in Russia bombing|date=27 May 2010|work=CNN News|accessdate=27 May 2010}}</ref> otu onye si Moscow, ebe onye ọzọ bụ onye si n'èzí, na onye ọzọ si [[Azerbaijan]] ma ọ bụ [[Turkéy|Turkey]].   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbawa ahụ mere tupu egwu egwu. <ref>{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE64P48I20100527|title=Death toll from south Russia bomb rises to seven|date=27 May 2010|work=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=27 May 2010|first=Dmitry|author=Solovyov}}</ref> Stravropol enwebeghi odiri mwakpo ha nwere n'afo ahu tupu ihe mgberede ahu emee; ihe omume ndị yiri ya enweela njikọ chiri anya na Chechnya na Dagestan. <ref name="Russian blast death toll rises to 7" /> Russia kwuru na mwakpo ahụ bụ "omume iyi ọha egwu". <ref name="Russian blast death toll rises to 7"/> <ref name="Russian blast death toll rises"/> Mmadu asato nwuru na emume ahu, onuogugu kariri nu ka emechara guputa.<ref name="Russian blast death toll rises"/> == Ihe mere == Mgbawa ahụ mere n'èzí Stavropol Concert Hall nkeji iri na ise tupu ihe ngosi ịgba egwú Chechen a ma ama Vainakh n'ihi na ọ ga-eme n'ebe ahụ. onye isi ochichi nke Chechen aha ya bu Ramzan Kadyrov na ndi ozo sere ihe onyonyo.<ref name="Bomb blasts kills 5 near Russian theatre">{{cite news|url=https://montrealgazette.com/news/Bomb+blasts+kills+near+Russian+theatre/3075698/story.html|title=Bomb blasts kills 5 near Russian theatre|date=27 May 2010|work=[[The Gazette (Montreal)]]|accessdate=27 May 2010}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> A na-eji ihe na-agbawa agbawa ma e jiri ya tụnyere gram 200 ruo 250 nke TNT. A na-ekwu na a na-etinye pellet ígwè n'ime katọn mmiri iji mee bọmbụ ahụ.<ref name="Seven dead as bomb blast rocks southern Russian city">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5613104,00.html|title=Seven dead as bomb blast rocks southern Russian city|date=27 May 2010|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|accessdate=27 May 2010}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5613104,00.html "Seven dead as bomb blast rocks southern Russian city"]. ''[[Deutsche Welle]]''. 27 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe ahụ, a na-eji ngwaọrụ a na-achịkwa site n'ebe dị anya mee ka bọmbụ ahụ gbawaa.<ref name="Russian blast death toll rises"/> Ndị uwe ojii mechiri ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ. A na-ahụ ozu abụọ site na mpụga.<ref name="Bomb blasts kills 5 near Russian theatre" /> Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị merụrụ ahụ na-emerụ ahụ n'ụzọ dị egwu na ebe dị egwu.<ref name="Seven dead as bomb blast rocks southern Russian city">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5613104,00.html|title=Seven dead as bomb blast rocks southern Russian city|date=27 May 2010|work=[[Deutsche Welle]]|accessdate=27 May 2010}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,5613104,00.html "Seven dead as bomb blast rocks southern Russian city"]. ''[[Deutsche Welle]]''. 27 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite></ref> E jidere ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a kpọgara n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'ebe ahụ ma nwụọ site na mmerụ ahụ ha n'abalị.<ref name="Russian blast death toll rises">{{Àtụ:Cite news|author=Hermant, Norman|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2010/05/27/2911535.htm?section=justin|title=Russian blast death toll rises|date=27 May 2010|work=[[ABC News (Australia)]]|accessdate=27 May 2010}}</ref> Otu nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ mpaghara iji mee ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ bụrụ isii.   Onye ọzọ a na-amaghị aha ya sooro ya n'oge na-adịghị anya iji mee ka ọ nwụọ asaa. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  == Nnyocha == A nyochara ihe omume ahụ n'okpuru iwu iyi ọha egwu nke Russia, ma jụọ ihe dị ka mmadụ 70 ozugbo banyere ihe merenụ. <ref name="Seven dead as bomb blast rocks southern Russian city"/>A chọtara ngwá agha n'ụlọ ụfọdụ n'ime ndị a jụrụ ajụjụ, [aha a chọrọ] ọ bụ ezie na ọ dịghị onye kwetara ozugbo na ọ bụ ya mere mwakpo ahụ. <ref name="Seven dead as bomb blast rocks southern Russian city" /><ref name="Russian blast death toll rises to 7">{{Àtụ:Cite news|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/russian-blast-death-toll-rises-to-7-1.891367|title=Russian blast death toll rises to 7|date=27 May 2010|work=[[CBC News]]|accessdate=27 May 2010}}</ref>  Nkọwa mbụ na-ebo ndị Alakụba, ndị neo-Nazis na ndị isi akpụkpọ ahụ ebubo.<ref name="Russia bombing: Jihadis or sign of other trouble in north Caucasus?">{{Àtụ:Cite news|author=Weir, Fred|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Europe/2010/0527/Russia-bombing-Jihadis-or-sign-of-other-trouble-in-north-Caucasus|title=Russia bombing: Jihadis or sign of other trouble in north Caucasus?|date=27 May 2010|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|accessdate=27 May 2010}}</ref> == Nzaghachi == Onye isi obodo Stavropol, Nikolai Paltsev, kwuru na a ga-enye ezinụlọ nke ndị nwụrụ anwụ ego a na-amaghị ama.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mmefu ego gọọmentị etiti ga-enyekwa aka, ka o kwuru.   Gọvanọ Stavropol Territory, Valery Gayevsky, kọwara ya dị ka mgbalị "ịkụba ịdị n'otu mba". [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  87nv8eeft1ozn2u5xpgy9j5bjzz9oxi 0 55324 672382 195333 2026-07-04T15:55:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672382 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person|image=|caption=}} '''Solomon Adun Asemota''' SAN (amụrụ na Disemba 8, 1938) bụ onye ọka iwu Naijiria na Onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.edostate.gov.ng/blog/2017/12/31/obaseki-celebrates-asemota-at-80/|title=Obaseki celebrates Asemota at 80|author=Akpomudje|first=About Efe|date=2017-12-31|work=Edo State Government|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2016/08/discriminatory-appointments-against-non.html|title=Discriminatory Appointments against Non-muslims in Nigeria - by Solomon Asemota, SAN|date=2016-08-10|work=Linda Ikeji's Blog|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-17}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye isi mmekọ nke ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke Solomon Asemota & Co.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newtonarbitration.com/Arbitration/solomon-asemota-co/|title=Solomon Asemota & Co.|date=2015-07-21|work=Newton Arbitration|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-17|archivedate=2019-01-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121329/https://newtonarbitration.com/Arbitration/solomon-asemota-co/}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ irene Asemota ma nwee ụmụ abụọ. Ọ ghọrọ Onye Nnọchiteanya Ukwu nke Naijiria (SAN) n'afọ 1986. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianlawguru.com/information/SENIOR%20ADVOCATES%20OF%20NIGERIA.pdf|title=Senior Advocates of Nigeria|author=Nigerian Law Guru|work=Nigerian Law Guru}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://philipilenbarenemen.wordpress.com/2012/08/29/philip-ilenbarenemen-reports-on-mr-solomon-asemota-san-led-discussion-at-the-nigerian-observatory-in-london/|title=Philip Ilenbarenemen reports on Mr Solomon Asemota SAN led discussion at the Nigerian Observatory in London|date=2012-08-29|work=philipilenbarenemen|language=en|accessdate=2019-01-17}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Solomon Adun Asemota na Disemba 8, 1938, na Benin City, isi obodo Edo State, Southern Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/asemota-chief-solomon-adun/|title=ASEMOTA, Chief Solomon Adun|author=Admin|date=2016-11-15|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-17}}</ref> Agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya malitere na 1945 na St. Luke School, Jos, tupu ọ gụchaa akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na 1948 na Immaculate Conception College, Benin City . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://saharareporters.com/2013/05/02/issues-religion-politics-and-socio-economic-violence-nigeria-catholic-response|title=Issues of Religion, Politics And Socio-Economic Violence In Nigeria: A Catholic Response|date=2013-05-02|work=Sahara Reporters|accessdate=2019-01-17}}</ref> Ọ gara Southern Police College, Ikeja, Lagos (1959-1960) (Cadet Sub-Inspectors" Course) tupu ọ gaa Wakefield Police College, Yorkshire, England, na 1962 maka Advanced Police Training na Scottish Police College, Kincardine, Scotland, na 1969 maka Senior Officers Training na nhazi na njikwa. Ọ gara [[University of Lagos|Mahadum Lagos]] n'etiti afọ 1964 na 1969, ebe ọ nwetara nzere Bachelor of Law (Honours) na 1969. N'afọ 1970, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọka iwu ma ghọọ onye ọka iwu na Law mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Nigerian Law School . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-09-05|title=A List of Notable Senior Advocates of Nigeria: Part 2 - Welcome To InlandTown Online {{!}} Get hot information on Onitsha|url=https://www.inlandtown.com/a-list-of-notable-senior-advocates-of-nigeria-part-2/|accessdate=2023-01-16|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụu == Ndị uwe ojii Naijiria <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/solomon-asemota-wishing-you-many-more-years-of-national-service/|title=Solomon Asemota: Wishing you many more years of national service – The Sun Nigeria|work=www.sunnewsonline.com|date=3 January 2018|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-01-17}}</ref> Edebara ya aha na ndi uwe ojii Naijiria dika onye nleba anya nke Cadet: (course no. 6) na 1959. Mgbe o nwechara ọzụzụ, e zigara ya na mpaghara Ikeja ebe o buru uzo jee ozi dika onye okaiwu n’ulo ikpe majisteet, Ikeja, n’Isi. Ụlọikpe Mason Begho. Na 1961, ọ ghọrọ onye ọrụ nkuzi na Man O'War Bay na Victoria, Cameroons. Ọ laghachiri Naịjiria, na-eje ozi dịka onye ọka iwu n'ụlọ ikpe Chief Magistrate Sapele, n'okpuru Chief Magistrate Olayinka Odumosu na Sikiru Abina. Ka e mesịrị na 1961, ọ ghọrọ onye Inspector, Administrator, Second-in-Command Traffic Division, ma mesịa banye na ngalaba mpụ na ngalaba ndị uwe ojii mpaghara Ikeja. N'afọ 1962, e buliri ya gaa n'ọkwa nke Assistant Superintendent of Police, ma họpụta onye isi ndị uweojii na mpaghara Ondo North nke gụnyere Ekiti, Akoko, na Owo Divisions, (nke dị ihe dị ka ọkara Ondo steeti), bụ ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ. Onye uwe ojii ngalaba, onye na-ahụ maka 800 L.S. ndị uwe ojii na ụlọ ọrụ uwe ojii 26. A họpụtara ya (nke ọnwa isii na 1963) na United Nations Operation na Congo (ONUC) ugbu a Democratic Republic of Congo. O jere ozi na Leopoldville (nke bụ́ Kinshasa ugbu a), ma mesịa jee ozi dị ka Onye Ọchịchị nke Abụọ (Ndị uwe ojii) na Luluaburg (nke bụzi Katanga). Ọ ghọrọ onye enyemaka nke Gọvanọ Mbụ nke Midwest Region, Chief [[Jereton Mariere]], site na 1963 ruo 1964. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ hapụrụ Southern Police College na Ikeja ebe ọ ghọrọ onye isi ọmụmụ maka Cadet Sub-Inspector na Sergeants promotion courses na Advanced Training Wing, site na 1964 ruo 1966. Otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ya, Ibrahim Coomassie, mechara bụrụ Inspector General of Police, ebe mmadụ ise ndị ọzọ ruru ọkwa nke Assistant Inspector General nke Police (AIGs).   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọ bụ onye nke abụọ na-achị site na 1966 ruo 1968 na National Bureau of the Interpol, Central C.I.D. Alagbon Close, [[Ikoyi]], Lagos, ọ bụkwa, n'otu oge, onye nyocha nke ụlọ ikpe nyocha na E.C.N. na Ports Authority. A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ osote Onye isi ndị uwe ojii ma bụrụ onye otu ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa na nzukọ Interpol na [[Addis Ababa]], [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]] na 1967. E mechara nyefee ya na Ngalaba Mpụ dị ka onye nke abụọ na-achị. N'afọ 1969, e buliri ya n'ọkwa Superintendent ma họpụta ya dịka onye isi na-ahụ maka ọzụzụ ndị uwe ojii, Ikoyi, Lagos. Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na [[Nigeria Police Force|Ndị uwe ojii Naịjirịa]] n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1970 iji rụọ ọrụ iwu. === Iwu === A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ nke otu ndị ọka iwu nke Naijiria, Alaka Benin, site na 1974 ruo 1978. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-echekwa ego nke otu ndị ọka iwu nke Naijiria wee jee ozi site na 1978 ruo 1980. O wee bụrụ odeakwụkwọ, kọmitii ego, ọgbakọ iwu Commonwealth nke isii na 1980. Ọ bụkwa onye otu General Council of the Bar site na 1978 ruo 1984. Ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi nleta maka nkuzi na usoro iwu obodo na Institute of Advanced Legal Studies na 1985. Site na 1979 ruo 1985, ọ bụ onye otu Council of Legal Education. Ọ ghọkwara onye otu, Kọmitii Ịdọ Aka ná Ntị, nke General Council of the Bar, site na 1990 ruo 1995 na onye otu, Legal Practitioners Privileges Committee site na 1991 ruo 1993 (komiti nke na-enye ọkwa nke Senior Advocate of Nigeria on Lawyers). Ọ ghọrọ Onye Nnukwu Ọkaiwu nke Naịjirịa (SAN) n'afọ 1986. N'oge dị iche iche n'ọrụ ya, ọ nọchitere anya Elf Petroleum Nigeria Ltd., Dumez Nigeria Ltd., Elf Oil Nig. Ltd., Bight Engineering Ltd., Life Flour Mill Ltd., Sapele, Nigeria Police Force, State Security Services, University of Benin, Oil Mineral Producing Area Development Commission (OMPADEC). Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye isi mmekọ nke ụlọ ọrụ iwu Solomon Asemota & Co. (site na 1970), Barristers na Solicitors, nwere ọfịs na Benin City, Lagos, Port Harcourt, [[Abuja]] na [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://lawnigeria.com/Legalservices/LawFirmswithSeniorAdvocatesofNigeria(SAN)2.html|title=NIGERIAN LAW FIRMS with Senior Advocate of Nigeria (SAN)|work=lawnigeria.com|accessdate=2019-01-17}}</ref> == Nkwado == * Ihe nrite nnwere onwe, 1960 * Ihe nrite ONUC (Congo), 1962 * Ihe nrite nke Republican, 1963 * Ihe nrite nke Agha Obodo, 1970 === Nsọpụrụ === * Jubilee Alumnus Award, Law Faculty, University of Lagos, maka ihe ịga nke ọma dị ịrịba ama na ọha mmadụ na 1987 * Ihe nrite Distinguished Merit, Edo State University, Ekpoma, 1996 * Onyinye CAN Merit, November 1999 == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * "Nigerian's Securities and Exchange Commission Act 1979" (N'ime International Business Lawyer, Journal of the Section on Business Law of the International Bar Association, October 1981, Vol. 9). nke Naịjirịa na nzukọ nke ndị nnọchi anya ndị nkịtị, Archdiocese nke Lagos na IWOPIN na Fraịde, July 14, 2006. * Ojukwu and the Ethnic Nationalities Movement of Nigeria by Solomon Asemota, SAN, November 28, 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.arisenigeria.org/peoples-news/277-ojukwu-and-the-ethnic-nationalities-movement-of-nigeria-by-solomon-asemota-san?format=pdf|title=Ojukwu and the Ethnic Nationalities Movement of Nigeria|author=Asemota|first=Solomon|date=2011-11-28|work=www.arisenigeria.org|accessdate=2019-01-17}}</ref> * Constitutional Development Options for Sustainable Development in Nigeria, January 2017.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Asemota|first=Solomon|date=January 2017|title=CONSTITUTIONAL DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA|url=https://csmnigeria.org/images/docs/Constitutional_development_options_for_sustainable_development_in_Nigeria.pdf|journal=Nigerian National Political Summit}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}}  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] na2jt6jiin4q3lsxxv0iw78xvsj45gc 0 55492 672216 196545 2026-07-04T13:13:43Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 672216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Mike Auret|occupation=Farmer, politician|predecessor1=[[Florence Chitauro]]|branch=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Federal Army]]<br>[[Rhodesian Army|Southern Rhodesian Army]]|serviceyears=1956–1966|rank=[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]|death_date={{death date and age|2020|04|10|1936|12|14|df=y}}|birth_date=14 December 1936|successor1=[[Murisi Zwizwai]]|death_place=[[Cloghan, County Offaly|Cloghan]], [[County Offaly]], [[Republic of Ireland]]|termend1=27 February 2003|termstart1=2000|party=[[Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)|Movement for Democratic Change]]|office1=Member of the [[National Assembly of Zimbabwe|House of Assembly of Zimbabwe]] for [[Harare Central]]|birth_place=[[Mutare|Umtali]], [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now Mutare, [[Zimbabwe]])|allegiance=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]}} Michael Theodore Hayes Auret (14 Disemba 1936 - 10 Eprel 2020) bụ onye ọrụ ugbo, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye Zimbabwe. Onye Katọlik ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche na mgbe e mesịrị onye nduzi nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe (CCJP) site na 1978 ruo 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchiteanya nke Harare Central site na 2000 ruo 2003, mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm ma kwaga mba ọzọ. na Ireland. Amụrụ na Mutare, Southern Rhodesia, ma zụlite na mpaghara Mberengwa, Auret sitere na ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo. Mgbe ọ hapụrụ St. George's College na 1955, ọ jere ozi na ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland na Southern Rhodesia afọ iri. Ọ malitere ọrụ ugbo na Mberengwa site na 1966 ruo 1978, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyeere òtù Katọlik maka ikpe ziri ezi na udo. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa ntinye aha n'aka ndị ọrụ nchekwa Rhodesia na kama ịdebanye aha, ya na ezinụlọ ya gbagara United Kingdom. Ọ laghachiri na Zimbabwe nọọrọ onwe ya na 1980 wee maliteghachi ọrụ ya na CCJP. N'ime 1980s, ọ duru ndị otu ahụ na-agba mbọ idetu ma kwụsị na mgbuchapụ Gukurahundi, nke ndị agha nke ọchịchị Prime Minister Robert Mugabe duziri na Matabeleland. Auret hapụrụ kọmitii ahụ na 1999 wee tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide Mugabe na òtù ZANU-PF na-achị ya. N'afọ 2000, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu maka Movement for Democratic Change nke e guzobere ọhụrụ. N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 2003 wee kwaga, nke mbụ na [[Cape Town]], South Africa, wee gaa County Offaly, Ireland, ebe ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2020. == Ndụ mbụ na ozi agha == Michael Theodore Hayes Auret mụrụ na 14 Disemba 1936 na Umtali, Southern Rhodesia.[1] [2] [3] Onye si n'agbụrụ ndị Huguenot biri na South Africa, o si n'ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ́ ndị biri n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Southern Rhodesia. Nna ya, Smiley Auret, rụrụ ọrụ ugbo na Belingwe District, ebe Auret ga-emesịkwa rụọ ọrụ ugbo.[4] Auret malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nọn Dominican dị na Umtali, wee mụọ akwụkwọ site na 1947 ruo 1955 na kọleji St. George nke Jesuit na isi obodo Salisbury, ebe nna ya bụbu otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ na 1898. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CDvAAAAMAAJ|title=Who is Who in Zimbabwe|publisher=Roblaw Publishers|year=1991|location=Harare|pages=13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ ịghọ onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik ruo mgbe ọ zutere ma lụọ nwunye ya, Diana Doherty, na 1958.[1][2][3][4][5] Na 1956, o sonyeere ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland wee nọrọ na Ndola, Northern Rhodesia.[1][2] Mgbe Federation mebiri na 1963, ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ wee sonye na ndị agha South Rhodesian.[1][2] Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi na 1966, obere oge ka Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence gasịrị. . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == === Rhodesia === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ndị agha na 1966, Auret gara n'ihu na-elekọta ugbo ehi 27,000-acre na Belingwe, ihe dị ka kilomita 200 (120 mi) site na Bulawayo.[1][2][3] Na ntụzịaka na ntụli aka n'iwu nke 1969, Auret gbara mbọ megide nnabata nke ụdị gọọmentị mba nke ga-akwụsị njikọ Rhodesia na ọchịchị eze Britain.[2] Ndị na-atụ vootu obodo bụ ndị ọcha kwadoro usoro iwu ahụ a tụrụ anya, na Rhodesia ghọrọ mba na 1970.[2] Na 1974, Auret enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzọ ọkwa nzuko omeiwu maka mpaghara mpaghara Bulawayo.[4] N'ịnọchite anya Rhodesia Party na-agafeghị oke, ọ tụfuru na pasent 22.5 nke votu ahụ nye onye omebe iwu nọ n'ọchịchị, Alec Moseley nke Rhodesian Front, onye nwetara pasentị 77.5 nke votu 1,613. Na mbido 1977, n'oge agha Rhodesian Bush, ndị oji ojii gbagburu ụlọ onye enyemaka onye njikwa ugbo Auret, mana gbanarị ụlọ Auret na akụrụngwa ugbo ya.[2][5] Ndị agha ahụ hapụrụ akwụkwọ abụọ, otu n’ime ha kwuru sị, “Anyị anaghị akpọ ndị ọcha asị, anyị hapụrụ ihe onwunwe gị n’ihi na ị bụ enyi ndị mmadụ."<ref name=":7">{{Cite magazine|last=Smiley|first=Xan|date=1 September 1977|title=Caught in the Middle|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,915425-1,00.html|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1978, Auret hapụrụ ọrụ ugbo wee malite ịrụ ọrụ maka Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Rhodesia (CCJP), otu nzukọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na-etinye ya na gọọmentị na-emegide. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọchịchọ ikpughe arụrụala agha nke ndị agha Rhodesia, bụ ndị tara ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ya ahụhụ, kpaliri ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa n'aka ndị agha nchekwa Rhodesian. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Auret nọ na Rom na ndị bishọp Rhodesia abụọ na njem CCJP izute Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, a dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara ịlaghachi Rhodesia.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> Nwunye ya na ụmụ ya jiri akọ kpoo ihe ha wee hapụ obodo ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbakọtara na Rom, ezinụlọ ahụ gara [[Switzerland]] na United Kingdom, ebe e mesịrị nye ha ọnọdụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> N'ebe ahụ, Auret rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge iji kwado ezinụlọ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1979, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ebe a chụgara ya, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị Rhodesian na United States na-achọ enyemaka iji mee ka mmalite nke mkparịta ụka udo dị mfe.<ref name=":1" /> Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, mkparịta ụka mere, nke dugara na Nkwekọrịta Ụlọ Lancaster, nke kwụsịrị agha ahụ ma dozie ọnọdụ maka ịmegharị Rhodesia dị ka [[Zimbabwe]] nke mba ụwa nabatara, nke nwere onwe ya.<ref name=":1" /> === Kọmitii Katọlik Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Udo na ''Gukurahundi'' === Auret laghachiri Zimbabwe n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ntuli aka 1980 nke kpebiri gọọmentị na ụlọ omebe iwu mbụ nke mba ahụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ na-azụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe, ma malite idepụta arụrụala ndị agha Zimbabwe mere n'oge ogbugbu ''Gukurahundi'' na mpaghara Matabeleland. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Auret haziri nzukọ na 16 Machị 1983 na State House na Harare n'etiti onwe ya, ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị bishọp Katọlik, na Praịm Minista Robert Mugabe, na mgbalị ịkwụsị igbu ọchụ ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị bishọp nọ ebe ahụ gụnyere Achịbishọp nke Bulawayo, Heinrich Karlen, onye enyemaka bishọp nke Mutare [[Patrick Mutume]], na Bishọp of Chinhoyi, [[Helmut Reckter]] . <ref name=":2" /> N'ihi nzukọ ahụ, Mugabe wepụrụ iwu a machibidoro iwu ma kpọọ kọmitii nyocha iji nyochaa ime ihe ike ahụ.<ref name=":1" /> Karlen nyere ọtụtụ ihe akaebe ọ chịkọtara, mana mgbe kọmitii ahụ kwubiri ọrụ ya na 1984, Mugabe gbochiri ka a tọhapụ nchọpụta ya.<ref name=":1" /> The Legal Resources Foundation, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, chọrọ iwu ụlọ ikpe maka ntọhapụ ha, mana ekweghị ka a tọhapụ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'okpuru nduzi Auret, CCJP ga-amalite nyocha nke ya iji hụ na a ga-edekọ ime ihe ike ahụ n'ihu ọha. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=2 November 2017|title='The people have spoken' according to Zimbabwe's Mnangagwa|work=RTÉ|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2017/1122/921922-zimbabwe-mugabe-mnangagwa/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Akụkọ ahụ, nke CCJP na Legal Resources Foundation bipụtara ma nye ya na Auret Mugabe, akpọrọ "Breaking the Silence: Building True Peace. " <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> O mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 20,000 nwụrụ ma ọ bụ pụọ n'oge ''Gukurahundi'', nke were site na 1983 ruo 1987.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Achịbishọp nke Harare, Patrick Chakaipa, onye ya na Mugabe jikọrọ aka, leghaara akụkọ ahụ anya, ọ bụkwa naanị Achịbisọp Karlen na otu onye Katọlik ọzọ nwere mmetụta kwadoro ya. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> O nweghị mmetụta dị ukwuu na Zimbabwe n'oge ahụ, mana e zigara ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' nke South Africa, nke kọrọ banyere ya ma bipụta ya n'ịntanetị.<ref name=":1" /> Na 5 June 1986, ndị uwe ojii jidere Auret, ya na onye nduzi CCJP Nicholas Ndebele.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|date=6 June 1986|title=Catholic Human Rights Leader Is Freed in Zimbabwe|work=AP|url=https://apnews.com/99fe66bf600146e88bea400b23fb8e09|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ha ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ mgbe nwunye Auret, Diana, kpọrọ Praịm Minista Mugabe.<ref name=":9" /> Mugabe kwuru na ya enyeworị iwu ka a tọhapụ ha.<ref name=":9" /> Na nzukọ ndị nta akụkọ na Harare n'echi ya, Auret kelere praịm minista ahụ ma kwuo na ya kwenyere na e jidere ya na Ndebele n'ihi na minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụlọ, Enos Nkala, na-enyo CCJP enyo na ọ na-enye Amnesty International, otu ndị na-eche nche na London, ozi gbasara ikike mmadụ na Zimbabwe.<ref name=":9" /> Auret gbakwunyere na CCJP zutere Nkala na Disemba 1985 iji gọnahụ ebubo ahụ, mana na o chere na Nkala ekwere ha.<ref name=":9" /> Auret jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke CCJP ruo 1990, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke nzukọ ahụ. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CDvAAAAMAAJ|title=Who is Who in Zimbabwe|publisher=Roblaw Publishers|year=1991|location=Harare|pages=13}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://books.google.com/books?id=3CDvAAAAMAAJ ''Who is Who in Zimbabwe'']. Harare: Roblaw Publishers. 1991. p.&nbsp;13.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1999, Onye isi ala Mugabe yiri egwu megide Auret n'oge okwu a na-eme na telivishọn.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Simmermacher|first=Gunther|date=3 December 1999|title=Year-end Review 1999|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/1999/12/year-end-review-1999/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Auret lara ezumike nká na CCJP na 1999.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọchịchị mmegide na ntuli aka maka ndị omeiwu === Auret sonyeere National Constituent Assembly (NCA) mgbe e guzobere ya na 1997, ma jee ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche mbụ ya n'okpuru Morgan Tsvangirai . <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) e guzobere ọhụrụ na 1999, ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye omeiwu na June 2000 maka Harare Central.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":10" /> A họpụtara ya n'ọnwa Eprel nke afọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ onye MDC na-azọ ọkwa na mpaghara ahụ karịa Learnmore Jongwe, odeakwụkwọ nke pati ahụ maka ozi na mgbasa ozi, na [[Paurina Mpariwa|Paurina Gwanyanya]], odeakwụkwọ maka ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chinowaita|first=Margaret|date=1 April 2000|title=Auret Tipped For Harare Central|work=The Standard|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200004170247.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O meriri na vootu 14,207, na-emeri onye bụbu osote onye isi obodo Harare, Winston Dzawo nke ZANU-PF, onye nwetara vootu 3,620, yana ndị na-erughị eru abụọ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2001, onye ọrụ ibe ya nwere njikọ na ZANU-PF dọrọ Auret aka ná ntị na ndị isi nọ n'ime òtù na-achị achị na-eme atụmatụ "iwepụ" onye ọcha a ma ama na MDC na ngwụcha ọnwa ahụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|date=2 June 2012|title=ZANU-PF planned to "take out" a white MP|work=The Insider|url=https://www.insiderzim.com/zanu-pf-planned-to-take-out-a-white-mp/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> MDC nwere ndị omeiwu ọcha atọ n'oge ahụ, Auret, David Coltart, na [[Trudy Stevenson]].<ref name=":11" /> Stevenson wepụrụ onwe ya ma kwuo na ya chere na onye a ga-achọ ga-abụ ma ọ bụ Auret ma ọ bụ Coltart, bụ ndị Mugabe na-akatọkarị n'okwu.<ref name=":11" /> Coltart kwupụtara nkwupụta Stevenson na kọntaktị US State Department. Coltart kwuru na ọ natara ozi site na isi mmalite atọ, gụnyere Clive Puzey, onye ọrụ ibe MDC nwere njikọ na Central Intelligence Organization, na ya - ọ bụghị Auret - bụ onye a lekwasịrị anya.<ref name=":11" /> == Ndụ na ọnwụ == N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, Auret gbara arụkwaghịm n'oche ya na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na 27 Febụwarị 2003. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tsiko|first=Sifelani|date=2 February 2003|title=Legislator Auret Quits Parliament|work=The Herald|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200302280076.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ kwagara [[Cape Town]], South Africa, na Ireland, ebe o biri na County Offaly ma rụọ ọrụ maka Chọọchị Katọlik. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|author=Lambe|first=Fintan|date=7 August 2012|title=Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book|work=Gorey Guardian|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O dere akwụkwọ, From Liberator to Dictator: An Insider's Account of Robert Mugabe's Descent into Tyranny, nke e bipụtara na 2009, ebe ọ kọwara otú o si kpee ebumnuche Mugabe ikpe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na nnwere onwe na 1980. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> O kwuru n'otu ihe omume na London n'afọ 2007 na ọ "anabataghị na [Mugabe] bụ onye Marxist kwenyesiri ike nakwa na ọ chọrọ otu steeti".<ref name=":1" /> Auret nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Cloghan, County Offaly, Ireland, na 10 Eprel 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'ihi ntụziaka ndị isi ọrụ ahụike megide nnọkọ ọha na eze n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, emere olili ozu ya na nzuzo.<ref name=":13" /> Na nkwupụta e bipụtara na ibe Facebook ya, Movement for Democratic Change kpọrọ Auret "onye dike na onye hụrụ mba n'anya," ma nye ezinụlọ ya ọmịiko.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/ "MDC Mourns Mike Auret"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Senator David Coltart, onye ya na Auret rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha ''Gukurahundi'' nke CCJP, kwuru, "Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ezigbo dike Zimbabwe, ọ bụ Mike. " <ref name=":4" /> Onye isi oche MDC Nelson Chamisa, onye maara Auret site na NCA na MDC, kọwara ya dị ka "onye agha siri ike, onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ... HERO anyị!" <ref name=":5" /> Otu nkwupụta nke Nzukọ Ndị Bishọchị Katọlik na Zimbabwe ji mwute mụta ọnwụ nke Maazị Michael Auret... ọ pụtara ìhè na ịkwalite ikike mmadụ na udo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ndlovu|first=Mandla|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC senior official dies|work=Bulawayo24 News|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-183079.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ndụ ezinụlọ na nke onwe onye == Auret lụrụ nwunye ya, Diana, ruo afọ 63.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ha nwere ụmụ anọ, Peter, Margaret, Stephen, na Michael Jr.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":13" /> Ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị biri na Australia.<ref name=":13" /> Auret bụ onye Katọlik na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Ihe ndị sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya gụnyere Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, Popu Francis, na Fr. Patrick Galvin, onye ụkọchukwu Irish na South Africa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ugbo ya na Belingwe, Auret biri na Harare n'ụlọ dị n'otu acre nke ala nwere ọdọ mmiri.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|author=Keller|first=Bill|date=3 August 1993|title=Zimbabwe Whites Find The Good Life Is in Peril|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/30/world/zimbabwe-whites-find-the-good-life-is-in-peril.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O nwekwara ụlọ ezumike dị nso na Nyanga.<ref name=":14" /> Mgbe ọ kwagara Ireland, ọ biri n'obodo Cloghan, County Offaly, ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|author=Lambe|first=Fintan|date=7 August 2012|title=Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book|work=Gorey Guardian|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLambe2012">Lambe, Fintan (7 August 2012). [https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html "Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book"]. ''Gorey Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qtih6plk5x60122lvaceuac890f7uqg 672219 672216 2026-07-04T13:15:01Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 672219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Mike Auret|occupation=Farmer, politician|predecessor1=[[Florence Chitauro]]|branch=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Federal Army]]<br>[[Rhodesian Army|Southern Rhodesian Army]]|serviceyears=1956–1966|rank=[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]|death_date={{death date and age|2020|04|10|1936|12|14|df=y}}|birth_date=14 December 1936|successor1=[[Murisi Zwizwai]]|death_place=[[Cloghan, County Offaly|Cloghan]], [[County Offaly]], [[Republic of Ireland]]|termend1=27 February 2003|termstart1=2000|party=[[Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)|Movement for Democratic Change]]|office1=Member of the [[National Assembly of Zimbabwe|House of Assembly of Zimbabwe]] for [[Harare Central]]|birth_place=[[Mutare|Umtali]], [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now Mutare, [[Zimbabwe]])|allegiance=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]}} Michael Theodore Hayes Auret (14 Disemba 1936 - 10 Eprel 2020) bụ onye ọrụ ugbo, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye Zimbabwe. Onye Katọlik ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche na mgbe e mesịrị onye nduzi nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe (CCJP) site na 1978 ruo 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchiteanya nke Harare Central site na 2000 ruo 2003, mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm ma kwaga mba ọzọ. na Ireland. Amụrụ na Mutare, Southern Rhodesia, ma zụlite na mpaghara Mberengwa, Auret sitere na ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo. Mgbe ọ hapụrụ St. George's College na 1955, ọ jere ozi na ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland na Southern Rhodesia afọ iri. Ọ malitere ọrụ ugbo na Mberengwa site na 1966 ruo 1978, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyeere òtù Katọlik maka ikpe ziri ezi na udo. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa ntinye aha n'aka ndị ọrụ nchekwa Rhodesia na kama ịdebanye aha, ya na ezinụlọ ya gbagara United Kingdom. Ọ laghachiri na Zimbabwe nọọrọ onwe ya na 1980 wee maliteghachi ọrụ ya na CCJP. N'ime 1980s, ọ duru ndị otu ahụ na-agba mbọ idetu ma kwụsị na mgbuchapụ Gukurahundi, nke ndị agha nke ọchịchị Prime Minister Robert Mugabe duziri na Matabeleland. Auret hapụrụ kọmitii ahụ na 1999 wee tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide Mugabe na òtù ZANU-PF na-achị ya. N'afọ 2000, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu maka Movement for Democratic Change nke e guzobere ọhụrụ. N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 2003 wee kwaga, nke mbụ na [[Cape Town]], South Africa, wee gaa County Offaly, Ireland, ebe ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2020. == Ndụ mbụ na ozi agha == Michael Theodore Hayes Auret mụrụ na 14 Disemba 1936 na Umtali, Southern Rhodesia.[1] [2] [3] Onye si n'agbụrụ ndị Huguenot biri na South Africa, o si n'ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ́ ndị biri n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Southern Rhodesia. Nna ya, Smiley Auret, rụrụ ọrụ ugbo na Belingwe District, ebe Auret ga-emesịkwa rụọ ọrụ ugbo.[4] Auret malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nọn Dominican dị na Umtali, wee mụọ akwụkwọ site na 1947 ruo 1955 na kọleji St. George nke Jesuit na isi obodo Salisbury, ebe nna ya bụbu otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ na 1898. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CDvAAAAMAAJ|title=Who is Who in Zimbabwe|publisher=Roblaw Publishers|year=1991|location=Harare|pages=13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ ịghọ onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik ruo mgbe ọ zutere ma lụọ nwunye ya, Diana Doherty, na 1958.[1][2][3][4][5] Na 1956, o sonyeere ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland wee nọrọ na Ndola, Northern Rhodesia.[1][2] Mgbe Federation mebiri na 1963, ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ wee sonye na ndị agha South Rhodesian.[1][2] Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi na 1966, obere oge ka Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence gasịrị. . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == === Rhodesia === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ndị agha na 1966, Auret gara n'ihu na-elekọta ugbo ehi 27,000-acre na Belingwe, ihe dị ka kilomita 200 (120 mi) site na Bulawayo.[1][2][3] Na ntụzịaka na ntụli aka n'iwu nke 1969, Auret gbara mbọ megide nnabata nke ụdị gọọmentị mba nke ga-akwụsị njikọ Rhodesia na ọchịchị eze Britain.[2] Ndị na-atụ vootu obodo bụ ndị ọcha kwadoro usoro iwu ahụ a tụrụ anya, na Rhodesia ghọrọ mba na 1970.[2] Na 1974, Auret enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzọ ọkwa nzuko omeiwu maka mpaghara mpaghara Bulawayo.[4] N'ịnọchite anya Rhodesia Party na-agafeghị oke, ọ tụfuru na pasent 22.5 nke votu ahụ nye onye omebe iwu nọ n'ọchịchị, Alec Moseley nke Rhodesian Front, onye nwetara pasentị 77.5 nke votu 1,613. Na mbido 1977, n'oge agha Rhodesian Bush, ndị oji ojii gbagburu ụlọ onye enyemaka onye njikwa ugbo Auret, mana gbanarị ụlọ Auret na akụrụngwa ugbo ya.[2][5] Ndị agha ahụ hapụrụ akwụkwọ abụọ, otu n’ime ha kwuru sị, “Anyị anaghị akpọ ndị ọcha asị, anyị hapụrụ ihe onwunwe gị n’ihi na ị bụ enyi ndị mmadụ."<ref name=":7">{{Cite magazine|last=Smiley|first=Xan|date=1 September 1977|title=Caught in the Middle|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,915425-1,00.html|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1978, Auret hapụrụ ọrụ ugbo wee malite ịrụ ọrụ maka Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Rhodesia (CCJP), otu nzukọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na-etinye ya na gọọmentị na-emegide. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọchịchọ ikpughe arụrụala agha nke ndị agha Rhodesia, bụ ndị tara ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ya ahụhụ, kpaliri ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa n'aka ndị agha nchekwa Rhodesian. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Auret nọ na Rom na ndị bishọp Rhodesia abụọ na njem CCJP izute Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, a dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara ịlaghachi Rhodesia.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> Nwunye ya na ụmụ ya jiri akọ kpoo ihe ha wee hapụ obodo ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbakọtara na Rom, ezinụlọ ahụ gara [[Switzerland]] na United Kingdom, ebe e mesịrị nye ha ọnọdụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> N'ebe ahụ, Auret rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge iji kwado ezinụlọ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1979, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ebe a chụgara ya, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị Rhodesian na United States na-achọ enyemaka iji mee ka mmalite nke mkparịta ụka udo dị mfe.<ref name=":1" /> Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, mkparịta ụka mere, nke dugara na Nkwekọrịta Ụlọ Lancaster, nke kwụsịrị agha ahụ ma dozie ọnọdụ maka ịmegharị Rhodesia dị ka [[Zimbabwe]] nke mba ụwa nabatara, nke nwere onwe ya.<ref name=":1" /> === Kọmitii Katọlik Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Udo na ''Gukurahundi'' === Auret laghachiri Zimbabwe n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ntuli aka 1980 nke kpebiri gọọmentị na ụlọ omebe iwu mbụ nke mba ahụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ na-azụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe, ma malite idepụta arụrụala ndị agha Zimbabwe mere n'oge ogbugbu ''Gukurahundi'' na mpaghara Matabeleland. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Auret haziri nzukọ na 16 Machị 1983 na State House na Harare n'etiti onwe ya, ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị bishọp Katọlik, na Praịm Minista Robert Mugabe, na mgbalị ịkwụsị igbu ọchụ ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị bishọp nọ ebe ahụ gụnyere Achịbishọp nke Bulawayo, Heinrich Karlen, onye enyemaka bishọp nke Mutare [[Patrick Mutume]], na Bishọp of Chinhoyi, [[Helmut Reckter]] . <ref name=":2" /> N'ihi nzukọ ahụ, Mugabe wepụrụ iwu a machibidoro iwu ma kpọọ kọmitii nyocha iji nyochaa ime ihe ike ahụ.<ref name=":1" /> Karlen nyere ọtụtụ ihe akaebe ọ chịkọtara, mana mgbe kọmitii ahụ kwubiri ọrụ ya na 1984, Mugabe gbochiri ka a tọhapụ nchọpụta ya.<ref name=":1" /> The Legal Resources Foundation, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, chọrọ iwu ụlọ ikpe maka ntọhapụ ha, mana ekweghị ka a tọhapụ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'okpuru nduzi Auret, CCJP ga-amalite nyocha nke ya iji hụ na a ga-edekọ ime ihe ike ahụ n'ihu ọha. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=2 November 2017|title='The people have spoken' according to Zimbabwe's Mnangagwa|work=RTÉ|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2017/1122/921922-zimbabwe-mugabe-mnangagwa/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Akụkọ ahụ, nke CCJP na Legal Resources Foundation bipụtara ma nye ya na Auret Mugabe, akpọrọ "Breaking the Silence: Building True Peace. " <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> O mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 20,000 nwụrụ ma ọ bụ pụọ n'oge ''Gukurahundi'', nke were site na 1983 ruo 1987.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Achịbishọp nke Harare, Patrick Chakaipa, onye ya na Mugabe jikọrọ aka, leghaara akụkọ ahụ anya, ọ bụkwa naanị Achịbisọp Karlen na otu onye Katọlik ọzọ nwere mmetụta kwadoro ya. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> O nweghị mmetụta dị ukwuu na Zimbabwe n'oge ahụ, mana e zigara ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' nke South Africa, nke kọrọ banyere ya ma bipụta ya n'ịntanetị.<ref name=":1" /> Na 5 June 1986, ndị uwe ojii jidere Auret, ya na onye nduzi CCJP Nicholas Ndebele.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|date=6 June 1986|title=Catholic Human Rights Leader Is Freed in Zimbabwe|work=AP|url=https://apnews.com/99fe66bf600146e88bea400b23fb8e09|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ha ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ mgbe nwunye Auret, Diana, kpọrọ Praịm Minista Mugabe.<ref name=":9" /> Mugabe kwuru na ya enyeworị iwu ka a tọhapụ ha.<ref name=":9" /> Na nzukọ ndị nta akụkọ na Harare n'echi ya, Auret kelere praịm minista ahụ ma kwuo na ya kwenyere na e jidere ya na Ndebele n'ihi na minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụlọ, Enos Nkala, na-enyo CCJP enyo na ọ na-enye Amnesty International, otu ndị na-eche nche na London, ozi gbasara ikike mmadụ na Zimbabwe.<ref name=":9" /> Auret gbakwunyere na CCJP zutere Nkala na Disemba 1985 iji gọnahụ ebubo ahụ, mana na o chere na Nkala ekwere ha.<ref name=":9" /> Auret jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke CCJP ruo 1990, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke nzukọ ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1999, Onye isi ala Mugabe yiri egwu megide Auret n'oge okwu a na-eme na telivishọn.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Simmermacher|first=Gunther|date=3 December 1999|title=Year-end Review 1999|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/1999/12/year-end-review-1999/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Auret lara ezumike nká na CCJP na 1999.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọchịchị mmegide na ntuli aka maka ndị omeiwu === Auret sonyeere National Constituent Assembly (NCA) mgbe e guzobere ya na 1997, ma jee ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche mbụ ya n'okpuru Morgan Tsvangirai . <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) e guzobere ọhụrụ na 1999, ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye omeiwu na June 2000 maka Harare Central.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":10" /> A họpụtara ya n'ọnwa Eprel nke afọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ onye MDC na-azọ ọkwa na mpaghara ahụ karịa Learnmore Jongwe, odeakwụkwọ nke pati ahụ maka ozi na mgbasa ozi, na [[Paurina Mpariwa|Paurina Gwanyanya]], odeakwụkwọ maka ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chinowaita|first=Margaret|date=1 April 2000|title=Auret Tipped For Harare Central|work=The Standard|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200004170247.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O meriri na vootu 14,207, na-emeri onye bụbu osote onye isi obodo Harare, Winston Dzawo nke ZANU-PF, onye nwetara vootu 3,620, yana ndị na-erughị eru abụọ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2001, onye ọrụ ibe ya nwere njikọ na ZANU-PF dọrọ Auret aka ná ntị na ndị isi nọ n'ime òtù na-achị achị na-eme atụmatụ "iwepụ" onye ọcha a ma ama na MDC na ngwụcha ọnwa ahụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|date=2 June 2012|title=ZANU-PF planned to "take out" a white MP|work=The Insider|url=https://www.insiderzim.com/zanu-pf-planned-to-take-out-a-white-mp/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> MDC nwere ndị omeiwu ọcha atọ n'oge ahụ, Auret, David Coltart, na [[Trudy Stevenson]].<ref name=":11" /> Stevenson wepụrụ onwe ya ma kwuo na ya chere na onye a ga-achọ ga-abụ ma ọ bụ Auret ma ọ bụ Coltart, bụ ndị Mugabe na-akatọkarị n'okwu.<ref name=":11" /> Coltart kwupụtara nkwupụta Stevenson na kọntaktị US State Department. Coltart kwuru na ọ natara ozi site na isi mmalite atọ, gụnyere Clive Puzey, onye ọrụ ibe MDC nwere njikọ na Central Intelligence Organization, na ya - ọ bụghị Auret - bụ onye a lekwasịrị anya.<ref name=":11" /> == Ndụ na ọnwụ == N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, Auret gbara arụkwaghịm n'oche ya na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na 27 Febụwarị 2003. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tsiko|first=Sifelani|date=2 February 2003|title=Legislator Auret Quits Parliament|work=The Herald|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200302280076.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ kwagara [[Cape Town]], South Africa, na Ireland, ebe o biri na County Offaly ma rụọ ọrụ maka Chọọchị Katọlik. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|author=Lambe|first=Fintan|date=7 August 2012|title=Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book|work=Gorey Guardian|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O dere akwụkwọ, From Liberator to Dictator: An Insider's Account of Robert Mugabe's Descent into Tyranny, nke e bipụtara na 2009, ebe ọ kọwara otú o si kpee ebumnuche Mugabe ikpe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na nnwere onwe na 1980. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> O kwuru n'otu ihe omume na London n'afọ 2007 na ọ "anabataghị na [Mugabe] bụ onye Marxist kwenyesiri ike nakwa na ọ chọrọ otu steeti".<ref name=":1" /> Auret nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Cloghan, County Offaly, Ireland, na 10 Eprel 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'ihi ntụziaka ndị isi ọrụ ahụike megide nnọkọ ọha na eze n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, emere olili ozu ya na nzuzo.<ref name=":13" /> Na nkwupụta e bipụtara na ibe Facebook ya, Movement for Democratic Change kpọrọ Auret "onye dike na onye hụrụ mba n'anya," ma nye ezinụlọ ya ọmịiko.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/ "MDC Mourns Mike Auret"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Senator David Coltart, onye ya na Auret rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha ''Gukurahundi'' nke CCJP, kwuru, "Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ezigbo dike Zimbabwe, ọ bụ Mike. " <ref name=":4" /> Onye isi oche MDC Nelson Chamisa, onye maara Auret site na NCA na MDC, kọwara ya dị ka "onye agha siri ike, onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ... HERO anyị!" <ref name=":5" /> Otu nkwupụta nke Nzukọ Ndị Bishọchị Katọlik na Zimbabwe ji mwute mụta ọnwụ nke Maazị Michael Auret... ọ pụtara ìhè na ịkwalite ikike mmadụ na udo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ndlovu|first=Mandla|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC senior official dies|work=Bulawayo24 News|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-183079.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ndụ ezinụlọ na nke onwe onye == Auret lụrụ nwunye ya, Diana, ruo afọ 63.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ha nwere ụmụ anọ, Peter, Margaret, Stephen, na Michael Jr.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":13" /> Ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị biri na Australia.<ref name=":13" /> Auret bụ onye Katọlik na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Ihe ndị sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya gụnyere Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, Popu Francis, na Fr. Patrick Galvin, onye ụkọchukwu Irish na South Africa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ugbo ya na Belingwe, Auret biri na Harare n'ụlọ dị n'otu acre nke ala nwere ọdọ mmiri.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|author=Keller|first=Bill|date=3 August 1993|title=Zimbabwe Whites Find The Good Life Is in Peril|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/30/world/zimbabwe-whites-find-the-good-life-is-in-peril.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O nwekwara ụlọ ezumike dị nso na Nyanga.<ref name=":14" /> Mgbe ọ kwagara Ireland, ọ biri n'obodo Cloghan, County Offaly, ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|author=Lambe|first=Fintan|date=7 August 2012|title=Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book|work=Gorey Guardian|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLambe2012">Lambe, Fintan (7 August 2012). [https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html "Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book"]. ''Gorey Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lnc8nwfjf6l6b1lbyhpo8pegwxrov56 672221 672219 2026-07-04T13:17:36Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 672221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Mike Auret|occupation=Farmer, politician|predecessor1=[[Florence Chitauro]]|branch=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Federal Army]]<br>[[Rhodesian Army|Southern Rhodesian Army]]|serviceyears=1956–1966|rank=[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]|death_date={{death date and age|2020|04|10|1936|12|14|df=y}}|birth_date=14 December 1936|successor1=[[Murisi Zwizwai]]|death_place=[[Cloghan, County Offaly|Cloghan]], [[County Offaly]], [[Republic of Ireland]]|termend1=27 February 2003|termstart1=2000|party=[[Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)|Movement for Democratic Change]]|office1=Member of the [[National Assembly of Zimbabwe|House of Assembly of Zimbabwe]] for [[Harare Central]]|birth_place=[[Mutare|Umtali]], [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now Mutare, [[Zimbabwe]])|allegiance=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]}} Michael Theodore Hayes Auret (14 Disemba 1936 - 10 Eprel 2020) bụ onye ọrụ ugbo, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye Zimbabwe. Onye Katọlik ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche na mgbe e mesịrị onye nduzi nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe (CCJP) site na 1978 ruo 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchiteanya nke Harare Central site na 2000 ruo 2003, mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm ma kwaga mba ọzọ. na Ireland. Amụrụ na Mutare, Southern Rhodesia, ma zụlite na mpaghara Mberengwa, Auret sitere na ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo. Mgbe ọ hapụrụ St. George's College na 1955, ọ jere ozi na ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland na Southern Rhodesia afọ iri. Ọ malitere ọrụ ugbo na Mberengwa site na 1966 ruo 1978, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyeere òtù Katọlik maka ikpe ziri ezi na udo. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa ntinye aha n'aka ndị ọrụ nchekwa Rhodesia na kama ịdebanye aha, ya na ezinụlọ ya gbagara United Kingdom. Ọ laghachiri na Zimbabwe nọọrọ onwe ya na 1980 wee maliteghachi ọrụ ya na CCJP. N'ime 1980s, ọ duru ndị otu ahụ na-agba mbọ idetu ma kwụsị na mgbuchapụ Gukurahundi, nke ndị agha nke ọchịchị Prime Minister Robert Mugabe duziri na Matabeleland. Auret hapụrụ kọmitii ahụ na 1999 wee tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide Mugabe na òtù ZANU-PF na-achị ya. N'afọ 2000, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu maka Movement for Democratic Change nke e guzobere ọhụrụ. N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 2003 wee kwaga, nke mbụ na [[Cape Town]], South Africa, wee gaa County Offaly, Ireland, ebe ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2020. == Ndụ mbụ na ozi agha == Michael Theodore Hayes Auret mụrụ na 14 Disemba 1936 na Umtali, Southern Rhodesia.[1] [2] [3] Onye si n'agbụrụ ndị Huguenot biri na South Africa, o si n'ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ́ ndị biri n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Southern Rhodesia. Nna ya, Smiley Auret, rụrụ ọrụ ugbo na Belingwe District, ebe Auret ga-emesịkwa rụọ ọrụ ugbo.[4] Auret malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nọn Dominican dị na Umtali, wee mụọ akwụkwọ site na 1947 ruo 1955 na kọleji St. George nke Jesuit na isi obodo Salisbury, ebe nna ya bụbu otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ na 1898. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CDvAAAAMAAJ|title=Who is Who in Zimbabwe|publisher=Roblaw Publishers|year=1991|location=Harare|pages=13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ ịghọ onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik ruo mgbe ọ zutere ma lụọ nwunye ya, Diana Doherty, na 1958.[1][2][3][4][5] Na 1956, o sonyeere ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland wee nọrọ na Ndola, Northern Rhodesia.[1][2] Mgbe Federation mebiri na 1963, ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ wee sonye na ndị agha South Rhodesian.[1][2] Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi na 1966, obere oge ka Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence gasịrị. . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == === Rhodesia === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ndị agha na 1966, Auret gara n'ihu na-elekọta ugbo ehi 27,000-acre na Belingwe, ihe dị ka kilomita 200 (120 mi) site na Bulawayo.[1][2][3] Na ntụzịaka na ntụli aka n'iwu nke 1969, Auret gbara mbọ megide nnabata nke ụdị gọọmentị mba nke ga-akwụsị njikọ Rhodesia na ọchịchị eze Britain.[2] Ndị na-atụ vootu obodo bụ ndị ọcha kwadoro usoro iwu ahụ a tụrụ anya, na Rhodesia ghọrọ mba na 1970.[2] Na 1974, Auret enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzọ ọkwa nzuko omeiwu maka mpaghara mpaghara Bulawayo.[4] N'ịnọchite anya Rhodesia Party na-agafeghị oke, ọ tụfuru na pasent 22.5 nke votu ahụ nye onye omebe iwu nọ n'ọchịchị, Alec Moseley nke Rhodesian Front, onye nwetara pasentị 77.5 nke votu 1,613. Na mbido 1977, n'oge agha Rhodesian Bush, ndị oji ojii gbagburu ụlọ onye enyemaka onye njikwa ugbo Auret, mana gbanarị ụlọ Auret na akụrụngwa ugbo ya.[2][5] Ndị agha ahụ hapụrụ akwụkwọ abụọ, otu n’ime ha kwuru sị, “Anyị anaghị akpọ ndị ọcha asị, anyị hapụrụ ihe onwunwe gị n’ihi na ị bụ enyi ndị mmadụ."<ref name=":7">{{Cite magazine|last=Smiley|first=Xan|date=1 September 1977|title=Caught in the Middle|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,915425-1,00.html|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1978, Auret hapụrụ ọrụ ugbo wee malite ịrụ ọrụ maka Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Rhodesia (CCJP), otu nzukọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na-etinye ya na gọọmentị na-emegide. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọchịchọ ikpughe arụrụala agha nke ndị agha Rhodesia, bụ ndị tara ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ya ahụhụ, kpaliri ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa n'aka ndị agha nchekwa Rhodesian. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Auret nọ na Rom na ndị bishọp Rhodesia abụọ na njem CCJP izute Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, a dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara ịlaghachi Rhodesia.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> Nwunye ya na ụmụ ya jiri akọ kpoo ihe ha wee hapụ obodo ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbakọtara na Rom, ezinụlọ ahụ gara [[Switzerland]] na United Kingdom, ebe e mesịrị nye ha ọnọdụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> N'ebe ahụ, Auret rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge iji kwado ezinụlọ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1979, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ebe a chụgara ya, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị Rhodesian na United States na-achọ enyemaka iji mee ka mmalite nke mkparịta ụka udo dị mfe.<ref name=":1" /> Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, mkparịta ụka mere, nke dugara na Nkwekọrịta Ụlọ Lancaster, nke kwụsịrị agha ahụ ma dozie ọnọdụ maka ịmegharị Rhodesia dị ka [[Zimbabwe]] nke mba ụwa nabatara, nke nwere onwe ya.<ref name=":1" /> === Kọmitii Katọlik Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Udo na ''Gukurahundi'' === Auret laghachiri Zimbabwe n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ntuli aka 1980 nke kpebiri gọọmentị na ụlọ omebe iwu mbụ nke mba ahụ. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ na-azụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe, ma malite idepụta arụrụala ndị agha Zimbabwe mere n'oge ogbugbu ''Gukurahundi'' na mpaghara Matabeleland. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Auret haziri nzukọ na 16 Machị 1983 na State House na Harare n'etiti onwe ya, ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị bishọp Katọlik, na Praịm Minista Robert Mugabe, na mgbalị ịkwụsị igbu ọchụ ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị bishọp nọ ebe ahụ gụnyere Achịbishọp nke Bulawayo, Heinrich Karlen, onye enyemaka bishọp nke Mutare [[Patrick Mutume]], na Bishọp of Chinhoyi, [[Helmut Reckter]] . <ref name=":2" /> N'ihi nzukọ ahụ, Mugabe wepụrụ iwu a machibidoro iwu ma kpọọ kọmitii nyocha iji nyochaa ime ihe ike ahụ.<ref name=":1" /> Karlen nyere ọtụtụ ihe akaebe ọ chịkọtara, mana mgbe kọmitii ahụ kwubiri ọrụ ya na 1984, Mugabe gbochiri ka a tọhapụ nchọpụta ya.<ref name=":1" /> The Legal Resources Foundation, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, chọrọ iwu ụlọ ikpe maka ntọhapụ ha, mana ekweghị ka a tọhapụ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'okpuru nduzi Auret, CCJP ga-amalite nyocha nke ya iji hụ na a ga-edekọ ime ihe ike ahụ n'ihu ọha. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=2 November 2017|title='The people have spoken' according to Zimbabwe's Mnangagwa|work=RTÉ|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2017/1122/921922-zimbabwe-mugabe-mnangagwa/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Akụkọ ahụ, nke CCJP na Legal Resources Foundation bipụtara ma nye ya na Auret Mugabe, akpọrọ "Breaking the Silence: Building True Peace. " <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> O mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 20,000 nwụrụ ma ọ bụ pụọ n'oge ''Gukurahundi'', nke were site na 1983 ruo 1987.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Achịbishọp nke Harare, Patrick Chakaipa, onye ya na Mugabe jikọrọ aka, leghaara akụkọ ahụ anya, ọ bụkwa naanị Achịbisọp Karlen na otu onye Katọlik ọzọ nwere mmetụta kwadoro ya. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> O nweghị mmetụta dị ukwuu na Zimbabwe n'oge ahụ, mana e zigara ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' nke South Africa, nke kọrọ banyere ya ma bipụta ya n'ịntanetị.<ref name=":1" /> Na 5 June 1986, ndị uwe ojii jidere Auret, ya na onye nduzi CCJP Nicholas Ndebele.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|date=6 June 1986|title=Catholic Human Rights Leader Is Freed in Zimbabwe|work=AP|url=https://apnews.com/99fe66bf600146e88bea400b23fb8e09|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ha ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ mgbe nwunye Auret, Diana, kpọrọ Praịm Minista Mugabe.<ref name=":9" /> Mugabe kwuru na ya enyeworị iwu ka a tọhapụ ha.<ref name=":9" /> Na nzukọ ndị nta akụkọ na Harare n'echi ya, Auret kelere praịm minista ahụ ma kwuo na ya kwenyere na e jidere ya na Ndebele n'ihi na minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụlọ, Enos Nkala, na-enyo CCJP enyo na ọ na-enye Amnesty International, otu ndị na-eche nche na London, ozi gbasara ikike mmadụ na Zimbabwe.<ref name=":9" /> Auret gbakwunyere na CCJP zutere Nkala na Disemba 1985 iji gọnahụ ebubo ahụ, mana na o chere na Nkala ekwere ha.<ref name=":9" /> Auret jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke CCJP ruo 1990, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke nzukọ ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1999, Onye isi ala Mugabe yiri egwu megide Auret n'oge okwu a na-eme na telivishọn.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Simmermacher|first=Gunther|date=3 December 1999|title=Year-end Review 1999|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/1999/12/year-end-review-1999/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Auret lara ezumike nká na CCJP na 1999.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọchịchị mmegide na ntuli aka maka ndị omeiwu === Auret sonyeere National Constituent Assembly (NCA) mgbe e guzobere ya na 1997, ma jee ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche mbụ ya n'okpuru Morgan Tsvangirai . <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) e guzobere ọhụrụ na 1999, ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye omeiwu na June 2000 maka Harare Central.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":10" /> A họpụtara ya n'ọnwa Eprel nke afọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ onye MDC na-azọ ọkwa na mpaghara ahụ karịa Learnmore Jongwe, odeakwụkwọ nke pati ahụ maka ozi na mgbasa ozi, na [[Paurina Mpariwa|Paurina Gwanyanya]], odeakwụkwọ maka ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chinowaita|first=Margaret|date=1 April 2000|title=Auret Tipped For Harare Central|work=The Standard|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200004170247.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O meriri na vootu 14,207, na-emeri onye bụbu osote onye isi obodo Harare, Winston Dzawo nke ZANU-PF, onye nwetara vootu 3,620, yana ndị na-erughị eru abụọ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2001, onye ọrụ ibe ya nwere njikọ na ZANU-PF dọrọ Auret aka ná ntị na ndị isi nọ n'ime òtù na-achị achị na-eme atụmatụ "iwepụ" onye ọcha a ma ama na MDC na ngwụcha ọnwa ahụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|date=2 June 2012|title=ZANU-PF planned to "take out" a white MP|work=The Insider|url=https://www.insiderzim.com/zanu-pf-planned-to-take-out-a-white-mp/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> MDC nwere ndị omeiwu ọcha atọ n'oge ahụ, Auret, David Coltart, na [[Trudy Stevenson]].<ref name=":11" /> Stevenson wepụrụ onwe ya ma kwuo na ya chere na onye a ga-achọ ga-abụ ma ọ bụ Auret ma ọ bụ Coltart, bụ ndị Mugabe na-akatọkarị n'okwu.<ref name=":11" /> Coltart kwupụtara nkwupụta Stevenson na kọntaktị US State Department. Coltart kwuru na ọ natara ozi site na isi mmalite atọ, gụnyere Clive Puzey, onye ọrụ ibe MDC nwere njikọ na Central Intelligence Organization, na ya - ọ bụghị Auret - bụ onye a lekwasịrị anya.<ref name=":11" /> == Ndụ na ọnwụ == N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, Auret gbara arụkwaghịm n'oche ya na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na 27 Febụwarị 2003. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tsiko|first=Sifelani|date=2 February 2003|title=Legislator Auret Quits Parliament|work=The Herald|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200302280076.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ kwagara [[Cape Town]], South Africa, na Ireland, ebe o biri na County Offaly ma rụọ ọrụ maka Chọọchị Katọlik. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|author=Lambe|first=Fintan|date=7 August 2012|title=Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book|work=Gorey Guardian|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O dere akwụkwọ, From Liberator to Dictator: An Insider's Account of Robert Mugabe's Descent into Tyranny, nke e bipụtara na 2009, ebe ọ kọwara otú o si kpee ebumnuche Mugabe ikpe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na nnwere onwe na 1980. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> O kwuru n'otu ihe omume na London n'afọ 2007 na ọ "anabataghị na [Mugabe] bụ onye Marxist kwenyesiri ike nakwa na ọ chọrọ otu steeti".<ref name=":1" /> Auret nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Cloghan, County Offaly, Ireland, na 10 Eprel 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'ihi ntụziaka ndị isi ọrụ ahụike megide nnọkọ ọha na eze n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, emere olili ozu ya na nzuzo.<ref name=":13" /> Na nkwupụta e bipụtara na ibe Facebook ya, Movement for Democratic Change kpọrọ Auret "onye dike na onye hụrụ mba n'anya," ma nye ezinụlọ ya ọmịiko.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/ "MDC Mourns Mike Auret"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Senator David Coltart, onye ya na Auret rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha ''Gukurahundi'' nke CCJP, kwuru, "Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ezigbo dike Zimbabwe, ọ bụ Mike. " <ref name=":4" /> Onye isi oche MDC Nelson Chamisa, onye maara Auret site na NCA na MDC, kọwara ya dị ka "onye agha siri ike, onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ... HERO anyị!" <ref name=":5" /> Otu nkwupụta nke Nzukọ Ndị Bishọchị Katọlik na Zimbabwe ji mwute mụta ọnwụ nke Maazị Michael Auret... ọ pụtara ìhè na ịkwalite ikike mmadụ na udo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ndlovu|first=Mandla|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC senior official dies|work=Bulawayo24 News|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-183079.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ndụ ezinụlọ na nke onwe onye == Auret lụrụ nwunye ya, Diana, ruo afọ 63.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ha nwere ụmụ anọ, Peter, Margaret, Stephen, na Michael Jr.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":13" /> Ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị biri na Australia.<ref name=":13" /> Auret bụ onye Katọlik na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Ihe ndị sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya gụnyere Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, Popu Francis, na Fr. Patrick Galvin, onye ụkọchukwu Irish na South Africa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ugbo ya na Belingwe, Auret biri na Harare n'ụlọ dị n'otu acre nke ala nwere ọdọ mmiri.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|author=Keller|first=Bill|date=3 August 1993|title=Zimbabwe Whites Find The Good Life Is in Peril|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/30/world/zimbabwe-whites-find-the-good-life-is-in-peril.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O nwekwara ụlọ ezumike dị nso na Nyanga.<ref name=":14" /> Mgbe ọ kwagara Ireland, ọ biri n'obodo Cloghan, County Offaly, ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|author=Lambe|first=Fintan|date=7 August 2012|title=Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book|work=Gorey Guardian|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLambe2012">Lambe, Fintan (7 August 2012). [https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html "Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book"]. ''Gorey Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pfxxakh28h1ura31kt8erpslkentefg 672242 672221 2026-07-04T13:33:10Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 672242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Mike Auret|occupation=Farmer, politician|predecessor1=[[Florence Chitauro]]|branch=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Federal Army]]<br>[[Rhodesian Army|Southern Rhodesian Army]]|serviceyears=1956–1966|rank=[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]|death_date={{death date and age|2020|04|10|1936|12|14|df=y}}|birth_date=14 December 1936|successor1=[[Murisi Zwizwai]]|death_place=[[Cloghan, County Offaly|Cloghan]], [[County Offaly]], [[Republic of Ireland]]|termend1=27 February 2003|termstart1=2000|party=[[Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)|Movement for Democratic Change]]|office1=Member of the [[National Assembly of Zimbabwe|House of Assembly of Zimbabwe]] for [[Harare Central]]|birth_place=[[Mutare|Umtali]], [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now Mutare, [[Zimbabwe]])|allegiance=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]}} Michael Theodore Hayes Auret (14 Disemba 1936 - 10 Eprel 2020) bụ onye ọrụ ugbo, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye Zimbabwe. Onye Katọlik ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche na mgbe e mesịrị onye nduzi nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe (CCJP) site na 1978 ruo 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchiteanya nke Harare Central site na 2000 ruo 2003, mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm ma kwaga mba ọzọ. na Ireland. Amụrụ na Mutare, Southern Rhodesia, ma zụlite na mpaghara Mberengwa, Auret sitere na ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo. Mgbe ọ hapụrụ St. George's College na 1955, ọ jere ozi na ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland na Southern Rhodesia afọ iri. Ọ malitere ọrụ ugbo na Mberengwa site na 1966 ruo 1978, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyeere òtù Katọlik maka ikpe ziri ezi na udo. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa ntinye aha n'aka ndị ọrụ nchekwa Rhodesia na kama ịdebanye aha, ya na ezinụlọ ya gbagara United Kingdom. Ọ laghachiri na Zimbabwe nọọrọ onwe ya na 1980 wee maliteghachi ọrụ ya na CCJP. N'ime 1980s, ọ duru ndị otu ahụ na-agba mbọ idetu ma kwụsị na mgbuchapụ Gukurahundi, nke ndị agha nke ọchịchị Prime Minister Robert Mugabe duziri na Matabeleland. Auret hapụrụ kọmitii ahụ na 1999 wee tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide Mugabe na òtù ZANU-PF na-achị ya. N'afọ 2000, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu maka Movement for Democratic Change nke e guzobere ọhụrụ. N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 2003 wee kwaga, nke mbụ na [[Cape Town]], South Africa, wee gaa County Offaly, Ireland, ebe ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2020. == Ndụ mbụ na ozi agha == Michael Theodore Hayes Auret mụrụ na 14 Disemba 1936 na Umtali, Southern Rhodesia.[1] [2] [3] Onye si n'agbụrụ ndị Huguenot biri na South Africa, o si n'ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ́ ndị biri n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Southern Rhodesia. Nna ya, Smiley Auret, rụrụ ọrụ ugbo na Belingwe District, ebe Auret ga-emesịkwa rụọ ọrụ ugbo.[4] Auret malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nọn Dominican dị na Umtali, wee mụọ akwụkwọ site na 1947 ruo 1955 na kọleji St. George nke Jesuit na isi obodo Salisbury, ebe nna ya bụbu otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ na 1898. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CDvAAAAMAAJ|title=Who is Who in Zimbabwe|publisher=Roblaw Publishers|year=1991|location=Harare|pages=13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ ịghọ onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik ruo mgbe ọ zutere ma lụọ nwunye ya, Diana Doherty, na 1958.[1][2][3][4][5] Na 1956, o sonyeere ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland wee nọrọ na Ndola, Northern Rhodesia.[1][2] Mgbe Federation mebiri na 1963, ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ wee sonye na ndị agha South Rhodesian.[1][2] Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi na 1966, obere oge ka Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence gasịrị. . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == === Rhodesia === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ndị agha na 1966, Auret gara n'ihu na-elekọta ugbo ehi 27,000-acre na Belingwe, ihe dị ka kilomita 200 (120 mi) site na Bulawayo.[1][2][3] Na ntụzịaka na ntụli aka n'iwu nke 1969, Auret gbara mbọ megide nnabata nke ụdị gọọmentị mba nke ga-akwụsị njikọ Rhodesia na ọchịchị eze Britain.[2] Ndị na-atụ vootu obodo bụ ndị ọcha kwadoro usoro iwu ahụ a tụrụ anya, na Rhodesia ghọrọ mba na 1970.[2] Na 1974, Auret enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzọ ọkwa nzuko omeiwu maka mpaghara mpaghara Bulawayo.[4] N'ịnọchite anya Rhodesia Party na-agafeghị oke, ọ tụfuru na pasent 22.5 nke votu ahụ nye onye omebe iwu nọ n'ọchịchị, Alec Moseley nke Rhodesian Front, onye nwetara pasentị 77.5 nke votu 1,613. Na mbido 1977, n'oge agha Rhodesian Bush, ndị oji ojii gbagburu ụlọ onye enyemaka onye njikwa ugbo Auret, mana gbanarị ụlọ Auret na akụrụngwa ugbo ya.[2][5] Ndị agha ahụ hapụrụ akwụkwọ abụọ, otu n’ime ha kwuru sị, “Anyị anaghị akpọ ndị ọcha asị, anyị hapụrụ ihe onwunwe gị n’ihi na ị bụ enyi ndị mmadụ."<ref name=":7">{{Cite magazine|last=Smiley|first=Xan|date=1 September 1977|title=Caught in the Middle|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,915425-1,00.html|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1978, Auret hapụrụ ọrụ ugbo wee malite ịrụ ọrụ maka Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Rhodesia (CCJP), otu nzukọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na-etinye ya na gọọmentị na-emegide. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọchịchọ ikpughe arụrụala agha nke ndị agha Rhodesia, bụ ndị tara ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ya ahụhụ, kpaliri ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa n'aka ndị agha nchekwa Rhodesian. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Auret nọ na Rom na ndị bishọp Rhodesia abụọ na njem CCJP izute Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, a dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara ịlaghachi Rhodesia.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> Nwunye ya na ụmụ ya jiri akọ kpoo ihe ha wee hapụ obodo ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbakọtara na Rom, ezinụlọ ahụ gara [[Switzerland]] na United Kingdom, ebe e mesịrị nye ha ọnọdụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> N'ebe ahụ, Auret rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge iji kwado ezinụlọ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1979, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ebe a chụgara ya, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị Rhodesian na United States na-achọ enyemaka iji mee ka mmalite nke mkparịta ụka udo dị mfe.<ref name=":1" /> Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, mkparịta ụka mere, nke dugara na Nkwekọrịta Ụlọ Lancaster, nke kwụsịrị agha ahụ ma dozie ọnọdụ maka ịmegharị Rhodesia dị ka [[Zimbabwe]] nke mba ụwa nabatara, nke nwere onwe ya.<ref name=":1" /> === Kọmitii Katọlik Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Udo na ''Gukurahundi'' === Auret laghachiri Zimbabwe n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ntuli aka 1980 nke kpebiri gọọmentị na ụlọ omebe iwu mbụ nke mba ahụ. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ na-azụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe, ma malite idepụta arụrụala ndị agha Zimbabwe mere n'oge ogbugbu ''Gukurahundi'' na mpaghara Matabeleland. <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Auret haziri nzukọ na 16 Machị 1983 na State House na Harare n'etiti onwe ya, ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị bishọp Katọlik, na Praịm Minista Robert Mugabe, na mgbalị ịkwụsị igbu ọchụ ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị bishọp nọ ebe ahụ gụnyere Achịbishọp nke Bulawayo, Heinrich Karlen, onye enyemaka bishọp nke Mutare [[Patrick Mutume]], na Bishọp of Chinhoyi, [[Helmut Reckter]] . <ref name=":2" /> N'ihi nzukọ ahụ, Mugabe wepụrụ iwu a machibidoro iwu ma kpọọ kọmitii nyocha iji nyochaa ime ihe ike ahụ.<ref name=":1" /> Karlen nyere ọtụtụ ihe akaebe ọ chịkọtara, mana mgbe kọmitii ahụ kwubiri ọrụ ya na 1984, Mugabe gbochiri ka a tọhapụ nchọpụta ya.<ref name=":1" /> The Legal Resources Foundation, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, chọrọ iwu ụlọ ikpe maka ntọhapụ ha, mana ekweghị ka a tọhapụ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'okpuru nduzi Auret, CCJP ga-amalite nyocha nke ya iji hụ na a ga-edekọ ime ihe ike ahụ n'ihu ọha. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=2 November 2017|title='The people have spoken' according to Zimbabwe's Mnangagwa|work=RTÉ|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2017/1122/921922-zimbabwe-mugabe-mnangagwa/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Akụkọ ahụ, nke CCJP na Legal Resources Foundation bipụtara ma nye ya na Auret Mugabe, akpọrọ "Breaking the Silence: Building True Peace. " <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> O mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 20,000 nwụrụ ma ọ bụ pụọ n'oge ''Gukurahundi'', nke were site na 1983 ruo 1987.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Achịbishọp nke Harare, Patrick Chakaipa, onye ya na Mugabe jikọrọ aka, leghaara akụkọ ahụ anya, ọ bụkwa naanị Achịbisọp Karlen na otu onye Katọlik ọzọ nwere mmetụta kwadoro ya. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> O nweghị mmetụta dị ukwuu na Zimbabwe n'oge ahụ, mana e zigara ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' nke South Africa, nke kọrọ banyere ya ma bipụta ya n'ịntanetị.<ref name=":1" /> Na 5 June 1986, ndị uwe ojii jidere Auret, ya na onye nduzi CCJP Nicholas Ndebele.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|date=6 June 1986|title=Catholic Human Rights Leader Is Freed in Zimbabwe|work=AP|url=https://apnews.com/99fe66bf600146e88bea400b23fb8e09|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ha ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ mgbe nwunye Auret, Diana, kpọrọ Praịm Minista Mugabe.<ref name=":9" /> Mugabe kwuru na ya enyeworị iwu ka a tọhapụ ha.<ref name=":9" /> Na nzukọ ndị nta akụkọ na Harare n'echi ya, Auret kelere praịm minista ahụ ma kwuo na ya kwenyere na e jidere ya na Ndebele n'ihi na minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụlọ, Enos Nkala, na-enyo CCJP enyo na ọ na-enye Amnesty International, otu ndị na-eche nche na London, ozi gbasara ikike mmadụ na Zimbabwe.<ref name=":9" /> Auret gbakwunyere na CCJP zutere Nkala na Disemba 1985 iji gọnahụ ebubo ahụ, mana na o chere na Nkala ekwere ha.<ref name=":9" /> Auret jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke CCJP ruo 1990, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke nzukọ ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1999, Onye isi ala Mugabe yiri egwu megide Auret n'oge okwu a na-eme na telivishọn.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Simmermacher|first=Gunther|date=3 December 1999|title=Year-end Review 1999|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/1999/12/year-end-review-1999/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Auret lara ezumike nká na CCJP na 1999.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọchịchị mmegide na ntuli aka maka ndị omeiwu === Auret sonyeere National Constituent Assembly (NCA) mgbe e guzobere ya na 1997, ma jee ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche mbụ ya n'okpuru Morgan Tsvangirai . <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) e guzobere ọhụrụ na 1999, ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye omeiwu na June 2000 maka Harare Central.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":10" /> A họpụtara ya n'ọnwa Eprel nke afọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ onye MDC na-azọ ọkwa na mpaghara ahụ karịa Learnmore Jongwe, odeakwụkwọ nke pati ahụ maka ozi na mgbasa ozi, na [[Paurina Mpariwa|Paurina Gwanyanya]], odeakwụkwọ maka ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chinowaita|first=Margaret|date=1 April 2000|title=Auret Tipped For Harare Central|work=The Standard|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200004170247.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O meriri na vootu 14,207, na-emeri onye bụbu osote onye isi obodo Harare, Winston Dzawo nke ZANU-PF, onye nwetara vootu 3,620, yana ndị na-erughị eru abụọ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2001, onye ọrụ ibe ya nwere njikọ na ZANU-PF dọrọ Auret aka ná ntị na ndị isi nọ n'ime òtù na-achị achị na-eme atụmatụ "iwepụ" onye ọcha a ma ama na MDC na ngwụcha ọnwa ahụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|date=2 June 2012|title=ZANU-PF planned to "take out" a white MP|work=The Insider|url=https://www.insiderzim.com/zanu-pf-planned-to-take-out-a-white-mp/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> MDC nwere ndị omeiwu ọcha atọ n'oge ahụ, Auret, David Coltart, na [[Trudy Stevenson]].<ref name=":11" /> Stevenson wepụrụ onwe ya ma kwuo na ya chere na onye a ga-achọ ga-abụ ma ọ bụ Auret ma ọ bụ Coltart, bụ ndị Mugabe na-akatọkarị n'okwu.<ref name=":11" /> Coltart kwupụtara nkwupụta Stevenson na kọntaktị US State Department. Coltart kwuru na ọ natara ozi site na isi mmalite atọ, gụnyere Clive Puzey, onye ọrụ ibe MDC nwere njikọ na Central Intelligence Organization, na ya - ọ bụghị Auret - bụ onye a lekwasịrị anya.<ref name=":11" /> == Ndụ na ọnwụ == N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, Auret gbara arụkwaghịm n'oche ya na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na 27 Febụwarị 2003. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tsiko|first=Sifelani|date=2 February 2003|title=Legislator Auret Quits Parliament|work=The Herald|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200302280076.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ kwagara [[Cape Town]], South Africa, na Ireland, ebe o biri na County Offaly ma rụọ ọrụ maka Chọọchị Katọlik. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|author=Lambe|first=Fintan|date=7 August 2012|title=Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book|work=Gorey Guardian|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O dere akwụkwọ, From Liberator to Dictator: An Insider's Account of Robert Mugabe's Descent into Tyranny, nke e bipụtara na 2009, ebe ọ kọwara otú o si kpee ebumnuche Mugabe ikpe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na nnwere onwe na 1980. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> O kwuru n'otu ihe omume na London n'afọ 2007 na ọ "anabataghị na [Mugabe] bụ onye Marxist kwenyesiri ike nakwa na ọ chọrọ otu steeti".<ref name=":1" /> Auret nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Cloghan, County Offaly, Ireland, na 10 Eprel 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'ihi ntụziaka ndị isi ọrụ ahụike megide nnọkọ ọha na eze n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, emere olili ozu ya na nzuzo.<ref name=":13" /> Na nkwupụta e bipụtara na ibe Facebook ya, Movement for Democratic Change kpọrọ Auret "onye dike na onye hụrụ mba n'anya," ma nye ezinụlọ ya ọmịiko.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/ "MDC Mourns Mike Auret"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Senator David Coltart, onye ya na Auret rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha ''Gukurahundi'' nke CCJP, kwuru, "Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ezigbo dike Zimbabwe, ọ bụ Mike. " <ref name=":4" /> Onye isi oche MDC Nelson Chamisa, onye maara Auret site na NCA na MDC, kọwara ya dị ka "onye agha siri ike, onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ... HERO anyị!" <ref name=":5" /> Otu nkwupụta nke Nzukọ Ndị Bishọchị Katọlik na Zimbabwe ji mwute mụta ọnwụ nke Maazị Michael Auret... ọ pụtara ìhè na ịkwalite ikike mmadụ na udo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ndlovu|first=Mandla|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC senior official dies|work=Bulawayo24 News|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-183079.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ndụ ezinụlọ na nke onwe onye == Auret lụrụ nwunye ya, Diana, ruo afọ 63.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ha nwere ụmụ anọ, Peter, Margaret, Stephen, na Michael Jr.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":13" /> Ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị biri na Australia.<ref name=":13" /> Auret bụ onye Katọlik na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Ihe ndị sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya gụnyere Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, Popu Francis, na Fr. Patrick Galvin, onye ụkọchukwu Irish na South Africa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ugbo ya na Belingwe, Auret biri na Harare n'ụlọ dị n'otu acre nke ala nwere ọdọ mmiri.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|author=Keller|first=Bill|date=3 August 1993|title=Zimbabwe Whites Find The Good Life Is in Peril|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/30/world/zimbabwe-whites-find-the-good-life-is-in-peril.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O nwekwara ụlọ ezumike dị nso na Nyanga.<ref name=":14" /> Mgbe ọ kwagara Ireland, ọ biri n'obodo Cloghan, County Offaly, ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":12">{{Cite news|author=Lambe|first=Fintan|date=7 August 2012|title=Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book|work=Gorey Guardian|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLambe2012">Lambe, Fintan (7 August 2012). [https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html "Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book"]. ''Gorey Guardian''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] r4a5bqamwsxljn7ubrfvzvyiooy33uh 672245 672242 2026-07-04T13:34:10Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 672245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Mike Auret|occupation=Farmer, politician|predecessor1=[[Florence Chitauro]]|branch=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Federal Army]]<br>[[Rhodesian Army|Southern Rhodesian Army]]|serviceyears=1956–1966|rank=[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]|death_date={{death date and age|2020|04|10|1936|12|14|df=y}}|birth_date=14 December 1936|successor1=[[Murisi Zwizwai]]|death_place=[[Cloghan, County Offaly|Cloghan]], [[County Offaly]], [[Republic of Ireland]]|termend1=27 February 2003|termstart1=2000|party=[[Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)|Movement for Democratic Change]]|office1=Member of the [[National Assembly of Zimbabwe|House of Assembly of Zimbabwe]] for [[Harare Central]]|birth_place=[[Mutare|Umtali]], [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now Mutare, [[Zimbabwe]])|allegiance=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]}} Michael Theodore Hayes Auret (14 Disemba 1936 - 10 Eprel 2020) bụ onye ọrụ ugbo, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye Zimbabwe. Onye Katọlik ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche na mgbe e mesịrị onye nduzi nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe (CCJP) site na 1978 ruo 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchiteanya nke Harare Central site na 2000 ruo 2003, mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm ma kwaga mba ọzọ. na Ireland. Amụrụ na Mutare, Southern Rhodesia, ma zụlite na mpaghara Mberengwa, Auret sitere na ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo. Mgbe ọ hapụrụ St. George's College na 1955, ọ jere ozi na ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland na Southern Rhodesia afọ iri. Ọ malitere ọrụ ugbo na Mberengwa site na 1966 ruo 1978, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyeere òtù Katọlik maka ikpe ziri ezi na udo. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa ntinye aha n'aka ndị ọrụ nchekwa Rhodesia na kama ịdebanye aha, ya na ezinụlọ ya gbagara United Kingdom. Ọ laghachiri na Zimbabwe nọọrọ onwe ya na 1980 wee maliteghachi ọrụ ya na CCJP. N'ime 1980s, ọ duru ndị otu ahụ na-agba mbọ idetu ma kwụsị na mgbuchapụ Gukurahundi, nke ndị agha nke ọchịchị Prime Minister Robert Mugabe duziri na Matabeleland. Auret hapụrụ kọmitii ahụ na 1999 wee tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide Mugabe na òtù ZANU-PF na-achị ya. N'afọ 2000, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu maka Movement for Democratic Change nke e guzobere ọhụrụ. N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 2003 wee kwaga, nke mbụ na [[Cape Town]], South Africa, wee gaa County Offaly, Ireland, ebe ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2020. == Ndụ mbụ na ozi agha == Michael Theodore Hayes Auret mụrụ na 14 Disemba 1936 na Umtali, Southern Rhodesia.[1] [2] [3] Onye si n'agbụrụ ndị Huguenot biri na South Africa, o si n'ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ́ ndị biri n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Southern Rhodesia. Nna ya, Smiley Auret, rụrụ ọrụ ugbo na Belingwe District, ebe Auret ga-emesịkwa rụọ ọrụ ugbo.[4] Auret malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nọn Dominican dị na Umtali, wee mụọ akwụkwọ site na 1947 ruo 1955 na kọleji St. George nke Jesuit na isi obodo Salisbury, ebe nna ya bụbu otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ na 1898. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CDvAAAAMAAJ|title=Who is Who in Zimbabwe|publisher=Roblaw Publishers|year=1991|location=Harare|pages=13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ ịghọ onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik ruo mgbe ọ zutere ma lụọ nwunye ya, Diana Doherty, na 1958.[1][2][3][4][5] Na 1956, o sonyeere ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland wee nọrọ na Ndola, Northern Rhodesia.[1][2] Mgbe Federation mebiri na 1963, ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ wee sonye na ndị agha South Rhodesian.[1][2] Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi na 1966, obere oge ka Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence gasịrị. . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == === Rhodesia === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ndị agha na 1966, Auret gara n'ihu na-elekọta ugbo ehi 27,000-acre na Belingwe, ihe dị ka kilomita 200 (120 mi) site na Bulawayo.[1][2][3] Na ntụzịaka na ntụli aka n'iwu nke 1969, Auret gbara mbọ megide nnabata nke ụdị gọọmentị mba nke ga-akwụsị njikọ Rhodesia na ọchịchị eze Britain.[2] Ndị na-atụ vootu obodo bụ ndị ọcha kwadoro usoro iwu ahụ a tụrụ anya, na Rhodesia ghọrọ mba na 1970.[2] Na 1974, Auret enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzọ ọkwa nzuko omeiwu maka mpaghara mpaghara Bulawayo.[4] N'ịnọchite anya Rhodesia Party na-agafeghị oke, ọ tụfuru na pasent 22.5 nke votu ahụ nye onye omebe iwu nọ n'ọchịchị, Alec Moseley nke Rhodesian Front, onye nwetara pasentị 77.5 nke votu 1,613. Na mbido 1977, n'oge agha Rhodesian Bush, ndị oji ojii gbagburu ụlọ onye enyemaka onye njikwa ugbo Auret, mana gbanarị ụlọ Auret na akụrụngwa ugbo ya.[2][5] Ndị agha ahụ hapụrụ akwụkwọ abụọ, otu n’ime ha kwuru sị, “Anyị anaghị akpọ ndị ọcha asị, anyị hapụrụ ihe onwunwe gị n’ihi na ị bụ enyi ndị mmadụ."<ref name=":7">{{Cite magazine|last=Smiley|first=Xan|date=1 September 1977|title=Caught in the Middle|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,915425-1,00.html|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1978, Auret hapụrụ ọrụ ugbo wee malite ịrụ ọrụ maka Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Rhodesia (CCJP), otu nzukọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na-etinye ya na gọọmentị na-emegide. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọchịchọ ikpughe arụrụala agha nke ndị agha Rhodesia, bụ ndị tara ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ya ahụhụ, kpaliri ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa n'aka ndị agha nchekwa Rhodesian. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Auret nọ na Rom na ndị bishọp Rhodesia abụọ na njem CCJP izute Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, a dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara ịlaghachi Rhodesia.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> Nwunye ya na ụmụ ya jiri akọ kpoo ihe ha wee hapụ obodo ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbakọtara na Rom, ezinụlọ ahụ gara [[Switzerland]] na United Kingdom, ebe e mesịrị nye ha ọnọdụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> N'ebe ahụ, Auret rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge iji kwado ezinụlọ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1979, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ebe a chụgara ya, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị Rhodesian na United States na-achọ enyemaka iji mee ka mmalite nke mkparịta ụka udo dị mfe.<ref name=":1" /> Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, mkparịta ụka mere, nke dugara na Nkwekọrịta Ụlọ Lancaster, nke kwụsịrị agha ahụ ma dozie ọnọdụ maka ịmegharị Rhodesia dị ka [[Zimbabwe]] nke mba ụwa nabatara, nke nwere onwe ya.<ref name=":1" /> === Kọmitii Katọlik Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Udo na ''Gukurahundi'' === Auret laghachiri Zimbabwe n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ntuli aka 1980 nke kpebiri gọọmentị na ụlọ omebe iwu mbụ nke mba ahụ. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ na-azụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe, ma malite idepụta arụrụala ndị agha Zimbabwe mere n'oge ogbugbu ''Gukurahundi'' na mpaghara Matabeleland. <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Auret haziri nzukọ na 16 Machị 1983 na State House na Harare n'etiti onwe ya, ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị bishọp Katọlik, na Praịm Minista Robert Mugabe, na mgbalị ịkwụsị igbu ọchụ ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị bishọp nọ ebe ahụ gụnyere Achịbishọp nke Bulawayo, Heinrich Karlen, onye enyemaka bishọp nke Mutare [[Patrick Mutume]], na Bishọp of Chinhoyi, [[Helmut Reckter]] . <ref name=":2" /> N'ihi nzukọ ahụ, Mugabe wepụrụ iwu a machibidoro iwu ma kpọọ kọmitii nyocha iji nyochaa ime ihe ike ahụ.<ref name=":1" /> Karlen nyere ọtụtụ ihe akaebe ọ chịkọtara, mana mgbe kọmitii ahụ kwubiri ọrụ ya na 1984, Mugabe gbochiri ka a tọhapụ nchọpụta ya.<ref name=":1" /> The Legal Resources Foundation, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, chọrọ iwu ụlọ ikpe maka ntọhapụ ha, mana ekweghị ka a tọhapụ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'okpuru nduzi Auret, CCJP ga-amalite nyocha nke ya iji hụ na a ga-edekọ ime ihe ike ahụ n'ihu ọha. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=2 November 2017|title='The people have spoken' according to Zimbabwe's Mnangagwa|work=RTÉ|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2017/1122/921922-zimbabwe-mugabe-mnangagwa/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Akụkọ ahụ, nke CCJP na Legal Resources Foundation bipụtara ma nye ya na Auret Mugabe, akpọrọ "Breaking the Silence: Building True Peace. " <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> O mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 20,000 nwụrụ ma ọ bụ pụọ n'oge ''Gukurahundi'', nke were site na 1983 ruo 1987.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Achịbishọp nke Harare, Patrick Chakaipa, onye ya na Mugabe jikọrọ aka, leghaara akụkọ ahụ anya, ọ bụkwa naanị Achịbisọp Karlen na otu onye Katọlik ọzọ nwere mmetụta kwadoro ya. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> O nweghị mmetụta dị ukwuu na Zimbabwe n'oge ahụ, mana e zigara ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' nke South Africa, nke kọrọ banyere ya ma bipụta ya n'ịntanetị.<ref name=":1" /> Na 5 June 1986, ndị uwe ojii jidere Auret, ya na onye nduzi CCJP Nicholas Ndebele.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|date=6 June 1986|title=Catholic Human Rights Leader Is Freed in Zimbabwe|work=AP|url=https://apnews.com/99fe66bf600146e88bea400b23fb8e09|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ha ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ mgbe nwunye Auret, Diana, kpọrọ Praịm Minista Mugabe.<ref name=":9" /> Mugabe kwuru na ya enyeworị iwu ka a tọhapụ ha.<ref name=":9" /> Na nzukọ ndị nta akụkọ na Harare n'echi ya, Auret kelere praịm minista ahụ ma kwuo na ya kwenyere na e jidere ya na Ndebele n'ihi na minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụlọ, Enos Nkala, na-enyo CCJP enyo na ọ na-enye Amnesty International, otu ndị na-eche nche na London, ozi gbasara ikike mmadụ na Zimbabwe.<ref name=":9" /> Auret gbakwunyere na CCJP zutere Nkala na Disemba 1985 iji gọnahụ ebubo ahụ, mana na o chere na Nkala ekwere ha.<ref name=":9" /> Auret jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke CCJP ruo 1990, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke nzukọ ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1999, Onye isi ala Mugabe yiri egwu megide Auret n'oge okwu a na-eme na telivishọn.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Simmermacher|first=Gunther|date=3 December 1999|title=Year-end Review 1999|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/1999/12/year-end-review-1999/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Auret lara ezumike nká na CCJP na 1999.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọchịchị mmegide na ntuli aka maka ndị omeiwu === Auret sonyeere National Constituent Assembly (NCA) mgbe e guzobere ya na 1997, ma jee ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche mbụ ya n'okpuru Morgan Tsvangirai . <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) e guzobere ọhụrụ na 1999, ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye omeiwu na June 2000 maka Harare Central.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":10" /> A họpụtara ya n'ọnwa Eprel nke afọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ onye MDC na-azọ ọkwa na mpaghara ahụ karịa Learnmore Jongwe, odeakwụkwọ nke pati ahụ maka ozi na mgbasa ozi, na [[Paurina Mpariwa|Paurina Gwanyanya]], odeakwụkwọ maka ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chinowaita|first=Margaret|date=1 April 2000|title=Auret Tipped For Harare Central|work=The Standard|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200004170247.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O meriri na vootu 14,207, na-emeri onye bụbu osote onye isi obodo Harare, Winston Dzawo nke ZANU-PF, onye nwetara vootu 3,620, yana ndị na-erughị eru abụọ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2001, onye ọrụ ibe ya nwere njikọ na ZANU-PF dọrọ Auret aka ná ntị na ndị isi nọ n'ime òtù na-achị achị na-eme atụmatụ "iwepụ" onye ọcha a ma ama na MDC na ngwụcha ọnwa ahụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|date=2 June 2012|title=ZANU-PF planned to "take out" a white MP|work=The Insider|url=https://www.insiderzim.com/zanu-pf-planned-to-take-out-a-white-mp/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> MDC nwere ndị omeiwu ọcha atọ n'oge ahụ, Auret, David Coltart, na [[Trudy Stevenson]].<ref name=":11" /> Stevenson wepụrụ onwe ya ma kwuo na ya chere na onye a ga-achọ ga-abụ ma ọ bụ Auret ma ọ bụ Coltart, bụ ndị Mugabe na-akatọkarị n'okwu.<ref name=":11" /> Coltart kwupụtara nkwupụta Stevenson na kọntaktị US State Department. Coltart kwuru na ọ natara ozi site na isi mmalite atọ, gụnyere Clive Puzey, onye ọrụ ibe MDC nwere njikọ na Central Intelligence Organization, na ya - ọ bụghị Auret - bụ onye a lekwasịrị anya.<ref name=":11" /> == Ndụ na ọnwụ == N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, Auret gbara arụkwaghịm n'oche ya na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na 27 Febụwarị 2003. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tsiko|first=Sifelani|date=2 February 2003|title=Legislator Auret Quits Parliament|work=The Herald|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200302280076.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ kwagara [[Cape Town]], South Africa, na Ireland, ebe o biri na County Offaly ma rụọ ọrụ maka Chọọchị Katọlik. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|author=Lambe|first=Fintan|date=7 August 2012|title=Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book|work=Gorey Guardian|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O dere akwụkwọ, From Liberator to Dictator: An Insider's Account of Robert Mugabe's Descent into Tyranny, nke e bipụtara na 2009, ebe ọ kọwara otú o si kpee ebumnuche Mugabe ikpe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na nnwere onwe na 1980. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> O kwuru n'otu ihe omume na London n'afọ 2007 na ọ "anabataghị na [Mugabe] bụ onye Marxist kwenyesiri ike nakwa na ọ chọrọ otu steeti".<ref name=":1" /> Auret nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Cloghan, County Offaly, Ireland, na 10 Eprel 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'ihi ntụziaka ndị isi ọrụ ahụike megide nnọkọ ọha na eze n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, emere olili ozu ya na nzuzo.<ref name=":13" /> Na nkwupụta e bipụtara na ibe Facebook ya, Movement for Democratic Change kpọrọ Auret "onye dike na onye hụrụ mba n'anya," ma nye ezinụlọ ya ọmịiko.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/ "MDC Mourns Mike Auret"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Senator David Coltart, onye ya na Auret rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha ''Gukurahundi'' nke CCJP, kwuru, "Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ezigbo dike Zimbabwe, ọ bụ Mike. " <ref name=":4" /> Onye isi oche MDC Nelson Chamisa, onye maara Auret site na NCA na MDC, kọwara ya dị ka "onye agha siri ike, onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ... HERO anyị!" <ref name=":5" /> Otu nkwupụta nke Nzukọ Ndị Bishọchị Katọlik na Zimbabwe ji mwute mụta ọnwụ nke Maazị Michael Auret... ọ pụtara ìhè na ịkwalite ikike mmadụ na udo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ndlovu|first=Mandla|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC senior official dies|work=Bulawayo24 News|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-183079.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ndụ ezinụlọ na nke onwe onye == Auret lụrụ nwunye ya, Diana, ruo afọ 63.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ha nwere ụmụ anọ, Peter, Margaret, Stephen, na Michael Jr.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":13" /> Ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị biri na Australia.<ref name=":13" /> Auret bụ onye Katọlik na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Ihe ndị sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya gụnyere Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, Popu Francis, na Fr. Patrick Galvin, onye ụkọchukwu Irish na South Africa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ugbo ya na Belingwe, Auret biri na Harare n'ụlọ dị n'otu acre nke ala nwere ọdọ mmiri.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|author=Keller|first=Bill|date=3 August 1993|title=Zimbabwe Whites Find The Good Life Is in Peril|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/30/world/zimbabwe-whites-find-the-good-life-is-in-peril.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O nwekwara ụlọ ezumike dị nso na Nyanga.<ref name=":14" /> Mgbe ọ kwagara Ireland, ọ biri n'obodo Cloghan, County Offaly, ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hbxe40s4qgej7opzju6z6g2p2v9tcjv 672262 672245 2026-07-04T13:42:16Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 672262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Mike Auret|occupation=Farmer, politician|predecessor1=[[Florence Chitauro]]|branch=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Federal Army]]<br>[[Rhodesian Army|Southern Rhodesian Army]]|serviceyears=1956–1966|rank=[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]|death_date={{death date and age|2020|04|10|1936|12|14|df=y}}|birth_date=14 December 1936|successor1=[[Murisi Zwizwai]]|death_place=[[Cloghan, County Offaly|Cloghan]], [[County Offaly]], [[Republic of Ireland]]|termend1=27 February 2003|termstart1=2000|party=[[Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)|Movement for Democratic Change]]|office1=Member of the [[National Assembly of Zimbabwe|House of Assembly of Zimbabwe]] for [[Harare Central]]|birth_place=[[Mutare|Umtali]], [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now Mutare, [[Zimbabwe]])|allegiance=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]}} Michael Theodore Hayes Auret (14 Disemba 1936 - 10 Eprel 2020) bụ onye ọrụ ugbo, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye Zimbabwe. Onye Katọlik ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche na mgbe e mesịrị onye nduzi nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe (CCJP) site na 1978 ruo 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchiteanya nke Harare Central site na 2000 ruo 2003, mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm ma kwaga mba ọzọ. na Ireland. Amụrụ na Mutare, Southern Rhodesia, ma zụlite na mpaghara Mberengwa, Auret sitere na ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo. Mgbe ọ hapụrụ St. George's College na 1955, ọ jere ozi na ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland na Southern Rhodesia afọ iri. Ọ malitere ọrụ ugbo na Mberengwa site na 1966 ruo 1978, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyeere òtù Katọlik maka ikpe ziri ezi na udo. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa ntinye aha n'aka ndị ọrụ nchekwa Rhodesia na kama ịdebanye aha, ya na ezinụlọ ya gbagara United Kingdom. Ọ laghachiri na Zimbabwe nọọrọ onwe ya na 1980 wee maliteghachi ọrụ ya na CCJP. N'ime 1980s, ọ duru ndị otu ahụ na-agba mbọ idetu ma kwụsị na mgbuchapụ Gukurahundi, nke ndị agha nke ọchịchị Prime Minister Robert Mugabe duziri na Matabeleland. Auret hapụrụ kọmitii ahụ na 1999 wee tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide Mugabe na òtù ZANU-PF na-achị ya. N'afọ 2000, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu maka Movement for Democratic Change nke e guzobere ọhụrụ. N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 2003 wee kwaga, nke mbụ na [[Cape Town]], South Africa, wee gaa County Offaly, Ireland, ebe ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2020. == Ndụ mbụ na ozi agha == Michael Theodore Hayes Auret mụrụ na 14 Disemba 1936 na Umtali, Southern Rhodesia.[1] [2] [3] Onye si n'agbụrụ ndị Huguenot biri na South Africa, o si n'ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ́ ndị biri n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Southern Rhodesia. Nna ya, Smiley Auret, rụrụ ọrụ ugbo na Belingwe District, ebe Auret ga-emesịkwa rụọ ọrụ ugbo.[4] Auret malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nọn Dominican dị na Umtali, wee mụọ akwụkwọ site na 1947 ruo 1955 na kọleji St. George nke Jesuit na isi obodo Salisbury, ebe nna ya bụbu otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ na 1898. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CDvAAAAMAAJ|title=Who is Who in Zimbabwe|publisher=Roblaw Publishers|year=1991|location=Harare|pages=13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ ịghọ onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik ruo mgbe ọ zutere ma lụọ nwunye ya, Diana Doherty, na 1958.[1][2][3][4][5] Na 1956, o sonyeere ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland wee nọrọ na Ndola, Northern Rhodesia.[1][2] Mgbe Federation mebiri na 1963, ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ wee sonye na ndị agha South Rhodesian.[1][2] Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi na 1966, obere oge ka Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence gasịrị. . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == === Rhodesia === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ndị agha na 1966, Auret gara n'ihu na-elekọta ugbo ehi 27,000-acre na Belingwe, ihe dị ka kilomita 200 (120 mi) site na Bulawayo.[1][2][3] Na ntụzịaka na ntụli aka n'iwu nke 1969, Auret gbara mbọ megide nnabata nke ụdị gọọmentị mba nke ga-akwụsị njikọ Rhodesia na ọchịchị eze Britain.[2] Ndị na-atụ vootu obodo bụ ndị ọcha kwadoro usoro iwu ahụ a tụrụ anya, na Rhodesia ghọrọ mba na 1970.[2] Na 1974, Auret enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzọ ọkwa nzuko omeiwu maka mpaghara mpaghara Bulawayo.[4] N'ịnọchite anya Rhodesia Party na-agafeghị oke, ọ tụfuru na pasent 22.5 nke votu ahụ nye onye omebe iwu nọ n'ọchịchị, Alec Moseley nke Rhodesian Front, onye nwetara pasentị 77.5 nke votu 1,613. Na mbido 1977, n'oge agha Rhodesian Bush, ndị oji ojii gbagburu ụlọ onye enyemaka onye njikwa ugbo Auret, mana gbanarị ụlọ Auret na akụrụngwa ugbo ya.[2][5] Ndị agha ahụ hapụrụ akwụkwọ abụọ, otu n’ime ha kwuru sị, “Anyị anaghị akpọ ndị ọcha asị, anyị hapụrụ ihe onwunwe gị n’ihi na ị bụ enyi ndị mmadụ."<ref name=":7">{{Cite magazine|last=Smiley|first=Xan|date=1 September 1977|title=Caught in the Middle|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,915425-1,00.html|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1978, Auret hapụrụ ọrụ ugbo wee malite ịrụ ọrụ maka Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Rhodesia (CCJP), otu nzukọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na-etinye ya na gọọmentị na-emegide. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọchịchọ ikpughe arụrụala agha nke ndị agha Rhodesia, bụ ndị tara ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ya ahụhụ, kpaliri ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa n'aka ndị agha nchekwa Rhodesian. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Auret nọ na Rom na ndị bishọp Rhodesia abụọ na njem CCJP izute Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, a dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara ịlaghachi Rhodesia.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> Nwunye ya na ụmụ ya jiri akọ kpoo ihe ha wee hapụ obodo ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbakọtara na Rom, ezinụlọ ahụ gara [[Switzerland]] na United Kingdom, ebe e mesịrị nye ha ọnọdụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> N'ebe ahụ, Auret rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge iji kwado ezinụlọ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1979, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ebe a chụgara ya, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị Rhodesian na United States na-achọ enyemaka iji mee ka mmalite nke mkparịta ụka udo dị mfe.<ref name=":1" /> Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, mkparịta ụka mere, nke dugara na Nkwekọrịta Ụlọ Lancaster, nke kwụsịrị agha ahụ ma dozie ọnọdụ maka ịmegharị Rhodesia dị ka [[Zimbabwe]] nke mba ụwa nabatara, nke nwere onwe ya.<ref name=":1" /> === Kọmitii Katọlik Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Udo na ''Gukurahundi'' === Auret laghachiri Zimbabwe n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ntuli aka 1980 nke kpebiri gọọmentị na ụlọ omebe iwu mbụ nke mba ahụ. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ na-azụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe, ma malite idepụta arụrụala ndị agha Zimbabwe mere n'oge ogbugbu ''Gukurahundi'' na mpaghara Matabeleland. <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Auret haziri nzukọ na 16 Machị 1983 na State House na Harare n'etiti onwe ya, ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị bishọp Katọlik, na Praịm Minista Robert Mugabe, na mgbalị ịkwụsị igbu ọchụ ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /> Ndị bishọp nọ ebe ahụ gụnyere Achịbishọp nke Bulawayo, Heinrich Karlen, onye enyemaka bishọp nke Mutare [[Patrick Mutume]], na Bishọp of Chinhoyi, [[Helmut Reckter]] . <ref name=":2" /> N'ihi nzukọ ahụ, Mugabe wepụrụ iwu a machibidoro iwu ma kpọọ kọmitii nyocha iji nyochaa ime ihe ike ahụ.<ref name=":1" /> Karlen nyere ọtụtụ ihe akaebe ọ chịkọtara, mana mgbe kọmitii ahụ kwubiri ọrụ ya na 1984, Mugabe gbochiri ka a tọhapụ nchọpụta ya.<ref name=":1" /> The Legal Resources Foundation, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, chọrọ iwu ụlọ ikpe maka ntọhapụ ha, mana ekweghị ka a tọhapụ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'okpuru nduzi Auret, CCJP ga-amalite nyocha nke ya iji hụ na a ga-edekọ ime ihe ike ahụ n'ihu ọha. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=2 November 2017|title='The people have spoken' according to Zimbabwe's Mnangagwa|work=RTÉ|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2017/1122/921922-zimbabwe-mugabe-mnangagwa/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Akụkọ ahụ, nke CCJP na Legal Resources Foundation bipụtara ma nye ya na Auret Mugabe, akpọrọ "Breaking the Silence: Building True Peace. " <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> O mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 20,000 nwụrụ ma ọ bụ pụọ n'oge ''Gukurahundi'', nke were site na 1983 ruo 1987.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Achịbishọp nke Harare, Patrick Chakaipa, onye ya na Mugabe jikọrọ aka, leghaara akụkọ ahụ anya, ọ bụkwa naanị Achịbisọp Karlen na otu onye Katọlik ọzọ nwere mmetụta kwadoro ya. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> O nweghị mmetụta dị ukwuu na Zimbabwe n'oge ahụ, mana e zigara ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' nke South Africa, nke kọrọ banyere ya ma bipụta ya n'ịntanetị.<ref name=":1" /> Na 5 June 1986, ndị uwe ojii jidere Auret, ya na onye nduzi CCJP Nicholas Ndebele.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|date=6 June 1986|title=Catholic Human Rights Leader Is Freed in Zimbabwe|work=AP|url=https://apnews.com/99fe66bf600146e88bea400b23fb8e09|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ha ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ mgbe nwunye Auret, Diana, kpọrọ Praịm Minista Mugabe.<ref name=":9" /> Mugabe kwuru na ya enyeworị iwu ka a tọhapụ ha.<ref name=":9" /> Na nzukọ ndị nta akụkọ na Harare n'echi ya, Auret kelere praịm minista ahụ ma kwuo na ya kwenyere na e jidere ya na Ndebele n'ihi na minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụlọ, Enos Nkala, na-enyo CCJP enyo na ọ na-enye Amnesty International, otu ndị na-eche nche na London, ozi gbasara ikike mmadụ na Zimbabwe.<ref name=":9" /> Auret gbakwunyere na CCJP zutere Nkala na Disemba 1985 iji gọnahụ ebubo ahụ, mana na o chere na Nkala ekwere ha.<ref name=":9" /> Auret jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke CCJP ruo 1990, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke nzukọ ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1999, Onye isi ala Mugabe yiri egwu megide Auret n'oge okwu a na-eme na telivishọn.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Simmermacher|first=Gunther|date=3 December 1999|title=Year-end Review 1999|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/1999/12/year-end-review-1999/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Auret lara ezumike nká na CCJP na 1999.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọchịchị mmegide na ntuli aka maka ndị omeiwu === Auret sonyeere National Constituent Assembly (NCA) mgbe e guzobere ya na 1997, ma jee ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche mbụ ya n'okpuru Morgan Tsvangirai . <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) e guzobere ọhụrụ na 1999, ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye omeiwu na June 2000 maka Harare Central.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":10" /> A họpụtara ya n'ọnwa Eprel nke afọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ onye MDC na-azọ ọkwa na mpaghara ahụ karịa Learnmore Jongwe, odeakwụkwọ nke pati ahụ maka ozi na mgbasa ozi, na [[Paurina Mpariwa|Paurina Gwanyanya]], odeakwụkwọ maka ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chinowaita|first=Margaret|date=1 April 2000|title=Auret Tipped For Harare Central|work=The Standard|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200004170247.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O meriri na vootu 14,207, na-emeri onye bụbu osote onye isi obodo Harare, Winston Dzawo nke ZANU-PF, onye nwetara vootu 3,620, yana ndị na-erughị eru abụọ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2001, onye ọrụ ibe ya nwere njikọ na ZANU-PF dọrọ Auret aka ná ntị na ndị isi nọ n'ime òtù na-achị achị na-eme atụmatụ "iwepụ" onye ọcha a ma ama na MDC na ngwụcha ọnwa ahụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|date=2 June 2012|title=ZANU-PF planned to "take out" a white MP|work=The Insider|url=https://www.insiderzim.com/zanu-pf-planned-to-take-out-a-white-mp/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> MDC nwere ndị omeiwu ọcha atọ n'oge ahụ, Auret, David Coltart, na [[Trudy Stevenson]].<ref name=":11" /> Stevenson wepụrụ onwe ya ma kwuo na ya chere na onye a ga-achọ ga-abụ ma ọ bụ Auret ma ọ bụ Coltart, bụ ndị Mugabe na-akatọkarị n'okwu.<ref name=":11" /> Coltart kwupụtara nkwupụta Stevenson na kọntaktị US State Department. Coltart kwuru na ọ natara ozi site na isi mmalite atọ, gụnyere Clive Puzey, onye ọrụ ibe MDC nwere njikọ na Central Intelligence Organization, na ya - ọ bụghị Auret - bụ onye a lekwasịrị anya.<ref name=":11" /> == Ndụ na ọnwụ == N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, Auret gbara arụkwaghịm n'oche ya na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na 27 Febụwarị 2003. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tsiko|first=Sifelani|date=2 February 2003|title=Legislator Auret Quits Parliament|work=The Herald|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200302280076.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ kwagara [[Cape Town]], South Africa, na Ireland, ebe o biri na County Offaly ma rụọ ọrụ maka Chọọchị Katọlik. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|author=Lambe|first=Fintan|date=7 August 2012|title=Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book|work=Gorey Guardian|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O dere akwụkwọ, From Liberator to Dictator: An Insider's Account of Robert Mugabe's Descent into Tyranny, nke e bipụtara na 2009, ebe ọ kọwara otú o si kpee ebumnuche Mugabe ikpe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na nnwere onwe na 1980. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> O kwuru n'otu ihe omume na London n'afọ 2007 na ọ "anabataghị na [Mugabe] bụ onye Marxist kwenyesiri ike nakwa na ọ chọrọ otu steeti".<ref name=":1" /> Auret nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Cloghan, County Offaly, Ireland, na 10 Eprel 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'ihi ntụziaka ndị isi ọrụ ahụike megide nnọkọ ọha na eze n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, emere olili ozu ya na nzuzo.<ref name=":13" /> Na nkwupụta e bipụtara na ibe Facebook ya, Movement for Democratic Change kpọrọ Auret "onye dike na onye hụrụ mba n'anya," ma nye ezinụlọ ya ọmịiko.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/ "MDC Mourns Mike Auret"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Senator David Coltart, onye ya na Auret rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha ''Gukurahundi'' nke CCJP, kwuru, "Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ezigbo dike Zimbabwe, ọ bụ Mike. " <ref name=":4" /> Onye isi oche MDC Nelson Chamisa, onye maara Auret site na NCA na MDC, kọwara ya dị ka "onye agha siri ike, onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ... HERO anyị!" <ref name=":5" /> Otu nkwupụta nke Nzukọ Ndị Bishọchị Katọlik na Zimbabwe ji mwute mụta ọnwụ nke Maazị Michael Auret... ọ pụtara ìhè na ịkwalite ikike mmadụ na udo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ndlovu|first=Mandla|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC senior official dies|work=Bulawayo24 News|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-183079.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ndụ ezinụlọ na nke onwe onye == Auret lụrụ nwunye ya, Diana, ruo afọ 63.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ha nwere ụmụ anọ, Peter, Margaret, Stephen, na Michael Jr.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":13" /> Ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị biri na Australia.<ref name=":13" /> Auret bụ onye Katọlik na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Ihe ndị sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya gụnyere Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, Popu Francis, na Fr. Patrick Galvin, onye ụkọchukwu Irish na South Africa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ugbo ya na Belingwe, Auret biri na Harare n'ụlọ dị n'otu acre nke ala nwere ọdọ mmiri.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|author=Keller|first=Bill|date=3 August 1993|title=Zimbabwe Whites Find The Good Life Is in Peril|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/30/world/zimbabwe-whites-find-the-good-life-is-in-peril.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O nwekwara ụlọ ezumike dị nso na Nyanga.<ref name=":14" /> Mgbe ọ kwagara Ireland, ọ biri n'obodo Cloghan, County Offaly, ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bixmjmaqwadqr0p6hrteaf1ev92nvwu 672265 672262 2026-07-04T13:43:38Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 672265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Mike Auret|occupation=Farmer, politician|predecessor1=[[Florence Chitauro]]|branch=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Federal Army]]<br>[[Rhodesian Army|Southern Rhodesian Army]]|serviceyears=1956–1966|rank=[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]|death_date={{death date and age|2020|04|10|1936|12|14|df=y}}|birth_date=14 December 1936|successor1=[[Murisi Zwizwai]]|death_place=[[Cloghan, County Offaly|Cloghan]], [[County Offaly]], [[Republic of Ireland]]|termend1=27 February 2003|termstart1=2000|party=[[Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)|Movement for Democratic Change]]|office1=Member of the [[National Assembly of Zimbabwe|House of Assembly of Zimbabwe]] for [[Harare Central]]|birth_place=[[Mutare|Umtali]], [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now Mutare, [[Zimbabwe]])|allegiance=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]}} Michael Theodore Hayes Auret (14 Disemba 1936 - 10 Eprel 2020) bụ onye ọrụ ugbo, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye Zimbabwe. Onye Katọlik ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche na mgbe e mesịrị onye nduzi nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe (CCJP) site na 1978 ruo 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchiteanya nke Harare Central site na 2000 ruo 2003, mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm ma kwaga mba ọzọ. na Ireland. Amụrụ na Mutare, Southern Rhodesia, ma zụlite na mpaghara Mberengwa, Auret sitere na ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo. Mgbe ọ hapụrụ St. George's College na 1955, ọ jere ozi na ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland na Southern Rhodesia afọ iri. Ọ malitere ọrụ ugbo na Mberengwa site na 1966 ruo 1978, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyeere òtù Katọlik maka ikpe ziri ezi na udo. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa ntinye aha n'aka ndị ọrụ nchekwa Rhodesia na kama ịdebanye aha, ya na ezinụlọ ya gbagara United Kingdom. Ọ laghachiri na Zimbabwe nọọrọ onwe ya na 1980 wee maliteghachi ọrụ ya na CCJP. N'ime 1980s, ọ duru ndị otu ahụ na-agba mbọ idetu ma kwụsị na mgbuchapụ Gukurahundi, nke ndị agha nke ọchịchị Prime Minister Robert Mugabe duziri na Matabeleland. Auret hapụrụ kọmitii ahụ na 1999 wee tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide Mugabe na òtù ZANU-PF na-achị ya. N'afọ 2000, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu maka Movement for Democratic Change nke e guzobere ọhụrụ. N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 2003 wee kwaga, nke mbụ na [[Cape Town]], South Africa, wee gaa County Offaly, Ireland, ebe ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2020. == Ndụ mbụ na ozi agha == Michael Theodore Hayes Auret mụrụ na 14 Disemba 1936 na Umtali, Southern Rhodesia.[1] [2] [3] Onye si n'agbụrụ ndị Huguenot biri na South Africa, o si n'ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ́ ndị biri n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Southern Rhodesia. Nna ya, Smiley Auret, rụrụ ọrụ ugbo na Belingwe District, ebe Auret ga-emesịkwa rụọ ọrụ ugbo.[4] Auret malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nọn Dominican dị na Umtali, wee mụọ akwụkwọ site na 1947 ruo 1955 na kọleji St. George nke Jesuit na isi obodo Salisbury, ebe nna ya bụbu otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ na 1898. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CDvAAAAMAAJ|title=Who is Who in Zimbabwe|publisher=Roblaw Publishers|year=1991|location=Harare|pages=13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ ịghọ onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik ruo mgbe ọ zutere ma lụọ nwunye ya, Diana Doherty, na 1958.[1][2][3][4][5] Na 1956, o sonyeere ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland wee nọrọ na Ndola, Northern Rhodesia.[1][2] Mgbe Federation mebiri na 1963, ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ wee sonye na ndị agha South Rhodesian.[1][2] Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi na 1966, obere oge ka Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence gasịrị. . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == === Rhodesia === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ndị agha na 1966, Auret gara n'ihu na-elekọta ugbo ehi 27,000-acre na Belingwe, ihe dị ka kilomita 200 (120 mi) site na Bulawayo.[1][2][3] Na ntụzịaka na ntụli aka n'iwu nke 1969, Auret gbara mbọ megide nnabata nke ụdị gọọmentị mba nke ga-akwụsị njikọ Rhodesia na ọchịchị eze Britain.[2] Ndị na-atụ vootu obodo bụ ndị ọcha kwadoro usoro iwu ahụ a tụrụ anya, na Rhodesia ghọrọ mba na 1970.[2] Na 1974, Auret enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzọ ọkwa nzuko omeiwu maka mpaghara mpaghara Bulawayo.[4] N'ịnọchite anya Rhodesia Party na-agafeghị oke, ọ tụfuru na pasent 22.5 nke votu ahụ nye onye omebe iwu nọ n'ọchịchị, Alec Moseley nke Rhodesian Front, onye nwetara pasentị 77.5 nke votu 1,613. Na mbido 1977, n'oge agha Rhodesian Bush, ndị oji ojii gbagburu ụlọ onye enyemaka onye njikwa ugbo Auret, mana gbanarị ụlọ Auret na akụrụngwa ugbo ya.[2][5] Ndị agha ahụ hapụrụ akwụkwọ abụọ, otu n’ime ha kwuru sị, “Anyị anaghị akpọ ndị ọcha asị, anyị hapụrụ ihe onwunwe gị n’ihi na ị bụ enyi ndị mmadụ."<ref name=":7">{{Cite magazine|last=Smiley|first=Xan|date=1 September 1977|title=Caught in the Middle|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,915425-1,00.html|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1978, Auret hapụrụ ọrụ ugbo wee malite ịrụ ọrụ maka Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Rhodesia (CCJP), otu nzukọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na-etinye ya na gọọmentị na-emegide. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọchịchọ ikpughe arụrụala agha nke ndị agha Rhodesia, bụ ndị tara ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ya ahụhụ, kpaliri ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa n'aka ndị agha nchekwa Rhodesian. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Auret nọ na Rom na ndị bishọp Rhodesia abụọ na njem CCJP izute Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, a dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara ịlaghachi Rhodesia.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> Nwunye ya na ụmụ ya jiri akọ kpoo ihe ha wee hapụ obodo ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbakọtara na Rom, ezinụlọ ahụ gara [[Switzerland]] na United Kingdom, ebe e mesịrị nye ha ọnọdụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> N'ebe ahụ, Auret rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge iji kwado ezinụlọ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1979, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ebe a chụgara ya, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị Rhodesian na United States na-achọ enyemaka iji mee ka mmalite nke mkparịta ụka udo dị mfe.<ref name=":1" /> Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, mkparịta ụka mere, nke dugara na Nkwekọrịta Ụlọ Lancaster, nke kwụsịrị agha ahụ ma dozie ọnọdụ maka ịmegharị Rhodesia dị ka [[Zimbabwe]] nke mba ụwa nabatara, nke nwere onwe ya.<ref name=":1" /> === Kọmitii Katọlik Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Udo na ''Gukurahundi'' === Auret laghachiri Zimbabwe n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ntuli aka 1980 nke kpebiri gọọmentị na ụlọ omebe iwu mbụ nke mba ahụ. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ na-azụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe, ma malite idepụta arụrụala ndị agha Zimbabwe mere n'oge ogbugbu ''Gukurahundi'' na mpaghara Matabeleland. <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Auret haziri nzukọ na 16 Machị 1983 na State House na Harare n'etiti onwe ya, ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị bishọp Katọlik, na Praịm Minista Robert Mugabe, na mgbalị ịkwụsị igbu ọchụ ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /> Ndị bishọp nọ ebe ahụ gụnyere Achịbishọp nke Bulawayo, Heinrich Karlen, onye enyemaka bishọp nke Mutare [[Patrick Mutume]], na Bishọp of Chinhoyi, [[Helmut Reckter]] . <ref name=":2" /> N'ihi nzukọ ahụ, Mugabe wepụrụ iwu a machibidoro iwu ma kpọọ kọmitii nyocha iji nyochaa ime ihe ike ahụ.<ref name=":1" /> Karlen nyere ọtụtụ ihe akaebe ọ chịkọtara, mana mgbe kọmitii ahụ kwubiri ọrụ ya na 1984, Mugabe gbochiri ka a tọhapụ nchọpụta ya.<ref name=":1" /> The Legal Resources Foundation, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, chọrọ iwu ụlọ ikpe maka ntọhapụ ha, mana ekweghị ka a tọhapụ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'okpuru nduzi Auret, CCJP ga-amalite nyocha nke ya iji hụ na a ga-edekọ ime ihe ike ahụ n'ihu ọha. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=2 November 2017|title='The people have spoken' according to Zimbabwe's Mnangagwa|work=RTÉ|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2017/1122/921922-zimbabwe-mugabe-mnangagwa/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Akụkọ ahụ, nke CCJP na Legal Resources Foundation bipụtara ma nye ya na Auret Mugabe, akpọrọ "Breaking the Silence: Building True Peace. " <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> O mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 20,000 nwụrụ ma ọ bụ pụọ n'oge ''Gukurahundi'', nke were site na 1983 ruo 1987.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Achịbishọp nke Harare, Patrick Chakaipa, onye ya na Mugabe jikọrọ aka, leghaara akụkọ ahụ anya, ọ bụkwa naanị Achịbisọp Karlen na otu onye Katọlik ọzọ nwere mmetụta kwadoro ya. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> O nweghị mmetụta dị ukwuu na Zimbabwe n'oge ahụ, mana e zigara ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' nke South Africa, nke kọrọ banyere ya ma bipụta ya n'ịntanetị.<ref name=":1" /> Na 5 June 1986, ndị uwe ojii jidere Auret, ya na onye nduzi CCJP Nicholas Ndebele.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|date=6 June 1986|title=Catholic Human Rights Leader Is Freed in Zimbabwe|work=AP|url=https://apnews.com/99fe66bf600146e88bea400b23fb8e09|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ha ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ mgbe nwunye Auret, Diana, kpọrọ Praịm Minista Mugabe.<ref name=":9" /> Mugabe kwuru na ya enyeworị iwu ka a tọhapụ ha.<ref name=":9" /> Na nzukọ ndị nta akụkọ na Harare n'echi ya, Auret kelere praịm minista ahụ ma kwuo na ya kwenyere na e jidere ya na Ndebele n'ihi na minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụlọ, Enos Nkala, na-enyo CCJP enyo na ọ na-enye Amnesty International, otu ndị na-eche nche na London, ozi gbasara ikike mmadụ na Zimbabwe.<ref name=":9" /> Auret gbakwunyere na CCJP zutere Nkala na Disemba 1985 iji gọnahụ ebubo ahụ, mana na o chere na Nkala ekwere ha.<ref name=":9" /> Auret jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke CCJP ruo 1990, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke nzukọ ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1999, Onye isi ala Mugabe yiri egwu megide Auret n'oge okwu a na-eme na telivishọn.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Simmermacher|first=Gunther|date=3 December 1999|title=Year-end Review 1999|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/1999/12/year-end-review-1999/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Auret lara ezumike nká na CCJP na 1999.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọchịchị mmegide na ntuli aka maka ndị omeiwu === Auret sonyeere National Constituent Assembly (NCA) mgbe e guzobere ya na 1997, ma jee ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche mbụ ya n'okpuru Morgan Tsvangirai . <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) e guzobere ọhụrụ na 1999, ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye omeiwu na June 2000 maka Harare Central.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" /> A họpụtara ya n'ọnwa Eprel nke afọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ onye MDC na-azọ ọkwa na mpaghara ahụ karịa Learnmore Jongwe, odeakwụkwọ nke pati ahụ maka ozi na mgbasa ozi, na [[Paurina Mpariwa|Paurina Gwanyanya]], odeakwụkwọ maka ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chinowaita|first=Margaret|date=1 April 2000|title=Auret Tipped For Harare Central|work=The Standard|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200004170247.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O meriri na vootu 14,207, na-emeri onye bụbu osote onye isi obodo Harare, Winston Dzawo nke ZANU-PF, onye nwetara vootu 3,620, yana ndị na-erughị eru abụọ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2001, onye ọrụ ibe ya nwere njikọ na ZANU-PF dọrọ Auret aka ná ntị na ndị isi nọ n'ime òtù na-achị achị na-eme atụmatụ "iwepụ" onye ọcha a ma ama na MDC na ngwụcha ọnwa ahụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|date=2 June 2012|title=ZANU-PF planned to "take out" a white MP|work=The Insider|url=https://www.insiderzim.com/zanu-pf-planned-to-take-out-a-white-mp/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> MDC nwere ndị omeiwu ọcha atọ n'oge ahụ, Auret, David Coltart, na [[Trudy Stevenson]].<ref name=":11" /> Stevenson wepụrụ onwe ya ma kwuo na ya chere na onye a ga-achọ ga-abụ ma ọ bụ Auret ma ọ bụ Coltart, bụ ndị Mugabe na-akatọkarị n'okwu.<ref name=":11" /> Coltart kwupụtara nkwupụta Stevenson na kọntaktị US State Department. Coltart kwuru na ọ natara ozi site na isi mmalite atọ, gụnyere Clive Puzey, onye ọrụ ibe MDC nwere njikọ na Central Intelligence Organization, na ya - ọ bụghị Auret - bụ onye a lekwasịrị anya.<ref name=":11" /> == Ndụ na ọnwụ == N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, Auret gbara arụkwaghịm n'oche ya na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na 27 Febụwarị 2003. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tsiko|first=Sifelani|date=2 February 2003|title=Legislator Auret Quits Parliament|work=The Herald|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200302280076.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ kwagara [[Cape Town]], South Africa, na Ireland, ebe o biri na County Offaly ma rụọ ọrụ maka Chọọchị Katọlik. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|author=Lambe|first=Fintan|date=7 August 2012|title=Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book|work=Gorey Guardian|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O dere akwụkwọ, From Liberator to Dictator: An Insider's Account of Robert Mugabe's Descent into Tyranny, nke e bipụtara na 2009, ebe ọ kọwara otú o si kpee ebumnuche Mugabe ikpe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na nnwere onwe na 1980. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> O kwuru n'otu ihe omume na London n'afọ 2007 na ọ "anabataghị na [Mugabe] bụ onye Marxist kwenyesiri ike nakwa na ọ chọrọ otu steeti".<ref name=":1" /> Auret nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Cloghan, County Offaly, Ireland, na 10 Eprel 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'ihi ntụziaka ndị isi ọrụ ahụike megide nnọkọ ọha na eze n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, emere olili ozu ya na nzuzo.<ref name=":13" /> Na nkwupụta e bipụtara na ibe Facebook ya, Movement for Democratic Change kpọrọ Auret "onye dike na onye hụrụ mba n'anya," ma nye ezinụlọ ya ọmịiko.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/ "MDC Mourns Mike Auret"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Senator David Coltart, onye ya na Auret rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha ''Gukurahundi'' nke CCJP, kwuru, "Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ezigbo dike Zimbabwe, ọ bụ Mike. " <ref name=":4" /> Onye isi oche MDC Nelson Chamisa, onye maara Auret site na NCA na MDC, kọwara ya dị ka "onye agha siri ike, onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ... HERO anyị!" <ref name=":5" /> Otu nkwupụta nke Nzukọ Ndị Bishọchị Katọlik na Zimbabwe ji mwute mụta ọnwụ nke Maazị Michael Auret... ọ pụtara ìhè na ịkwalite ikike mmadụ na udo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ndlovu|first=Mandla|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC senior official dies|work=Bulawayo24 News|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-183079.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ndụ ezinụlọ na nke onwe onye == Auret lụrụ nwunye ya, Diana, ruo afọ 63.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ha nwere ụmụ anọ, Peter, Margaret, Stephen, na Michael Jr.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":13" /> Ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị biri na Australia.<ref name=":13" /> Auret bụ onye Katọlik na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Ihe ndị sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya gụnyere Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, Popu Francis, na Fr. Patrick Galvin, onye ụkọchukwu Irish na South Africa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ugbo ya na Belingwe, Auret biri na Harare n'ụlọ dị n'otu acre nke ala nwere ọdọ mmiri.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|author=Keller|first=Bill|date=3 August 1993|title=Zimbabwe Whites Find The Good Life Is in Peril|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/30/world/zimbabwe-whites-find-the-good-life-is-in-peril.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O nwekwara ụlọ ezumike dị nso na Nyanga.<ref name=":14" /> Mgbe ọ kwagara Ireland, ọ biri n'obodo Cloghan, County Offaly, ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] o8053w5xvabhwy5kmoa0sfxnt5ous2x 672277 672265 2026-07-04T13:46:37Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 672277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Mike Auret|occupation=Farmer, politician|predecessor1=[[Florence Chitauro]]|branch=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Federal Army]]<br>[[Rhodesian Army|Southern Rhodesian Army]]|serviceyears=1956–1966|rank=[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]|death_date={{death date and age|2020|04|10|1936|12|14|df=y}}|birth_date=14 December 1936|successor1=[[Murisi Zwizwai]]|death_place=[[Cloghan, County Offaly|Cloghan]], [[County Offaly]], [[Republic of Ireland]]|termend1=27 February 2003|termstart1=2000|party=[[Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)|Movement for Democratic Change]]|office1=Member of the [[National Assembly of Zimbabwe|House of Assembly of Zimbabwe]] for [[Harare Central]]|birth_place=[[Mutare|Umtali]], [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now Mutare, [[Zimbabwe]])|allegiance=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]}} Michael Theodore Hayes Auret (14 Disemba 1936 - 10 Eprel 2020) bụ onye ọrụ ugbo, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye Zimbabwe. Onye Katọlik ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche na mgbe e mesịrị onye nduzi nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe (CCJP) site na 1978 ruo 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchiteanya nke Harare Central site na 2000 ruo 2003, mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm ma kwaga mba ọzọ. na Ireland. Amụrụ na Mutare, Southern Rhodesia, ma zụlite na mpaghara Mberengwa, Auret sitere na ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo. Mgbe ọ hapụrụ St. George's College na 1955, ọ jere ozi na ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland na Southern Rhodesia afọ iri. Ọ malitere ọrụ ugbo na Mberengwa site na 1966 ruo 1978, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyeere òtù Katọlik maka ikpe ziri ezi na udo. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa ntinye aha n'aka ndị ọrụ nchekwa Rhodesia na kama ịdebanye aha, ya na ezinụlọ ya gbagara United Kingdom. Ọ laghachiri na Zimbabwe nọọrọ onwe ya na 1980 wee maliteghachi ọrụ ya na CCJP. N'ime 1980s, ọ duru ndị otu ahụ na-agba mbọ idetu ma kwụsị na mgbuchapụ Gukurahundi, nke ndị agha nke ọchịchị Prime Minister Robert Mugabe duziri na Matabeleland. Auret hapụrụ kọmitii ahụ na 1999 wee tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide Mugabe na òtù ZANU-PF na-achị ya. N'afọ 2000, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu maka Movement for Democratic Change nke e guzobere ọhụrụ. N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 2003 wee kwaga, nke mbụ na [[Cape Town]], South Africa, wee gaa County Offaly, Ireland, ebe ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2020. == Ndụ mbụ na ozi agha == Michael Theodore Hayes Auret mụrụ na 14 Disemba 1936 na Umtali, Southern Rhodesia.[1] [2] [3] Onye si n'agbụrụ ndị Huguenot biri na South Africa, o si n'ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ́ ndị biri n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Southern Rhodesia. Nna ya, Smiley Auret, rụrụ ọrụ ugbo na Belingwe District, ebe Auret ga-emesịkwa rụọ ọrụ ugbo.[4] Auret malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nọn Dominican dị na Umtali, wee mụọ akwụkwọ site na 1947 ruo 1955 na kọleji St. George nke Jesuit na isi obodo Salisbury, ebe nna ya bụbu otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ na 1898. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CDvAAAAMAAJ|title=Who is Who in Zimbabwe|publisher=Roblaw Publishers|year=1991|location=Harare|pages=13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ ịghọ onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik ruo mgbe ọ zutere ma lụọ nwunye ya, Diana Doherty, na 1958.[1][2][3][4][5] Na 1956, o sonyeere ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland wee nọrọ na Ndola, Northern Rhodesia.[1][2] Mgbe Federation mebiri na 1963, ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ wee sonye na ndị agha South Rhodesian.[1][2] Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi na 1966, obere oge ka Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence gasịrị. . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == === Rhodesia === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ndị agha na 1966, Auret gara n'ihu na-elekọta ugbo ehi 27,000-acre na Belingwe, ihe dị ka kilomita 200 (120 mi) site na Bulawayo.[1][2][3] Na ntụzịaka na ntụli aka n'iwu nke 1969, Auret gbara mbọ megide nnabata nke ụdị gọọmentị mba nke ga-akwụsị njikọ Rhodesia na ọchịchị eze Britain.[2] Ndị na-atụ vootu obodo bụ ndị ọcha kwadoro usoro iwu ahụ a tụrụ anya, na Rhodesia ghọrọ mba na 1970.[2] Na 1974, Auret enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzọ ọkwa nzuko omeiwu maka mpaghara mpaghara Bulawayo.[4] N'ịnọchite anya Rhodesia Party na-agafeghị oke, ọ tụfuru na pasent 22.5 nke votu ahụ nye onye omebe iwu nọ n'ọchịchị, Alec Moseley nke Rhodesian Front, onye nwetara pasentị 77.5 nke votu 1,613. Na mbido 1977, n'oge agha Rhodesian Bush, ndị oji ojii gbagburu ụlọ onye enyemaka onye njikwa ugbo Auret, mana gbanarị ụlọ Auret na akụrụngwa ugbo ya.[2][5] Ndị agha ahụ hapụrụ akwụkwọ abụọ, otu n’ime ha kwuru sị, “Anyị anaghị akpọ ndị ọcha asị, anyị hapụrụ ihe onwunwe gị n’ihi na ị bụ enyi ndị mmadụ."<ref name=":7">{{Cite magazine|last=Smiley|first=Xan|date=1 September 1977|title=Caught in the Middle|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,915425-1,00.html|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1978, Auret hapụrụ ọrụ ugbo wee malite ịrụ ọrụ maka Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Rhodesia (CCJP), otu nzukọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na-etinye ya na gọọmentị na-emegide. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọchịchọ ikpughe arụrụala agha nke ndị agha Rhodesia, bụ ndị tara ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ya ahụhụ, kpaliri ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa n'aka ndị agha nchekwa Rhodesian. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Auret nọ na Rom na ndị bishọp Rhodesia abụọ na njem CCJP izute Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, a dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara ịlaghachi Rhodesia.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> Nwunye ya na ụmụ ya jiri akọ kpoo ihe ha wee hapụ obodo ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbakọtara na Rom, ezinụlọ ahụ gara [[Switzerland]] na United Kingdom, ebe e mesịrị nye ha ọnọdụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> N'ebe ahụ, Auret rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge iji kwado ezinụlọ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1979, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ebe a chụgara ya, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị Rhodesian na United States na-achọ enyemaka iji mee ka mmalite nke mkparịta ụka udo dị mfe.<ref name=":1" /> Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, mkparịta ụka mere, nke dugara na Nkwekọrịta Ụlọ Lancaster, nke kwụsịrị agha ahụ ma dozie ọnọdụ maka ịmegharị Rhodesia dị ka [[Zimbabwe]] nke mba ụwa nabatara, nke nwere onwe ya.<ref name=":1" /> === Kọmitii Katọlik Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Udo na ''Gukurahundi'' === Auret laghachiri Zimbabwe n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ntuli aka 1980 nke kpebiri gọọmentị na ụlọ omebe iwu mbụ nke mba ahụ. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ na-azụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe, ma malite idepụta arụrụala ndị agha Zimbabwe mere n'oge ogbugbu ''Gukurahundi'' na mpaghara Matabeleland. <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Auret haziri nzukọ na 16 Machị 1983 na State House na Harare n'etiti onwe ya, ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị bishọp Katọlik, na Praịm Minista Robert Mugabe, na mgbalị ịkwụsị igbu ọchụ ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /> Ndị bishọp nọ ebe ahụ gụnyere Achịbishọp nke Bulawayo, Heinrich Karlen, onye enyemaka bishọp nke Mutare [[Patrick Mutume]], na Bishọp of Chinhoyi, [[Helmut Reckter]] . <ref name=":2" /> N'ihi nzukọ ahụ, Mugabe wepụrụ iwu a machibidoro iwu ma kpọọ kọmitii nyocha iji nyochaa ime ihe ike ahụ.<ref name=":1" /> Karlen nyere ọtụtụ ihe akaebe ọ chịkọtara, mana mgbe kọmitii ahụ kwubiri ọrụ ya na 1984, Mugabe gbochiri ka a tọhapụ nchọpụta ya.<ref name=":1" /> The Legal Resources Foundation, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, chọrọ iwu ụlọ ikpe maka ntọhapụ ha, mana ekweghị ka a tọhapụ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'okpuru nduzi Auret, CCJP ga-amalite nyocha nke ya iji hụ na a ga-edekọ ime ihe ike ahụ n'ihu ọha. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=2 November 2017|title='The people have spoken' according to Zimbabwe's Mnangagwa|work=RTÉ|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2017/1122/921922-zimbabwe-mugabe-mnangagwa/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Akụkọ ahụ, nke CCJP na Legal Resources Foundation bipụtara ma nye ya na Auret Mugabe, akpọrọ "Breaking the Silence: Building True Peace. " <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> O mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 20,000 nwụrụ ma ọ bụ pụọ n'oge ''Gukurahundi'', nke were site na 1983 ruo 1987.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Achịbishọp nke Harare, Patrick Chakaipa, onye ya na Mugabe jikọrọ aka, leghaara akụkọ ahụ anya, ọ bụkwa naanị Achịbisọp Karlen na otu onye Katọlik ọzọ nwere mmetụta kwadoro ya. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> O nweghị mmetụta dị ukwuu na Zimbabwe n'oge ahụ, mana e zigara ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' nke South Africa, nke kọrọ banyere ya ma bipụta ya n'ịntanetị.<ref name=":1" /> Na 5 June 1986, ndị uwe ojii jidere Auret, ya na onye nduzi CCJP Nicholas Ndebele.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|date=6 June 1986|title=Catholic Human Rights Leader Is Freed in Zimbabwe|work=AP|url=https://apnews.com/99fe66bf600146e88bea400b23fb8e09|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ha ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ mgbe nwunye Auret, Diana, kpọrọ Praịm Minista Mugabe.<ref name=":9" /> Mugabe kwuru na ya enyeworị iwu ka a tọhapụ ha.<ref name=":9" /> Na nzukọ ndị nta akụkọ na Harare n'echi ya, Auret kelere praịm minista ahụ ma kwuo na ya kwenyere na e jidere ya na Ndebele n'ihi na minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụlọ, Enos Nkala, na-enyo CCJP enyo na ọ na-enye Amnesty International, otu ndị na-eche nche na London, ozi gbasara ikike mmadụ na Zimbabwe.<ref name=":9" /> Auret gbakwunyere na CCJP zutere Nkala na Disemba 1985 iji gọnahụ ebubo ahụ, mana na o chere na Nkala ekwere ha.<ref name=":9" /> Auret jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke CCJP ruo 1990, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke nzukọ ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1999, Onye isi ala Mugabe yiri egwu megide Auret n'oge okwu a na-eme na telivishọn.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Simmermacher|first=Gunther|date=3 December 1999|title=Year-end Review 1999|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/1999/12/year-end-review-1999/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Auret lara ezumike nká na CCJP na 1999.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọchịchị mmegide na ntuli aka maka ndị omeiwu === Auret sonyeere National Constituent Assembly (NCA) mgbe e guzobere ya na 1997, ma jee ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche mbụ ya n'okpuru Morgan Tsvangirai . <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) e guzobere ọhụrụ na 1999, ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye omeiwu na June 2000 maka Harare Central.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" /> A họpụtara ya n'ọnwa Eprel nke afọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ onye MDC na-azọ ọkwa na mpaghara ahụ karịa Learnmore Jongwe, odeakwụkwọ nke pati ahụ maka ozi na mgbasa ozi, na [[Paurina Mpariwa|Paurina Gwanyanya]], odeakwụkwọ maka ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chinowaita|first=Margaret|date=1 April 2000|title=Auret Tipped For Harare Central|work=The Standard|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200004170247.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O meriri na vootu 14,207, na-emeri onye bụbu osote onye isi obodo Harare, Winston Dzawo nke ZANU-PF, onye nwetara vootu 3,620, yana ndị na-erughị eru abụọ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2001, onye ọrụ ibe ya nwere njikọ na ZANU-PF dọrọ Auret aka ná ntị na ndị isi nọ n'ime òtù na-achị achị na-eme atụmatụ "iwepụ" onye ọcha a ma ama na MDC na ngwụcha ọnwa ahụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|date=2 June 2012|title=ZANU-PF planned to "take out" a white MP|work=The Insider|url=https://www.insiderzim.com/zanu-pf-planned-to-take-out-a-white-mp/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> MDC nwere ndị omeiwu ọcha atọ n'oge ahụ, Auret, David Coltart, na [[Trudy Stevenson]].<ref name=":11" /> Stevenson wepụrụ onwe ya ma kwuo na ya chere na onye a ga-achọ ga-abụ ma ọ bụ Auret ma ọ bụ Coltart, bụ ndị Mugabe na-akatọkarị n'okwu.<ref name=":11" /> Coltart kwupụtara nkwupụta Stevenson na kọntaktị US State Department. Coltart kwuru na ọ natara ozi site na isi mmalite atọ, gụnyere Clive Puzey, onye ọrụ ibe MDC nwere njikọ na Central Intelligence Organization, na ya - ọ bụghị Auret - bụ onye a lekwasịrị anya.<ref name=":11" /> == Ndụ na ọnwụ == N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, Auret gbara arụkwaghịm n'oche ya na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na 27 Febụwarị 2003. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tsiko|first=Sifelani|date=2 February 2003|title=Legislator Auret Quits Parliament|work=The Herald|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200302280076.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ kwagara [[Cape Town]], South Africa, na Ireland, ebe o biri na County Offaly ma rụọ ọrụ maka Chọọchị Katọlik. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|author=Lambe|first=Fintan|date=7 August 2012|title=Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book|work=Gorey Guardian|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O dere akwụkwọ, From Liberator to Dictator: An Insider's Account of Robert Mugabe's Descent into Tyranny, nke e bipụtara na 2009, ebe ọ kọwara otú o si kpee ebumnuche Mugabe ikpe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na nnwere onwe na 1980. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> O kwuru n'otu ihe omume na London n'afọ 2007 na ọ "anabataghị na [Mugabe] bụ onye Marxist kwenyesiri ike nakwa na ọ chọrọ otu steeti".<ref name=":1" /> Auret nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Cloghan, County Offaly, Ireland, na 10 Eprel 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'ihi ntụziaka ndị isi ọrụ ahụike megide nnọkọ ọha na eze n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, emere olili ozu ya na nzuzo.<ref name=":13" /> Na nkwupụta e bipụtara na ibe Facebook ya, Movement for Democratic Change kpọrọ Auret "onye dike na onye hụrụ mba n'anya," ma nye ezinụlọ ya ọmịiko.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/ "MDC Mourns Mike Auret"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Senator David Coltart, onye ya na Auret rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha ''Gukurahundi'' nke CCJP, kwuru, "Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ezigbo dike Zimbabwe, ọ bụ Mike. " <ref name=":4" /> Onye isi oche MDC Nelson Chamisa, onye maara Auret site na NCA na MDC, kọwara ya dị ka "onye agha siri ike, onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ... HERO anyị!" <ref name=":5" /> Otu nkwupụta nke Nzukọ Ndị Bishọchị Katọlik na Zimbabwe ji mwute mụta ọnwụ nke Maazị Michael Auret... ọ pụtara ìhè na ịkwalite ikike mmadụ na udo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ndlovu|first=Mandla|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC senior official dies|work=Bulawayo24 News|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-183079.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ndụ ezinụlọ na nke onwe onye == Auret lụrụ nwunye ya, Diana, ruo afọ 63.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/ "Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies"]. ''The Southern Cross''. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ha nwere ụmụ anọ, Peter, Margaret, Stephen, na Michael Jr.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":13" /> Ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị biri na Australia.<ref name=":13" /> Auret bụ onye Katọlik na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Ihe ndị sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya gụnyere Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, Popu Francis, na Fr. Patrick Galvin, onye ụkọchukwu Irish na South Africa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ugbo ya na Belingwe, Auret biri na Harare n'ụlọ dị n'otu acre nke ala nwere ọdọ mmiri.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|author=Keller|first=Bill|date=3 August 1993|title=Zimbabwe Whites Find The Good Life Is in Peril|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/30/world/zimbabwe-whites-find-the-good-life-is-in-peril.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O nwekwara ụlọ ezumike dị nso na Nyanga.<ref name=":14" /> Mgbe ọ kwagara Ireland, ọ biri n'obodo Cloghan, County Offaly, ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] gm5qh0112xsggd4kllcgl7wfynjwkt1 672286 672277 2026-07-04T13:49:35Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 672286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Mike Auret|occupation=Farmer, politician|predecessor1=[[Florence Chitauro]]|branch=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Federal Army]]<br>[[Rhodesian Army|Southern Rhodesian Army]]|serviceyears=1956–1966|rank=[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]|death_date={{death date and age|2020|04|10|1936|12|14|df=y}}|birth_date=14 December 1936|successor1=[[Murisi Zwizwai]]|death_place=[[Cloghan, County Offaly|Cloghan]], [[County Offaly]], [[Republic of Ireland]]|termend1=27 February 2003|termstart1=2000|party=[[Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)|Movement for Democratic Change]]|office1=Member of the [[National Assembly of Zimbabwe|House of Assembly of Zimbabwe]] for [[Harare Central]]|birth_place=[[Mutare|Umtali]], [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now Mutare, [[Zimbabwe]])|allegiance=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]}} Michael Theodore Hayes Auret (14 Disemba 1936 - 10 Eprel 2020) bụ onye ọrụ ugbo, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye Zimbabwe. Onye Katọlik ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche na mgbe e mesịrị onye nduzi nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe (CCJP) site na 1978 ruo 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchiteanya nke Harare Central site na 2000 ruo 2003, mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm ma kwaga mba ọzọ. na Ireland. Amụrụ na Mutare, Southern Rhodesia, ma zụlite na mpaghara Mberengwa, Auret sitere na ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo. Mgbe ọ hapụrụ St. George's College na 1955, ọ jere ozi na ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland na Southern Rhodesia afọ iri. Ọ malitere ọrụ ugbo na Mberengwa site na 1966 ruo 1978, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyeere òtù Katọlik maka ikpe ziri ezi na udo. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa ntinye aha n'aka ndị ọrụ nchekwa Rhodesia na kama ịdebanye aha, ya na ezinụlọ ya gbagara United Kingdom. Ọ laghachiri na Zimbabwe nọọrọ onwe ya na 1980 wee maliteghachi ọrụ ya na CCJP. N'ime 1980s, ọ duru ndị otu ahụ na-agba mbọ idetu ma kwụsị na mgbuchapụ Gukurahundi, nke ndị agha nke ọchịchị Prime Minister Robert Mugabe duziri na Matabeleland. Auret hapụrụ kọmitii ahụ na 1999 wee tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide Mugabe na òtù ZANU-PF na-achị ya. N'afọ 2000, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu maka Movement for Democratic Change nke e guzobere ọhụrụ. N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 2003 wee kwaga, nke mbụ na [[Cape Town]], South Africa, wee gaa County Offaly, Ireland, ebe ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2020. == Ndụ mbụ na ozi agha == Michael Theodore Hayes Auret mụrụ na 14 Disemba 1936 na Umtali, Southern Rhodesia.[1] [2] [3] Onye si n'agbụrụ ndị Huguenot biri na South Africa, o si n'ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ́ ndị biri n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Southern Rhodesia. Nna ya, Smiley Auret, rụrụ ọrụ ugbo na Belingwe District, ebe Auret ga-emesịkwa rụọ ọrụ ugbo.[4] Auret malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nọn Dominican dị na Umtali, wee mụọ akwụkwọ site na 1947 ruo 1955 na kọleji St. George nke Jesuit na isi obodo Salisbury, ebe nna ya bụbu otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ na 1898. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CDvAAAAMAAJ|title=Who is Who in Zimbabwe|publisher=Roblaw Publishers|year=1991|location=Harare|pages=13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ ịghọ onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik ruo mgbe ọ zutere ma lụọ nwunye ya, Diana Doherty, na 1958.[1][2][3][4][5] Na 1956, o sonyeere ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland wee nọrọ na Ndola, Northern Rhodesia.[1][2] Mgbe Federation mebiri na 1963, ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ wee sonye na ndị agha South Rhodesian.[1][2] Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi na 1966, obere oge ka Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence gasịrị. . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == === Rhodesia === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ndị agha na 1966, Auret gara n'ihu na-elekọta ugbo ehi 27,000-acre na Belingwe, ihe dị ka kilomita 200 (120 mi) site na Bulawayo.[1][2][3] Na ntụzịaka na ntụli aka n'iwu nke 1969, Auret gbara mbọ megide nnabata nke ụdị gọọmentị mba nke ga-akwụsị njikọ Rhodesia na ọchịchị eze Britain.[2] Ndị na-atụ vootu obodo bụ ndị ọcha kwadoro usoro iwu ahụ a tụrụ anya, na Rhodesia ghọrọ mba na 1970.[2] Na 1974, Auret enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzọ ọkwa nzuko omeiwu maka mpaghara mpaghara Bulawayo.[4] N'ịnọchite anya Rhodesia Party na-agafeghị oke, ọ tụfuru na pasent 22.5 nke votu ahụ nye onye omebe iwu nọ n'ọchịchị, Alec Moseley nke Rhodesian Front, onye nwetara pasentị 77.5 nke votu 1,613. Na mbido 1977, n'oge agha Rhodesian Bush, ndị oji ojii gbagburu ụlọ onye enyemaka onye njikwa ugbo Auret, mana gbanarị ụlọ Auret na akụrụngwa ugbo ya.[2][5] Ndị agha ahụ hapụrụ akwụkwọ abụọ, otu n’ime ha kwuru sị, “Anyị anaghị akpọ ndị ọcha asị, anyị hapụrụ ihe onwunwe gị n’ihi na ị bụ enyi ndị mmadụ."<ref name=":7">{{Cite magazine|last=Smiley|first=Xan|date=1 September 1977|title=Caught in the Middle|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,915425-1,00.html|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1978, Auret hapụrụ ọrụ ugbo wee malite ịrụ ọrụ maka Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Rhodesia (CCJP), otu nzukọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na-etinye ya na gọọmentị na-emegide. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọchịchọ ikpughe arụrụala agha nke ndị agha Rhodesia, bụ ndị tara ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ya ahụhụ, kpaliri ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa n'aka ndị agha nchekwa Rhodesian. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Auret nọ na Rom na ndị bishọp Rhodesia abụọ na njem CCJP izute Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, a dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara ịlaghachi Rhodesia.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> Nwunye ya na ụmụ ya jiri akọ kpoo ihe ha wee hapụ obodo ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbakọtara na Rom, ezinụlọ ahụ gara [[Switzerland]] na United Kingdom, ebe e mesịrị nye ha ọnọdụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> N'ebe ahụ, Auret rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge iji kwado ezinụlọ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1979, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ebe a chụgara ya, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị Rhodesian na United States na-achọ enyemaka iji mee ka mmalite nke mkparịta ụka udo dị mfe.<ref name=":1" /> Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, mkparịta ụka mere, nke dugara na Nkwekọrịta Ụlọ Lancaster, nke kwụsịrị agha ahụ ma dozie ọnọdụ maka ịmegharị Rhodesia dị ka [[Zimbabwe]] nke mba ụwa nabatara, nke nwere onwe ya.<ref name=":1" /> === Kọmitii Katọlik Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Udo na ''Gukurahundi'' === Auret laghachiri Zimbabwe n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ntuli aka 1980 nke kpebiri gọọmentị na ụlọ omebe iwu mbụ nke mba ahụ. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ na-azụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe, ma malite idepụta arụrụala ndị agha Zimbabwe mere n'oge ogbugbu ''Gukurahundi'' na mpaghara Matabeleland. <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Auret haziri nzukọ na 16 Machị 1983 na State House na Harare n'etiti onwe ya, ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị bishọp Katọlik, na Praịm Minista Robert Mugabe, na mgbalị ịkwụsị igbu ọchụ ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /> Ndị bishọp nọ ebe ahụ gụnyere Achịbishọp nke Bulawayo, Heinrich Karlen, onye enyemaka bishọp nke Mutare [[Patrick Mutume]], na Bishọp of Chinhoyi, [[Helmut Reckter]] . <ref name=":2" /> N'ihi nzukọ ahụ, Mugabe wepụrụ iwu a machibidoro iwu ma kpọọ kọmitii nyocha iji nyochaa ime ihe ike ahụ.<ref name=":1" /> Karlen nyere ọtụtụ ihe akaebe ọ chịkọtara, mana mgbe kọmitii ahụ kwubiri ọrụ ya na 1984, Mugabe gbochiri ka a tọhapụ nchọpụta ya.<ref name=":1" /> The Legal Resources Foundation, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, chọrọ iwu ụlọ ikpe maka ntọhapụ ha, mana ekweghị ka a tọhapụ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'okpuru nduzi Auret, CCJP ga-amalite nyocha nke ya iji hụ na a ga-edekọ ime ihe ike ahụ n'ihu ọha. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=2 November 2017|title='The people have spoken' according to Zimbabwe's Mnangagwa|work=RTÉ|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2017/1122/921922-zimbabwe-mugabe-mnangagwa/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Akụkọ ahụ, nke CCJP na Legal Resources Foundation bipụtara ma nye ya na Auret Mugabe, akpọrọ "Breaking the Silence: Building True Peace. " <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> O mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 20,000 nwụrụ ma ọ bụ pụọ n'oge ''Gukurahundi'', nke were site na 1983 ruo 1987.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Achịbishọp nke Harare, Patrick Chakaipa, onye ya na Mugabe jikọrọ aka, leghaara akụkọ ahụ anya, ọ bụkwa naanị Achịbisọp Karlen na otu onye Katọlik ọzọ nwere mmetụta kwadoro ya. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> O nweghị mmetụta dị ukwuu na Zimbabwe n'oge ahụ, mana e zigara ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' nke South Africa, nke kọrọ banyere ya ma bipụta ya n'ịntanetị.<ref name=":1" /> Na 5 June 1986, ndị uwe ojii jidere Auret, ya na onye nduzi CCJP Nicholas Ndebele.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|date=6 June 1986|title=Catholic Human Rights Leader Is Freed in Zimbabwe|work=AP|url=https://apnews.com/99fe66bf600146e88bea400b23fb8e09|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ha ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ mgbe nwunye Auret, Diana, kpọrọ Praịm Minista Mugabe.<ref name=":9" /> Mugabe kwuru na ya enyeworị iwu ka a tọhapụ ha.<ref name=":9" /> Na nzukọ ndị nta akụkọ na Harare n'echi ya, Auret kelere praịm minista ahụ ma kwuo na ya kwenyere na e jidere ya na Ndebele n'ihi na minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụlọ, Enos Nkala, na-enyo CCJP enyo na ọ na-enye Amnesty International, otu ndị na-eche nche na London, ozi gbasara ikike mmadụ na Zimbabwe.<ref name=":9" /> Auret gbakwunyere na CCJP zutere Nkala na Disemba 1985 iji gọnahụ ebubo ahụ, mana na o chere na Nkala ekwere ha.<ref name=":9" /> Auret jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke CCJP ruo 1990, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke nzukọ ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1999, Onye isi ala Mugabe yiri egwu megide Auret n'oge okwu a na-eme na telivishọn.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Simmermacher|first=Gunther|date=3 December 1999|title=Year-end Review 1999|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/1999/12/year-end-review-1999/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Auret lara ezumike nká na CCJP na 1999.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọchịchị mmegide na ntuli aka maka ndị omeiwu === Auret sonyeere National Constituent Assembly (NCA) mgbe e guzobere ya na 1997, ma jee ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche mbụ ya n'okpuru Morgan Tsvangirai . <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) e guzobere ọhụrụ na 1999, ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye omeiwu na June 2000 maka Harare Central.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" /> A họpụtara ya n'ọnwa Eprel nke afọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ onye MDC na-azọ ọkwa na mpaghara ahụ karịa Learnmore Jongwe, odeakwụkwọ nke pati ahụ maka ozi na mgbasa ozi, na [[Paurina Mpariwa|Paurina Gwanyanya]], odeakwụkwọ maka ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chinowaita|first=Margaret|date=1 April 2000|title=Auret Tipped For Harare Central|work=The Standard|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200004170247.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O meriri na vootu 14,207, na-emeri onye bụbu osote onye isi obodo Harare, Winston Dzawo nke ZANU-PF, onye nwetara vootu 3,620, yana ndị na-erughị eru abụọ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2001, onye ọrụ ibe ya nwere njikọ na ZANU-PF dọrọ Auret aka ná ntị na ndị isi nọ n'ime òtù na-achị achị na-eme atụmatụ "iwepụ" onye ọcha a ma ama na MDC na ngwụcha ọnwa ahụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|date=2 June 2012|title=ZANU-PF planned to "take out" a white MP|work=The Insider|url=https://www.insiderzim.com/zanu-pf-planned-to-take-out-a-white-mp/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> MDC nwere ndị omeiwu ọcha atọ n'oge ahụ, Auret, David Coltart, na [[Trudy Stevenson]].<ref name=":11" /> Stevenson wepụrụ onwe ya ma kwuo na ya chere na onye a ga-achọ ga-abụ ma ọ bụ Auret ma ọ bụ Coltart, bụ ndị Mugabe na-akatọkarị n'okwu.<ref name=":11" /> Coltart kwupụtara nkwupụta Stevenson na kọntaktị US State Department. Coltart kwuru na ọ natara ozi site na isi mmalite atọ, gụnyere Clive Puzey, onye ọrụ ibe MDC nwere njikọ na Central Intelligence Organization, na ya - ọ bụghị Auret - bụ onye a lekwasịrị anya.<ref name=":11" /> == Ndụ na ọnwụ == N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, Auret gbara arụkwaghịm n'oche ya na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na 27 Febụwarị 2003. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tsiko|first=Sifelani|date=2 February 2003|title=Legislator Auret Quits Parliament|work=The Herald|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200302280076.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ kwagara [[Cape Town]], South Africa, na Ireland, ebe o biri na County Offaly ma rụọ ọrụ maka Chọọchị Katọlik. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|author=Lambe|first=Fintan|date=7 August 2012|title=Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book|work=Gorey Guardian|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O dere akwụkwọ, From Liberator to Dictator: An Insider's Account of Robert Mugabe's Descent into Tyranny, nke e bipụtara na 2009, ebe ọ kọwara otú o si kpee ebumnuche Mugabe ikpe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na nnwere onwe na 1980. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> O kwuru n'otu ihe omume na London n'afọ 2007 na ọ "anabataghị na [Mugabe] bụ onye Marxist kwenyesiri ike nakwa na ọ chọrọ otu steeti".<ref name=":1" /> Auret nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Cloghan, County Offaly, Ireland, na 10 Eprel 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'ihi ntụziaka ndị isi ọrụ ahụike megide nnọkọ ọha na eze n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, emere olili ozu ya na nzuzo.<ref name=":13" /> Na nkwupụta e bipụtara na ibe Facebook ya, Movement for Democratic Change kpọrọ Auret "onye dike na onye hụrụ mba n'anya," ma nye ezinụlọ ya ọmịiko.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/ "MDC Mourns Mike Auret"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Senator David Coltart, onye ya na Auret rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha ''Gukurahundi'' nke CCJP, kwuru, "Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ezigbo dike Zimbabwe, ọ bụ Mike. " <ref name=":4" /> Onye isi oche MDC Nelson Chamisa, onye maara Auret site na NCA na MDC, kọwara ya dị ka "onye agha siri ike, onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ... HERO anyị!" <ref name=":5" /> Otu nkwupụta nke Nzukọ Ndị Bishọchị Katọlik na Zimbabwe ji mwute mụta ọnwụ nke Maazị Michael Auret... ọ pụtara ìhè na ịkwalite ikike mmadụ na udo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ndlovu|first=Mandla|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC senior official dies|work=Bulawayo24 News|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-183079.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ndụ ezinụlọ na nke onwe onye == Auret lụrụ nwunye ya, Diana, ruo afọ 63.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ha nwere ụmụ anọ, Peter, Margaret, Stephen, na Michael Jr.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":13" /> Ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị biri na Australia.<ref name=":13" /> Auret bụ onye Katọlik na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Ihe ndị sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya gụnyere Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, Popu Francis, na Fr. Patrick Galvin, onye ụkọchukwu Irish na South Africa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ugbo ya na Belingwe, Auret biri na Harare n'ụlọ dị n'otu acre nke ala nwere ọdọ mmiri.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|author=Keller|first=Bill|date=3 August 1993|title=Zimbabwe Whites Find The Good Life Is in Peril|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/30/world/zimbabwe-whites-find-the-good-life-is-in-peril.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O nwekwara ụlọ ezumike dị nso na Nyanga.<ref name=":14" /> Mgbe ọ kwagara Ireland, ọ biri n'obodo Cloghan, County Offaly, ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 20i15m1am9aewwc0r2xn2i6yuyrx8if 672323 672286 2026-07-04T14:13:21Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 672323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Mike Auret|occupation=Farmer, politician|predecessor1=[[Florence Chitauro]]|branch=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Federal Army]]<br>[[Rhodesian Army|Southern Rhodesian Army]]|serviceyears=1956–1966|rank=[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]|death_date={{death date and age|2020|04|10|1936|12|14|df=y}}|birth_date=14 December 1936|successor1=[[Murisi Zwizwai]]|death_place=[[Cloghan, County Offaly|Cloghan]], [[County Offaly]], [[Republic of Ireland]]|termend1=27 February 2003|termstart1=2000|party=[[Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)|Movement for Democratic Change]]|office1=Member of the [[National Assembly of Zimbabwe|House of Assembly of Zimbabwe]] for [[Harare Central]]|birth_place=[[Mutare|Umtali]], [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now Mutare, [[Zimbabwe]])|allegiance=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]}} Michael Theodore Hayes Auret (14 Disemba 1936 - 10 Eprel 2020) bụ onye ọrụ ugbo, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye Zimbabwe. Onye Katọlik ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche na mgbe e mesịrị onye nduzi nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe (CCJP) site na 1978 ruo 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchiteanya nke Harare Central site na 2000 ruo 2003, mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm ma kwaga mba ọzọ. na Ireland. Amụrụ na Mutare, Southern Rhodesia, ma zụlite na mpaghara Mberengwa, Auret sitere na ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo. Mgbe ọ hapụrụ St. George's College na 1955, ọ jere ozi na ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland na Southern Rhodesia afọ iri. Ọ malitere ọrụ ugbo na Mberengwa site na 1966 ruo 1978, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyeere òtù Katọlik maka ikpe ziri ezi na udo. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa ntinye aha n'aka ndị ọrụ nchekwa Rhodesia na kama ịdebanye aha, ya na ezinụlọ ya gbagara United Kingdom. Ọ laghachiri na Zimbabwe nọọrọ onwe ya na 1980 wee maliteghachi ọrụ ya na CCJP. N'ime 1980s, ọ duru ndị otu ahụ na-agba mbọ idetu ma kwụsị na mgbuchapụ Gukurahundi, nke ndị agha nke ọchịchị Prime Minister Robert Mugabe duziri na Matabeleland. Auret hapụrụ kọmitii ahụ na 1999 wee tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide Mugabe na òtù ZANU-PF na-achị ya. N'afọ 2000, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu maka Movement for Democratic Change nke e guzobere ọhụrụ. N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 2003 wee kwaga, nke mbụ na [[Cape Town]], South Africa, wee gaa County Offaly, Ireland, ebe ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2020. == Ndụ mbụ na ozi agha == Michael Theodore Hayes Auret mụrụ na 14 Disemba 1936 na Umtali, Southern Rhodesia.[1] [2] [3] Onye si n'agbụrụ ndị Huguenot biri na South Africa, o si n'ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ́ ndị biri n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Southern Rhodesia. Nna ya, Smiley Auret, rụrụ ọrụ ugbo na Belingwe District, ebe Auret ga-emesịkwa rụọ ọrụ ugbo.[4] Auret malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nọn Dominican dị na Umtali, wee mụọ akwụkwọ site na 1947 ruo 1955 na kọleji St. George nke Jesuit na isi obodo Salisbury, ebe nna ya bụbu otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ na 1898. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CDvAAAAMAAJ|title=Who is Who in Zimbabwe|publisher=Roblaw Publishers|year=1991|location=Harare|pages=13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ ịghọ onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik ruo mgbe ọ zutere ma lụọ nwunye ya, Diana Doherty, na 1958.[1][2][3][4][5] Na 1956, o sonyeere ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland wee nọrọ na Ndola, Northern Rhodesia.[1][2] Mgbe Federation mebiri na 1963, ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ wee sonye na ndị agha South Rhodesian.[1][2] Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi na 1966, obere oge ka Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence gasịrị. . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == === Rhodesia === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ndị agha na 1966, Auret gara n'ihu na-elekọta ugbo ehi 27,000-acre na Belingwe, ihe dị ka kilomita 200 (120 mi) site na Bulawayo.[1][2][3] Na ntụzịaka na ntụli aka n'iwu nke 1969, Auret gbara mbọ megide nnabata nke ụdị gọọmentị mba nke ga-akwụsị njikọ Rhodesia na ọchịchị eze Britain.[2] Ndị na-atụ vootu obodo bụ ndị ọcha kwadoro usoro iwu ahụ a tụrụ anya, na Rhodesia ghọrọ mba na 1970.[2] Na 1974, Auret enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzọ ọkwa nzuko omeiwu maka mpaghara mpaghara Bulawayo.[4] N'ịnọchite anya Rhodesia Party na-agafeghị oke, ọ tụfuru na pasent 22.5 nke votu ahụ nye onye omebe iwu nọ n'ọchịchị, Alec Moseley nke Rhodesian Front, onye nwetara pasentị 77.5 nke votu 1,613. Na mbido 1977, n'oge agha Rhodesian Bush, ndị oji ojii gbagburu ụlọ onye enyemaka onye njikwa ugbo Auret, mana gbanarị ụlọ Auret na akụrụngwa ugbo ya.[2][5] Ndị agha ahụ hapụrụ akwụkwọ abụọ, otu n’ime ha kwuru sị, “Anyị anaghị akpọ ndị ọcha asị, anyị hapụrụ ihe onwunwe gị n’ihi na ị bụ enyi ndị mmadụ."<ref name=":7">{{Cite magazine|last=Smiley|first=Xan|date=1 September 1977|title=Caught in the Middle|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,915425-1,00.html|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1978, Auret hapụrụ ọrụ ugbo wee malite ịrụ ọrụ maka Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Rhodesia (CCJP), otu nzukọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na-etinye ya na gọọmentị na-emegide. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọchịchọ ikpughe arụrụala agha nke ndị agha Rhodesia, bụ ndị tara ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ya ahụhụ, kpaliri ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa n'aka ndị agha nchekwa Rhodesian. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Auret nọ na Rom na ndị bishọp Rhodesia abụọ na njem CCJP izute Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, a dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara ịlaghachi Rhodesia.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> Nwunye ya na ụmụ ya jiri akọ kpoo ihe ha wee hapụ obodo ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbakọtara na Rom, ezinụlọ ahụ gara [[Switzerland]] na United Kingdom, ebe e mesịrị nye ha ọnọdụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> N'ebe ahụ, Auret rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge iji kwado ezinụlọ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1979, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ebe a chụgara ya, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị Rhodesian na United States na-achọ enyemaka iji mee ka mmalite nke mkparịta ụka udo dị mfe.<ref name=":1" /> Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, mkparịta ụka mere, nke dugara na Nkwekọrịta Ụlọ Lancaster, nke kwụsịrị agha ahụ ma dozie ọnọdụ maka ịmegharị Rhodesia dị ka [[Zimbabwe]] nke mba ụwa nabatara, nke nwere onwe ya.<ref name=":1" /> === Kọmitii Katọlik Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Udo na ''Gukurahundi'' === Auret laghachiri Zimbabwe n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ntuli aka 1980 nke kpebiri gọọmentị na ụlọ omebe iwu mbụ nke mba ahụ. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ na-azụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe, ma malite idepụta arụrụala ndị agha Zimbabwe mere n'oge ogbugbu ''Gukurahundi'' na mpaghara Matabeleland. <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Auret haziri nzukọ na 16 Machị 1983 na State House na Harare n'etiti onwe ya, ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị bishọp Katọlik, na Praịm Minista Robert Mugabe, na mgbalị ịkwụsị igbu ọchụ ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /> Ndị bishọp nọ ebe ahụ gụnyere Achịbishọp nke Bulawayo, Heinrich Karlen, onye enyemaka bishọp nke Mutare [[Patrick Mutume]], na Bishọp of Chinhoyi, [[Helmut Reckter]] . <ref name=":2" /> N'ihi nzukọ ahụ, Mugabe wepụrụ iwu a machibidoro iwu ma kpọọ kọmitii nyocha iji nyochaa ime ihe ike ahụ.<ref name=":1" /> Karlen nyere ọtụtụ ihe akaebe ọ chịkọtara, mana mgbe kọmitii ahụ kwubiri ọrụ ya na 1984, Mugabe gbochiri ka a tọhapụ nchọpụta ya.<ref name=":1" /> The Legal Resources Foundation, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, chọrọ iwu ụlọ ikpe maka ntọhapụ ha, mana ekweghị ka a tọhapụ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'okpuru nduzi Auret, CCJP ga-amalite nyocha nke ya iji hụ na a ga-edekọ ime ihe ike ahụ n'ihu ọha. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=2 November 2017|title='The people have spoken' according to Zimbabwe's Mnangagwa|work=RTÉ|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2017/1122/921922-zimbabwe-mugabe-mnangagwa/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Akụkọ ahụ, nke CCJP na Legal Resources Foundation bipụtara ma nye ya na Auret Mugabe, akpọrọ "Breaking the Silence: Building True Peace. " <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> O mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 20,000 nwụrụ ma ọ bụ pụọ n'oge ''Gukurahundi'', nke were site na 1983 ruo 1987.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Achịbishọp nke Harare, Patrick Chakaipa, onye ya na Mugabe jikọrọ aka, leghaara akụkọ ahụ anya, ọ bụkwa naanị Achịbisọp Karlen na otu onye Katọlik ọzọ nwere mmetụta kwadoro ya. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> O nweghị mmetụta dị ukwuu na Zimbabwe n'oge ahụ, mana e zigara ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' nke South Africa, nke kọrọ banyere ya ma bipụta ya n'ịntanetị.<ref name=":1" /> Na 5 June 1986, ndị uwe ojii jidere Auret, ya na onye nduzi CCJP Nicholas Ndebele.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|date=6 June 1986|title=Catholic Human Rights Leader Is Freed in Zimbabwe|work=AP|url=https://apnews.com/99fe66bf600146e88bea400b23fb8e09|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ha ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ mgbe nwunye Auret, Diana, kpọrọ Praịm Minista Mugabe.<ref name=":9" /> Mugabe kwuru na ya enyeworị iwu ka a tọhapụ ha.<ref name=":9" /> Na nzukọ ndị nta akụkọ na Harare n'echi ya, Auret kelere praịm minista ahụ ma kwuo na ya kwenyere na e jidere ya na Ndebele n'ihi na minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụlọ, Enos Nkala, na-enyo CCJP enyo na ọ na-enye Amnesty International, otu ndị na-eche nche na London, ozi gbasara ikike mmadụ na Zimbabwe.<ref name=":9" /> Auret gbakwunyere na CCJP zutere Nkala na Disemba 1985 iji gọnahụ ebubo ahụ, mana na o chere na Nkala ekwere ha.<ref name=":9" /> Auret jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke CCJP ruo 1990, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke nzukọ ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1999, Onye isi ala Mugabe yiri egwu megide Auret n'oge okwu a na-eme na telivishọn.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Simmermacher|first=Gunther|date=3 December 1999|title=Year-end Review 1999|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/1999/12/year-end-review-1999/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Auret lara ezumike nká na CCJP na 1999.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọchịchị mmegide na ntuli aka maka ndị omeiwu === Auret sonyeere National Constituent Assembly (NCA) mgbe e guzobere ya na 1997, ma jee ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche mbụ ya n'okpuru Morgan Tsvangirai . <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) e guzobere ọhụrụ na 1999, ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye omeiwu na June 2000 maka Harare Central.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" /> A họpụtara ya n'ọnwa Eprel nke afọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ onye MDC na-azọ ọkwa na mpaghara ahụ karịa Learnmore Jongwe, odeakwụkwọ nke pati ahụ maka ozi na mgbasa ozi, na [[Paurina Mpariwa|Paurina Gwanyanya]], odeakwụkwọ maka ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chinowaita|first=Margaret|date=1 April 2000|title=Auret Tipped For Harare Central|work=The Standard|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200004170247.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O meriri na vootu 14,207, na-emeri onye bụbu osote onye isi obodo Harare, Winston Dzawo nke ZANU-PF, onye nwetara vootu 3,620, yana ndị na-erughị eru abụọ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2001, onye ọrụ ibe ya nwere njikọ na ZANU-PF dọrọ Auret aka ná ntị na ndị isi nọ n'ime òtù na-achị achị na-eme atụmatụ "iwepụ" onye ọcha a ma ama na MDC na ngwụcha ọnwa ahụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|date=2 June 2012|title=ZANU-PF planned to "take out" a white MP|work=The Insider|url=https://www.insiderzim.com/zanu-pf-planned-to-take-out-a-white-mp/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> MDC nwere ndị omeiwu ọcha atọ n'oge ahụ, Auret, David Coltart, na [[Trudy Stevenson]].<ref name=":11" /> Stevenson wepụrụ onwe ya ma kwuo na ya chere na onye a ga-achọ ga-abụ ma ọ bụ Auret ma ọ bụ Coltart, bụ ndị Mugabe na-akatọkarị n'okwu.<ref name=":11" /> Coltart kwupụtara nkwupụta Stevenson na kọntaktị US State Department. Coltart kwuru na ọ natara ozi site na isi mmalite atọ, gụnyere Clive Puzey, onye ọrụ ibe MDC nwere njikọ na Central Intelligence Organization, na ya - ọ bụghị Auret - bụ onye a lekwasịrị anya.<ref name=":11" /> == Ndụ na ọnwụ == N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, Auret gbara arụkwaghịm n'oche ya na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na 27 Febụwarị 2003. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tsiko|first=Sifelani|date=2 February 2003|title=Legislator Auret Quits Parliament|work=The Herald|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200302280076.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ kwagara [[Cape Town]], South Africa, na Ireland, ebe o biri na County Offaly ma rụọ ọrụ maka Chọọchị Katọlik. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|author=Lambe|first=Fintan|date=7 August 2012|title=Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book|work=Gorey Guardian|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O dere akwụkwọ, From Liberator to Dictator: An Insider's Account of Robert Mugabe's Descent into Tyranny, nke e bipụtara na 2009, ebe ọ kọwara otú o si kpee ebumnuche Mugabe ikpe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na nnwere onwe na 1980. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> O kwuru n'otu ihe omume na London n'afọ 2007 na ọ "anabataghị na [Mugabe] bụ onye Marxist kwenyesiri ike nakwa na ọ chọrọ otu steeti".<ref name=":1" /> Auret nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Cloghan, County Offaly, Ireland, na 10 Eprel 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'ihi ntụziaka ndị isi ọrụ ahụike megide nnọkọ ọha na eze n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, emere olili ozu ya na nzuzo.<ref name=":13" /> Na nkwupụta e bipụtara na ibe Facebook ya, Movement for Democratic Change kpọrọ Auret "onye dike na onye hụrụ mba n'anya," ma nye ezinụlọ ya ọmịiko.<ref name=":10" /> Senator David Coltart, onye ya na Auret rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha ''Gukurahundi'' nke CCJP, kwuru, "Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ezigbo dike Zimbabwe, ọ bụ Mike. " <ref name=":4" /> Onye isi oche MDC Nelson Chamisa, onye maara Auret site na NCA na MDC, kọwara ya dị ka "onye agha siri ike, onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ... HERO anyị!" <ref name=":5" /> Otu nkwupụta nke Nzukọ Ndị Bishọchị Katọlik na Zimbabwe ji mwute mụta ọnwụ nke Maazị Michael Auret... ọ pụtara ìhè na ịkwalite ikike mmadụ na udo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ndlovu|first=Mandla|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC senior official dies|work=Bulawayo24 News|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-183079.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ndụ ezinụlọ na nke onwe onye == Auret lụrụ nwunye ya, Diana, ruo afọ 63.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ha nwere ụmụ anọ, Peter, Margaret, Stephen, na Michael Jr.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":13" /> Ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị biri na Australia.<ref name=":13" /> Auret bụ onye Katọlik na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Ihe ndị sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya gụnyere Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, Popu Francis, na Fr. Patrick Galvin, onye ụkọchukwu Irish na South Africa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ugbo ya na Belingwe, Auret biri na Harare n'ụlọ dị n'otu acre nke ala nwere ọdọ mmiri.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|author=Keller|first=Bill|date=3 August 1993|title=Zimbabwe Whites Find The Good Life Is in Peril|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/30/world/zimbabwe-whites-find-the-good-life-is-in-peril.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O nwekwara ụlọ ezumike dị nso na Nyanga.<ref name=":14" /> Mgbe ọ kwagara Ireland, ọ biri n'obodo Cloghan, County Offaly, ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446 "The death has occurred of Michael Auret"]. ''[[RIP.ie]]''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] e834itnek9o4udgy53utpk7vpn6at3n 672334 672323 2026-07-04T14:19:19Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 672334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|name=Mike Auret|occupation=Farmer, politician|predecessor1=[[Florence Chitauro]]|branch=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland|Federal Army]]<br>[[Rhodesian Army|Southern Rhodesian Army]]|serviceyears=1956–1966|rank=[[Captain (armed forces)|Captain]]|death_date={{death date and age|2020|04|10|1936|12|14|df=y}}|birth_date=14 December 1936|successor1=[[Murisi Zwizwai]]|death_place=[[Cloghan, County Offaly|Cloghan]], [[County Offaly]], [[Republic of Ireland]]|termend1=27 February 2003|termstart1=2000|party=[[Movement for Democratic Change (1999–2005)|Movement for Democratic Change]]|office1=Member of the [[National Assembly of Zimbabwe|House of Assembly of Zimbabwe]] for [[Harare Central]]|birth_place=[[Mutare|Umtali]], [[Southern Rhodesia]] (now Mutare, [[Zimbabwe]])|allegiance=[[Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland]]}} Michael Theodore Hayes Auret (14 Disemba 1936 - 10 Eprel 2020) bụ onye ọrụ ugbo, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị onye Zimbabwe. Onye Katọlik ji okpukpe kpọrọ ihe, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onyeisi oche na mgbe e mesịrị onye nduzi nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe (CCJP) site na 1978 ruo 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchiteanya nke Harare Central site na 2000 ruo 2003, mgbe ọ gbara arụkwaghịm ma kwaga mba ọzọ. na Ireland. Amụrụ na Mutare, Southern Rhodesia, ma zụlite na mpaghara Mberengwa, Auret sitere na ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo. Mgbe ọ hapụrụ St. George's College na 1955, ọ jere ozi na ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland na Southern Rhodesia afọ iri. Ọ malitere ọrụ ugbo na Mberengwa site na 1966 ruo 1978, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyeere òtù Katọlik maka ikpe ziri ezi na udo. N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa ntinye aha n'aka ndị ọrụ nchekwa Rhodesia na kama ịdebanye aha, ya na ezinụlọ ya gbagara United Kingdom. Ọ laghachiri na Zimbabwe nọọrọ onwe ya na 1980 wee maliteghachi ọrụ ya na CCJP. N'ime 1980s, ọ duru ndị otu ahụ na-agba mbọ idetu ma kwụsị na mgbuchapụ Gukurahundi, nke ndị agha nke ọchịchị Prime Minister Robert Mugabe duziri na Matabeleland. Auret hapụrụ kọmitii ahụ na 1999 wee tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide Mugabe na òtù ZANU-PF na-achị ya. N'afọ 2000, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu maka Movement for Democratic Change nke e guzobere ọhụrụ. N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm na 2003 wee kwaga, nke mbụ na [[Cape Town]], South Africa, wee gaa County Offaly, Ireland, ebe ọ nọgidere ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2020. == Ndụ mbụ na ozi agha == Michael Theodore Hayes Auret mụrụ na 14 Disemba 1936 na Umtali, Southern Rhodesia.[1] [2] [3] Onye si n'agbụrụ ndị Huguenot biri na South Africa, o si n'ezinụlọ ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ́ ndị biri n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Southern Rhodesia. Nna ya, Smiley Auret, rụrụ ọrụ ugbo na Belingwe District, ebe Auret ga-emesịkwa rụọ ọrụ ugbo.[4] Auret malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nọn Dominican dị na Umtali, wee mụọ akwụkwọ site na 1947 ruo 1955 na kọleji St. George nke Jesuit na isi obodo Salisbury, ebe nna ya bụbu otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ na 1898. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3CDvAAAAMAAJ|title=Who is Who in Zimbabwe|publisher=Roblaw Publishers|year=1991|location=Harare|pages=13}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ ịghọ onye ụkọchukwu Katọlik ruo mgbe ọ zutere ma lụọ nwunye ya, Diana Doherty, na 1958.[1][2][3][4][5] Na 1956, o sonyeere ndị agha nke Federation of Rhodesia na Nyasaland wee nọrọ na Ndola, Northern Rhodesia.[1][2] Mgbe Federation mebiri na 1963, ọ laghachiri n'ụlọ wee sonye na ndị agha South Rhodesian.[1][2] Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm dị ka onye isi na 1966, obere oge ka Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence gasịrị. . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ na ime ihe ike == === Rhodesia === Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ndị agha na 1966, Auret gara n'ihu na-elekọta ugbo ehi 27,000-acre na Belingwe, ihe dị ka kilomita 200 (120 mi) site na Bulawayo.[1][2][3] Na ntụzịaka na ntụli aka n'iwu nke 1969, Auret gbara mbọ megide nnabata nke ụdị gọọmentị mba nke ga-akwụsị njikọ Rhodesia na ọchịchị eze Britain.[2] Ndị na-atụ vootu obodo bụ ndị ọcha kwadoro usoro iwu ahụ a tụrụ anya, na Rhodesia ghọrọ mba na 1970.[2] Na 1974, Auret enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịzọ ọkwa nzuko omeiwu maka mpaghara mpaghara Bulawayo.[4] N'ịnọchite anya Rhodesia Party na-agafeghị oke, ọ tụfuru na pasent 22.5 nke votu ahụ nye onye omebe iwu nọ n'ọchịchị, Alec Moseley nke Rhodesian Front, onye nwetara pasentị 77.5 nke votu 1,613. Na mbido 1977, n'oge agha Rhodesian Bush, ndị oji ojii gbagburu ụlọ onye enyemaka onye njikwa ugbo Auret, mana gbanarị ụlọ Auret na akụrụngwa ugbo ya.[2][5] Ndị agha ahụ hapụrụ akwụkwọ abụọ, otu n’ime ha kwuru sị, “Anyị anaghị akpọ ndị ọcha asị, anyị hapụrụ ihe onwunwe gị n’ihi na ị bụ enyi ndị mmadụ."<ref name=":7">{{Cite magazine|last=Smiley|first=Xan|date=1 September 1977|title=Caught in the Middle|magazine=Time|url=https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,915425-1,00.html|access-date=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'afọ 1978, Auret hapụrụ ọrụ ugbo wee malite ịrụ ọrụ maka Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace in Rhodesia (CCJP), otu nzukọ na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na-etinye ya na gọọmentị na-emegide. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Human Rights Champion Mike Auret Dies|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/2020/04/human-rights-champion-mike-auret-dies/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ ọchịchọ ikpughe arụrụala agha nke ndị agha Rhodesia, bụ ndị tara ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ya ahụhụ, kpaliri ya.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ natara ọkwa n'aka ndị agha nchekwa Rhodesian. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Auret nọ na Rom na ndị bishọp Rhodesia abụọ na njem CCJP izute Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, a dụrụ ya ọdụ ka ọ ghara ịlaghachi Rhodesia.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":6" /> Nwunye ya na ụmụ ya jiri akọ kpoo ihe ha wee hapụ obodo ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ha gbakọtara na Rom, ezinụlọ ahụ gara [[Switzerland]] na United Kingdom, ebe e mesịrị nye ha ọnọdụ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> N'ebe ahụ, Auret rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge iji kwado ezinụlọ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 1979, mgbe ọ ka nọ n'ebe a chụgara ya, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya ndị Rhodesian na United States na-achọ enyemaka iji mee ka mmalite nke mkparịta ụka udo dị mfe.<ref name=":1" /> Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, mkparịta ụka mere, nke dugara na Nkwekọrịta Ụlọ Lancaster, nke kwụsịrị agha ahụ ma dozie ọnọdụ maka ịmegharị Rhodesia dị ka [[Zimbabwe]] nke mba ụwa nabatara, nke nwere onwe ya.<ref name=":1" /> === Kọmitii Katọlik Maka Ikpe Ziri Ezi na Udo na ''Gukurahundi'' === Auret laghachiri Zimbabwe n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe ntuli aka 1980 nke kpebiri gọọmentị na ụlọ omebe iwu mbụ nke mba ahụ. <ref name=":1" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ na-azụ ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche nke Catholic Commission for Justice and Peace na Zimbabwe, ma malite idepụta arụrụala ndị agha Zimbabwe mere n'oge ogbugbu ''Gukurahundi'' na mpaghara Matabeleland. <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Auret haziri nzukọ na 16 Machị 1983 na State House na Harare n'etiti onwe ya, ndị nnọchiteanya nke ndị bishọp Katọlik, na Praịm Minista Robert Mugabe, na mgbalị ịkwụsị igbu ọchụ ahụ.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /> Ndị bishọp nọ ebe ahụ gụnyere Achịbishọp nke Bulawayo, Heinrich Karlen, onye enyemaka bishọp nke Mutare [[Patrick Mutume]], na Bishọp of Chinhoyi, [[Helmut Reckter]] . <ref name=":2" /> N'ihi nzukọ ahụ, Mugabe wepụrụ iwu a machibidoro iwu ma kpọọ kọmitii nyocha iji nyochaa ime ihe ike ahụ.<ref name=":1" /> Karlen nyere ọtụtụ ihe akaebe ọ chịkọtara, mana mgbe kọmitii ahụ kwubiri ọrụ ya na 1984, Mugabe gbochiri ka a tọhapụ nchọpụta ya.<ref name=":1" /> The Legal Resources Foundation, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, chọrọ iwu ụlọ ikpe maka ntọhapụ ha, mana ekweghị ka a tọhapụ ya.<ref name=":1" /> N'okpuru nduzi Auret, CCJP ga-amalite nyocha nke ya iji hụ na a ga-edekọ ime ihe ike ahụ n'ihu ọha. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite news|date=2 November 2017|title='The people have spoken' according to Zimbabwe's Mnangagwa|work=RTÉ|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/world/2017/1122/921922-zimbabwe-mugabe-mnangagwa/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Akụkọ ahụ, nke CCJP na Legal Resources Foundation bipụtara ma nye ya na Auret Mugabe, akpọrọ "Breaking the Silence: Building True Peace. " <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":8" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> O mere atụmatụ na ihe dị ka mmadụ 20,000 nwụrụ ma ọ bụ pụọ n'oge ''Gukurahundi'', nke were site na 1983 ruo 1987.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Achịbishọp nke Harare, Patrick Chakaipa, onye ya na Mugabe jikọrọ aka, leghaara akụkọ ahụ anya, ọ bụkwa naanị Achịbisọp Karlen na otu onye Katọlik ọzọ nwere mmetụta kwadoro ya. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3" /> O nweghị mmetụta dị ukwuu na Zimbabwe n'oge ahụ, mana e zigara ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' nke South Africa, nke kọrọ banyere ya ma bipụta ya n'ịntanetị.<ref name=":1" /> Na 5 June 1986, ndị uwe ojii jidere Auret, ya na onye nduzi CCJP Nicholas Ndebele.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news|date=6 June 1986|title=Catholic Human Rights Leader Is Freed in Zimbabwe|work=AP|url=https://apnews.com/99fe66bf600146e88bea400b23fb8e09|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> A tọhapụrụ ha ka e mesịrị n'ụbọchị ahụ mgbe nwunye Auret, Diana, kpọrọ Praịm Minista Mugabe.<ref name=":9" /> Mugabe kwuru na ya enyeworị iwu ka a tọhapụ ha.<ref name=":9" /> Na nzukọ ndị nta akụkọ na Harare n'echi ya, Auret kelere praịm minista ahụ ma kwuo na ya kwenyere na e jidere ya na Ndebele n'ihi na minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụlọ, Enos Nkala, na-enyo CCJP enyo na ọ na-enye Amnesty International, otu ndị na-eche nche na London, ozi gbasara ikike mmadụ na Zimbabwe.<ref name=":9" /> Auret gbakwunyere na CCJP zutere Nkala na Disemba 1985 iji gọnahụ ebubo ahụ, mana na o chere na Nkala ekwere ha.<ref name=":9" /> Auret jere ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke CCJP ruo 1990, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke nzukọ ahụ. <ref name=":0" /> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1999, Onye isi ala Mugabe yiri egwu megide Auret n'oge okwu a na-eme na telivishọn.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Simmermacher|first=Gunther|date=3 December 1999|title=Year-end Review 1999|work=The Southern Cross|url=https://www.scross.co.za/1999/12/year-end-review-1999/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Auret lara ezumike nká na CCJP na 1999.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> === Ọchịchị mmegide na ntuli aka maka ndị omeiwu === Auret sonyeere National Constituent Assembly (NCA) mgbe e guzobere ya na 1997, ma jee ozi dị ka osote onyeisi oche mbụ ya n'okpuru Morgan Tsvangirai . <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC Mourns Mike Auret|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mdc-mourns-mike-auret/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere Movement for Democratic Change (MDC) e guzobere ọhụrụ na 1999, ma nwee ihe ịga nke ọma dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye omeiwu na June 2000 maka Harare Central.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":10" /> A họpụtara ya n'ọnwa Eprel nke afọ ahụ ka ọ bụrụ onye MDC na-azọ ọkwa na mpaghara ahụ karịa Learnmore Jongwe, odeakwụkwọ nke pati ahụ maka ozi na mgbasa ozi, na [[Paurina Mpariwa|Paurina Gwanyanya]], odeakwụkwọ maka ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chinowaita|first=Margaret|date=1 April 2000|title=Auret Tipped For Harare Central|work=The Standard|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200004170247.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O meriri na vootu 14,207, na-emeri onye bụbu osote onye isi obodo Harare, Winston Dzawo nke ZANU-PF, onye nwetara vootu 3,620, yana ndị na-erughị eru abụọ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2001, onye ọrụ ibe ya nwere njikọ na ZANU-PF dọrọ Auret aka ná ntị na ndị isi nọ n'ime òtù na-achị achị na-eme atụmatụ "iwepụ" onye ọcha a ma ama na MDC na ngwụcha ọnwa ahụ.<ref name=":11">{{Cite news|date=2 June 2012|title=ZANU-PF planned to "take out" a white MP|work=The Insider|url=https://www.insiderzim.com/zanu-pf-planned-to-take-out-a-white-mp/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> MDC nwere ndị omeiwu ọcha atọ n'oge ahụ, Auret, David Coltart, na [[Trudy Stevenson]].<ref name=":11" /> Stevenson wepụrụ onwe ya ma kwuo na ya chere na onye a ga-achọ ga-abụ ma ọ bụ Auret ma ọ bụ Coltart, bụ ndị Mugabe na-akatọkarị n'okwu.<ref name=":11" /> Coltart kwupụtara nkwupụta Stevenson na kọntaktị US State Department. Coltart kwuru na ọ natara ozi site na isi mmalite atọ, gụnyere Clive Puzey, onye ọrụ ibe MDC nwere njikọ na Central Intelligence Organization, na ya - ọ bụghị Auret - bụ onye a lekwasịrị anya.<ref name=":11" /> == Ndụ na ọnwụ == N'etiti ime ihe ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-arịwanye elu na akụkọ na-adịghị mma, Auret gbara arụkwaghịm n'oche ya na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu na 27 Febụwarị 2003. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tsiko|first=Sifelani|date=2 February 2003|title=Legislator Auret Quits Parliament|work=The Herald|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200302280076.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ọ kwagara [[Cape Town]], South Africa, na Ireland, ebe o biri na County Offaly ma rụọ ọrụ maka Chọọchị Katọlik. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Mufuka|first=Kenneth|date=1 April 2020|title=Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith|work=The Standard|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/|accessdate=11 April 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMufuka2020">Mufuka, Kenneth (1 April 2020). [https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2020/04/19/obituary-michael-aurets-life-witness-faith/ "Obituary: Michael Auret's life was a witness to faith"]. ''The Standard''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite news|author=Lambe|first=Fintan|date=7 August 2012|title=Zimbabwean exile tells poignant story in book|work=Gorey Guardian|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/zimbabwean-exile-tells-poignant-story-in-book-27355736.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O dere akwụkwọ, From Liberator to Dictator: An Insider's Account of Robert Mugabe's Descent into Tyranny, nke e bipụtara na 2009, ebe ọ kọwara otú o si kpee ebumnuche Mugabe ikpe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi na nnwere onwe na 1980. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /> O kwuru n'otu ihe omume na London n'afọ 2007 na ọ "anabataghị na [Mugabe] bụ onye Marxist kwenyesiri ike nakwa na ọ chọrọ otu steeti".<ref name=":1" /> Auret nwụrụ n'ụlọ ya na Cloghan, County Offaly, Ireland, na 10 Eprel 2020.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland|work=ZimLive|url=https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.zimlive.com/2020/04/11/tributes-paid-to-true-zimbabwean-hero-mike-auret-who-died-in-ireland/ "Tributes paid to 'true Zimbabwean hero' Mike Auret who died in Ireland"]. ''ZimLive''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13">{{Cite web|title=The death has occurred of Michael Auret|url=https://rip.ie/death-notice/michael-auret-cloghan-offaly/419446|date=1 April 2020|work=[[RIP.ie]]|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> N'ihi ntụziaka ndị isi ọrụ ahụike megide nnọkọ ọha na eze n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19, emere olili ozu ya na nzuzo.<ref name=":13" /> Na nkwupụta e bipụtara na ibe Facebook ya, Movement for Democratic Change kpọrọ Auret "onye dike na onye hụrụ mba n'anya," ma nye ezinụlọ ya ọmịiko.<ref name=":10" /> Senator David Coltart, onye ya na Auret rụkọtara ọrụ na nyocha ''Gukurahundi'' nke CCJP, kwuru, "Ọ bụrụ na e nwere ezigbo dike Zimbabwe, ọ bụ Mike. " <ref name=":4" /> Onye isi oche MDC Nelson Chamisa, onye maara Auret site na NCA na MDC, kọwara ya dị ka "onye agha siri ike, onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ... HERO anyị!" <ref name=":5" /> Otu nkwupụta nke Nzukọ Ndị Bishọchị Katọlik na Zimbabwe ji mwute mụta ọnwụ nke Maazị Michael Auret... ọ pụtara ìhè na ịkwalite ikike mmadụ na udo.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Ndlovu|first=Mandla|date=1 April 2020|title=MDC senior official dies|work=Bulawayo24 News|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-183079.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> == Ndụ ezinụlọ na nke onwe onye == Auret lụrụ nwunye ya, Diana, ruo afọ 63.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Thornycroft|first=Peta|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence|work=Daily Maverick|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThornycroft2020">Thornycroft, Peta (1 April 2020). [https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-04-15-mike-auret-1936-2020-a-lifelong-campaigner-to-reveal-the-truth-about-zimbabwes-independence/ "Mike Auret (1936–2020): A lifelong campaigner to reveal the truth about Zimbabwe's independence"]. ''Daily Maverick''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Makoni|first=Munyaradzi|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies|work=The Tablet|url=https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies-|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMakoni2020">Makoni, Munyaradzi (1 April 2020). [https://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/12760/mike-auret-long-time-zimbabwe-activist-dies- "Mike Auret, long-time Zimbabwe activist, dies"]. ''The Tablet''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Mike Auret has died|work=The Zimbabwean|url=https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/|accessdate=11 May 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.thezimbabwean.co/2020/04/mike-auret-has-died/ "Mike Auret has died"]. ''The Zimbabwean''. 1 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":13" /> Ha nwere ụmụ anọ, Peter, Margaret, Stephen, na Michael Jr.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":13" /> Ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị biri na Australia.<ref name=":13" /> Auret bụ onye Katọlik na-anụ ọkụ n'obi. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":6" /> Ihe ndị sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ ya gụnyere Popu John Paul nke Abụọ, Popu Francis, na Fr. Patrick Galvin, onye ụkọchukwu Irish na South Africa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị ugbo ya na Belingwe, Auret biri na Harare n'ụlọ dị n'otu acre nke ala nwere ọdọ mmiri.<ref name=":14">{{Cite news|author=Keller|first=Bill|date=3 August 1993|title=Zimbabwe Whites Find The Good Life Is in Peril|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/30/world/zimbabwe-whites-find-the-good-life-is-in-peril.html|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> O nwekwara ụlọ ezumike dị nso na Nyanga.<ref name=":14" /> Mgbe ọ kwagara Ireland, ọ biri n'obodo Cloghan, County Offaly, ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ.<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":13" /> == Ihe odide == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 45ra71ukqgn0gbb1rvfh723befg3pe5 0 55628 672194 638035 2026-07-04T12:55:04Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 672194 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal Jana''' (5 Disemba 1943 – 10 Ọktoba 2020) bụ onye ọka iwu ruuru mmadụ, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nnọchi anya mba South Africa. Dị ka onye otu African National Congress (ANC) n'oge ngagharị iwe apartheid, o sonye na mmemme n'iwu yana n'okpuru ala iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọ nọchitere anya ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na mmegharị ahụ, gụnyere onye isi ala South Africa [[Nelson Mandela]], Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, Steve Biko, Govan Mbeki, Walter Sisulu na Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]]. Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị South Africa ole na ole nwere ohere ịnweta ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere Mandela, n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island kacha nchekwa, ma jee ozi dị ka onye ozi maka ozi koodu n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị isi ANC.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Priscilla Jana obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|work=The Guardian|date=2020-11-05|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=en-GB|author=Pat Devereaux}}</ref> Mgbalị Jana mere mere ka ọ nọrọ ná mmanye ime ihe ike na n'ikpeazụ nye iwu mmachibido iwu. Mgbe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru ezu na South Africa bịarutere, ọ ghọrọ onye omebe iwu wee bụrụ onye otu nzuko omeiwu na ANC n'etiti 1994 na 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya gọọmentị South Africa na Netherlands na Ireland, bụrụkwa onye kọmishọna na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị South Africa. South Africa Human Rights Commission. Ọ bụ onye so na kọmitii ikpe ziri ezi bụ onye na-ahụ maka mwepụta nke South Africa Truth and Reconciliation Commission. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal na 5 Disemba 1943, na Westville, Natal (nke a na-akpọ kwaZulu-Natal ugbu a) n'akụkụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Durban.[1][2] Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ atọ nke Hansrani Sewpal na Hansraj Sewpal. Nne na nna Jana bụ ndị India kwabatara n'etiti klaasị ebe nna ya bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.[3] Aka nna ya na-ama ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ọha mmadụ sitere na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ruo na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ndị India, bụ mmetụta mbụ na ya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Devikarani Priscilla Jana {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=www.sahistory.org.za|archivedate=7 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207041905/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana}}</ref> O buru ụzọ sonye na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Pietermaritzburg, ebe ọ haziri njem njem dị ka akụkụ nke mpụ nduku mba na 1958 na-emegide mmeso nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.[1] [2] Ọ malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Durban na 1960 wee gaa India na agụmakwụkwọ gọọmentị India ka ọ mụọ ọgwụ na Sophia College for Women in Bombay (ugbu a Mumbai). Mgbe ọ laghachiri na South Africa, ọ malitere nzere bachelọ nke iwu na Mahadum South Africa (UNISA) na 1974, mana gafere na Mahadum Mahadum maka ndị India na Salisbury Island, Durban, ebe ọ bụ naanị nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị na klas ahụ. [3] Ọchụso ọ nweta akara ugo mmụta iwu megidere ọchịchọ mbụ nke nne na nna ya bụ́ ndị chọrọ ka ọ bụrụ dibịa kama. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}</ref> O tolitere n'oge mgbe agbataobi, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze niile, bụ nke agbụrụ agbụrụ kewara. N'ịbụ onye na-ede na ncheta ya, Ịlụ ọgụ maka Mandela, ọ na-echeta nzukọ ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide apartheid Steve Biko mgbe ọ dị afọ 26 nke nyere aka mee ka echiche nke njirimara dị n'uche ya sie ike. Nzukọ ahụ, ọ na-ekwu, nyere aka mee ka o doo anya n'uche ya na onye "ekwesịghị ịbụ onye Africa iji kpọọ onwe gị onye ojii." Echiche ahụ nyeere ya aka ịchọta ịdị n'otu n'ìgwè. Ọ na-ede, sị, "Achọtala m ịdị n'otu. N'ikpeazụ, amaara m ebe m nọ.<ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ == === Afọ ndị mbụ === Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1974, ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke Ismail Ayob, onye ọka iwu sitere na India. Ndị ahịa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, gụnyere [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCowell2020">Cowell, Alan (24 November 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html "Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76"]. ''The New York Times''.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1977, ọ gara njem mbụ ya n'ime ọtụtụ njem gaa Robben Island izute Mandela. Ọ ga-emecha dee, "N'otu oge m nọchitere anya onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla nọ na Robben Island".<ref name=":2" /> N'ileta Mandela na Robben Island na 1977 dị ka onye ọka iwu chọrọ mbinye aka ya, Jana ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ makụrụ Mandela n'ime afọ 13 nke mkpọrọ.<ref name=":5" /> N'oge ahụ, ọbụna nwunye Mandela Winnie Madikizela-Mandela nwere ike ịhụ ya naanị site na panel iko.<ref name=":5" /> Jana ghọrọ onye ọka iwu nke Mandela na ohere ya nyere ya ohere iziga ozi nzuzo site na nzukọ ANC na Mandela, mgbe ọ na-eme ihe ọchị ma na-akwa emo.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}</ref> Dị ka otu n'ime ndị South Africa ole na ole nwere ike ịnweta Mandela n'oge a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'àgwàetiti ahụ, ọ weghachikwara ozi nzuzo site na Mandela na ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ na ndị ndu ANC, gụnyere Onye isi ala Oliver Tambo.<ref name=":6" /> Dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ, ọ nọchitere anya ndị otu nnọchiteanya nke Soweto Students, megide obi ọjọọ nke steeti, na-esote 1976 Soweto Uprising.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'otu n'ime ikpe ya dị elu site n'oge a, ọ gbachitere onye na-eme ihe ike dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ na onye otu UMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) , Solomon Mahlangu, onye mechara maa ikpe n'okpuru Iwu iyi ọha egwu, 1967 maka igbu ndị ọcha abụọ. A mara Mahlangu ikpe ọnwụ ma mesịa kwụgbuo ya, n'ihi iwu ndị a na-ahụkarị na-ekpe ikpe na-emetụta ya dị ka mpụ ahụ n'onwe ya. Ikpe ahụ kpatara iwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ na-akwado Mahlangu ịhụ ya n'abalị tupu e gbuo ya, wee lọta na-ebu ozi iji gaa n'ihu na ọgụ maka nnwere onwe. Ozi ikpeazụ ọ na-eziga site na ya gara n'ihu bụrụ mkpu maka ndị na-akwado ya, "Gwa ndị m na m hụrụ ha n'anya. Ha ga-aga n'ihu na ọgụ ahụ. Ọbara m ga-azụ osisi na-amị mkpụrụ nke nnwere onwe. "<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> N'afọ 1979, Jana meghere ọrụ iwu nke ya, na-elekwasị anya na nnwere onwe obodo na ikpe ndị ruuru mmadụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Shoba|first=Sandisiwe|date=11 October 2020|title=Obituary 1943–2020: In memory of human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-11-in-memory-of-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-1943-2020/|accessdate=11 October 2020|work=Daily Maverick|language=en|archivedate=13 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013200940/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-11-in-memory-of-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-1943-2020/}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị anya na 1980, e nyere ya iwu machibidoro iwu n'okpuru Iwu Mmachibido Iwu Kọmunist, 1950 ruo afọ ise, na-etinye ya iwu n'otu ntabi anya ma na-egbochi ya izute naanị otu onye, yana igbochi okwu ihu ọha ya.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":6" /> N'oge a, Jana sonyekwara n'òtù nzuzo nke African National Congress, UMkhonto we Sizwe, nke onye ga-abụ onye isi ala South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, si [[London]], duziri, onye Jana na-agakwuru.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Mandela must be turning in his grave' – Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-04-24-mandela-must-be-turning-in-his-grave-priscilla-jana/|accessdate=28 November 2020|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA|archivedate=10 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210125355/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-04-24-mandela-must-be-turning-in-his-grave-priscilla-jana/}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Devikarani Priscilla Jana {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=www.sahistory.org.za|archivedate=7 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207041905/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana "Devikarani Priscilla Jana | South African History Online"]. ''www.sahistory.org.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201207041905/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana Archived] from the original on 7 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ndị otu ahụ nwere Jackie Selebi, Beyers Naudé, na Cedric Mayson.<ref name=":6" /> === Ịgide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ === Site n'ọrụ ya, Jana nọchitere anya ọtụtụ ndị isi na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, gụnyere onye isi South Africa Nelson Mandela, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, Steve Biko, Ebrahim Ebrahim, Ahmed Kathrada, Solomon Mahlangu, Govan Mbeki, Walter Sisulu, na Archbishop Desmond Tutu..<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Hassen|first=Fakir|date=11 October 2020|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-124541003.html|accessdate=11 October 2020|work=Yahoo! News|language=en-IN|archivedate=14 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014045810/https://in.news.yahoo.com/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-124541003.html}}</ref> Ọ malitere site n'ịnọchite anya Nelson Mandela na Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dị ka onye ọka iwu ha n'etiti 1970s. Ọ matara di na nwunye ahụ mgbe Mandela nọ na-eje ozi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island.[1] Nke a bụ n'otu oge ahụ nwụchiri Madikizela-Mandela ma kpọchie ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya tupu ebuga ya na obodo ndị isi ojii kewapụrụ na Orange Free State. Iwu metụtara agbụrụ n'oge ahụ pụtara na dị ka onye India, a ekweghị ka Jana nọrọ n'abalị ka ọ na-eleta onye ahịa ya.[1] Ọ gara n'ihu na-ejikọta ya na Madikizela-Mandela ka a tọhapụrụ ya na Brandfort wee malite ịrịọ ndị na-eme mkpesa na ndị na-eto eto bụ ndị weere ụdị mkpesa ọzọ na-emegide ndị ọchịchị..<ref name=":2" /> N'otu oge ahụ, Jana wepụrụ onwe ya mgbe a mara Madikizela-Mandela ikpe ịga mkpọrọ maka ịtọrọ nwata nwoke, Stompie Moeketsi, na-ekwu na omume a emeela ka ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ banye n'okwu a ma bụrụ ndị e merụrụ n'ime usoro ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCowell2020">Cowell, Alan (24 November 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html "Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76"]. ''The New York Times''.</cite></ref> Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwusi okwu a na Mandela mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. O gosikwara akụkụ nke ya mgbe ọ katọrọ Mandela maka ịgbaghara ndị bụbu ndị na-emegide ya mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref name=":2" /> Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị lekwasịrị Jana anya n'etiti afọ 1980, ebe a tụrụ ụlọ ya bọmbụ na mwakpo Molotov cocktail. A na-awakpo ọfịs ya site n'oge ruo n'oge, na faịlụ na akwụkwọ na-agbakarị na mgbalị iji menye ya egwu. Ma, omume ndị a egbochighị ya. Ọ kpọọrọ onye ahịa Popo Molefe na nwa nwanyị nwunye ya Phinda Molefe, Albertina, mgbe nne ya hapụrụ ya n'ọfịs Jana na obi nkoropụ. <ref name="Jana" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị, na 2001, Jana kuchiri Albertina.<ref name=":5" /> Jana nọchitekwara anya onye na-ede uri Benjamin Moloise, onye a mara ikpe ọnwụ site n'ịkwụgbu ya maka igbu onye uwe ojii na 1982. Mgbalị ya enyerela aka ịhazi uche zuru ụwa ọnụ na oku ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka òtù na gọọmentị zuru ụwa ọnụ rịọrọ gọọmentị South Africa n'oge ahụ ka ha nye ebere. Jana nọ na nne Moloise meworo agadi n'oge nche na 1985 mgbe ndị agha gbara ụlọ Moloise mepere emepe gburugburu ma na-agba mmiri.<ref name="Poet's Mother Is Target">{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=Poet's Mother Is Target|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/18/world/poet-s-mother-is-target.html|work=The New York Times|date=18 October 1985}}</ref> Gọọmentị South Africa jụrụ arịrịọ mbụ ya maka ikpe ikpe ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=PRETORIA REFUSES POET A NEW TRIAL|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/16/world/pretoria-refuses-poet-a-new-trial.html|work=The New York Times|date=16 October 1985}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=SCATTERED UNREST IN SOUTH AFRICA|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/19/world/scattered-unrest-in-south-africa.html|work=The New York Times|date=19 August 1985}}</ref> E gburu Moloise n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1985, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ. <ref name="Poet's Mother Is Target" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Says|first=Mehadihasan|title=ExecutedToday.com » 1985: Benjamin Moloise, revolutionary poet|url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2011/10/18/1985-benjamin-moloise-revolutionary-poet/|accessdate=28 November 2020|language=en|archivedate=29 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129104324/https://www.executedtoday.com/2011/10/18/1985-benjamin-moloise-revolutionary-poet/}}</ref> Na-anọchite anya Govan Mbeki, onye bụbu onye isi oche mba nke African National Congress, Jana nyere aka mee ka a tọhapụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island na 1987, mgbe ọ nọsịrị afọ 23 nke ikpe ndụ. Ntọhapụ nke onye dị afọ 77 bịara na mgbochi siri ike gụnyere ókèala ala maka ya ka ọ nọrọ n'ime mpaghara Port Elizabeth. A na-ewere ntọhapụ a dị ka "ikpe ikpe" maka ntọhapụ nke Nelson Mandela n'otu ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=South Africa Restricts a Freed Dissident|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/12/world/south-africa-restricts-a-freed-dissident.html|work=The New York Times|date=12 December 1987}}</ref> Jana bụkwa akụkụ nke Black Consciousness Movement nke na-emegide òtù iji hụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị iche iche na African National Congress. N'okwu ikpe a ma ama, ọ gara South African Medical and Dental Council na 1984 iji gosipụta na ndị dọkịta abụọ na-elekọta onye na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na onye isi Black Consciousness Movement Steve Biko, mere ihe n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị mgbe Biko nwụrụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 1977. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCowell2020">Cowell, Alan (24 November 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html "Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76"]. ''The New York Times''.</cite></ref><ref name=":7" /> Ikpe ahụ mechara chọpụta na ndị dọkịta ọcha abụọ ahụ nwere ikpe n'afọ 1985. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=PRETORIA DOCTOR LOSES HIS LICENSE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/17/world/pretoria-doctor-loses-his-license.html|work=The New York Times|date=17 October 1985}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye na-eme ihe ike nke Democratic Women's Movement, ma kpọọ oku ka a kwụsị ntuli aka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịmepụta iwu ịkpa ókè ọhụrụ, n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1985. N'ị sonye na mkpọsa iji gbochie ntuli aka ahụ, o kwuru, "Onye ọ bụla, onye na-acha ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ onye India, nke na-ekere òkè na iwu ọhụrụ ahụ ga-abụ onye ikpe mara dịka ndị na-eme mpụ a megide ndị mmadụ. Onye na-ekerechi bụ onye sabo. "<ref>{{Cite journal|id={{ProQuest|1304058711}}|author=Mbeki|first=Thabo|title=The Struggle Inside South Africa|journal=Africa Report|volume=30|issue=1|date=1985}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> N'oge a, Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe ike n'iwu na-alụ ọgụ megide ikpe obodo na nke ikike mmadụ gafee mba ahụ iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma webata ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mba ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCowell2020">Cowell, Alan (24 November 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html "Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76"]. ''The New York Times''.</cite></ref> N'oge ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka iwu hụrụ ọrụ ha n'ime usoro iwu, Jana na-agakarị n'ịbụ onye na-ahụkarị maka iwu. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na ikpe ndị ruuru mmadụ, a ga-ahụ ya ka ọ na-arụrụ ndị na-eme ihe ike n'okpuru ala n'abalị n'ụzọ ime ihe ike iji lụso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọgụ, gụnyere ibu [[AK-47|AK-47s]] na buutu nke ụgbọ ala ya site na Soweto n'aha onye ahịa n'okpuru, iji gbochie nnweta ha. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge a, ọ bụkwa onye otu Black People's Convention na Anti-Constitutional Committee na Federation of Transvaal Women . <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Tributes pour in for the 'people's lawyer' Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana|accessdate=28 November 2020|work=www.sahrc.org.za|language=en-gb|archivedate=9 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209094536/https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana}}</ref> === Afọ ndị sochirinụ === Site na ọbịbịa nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na African National Congress (ANC) nọ n'ọchịchị na 1994, Jana sonyeere dị ka Onye omeiwu ANC, ma jee ozi dị ka onye otu ndị omeiwu n'etiti afọ 1994 na 1999.<ref name=":3" /> Ọ nọchitere anya Krugersdorp . <ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 1997|title=ANC Constituency Offices|url=http://www.anc.org.za/lists/conoff.html|accessdate=1 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970708143021/http://www.anc.org.za/lists/conoff.html|archivedate=8 July 1997}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu South African Law Commission, na onye otu Kọmitii ndụmọdụ onye isi ala.<ref name=":4" /> Ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii ikpe ziri ezi nke na-ahụ maka mwepụta nke Truth and Reconciliation Commission . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Jana bụkwa onye nyere aka na Millennium Africa Recovery Programme (MAP) nke Onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki, nke na-anọchite anya atụmatụ pan-African iji mee ka Africa nwee ọganihu na uto na-adịgide adịgide, yana omume iji kpochapụ ịda ogbenye. N'ide akwụkwọ akpọrọ African Renaissance and the Millennium Action Plan, Jana kọwara usoro ahụ dị ka ijikọ ihe onwunwe Africa, gafee ngwakọta nke mineral na ihe onwunwa, ọdịiche dị iche iche, ọdịbendị, na ihe onyinyo mmadụ, iji nye ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe nke kọntinent dum.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bongmba|first=Elias K.|title=Reflections on Thabo Mbekis African Renaissance|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|date=2004|volume=30|issue=2|pages=291–316|doi=10.1080/0305707042000215374}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hensbroek|first=Pieter Boele van|title=African Renaissance and Ubuntu|date=2002|url=https://hdl.handle.net/11370/73b9756a-8f77-4f5d-a8d7-88a83042062b}}</ref> Ọ gakwara n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya South Africa na Netherlands site na 2001 ruo 2005 nakwa dị ka onye isi ala na Ireland site na 2006 ruo 2011, na-eje ije ozi dị ka ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mba na mba ruo afọ itoolu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=10 October 2020|title=Human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana has died|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-dies-20201010|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=News24|language=en|archivedate=11 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011184540/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-dies-20201010}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Devikarani Priscilla Jana {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=www.sahistory.org.za|archivedate=7 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207041905/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana "Devikarani Priscilla Jana | South African History Online"]. ''www.sahistory.org.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201207041905/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana Archived] from the original on 7 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye kọmishọna na osote onyeisi oche nke South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) na 2017. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Tributes pour in for the 'people's lawyer' Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana|accessdate=28 November 2020|work=www.sahrc.org.za|language=en-gb|archivedate=9 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209094536/https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana "Tributes pour in for the 'people's lawyer' Priscilla Jana"]. ''www.sahrc.org.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201209094536/https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana Archived] from the original on 9 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye natara ihe nrite ndụ ya niile na Woza Awards na 2017, ihe nrite e guzobere iji mata ma mata ụmụ nwanyị na òtù iwu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=The New Indian Express|archivedate=16 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016223839/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Jana (nke bụ Sewpal n'oge ahụ) zutere di ya Reg Jana, onye bụ nwa akwụkwọ South Africa na-agụ akwụkwọ na India, mgbe ọ na-amụ ọgwụ na Sophia College for Women na Bombay. N'ide n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya banyere ndụ ya mgbe agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị, ọ na-ekwu maka nnukwu ezinụlọ di ya na atụmanya ọdịnala site n'aka nwunye nwa nke ezinụlọ ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha. Ọ bụ ezie na Reg ga-anọgide na ya n'oge ọgụ ya, ọtụtụ ihe omume ya n'ime oge a mere ka Jana chọọ ịgba alụkwaghịm. Ọ na-ede na iwu mmachibido iwu ahụ bụ ihe kpatara nnukwu nrụgide na imebi ndụ ya na alụmdi na nwunye ya.<ref name="Jana" /> Alụmdi na nwunye ha biri na ịgba alụkwaghịm na 1989. Otú ọ dị, ọ nọgidere na-enwe aha ikpeazụ.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ lụrụ Reagan Jacobus, onye ọka iwu mere onwe ya, alụmdi na nwunye ahụ dugara na ịgba alụkwaghịm n'etiti afọ ndị 1990.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCowell2020">Cowell, Alan (24 November 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html "Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76"]. ''The New York Times''.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2001, ọ kuchiri nwa ya nwanyị Albertina Jana Molefe, onye bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye ahịa na-eme ihe ike, Popo Molefe. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ kuchiri nwa nwanne ya nwoke, Shivesh Sewpal.<ref name=":5" /> Jana nwụrụ na 10 Ọktoba 2020 n'ụlọ nlekọta dị na Pretoria mgbe ọ dị afọ 76. A kọwaghị ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCowell2020">Cowell, Alan (24 November 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html "Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76"]. ''The New York Times''.</cite></ref> Ọ hapụrụ nwa nwanyị, Alberta Jana Molefe, na nwa nwoke, Shivesh Sewpal.<ref name=":2" /> Na nkwupụta, African National Congress, na-adọrọ uche gaa na àjà ya maka mmegide nnwere onwe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, kwuru, "n'oge ọ gaara ahọrọ iji aka ya chụsoo akụ na ụba onwe ya na ọganihu ihe onwunwe. Kama nke ahụ, ọ ghọtara ọrụ ya dị ka oku, ijere ndị South Africa ozi, ọkachasị ndị ogbenye na ndị na-enweghị ike. "<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=The New Indian Express|archivedate=16 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016223839/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html "Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away"]. ''The New Indian Express''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201016223839/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html Archived] from the original on 16 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Barbara|title=Fighting For Mandela - The Explosive Autobiography of The Woman Who Helped to Destroy Apartheid|date=2016|publisher=Metro Publishing|isbn=978-1-78606-064-8}}  == Ihe odide == {{DEFAULTSORT:Jana, Priscilla}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] eo0uj3sjoqwmdog78mkvj2hi5tve6g6 672199 672194 2026-07-04T13:01:05Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 672199 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal Jana''' (5 Disemba 1943 – 10 Ọktoba 2020) bụ onye ọka iwu ruuru mmadụ, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nnọchi anya mba South Africa. Dị ka onye otu African National Congress (ANC) n'oge ngagharị iwe apartheid, o sonye na mmemme n'iwu yana n'okpuru ala iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọ nọchitere anya ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na mmegharị ahụ, gụnyere onye isi ala South Africa [[Nelson Mandela]], Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, Steve Biko, Govan Mbeki, Walter Sisulu na Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]]. Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị South Africa ole na ole nwere ohere ịnweta ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere Mandela, n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island kacha nchekwa, ma jee ozi dị ka onye ozi maka ozi koodu n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị isi ANC.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Priscilla Jana obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|work=The Guardian|date=2020-11-05|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=en-GB|author=Pat Devereaux}}</ref> Mgbalị Jana mere mere ka ọ nọrọ ná mmanye ime ihe ike na n'ikpeazụ nye iwu mmachibido iwu. Mgbe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru ezu na South Africa bịarutere, ọ ghọrọ onye omebe iwu wee bụrụ onye otu nzuko omeiwu na ANC n'etiti 1994 na 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya gọọmentị South Africa na Netherlands na Ireland, bụrụkwa onye kọmishọna na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị South Africa. South Africa Human Rights Commission. Ọ bụ onye so na kọmitii ikpe ziri ezi bụ onye na-ahụ maka mwepụta nke South Africa Truth and Reconciliation Commission. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal na 5 Disemba 1943, na Westville, Natal (nke a na-akpọ kwaZulu-Natal ugbu a) n'akụkụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Durban.[1][2] Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ atọ nke Hansrani Sewpal na Hansraj Sewpal. Nne na nna Jana bụ ndị India kwabatara n'etiti klaasị ebe nna ya bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.[3] Aka nna ya na-ama ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ọha mmadụ sitere na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ruo na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ndị India, bụ mmetụta mbụ na ya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Devikarani Priscilla Jana {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=www.sahistory.org.za|archivedate=7 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207041905/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana}}</ref> O buru ụzọ sonye na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Pietermaritzburg, ebe ọ haziri njem njem dị ka akụkụ nke mpụ nduku mba na 1958 na-emegide mmeso nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.[1] [2] Ọ malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Durban na 1960 wee gaa India na agụmakwụkwọ gọọmentị India ka ọ mụọ ọgwụ na Sophia College for Women in Bombay (ugbu a Mumbai). Mgbe ọ laghachiri na South Africa, ọ malitere nzere bachelọ nke iwu na Mahadum South Africa (UNISA) na 1974, mana gafere na Mahadum Mahadum maka ndị India na Salisbury Island, Durban, ebe ọ bụ naanị nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị na klas ahụ. [3] Ọchụso ọ nweta akara ugo mmụta iwu megidere ọchịchọ mbụ nke nne na nna ya bụ́ ndị chọrọ ka ọ bụrụ dibịa kama. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}</ref> O tolitere n'oge mgbe agbataobi, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze niile, bụ nke agbụrụ agbụrụ kewara. N'ịbụ onye na-ede na ncheta ya, Ịlụ ọgụ maka Mandela, ọ na-echeta nzukọ ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide apartheid Steve Biko mgbe ọ dị afọ 26 nke nyere aka mee ka echiche nke njirimara dị n'uche ya sie ike. Nzukọ ahụ, ọ na-ekwu, nyere aka mee ka o doo anya n'uche ya na onye "ekwesịghị ịbụ onye Africa iji kpọọ onwe gị onye ojii." Echiche ahụ nyeere ya aka ịchọta ịdị n'otu n'ìgwè. Ọ na-ede, sị, "Achọtala m ịdị n'otu. N'ikpeazụ, amaara m ebe m nọ.<ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ == === Afọ ndị mbụ === Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1974, ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke Ismail Ayob, onye ọka iwu sitere na India. Ndị ahịa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, gụnyere [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCowell2020">Cowell, Alan (24 November 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html "Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76"]. ''The New York Times''.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1977, ọ gara njem mbụ ya n'ime ọtụtụ njem gaa Robben Island izute Mandela. Ọ ga-emecha dee, "N'otu oge m nọchitere anya onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla nọ na Robben Island".<ref name=":2" /> N'ileta Mandela na Robben Island na 1977 dị ka onye ọka iwu chọrọ mbinye aka ya, Jana ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ makụrụ Mandela n'ime afọ 13 nke mkpọrọ.<ref name=":5" /> N'oge ahụ, ọbụna nwunye Mandela Winnie Madikizela-Mandela nwere ike ịhụ ya naanị site na panel iko.<ref name=":5" /> Jana ghọrọ onye ọka iwu nke Mandela na ohere ya nyere ya ohere iziga ozi nzuzo site na nzukọ ANC na Mandela, mgbe ọ na-eme ihe ọchị ma na-akwa emo.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}</ref> Dị ka otu n'ime ndị South Africa ole na ole nwere ike ịnweta Mandela n'oge a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'àgwàetiti ahụ, ọ weghachikwara ozi nzuzo site na Mandela na ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ na ndị ndu ANC, gụnyere Onye isi ala Oliver Tambo.<ref name=":6" /> Dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ, ọ nọchitere anya ndị otu nnọchiteanya nke Soweto Students, megide obi ọjọọ nke steeti, na-esote 1976 Soweto Uprising.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'otu n'ime ikpe ya dị elu site n'oge a, ọ gbachitere onye na-eme ihe ike dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ na onye otu UMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) , Solomon Mahlangu, onye mechara maa ikpe n'okpuru Iwu iyi ọha egwu, 1967 maka igbu ndị ọcha abụọ. A mara Mahlangu ikpe ọnwụ ma mesịa kwụgbuo ya, n'ihi iwu ndị a na-ahụkarị na-ekpe ikpe na-emetụta ya dị ka mpụ ahụ n'onwe ya. Ikpe ahụ kpatara iwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ na-akwado Mahlangu ịhụ ya n'abalị tupu e gbuo ya, wee lọta na-ebu ozi iji gaa n'ihu na ọgụ maka nnwere onwe. Ozi ikpeazụ ọ na-eziga site na ya gara n'ihu bụrụ mkpu maka ndị na-akwado ya, "Gwa ndị m na m hụrụ ha n'anya. Ha ga-aga n'ihu na ọgụ ahụ. Ọbara m ga-azụ osisi na-amị mkpụrụ nke nnwere onwe. "<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> N'afọ 1979, Jana meghere ọrụ iwu nke ya, na-elekwasị anya na nnwere onwe obodo na ikpe ndị ruuru mmadụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Shoba|first=Sandisiwe|date=11 October 2020|title=Obituary 1943–2020: In memory of human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-11-in-memory-of-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-1943-2020/|accessdate=11 October 2020|work=Daily Maverick|language=en|archivedate=13 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013200940/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-11-in-memory-of-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-1943-2020/}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị anya na 1980, e nyere ya iwu machibidoro iwu n'okpuru Iwu Mmachibido Iwu Kọmunist, 1950 ruo afọ ise, na-etinye ya iwu n'otu ntabi anya ma na-egbochi ya izute naanị otu onye, yana igbochi okwu ihu ọha ya.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /> N'oge a, Jana sonyekwara n'òtù nzuzo nke African National Congress, UMkhonto we Sizwe, nke onye ga-abụ onye isi ala South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, si [[London]], duziri, onye Jana na-agakwuru.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Mandela must be turning in his grave' – Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-04-24-mandela-must-be-turning-in-his-grave-priscilla-jana/|accessdate=28 November 2020|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA|archivedate=10 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210125355/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-04-24-mandela-must-be-turning-in-his-grave-priscilla-jana/}}</ref><ref name=":6" />Ndị otu ahụ nwere Jackie Selebi, Beyers Naudé, na Cedric Mayson.<ref name=":6" /> === Ịgide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ === Site n'ọrụ ya, Jana nọchitere anya ọtụtụ ndị isi na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, gụnyere onye isi South Africa Nelson Mandela, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, Steve Biko, Ebrahim Ebrahim, Ahmed Kathrada, Solomon Mahlangu, Govan Mbeki, Walter Sisulu, na Archbishop Desmond Tutu..<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Hassen|first=Fakir|date=11 October 2020|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-124541003.html|accessdate=11 October 2020|work=Yahoo! News|language=en-IN|archivedate=14 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014045810/https://in.news.yahoo.com/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-124541003.html}}</ref> Ọ malitere site n'ịnọchite anya Nelson Mandela na Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dị ka onye ọka iwu ha n'etiti 1970s. Ọ matara di na nwunye ahụ mgbe Mandela nọ na-eje ozi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island.[1] Nke a bụ n'otu oge ahụ nwụchiri Madikizela-Mandela ma kpọchie ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya tupu ebuga ya na obodo ndị isi ojii kewapụrụ na Orange Free State. Iwu metụtara agbụrụ n'oge ahụ pụtara na dị ka onye India, a ekweghị ka Jana nọrọ n'abalị ka ọ na-eleta onye ahịa ya.[1] Ọ gara n'ihu na-ejikọta ya na Madikizela-Mandela ka a tọhapụrụ ya na Brandfort wee malite ịrịọ ndị na-eme mkpesa na ndị na-eto eto bụ ndị weere ụdị mkpesa ọzọ na-emegide ndị ọchịchị..<ref name=":2" /> N'otu oge ahụ, Jana wepụrụ onwe ya mgbe a mara Madikizela-Mandela ikpe ịga mkpọrọ maka ịtọrọ nwata nwoke, Stompie Moeketsi, na-ekwu na omume a emeela ka ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ banye n'okwu a ma bụrụ ndị e merụrụ n'ime usoro ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCowell2020">Cowell, Alan (24 November 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html "Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76"]. ''The New York Times''.</cite></ref> Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwusi okwu a na Mandela mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. O gosikwara akụkụ nke ya mgbe ọ katọrọ Mandela maka ịgbaghara ndị bụbu ndị na-emegide ya mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref name=":2" /> Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị lekwasịrị Jana anya n'etiti afọ 1980, ebe a tụrụ ụlọ ya bọmbụ na mwakpo Molotov cocktail. A na-awakpo ọfịs ya site n'oge ruo n'oge, na faịlụ na akwụkwọ na-agbakarị na mgbalị iji menye ya egwu. Ma, omume ndị a egbochighị ya. Ọ kpọọrọ onye ahịa Popo Molefe na nwa nwanyị nwunye ya Phinda Molefe, Albertina, mgbe nne ya hapụrụ ya n'ọfịs Jana na obi nkoropụ. <ref name="Jana" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị, na 2001, Jana kuchiri Albertina.<ref name=":5" /> Jana nọchitekwara anya onye na-ede uri Benjamin Moloise, onye a mara ikpe ọnwụ site n'ịkwụgbu ya maka igbu onye uwe ojii na 1982. Mgbalị ya enyerela aka ịhazi uche zuru ụwa ọnụ na oku ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka òtù na gọọmentị zuru ụwa ọnụ rịọrọ gọọmentị South Africa n'oge ahụ ka ha nye ebere. Jana nọ na nne Moloise meworo agadi n'oge nche na 1985 mgbe ndị agha gbara ụlọ Moloise mepere emepe gburugburu ma na-agba mmiri.<ref name="Poet's Mother Is Target">{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=Poet's Mother Is Target|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/18/world/poet-s-mother-is-target.html|work=The New York Times|date=18 October 1985}}</ref> Gọọmentị South Africa jụrụ arịrịọ mbụ ya maka ikpe ikpe ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=PRETORIA REFUSES POET A NEW TRIAL|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/16/world/pretoria-refuses-poet-a-new-trial.html|work=The New York Times|date=16 October 1985}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=SCATTERED UNREST IN SOUTH AFRICA|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/19/world/scattered-unrest-in-south-africa.html|work=The New York Times|date=19 August 1985}}</ref> E gburu Moloise n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1985, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ. <ref name="Poet's Mother Is Target" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Says|first=Mehadihasan|title=ExecutedToday.com » 1985: Benjamin Moloise, revolutionary poet|url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2011/10/18/1985-benjamin-moloise-revolutionary-poet/|accessdate=28 November 2020|language=en|archivedate=29 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129104324/https://www.executedtoday.com/2011/10/18/1985-benjamin-moloise-revolutionary-poet/}}</ref> Na-anọchite anya Govan Mbeki, onye bụbu onye isi oche mba nke African National Congress, Jana nyere aka mee ka a tọhapụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island na 1987, mgbe ọ nọsịrị afọ 23 nke ikpe ndụ. Ntọhapụ nke onye dị afọ 77 bịara na mgbochi siri ike gụnyere ókèala ala maka ya ka ọ nọrọ n'ime mpaghara Port Elizabeth. A na-ewere ntọhapụ a dị ka "ikpe ikpe" maka ntọhapụ nke Nelson Mandela n'otu ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=South Africa Restricts a Freed Dissident|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/12/world/south-africa-restricts-a-freed-dissident.html|work=The New York Times|date=12 December 1987}}</ref> Jana bụkwa akụkụ nke Black Consciousness Movement nke na-emegide òtù iji hụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị iche iche na African National Congress. N'okwu ikpe a ma ama, ọ gara South African Medical and Dental Council na 1984 iji gosipụta na ndị dọkịta abụọ na-elekọta onye na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na onye isi Black Consciousness Movement Steve Biko, mere ihe n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị mgbe Biko nwụrụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 1977. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCowell2020">Cowell, Alan (24 November 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html "Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76"]. ''The New York Times''.</cite></ref><ref name=":7" /> Ikpe ahụ mechara chọpụta na ndị dọkịta ọcha abụọ ahụ nwere ikpe n'afọ 1985. <ref name=":2" /> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=PRETORIA DOCTOR LOSES HIS LICENSE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/17/world/pretoria-doctor-loses-his-license.html|work=The New York Times|date=17 October 1985}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye na-eme ihe ike nke Democratic Women's Movement, ma kpọọ oku ka a kwụsị ntuli aka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịmepụta iwu ịkpa ókè ọhụrụ, n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1985. N'ị sonye na mkpọsa iji gbochie ntuli aka ahụ, o kwuru, "Onye ọ bụla, onye na-acha ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ onye India, nke na-ekere òkè na iwu ọhụrụ ahụ ga-abụ onye ikpe mara dịka ndị na-eme mpụ a megide ndị mmadụ. Onye na-ekerechi bụ onye sabo. "<ref>{{Cite journal|id={{ProQuest|1304058711}}|author=Mbeki|first=Thabo|title=The Struggle Inside South Africa|journal=Africa Report|volume=30|issue=1|date=1985}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> N'oge a, Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe ike n'iwu na-alụ ọgụ megide ikpe obodo na nke ikike mmadụ gafee mba ahụ iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma webata ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mba ahụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCowell2020">Cowell, Alan (24 November 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html "Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76"]. ''The New York Times''.</cite></ref> N'oge ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka iwu hụrụ ọrụ ha n'ime usoro iwu, Jana na-agakarị n'ịbụ onye na-ahụkarị maka iwu. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na ikpe ndị ruuru mmadụ, a ga-ahụ ya ka ọ na-arụrụ ndị na-eme ihe ike n'okpuru ala n'abalị n'ụzọ ime ihe ike iji lụso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọgụ, gụnyere ibu [[AK-47|AK-47s]] na buutu nke ụgbọ ala ya site na Soweto n'aha onye ahịa n'okpuru, iji gbochie nnweta ha. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge a, ọ bụkwa onye otu Black People's Convention na Anti-Constitutional Committee na Federation of Transvaal Women . <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Tributes pour in for the 'people's lawyer' Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana|accessdate=28 November 2020|work=www.sahrc.org.za|language=en-gb|archivedate=9 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209094536/https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana}}</ref> === Afọ ndị sochirinụ === Site na ọbịbịa nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na African National Congress (ANC) nọ n'ọchịchị na 1994, Jana sonyeere dị ka Onye omeiwu ANC, ma jee ozi dị ka onye otu ndị omeiwu n'etiti afọ 1994 na 1999.<ref name=":3" /> Ọ nọchitere anya Krugersdorp . <ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 1997|title=ANC Constituency Offices|url=http://www.anc.org.za/lists/conoff.html|accessdate=1 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970708143021/http://www.anc.org.za/lists/conoff.html|archivedate=8 July 1997}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu South African Law Commission, na onye otu Kọmitii ndụmọdụ onye isi ala.<ref name=":4" /> Ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii ikpe ziri ezi nke na-ahụ maka mwepụta nke Truth and Reconciliation Commission . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Jana bụkwa onye nyere aka na Millennium Africa Recovery Programme (MAP) nke Onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki, nke na-anọchite anya atụmatụ pan-African iji mee ka Africa nwee ọganihu na uto na-adịgide adịgide, yana omume iji kpochapụ ịda ogbenye. N'ide akwụkwọ akpọrọ African Renaissance and the Millennium Action Plan, Jana kọwara usoro ahụ dị ka ijikọ ihe onwunwe Africa, gafee ngwakọta nke mineral na ihe onwunwa, ọdịiche dị iche iche, ọdịbendị, na ihe onyinyo mmadụ, iji nye ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe nke kọntinent dum.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bongmba|first=Elias K.|title=Reflections on Thabo Mbekis African Renaissance|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|date=2004|volume=30|issue=2|pages=291–316|doi=10.1080/0305707042000215374}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hensbroek|first=Pieter Boele van|title=African Renaissance and Ubuntu|date=2002|url=https://hdl.handle.net/11370/73b9756a-8f77-4f5d-a8d7-88a83042062b}}</ref> Ọ gakwara n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya South Africa na Netherlands site na 2001 ruo 2005 nakwa dị ka onye isi ala na Ireland site na 2006 ruo 2011, na-eje ije ozi dị ka ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mba na mba ruo afọ itoolu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=10 October 2020|title=Human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana has died|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-dies-20201010|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=News24|language=en|archivedate=11 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011184540/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-dies-20201010}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye kọmishọna na osote onyeisi oche nke South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) na 2017. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Tributes pour in for the 'people's lawyer' Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana|accessdate=28 November 2020|work=www.sahrc.org.za|language=en-gb|archivedate=9 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209094536/https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana "Tributes pour in for the 'people's lawyer' Priscilla Jana"]. ''www.sahrc.org.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201209094536/https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana Archived] from the original on 9 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye natara ihe nrite ndụ ya niile na Woza Awards na 2017, ihe nrite e guzobere iji mata ma mata ụmụ nwanyị na òtù iwu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=The New Indian Express|archivedate=16 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016223839/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Jana (nke bụ Sewpal n'oge ahụ) zutere di ya Reg Jana, onye bụ nwa akwụkwọ South Africa na-agụ akwụkwọ na India, mgbe ọ na-amụ ọgwụ na Sophia College for Women na Bombay. N'ide n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya banyere ndụ ya mgbe agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị, ọ na-ekwu maka nnukwu ezinụlọ di ya na atụmanya ọdịnala site n'aka nwunye nwa nke ezinụlọ ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha. Ọ bụ ezie na Reg ga-anọgide na ya n'oge ọgụ ya, ọtụtụ ihe omume ya n'ime oge a mere ka Jana chọọ ịgba alụkwaghịm. Ọ na-ede na iwu mmachibido iwu ahụ bụ ihe kpatara nnukwu nrụgide na imebi ndụ ya na alụmdi na nwunye ya.<ref name="Jana" /> Alụmdi na nwunye ha biri na ịgba alụkwaghịm na 1989. Otú ọ dị, ọ nọgidere na-enwe aha ikpeazụ.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ lụrụ Reagan Jacobus, onye ọka iwu mere onwe ya, alụmdi na nwunye ahụ dugara na ịgba alụkwaghịm n'etiti afọ ndị 1990.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCowell2020">Cowell, Alan (24 November 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html "Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76"]. ''The New York Times''.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2001, ọ kuchiri nwa ya nwanyị Albertina Jana Molefe, onye bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye ahịa na-eme ihe ike, Popo Molefe. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ kuchiri nwa nwanne ya nwoke, Shivesh Sewpal.<ref name=":5" /> Jana nwụrụ na 10 Ọktoba 2020 n'ụlọ nlekọta dị na Pretoria mgbe ọ dị afọ 76. A kọwaghị ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCowell2020">Cowell, Alan (24 November 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html "Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76"]. ''The New York Times''.</cite></ref> Ọ hapụrụ nwa nwanyị, Alberta Jana Molefe, na nwa nwoke, Shivesh Sewpal.<ref name=":2" /> Na nkwupụta, African National Congress, na-adọrọ uche gaa na àjà ya maka mmegide nnwere onwe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, kwuru, "n'oge ọ gaara ahọrọ iji aka ya chụsoo akụ na ụba onwe ya na ọganihu ihe onwunwe. Kama nke ahụ, ọ ghọtara ọrụ ya dị ka oku, ijere ndị South Africa ozi, ọkachasị ndị ogbenye na ndị na-enweghị ike. "<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=The New Indian Express|archivedate=16 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016223839/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html "Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away"]. ''The New Indian Express''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201016223839/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html Archived] from the original on 16 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Barbara|title=Fighting For Mandela - The Explosive Autobiography of The Woman Who Helped to Destroy Apartheid|date=2016|publisher=Metro Publishing|isbn=978-1-78606-064-8}}  == Ihe odide == {{DEFAULTSORT:Jana, Priscilla}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] iphm129qfpihkz23yzv9fwc29hq2ma8 672232 672199 2026-07-04T13:26:36Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 672232 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal Jana''' (5 Disemba 1943 – 10 Ọktoba 2020) bụ onye ọka iwu ruuru mmadụ, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nnọchi anya mba South Africa. Dị ka onye otu African National Congress (ANC) n'oge ngagharị iwe apartheid, o sonye na mmemme n'iwu yana n'okpuru ala iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọ nọchitere anya ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na mmegharị ahụ, gụnyere onye isi ala South Africa [[Nelson Mandela]], Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, Steve Biko, Govan Mbeki, Walter Sisulu na Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]]. Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị South Africa ole na ole nwere ohere ịnweta ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere Mandela, n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island kacha nchekwa, ma jee ozi dị ka onye ozi maka ozi koodu n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị isi ANC.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Priscilla Jana obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|work=The Guardian|date=2020-11-05|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=en-GB|author=Pat Devereaux}}</ref> Mgbalị Jana mere mere ka ọ nọrọ ná mmanye ime ihe ike na n'ikpeazụ nye iwu mmachibido iwu. Mgbe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru ezu na South Africa bịarutere, ọ ghọrọ onye omebe iwu wee bụrụ onye otu nzuko omeiwu na ANC n'etiti 1994 na 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya gọọmentị South Africa na Netherlands na Ireland, bụrụkwa onye kọmishọna na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị South Africa. South Africa Human Rights Commission. Ọ bụ onye so na kọmitii ikpe ziri ezi bụ onye na-ahụ maka mwepụta nke South Africa Truth and Reconciliation Commission. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal na 5 Disemba 1943, na Westville, Natal (nke a na-akpọ kwaZulu-Natal ugbu a) n'akụkụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Durban.[1][2] Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ atọ nke Hansrani Sewpal na Hansraj Sewpal. Nne na nna Jana bụ ndị India kwabatara n'etiti klaasị ebe nna ya bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.[3] Aka nna ya na-ama ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ọha mmadụ sitere na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ruo na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ndị India, bụ mmetụta mbụ na ya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Devikarani Priscilla Jana {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=www.sahistory.org.za|archivedate=7 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207041905/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana}}</ref> O buru ụzọ sonye na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Pietermaritzburg, ebe ọ haziri njem njem dị ka akụkụ nke mpụ nduku mba na 1958 na-emegide mmeso nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.[1] [2] Ọ malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Durban na 1960 wee gaa India na agụmakwụkwọ gọọmentị India ka ọ mụọ ọgwụ na Sophia College for Women in Bombay (ugbu a Mumbai). Mgbe ọ laghachiri na South Africa, ọ malitere nzere bachelọ nke iwu na Mahadum South Africa (UNISA) na 1974, mana gafere na Mahadum Mahadum maka ndị India na Salisbury Island, Durban, ebe ọ bụ naanị nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị na klas ahụ. [3] Ọchụso ọ nweta akara ugo mmụta iwu megidere ọchịchọ mbụ nke nne na nna ya bụ́ ndị chọrọ ka ọ bụrụ dibịa kama. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}</ref> O tolitere n'oge mgbe agbataobi, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze niile, bụ nke agbụrụ agbụrụ kewara. N'ịbụ onye na-ede na ncheta ya, Ịlụ ọgụ maka Mandela, ọ na-echeta nzukọ ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide apartheid Steve Biko mgbe ọ dị afọ 26 nke nyere aka mee ka echiche nke njirimara dị n'uche ya sie ike. Nzukọ ahụ, ọ na-ekwu, nyere aka mee ka o doo anya n'uche ya na onye "ekwesịghị ịbụ onye Africa iji kpọọ onwe gị onye ojii." Echiche ahụ nyeere ya aka ịchọta ịdị n'otu n'ìgwè. Ọ na-ede, sị, "Achọtala m ịdị n'otu. N'ikpeazụ, amaara m ebe m nọ.<ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ == === Afọ ndị mbụ === Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1974, ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke Ismail Ayob, onye ọka iwu sitere na India. Ndị ahịa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, gụnyere [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1977, ọ gara njem mbụ ya n'ime ọtụtụ njem gaa Robben Island izute Mandela. Ọ ga-emecha dee, "N'otu oge m nọchitere anya onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla nọ na Robben Island".<ref name=":2" /> N'ileta Mandela na Robben Island na 1977 dị ka onye ọka iwu chọrọ mbinye aka ya, Jana ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ makụrụ Mandela n'ime afọ 13 nke mkpọrọ.<ref name=":5" /> N'oge ahụ, ọbụna nwunye Mandela Winnie Madikizela-Mandela nwere ike ịhụ ya naanị site na panel iko.<ref name=":5" /> Jana ghọrọ onye ọka iwu nke Mandela na ohere ya nyere ya ohere iziga ozi nzuzo site na nzukọ ANC na Mandela, mgbe ọ na-eme ihe ọchị ma na-akwa emo.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}</ref> Dị ka otu n'ime ndị South Africa ole na ole nwere ike ịnweta Mandela n'oge a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'àgwàetiti ahụ, ọ weghachikwara ozi nzuzo site na Mandela na ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ na ndị ndu ANC, gụnyere Onye isi ala Oliver Tambo.<ref name=":6" /> Dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ, ọ nọchitere anya ndị otu nnọchiteanya nke Soweto Students, megide obi ọjọọ nke steeti, na-esote 1976 Soweto Uprising.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'otu n'ime ikpe ya dị elu site n'oge a, ọ gbachitere onye na-eme ihe ike dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ na onye otu UMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) , Solomon Mahlangu, onye mechara maa ikpe n'okpuru Iwu iyi ọha egwu, 1967 maka igbu ndị ọcha abụọ. A mara Mahlangu ikpe ọnwụ ma mesịa kwụgbuo ya, n'ihi iwu ndị a na-ahụkarị na-ekpe ikpe na-emetụta ya dị ka mpụ ahụ n'onwe ya. Ikpe ahụ kpatara iwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ na-akwado Mahlangu ịhụ ya n'abalị tupu e gbuo ya, wee lọta na-ebu ozi iji gaa n'ihu na ọgụ maka nnwere onwe. Ozi ikpeazụ ọ na-eziga site na ya gara n'ihu bụrụ mkpu maka ndị na-akwado ya, "Gwa ndị m na m hụrụ ha n'anya. Ha ga-aga n'ihu na ọgụ ahụ. Ọbara m ga-azụ osisi na-amị mkpụrụ nke nnwere onwe. "<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> N'afọ 1979, Jana meghere ọrụ iwu nke ya, na-elekwasị anya na nnwere onwe obodo na ikpe ndị ruuru mmadụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Shoba|first=Sandisiwe|date=11 October 2020|title=Obituary 1943–2020: In memory of human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-11-in-memory-of-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-1943-2020/|accessdate=11 October 2020|work=Daily Maverick|language=en|archivedate=13 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013200940/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-11-in-memory-of-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-1943-2020/}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị anya na 1980, e nyere ya iwu machibidoro iwu n'okpuru Iwu Mmachibido Iwu Kọmunist, 1950 ruo afọ ise, na-etinye ya iwu n'otu ntabi anya ma na-egbochi ya izute naanị otu onye, yana igbochi okwu ihu ọha ya.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /> N'oge a, Jana sonyekwara n'òtù nzuzo nke African National Congress, UMkhonto we Sizwe, nke onye ga-abụ onye isi ala South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, si [[London]], duziri, onye Jana na-agakwuru.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Mandela must be turning in his grave' – Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-04-24-mandela-must-be-turning-in-his-grave-priscilla-jana/|accessdate=28 November 2020|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA|archivedate=10 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210125355/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-04-24-mandela-must-be-turning-in-his-grave-priscilla-jana/}}</ref><ref name=":6" />Ndị otu ahụ nwere Jackie Selebi, Beyers Naudé, na Cedric Mayson.<ref name=":6" /> === Ịgide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ === Site n'ọrụ ya, Jana nọchitere anya ọtụtụ ndị isi na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, gụnyere onye isi South Africa Nelson Mandela, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, Steve Biko, Ebrahim Ebrahim, Ahmed Kathrada, Solomon Mahlangu, Govan Mbeki, Walter Sisulu, na Archbishop Desmond Tutu..<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Hassen|first=Fakir|date=11 October 2020|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-124541003.html|accessdate=11 October 2020|work=Yahoo! News|language=en-IN|archivedate=14 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014045810/https://in.news.yahoo.com/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-124541003.html}}</ref> Ọ malitere site n'ịnọchite anya Nelson Mandela na Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dị ka onye ọka iwu ha n'etiti 1970s. Ọ matara di na nwunye ahụ mgbe Mandela nọ na-eje ozi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island.[1] Nke a bụ n'otu oge ahụ nwụchiri Madikizela-Mandela ma kpọchie ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya tupu ebuga ya na obodo ndị isi ojii kewapụrụ na Orange Free State. Iwu metụtara agbụrụ n'oge ahụ pụtara na dị ka onye India, a ekweghị ka Jana nọrọ n'abalị ka ọ na-eleta onye ahịa ya.[1] Ọ gara n'ihu na-ejikọta ya na Madikizela-Mandela ka a tọhapụrụ ya na Brandfort wee malite ịrịọ ndị na-eme mkpesa na ndị na-eto eto bụ ndị weere ụdị mkpesa ọzọ na-emegide ndị ọchịchị.<ref name=":2" /> N'otu oge ahụ, Jana wepụrụ onwe ya mgbe a mara Madikizela-Mandela ikpe ịga mkpọrọ maka ịtọrọ nwata nwoke, Stompie Moeketsi, na-ekwu na omume a emeela ka ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ banye n'okwu a ma bụrụ ndị e merụrụ n'ime usoro ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwusi okwu a na Mandela mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. O gosikwara akụkụ nke ya mgbe ọ katọrọ Mandela maka ịgbaghara ndị bụbu ndị na-emegide ya mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref name=":2" /> Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị lekwasịrị Jana anya n'etiti afọ 1980, ebe a tụrụ ụlọ ya bọmbụ na mwakpo Molotov cocktail. A na-awakpo ọfịs ya site n'oge ruo n'oge, na faịlụ na akwụkwọ na-agbakarị na mgbalị iji menye ya egwu. Ma, omume ndị a egbochighị ya. Ọ kpọọrọ onye ahịa Popo Molefe na nwa nwanyị nwunye ya Phinda Molefe, Albertina, mgbe nne ya hapụrụ ya n'ọfịs Jana na obi nkoropụ. <ref name="Jana" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị, na 2001, Jana kuchiri Albertina.<ref name=":5" /> Jana nọchitekwara anya onye na-ede uri Benjamin Moloise, onye a mara ikpe ọnwụ site n'ịkwụgbu ya maka igbu onye uwe ojii na 1982. Mgbalị ya enyerela aka ịhazi uche zuru ụwa ọnụ na oku ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka òtù na gọọmentị zuru ụwa ọnụ rịọrọ gọọmentị South Africa n'oge ahụ ka ha nye ebere. Jana nọ na nne Moloise meworo agadi n'oge nche na 1985 mgbe ndị agha gbara ụlọ Moloise mepere emepe gburugburu ma na-agba mmiri.<ref name="Poet's Mother Is Target">{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=Poet's Mother Is Target|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/18/world/poet-s-mother-is-target.html|work=The New York Times|date=18 October 1985}}</ref> Gọọmentị South Africa jụrụ arịrịọ mbụ ya maka ikpe ikpe ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=PRETORIA REFUSES POET A NEW TRIAL|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/16/world/pretoria-refuses-poet-a-new-trial.html|work=The New York Times|date=16 October 1985}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=SCATTERED UNREST IN SOUTH AFRICA|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/19/world/scattered-unrest-in-south-africa.html|work=The New York Times|date=19 August 1985}}</ref> E gburu Moloise n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1985, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ. <ref name="Poet's Mother Is Target" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Says|first=Mehadihasan|title=ExecutedToday.com » 1985: Benjamin Moloise, revolutionary poet|url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2011/10/18/1985-benjamin-moloise-revolutionary-poet/|accessdate=28 November 2020|language=en|archivedate=29 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129104324/https://www.executedtoday.com/2011/10/18/1985-benjamin-moloise-revolutionary-poet/}}</ref> Na-anọchite anya Govan Mbeki, onye bụbu onye isi oche mba nke African National Congress, Jana nyere aka mee ka a tọhapụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island na 1987, mgbe ọ nọsịrị afọ 23 nke ikpe ndụ. Ntọhapụ nke onye dị afọ 77 bịara na mgbochi siri ike gụnyere ókèala ala maka ya ka ọ nọrọ n'ime mpaghara Port Elizabeth. A na-ewere ntọhapụ a dị ka "ikpe ikpe" maka ntọhapụ nke Nelson Mandela n'otu ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=South Africa Restricts a Freed Dissident|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/12/world/south-africa-restricts-a-freed-dissident.html|work=The New York Times|date=12 December 1987}}</ref> Jana bụkwa akụkụ nke Black Consciousness Movement nke na-emegide òtù iji hụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị iche iche na African National Congress. N'okwu ikpe a ma ama, ọ gara South African Medical and Dental Council na 1984 iji gosipụta na ndị dọkịta abụọ na-elekọta onye na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na onye isi Black Consciousness Movement Steve Biko, mere ihe n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị mgbe Biko nwụrụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 1977. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":8" /> Ikpe ahụ mechara chọpụta na ndị dọkịta ọcha abụọ ahụ nwere ikpe n'afọ 1985.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":8">{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=PRETORIA DOCTOR LOSES HIS LICENSE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/17/world/pretoria-doctor-loses-his-license.html|work=The New York Times|date=17 October 1985}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye na-eme ihe ike nke Democratic Women's Movement, ma kpọọ oku ka a kwụsị ntuli aka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịmepụta iwu ịkpa ókè ọhụrụ, n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1985. N'ị sonye na mkpọsa iji gbochie ntuli aka ahụ, o kwuru, "Onye ọ bụla, onye na-acha ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ onye India, nke na-ekere òkè na iwu ọhụrụ ahụ ga-abụ onye ikpe mara dịka ndị na-eme mpụ a megide ndị mmadụ. Onye na-ekerechi bụ onye sabo. "<ref>{{Cite journal|id={{ProQuest|1304058711}}|author=Mbeki|first=Thabo|title=The Struggle Inside South Africa|journal=Africa Report|volume=30|issue=1|date=1985}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> N'oge a, Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe ike n'iwu na-alụ ọgụ megide ikpe obodo na nke ikike mmadụ gafee mba ahụ iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma webata ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mba ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> N'oge ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka iwu hụrụ ọrụ ha n'ime usoro iwu, Jana na-agakarị n'ịbụ onye na-ahụkarị maka iwu. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na ikpe ndị ruuru mmadụ, a ga-ahụ ya ka ọ na-arụrụ ndị na-eme ihe ike n'okpuru ala n'abalị n'ụzọ ime ihe ike iji lụso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọgụ, gụnyere ibu [[AK-47|AK-47s]] na buutu nke ụgbọ ala ya site na Soweto n'aha onye ahịa n'okpuru, iji gbochie nnweta ha. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge a, ọ bụkwa onye otu Black People's Convention na Anti-Constitutional Committee na Federation of Transvaal Women . <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Tributes pour in for the 'people's lawyer' Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana|accessdate=28 November 2020|work=www.sahrc.org.za|language=en-gb|archivedate=9 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209094536/https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana}}</ref> === Afọ ndị sochirinụ === Site na ọbịbịa nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na African National Congress (ANC) nọ n'ọchịchị na 1994, Jana sonyeere dị ka Onye omeiwu ANC, ma jee ozi dị ka onye otu ndị omeiwu n'etiti afọ 1994 na 1999.<ref name=":3" /> Ọ nọchitere anya Krugersdorp . <ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 1997|title=ANC Constituency Offices|url=http://www.anc.org.za/lists/conoff.html|accessdate=1 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970708143021/http://www.anc.org.za/lists/conoff.html|archivedate=8 July 1997}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu South African Law Commission, na onye otu Kọmitii ndụmọdụ onye isi ala.<ref name=":4" /> Ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii ikpe ziri ezi nke na-ahụ maka mwepụta nke Truth and Reconciliation Commission . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Jana bụkwa onye nyere aka na Millennium Africa Recovery Programme (MAP) nke Onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki, nke na-anọchite anya atụmatụ pan-African iji mee ka Africa nwee ọganihu na uto na-adịgide adịgide, yana omume iji kpochapụ ịda ogbenye. N'ide akwụkwọ akpọrọ African Renaissance and the Millennium Action Plan, Jana kọwara usoro ahụ dị ka ijikọ ihe onwunwe Africa, gafee ngwakọta nke mineral na ihe onwunwa, ọdịiche dị iche iche, ọdịbendị, na ihe onyinyo mmadụ, iji nye ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe nke kọntinent dum.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bongmba|first=Elias K.|title=Reflections on Thabo Mbekis African Renaissance|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|date=2004|volume=30|issue=2|pages=291–316|doi=10.1080/0305707042000215374}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hensbroek|first=Pieter Boele van|title=African Renaissance and Ubuntu|date=2002|url=https://hdl.handle.net/11370/73b9756a-8f77-4f5d-a8d7-88a83042062b}}</ref> Ọ gakwara n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya South Africa na Netherlands site na 2001 ruo 2005 nakwa dị ka onye isi ala na Ireland site na 2006 ruo 2011, na-eje ije ozi dị ka ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mba na mba ruo afọ itoolu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=10 October 2020|title=Human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana has died|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-dies-20201010|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=News24|language=en|archivedate=11 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011184540/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-dies-20201010}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye kọmishọna na osote onyeisi oche nke South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) na 2017. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Tributes pour in for the 'people's lawyer' Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana|accessdate=28 November 2020|work=www.sahrc.org.za|language=en-gb|archivedate=9 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209094536/https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana "Tributes pour in for the 'people's lawyer' Priscilla Jana"]. ''www.sahrc.org.za''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201209094536/https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana Archived] from the original on 9 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ onye natara ihe nrite ndụ ya niile na Woza Awards na 2017, ihe nrite e guzobere iji mata ma mata ụmụ nwanyị na òtù iwu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=The New Indian Express|archivedate=16 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016223839/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Jana (nke bụ Sewpal n'oge ahụ) zutere di ya Reg Jana, onye bụ nwa akwụkwọ South Africa na-agụ akwụkwọ na India, mgbe ọ na-amụ ọgwụ na Sophia College for Women na Bombay. N'ide n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya banyere ndụ ya mgbe agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị, ọ na-ekwu maka nnukwu ezinụlọ di ya na atụmanya ọdịnala site n'aka nwunye nwa nke ezinụlọ ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha. Ọ bụ ezie na Reg ga-anọgide na ya n'oge ọgụ ya, ọtụtụ ihe omume ya n'ime oge a mere ka Jana chọọ ịgba alụkwaghịm. Ọ na-ede na iwu mmachibido iwu ahụ bụ ihe kpatara nnukwu nrụgide na imebi ndụ ya na alụmdi na nwunye ya.<ref name="Jana" /> Alụmdi na nwunye ha biri na ịgba alụkwaghịm na 1989. Otú ọ dị, ọ nọgidere na-enwe aha ikpeazụ.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ lụrụ Reagan Jacobus, onye ọka iwu mere onwe ya, alụmdi na nwunye ahụ dugara na ịgba alụkwaghịm n'etiti afọ ndị 1990.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 2001, ọ kuchiri nwa ya nwanyị Albertina Jana Molefe, onye bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye ahịa na-eme ihe ike, Popo Molefe. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ kuchiri nwa nwanne ya nwoke, Shivesh Sewpal.<ref name=":5" /> Jana nwụrụ na 10 Ọktoba 2020 n'ụlọ nlekọta dị na Pretoria mgbe ọ dị afọ 76. A kọwaghị ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCowell2020">Cowell, Alan (24 November 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html "Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76"]. ''The New York Times''.</cite></ref> Ọ hapụrụ nwa nwanyị, Alberta Jana Molefe, na nwa nwoke, Shivesh Sewpal.<ref name=":2" /> Na nkwupụta, African National Congress, na-adọrọ uche gaa na àjà ya maka mmegide nnwere onwe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, kwuru, "n'oge ọ gaara ahọrọ iji aka ya chụsoo akụ na ụba onwe ya na ọganihu ihe onwunwe. Kama nke ahụ, ọ ghọtara ọrụ ya dị ka oku, ijere ndị South Africa ozi, ọkachasị ndị ogbenye na ndị na-enweghị ike. "<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=The New Indian Express|archivedate=16 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016223839/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html "Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away"]. ''The New Indian Express''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201016223839/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html Archived] from the original on 16 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Barbara|title=Fighting For Mandela - The Explosive Autobiography of The Woman Who Helped to Destroy Apartheid|date=2016|publisher=Metro Publishing|isbn=978-1-78606-064-8}}  == Ihe odide == {{DEFAULTSORT:Jana, Priscilla}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tioxumvciyicgoq2ao5cfr8uqk5fkg7 672455 672232 2026-07-04T19:56:16Z Ebube Clara 43871 Fixed reference error 672455 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal Jana''' (5 Disemba 1943 – 10 Ọktoba 2020) bụ onye ọka iwu ruuru mmadụ, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nnọchi anya mba South Africa. Dị ka onye otu African National Congress (ANC) n'oge ngagharị iwe apartheid, o sonye na mmemme n'iwu yana n'okpuru ala iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọ nọchitere anya ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na mmegharị ahụ, gụnyere onye isi ala South Africa [[Nelson Mandela]], Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, Steve Biko, Govan Mbeki, Walter Sisulu na Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]]. Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị South Africa ole na ole nwere ohere ịnweta ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere Mandela, n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island kacha nchekwa, ma jee ozi dị ka onye ozi maka ozi koodu n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị isi ANC.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Priscilla Jana obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|work=The Guardian|date=2020-11-05|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=en-GB|author=Pat Devereaux}}</ref> Mgbalị Jana mere mere ka ọ nọrọ ná mmanye ime ihe ike na n'ikpeazụ nye iwu mmachibido iwu. Mgbe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru ezu na South Africa bịarutere, ọ ghọrọ onye omebe iwu wee bụrụ onye otu nzuko omeiwu na ANC n'etiti 1994 na 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya gọọmentị South Africa na Netherlands na Ireland, bụrụkwa onye kọmishọna na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị South Africa. South Africa Human Rights Commission. Ọ bụ onye so na kọmitii ikpe ziri ezi bụ onye na-ahụ maka mwepụta nke South Africa Truth and Reconciliation Commission. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal na 5 Disemba 1943, na Westville, Natal (nke a na-akpọ kwaZulu-Natal ugbu a) n'akụkụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Durban.[1][2] Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ atọ nke Hansrani Sewpal na Hansraj Sewpal. Nne na nna Jana bụ ndị India kwabatara n'etiti klaasị ebe nna ya bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.[3] Aka nna ya na-ama ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ọha mmadụ sitere na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ruo na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ndị India, bụ mmetụta mbụ na ya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Devikarani Priscilla Jana {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=www.sahistory.org.za|archivedate=7 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207041905/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana}}</ref> O buru ụzọ sonye na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Pietermaritzburg, ebe ọ haziri njem njem dị ka akụkụ nke mpụ nduku mba na 1958 na-emegide mmeso nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.[1] [2] Ọ malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Durban na 1960 wee gaa India na agụmakwụkwọ gọọmentị India ka ọ mụọ ọgwụ na Sophia College for Women in Bombay (ugbu a Mumbai). Mgbe ọ laghachiri na South Africa, ọ malitere nzere bachelọ nke iwu na Mahadum South Africa (UNISA) na 1974, mana gafere na Mahadum Mahadum maka ndị India na Salisbury Island, Durban, ebe ọ bụ naanị nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị na klas ahụ. [3] Ọchụso ọ nweta akara ugo mmụta iwu megidere ọchịchọ mbụ nke nne na nna ya bụ́ ndị chọrọ ka ọ bụrụ dibịa kama. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}</ref> O tolitere n'oge mgbe agbataobi, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze niile, bụ nke agbụrụ agbụrụ kewara. N'ịbụ onye na-ede na ncheta ya, Ịlụ ọgụ maka Mandela, ọ na-echeta nzukọ ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide apartheid Steve Biko mgbe ọ dị afọ 26 nke nyere aka mee ka echiche nke njirimara dị n'uche ya sie ike. Nzukọ ahụ, ọ na-ekwu, nyere aka mee ka o doo anya n'uche ya na onye "ekwesịghị ịbụ onye Africa iji kpọọ onwe gị onye ojii." Echiche ahụ nyeere ya aka ịchọta ịdị n'otu n'ìgwè. Ọ na-ede, sị, "Achọtala m ịdị n'otu. N'ikpeazụ, amaara m ebe m nọ.<ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ == === Afọ ndị mbụ === Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1974, ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke Ismail Ayob, onye ọka iwu sitere na India. Ndị ahịa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, gụnyere [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1977, ọ gara njem mbụ ya n'ime ọtụtụ njem gaa Robben Island izute Mandela. Ọ ga-emecha dee, "N'otu oge m nọchitere anya onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla nọ na Robben Island".<ref name=":2" /> N'ileta Mandela na Robben Island na 1977 dị ka onye ọka iwu chọrọ mbinye aka ya, Jana ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ makụrụ Mandela n'ime afọ 13 nke mkpọrọ.<ref name=":5" /> N'oge ahụ, ọbụna nwunye Mandela Winnie Madikizela-Mandela nwere ike ịhụ ya naanị site na panel iko.<ref name=":5" /> Jana ghọrọ onye ọka iwu nke Mandela na ohere ya nyere ya ohere iziga ozi nzuzo site na nzukọ ANC na Mandela, mgbe ọ na-eme ihe ọchị ma na-akwa emo.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}</ref> Dị ka otu n'ime ndị South Africa ole na ole nwere ike ịnweta Mandela n'oge a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'àgwàetiti ahụ, ọ weghachikwara ozi nzuzo site na Mandela na ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ na ndị ndu ANC, gụnyere Onye isi ala Oliver Tambo.<ref name=":6" /> Dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ, ọ nọchitere anya ndị otu nnọchiteanya nke Soweto Students, megide obi ọjọọ nke steeti, na-esote 1976 Soweto Uprising.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'otu n'ime ikpe ya dị elu site n'oge a, ọ gbachitere onye na-eme ihe ike dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ na onye otu UMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) , Solomon Mahlangu, onye mechara maa ikpe n'okpuru Iwu iyi ọha egwu, 1967 maka igbu ndị ọcha abụọ. A mara Mahlangu ikpe ọnwụ ma mesịa kwụgbuo ya, n'ihi iwu ndị a na-ahụkarị na-ekpe ikpe na-emetụta ya dị ka mpụ ahụ n'onwe ya. Ikpe ahụ kpatara iwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ na-akwado Mahlangu ịhụ ya n'abalị tupu e gbuo ya, wee lọta na-ebu ozi iji gaa n'ihu na ọgụ maka nnwere onwe. Ozi ikpeazụ ọ na-eziga site na ya gara n'ihu bụrụ mkpu maka ndị na-akwado ya, "Gwa ndị m na m hụrụ ha n'anya. Ha ga-aga n'ihu na ọgụ ahụ. Ọbara m ga-azụ osisi na-amị mkpụrụ nke nnwere onwe. "<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> N'afọ 1979, Jana meghere ọrụ iwu nke ya, na-elekwasị anya na nnwere onwe obodo na ikpe ndị ruuru mmadụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Shoba|first=Sandisiwe|date=11 October 2020|title=Obituary 1943–2020: In memory of human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-11-in-memory-of-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-1943-2020/|accessdate=11 October 2020|work=Daily Maverick|language=en|archivedate=13 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013200940/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-11-in-memory-of-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-1943-2020/}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị anya na 1980, e nyere ya iwu machibidoro iwu n'okpuru Iwu Mmachibido Iwu Kọmunist, 1950 ruo afọ ise, na-etinye ya iwu n'otu ntabi anya ma na-egbochi ya izute naanị otu onye, yana igbochi okwu ihu ọha ya.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /> N'oge a, Jana sonyekwara n'òtù nzuzo nke African National Congress, UMkhonto we Sizwe, nke onye ga-abụ onye isi ala South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, si [[London]], duziri, onye Jana na-agakwuru.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Mandela must be turning in his grave' – Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-04-24-mandela-must-be-turning-in-his-grave-priscilla-jana/|accessdate=28 November 2020|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA|archivedate=10 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210125355/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-04-24-mandela-must-be-turning-in-his-grave-priscilla-jana/}}</ref><ref name=":6" />Ndị otu ahụ nwere Jackie Selebi, Beyers Naudé, na Cedric Mayson.<ref name=":6" /> === Ịgide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ === Site n'ọrụ ya, Jana nọchitere anya ọtụtụ ndị isi na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, gụnyere onye isi South Africa Nelson Mandela, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, Steve Biko, Ebrahim Ebrahim, Ahmed Kathrada, Solomon Mahlangu, Govan Mbeki, Walter Sisulu, na Archbishop Desmond Tutu..<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Hassen|first=Fakir|date=11 October 2020|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-124541003.html|accessdate=11 October 2020|work=Yahoo! News|language=en-IN|archivedate=14 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014045810/https://in.news.yahoo.com/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-124541003.html}}</ref> Ọ malitere site n'ịnọchite anya Nelson Mandela na Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dị ka onye ọka iwu ha n'etiti 1970s. Ọ matara di na nwunye ahụ mgbe Mandela nọ na-eje ozi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island.[1] Nke a bụ n'otu oge ahụ nwụchiri Madikizela-Mandela ma kpọchie ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya tupu ebuga ya na obodo ndị isi ojii kewapụrụ na Orange Free State. Iwu metụtara agbụrụ n'oge ahụ pụtara na dị ka onye India, a ekweghị ka Jana nọrọ n'abalị ka ọ na-eleta onye ahịa ya.[1] Ọ gara n'ihu na-ejikọta ya na Madikizela-Mandela ka a tọhapụrụ ya na Brandfort wee malite ịrịọ ndị na-eme mkpesa na ndị na-eto eto bụ ndị weere ụdị mkpesa ọzọ na-emegide ndị ọchịchị.<ref name=":2" /> N'otu oge ahụ, Jana wepụrụ onwe ya mgbe a mara Madikizela-Mandela ikpe ịga mkpọrọ maka ịtọrọ nwata nwoke, Stompie Moeketsi, na-ekwu na omume a emeela ka ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ banye n'okwu a ma bụrụ ndị e merụrụ n'ime usoro ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwusi okwu a na Mandela mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. O gosikwara akụkụ nke ya mgbe ọ katọrọ Mandela maka ịgbaghara ndị bụbu ndị na-emegide ya mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref name=":2" /> Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị lekwasịrị Jana anya n'etiti afọ 1980, ebe a tụrụ ụlọ ya bọmbụ na mwakpo Molotov cocktail. A na-awakpo ọfịs ya site n'oge ruo n'oge, na faịlụ na akwụkwọ na-agbakarị na mgbalị iji menye ya egwu. Ma, omume ndị a egbochighị ya. Ọ kpọọrọ onye ahịa Popo Molefe na nwa nwanyị nwunye ya Phinda Molefe, Albertina, mgbe nne ya hapụrụ ya n'ọfịs Jana na obi nkoropụ. <ref name="Jana" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị, na 2001, Jana kuchiri Albertina.<ref name=":5" /> Jana nọchitekwara anya onye na-ede uri Benjamin Moloise, onye a mara ikpe ọnwụ site n'ịkwụgbu ya maka igbu onye uwe ojii na 1982. Mgbalị ya enyerela aka ịhazi uche zuru ụwa ọnụ na oku ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka òtù na gọọmentị zuru ụwa ọnụ rịọrọ gọọmentị South Africa n'oge ahụ ka ha nye ebere. Jana nọ na nne Moloise meworo agadi n'oge nche na 1985 mgbe ndị agha gbara ụlọ Moloise mepere emepe gburugburu ma na-agba mmiri.<ref name="Poet's Mother Is Target">{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=Poet's Mother Is Target|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/18/world/poet-s-mother-is-target.html|work=The New York Times|date=18 October 1985}}</ref> Gọọmentị South Africa jụrụ arịrịọ mbụ ya maka ikpe ikpe ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=PRETORIA REFUSES POET A NEW TRIAL|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/16/world/pretoria-refuses-poet-a-new-trial.html|work=The New York Times|date=16 October 1985}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=SCATTERED UNREST IN SOUTH AFRICA|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/19/world/scattered-unrest-in-south-africa.html|work=The New York Times|date=19 August 1985}}</ref> E gburu Moloise n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1985, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ. <ref name="Poet's Mother Is Target" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Says|first=Mehadihasan|title=ExecutedToday.com » 1985: Benjamin Moloise, revolutionary poet|url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2011/10/18/1985-benjamin-moloise-revolutionary-poet/|accessdate=28 November 2020|language=en|archivedate=29 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129104324/https://www.executedtoday.com/2011/10/18/1985-benjamin-moloise-revolutionary-poet/}}</ref> Na-anọchite anya Govan Mbeki, onye bụbu onye isi oche mba nke African National Congress, Jana nyere aka mee ka a tọhapụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island na 1987, mgbe ọ nọsịrị afọ 23 nke ikpe ndụ. Ntọhapụ nke onye dị afọ 77 bịara na mgbochi siri ike gụnyere ókèala ala maka ya ka ọ nọrọ n'ime mpaghara Port Elizabeth. A na-ewere ntọhapụ a dị ka "ikpe ikpe" maka ntọhapụ nke Nelson Mandela n'otu ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=South Africa Restricts a Freed Dissident|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/12/world/south-africa-restricts-a-freed-dissident.html|work=The New York Times|date=12 December 1987}}</ref> Jana bụkwa akụkụ nke Black Consciousness Movement nke na-emegide òtù iji hụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị iche iche na African National Congress. N'okwu ikpe a ma ama, ọ gara South African Medical and Dental Council na 1984 iji gosipụta na ndị dọkịta abụọ na-elekọta onye na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na onye isi Black Consciousness Movement Steve Biko, mere ihe n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị mgbe Biko nwụrụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 1977.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":8">{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=PRETORIA DOCTOR LOSES HIS LICENSE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/17/world/pretoria-doctor-loses-his-license.html|work=The New York Times|date=17 October 1985}}</ref> Ikpe ahụ mechara chọpụta na ndị dọkịta ọcha abụọ ahụ nwere ikpe n'afọ 1985.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":8" />Ọ bụkwa onye na-eme ihe ike nke Democratic Women's Movement, ma kpọọ oku ka a kwụsị ntuli aka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịmepụta iwu ịkpa ókè ọhụrụ, n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1985. N'ị sonye na mkpọsa iji gbochie ntuli aka ahụ, o kwuru, "Onye ọ bụla, onye na-acha ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ onye India, nke na-ekere òkè na iwu ọhụrụ ahụ ga-abụ onye ikpe mara dịka ndị na-eme mpụ a megide ndị mmadụ. Onye na-ekerechi bụ onye sabo. "<ref>{{Cite journal|id={{ProQuest|1304058711}}|author=Mbeki|first=Thabo|title=The Struggle Inside South Africa|journal=Africa Report|volume=30|issue=1|date=1985}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> N'oge a, Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe ike n'iwu na-alụ ọgụ megide ikpe obodo na nke ikike mmadụ gafee mba ahụ iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma webata ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mba ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> N'oge ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka iwu hụrụ ọrụ ha n'ime usoro iwu, Jana na-agakarị n'ịbụ onye na-ahụkarị maka iwu. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na ikpe ndị ruuru mmadụ, a ga-ahụ ya ka ọ na-arụrụ ndị na-eme ihe ike n'okpuru ala n'abalị n'ụzọ ime ihe ike iji lụso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọgụ, gụnyere ibu [[AK-47|AK-47s]] na buutu nke ụgbọ ala ya site na Soweto n'aha onye ahịa n'okpuru, iji gbochie nnweta ha. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge a, ọ bụkwa onye otu Black People's Convention na Anti-Constitutional Committee na Federation of Transvaal Women . <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Tributes pour in for the 'people's lawyer' Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana|accessdate=28 November 2020|work=www.sahrc.org.za|language=en-gb|archivedate=9 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209094536/https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana}}</ref> === Afọ ndị sochirinụ === Site na ọbịbịa nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na African National Congress (ANC) nọ n'ọchịchị na 1994, Jana sonyeere dị ka Onye omeiwu ANC, ma jee ozi dị ka onye otu ndị omeiwu n'etiti afọ 1994 na 1999.<ref name=":3" /> Ọ nọchitere anya Krugersdorp . <ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 1997|title=ANC Constituency Offices|url=http://www.anc.org.za/lists/conoff.html|accessdate=1 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970708143021/http://www.anc.org.za/lists/conoff.html|archivedate=8 July 1997}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu South African Law Commission, na onye otu Kọmitii ndụmọdụ onye isi ala.<ref name=":4" /> Ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii ikpe ziri ezi nke na-ahụ maka mwepụta nke Truth and Reconciliation Commission . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Jana bụkwa onye nyere aka na Millennium Africa Recovery Programme (MAP) nke Onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki, nke na-anọchite anya atụmatụ pan-African iji mee ka Africa nwee ọganihu na uto na-adịgide adịgide, yana omume iji kpochapụ ịda ogbenye. N'ide akwụkwọ akpọrọ African Renaissance and the Millennium Action Plan, Jana kọwara usoro ahụ dị ka ijikọ ihe onwunwe Africa, gafee ngwakọta nke mineral na ihe onwunwa, ọdịiche dị iche iche, ọdịbendị, na ihe onyinyo mmadụ, iji nye ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe nke kọntinent dum.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bongmba|first=Elias K.|title=Reflections on Thabo Mbekis African Renaissance|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|date=2004|volume=30|issue=2|pages=291–316|doi=10.1080/0305707042000215374}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hensbroek|first=Pieter Boele van|title=African Renaissance and Ubuntu|date=2002|url=https://hdl.handle.net/11370/73b9756a-8f77-4f5d-a8d7-88a83042062b}}</ref> Ọ gakwara n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya South Africa na Netherlands site na 2001 ruo 2005 nakwa dị ka onye isi ala na Ireland site na 2006 ruo 2011, na-eje ije ozi dị ka ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mba na mba ruo afọ itoolu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=10 October 2020|title=Human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana has died|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-dies-20201010|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=News24|language=en|archivedate=11 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011184540/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-dies-20201010}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye kọmishọna na osote onyeisi oche nke South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) na 2017. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":7" /> Ọ bụ onye natara ihe nrite ndụ ya niile na Woza Awards na 2017, ihe nrite e guzobere iji mata ma mata ụmụ nwanyị na òtù iwu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=The New Indian Express|archivedate=16 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016223839/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Jana (nke bụ Sewpal n'oge ahụ) zutere di ya Reg Jana, onye bụ nwa akwụkwọ South Africa na-agụ akwụkwọ na India, mgbe ọ na-amụ ọgwụ na Sophia College for Women na Bombay. N'ide n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya banyere ndụ ya mgbe agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị, ọ na-ekwu maka nnukwu ezinụlọ di ya na atụmanya ọdịnala site n'aka nwunye nwa nke ezinụlọ ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha. Ọ bụ ezie na Reg ga-anọgide na ya n'oge ọgụ ya, ọtụtụ ihe omume ya n'ime oge a mere ka Jana chọọ ịgba alụkwaghịm. Ọ na-ede na iwu mmachibido iwu ahụ bụ ihe kpatara nnukwu nrụgide na imebi ndụ ya na alụmdi na nwunye ya.<ref name="Jana" /> Alụmdi na nwunye ha biri na ịgba alụkwaghịm na 1989. Otú ọ dị, ọ nọgidere na-enwe aha ikpeazụ.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ lụrụ Reagan Jacobus, onye ọka iwu mere onwe ya, alụmdi na nwunye ahụ dugara na ịgba alụkwaghịm n'etiti afọ ndị 1990.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 2001, ọ kuchiri nwa ya nwanyị Albertina Jana Molefe, onye bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye ahịa na-eme ihe ike, Popo Molefe. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ kuchiri nwa nwanne ya nwoke, Shivesh Sewpal.<ref name=":5" /> Jana nwụrụ na 10 Ọktoba 2020 n'ụlọ nlekọta dị na Pretoria mgbe ọ dị afọ 76. A kọwaghị ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCowell2020">Cowell, Alan (24 November 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html "Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76"]. ''The New York Times''.</cite></ref> Ọ hapụrụ nwa nwanyị, Alberta Jana Molefe, na nwa nwoke, Shivesh Sewpal.<ref name=":2" /> Na nkwupụta, African National Congress, na-adọrọ uche gaa na àjà ya maka mmegide nnwere onwe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, kwuru, "n'oge ọ gaara ahọrọ iji aka ya chụsoo akụ na ụba onwe ya na ọganihu ihe onwunwe. Kama nke ahụ, ọ ghọtara ọrụ ya dị ka oku, ijere ndị South Africa ozi, ọkachasị ndị ogbenye na ndị na-enweghị ike. "<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=The New Indian Express|archivedate=16 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016223839/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html "Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away"]. ''The New Indian Express''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201016223839/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html Archived] from the original on 16 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Barbara|title=Fighting For Mandela - The Explosive Autobiography of The Woman Who Helped to Destroy Apartheid|date=2016|publisher=Metro Publishing|isbn=978-1-78606-064-8}}  == Ihe odide == {{DEFAULTSORT:Jana, Priscilla}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] tjjlukbghmr6ayk9oihy1l1y6qfs3lz 672457 672455 2026-07-04T20:00:10Z Ebube Clara 43871 672457 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal Jana''' (5 Disemba 1943 – 10 Ọktoba 2020) bụ onye ọka iwu ruuru mmadụ, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye nnọchi anya mba South Africa. Dị ka onye otu African National Congress (ANC) n'oge ngagharị iwe apartheid, o sonye na mmemme n'iwu yana n'okpuru ala iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ọ nọchitere anya ọtụtụ ndị ama ama na mmegharị ahụ, gụnyere onye isi ala South Africa [[Nelson Mandela]], Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, Steve Biko, Govan Mbeki, Walter Sisulu na Archbishop [[Desmond Tutu]]. Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị South Africa ole na ole nwere ohere ịnweta ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, gụnyere Mandela, n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island kacha nchekwa, ma jee ozi dị ka onye ozi maka ozi koodu n'etiti ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị isi ANC.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Priscilla Jana obituary|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|work=The Guardian|date=2020-11-05|accessdate=2026-05-16|language=en-GB|author=Pat Devereaux}}</ref> Mgbalị Jana mere mere ka ọ nọrọ ná mmanye ime ihe ike na n'ikpeazụ nye iwu mmachibido iwu. Mgbe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya zuru ezu na South Africa bịarutere, ọ ghọrọ onye omebe iwu wee bụrụ onye otu nzuko omeiwu na ANC n'etiti 1994 na 1999. Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya gọọmentị South Africa na Netherlands na Ireland, bụrụkwa onye kọmishọna na ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị South Africa. South Africa Human Rights Commission. Ọ bụ onye so na kọmitii ikpe ziri ezi bụ onye na-ahụ maka mwepụta nke South Africa Truth and Reconciliation Commission. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Devikarani Priscilla Sewpal na 5 Disemba 1943, na Westville, Natal (nke a na-akpọ kwaZulu-Natal ugbu a) n'akụkụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Durban.[1][2] Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ atọ nke Hansrani Sewpal na Hansraj Sewpal. Nne na nna Jana bụ ndị India kwabatara n'etiti klaasị ebe nna ya bụ onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.[3] Aka nna ya na-ama ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ọha mmadụ sitere na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ruo na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke ndị India, bụ mmetụta mbụ na ya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Devikarani Priscilla Jana {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=www.sahistory.org.za|archivedate=7 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207041905/https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/devikarani-priscilla-jana}}</ref> O buru ụzọ sonye na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Pietermaritzburg, ebe ọ haziri njem njem dị ka akụkụ nke mpụ nduku mba na 1958 na-emegide mmeso nke ndị ọrụ ugbo ojii.[1] [2] Ọ malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Durban na 1960 wee gaa India na agụmakwụkwọ gọọmentị India ka ọ mụọ ọgwụ na Sophia College for Women in Bombay (ugbu a Mumbai). Mgbe ọ laghachiri na South Africa, ọ malitere nzere bachelọ nke iwu na Mahadum South Africa (UNISA) na 1974, mana gafere na Mahadum Mahadum maka ndị India na Salisbury Island, Durban, ebe ọ bụ naanị nwa akwụkwọ nwanyị na klas ahụ. [3] Ọchụso ọ nweta akara ugo mmụta iwu megidere ọchịchọ mbụ nke nne na nna ya bụ́ ndị chọrọ ka ọ bụrụ dibịa kama. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}</ref> O tolitere n'oge mgbe agbataobi, ụlọ akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze niile, bụ nke agbụrụ agbụrụ kewara. N'ịbụ onye na-ede na ncheta ya, Ịlụ ọgụ maka Mandela, ọ na-echeta nzukọ ya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide apartheid Steve Biko mgbe ọ dị afọ 26 nke nyere aka mee ka echiche nke njirimara dị n'uche ya sie ike. Nzukọ ahụ, ọ na-ekwu, nyere aka mee ka o doo anya n'uche ya na onye "ekwesịghị ịbụ onye Africa iji kpọọ onwe gị onye ojii." Echiche ahụ nyeere ya aka ịchọta ịdị n'otu n'ìgwè. Ọ na-ede, sị, "Achọtala m ịdị n'otu. N'ikpeazụ, amaara m ebe m nọ.<ref name=":2" /> == Ọrụ == === Afọ ndị mbụ === Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1974, ọ sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ iwu nke Ismail Ayob, onye ọka iwu sitere na India. Ndị ahịa ụlọ ọrụ ahụ gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, gụnyere [[Nelson Mandela]].<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 1977, ọ gara njem mbụ ya n'ime ọtụtụ njem gaa Robben Island izute Mandela. Ọ ga-emecha dee, "N'otu oge m nọchitere anya onye mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọ bụla nọ na Robben Island".<ref name=":2" /> N'ileta Mandela na Robben Island na 1977 dị ka onye ọka iwu chọrọ mbinye aka ya, Jana ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ makụrụ Mandela n'ime afọ 13 nke mkpọrọ.<ref name=":5" /> N'oge ahụ, ọbụna nwunye Mandela Winnie Madikizela-Mandela nwere ike ịhụ ya naanị site na panel iko.<ref name=":5" /> Jana ghọrọ onye ọka iwu nke Mandela na ohere ya nyere ya ohere iziga ozi nzuzo site na nzukọ ANC na Mandela, mgbe ọ na-eme ihe ọchị ma na-akwa emo.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}</ref> Dị ka otu n'ime ndị South Africa ole na ole nwere ike ịnweta Mandela n'oge a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ n'àgwàetiti ahụ, ọ weghachikwara ozi nzuzo site na Mandela na ndị mkpọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ na ndị ndu ANC, gụnyere Onye isi ala Oliver Tambo.<ref name=":6" /> Dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ, ọ nọchitere anya ndị otu nnọchiteanya nke Soweto Students, megide obi ọjọọ nke steeti, na-esote 1976 Soweto Uprising.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'otu n'ime ikpe ya dị elu site n'oge a, ọ gbachitere onye na-eme ihe ike dị afọ iri abụọ na abụọ na onye otu UMkhonto we Sizwe (MK) , Solomon Mahlangu, onye mechara maa ikpe n'okpuru Iwu iyi ọha egwu, 1967 maka igbu ndị ọcha abụọ. A mara Mahlangu ikpe ọnwụ ma mesịa kwụgbuo ya, n'ihi iwu ndị a na-ahụkarị na-ekpe ikpe na-emetụta ya dị ka mpụ ahụ n'onwe ya. Ikpe ahụ kpatara iwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị ikpeazụ na-akwado Mahlangu ịhụ ya n'abalị tupu e gbuo ya, wee lọta na-ebu ozi iji gaa n'ihu na ọgụ maka nnwere onwe. Ozi ikpeazụ ọ na-eziga site na ya gara n'ihu bụrụ mkpu maka ndị na-akwado ya, "Gwa ndị m na m hụrụ ha n'anya. Ha ga-aga n'ihu na ọgụ ahụ. Ọbara m ga-azụ osisi na-amị mkpụrụ nke nnwere onwe. "<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5" /> N'afọ 1979, Jana meghere ọrụ iwu nke ya, na-elekwasị anya na nnwere onwe obodo na ikpe ndị ruuru mmadụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Shoba|first=Sandisiwe|date=11 October 2020|title=Obituary 1943–2020: In memory of human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-11-in-memory-of-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-1943-2020/|accessdate=11 October 2020|work=Daily Maverick|language=en|archivedate=13 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201013200940/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-10-11-in-memory-of-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-1943-2020/}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị anya na 1980, e nyere ya iwu machibidoro iwu n'okpuru Iwu Mmachibido Iwu Kọmunist, 1950 ruo afọ ise, na-etinye ya iwu n'otu ntabi anya ma na-egbochi ya izute naanị otu onye, yana igbochi okwu ihu ọha ya.<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":2" /> N'oge a, Jana sonyekwara n'òtù nzuzo nke African National Congress, UMkhonto we Sizwe, nke onye ga-abụ onye isi ala South Africa, Thabo Mbeki, si [[London]], duziri, onye Jana na-agakwuru.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Mandela must be turning in his grave' – Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-04-24-mandela-must-be-turning-in-his-grave-priscilla-jana/|accessdate=28 November 2020|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA|archivedate=10 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210125355/https://www.timeslive.co.za/sunday-times/opinion-and-analysis/2016-04-24-mandela-must-be-turning-in-his-grave-priscilla-jana/}}</ref><ref name=":6" />Ndị otu ahụ nwere Jackie Selebi, Beyers Naudé, na Cedric Mayson.<ref name=":6" /> === Ịgide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ === Site n'ọrụ ya, Jana nọchitere anya ọtụtụ ndị isi na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, gụnyere onye isi South Africa Nelson Mandela, Winnie Madikizela-Mandela, Steve Biko, Ebrahim Ebrahim, Ahmed Kathrada, Solomon Mahlangu, Govan Mbeki, Walter Sisulu, na Archbishop Desmond Tutu..<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Hassen|first=Fakir|date=11 October 2020|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://in.news.yahoo.com/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-124541003.html|accessdate=11 October 2020|work=Yahoo! News|language=en-IN|archivedate=14 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201014045810/https://in.news.yahoo.com/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-124541003.html}}</ref> Ọ malitere site n'ịnọchite anya Nelson Mandela na Winnie Madikizela-Mandela dị ka onye ọka iwu ha n'etiti 1970s. Ọ matara di na nwunye ahụ mgbe Mandela nọ na-eje ozi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island.[1] Nke a bụ n'otu oge ahụ nwụchiri Madikizela-Mandela ma kpọchie ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ naanị ya tupu ebuga ya na obodo ndị isi ojii kewapụrụ na Orange Free State. Iwu metụtara agbụrụ n'oge ahụ pụtara na dị ka onye India, a ekweghị ka Jana nọrọ n'abalị ka ọ na-eleta onye ahịa ya.[1] Ọ gara n'ihu na-ejikọta ya na Madikizela-Mandela ka a tọhapụrụ ya na Brandfort wee malite ịrịọ ndị na-eme mkpesa na ndị na-eto eto bụ ndị weere ụdị mkpesa ọzọ na-emegide ndị ọchịchị.<ref name=":2" /> N'otu oge ahụ, Jana wepụrụ onwe ya mgbe a mara Madikizela-Mandela ikpe ịga mkpọrọ maka ịtọrọ nwata nwoke, Stompie Moeketsi, na-ekwu na omume a emeela ka ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ banye n'okwu a ma bụrụ ndị e merụrụ n'ime usoro ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwusi okwu a na Mandela mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ. O gosikwara akụkụ nke ya mgbe ọ katọrọ Mandela maka ịgbaghara ndị bụbu ndị na-emegide ya mgbe a tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref name=":2" /> Ndị ọrụ gọọmentị lekwasịrị Jana anya n'etiti afọ 1980, ebe a tụrụ ụlọ ya bọmbụ na mwakpo Molotov cocktail. A na-awakpo ọfịs ya site n'oge ruo n'oge, na faịlụ na akwụkwọ na-agbakarị na mgbalị iji menye ya egwu. Ma, omume ndị a egbochighị ya. Ọ kpọọrọ onye ahịa Popo Molefe na nwa nwanyị nwunye ya Phinda Molefe, Albertina, mgbe nne ya hapụrụ ya n'ọfịs Jana na obi nkoropụ. <ref name="Jana" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọtụtụ afọ ka e mesịrị, na 2001, Jana kuchiri Albertina.<ref name=":5" /> Jana nọchitekwara anya onye na-ede uri Benjamin Moloise, onye a mara ikpe ọnwụ site n'ịkwụgbu ya maka igbu onye uwe ojii na 1982. Mgbalị ya enyerela aka ịhazi uche zuru ụwa ọnụ na oku ndị ọzọ sitere n'aka òtù na gọọmentị zuru ụwa ọnụ rịọrọ gọọmentị South Africa n'oge ahụ ka ha nye ebere. Jana nọ na nne Moloise meworo agadi n'oge nche na 1985 mgbe ndị agha gbara ụlọ Moloise mepere emepe gburugburu ma na-agba mmiri.<ref name="Poet's Mother Is Target">{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=Poet's Mother Is Target|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/18/world/poet-s-mother-is-target.html|work=The New York Times|date=18 October 1985}}</ref> Gọọmentị South Africa jụrụ arịrịọ mbụ ya maka ikpe ikpe ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=PRETORIA REFUSES POET A NEW TRIAL|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/16/world/pretoria-refuses-poet-a-new-trial.html|work=The New York Times|date=16 October 1985}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=SCATTERED UNREST IN SOUTH AFRICA|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/08/19/world/scattered-unrest-in-south-africa.html|work=The New York Times|date=19 August 1985}}</ref> E gburu Moloise n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1985, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri atọ. <ref name="Poet's Mother Is Target" /> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Says|first=Mehadihasan|title=ExecutedToday.com » 1985: Benjamin Moloise, revolutionary poet|url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2011/10/18/1985-benjamin-moloise-revolutionary-poet/|accessdate=28 November 2020|language=en|archivedate=29 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129104324/https://www.executedtoday.com/2011/10/18/1985-benjamin-moloise-revolutionary-poet/}}</ref> Na-anọchite anya Govan Mbeki, onye bụbu onye isi oche mba nke African National Congress, Jana nyere aka mee ka a tọhapụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Robben Island na 1987, mgbe ọ nọsịrị afọ 23 nke ikpe ndụ. Ntọhapụ nke onye dị afọ 77 bịara na mgbochi siri ike gụnyere ókèala ala maka ya ka ọ nọrọ n'ime mpaghara Port Elizabeth. A na-ewere ntọhapụ a dị ka "ikpe ikpe" maka ntọhapụ nke Nelson Mandela n'otu ụlọ mkpọrọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=South Africa Restricts a Freed Dissident|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/12/world/south-africa-restricts-a-freed-dissident.html|work=The New York Times|date=12 December 1987}}</ref> Jana bụkwa akụkụ nke Black Consciousness Movement nke na-emegide òtù iji hụ na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ dị iche iche na African National Congress. N'okwu ikpe a ma ama, ọ gara South African Medical and Dental Council na 1984 iji gosipụta na ndị dọkịta abụọ na-elekọta onye na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na onye isi Black Consciousness Movement Steve Biko, mere ihe n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị mgbe Biko nwụrụ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na 1977.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":8">{{Cite news|author=Rule|first=Sheila|title=PRETORIA DOCTOR LOSES HIS LICENSE|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/10/17/world/pretoria-doctor-loses-his-license.html|work=The New York Times|date=17 October 1985}}</ref> Ikpe ahụ mechara chọpụta na ndị dọkịta ọcha abụọ ahụ nwere ikpe n'afọ 1985.<ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":8" />Ọ bụkwa onye na-eme ihe ike nke Democratic Women's Movement, ma kpọọ oku ka a kwụsị ntuli aka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịmepụta iwu ịkpa ókè ọhụrụ, n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1985. N'ị sonye na mkpọsa iji gbochie ntuli aka ahụ, o kwuru, "Onye ọ bụla, onye na-acha ọbara ọbara ma ọ bụ onye India, nke na-ekere òkè na iwu ọhụrụ ahụ ga-abụ onye ikpe mara dịka ndị na-eme mpụ a megide ndị mmadụ. Onye na-ekerechi bụ onye sabo. "<ref>{{Cite journal|id={{ProQuest|1304058711}}|author=Mbeki|first=Thabo|title=The Struggle Inside South Africa|journal=Africa Report|volume=30|issue=1|date=1985}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> N'oge a, Jana bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe ike n'iwu na-alụ ọgụ megide ikpe obodo na nke ikike mmadụ gafee mba ahụ iji kwụsị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ma webata ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na mba ahụ.<ref name=":2" /> N'oge ọtụtụ ndị na-ahụ maka iwu hụrụ ọrụ ha n'ime usoro iwu, Jana na-agakarị n'ịbụ onye na-ahụkarị maka iwu. Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na ikpe ndị ruuru mmadụ, a ga-ahụ ya ka ọ na-arụrụ ndị na-eme ihe ike n'okpuru ala n'abalị n'ụzọ ime ihe ike iji lụso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọgụ, gụnyere ibu [[AK-47|AK-47s]] na buutu nke ụgbọ ala ya site na Soweto n'aha onye ahịa n'okpuru, iji gbochie nnweta ha. <ref name=":2" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> N'oge a, ọ bụkwa onye otu Black People's Convention na Anti-Constitutional Committee na Federation of Transvaal Women . <ref name=":7">{{Cite web|title=Tributes pour in for the 'people's lawyer' Priscilla Jana|url=https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana|accessdate=28 November 2020|work=www.sahrc.org.za|language=en-gb|archivedate=9 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209094536/https://www.sahrc.org.za/index.php/sahrc-media/news/item/2480-tributes-pour-in-for-the-people-s-lawyer-priscilla-jana}}</ref> === Afọ ndị sochirinụ === Site na ọbịbịa nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya na African National Congress (ANC) nọ n'ọchịchị na 1994, Jana sonyeere dị ka Onye omeiwu ANC, ma jee ozi dị ka onye otu ndị omeiwu n'etiti afọ 1994 na 1999.<ref name=":3" /> Ọ nọchitere anya Krugersdorp . <ref>{{Cite web|date=8 July 1997|title=ANC Constituency Offices|url=http://www.anc.org.za/lists/conoff.html|accessdate=1 December 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19970708143021/http://www.anc.org.za/lists/conoff.html|archivedate=8 July 1997}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa onye otu South African Law Commission, na onye otu Kọmitii ndụmọdụ onye isi ala.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=Renowned Indian-origin South African human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana passes away|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=The New Indian Express|archivedate=16 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201016223839/https://www.newindianexpress.com/world/2020/oct/11/renowned-indian-origin-south-african-human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-passes-away-2208906.html}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye otu kọmitii ikpe ziri ezi nke na-ahụ maka mwepụta nke Truth and Reconciliation Commission . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Jana bụkwa onye nyere aka na Millennium Africa Recovery Programme (MAP) nke Onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki, nke na-anọchite anya atụmatụ pan-African iji mee ka Africa nwee ọganihu na uto na-adịgide adịgide, yana omume iji kpochapụ ịda ogbenye. N'ide akwụkwọ akpọrọ African Renaissance and the Millennium Action Plan, Jana kọwara usoro ahụ dị ka ijikọ ihe onwunwe Africa, gafee ngwakọta nke mineral na ihe onwunwa, ọdịiche dị iche iche, ọdịbendị, na ihe onyinyo mmadụ, iji nye ihe mgbaru ọsọ mmepe nke kọntinent dum.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bongmba|first=Elias K.|title=Reflections on Thabo Mbekis African Renaissance|journal=Journal of Southern African Studies|date=2004|volume=30|issue=2|pages=291–316|doi=10.1080/0305707042000215374}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hensbroek|first=Pieter Boele van|title=African Renaissance and Ubuntu|date=2002|url=https://hdl.handle.net/11370/73b9756a-8f77-4f5d-a8d7-88a83042062b}}</ref> Ọ gakwara n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya South Africa na Netherlands site na 2001 ruo 2005 nakwa dị ka onye isi ala na Ireland site na 2006 ruo 2011, na-eje ije ozi dị ka ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta mba na mba ruo afọ itoolu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=10 October 2020|title=Human rights lawyer Priscilla Jana has died|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-dies-20201010|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=News24|language=en|archivedate=11 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201011184540/https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/human-rights-lawyer-priscilla-jana-dies-20201010}}</ref><ref name=":6" /> Ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye kọmishọna na osote onyeisi oche nke South African Human Rights Commission (SAHRC) na 2017. <ref name=":3" /> <ref name=":7" /> Ọ bụ onye natara ihe nrite ndụ ya niile na Woza Awards na 2017, ihe nrite e guzobere iji mata ma mata ụmụ nwanyị na òtù iwu.<ref name=":4" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Jana (nke bụ Sewpal n'oge ahụ) zutere di ya Reg Jana, onye bụ nwa akwụkwọ South Africa na-agụ akwụkwọ na India, mgbe ọ na-amụ ọgwụ na Sophia College for Women na Bombay. N'ide n'akwụkwọ ncheta ya banyere ndụ ya mgbe agbamakwụkwọ ya gasịrị, ọ na-ekwu maka nnukwu ezinụlọ di ya na atụmanya ọdịnala site n'aka nwunye nwa nke ezinụlọ ahụ dị ka ihe kpatara ọdịiche dị n'etiti ha. Ọ bụ ezie na Reg ga-anọgide na ya n'oge ọgụ ya, ọtụtụ ihe omume ya n'ime oge a mere ka Jana chọọ ịgba alụkwaghịm. Ọ na-ede na iwu mmachibido iwu ahụ bụ ihe kpatara nnukwu nrụgide na imebi ndụ ya na alụmdi na nwunye ya.<ref name="Jana" /> Alụmdi na nwunye ha biri na ịgba alụkwaghịm na 1989. Otú ọ dị, ọ nọgidere na-enwe aha ikpeazụ.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=5 November 2020|title=Priscilla Jana obituary {{!}} Pat Devereaux|url=http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary|accessdate=25 November 2020|work=the Guardian|language=en|archivedate=24 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary "Priscilla Jana obituary | Pat Devereaux"]. ''the Guardian''. 5 November 2020. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201124131746/https://www.theguardian.com/global/2020/nov/05/priscilla-jana-obituary Archived] from the original on 24 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ lụrụ Reagan Jacobus, onye ọka iwu mere onwe ya, alụmdi na nwunye ahụ dugara na ịgba alụkwaghịm n'etiti afọ ndị 1990.<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 2001, ọ kuchiri nwa ya nwanyị Albertina Jana Molefe, onye bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye ahịa na-eme ihe ike, Popo Molefe. N'otu oge ahụ, ọ kuchiri nwa nwanne ya nwoke, Shivesh Sewpal.<ref name=":5" /> Jana nwụrụ na 10 Ọktoba 2020 n'ụlọ nlekọta dị na Pretoria mgbe ọ dị afọ 76. A kọwaghị ihe kpatara ọnwụ ya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Cowell|first=Alan|title=Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html|work=The New York Times|date=24 November 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFCowell2020">Cowell, Alan (24 November 2020). [https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/24/world/africa/priscilla-jana-dead.html "Priscilla Jana, Lawyer Who Battled Apartheid, Is Dead at 76"]. ''The New York Times''.</cite></ref> Ọ hapụrụ nwa nwanyị, Alberta Jana Molefe, na nwa nwoke, Shivesh Sewpal.<ref name=":2" /> Na nkwupụta, African National Congress, na-adọrọ uche gaa na àjà ya maka mmegide nnwere onwe ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, kwuru, "n'oge ọ gaara ahọrọ iji aka ya chụsoo akụ na ụba onwe ya na ọganihu ihe onwunwe. Kama nke ahụ, ọ ghọtara ọrụ ya dị ka oku, ijere ndị South Africa ozi, ọkachasị ndị ogbenye na ndị na-enweghị ike. "<ref name=":4" /> == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Jones|first=Barbara|title=Fighting For Mandela - The Explosive Autobiography of The Woman Who Helped to Destroy Apartheid|date=2016|publisher=Metro Publishing|isbn=978-1-78606-064-8}}  == Ihe odide == {{DEFAULTSORT:Jana, Priscilla}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n3qcj1i10f2l04japx7uko05u6242r6 0 56344 672303 201071 2026-07-04T13:59:20Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Middle Belt''' (nke a na-akpọkwa '''Middle-Belt''') ma ọ bụ '''Central Nigeria''' bụ okwu a na-eji eme ihe na Ndịda ala mmadụ iji kọwaa mpaghara belt na-agbasa n'etiti etiti Nigeria ma na-emepụta mpaghara mgbanwe n'etiti Northern na Southern Naijiria. Ọ mejupụtara ọkara ndịda nke Northern Region nke Nigeria, [1] nwere ugbu a nke ukwuu na North Central na akụkụ nke North East na North West geopolitical zones, na e ji mara ya enweghị a doro anya ọtụtụ agbụrụ. Ọ bụkwa ebe Federal Capital Territory Naijiria dị. Ọkachamara nke otu nta dị iche iche, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, bụ ihe mgbochi nke asụsụ agbụrụ na mba ahụ wee weta nkewa n'etiti ndị Alakụba bụ isi na North na ndịda ndịda nke Ndị Kraịst.[1]. Mpaghara a bụ njikọta nke ngalaba ọdịnala ndị a ma na-edobe oke dị iche iche nke asụsụ ethno. A na-asụ asụsụ Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, na Niger–Congo, nke bụ atọ n'ime ezinaụlọ ndị bụ isi asụsụ Africa.[2] N'afọ 1920, Melzian kọwara ya (1928:496) dị ka " Mpaghara etiti"<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Melzian|first=H.|date=1928|title=Review: [Untitled]|journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute|volume=1|issue=4|pages=495–496|doi=10.2307/1155920|accessdate=December 16, 2020|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1155920}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu na kama ịkọwa ala dị mfe, Middle Belt na-anọchite anya ngwakọta okpukpe na ọdịbendị nke Ndị Kraịst na-abụghị ndị Hausa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Olaitan|first=Toba|date=2020-06-13|title=Why Nigeria’s North central region can’t be renamed “Middle Belt”|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/why-nigerias-north-central-region-cant-be-renamed-middle-belt/|accessdate=2023-04-06|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref>   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Another editor has added this concept. It needs development as a prose section. I've included it in the intro for summary purposes. (April 2023)">further explanation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Nchịkọta == Banyere ihe Middle-Belt gụnyere, ndị otu atọ kachasị elu nke mgba Middle-Beltern nwere nke a ikwu dị ka ewepụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ pan-Middle-Beltern, New Vision na Disemba 2000:   Onye nta akụkọ ochie ahụ, Chief Bayo Joseph, Media Consultant na onyeisi oche, Editorial Board of the New Vision, n'akụkụ nke ya sị:   Na ọkụ ọzọ, Onesimus Enesi gbakwunyere na:   Nkọwa nke mpaghara Middle Belt na-enwe nnukwu arụmụka n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke agbụrụ Hausa, Fulani, Kanuri na Igbo dị. Na mgbakwunye, ndị Yoruba bụ ndị agbụrụ kachasị na Kwara na Kogi nwere mmekọrịta siri ike na ahụ ndị Yoruba buru ibu ma na-ahọrọkarị ka ha ghara ijikọ ya na njirimara Middle Belt. == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == === Ógbè ndị ahụ === Steeti nke Naịjirịa nke a na-akpọkarị nke Middle Belt bụ: Plateau ochie (nke bụ Plateau na [[Ȯra Nasarawa|Nasarawa]] ugbu a), Gongola ochie (nke a bụ [[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa]] na [[Ȯra Taraba|Taraba]] ugbu a), [[Ȯra Niger|Niger]], [[Ȯra Kwara|Kwara]], [[Ȯra Kogi|Kogi]], Benue, Federal Capital Territory, n'akụkụ Southern Kaduna, Southern [[Ȯra Bauchi|Bauchi]], Southern [[Ȯra Kebbi|Kebbi]], Southern [[Ȯra Gombe|Gombe]], Southern Yobe State na Southern [[Ȯra Borno|Borno]], niile n'ọdịbendị dị ka akụkụ nke Middle Belt.<ref name="OW">{{Cite book|title=Operation World: A day-to-day guide to praying for the world|author=Johnson|first=Patrick|publisher=OM Publishing and WEC Publications|date=1978|edition=4th|isbn=1-85078-007-2|pages=327–328}}</ref><ref name="MB"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/06/28/nigeria-rising-toll-middle-belt-violence|title=Nigeria: Rising Toll of Middle-Belt Violence|date=June 28, 2018|accessdate=July 13, 2020}}</ref> === Ọgba aghara maka mpaghara === Agụụ maka imepụta mpaghara Middle Belt na Naijiria bụ ihe na-agba ọkụ, dịka ọbụna otu dị ka United Middle-Belt Youth Congress (UMYC) na-achọ ka e wepụta amata dị iche na "North" site n'ichepụta mpaghara Middle Belt dịka otu gọọmenti etiti n'ime Naịjirị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/12/were-not-northerners-middle-belt-youths/amp/|title=We’re not northerners- Middle-Belt youths|author=Akinferon, Dapo|date=December 9, 2011|publisher=Vanguard.ng|accessdate=August 3, 2023}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == Onu ogugu nke Middle Belt dika nke 1991, bu ihe dika nde 17.3 mana ugbua buru amuma ihe kariri nde mmadu iri anọ na ise bi na mpaghara etiti etiti, ya na ndi otu ndi Kristain bu 65%, ndi Muslim bi 25% na ndi Animist nke 10% nke onu ogugu.<ref name="OW">{{Cite book|title=Operation World: A day-to-day guide to praying for the world|author=Johnson|first=Patrick|publisher=OM Publishing and WEC Publications|date=1978|edition=4th|isbn=1-85078-007-2|pages=327–328}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFJohnson1978">Johnson, Patrick (1978). </cite></ref> === Ìgwè ndị na-asụ asụsụ === Middle Belt nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ na-asụ ihe karịrị asụsụ 230. Ọ dịghị agbụrụ na-achị achị, ma n'etiti ndị buru ibu ruo na 1991 bụ: Tiv 5.1 nde, Nupe 1.8 nde.[1] Ndị otu na-akwado dịka CONAECDA nọchitere anya agbụrụ ndị a.<ref name="BlenchAtlas">{{Cite book|title=An Atlas of Nigerian Languages|author=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2020|url=http://rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/Nigeria/Atlas%20of%20Nigerian%20Languages%202020.pdf|location=Cambridge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Research on the Plateau languages of Central Nigeria|first=Roger|author=Blench|volume=93|date=2020-12-31|doi=10.15460/auue.2020.93.1.209|journal=Afrika und Übersee|pages=3–44}}</ref> === Esemokwu agbụrụ na okpukpe === Ndị ka nta na Naịjirịa na-abụkarị ndị agbụrụ atọ kachasị ukwuu, [[Ndi Haụsa|Ndị Hausa]] nke North, ndị [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] nke Southwest na ndị [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] nke South East. N'ịbụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme dịgasị iche iche nke okpukpe, akụ na ụba, na ọdịbendị gbara gburugburu, Middle Belt abụwo ite na-agbaze ebe obere na nnukwu agbụrụ na-ekpe okpukpe na Naịjirịa adịte aka, mana ebe ha na-esokwawanye na ala, akụ, njirimara na ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/nigeria/07812.pdf|title=The Jos Crisis: A Recurrent Nigerian Tragedy|author=Higazi|first=Adam|date=January 2011|journal=Working Paper|accessdate=19 October 2015|issue=2|pages=3–6}}</ref> Ihe si na ya pụta bụ ngwakọta nke esemokwu na-aga n'ihu na ịdị n'otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ịdị n"otu n'etiti ndị a dị iche iche. Ihe atụ maka nke ikpeazụ a bụ United Middle Belt Congress nke pụtara mgbe Naịjirịa nweere onwe ya na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|Britain]] na 1960. Karịsịa, obodo [[Jos]] dị na Plateau Steeti abụwo ebe esemokwu agbụrụ na okpukpe na ime ihe ike kemgbe afọ 1990.Usoro mkparịta ụka nke Jos Forum Inter-Communal dịruru ọnwa 16 site n'August 2013 - Disemba 2014, ma na-ezo aka na usoro udo nke obodo ndị bi na Jos mere nke kwubiri na "Nkwupụta Nkwenye na Udo". Na 2018 ime ihe ike rịrị elu, na agha maka ụkọ akụrụngwa na-eduga ihe karịrị ọnwụ 500 na ibibi obodo 50. Ọgbaghara a bụ nke kacha n'etiti ndị Fulani na-achị ehi na ndị ụka berom nke Ndị Kraịst. Ihe karịrị mmadụ 300,000 ka ime ihe ike a chụpụla. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/25/world/africa/nigeria-herders-farmers.html?module=WatchingPortal&region=c-column-middle-span-region&pgType=Homepage&action=click&mediaId=thumb_square&state=standard&contentPlacement=9&version=internal&contentCollection=www.nytimes.com&contentId=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/25/world/africa/nigeria-herders-farmers.html&eventName=Watching-article-click|title=Nigeria's Farmers and Herders Fight a Deadly Battle for Scarce Resources|accessdate=2018-06-27|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Nsogbu Zangon Kataf na 1992]] * [[Nkwado ọrụ ugbo n'ebe ugwu Naịjirịa]] * CONAECDA, otu na-anọchite anya agbụrụ ndị obodo na Middle Belt * Omenala nke Northern Nigeria * Mgbukpọ agbụrụ nke Southern Kaduna == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2021. Ịrụzigharị ọha mmadụ n'etiti Naịjirịa tupu afọ 1800. E gosipụtara ya na 12 June 2021. 25gtpjvb1pbn7kevuhsgf9b8sbkkxmc 672308 672303 2026-07-04T14:00:27Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Middle Belt''' (nke a na-akpọkwa '''Middle-Belt''') ma ọ bụ '''Central Nigeria''' bụ okwu a na-eji eme ihe na Ndịda ala mmadụ iji kọwaa mpaghara belt na-agbasa n'etiti etiti Nigeria ma na-emepụta mpaghara mgbanwe n'etiti Northern na Southern Naijiria. Ọ mejupụtara ọkara ndịda nke Northern Region nke Nigeria, [1] nwere ugbu a nke ukwuu na North Central na akụkụ nke North East na North West geopolitical zones, na e ji mara ya enweghị a doro anya ọtụtụ agbụrụ. Ọ bụkwa ebe Federal Capital Territory Naijiria dị. Ọkachamara nke otu nta dị iche iche, ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, bụ ihe mgbochi nke asụsụ agbụrụ na mba ahụ wee weta nkewa n'etiti ndị Alakụba bụ isi na North na ndịda ndịda nke Ndị Kraịst.[1]. Mpaghara a bụ njikọta nke ngalaba ọdịnala ndị a ma na-edobe oke dị iche iche nke asụsụ ethno. A na-asụ asụsụ Afro-Asiatic, Nilo-Saharan, na Niger–Congo, nke bụ atọ n'ime ezinaụlọ ndị bụ isi asụsụ Africa.[2] N'afọ 1920, Melzian kọwara ya (1928:496) dị ka " Mpaghara etiti"<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Melzian|first=H.|date=1928|title=Review: [Untitled]|journal=Africa: Journal of the International African Institute|volume=1|issue=4|pages=495–496|doi=10.2307/1155920|accessdate=December 16, 2020|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1155920}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-ekwu na kama ịkọwa ala dị mfe, Middle Belt na-anọchite anya ngwakọta okpukpe na ọdịbendị nke Ndị Kraịst na-abụghị ndị Hausa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Olaitan|first=Toba|date=2020-06-13|title=Why Nigeria’s North central region can’t be renamed “Middle Belt”|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/why-nigerias-north-central-region-cant-be-renamed-middle-belt/|accessdate=2023-04-06|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref>   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Another editor has added this concept. It needs development as a prose section. I've included it in the intro for summary purposes. (April 2023)">further explanation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Nchịkọta == Banyere ihe Middle-Belt gụnyere, ndị otu atọ kachasị elu nke mgba Middle-Beltern nwere nke a ikwu dị ka ewepụtara na akwụkwọ akụkọ pan-Middle-Beltern, New Vision na Disemba 2000:   Onye nta akụkọ ochie ahụ, Chief Bayo Joseph, Media Consultant na onyeisi oche, Editorial Board of the New Vision, n'akụkụ nke ya sị:   Na ọkụ ọzọ, Onesimus Enesi gbakwunyere na:   Nkọwa nke mpaghara Middle Belt na-enwe nnukwu arụmụka n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke agbụrụ Hausa, Fulani, Kanuri na Igbo dị. Na mgbakwunye, ndị Yoruba bụ ndị agbụrụ kachasị na Kwara na Kogi nwere mmekọrịta siri ike na ahụ ndị Yoruba buru ibu ma na-ahọrọkarị ka ha ghara ijikọ ya na njirimara Middle Belt. == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == === Ógbè ndị ahụ === Steeti nke Naịjirịa nke a na-akpọkarị nke Middle Belt bụ: Plateau ochie (nke bụ Plateau na [[Ȯra Nasarawa|Nasarawa]] ugbu a), Gongola ochie (nke a bụ [[Ȯra Adamawa|Adamawa]] na [[Ȯra Taraba|Taraba]] ugbu a), [[Ȯra Niger|Niger]], [[Ȯra Kwara|Kwara]], [[Ȯra Kogi|Kogi]], Benue, Federal Capital Territory, n'akụkụ Southern Kaduna, Southern [[Ȯra Bauchi|Bauchi]], Southern [[Ȯra Kebbi|Kebbi]], Southern [[Ȯra Gombe|Gombe]], Southern Yobe State na Southern [[Ȯra Borno|Borno]], niile n'ọdịbendị dị ka akụkụ nke Middle Belt.<ref name="OW">{{Cite book|title=Operation World: A day-to-day guide to praying for the world|author=Johnson|first=Patrick|publisher=OM Publishing and WEC Publications|date=1978|edition=4th|isbn=1-85078-007-2|pages=327–328}}</ref><ref name="MB"> {{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/06/28/nigeria-rising-toll-middle-belt-violence|title=Nigeria: Rising Toll of Middle-Belt Violence|date=June 28, 2018|accessdate=July 13, 2020}}</ref> === Ọgba aghara maka mpaghara === Agụụ maka imepụta mpaghara Middle Belt na Naijiria bụ ihe na-agba ọkụ, dịka ọbụna otu dị ka United Middle-Belt Youth Congress (UMYC) na-achọ ka e wepụta amata dị iche na "North" site n'ichepụta mpaghara Middle Belt dịka otu gọọmenti etiti n'ime Naịjirị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/12/were-not-northerners-middle-belt-youths/amp/|title=We’re not northerners- Middle-Belt youths|author=Akinferon, Dapo|date=December 9, 2011|publisher=Vanguard.ng|accessdate=August 3, 2023}}</ref> == Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ == Onu ogugu nke Middle Belt dika nke 1991, bu ihe dika nde 17.3 mana ugbua buru amuma ihe kariri nde mmadu iri anọ na ise bi na mpaghara etiti etiti, ya na ndi otu ndi Kristain bu 65%, ndi Muslim bi 25% na ndi Animist nke 10% nke onu ogugu.<ref name="OW" /> === Ìgwè ndị na-asụ asụsụ === Middle Belt nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ na-asụ ihe karịrị asụsụ 230. Ọ dịghị agbụrụ na-achị achị, ma n'etiti ndị buru ibu ruo na 1991 bụ: Tiv 5.1 nde, Nupe 1.8 nde.[1] Ndị otu na-akwado dịka CONAECDA nọchitere anya agbụrụ ndị a.<ref name="BlenchAtlas">{{Cite book|title=An Atlas of Nigerian Languages|author=Blench|first=Roger|publisher=Kay Williamson Educational Foundation|year=2020|url=http://rogerblench.info/Language/Africa/Nigeria/Atlas%20of%20Nigerian%20Languages%202020.pdf|location=Cambridge}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Research on the Plateau languages of Central Nigeria|first=Roger|author=Blench|volume=93|date=2020-12-31|doi=10.15460/auue.2020.93.1.209|journal=Afrika und Übersee|pages=3–44}}</ref> === Esemokwu agbụrụ na okpukpe === Ndị ka nta na Naịjirịa na-abụkarị ndị agbụrụ atọ kachasị ukwuu, [[Ndi Haụsa|Ndị Hausa]] nke North, ndị [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]] nke Southwest na ndị [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] nke South East. N'ịbụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme dịgasị iche iche nke okpukpe, akụ na ụba, na ọdịbendị gbara gburugburu, Middle Belt abụwo ite na-agbaze ebe obere na nnukwu agbụrụ na-ekpe okpukpe na Naịjirịa adịte aka, mana ebe ha na-esokwawanye na ala, akụ, njirimara na ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|url=http://library.fes.de/pdf-files/bueros/nigeria/07812.pdf|title=The Jos Crisis: A Recurrent Nigerian Tragedy|author=Higazi|first=Adam|date=January 2011|journal=Working Paper|accessdate=19 October 2015|issue=2|pages=3–6}}</ref> Ihe si na ya pụta bụ ngwakọta nke esemokwu na-aga n'ihu na ịdị n'otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ịdị n"otu n'etiti ndị a dị iche iche. Ihe atụ maka nke ikpeazụ a bụ United Middle Belt Congress nke pụtara mgbe Naịjirịa nweere onwe ya na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|Britain]] na 1960. Karịsịa, obodo [[Jos]] dị na Plateau Steeti abụwo ebe esemokwu agbụrụ na okpukpe na ime ihe ike kemgbe afọ 1990.Usoro mkparịta ụka nke Jos Forum Inter-Communal dịruru ọnwa 16 site n'August 2013 - Disemba 2014, ma na-ezo aka na usoro udo nke obodo ndị bi na Jos mere nke kwubiri na "Nkwupụta Nkwenye na Udo". Na 2018 ime ihe ike rịrị elu, na agha maka ụkọ akụrụngwa na-eduga ihe karịrị ọnwụ 500 na ibibi obodo 50. Ọgbaghara a bụ nke kacha n'etiti ndị Fulani na-achị ehi na ndị ụka berom nke Ndị Kraịst. Ihe karịrị mmadụ 300,000 ka ime ihe ike a chụpụla. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/25/world/africa/nigeria-herders-farmers.html?module=WatchingPortal&region=c-column-middle-span-region&pgType=Homepage&action=click&mediaId=thumb_square&state=standard&contentPlacement=9&version=internal&contentCollection=www.nytimes.com&contentId=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/25/world/africa/nigeria-herders-farmers.html&eventName=Watching-article-click|title=Nigeria's Farmers and Herders Fight a Deadly Battle for Scarce Resources|accessdate=2018-06-27|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Nsogbu Zangon Kataf na 1992]] * [[Nkwado ọrụ ugbo n'ebe ugwu Naịjirịa]] * CONAECDA, otu na-anọchite anya agbụrụ ndị obodo na Middle Belt * Omenala nke Northern Nigeria * Mgbukpọ agbụrụ nke Southern Kaduna == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] 2021. Ịrụzigharị ọha mmadụ n'etiti Naịjirịa tupu afọ 1800. E gosipụtara ya na 12 June 2021. hfxjy690e05424bcw1smb6kzf8iltby 0 56655 672243 201503 2026-07-04T13:33:39Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Na mgbasa ozi */ Fixed reference error 672243 wikitext text/x-wiki ihe iku maka ndị anwụ anwụ ihe ,ụrọ imetụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ aka, ndị gbara ha gburugburu na ihe ọ ela ọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ. == Iwu megide ịkpọ aha ndị nwụrụ anwụ == Ihe na-achọrọ ndị ọzọ aha ndị nwụrụ anwụ bụ ụdị okwu ebe aha onye nwụrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na okwu ọ mgbasa ozi ọzọ yiri ya na ọrụ, nwere ike ọ nwughari .  Ndị mmadụ na-ahụ ya n'elu nke ụwa, ndị ụmụ amaala nke ugwu Australia, [1] Siberia, Southern India, Sahara, Subsaharan Africa, na ihe nkiri. === Mba Mbụ nke Australia === Dị ka akụkụ nke ememe olili ozu, ụfọdụ ọdịbendị ndị Aborigine na Central Australia, Arnhem Land na Cape York Peninsula machibidoro onye ọ bụla ikwu aha mmadụ n'oge iru uju mgbe ha nwụsịrị. Oge iru uju dịgasị iche dabere na afọ na ọnọdụ nke onye nwụrụ anwụ, site na ọnwa ole na ole n'ihe gbasara nwa ọhụrụ ruo afọ anọ n'ihe banyere onye ndu ma ọ bụ onye iwu a ma ama.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Stewart|first=Cameron|date=13 July 2013|title=Naming taboo often ignored in breaking news|pages=16|work=[[The Weekend Australian]]}}</ref> N'oge iru uju, enwere ike ịkpọ onye ahụ n'ụzọ na-agagharị agagharị (dịka, "nwanyi ochie ahụ"), site na Aha ikwu, site na aha nnọchi anya dịka ''Kuminjay'', ma ọ bụ naanị aha ezinụlọ ha.<ref name="McGrath">{{Cite journal|author=McGrath|first=Pam|title=Australian findings on Aboriginal cultural practices associated with clothing, hair, possessions and use of name of deceased persons|journal=International Journal of Nursing Practice|date=2008|volume=14|issue=1|pages=57–66|doi=10.1111/j.1440-172X.2007.00667.x|pmid=18190485}}</ref> N'ọdịbendị ụfọdụ, iwu ahụ na-agbasa na iji aha onye nwụrụ anwụ mee ihe n'ịtụ ọ clala, ederede mgbe ọ na-ezo aka na ndị ọzọ, ebe, ihe na echiche nwere aha yiri ya.[1]  Nke a nwere ike inwe ike ogologo oge na ahụ, dịka a na-eji okwu ndị yiri nke onye nwụrụ anwụ anya okwu ndị yiri ya ma ọ bụ okwu ndị a gbazitere.[2]  Onye ọkà iwere bụ Bob Dixon chere na nke a ga-eme ka a ọchịchị okwu dị ka ama ka oge na-aga iji usoro ntụnyere na ọrụ [1] - ọ bụ na a na-arụ ụka.. Ethnologist Philip Jones na-ekwu na ndị na-agbaso iwu a kwenyere na mmụọ nke onye nwụrụ anwụ " nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ, na-egbu egbu, ajọ omume na ihe ọjọọ" ma a ghaghị ịgba ya ume ịlaghachi na isi iyi ya n'ala mmụọ. Ikwu okwu aha onye nwụrụ anwụ bụ itinye onwe ya n'ihe ize ndụ ịkpọghachi mmụọ ahụ n'ụwa n'ezie, ebe ọ nwere ike ịkpata mbibi. N'ime narị afọ gara aga, nkwenkwe ndị a agbanweela - maka obodo ụfọdụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala - ịgụnye ederede, foto na ihe nkiri yana okwu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Stewart|first=Cameron|date=13 July 2013|title=Naming taboo often ignored in breaking news|pages=16|work=[[The Weekend Australian]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFStewart2013">Stewart, Cameron (13 July 2013). "Naming taboo often ignored in breaking news". ''[[The Weekend Australian]]''. p.&nbsp;16.</cite></ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Flood|first=Josephine|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71089055|title=The original Australians : story of the Aboriginal people|date=2006|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=1-74114-872-3|location=Crows Nest, N.S.W.|pages=155–157|oclc=71089055}}</ref> ==== Na mgbasa ozi ==== Ọ bụ ebe ahụ ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na òtù ndị ọzọ na-anwa Celsiusnyere ọdịnala ndị a, ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe anya n'ịbụ onye ebe ọbụbụ ahụ bụመዛ.  O mmetụta ike isi ike ma aha onye Aborigine a na-enye ya bụ ihe a ndekọ iwu.  ለምሳሌ, mgbe onye egwu Yolŋu a ma bụ Gurrumul Yunupingu nwụrụ na Julaị 2017, medozi mbụ jiri aha mbụ ya mee ihe tupu a mụrụ ya ka ọ bụrụ "Yunupingu".<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Stewart|first=Cameron|date=13 July 2013|title=Naming taboo often ignored in breaking news|pages=16|work=[[The Weekend Australian]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFStewart2013">Stewart, Cameron (13 July 2013). "Naming taboo often ignored in breaking news". ''[[The Weekend Australian]]''. p.&nbsp;16.</cite></ref> Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Australia na-eji mkpuchi mkpuchi na-adọ ndị Aborigine na ndị Torres Strait Islanders aka ná ntị banyere ihe nwere ike ịnwe foto na olu nke ndị dị otú ahụ nwụrụ anwụ, ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-eleghara itinye iwu ahụ n'ọrụ n'etiti obodo ndị Aborigine nakwa oge mkparị n'oge iru uju anya.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">{{Cite web|date=8 October 2015|title=ABC Indigenous Content|url=https://edpols.abc.net.au/guidance/abc-indigenous-content/|work=ABC Editorial Policies|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> ==== N'ịgwọ ọrịa ==== McGrath na Phillips na-ekwu na "mmetụta ọdịbendị na nkwanye ùgwù, tinyere ihe ọmụma nke ọdịnala na omume gbasara ọnwụ na ọnwụ, dị oke mkpa n'ịkwurịta okwu na ndị Aboriginal" n'ọnọdụ ahụike. Ọ bụ ezie na ha kọrọ na aha aha a na-akpọkarị n'etiti ndị Aboriginal nke Northern Territory, enwere nnukwu ọdịiche n'otú ezinụlọ si etinye ha n'ọrụ.[10] == Iwu na-akwadoghị na ndị nwụrụ anwụ == N'Okpukpe ndị Juu, imetụ ozu aka na-eme ka mmadụ bụrụ onye na-adịghị ọcha, si otú a ghara ike n' nssọ ahụ ruo mgbe a sachara ya site na ntụ nke Nwa ehi na-acha ngwaọrụ.[1]  gosiri a nwere ike iketa ọ bụghị naanị site na mmetụ ahụ na ndị nwụrụ anwụ, site na mmeta na-iche (ahụ mmetụ na onye metụrụ ozu aka) ma ọ bụ site na ike n'iche ma ọ bụ ụlọ nwere ozu.  Dị ka ehi na-acha ọkụ adịghị ugbu a, Halakha na-ewere ndị Juu niile dị ka ndị na- ọcha ọcha n'ememe okwukwe Ugwu ndị nsọ.  Kohanim (ndị ndú ndị Juu) na-agbakwu mbọ, a akụkọ ha ị ị anya na-emetụta ndị nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ na-agagharị na nso nke ili.  A na-eme ihe ndị ọzọ maka ndị ikwu Kohen asaa kacha nso anwụ anwụ (nna, nne, nwanne nwoke, nwanne nwoke na-alụ di, nwa nwoke, nwa nwoke, ma ọ bụ onyinye). == Mmalite na ihe kpatara ya == Wilhelm Wundt akwụkwọ iwu ahụ na egwu na obi nwoke ahụ iku iku ike ike.[1]  Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ ikpe na-egosi ibu iro megide ndị nwụrụ anwụ na anụ ha dị ka ndị agha.[2]  Edward Westermarck kwuru na "A na-ewere ọnwụ dị ka ihe njọ n'ime ihe niile; ya mere, a na ndị nwụrụ anwụ anwụ agbọgọ na ọta ha [...]hụ dị otú ahụ na-eme ka mmetụta obi nwee mmegwara na iwe. Ọ na-enwere ndị dị ndụ anyaụfụ ma na-achọsi nke enyi ochie ya ike.. " Nkọwa Sigmund Freud maka tabos ndị na-anwụ anwụ, na-agbasawanye site na ndị agha Wundt na Westermarck, bụ na egwu nke nchegbu nke ike onye nwụrụ anwụ bụ ihe nke echiche a na-edozighị ikike nke nwere n'oge ndụ, na ikpe nke na-emetụta onye nwụrụ anwụ.  Egwu a, nye Freud, bụ maka ememe ndị e mere iji mee ka ike dị anya ma ọ bụ ịchụpụ ya, [1] na iwu ahụ ka dị ruo mgbe ozu onye ahụ nwụrụ kpamkpam kpamkpam.. == Hụkwa == * ''De mortuis nil nisi bonum'' - ihe a machibidoro iwu ikwu okwu ọjọọ banyere ndị nwụrụ anwụ * Aha a machibidoro iwu * Aha ọzọ * Aha a na-akpọ ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị * Ọmụmụ ihe * [[Mmụọ na-abọ ọbọ]] == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist|2}} == Ihe odide == * {{Cite journal|author=Alpher, Barry|year=1991|title=Lexical Replacement and Cognate Equilibrium in Australia|journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics|volume=19|issue=1|pages=5–56|doi=10.1080/07268609908599573}} * {{Cite book|author=Dixon, R. M. W.|year=2002|title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Developments|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47378-1|authorlink=R. M. W. Dixon}} * {{Cite journal|author=Evans, Nicholas|date=June 2005|title=Australian Languages Reconsidered: A Review of Dixon (2002)|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=44|issue=1|pages=242–286|doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0020}} * {{Cite book|author=Freud|first=Sigmund|authorlink=Sigmund Freud|others=trans. Strachey|title=Totem and Taboo:Some Points of Agreement between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics|year=1950|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|location=New York|isbn=978-0-393-00143-3}} * {{Cite book|author=McGregor, William B.|year=2004|title=The Languages of the Kimberley, Western Australia|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-30808-3}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas (2 mpịakọta). London * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mythus und Religion, Teil II (Völkerpsychologie, Band II). Leipzig rd3pptpidl3dcctwp7f20utdah08n62 672269 672243 2026-07-04T13:44:10Z Specialyvonne 56002 672269 wikitext text/x-wiki ihe iku maka ndị anwụ anwụ ihe ,ụrọ imetụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ aka, ndị gbara ha gburugburu na ihe ọ ela ọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ. == Iwu megide ịkpọ aha ndị nwụrụ anwụ == Ihe na-achọrọ ndị ọzọ aha ndị nwụrụ anwụ bụ ụdị okwu ebe aha onye nwụrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na okwu ọ mgbasa ozi ọzọ yiri ya na ọrụ, nwere ike ọ nwughari .  Ndị mmadụ na-ahụ ya n'elu nke ụwa, ndị ụmụ amaala nke ugwu Australia, [1] Siberia, Southern India, Sahara, Subsaharan Africa, na ihe nkiri. === Mba Mbụ nke Australia === Dị ka akụkụ nke ememe olili ozu, ụfọdụ ọdịbendị ndị Aborigine na Central Australia, Arnhem Land na Cape York Peninsula machibidoro onye ọ bụla ikwu aha mmadụ n'oge iru uju mgbe ha nwụsịrị. Oge iru uju dịgasị iche dabere na afọ na ọnọdụ nke onye nwụrụ anwụ, site na ọnwa ole na ole n'ihe gbasara nwa ọhụrụ ruo afọ anọ n'ihe banyere onye ndu ma ọ bụ onye iwu a ma ama.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Stewart|first=Cameron|date=13 July 2013|title=Naming taboo often ignored in breaking news|pages=16|work=[[The Weekend Australian]]}}</ref> N'oge iru uju, enwere ike ịkpọ onye ahụ n'ụzọ na-agagharị agagharị (dịka, "nwanyi ochie ahụ"), site na Aha ikwu, site na aha nnọchi anya dịka ''Kuminjay'', ma ọ bụ naanị aha ezinụlọ ha.<ref name="McGrath">{{Cite journal|author=McGrath|first=Pam|title=Australian findings on Aboriginal cultural practices associated with clothing, hair, possessions and use of name of deceased persons|journal=International Journal of Nursing Practice|date=2008|volume=14|issue=1|pages=57–66|doi=10.1111/j.1440-172X.2007.00667.x|pmid=18190485}}</ref> N'ọdịbendị ụfọdụ, iwu ahụ na-agbasa na iji aha onye nwụrụ anwụ mee ihe n'ịtụ ọ clala, ederede mgbe ọ na-ezo aka na ndị ọzọ, ebe, ihe na echiche nwere aha yiri ya.[1]  Nke a nwere ike inwe ike ogologo oge na ahụ, dịka a na-eji okwu ndị yiri nke onye nwụrụ anwụ anya okwu ndị yiri ya ma ọ bụ okwu ndị a gbazitere.[2]  Onye ọkà iwere bụ Bob Dixon chere na nke a ga-eme ka a ọchịchị okwu dị ka ama ka oge na-aga iji usoro ntụnyere na ọrụ [1] - ọ bụ na a na-arụ ụka.. Ethnologist Philip Jones na-ekwu na ndị na-agbaso iwu a kwenyere na mmụọ nke onye nwụrụ anwụ " nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ, na-egbu egbu, ajọ omume na ihe ọjọọ" ma a ghaghị ịgba ya ume ịlaghachi na isi iyi ya n'ala mmụọ. Ikwu okwu aha onye nwụrụ anwụ bụ itinye onwe ya n'ihe ize ndụ ịkpọghachi mmụọ ahụ n'ụwa n'ezie, ebe ọ nwere ike ịkpata mbibi. N'ime narị afọ gara aga, nkwenkwe ndị a agbanweela - maka obodo ụfọdụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala - ịgụnye ederede, foto na ihe nkiri yana okwu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Flood|first=Josephine|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71089055|title=The original Australians : story of the Aboriginal people|date=2006|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=1-74114-872-3|location=Crows Nest, N.S.W.|pages=155–157|oclc=71089055}}</ref> ==== Na mgbasa ozi ==== Ọ bụ ebe ahụ ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na òtù ndị ọzọ na-anwa Celsiusnyere ọdịnala ndị a, ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe anya n'ịbụ onye ebe ọbụbụ ahụ bụመዛ.  O mmetụta ike isi ike ma aha onye Aborigine a na-enye ya bụ ihe a ndekọ iwu.  ለምሳሌ, mgbe onye egwu Yolŋu a ma bụ Gurrumul Yunupingu nwụrụ na Julaị 2017, medozi mbụ jiri aha mbụ ya mee ihe tupu a mụrụ ya ka ọ bụrụ "Yunupingu". Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Australia na-eji mkpuchi mkpuchi na-adọ ndị Aborigine na ndị Torres Strait Islanders aka ná ntị banyere ihe nwere ike ịnwe foto na olu nke ndị dị otú ahụ nwụrụ anwụ, ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-eleghara itinye iwu ahụ n'ọrụ n'etiti obodo ndị Aborigine nakwa oge mkparị n'oge iru uju anya.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">{{Cite web|date=8 October 2015|title=ABC Indigenous Content|url=https://edpols.abc.net.au/guidance/abc-indigenous-content/|work=ABC Editorial Policies|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> ==== N'ịgwọ ọrịa ==== McGrath na Phillips na-ekwu na "mmetụta ọdịbendị na nkwanye ùgwù, tinyere ihe ọmụma nke ọdịnala na omume gbasara ọnwụ na ọnwụ, dị oke mkpa n'ịkwurịta okwu na ndị Aboriginal" n'ọnọdụ ahụike. Ọ bụ ezie na ha kọrọ na aha aha a na-akpọkarị n'etiti ndị Aboriginal nke Northern Territory, enwere nnukwu ọdịiche n'otú ezinụlọ si etinye ha n'ọrụ.[10] == Iwu na-akwadoghị na ndị nwụrụ anwụ == N'Okpukpe ndị Juu, imetụ ozu aka na-eme ka mmadụ bụrụ onye na-adịghị ọcha, si otú a ghara ike n' nssọ ahụ ruo mgbe a sachara ya site na ntụ nke Nwa ehi na-acha ngwaọrụ.[1]  gosiri a nwere ike iketa ọ bụghị naanị site na mmetụ ahụ na ndị nwụrụ anwụ, site na mmeta na-iche (ahụ mmetụ na onye metụrụ ozu aka) ma ọ bụ site na ike n'iche ma ọ bụ ụlọ nwere ozu.  Dị ka ehi na-acha ọkụ adịghị ugbu a, Halakha na-ewere ndị Juu niile dị ka ndị na- ọcha ọcha n'ememe okwukwe Ugwu ndị nsọ.  Kohanim (ndị ndú ndị Juu) na-agbakwu mbọ, a akụkọ ha ị ị anya na-emetụta ndị nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ na-agagharị na nso nke ili.  A na-eme ihe ndị ọzọ maka ndị ikwu Kohen asaa kacha nso anwụ anwụ (nna, nne, nwanne nwoke, nwanne nwoke na-alụ di, nwa nwoke, nwa nwoke, ma ọ bụ onyinye). == Mmalite na ihe kpatara ya == Wilhelm Wundt akwụkwọ iwu ahụ na egwu na obi nwoke ahụ iku iku ike ike.[1]  Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ ikpe na-egosi ibu iro megide ndị nwụrụ anwụ na anụ ha dị ka ndị agha.[2]  Edward Westermarck kwuru na "A na-ewere ọnwụ dị ka ihe njọ n'ime ihe niile; ya mere, a na ndị nwụrụ anwụ anwụ agbọgọ na ọta ha [...]hụ dị otú ahụ na-eme ka mmetụta obi nwee mmegwara na iwe. Ọ na-enwere ndị dị ndụ anyaụfụ ma na-achọsi nke enyi ochie ya ike.. " Nkọwa Sigmund Freud maka tabos ndị na-anwụ anwụ, na-agbasawanye site na ndị agha Wundt na Westermarck, bụ na egwu nke nchegbu nke ike onye nwụrụ anwụ bụ ihe nke echiche a na-edozighị ikike nke nwere n'oge ndụ, na ikpe nke na-emetụta onye nwụrụ anwụ.  Egwu a, nye Freud, bụ maka ememe ndị e mere iji mee ka ike dị anya ma ọ bụ ịchụpụ ya, [1] na iwu ahụ ka dị ruo mgbe ozu onye ahụ nwụrụ kpamkpam kpamkpam.. == Hụkwa == * ''De mortuis nil nisi bonum'' - ihe a machibidoro iwu ikwu okwu ọjọọ banyere ndị nwụrụ anwụ * Aha a machibidoro iwu * Aha ọzọ * Aha a na-akpọ ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị * Ọmụmụ ihe * [[Mmụọ na-abọ ọbọ]] == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist|2}} == Ihe odide == * {{Cite journal|author=Alpher, Barry|year=1991|title=Lexical Replacement and Cognate Equilibrium in Australia|journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics|volume=19|issue=1|pages=5–56|doi=10.1080/07268609908599573}} * {{Cite book|author=Dixon, R. M. W.|year=2002|title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Developments|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47378-1|authorlink=R. M. W. Dixon}} * {{Cite journal|author=Evans, Nicholas|date=June 2005|title=Australian Languages Reconsidered: A Review of Dixon (2002)|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=44|issue=1|pages=242–286|doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0020}} * {{Cite book|author=Freud|first=Sigmund|authorlink=Sigmund Freud|others=trans. Strachey|title=Totem and Taboo:Some Points of Agreement between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics|year=1950|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|location=New York|isbn=978-0-393-00143-3}} * {{Cite book|author=McGregor, William B.|year=2004|title=The Languages of the Kimberley, Western Australia|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-30808-3}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas (2 mpịakọta). London * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mythus und Religion, Teil II (Völkerpsychologie, Band II). Leipzig nq5ok64pfwdrhbplann7trvusja8m78 672273 672269 2026-07-04T13:45:41Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Mba Mbụ nke Australia */ 672273 wikitext text/x-wiki ihe iku maka ndị anwụ anwụ ihe ,ụrọ imetụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ aka, ndị gbara ha gburugburu na ihe ọ ela ọgụ ndị nwụrụ anwụ. == Iwu megide ịkpọ aha ndị nwụrụ anwụ == Ihe na-achọrọ ndị ọzọ aha ndị nwụrụ anwụ bụ ụdị okwu ebe aha onye nwụrụ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, na okwu ọ mgbasa ozi ọzọ yiri ya na ọrụ, nwere ike ọ nwughari .  Ndị mmadụ na-ahụ ya n'elu nke ụwa, ndị ụmụ amaala nke ugwu Australia, [1] Siberia, Southern India, Sahara, Subsaharan Africa, na ihe nkiri. === Mba Mbụ nke Australia === Dị ka akụkụ nke ememe olili ozu, ụfọdụ ọdịbendị ndị Aborigine na Central Australia, Arnhem Land na Cape York Peninsula machibidoro onye ọ bụla ikwu aha mmadụ n'oge iru uju mgbe ha nwụsịrị. Oge iru uju dịgasị iche dabere na afọ na ọnọdụ nke onye nwụrụ anwụ, site na ọnwa ole na ole n'ihe gbasara nwa ọhụrụ ruo afọ anọ n'ihe banyere onye ndu ma ọ bụ onye iwu a ma ama.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Stewart|first=Cameron|date=13 July 2013|title=Naming taboo often ignored in breaking news|pages=16|work=[[The Weekend Australian]]}}</ref> N'oge iru uju, enwere ike ịkpọ onye ahụ n'ụzọ na-agagharị agagharị (dịka, "nwanyi ochie ahụ"), site na Aha ikwu, site na aha nnọchi anya dịka ''Kuminjay'', ma ọ bụ naanị aha ezinụlọ ha.<ref name="McGrath">{{Cite journal|author=McGrath|first=Pam|title=Australian findings on Aboriginal cultural practices associated with clothing, hair, possessions and use of name of deceased persons|journal=International Journal of Nursing Practice|date=2008|volume=14|issue=1|pages=57–66|doi=10.1111/j.1440-172X.2007.00667.x|pmid=18190485}}</ref> N'ọdịbendị ụfọdụ, iwu ahụ na-agbasa na iji aha onye nwụrụ anwụ mee ihe n'ịtụ ọ clala, ederede mgbe ọ na-ezo aka na ndị ọzọ, ebe, ihe na echiche nwere aha yiri ya.[1]  Nke a nwere ike inwe ike ogologo oge na ahụ, dịka a na-eji okwu ndị yiri nke onye nwụrụ anwụ anya okwu ndị yiri ya ma ọ bụ okwu ndị a gbazitere.[2]  Onye ọkà iwere bụ Bob Dixon chere na nke a ga-eme ka a ọchịchị okwu dị ka ama ka oge na-aga iji usoro ntụnyere na ọrụ [1] - ọ bụ na a na-arụ ụka.. Ethnologist Philip Jones na-ekwu na ndị na-agbaso iwu a kwenyere na mmụọ nke onye nwụrụ anwụ " nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ, na-egbu egbu, ajọ omume na ihe ọjọọ" ma a ghaghị ịgba ya ume ịlaghachi na isi iyi ya n'ala mmụọ. Ikwu okwu aha onye nwụrụ anwụ bụ itinye onwe ya n'ihe ize ndụ ịkpọghachi mmụọ ahụ n'ụwa n'ezie, ebe ọ nwere ike ịkpata mbibi. N'ime narị afọ gara aga, nkwenkwe ndị a agbanweela - maka obodo ụfọdụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala - ịgụnye ederede, foto na ihe nkiri yana okwu.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Flood|first=Josephine|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/71089055|title=The original Australians : story of the Aboriginal people|date=2006|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=1-74114-872-3|location=Crows Nest, N.S.W.|pages=155–157|oclc=71089055}}</ref> ==== Na mgbasa ozi ==== Ọ bụ ebe ahụ ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na òtù ndị ọzọ na-anwa Celsiusnyere ọdịnala ndị a, ọ nwere ike ịbụ ihe anya n'ịbụ onye ebe ọbụbụ ahụ bụመዛ.  O mmetụta ike isi ike ma aha onye Aborigine a na-enye ya bụ ihe a ndekọ iwu.  ለምሳሌ, mgbe onye egwu Yolŋu a ma bụ Gurrumul Yunupingu nwụrụ na Julaị 2017, medozi mbụ jiri aha mbụ ya mee ihe tupu a mụrụ ya ka ọ bụrụ "Yunupingu". Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Australia na-eji mkpuchi mkpuchi na-adọ ndị Aborigine na ndị Torres Strait Islanders aka ná ntị banyere ihe nwere ike ịnwe foto na olu nke ndị dị otú ahụ nwụrụ anwụ, ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-eleghara itinye iwu ahụ n'ọrụ n'etiti obodo ndị Aborigine nakwa oge mkparị n'oge iru uju anya.<ref name=":0" /><ref name="Australian Broadcasting Corporation">{{Cite web|date=8 October 2015|title=ABC Indigenous Content|url=https://edpols.abc.net.au/guidance/abc-indigenous-content/|work=ABC Editorial Policies|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> ==== N'ịgwọ ọrịa ==== McGrath na Phillips na-ekwu na "mmetụta ọdịbendị na nkwanye ùgwù, tinyere ihe ọmụma nke ọdịnala na omume gbasara ọnwụ na ọnwụ, dị oke mkpa n'ịkwurịta okwu na ndị Aboriginal" n'ọnọdụ ahụike. Ọ bụ ezie na ha kọrọ na aha aha a na-akpọkarị n'etiti ndị Aboriginal nke Northern Territory, enwere nnukwu ọdịiche n'otú ezinụlọ si etinye ha n'ọrụ.[10] == Iwu na-akwadoghị na ndị nwụrụ anwụ == N'Okpukpe ndị Juu, imetụ ozu aka na-eme ka mmadụ bụrụ onye na-adịghị ọcha, si otú a ghara ike n' nssọ ahụ ruo mgbe a sachara ya site na ntụ nke Nwa ehi na-acha ngwaọrụ.[1]  gosiri a nwere ike iketa ọ bụghị naanị site na mmetụ ahụ na ndị nwụrụ anwụ, site na mmeta na-iche (ahụ mmetụ na onye metụrụ ozu aka) ma ọ bụ site na ike n'iche ma ọ bụ ụlọ nwere ozu.  Dị ka ehi na-acha ọkụ adịghị ugbu a, Halakha na-ewere ndị Juu niile dị ka ndị na- ọcha ọcha n'ememe okwukwe Ugwu ndị nsọ.  Kohanim (ndị ndú ndị Juu) na-agbakwu mbọ, a akụkọ ha ị ị anya na-emetụta ndị nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ na-agagharị na nso nke ili.  A na-eme ihe ndị ọzọ maka ndị ikwu Kohen asaa kacha nso anwụ anwụ (nna, nne, nwanne nwoke, nwanne nwoke na-alụ di, nwa nwoke, nwa nwoke, ma ọ bụ onyinye). == Mmalite na ihe kpatara ya == Wilhelm Wundt akwụkwọ iwu ahụ na egwu na obi nwoke ahụ iku iku ike ike.[1]  Ọzọkwa, ọtụtụ ikpe na-egosi ibu iro megide ndị nwụrụ anwụ na anụ ha dị ka ndị agha.[2]  Edward Westermarck kwuru na "A na-ewere ọnwụ dị ka ihe njọ n'ime ihe niile; ya mere, a na ndị nwụrụ anwụ anwụ agbọgọ na ọta ha [...]hụ dị otú ahụ na-eme ka mmetụta obi nwee mmegwara na iwe. Ọ na-enwere ndị dị ndụ anyaụfụ ma na-achọsi nke enyi ochie ya ike.. " Nkọwa Sigmund Freud maka tabos ndị na-anwụ anwụ, na-agbasawanye site na ndị agha Wundt na Westermarck, bụ na egwu nke nchegbu nke ike onye nwụrụ anwụ bụ ihe nke echiche a na-edozighị ikike nke nwere n'oge ndụ, na ikpe nke na-emetụta onye nwụrụ anwụ.  Egwu a, nye Freud, bụ maka ememe ndị e mere iji mee ka ike dị anya ma ọ bụ ịchụpụ ya, [1] na iwu ahụ ka dị ruo mgbe ozu onye ahụ nwụrụ kpamkpam kpamkpam.. == Hụkwa == * ''De mortuis nil nisi bonum'' - ihe a machibidoro iwu ikwu okwu ọjọọ banyere ndị nwụrụ anwụ * Aha a machibidoro iwu * Aha ọzọ * Aha a na-akpọ ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị * Ọmụmụ ihe * [[Mmụọ na-abọ ọbọ]] == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist|2}} == Ihe odide == * {{Cite journal|author=Alpher, Barry|year=1991|title=Lexical Replacement and Cognate Equilibrium in Australia|journal=Australian Journal of Linguistics|volume=19|issue=1|pages=5–56|doi=10.1080/07268609908599573}} * {{Cite book|author=Dixon, R. M. W.|year=2002|title=Australian Languages: Their Nature and Developments|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-47378-1|authorlink=R. M. W. Dixon}} * {{Cite journal|author=Evans, Nicholas|date=June 2005|title=Australian Languages Reconsidered: A Review of Dixon (2002)|journal=Oceanic Linguistics|volume=44|issue=1|pages=242–286|doi=10.1353/ol.2005.0020}} * {{Cite book|author=Freud|first=Sigmund|authorlink=Sigmund Freud|others=trans. Strachey|title=Totem and Taboo:Some Points of Agreement between the Mental Lives of Savages and Neurotics|year=1950|publisher=W. W. Norton & Company|location=New York|isbn=978-0-393-00143-3}} * {{Cite book|author=McGregor, William B.|year=2004|title=The Languages of the Kimberley, Western Australia|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-30808-3}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas (2 mpịakọta). London * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mythus und Religion, Teil II (Völkerpsychologie, Band II). Leipzig kxwyjwve70p09yl3tu8pteo3wmu56ld 0 56800 672413 515748 2026-07-04T17:32:40Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672413 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tere Marichal, storyteller from Puerto Rico, telling the afro-caribbean folktale of Anansi at Biblioteca Juvenil de Mayagüez during a Multicultural Children's Book Day activity.jpg|thumb|Afro- Caribbean folktale of Anansi performed by storyteller, Tere Marichal]] Akụkọ ọdịnala Caribbean akwụkwọ nke ọdịnala, okpukpe, na mkpa nke mpaghara Caribbean.  Akụkọ ọdịnala Caribbean sitere na ihe mere eme na ime ike, egwu, ịgba ohu, na iche dị iche iche.  N'ụzọ doro anya, dị iche sitere na mgbanwe Africa, Creole, [[Asia]], Indigenous American, European, na Indian gba egbochi na Caribbean iji nkwadebe nke ndị okpukpe mere iche na mpaghara ahụ.[1]  Akụkọ ọdịnala Caribbean nwere ọtụtụ ihe odide dị iche iche na-egosi dị iche iche.  Akụkọ ọdịnala agbanweela site na ịgwakọta okwu ọdịnala, ụka Creole, na ihe ndị ọzọ dị iche na-ahụ ụdịdị ụdị, nke na-egosi "mmụọ" na "mmụọ obi" nke Caribbean.  A na-ekpuchi ọtụtụ isiokwu na omenala Caribbean, ihe nkiri nketa nke, ịdị na-dị iche, na ụdị maka iche iche.  Ndị edemede dị ka Nalo Hopkinson na-eji ihe ndị a eme ihe n'ihe odide ha site n'ịkpa okpukpe ifo na omenala n'ime ha nke oge a. == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == Folklore bụ ọdịbendị ọdịnala, okwu, ịgba egwú, akụkọ, ma ọ bụ ụdị nka nke echekwara n'etiti otu ndị mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-11-25|title=Definition of FOLKLORE|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/folklore|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en}}</ref> Ìgwè dị iche iche nwere akụkọ na akụkọ dị iche iche nke ndị ha. N'iche iche omenala Caribbean, ihe dị odide iche iche mgbawo na- agbanwe n'oge niile site na ndị na-ekwu na nke edere ede, dị ka "Ananse" na "Papa Bois".[1]  N'ime afọ 80 gara aga, ojiji nke okwu ọdịnala na ụka Creole ihe ndị ọzọ gbasara omenala na ojiji nke omenala n'olu agbanweela. Folklore arụwo ọrụ dị ka onye na-eme ka ndị na-enwe ike ike ụdị akwụkwọ ọhụrụ nke iche na Caribbean, akwụkwọ nke ajụjụ obi na-egosi nke mpaghara na ndị ya.[1]  Ọtụtụ Caribbean nwere ihe mere eme nke obodo, Ịgba ohu, eze ndị ọzọ, na ogidi maka akwụkwọ onwe.[2]  Okwu ndị a emeela ka omenala Caribbean nọchite anya akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Caribbean.[3]  mgbaàmà Caribbean nwere ihe mere nke eme dị iche iche ukwu na-eme ihe ike, nke dị iche na ọnọdụ Edenic ya.[4]  Akụkọ ihe mere eme a kpochapụ mkpochapụ nke ụmụ amaala America, ahia ohu nke Africa, na mbata nke ndị ọrụ si China na East [[Ndia|India]].[5]  Ngwakọta iche iche nke iche, aha, na omenala na-enye aka na omenala Caribbean. N'ihi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mpaghara ahụ na ahia ohu nke Africa, akụkọ ọdịnala Caribbean nwere njikọ chiri anya na akụkọ ọdịnala Africa. Ọtụtụ n'ime akụkọ, abụ, ilu, ihe omimi, na nkwenkwe ụgha ndị a na-ahụ n'àgwàetiti ndị Caribbean nwere ike ịlaghachi n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lawrence|first=Leota|date=1981-04-01|title=The African Presence In Caribbean Folklore|url=https://dh.howard.edu/newdirections/vol8/iss3/12|journal=New Directions|volume=8|issue=3}}</ref> Echiche okpukpe na ememe ndị e si n'Afrịka weta emeela ka ọdịiche ọhụrụ pụta. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ọ dị mkpa maka ndị na-eme ọdịiche ndị a ka ha gbakọta ma kpebie ịdị mma nke ememe ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Otero|first=Solimar|date=2007|title=Introduction: Investigating Possession Pasts: Memory and Afro-Caribbean Religion and Folklore|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25474843|journal=Western Folklore|volume=66|issue=1/2|pages=7–13|issn=0043-373X}}</ref> Ihe ndịiche iche nke ụdị ndị na-dị dị iche iche na-akpali ndị na-ese ihe na ndị edemede ka ha na-agagharị n'iche ka ha na'ịnọgide na-enwe esemokwu mpaghara na ọrụ ha.[1]  anjirimara dị iche iche a bụ isiokwu na-aga n'ihu na akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ na omenala Caribbean, na- ihe dị n'etiti ihe nketa nke ndị na-eso ụzọ, na-abụ, na-akpa onwe onye na nke otu.[2]  A na-ekewa akwụkwọ na omenala Caribbean site na ọrụ (Bekee, Dutch, Spanish, na French).  Mgbe a na- orí Creole n'asụsụ, ọ na-ese site n'echiche nke onye si n' nara-eleba anya na ndụ ụmụ amaala ma na-ahụ tiadị.[3]  Omenala ọnụ, ndị a na-akpọ Anancy na omenala, ụdị ọgwụ, na-akpọ Caribbean.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Broek|first=Aart G.|date=December 4, 2023|title=Caribbean literature|url=https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6MjA4ODAyOQ==?aid=103525|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=Credo Reference}}</ref> == Ihe odide == Ihe a ma na mpaghara Caribbean niile bụ Anancy Stories (nke a na-emepụta dị ka Nancy Stories), nke nwere ike ha na West Africa.  Ananse bụ okwu Asante maka udo.[1]  Onye ndu Anancy (nke a dị ka Ananci, Ananse, Anansi, Ananci Krokoko, na Brer Nancy), ya na ndị isi ya na nkà ya maka ịlanịrị ihe, mgbe mgbe site na ndu, bụ ihe a ma ama n'ụdị akụkọ akụkọ ọdịnala ndị Afrịka na Caribbean, ọ bụ ebe na ndị na-eme ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Agha Afrịka na, ma sitere na iche iche na ndị Yoruba na-eme ka ndị ọzọ dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Agha Afrịka na, ma sitere na iche iche na ndị Yoruba,  Ibo. "Papa Bois" na-akọwa n'ụdị ụdị, mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka mgbada, mgbe ụfọdụ na uwe ochie, mgbe ụfọdụ nwere ntutu ma ọ bụ ebe na ọ bụ agadi, siri ike ma nwee uru ahụ, nwere akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ na-etolite na afụ ọnụ ya.  Dị ka onye na-elekọta ụmụ anụmanụ na onye na-eche osisi, a maara ya ka ọ na-akuko mpi ehi iji dọọ ndị enyi ya aka ná ntĩodi ọbịbịa nke ndị na-ahụ nta.  Ọ naghị anabata igbu ọchụ maka igbu ọchukwu, ma ọ bụ ụdị nke ụdị.<ref name=":0"/> "La Diablesse", Ekwensu, na-eme mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka onye ochie ochie, nke na-eji ụkwụ ya gbawara agbawa na-aga n'ihu site n'azụ osisi n'okporo ụzọ owu na-ama, onye nke agbụ na-agwakọta na ego nke uwe ya.  Mgbe ụfọdụ, ọ na-ewere ụfọdụ nke mara mma iji dọta ụfọdụ ndị na-agafe agafe na-ekiri ihe ọ ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ ma ọ bụ ma anụmanụ anya tụbọọ.  Ọ bụ na ọ nwere ike iyi ka ọ dị obere, a ga-eyi uwe ọdịnala nke mkpọsa ndị a: turban madras, uwe elu nwera ọkara aka na ọtụtụ ihe mma na lace, zepingue tremblant ("pin nke ihe"), na ihe niile dị mma nke ụbọchị ndị gara aga.  akara mgbe ọ mara mma, ihe na-agba ya mgba okpuru - ọ na-enwekarị otu ụkwụ na ụkwụ ndị mmadụ ma ọ bụ ụkwụ abụọ ọ na-eji ogologo uwe ya na-awụ zoo..<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=editorinchief8|date=2021-10-29|title=6 Caribbean Folklore Figures You Need to Know|url=https://www.browngirldiary.com/post/5-caribbean-folklore-figures-you-need-to-know|accessdate=2023-11-10|work=Brown Gyal Diary|language=en}} [[Otú:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list]]</ref> ."Mama Dlo" ma ọ bụ "Mama Dglo" (nke a mara na West Africa taa dị ka Mama Wata) yiri onye mermaid nke okpukpe omenala Europe ma na-enye anya mgbasa mmiri nke West Africa.  Aha ya sitere na French maman de l'eau, nke dị "nne mmiri".  Dị ka ndị ihe mere eme si kwuo, ọ na-atọrọ ndị njem ma doro ha n'ime mmiri mmiri.  Ọ bụrụ na ọ họrọ ndị njem n'ala, ha ga-aba akara ma mara mma akụkụ ka ha dịbu<ref name=":0" /> "Soucouyant," nke aha ya sitere na French sitere na okwu "to suck", bụ onye nwanyị meworo okenye. A na-agwa ya na ọ na-awụfu akpụkpọ ahụ ya n'abalị ma na-efe efe n'eluigwe, mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka bọl ọkụ, iji mị ọbara n'aka ndị ọ na-egbu. "Ligahoo" ma ọ bụ "Loup Garou" bụ onye na-agbanwe ọdịdị, nwoke nwere ike n'elu okike na ikike ịgbanwe ọdịdị na nke anụmanụ. Na Caribbean Myths, Loup-Garou bụ nwoke nke ya na ekwensu mere nkwekọrịta iji nwee ikike ịgbanwe ọdịdị (na anụ ọhịa wolf) ka n'abalị, ọ nwee ike ịgagharị na-egbu egbu n'enweghị mgbe e jidere ya.<ref name=":0" /> == Ndị na-akọ akụkọ a ma ama == === Roy Heath === Roy Heath bụ onye edemede Guyanese nke dere akwụkwọ ozi dabere na sitere na omenala Afro-Guyanese Ndị Amerindian.  Ụfọdụ n'ime isiokwu ndị na-eme akwụkwọ ya n'ịhụhụ ndị, nrọ, na ojiji ihe nkpuchi, ihe niile dị na omenala Caribbean.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya na- njikọ njikọ dị n'etiti omenala na omenala n'Africa na Africa-Caribbean.  Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ma ama onye gburu mmadụ (1978), Kwaku;  ma ọ bụ Nwoke nke apụghị imechi ọnụ ya (1982), Orealla (1984), na The Shadow Bride (1988)). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Akoma|first=Chiji|date=1998|title=Folklore and the African-Caribbean Narrative Imagination: The Example of Roy Heath|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3820621|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=29|issue=3|pages=82–97|issn=0034-5210}}</ref> === Grace Hallworth === Grace Hallworth bụ onye na-akọ akụkọ si [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad na Tobago]], onye ọrụ ya ama ama ama Stories to Read and Tell (1973), The Carnival Kite (1980), Mouth Open na Story Jump Out (1984).  Ọ na-akọ omenala Caribbean, na-echekwa ma na-eme ka ndị Caribbean dịghachi ndụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Tucker|first=Nicholas|chapter=Hallworth, Grace|date=2006-01-01|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195146561.001.0001/acref-9780195146561-e-1364|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature|accessdate=2023-12-04|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195146561.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-514656-1}}</ref> === Dionne Brand === Dionne Brand bụ onye edemede na onye njem ndị si Trinidad na Tobago.  Ihe odide ya na-ekpuchi akụkụ Caribbean, na-ekwu maka ,eme ihe mere eme, ihe, okike, na mmekọahụ.  A maara Brand maka nchịkọta uri ya Earth Magic (1979) na A Caribbean Dozen (1994).  Ọrụ ndị a na-enye echiche echiche iche isi nke nwata n'ime mkpụrụ Caribbean.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gavin|first=Adrienne E.|chapter=Brand, Dionne|date=2006-01-01|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195146561.001.0001/acref-9780195146561-e-0398|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Children's Literature|accessdate=2023-12-04|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acref/9780195146561.001.0001|isbn=978-0-19-514656-1}}</ref> === Nalo Hopkinson === Nalo Hopkinson bụ onye edemede si Jamaica nke na-akpa okpukpe ọdịnala Caribbean n'ime okpukpe ya.  Ọrụ ya na-agụnye okpukpe ifo, omenala, na ịhụnanya Afro-Caribbean.  Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ya, dị ka Brown Girl in the Ring (1998) na Midnight Robber (2000), na-etinye aka na akwụkwọ sitere na omenala Caribbean.  Ọ na-eji ihe ngosi, emee, na usoro na ngosi ya. <ref>{{Cite web|author=McNeil|first=Elizabeth|date=2023-12-04|title=Nalo Hopkinson|url=https://search.credoreference.com/articles/Qm9va0FydGljbGU6MTI0MjMyOQ==?q=Nalo%20Hopkinson|accessdate=2023-12-04|work=Credo Reference}}</ref> == Bibliography na ọgụgụ ndị ọzọ == * Abrahams, Roger D. (1985). African American Folktales: Akụkọ sitere na Black Traditions in the New World. Penguin * Elswit, Sharon Barcan (2017). The Caribbean Story Finder: A Guide to 438 Tales from 24 Nations and Territories, Listing Subjects and Sources. McFarland & Company, Inc. * Wolkstein, Diane (1997). [https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/193345/the-magic-orange-tree-by-diane-wolkstein/9780805210774/ ''Osisi Orange Magic: na Folktales ndị ọzọ nke Haiti'']. Ụlọ Penguin Random == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110716055858/http://shizzies.com/blog/category/daaknite/page/2/ Ihe odide nke oge a dabere na ndị Trinidad na Tobago] * [http://www.potomitan.info/atelier/contes/index.php Akụkọ ifo ndị Creole] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071220034808/http://www.montraykreyol.org/spip.php?article106 Omenala a na-ekwu n'ọnụ na Antilles Françaises (Omenala a kọrọ n'ọnụ n'asụsụ French West Indies)] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 377yyp7p9d7c24iq487q4g6iijj3jby 0 56950 672309 644202 2026-07-04T14:01:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Enwere ike tutu ki suktu maka ihe omenala di iche iche. A na-eji ṄṄẁ  A na-egwu ọtụtụ egwuregwu gburugburu ụwa, ndị na-akwado ya ga-atụba akpụkpọ ụkwụ ma ọ bụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ, ọ bụrụgodị na ọ bụghị otu.. Enwere ike ịtụba akpụkpọ ụkwụ abụọ ma tinye ha na eriri, dị ka waya ekwentị, eriri eletrik, ma ọ bụ kee osisi iji mepụta "akpụkpọ ụkwụ Osisi". N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú a, enwere ike ịmara na ọ dị ka akpụkpọ ụkwụ. N'ọdịbendị ụfọdụ, e nwere omenala nke ịtụfu akpụkpọ ụkwụ ochie na di na nwunye na agbamakwụkwọ ha iji weta ihu ọma, ma ọ bụ ịtụfu akpụkọ n'ubu iji buo amụma maka alụmdi na nwunye n'ọdịnihu. N'ọtụtụ ọdịbendị ndị Arab, a na-ahụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị ka ihe na-adịghị ọcha, ọ bụkwa mkparị karịsịa ịtụ otu n'ime mmadụ. == Ịtụba na waya == [[Faịlụ:Nikes_thrown_over_a_Telephone_Wire.jpg|thumb|Akpụkpọ ụkwụ Nike a tụbara n'elu waya ekwentị na Charlottesville, Virginia]] [[Faịlụ:Shoe_tossing_in_Brooklyn,_2021.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke akpụkpọ ụkwụ na waya na Greenpoint, Brooklyn na 2021]] Na North America, na mba nke mba ebe a na-agbanye waya, saịtị ahụ dị na mpaghara.  Ọtụtụ mgbe, akpụkpọ ụkwụ bụ ndị sneakers.<ref name="wbez">{{Cite web|date=2015-08-05|title=Shoes on a Wire: Untangling an Urban Myth|url=https://www.wbez.org/stories/shoes-on-a-wire-untangling-an-urban-myth/f46d882f-dd38-452b-98dc-be406135429a|accessdate=2023-09-13|language=en}}</ref> Enwere ọtụtụ ọdịiche omenala na ọdịiche dị na mpaghara mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke afọ.  N’obodo ụfọdụ, a na-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị ka akụkụ nke ndụ nwanyị, dị ka ka ọ ghara ịga akwụkwọ ma ọ bụ alụmdi na nwunye na-abịanụ.. Ụfọdụ echiche na-egosi na ọdịnala ahụ malitere site na ndị agha, bụ ndị a na-ekwu na ha na-atụfu akpụkpọ ụkwụ ndị agha, oroma ma ọ bụ agba ndị ọzọ na-apụta ìhè, na waya ndị a na-ahụ anya n'akụkụ emume nke na-apụ mgbe ọ gụchara ọzụzụ ma ọ bụ mgbe ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ahụ.  N'ihe nkiri 1997 Wag the Dog, ịwụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ bụ ụtụ na-ekwu na ọ bụ ụtụ na-hevelu isi nye Sgt.  William Schumann, nke Woody Harrelson na-egwu, onye a gbagburu na Albania.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Thanouli|first=Eleftheria|title=Wag the Dog: A Study on Film and Reality in the Digital Age|publisher=Bloomsbury Academic|year=2013|isbn=978-1-4411-8936-3|location=New York|pages=96–97}}</ref> Ịtụfu akpụkpọ ụkwụ nwere ike ịbụ ụdị mmegbu, ebe onye mmegbu na-ezu ohi akpụkpọ ụkwụ abụọ ma tụba ha ebe o yighị ka a ga-enweta ha.<ref name="wbez" /> A kọwakwara ịtụfu akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị ka ihe ọchị a na-eme na ndị aṅụrụma na-eteta iji hụ na akpụkpọ ụkwụ ha efuola. === Ozi ndị òtù === A na-ekwukarị na akpụkpọ ụkwụ dị na waya ekwentị nwere njikọ na mpụ a haziri ahazi, na-egosi ebe ndị otu ahụ dị, na-echeta ọnwụ nke onye otu ma ọ bụ onye na-abụghị onye otu ndị otu ahụ bi n'ógbè ahụ. A na-ekwukwa na akpụkpọ ụkwụ ahụ bụ akara maka ahịa ọgwụ ọjọọ ma ọ bụ iji gosipụta ụlọ crack dị nso, n'ọnọdụ ahụ, a pụrụ ịkpọ ha "crack tennies".<ref>{{Cite web|author=DeWitt|first=David|date=2013-03-10|title=Who takes them down?|url=https://www.athensnews.com/news/local/who-takes-them-down/article_591bf831-2f86-5b04-bbfd-a6388562cfb8.html|accessdate=2024-03-23|work=The Athens NEWS|language=en|archivedate=2024-03-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240323103942/https://www.athensnews.com/news/local/who-takes-them-down/article_591bf831-2f86-5b04-bbfd-a6388562cfb8.html}}</ref> Otu akụkọ 2003 nke onye bụbu onye bi na Los Angeles, [[California]] James Hahn kwuru na ọtụtụ ndị kwere ekwe na LA.  "Akpụkpọ ụkwụ e gosipụtara na ọ bụ ọgwụ ọjọọ ma ọ bụ dị ize ndụ, ndị mmadụ," na ndị isi obodo nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ amalitela mmemme iji wepụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ ahụ..<ref name="sd">{{Cite web|author=Adams|first=Cecil|date=August 2, 1996|title=The Straight Dope: Why do you see pairs of shoes hanging by the laces from power lines?|url=http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a5_274.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000815203112/http://www.straightdope.com/classics/a5_274.html|archivedate=2000-08-15|accessdate=2023-07-03|work=The Straight Dope|publisher=[[Chicago Reader]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lacity.org/mayor/teamworkla/newsletters/teamworkla_intrnewsletters72311897_06102003.pdf|title=East Los Angeles NSC Combats Problem of Overhead Shoes on Wires|accessdate=2007-06-15|author=TeamWork LA|year=c. 2003|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031007130106/http://www.lacity.org/mayor/teamworkla/newsletters/teamworkla_intrnewsletters72311897_06102003.pdf|archivedate=2003-10-07}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, o siri ike ikpebi ma ndị òtù ndị omempụ tinyere akpụkpọ ụkwụ maka ebumnuche metụtara òtù ndị omepụ, ndị uwe ojii nọ n'ọtụtụ ikike kwenyere na ọ bụ akụkọ ifo.<ref name="wbez" /> N'ụzọ doro anya karị, nnyocha e mere n'afọ 2015 banyere data na-atụfu akpụkpọ ụkwụ na Chicago enweghị ike ịmepụta njikọ dị n'etiti ịzụ ahịa ọgwụ na akpụkpọ ụkwụ.<ref name="wbez" /> == Omenala agbamakwụkwọ == [[Faịlụ:1905-02-11_front_Final_Scene_Shy_Lady_(cropped).jpg|thumb|1905 Postcard Britain na-egosi akpụkpọ ụkwụ a na-atụba nwoke na-alụ ọhụrụ]] Ịtụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ bụ nkwenkwe agbamakwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ omenala.[1][2]  Na Victorian England, ndị mmadụ ga-atụba "nwoke na-alụ nwanyị ọhụrụ nwere akpụkpọ ụkwụ ochie mgbe ha na-amalite na ezumike ezumike ha.".: <ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-08-25|title=Love, marriage … and a barrage of shoes|url=http://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/aug/25/love-marriage-shoes-throw-bride-groom|accessdate=2021-03-07|work=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title="Throwing the Wedding-Shoe": Foundational Violence, Unhappy Couples, and Murderous Women|first=Marlene|author=Tromp|journal=Victorian Review|volume=39|issue=2|year=2013|pages=39–43|doi=10.1353/vcr.2013.0042}}</ref>   N’afọ 1887, otu akụkọ dị n’akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ́ The New York Times kwuru, sị: “Omenala ochie nke ịtụpụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ nwanyị n’azụ nwanyị ọhụrụ, ma ọ̀ bụ agbamakwụkwọ chọọchị ma ọ bụ ememe agbamakwụkwọ, dị nnọọ ka ihe ncheta na nwoke adịghị esi ná mmalite pụta.”,. "<ref>{{Cite news|title=THROWING THE WEDDING SHOE|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=11 February 1887|page=3}}</ref> Peter Ditchfield, onye edemede nke Old English Customs Extant at the Present Time (1896), kọwara: "Anyị na-atụfu akpụkpọ ụkwụ ochie anyị mgbe anyị lụrụ di na nwunye iji gosipụta ọchịchọ anyị maka ọdịmma. echere m na nke a abụghị ihe mbụ pụtara omenala. Ịtụfu akpụkpọ ụkwụ mgbe nwunye bụ ihe nnọchianya nke nlekọta nna ya bụ ihe ịrịba ama na nwanyị ahụ bụ onye mbụ na-enweta ikike ahụ. "  isi nwanyi ga-agba ya.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Old English Customs Extant at the Present Time|first=P.H.|author=Ditchfield|authorlink=Peter Ditchfield|year=1896}}</ref> Na Czech Republic, e nwere omenala ịzụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ na Christmas Eve.  Ụmụ agbọghọ na-alụbeghị di na-etinye akpụkpọ ụkwụ ha n'ọnụ ụzọ ụlọ.  Ọ bụrụ na akpụkpọ ụkwụ ndị ahụ pụta n'ụlọ, ọ ga-alụ nwunye n'afọ ọzọ. == Mkpesa ==   N'ọtụtụ ọdịbendị Ndị Arab, a na-ewere igosi akpụkpọ ụkwụ gị dị ka mkparị, ebe a na-ele ya anya dị ka ihe na-adịghị ọcha maka mmetụ ya na ala. A pụrụ ile ịwakpo onye na-eji akpụkpọ ụkwụ anya dị ka "ịgbakwunye mkparị na mmerụ ahụ".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Asser|first=Martin|title=Bush shoe-ing worst Arab insult|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/7783325.stm|accessdate=14 June 2023|date=15 December 2008}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Bush_shoeing_incident.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Onye isi ala US George W. Bush gbajiri akpụkpọ ụkwụ ya ma tụpụ ha mgbe e jidere Prime Minister nke Iraq Nouri al-Maliki.]] Na 2008, onye nta akụkọ Iraqi Muntadar al-Zaidi boro ebubo na ọ tụbara akpụkpọ ụkwụ abụọ na President nke United States, George W. Bush, mgbe Onye isi ala bịara Baghdad iji mee mkpesa megide mmeri ndị agha America na-esote.  Al-Zaidi kwuru n'asụsụ Arabic: "Ọ dị m nwute maka ndị inyom nwụrụ, ụmụ nke ndị e gburu na Iraq!"  [1] Onye isi ala Bush etinyeghị akpụkpọ ụkwụ. <ref name="Asser_Martin">{{Cite web|author=Asser|first=Martin|title=Bush shoe-ing worst Arab insult|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7783325.stm|accessdate=July 22, 2012|publisher=[[BBC News]]|date=December 15, 2008}}</ref> Ọ bụghị naanị ndị Arab na-eyi akpụkpọ ụkwụ akpụkpọ anụ;  Ihe omume ndị ọzọ metụtakwara ndị ama ama gụnyere Steve McCarthy, David Beckham, Lily Allen, na Wen Jiabao..<ref name="metro_shoe">{{Cite news|title=Top 5 famous shoe throwing incidents|url=https://metro.co.uk/2009/04/08/top-5-famous-shoe-throwing-incidents-12557/|work=[[Metro (British newspaper)|Metro]]}}</ref> == Egwuregwu na egwuregwu == [[Faịlụ:Wellie_Wanging._One_handed_forward_throw_method.JPG|thumb|Onye na-asọmpi na mmemme egwuregwu wellie wanging]] Wellie wanging, ma ọ bụ ịrịọ maka onyinye, bụ egwuregwu achọrọ maka ndị chọrọ ịzụrụ onyinye na Wellington.[1][2]  Egwuregwu ahụ yiri ka ọ malitere na West Country nke England na 1970s, wee ghọọ ngwa ngwa na obodo Ememe na ihe omume na-anakọta ego n'ofe Britain.  A na-egwu egwuregwu ugbu a n'ọtụtụ mba dị iche iche, gụnyere [[Ostraliya|Australia]], Estonia, [[Finland]], Germany, Ireland, Italy, New Zealand na Russia.. Ịtụba akpụkpọ ụkwụ gị bụ ihe ọtụtụ egwuregwu ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịtụba, mana ọ bụghị ịtụba akpụkpọ ụkwụ na ekwentị ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla ọzọ..<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shoe games|url=https://www.youthwork-practice.com/games/Shoe-games.html|accessdate=2021-03-07|work=www.youthwork-practice.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Otu egwuregwu Physical Education nwere ndị sonyere n'ìgwè abụọ. Ìgwè abụọ ahụ na-emepụta ahịrị abụọ site n'ịnọdụ ala n'otu n'otu. Ndị sonyere na-ewepụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ ha ma tụba ha n'etiti ebe egwuregwu, nke dị n'etiti ìgwè abụọ ahụ. Egwuregwu ahụ na-amalite mgbe onye nkuzi ma ọ bụ onye ọka ikpe kwuru otú ahụ. Ebumnuche nke egwuregwu ahụ bụ ka ndị sonyere na-eguzo ọtọ site na ahịrị ha wee gbaa ọsọ gaa n'etiti iji chọta akpụkpọ ụkwụ ha. Ndị sonyere ga-etinye akpụkpọ ụkwụ ha ma nọdụ ala n'otu usoro ahụ ha nọ ọdụ. Ìgwè mbụ iji mee ka onye ọ bụla laghachi n'ahịrị ahụ merie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shoe Toss - How Fast? {{!}} Elementary PE Games|url=https://www.pegames.org/weekly-challenges-category/shoe-toss/|accessdate=2021-03-07|language=en-US}}</ref> Ihe atụ ọzọ nke egwuregwu dabeere na akpụkpọ ụkwụ bụ obere ọrụ otu nke chọrọ akpụkpọ ụkwụ abụọ, oche abụọ, karama plastik abụọ, na ndị sonyere abụọ. A na-etinye karama ndị ahụ n'etiti ebe egwuregwu ahụ, a na-etinyekwa oche ndị ahụ n"akụkụ dị iche iche nke karama ndị ahụ, ka ebe egwuregwu ahụ wee bụrụ ahịrị. Ndị sonyere abụọ ahụ na-amalite n'etiti site na karama, na-agba ọsọ n'oche ha, na-anọdụ ala, na-ewepụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ ha, ma tụba akpụkpọ ụkwụ ya na karama. Onye ọ bụla kụrụ karama ha na nke mbụ na-emeri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Shoe Toss|work=ythmin.com|url=https://ythmin.com/shoe-toss/|accessdate=2021-03-07|language=en-AU}}</ref> Tụfuo akpụkpọ ụkwụ nke egwuregwu vidiyo.  Ọkara Nwụrụ Anwụ maka Ọkara Nwụrụ Anwụ 2 na-egosi otu esi egwu egwuregwu ahụ.  Egwuregwu ahụ na-etinye onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ n'ime ụlọ square nke nwere ọnụ ụzọ n'akụkụ niile, ọ dịkwa mkpa ka ị nyochaa ụlọ dị iche iche iji chọta ụzọ.  Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ n'ime ụlọ ndị ahụ nwere ọnyà na-egbu egbu.  Onye tụpụrụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ na onye ọkpụkpọ na-abụghị nke ụlọ nwere ọnya.  Onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ tụpụrụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ ya n'ime ụlọ ahụ, mana ejideghị ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-09-26|title=Half Dead (Video Game)|url=https://www.dreadcentral.com/reviews/191312/half-dead-video-game/|accessdate=2021-03-07|work=Dread Central|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ịchọ mma == [[Faịlụ:Shoe_tree_at_Morley_field.jpg|thumb|Osisi akpụkpọ ụkwụ na San Diego, California]] Mgbe ụfọdụ, m na-atụba akpụkpọ ụkwụ m n'elu osisi ma echere m na ọ "dị mfe iyi"[1]  Mgbe ụfọdụ, ị nwere ike ịchọ osisi ma ọ bụ osisi ọzọ n'otu ụzọ ahụ.<ref name="rsa">[http://www.roadsideamerica.com/set/shoetrees.html Shoe Trees]. Roadside America.</ref> N'ozuzu, ị nwere ike ịhụ osisi akpụkpọ ụkwụ n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ na mpaghara ahụ ma nwee ike inwe isiokwu (dị ka akpụkpọ ụkwụ). == Hụkwa == * Abandoned footwear - Akpụkpọ ụkwụ furu efu ma ọ bụ tụfuru n'ihu ọha * Bolas - Ụdị ngwá agha a na-atụba n'arọ na South America * Ghost shoes - Ihe ncheta maka ọnwụ ndị njem na-agafe agafe * Panty tree - Osisi e ji uwe ime ụmụ nwanyị chọọ mma, nke a na-ahụkarị n'okpuru ihe na-ebuli elu == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] elw1pq2sxetmqmvbizetxzek5garp9o 0 57395 672406 645757 2026-07-04T17:18:16Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|name=Stasė Vaineikienė|image=|alt=|caption=|birth_name=Stasė Paulauskaitė|birth_date={{Birth date|1884|3|31|df=yes}}|birth_place={{ill|Šlaveitai|lt}}, [[Russian Empire]]|death_date={{Death date and age|1946|1|12|1884|3|31|df=yes}}|death_place=[[Vilnius]], [[Lithuanian SSR]]|burial_place=[[Rasos Cemetery]]|nationality=|other_names=|occupation=Writer, activist|spouse=[[Liudas Vaineikis]]|known_for=|notable_works=|awards=}} Stasė Vaineikienė née Paulauskaitė (31 Machị 1884 - 12 Jenụwarị 1946) bụ onye edemede Lithuania na onye na-eme iwe iwe.. A jụrụ ndị Lithuanian a ma ama, Vaineikienė ngosi ngosi na onye na-eme iwe Liudas Vaineikis.  Ha aha aka hazie mbubata nke akwụkwọ Lithuanian a akwụkwọ iwu nke a mara Vaineikis ikpe ịgba ndụ ọsọ n'ime obodo.  N'oge iche nke Russia nke 1905, o nyere aka na-ebubata akwụkwọ nke nkọwa kwuo onye uche ya.  N'oge Agha Mbụ, ọ biri na Central Asia.  Mgbe ọ la ike Lithuania, ọ gara biri na Palanga ma bụrụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndụ obodo ahụ.  Ọ bụ ọrụ n'ịmezi n'ịkpọ Palanga Gymnasium na imeziwanye iwu ọcha nke obodo ahụ.  A mgbaàmà ya na kansụl obodo mbụ na 1932. Mgbe ndị Soviet weghaara Lithuania na June 1940, ọ na-enye onye isi obodo Palanga, a na-achọpụta ya na People's Seimas, wee bụrụ onye otu ndị ikpe Kasị Elu nke Lithuanian SSR. O dere akwụkwọ ihe mere eme atọ.  E shaidar abụọ abụọ ịgba ohu na Lithuania na 1937-1938 ma bipụtaghachi ya na 1958-1959.  Akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nke atọ efunahụla.  O dekwara ndị ihe mere eme atọ: ndị ndụ Palanga (nke e sere na 1931), ogụ na ndị Ukwu Russia (mpụtakọta atọ e fịna n'afọ 1935-1936), na Agha Mbụ Mbụ na Agha Obodo Russia na Central Asia (nke e ebe na 2014; Russian na Uzbek na 2022)). == Akụkọ ndụ == === Alaeze Ukwu Russia === A egwuregwu Vaineikienė na 31 Machị 1884 na Šlaveitai na Kretinga District Municipality nke oge a n'etiti Ndị a ma ama na Lithuania.<ref name=speva>{{cite web |first=Bronislava |last=Spevakovienė |title=Per gyvenimą – su žemaitišku atkaklumu |url=https://www.palangostiltas.lt/per+gyvenima++su+zemaitisku+atkaklumu,7,2,4677.html |publisher=Palangos tiltas |date=3 April 2014 |language=lt |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref>  Nne ya nwere ihe dị ka 200 hekta (490 acres) nke ala.<ref name=beniu>{{cite web |first=Romualdas |last=Beniušis |date=13 March 2023 |url=https://www.pajurionaujienos.com/?sid=24605&act=exp |title=Rašytoja Stasė Vaineikienė į skaitytojus prabilo ir uzbekiškai |publisher=Pajūrio naujienos |language=lt |access-date=24 November 2023 |accessdate=13 March 2025 |archivedate=24 April 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424181250/https://www.pajurionaujienos.com/?sid=24605&act=exp }}</ref>  Ezinahụ ahụ na-asụrụ Polish, mana ọ keka Asụsụ Samogitian ma yereere ụmụ obodo ahụ ịgụ na ide na Lithuanian na-eche.  Ọ Leonardo mba ọzọ (German, French) yana nka, akwụkwọ, egwu na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ dị na Łomża .  Ọ sere Liudas Vaineikis (afọ 15 nkata ya) ha kwagara Palanga na 1900. Ha iko aka hazie mbubata nke akwụkwọ Lithuanian a akwụkwọ iwu.  Ọ gara n'ihu n'onu a mgba mgbe e jidere Vaineikis ma sere ya na Liepāja.  Mgbe a mara Vaineikis ikpe ịga mba ọzọ na Yakutsk na 1902, o ji aka ya soro ya.. Mgbe e wepụrụ mmachibido iwu Lithuania na 1904, ọ la iche Palanga mgbe di ya kwagara Tilsit.  N'oge Mgbanwe Russia nke 1905, o ụdị ya aka ibubata akwụkwọ na ngwá agha nke ụdị onye kwuo uche ya gafe ọrụ Prussia na Russia.  N'oge Agha Mbụ Mbụ, ya na di ya, la hard Russia ma biri na Central Asia (Kyrgyzstan, Emirate of Bukhara, Turkestan Autonomy).  N'ebe ahụ, ọ kwụsịrị ogụ ike, obi ike, na ogbugbu. === Lithuania nwere onwe ya === Vaineikienė laghachiri Palanga na 1921 wee tinye aka na ndụ obodo ahụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ịgbanwe Palanga Gymnasium: ọ bụ onye isi oche nke kọmitii e guzobere iji kwado ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, were ndị nkuzi ruru eru, ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi ozugbo ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ meghere na 1922. Ọ kwadokwara maka inye mmiri obodo, ụlọ mposi, na ụlọ ịsa ahụ. Ya na ndị ọzọ, ọ haziri ụlọ ọrụ Talka. O nyere edemede na magazin Kultūra [lt] ma nye okwu Samogitian na Academic Dictionary of Lithuanian . Ya na di ya, a họpụtara ya na kansụl obodo mbụ nke Palanga na Disemba 1932.<ref name=paluc>{{cite web |first=Virginija |last=Paluckienė |title=Palangos miesto savivaldai – 90 metų |url=https://www.palangostiltas.lt/palangos+miesto+savivaldai++90+metu,7,2,15153.html |publisher=Palangos tiltas |date=4 November 2022 |language=lt |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref> O sonyere na Klaipėda Revolt na Jenụwarị 1923 ma nye ya ihe nrite ọlaọcha nke nnwere onwe nke Klaipėde . Ọtụtụ ndị Lithuania a ma ama gara n'iche Vaineikis na Palanga, ịkpọ Jonas Jablonskis, Augustinas Janulaitis, Liudas Gira, Liūnė Janušytė , Vydūnas, Jonas Šliūpas, Jonas Basanavičius, Gabrielius Landsbergis-Žemkalnis, Matas Untulis . === Soviet Lithuania === Mgbe ndị Soviet weghaara Lithuania na Juni 1940, ọ-ekiri onye isi obodo Palanga.  Ọ meghere ụlọ ịsa ahụ ọha na eze na ụlọ ọrụ foto.  A nsogbu ya na People's Seimas ma bụrụ otu n'ime ndị na-egosi anya Lithuania 20 e ike Moscow iji ike ka etinye Lithuanian SSR ọhụrụ n'ime Soviet Union.  N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 1940, ọ iku onye otu ndị ikpe Kasị Elu nke Lithuanian SSR wee kwaga Vilnius. N'afọ 1940, n'oge ndị Germany bi, o bipụtara edemede dị mkpirikpi na-azọrọ na a họpụtara ya maka People's Seimas na-enweghị nkwenye ya nakwa na ọ maghị ihe ọ bụla gbasara atụmatụ ya.<ref name=balci>{{cite book |editor-first=Juozas |editor-last=Balčiūnas |first=Stasė |last=Vaineikienė |chapter=Liaudies Seimas — lietuvių tautos valios uzurpatorius |title=Lietuvių archyvas. Bolševizmo metai |volume=III |year=1942 |language=lt |publisher=Studijų biuras |location=Kaunas |pages=64–67 |url=https://www.partizanai.org/failai/html/bolsevizmo-metai-III.htm#65 }}</ref> Na Febụwarị 1945, mgbe ndị Soviet laghachiri Lithuania, ọ gọnahụrụ nkwupụta ndị ahụ na-ekwu na Ndị Gestapo manyere ha ma dezie ha.<ref name=senn>{{cite book|first=Alfred Erich|last=Senn|title=Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above |series=On the Boundary of Two Worlds. Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination of the Baltics|year=2007| publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-2225-6 |page=232 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prqkNTCqa9cC&pg=PA232}}</ref> Ọ nwụrụ na Vilnius na 12 Jenụwarị 1946 a ma lie ya n'ebe olili ozu Rasos Cemetery.<ref name=zinkus>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Petronėlė |last=Česnulevičiūtė | editor1-first=Jonas |editor1-last=Zinkus| encyclopedia=Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija | title=Vaineikienė, Stasė | year=1985–1988 | publisher=Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija |language=lt | volume=IV | location=Vilnius |oclc=20017802 | page=417 |display-editors=etal}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === Akwụkwọ ikike ya bụ Grafas ir__wol____wol____wol__ (Graf and the People; na 1937, Ịdọ ọzọ na 1958) na Vaišvila, Žemaičių baudžiauninkų vadas (Vaišvila, Leader of Samogitian ohu Serfs; 1938 na Vaišvila dere), 1959 na 1959 nwere ike ịghaghachi azụ.  Lithuania, mgbochi ya na 1863, na nsogbu nsogbu na eze n'ime obodo.  Ha bụ abụọ n'ime akwụkwọ ozi ihe mere eme ole na ole ịgba ohu na Akwụkwọ Lithuania.<ref name=dangi>{{cite book |first=Dangiras |last=Mačiulis |title= Valstybės kultūros politika Lietuvoje 1927–1940 metais |year= 2005 |location=Vilnius |publisher= Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla |isbn=9986780713 |language=lt |page=141}}</ref>  Ụbọchị ndị ahụ na-egosi ndụ kwa ụbọchị na omenala nke obodo Lithuania ma bụrụ ihe atụ nke eziokwu nke akwụkwọ.  Enwere obere obere mmalite nke: ihe odide mma ma ọ bụ nke ike.<ref name=kazla>{{cite web |first1=Erika |last1=Kazlauskienė |first2=Lina |last2=Buikienė |title=Vaineikienė–Paulauskaitė Stasė |date=26 November 2018 |url=https://www.kretvb.lt/personalijos/vaineikiene-paulauskaite-stase/ |work=Kretingos personalijų žinynas |publisher=Kretingos rajono savivaldybės M. Valančiaus viešoji biblioteka |language=lt |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref>  Ozi, a na- nọmba ndị a ma ama dị ka ndị na-erigbu ndị ọrụ ugbo.  O dekwara akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Lukštai mgbanwe mgbanwe Russia nke 1905 na Samogitia, mana e bipụtaghị ọrụ ahụ ma odide ahụ dị ọtụtụ. === Ihe Ndị Na-echeta === O dere akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme atọ. ''{{Lang|lt|Palangos atsiminimai}}'' (Memoirs of Palanga; 1931) bụ maka ndụ na ọha mmadụ na Palanga. Mpịakọta atọ Išities prae kovų (Site n'agha gara aga; 1935-1936) na-ekwu maka mbubata akwụkwọ na Alaeze Ukwu Russia, ụlọ mkpọrọ, na ịgba ọsọ ndụ n'ime Siberia. Dabere na akụkọ ihe mere eme ya, Gintarė Adomaitytė dere egwuregwu ''{{Lang|lt|Deimantų dvaras}}'' (Diamond Manor) na 2007. Vaineikienė dere ''{{Lang|lt|Pabėgėlės užrašai}}'' (Notes of a Refugee), akwụkwọ ncheta banyere ndụ ya na Central Asia na Agha Obodo Russia. A kwadebere ya maka mbipụta na Disemba 1940, mana e bipụtaghị ya n'ihi na ọ gosighi echiche Bolshevik. E bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ na 2014 (maka ncheta ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 130). A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ ncheta ahụ na Russian na Uzbek ma bipụta ya na 2022 n'ihi mbọ prọfesọ Uzbek Tursunali Kuziev.<ref name=podrobno>{{cite web |script-title=ru:В Узбекистане издана книга "Палангские воспоминания. Записки беженки" |url=https://podrobno.uz/cat/obchestvo/v-uzbekistane-izdana-kniga-palangskie-vospominaniya-zapiski-bezhenki-/ |date=29 September 2022 |website=Podrobno.uz |language=ru |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Vaineikienė ngosi Liudas Vaineikis na 1900. Ha nwere ụmụ atọ, Liuda Vaineikytė (1908-1997) onye bụ onye otu Lithuanian Communist Party na ndị na-ese ihe nke Lithuanian SSR (1958).<ref name=sarma>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Rokas |last=Šarmaitis | editor1-first=Jonas |editor1-last=Zinkus| encyclopedia=Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija | title=Vaineikytė, Liuda | year=1985–1988 | publisher=Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija |language=lt | volume=IV | location=Vilnius |oclc=20017802 | page=418 |display-editors=etal}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist|30em|refs=<ref name=balci>{{cite book |editor-first=Juozas |editor-last=Balčiūnas |first=Stasė |last=Vaineikienė |chapter=Liaudies Seimas — lietuvių tautos valios uzurpatorius |title=Lietuvių archyvas. Bolševizmo metai |volume=III |year=1942 |language=lt |publisher=Studijų biuras |location=Kaunas |pages=64–67 |url=https://www.partizanai.org/failai/html/bolsevizmo-metai-III.htm#65 }}</ref> <ref name=beniu>{{cite web |first=Romualdas |last=Beniušis |date=13 March 2023 |url=https://www.pajurionaujienos.com/?sid=24605&act=exp |title=Rašytoja Stasė Vaineikienė į skaitytojus prabilo ir uzbekiškai |publisher=Pajūrio naujienos |language=lt |access-date=24 November 2023 |accessdate=13 March 2025 |archivedate=24 April 2025 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250424181250/https://www.pajurionaujienos.com/?sid=24605&act=exp }}</ref> <ref name=dangi>{{cite book |first=Dangiras |last=Mačiulis |title= Valstybės kultūros politika Lietuvoje 1927–1940 metais |year= 2005 |location=Vilnius |publisher= Lietuvos istorijos instituto leidykla |isbn=9986780713 |language=lt |page=141}}</ref> <ref name=kazla>{{cite web |first1=Erika |last1=Kazlauskienė |first2=Lina |last2=Buikienė |title=Vaineikienė–Paulauskaitė Stasė |date=26 November 2018 |url=https://www.kretvb.lt/personalijos/vaineikiene-paulauskaite-stase/ |work=Kretingos personalijų žinynas |publisher=Kretingos rajono savivaldybės M. Valančiaus viešoji biblioteka |language=lt |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref> <ref name=paluc>{{cite web |first=Virginija |last=Paluckienė |title=Palangos miesto savivaldai – 90 metų |url=https://www.palangostiltas.lt/palangos+miesto+savivaldai++90+metu,7,2,15153.html |publisher=Palangos tiltas |date=4 November 2022 |language=lt |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref> <ref name=podrobno>{{cite web |script-title=ru:В Узбекистане издана книга "Палангские воспоминания. Записки беженки" |url=https://podrobno.uz/cat/obchestvo/v-uzbekistane-izdana-kniga-palangskie-vospominaniya-zapiski-bezhenki-/ |date=29 September 2022 |website=Podrobno.uz |language=ru |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref> <ref name=sarma>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Rokas |last=Šarmaitis | editor1-first=Jonas |editor1-last=Zinkus| encyclopedia=Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija | title=Vaineikytė, Liuda | year=1985–1988 | publisher=Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija |language=lt | volume=IV | location=Vilnius |oclc=20017802 | page=418 |display-editors=etal}}</ref> <ref name=senn>{{cite book|first=Alfred Erich|last=Senn|title=Lithuania 1940: Revolution from Above |series=On the Boundary of Two Worlds. Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination of the Baltics|year=2007| publisher=Rodopi |isbn=978-90-420-2225-6 |page=232 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=prqkNTCqa9cC&pg=PA232}}</ref> <ref name=speva>{{cite web |first=Bronislava |last=Spevakovienė |title=Per gyvenimą – su žemaitišku atkaklumu |url=https://www.palangostiltas.lt/per+gyvenima++su+zemaitisku+atkaklumu,7,2,4677.html |publisher=Palangos tiltas |date=3 April 2014 |language=lt |access-date=24 November 2023}}</ref> <ref name=zinkus>{{cite encyclopedia |first=Petronėlė |last=Česnulevičiūtė | editor1-first=Jonas |editor1-last=Zinkus| encyclopedia=Tarybų Lietuvos enciklopedija | title=Vaineikienė, Stasė | year=1985–1988 | publisher=Vyriausioji enciklopedijų redakcija |language=lt | volume=IV | location=Vilnius |oclc=20017802 | page=417 |display-editors=etal}}</ref>}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] evalmhvusjgv06dxm7qbry8asjqi87h 0 57435 672616 577716 2026-07-05T10:51:44Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672616 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Witches_camp_at_Nalerigu.1.jpg|thumb|200x200px|Ogige ndị amoosu na Nalerigu, [[Ghana]]]] Ogige ndị amoosu bụ ebe obibi ebe ụmụ nọ na Ghana ndị a na-ebo ebubo ịbụ ndị amoosu nwere ike ịgba ọsọ maka nchekwa.  A na-ebo ụmụ nọ n'ogige ndị dị otú ahụ ebubo amoosu maka ihe dị iche iche, iche iche uche.  A na-eche na akụkụ nke akụkụ ụfọdụ na-egosi apụ nke 20. [1] nke Ghana mere usoro iji jiri ndị dị otú ahụ..<ref>{{Cite web|author=Meryer|first=Naa|date=2022-06-03|title=TSI visits alleged witch camps with ActionAid Ghana and members of parliament|url=https://tsinet.org/news/tsi-visits-alleged-witch-camps-with-actionaid-ghana-and-members-of-parliament/|accessdate=2022-08-14|work=TSI - The Sanneh Institute {{!}} Offering scholarship as a tribute to God|language=en|archivedate=2022-08-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814124302/https://tsinet.org/news/tsi-visits-alleged-witch-camps-with-actionaid-ghana-and-members-of-parliament/}}</ref> == Nkọwa == Ụmụ nwanyị a na-enyo enyo na ha bụ ndị amoosu na-agbaga n'ogige ndị amoosu mgbe ụfọdụ maka nchekwa, mgbe mgbe iji zere ịbụ ndị agbata obi na-egbu ha. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Briggs|first=Philip|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G5x5DQAAQBAJ&dq=witch+camp&pg=PA462|title=Ghana|date=5 December 2016|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=9781784770341|accessdate=14 November 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=In Ghana's witch camps, the accused are never safe|url=https://www.latimes.com/world/la-xpm-2012-sep-09-la-fg-ghana-witch-camps-20120909-story.html|author=Dixon|first=Robyn|date=9 September 2012|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|accessdate=14 November 2017}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana: witchcraft accusations put lives at risk - Africa|url=http://www.dw.com/en/ghana-witchcraft-accusations-put-lives-at-risk/a-35988061|author=Suuk|first=Maxwell|date=July 10, 2016|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle]]|accessdate=17 March 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Jacqueline|author=Murray|date=2013-11-25|title=In Africa, accusations of witchcraft still a reality for many women|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/in-africa-accusations-of-witchcraft-still-a-reality-for-many-women/article15582182/|accessdate=2016-09-15}}</ref><ref name="latimes">{{Cite web|title=In Ghana, Witch Villages Offer Safe Haven From Superstition|work=Los Angeles Times|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-jan-25-mn-11908-story.html|date=25 January 1998|publisher=|accessdate=May 23, 2014}}</ref><ref name="BBC">{{Cite news|date=1 September 2012|title=Ghana witch camps: Widows' lives in exile|work=bbc.co.uk|publisher=BBC|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-19437130|accessdate=September 1, 2012}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ụmụ nọ n'ogige ndị dị otú ahụ bụ Ndị inyom di ha ọnwụ;  a ebi na ndị ikwu ha na-ebo ha ebubo amoosu iji weghara ihe mmetụta di ha ọnwụ anwụ.[1]  Ọtụtụ ụmụ nọ n'ogige ndị amoosu na-enwekwa ọrịa uche, ihe a na-egosighị nke ọma na Ghana.  [1] [2] N'otu akwụkwọ dị na Gambaga n'ebe ugwu, onye isi obodo na-enye ụmụ ihe, na nzaghachi, na- ayinging ma na-arụ ọrụ n'ubi ya..<ref>{{Cite web|title='Spellbound': Inside the witch camps of West Africa|url=https://www.salon.com/2010/10/24/spellbound_2/|work=[[Salon.com]]|date=24 October 2010|accessdate=14 November 2017}}</ref><ref name="Gambaga">{{Cite news|date=25 November 2010|title=Ghana: the Witches of Gambaga|publisher=|first=Yaba|author=Badoe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/video/2010/nov/25/witches-gambaga-ghana|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=September 1, 2012}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, Anti-Witchcraft Allegations Campaign Coalition-Ghana (AWACC-Ghana) kọrọ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a chụpụrụ n'ogige ndị amoosu na-abawanye ụba, nakwa na nri ezughi oke.<ref name="npong">{{Cite journal|author=Npong|first=Francis|title=Witch Camps of Ghana|journal=[[Utne Reader]]|date=2014|issue=Winter|pages=48–49|url=http://www.utne.com/community/witch-camps-of-ghana-zm0z14wzsau.aspx#axzz3OO4Nxy3o|accessdate=10 January 2015}}</ref> Akụkọ sitere na Humanist Global Charity na 2022 kwuru na ọnọdụ ka siri ike na ụlọ na akụrụngwa ezughi oke.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/witch-camps-elderly-women-die-ghana-1754907|work=News Week website|title=The Witch Camps Where Hundreds of Elderly Women Are Left To Die|author=Robyn White|date=October 30, 2022}}</ref> == Ebe ndị a na-anọ == N'afọ 2012, e nwere ma ọ na-ejegharị ala mgbochi ndị amoosu isii na Ghana, ebe ihe dị ka otu puku mmadụ bi.[1]  Ogige ndị ahụ dị na Bonyasi, Gambaga, Gnani, Kpatinga, Kukuo na Naabuli, niile dị na Northern Ghana.[2]  A na-eche na e kere ụfọdụ n'ime akwụkwọ iduro ahụ ihe ụmụaka 100 afọ gara aga. <ref name="BBC" /> <ref name="npong"/> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Cameron Duodu|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/belief/2010/dec/31/ghana-witches-burned-alive-women|title=Why are 'witches' still being burned alive in Ghana? &#124; Cameron Duodu &#124; Opinion|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2016-09-15}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.whrin.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Witch-Camp-Report-2011.pdf|title=Women still accused of witchcraft, lynched in Ghana|work=Whrin.org|accessdate=14 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.actionaid.org.uk/sites/default/files/doc_lib/ghana_report_single_pages.pdf|title=Condemned without trial|work=Actionaid.org.uk|accessdate=14 November 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/europeaid/sites/devco/files/article-lucyadams_en.pdf|title=Spellbound: the stigma of witchcraft in Ghana|author=Lucy Adams|work=Ec.europa.eu|accessdate=14 November 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 2012, , pụtara Ghana amụ dia imechi akwụkwọ ndị amoosu ma diaere ọha na eze na ndị amoosu adịchaghị.[1][2]  N'anyị Disemba afọ 2014, Minista na-ahụ maka Mmekọahụ na Nchebe Ọha Nana Oye Lithur mkpuchi Bonyasi dị na Central Gonja District ma ndị mgba ndị bi na ya n'ime obodo ha.[3]  Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, Ghana emechiela ọtụtụ iwu ndị amoosu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ghana news: Witchcraft accusation|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/features/opinion/witchcraft-accusation.html|author=Igwe|first=Leo|publisher=Graphic Online|accessdate=13 September 2017}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule 2020, e nwere ogige anọ na Ghana, na Gambaga, Kukuo, Gnani na Kpantiga, <ref name="GF">{{Cite web|url=https://globalfundcommunityfoundations.org/blog/the-women-who-stood-up-for-the-witches-of-northern-ghana-community-philanthropys-role-in-challenging-stigma-and-discrimination/|work=Global Fund Community Foundations website|title=The women who stood up for the "witches" of Northern Ghana: Community philanthropy’s role in challenging stigma and discrimination|author=Lamnatu Adam|date=June 14, 2022}}</ref> ebe obibi ihe karịrị mmadụ 500. == Mgbanwe Iwu == N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2023, ndị omeiwu Ghana wepụtara iwu iji machibido ebubo amoosu iwu; iwu a mere ka omume nke ibo ndị mmadụ ebubo ma ọ bụ ịkpọ ndị amoosu bụrụ mpụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.songtaba.org/wp-content/uploads/Press-Release_antiWitchcraftBill-28072023.pdf|work=Songtaba website|title=Parliament Passes Anti-Witchcraft Bill (press release)|date=28 July 2023|accessdate=14 March 2025|archivedate=20 April 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250420004655/https://www.songtaba.org/wp-content/uploads/Press-Release_antiWitchcraftBill-28072023.pdf}}</ref> Nke a bịara mgbe e gbusịrị Akua Denteh dị afọ 90 na Kafaba, onye e boro ebubo amoosu. Otú ọ dị, na Eprel 2024, onye isi ala Ghana enyebeghị nkwado maka Iwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chraj.gov.gh/news/chraj-wants-criminal-offences-amendment-bill-2022-assented-to-to-ban-witchcraft-accusation/|work=Ghanaian Commission on Human Rights and Administrative Justice website|title=CHRAD Wants Criminal Offences Amendment Bill 2022 assented to, to Bank Witchcraft Accusation|author=Cecilia Lagba Yada|date=April 10, 2024|accessdate=March 14, 2025|archivedate=March 18, 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250318051707/https://chraj.gov.gh/news/chraj-wants-criminal-offences-amendment-bill-2022-assented-to-to-ban-witchcraft-accusation/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gna.org.gh/2024/03/amnesty-international-calls-for-presidential-assent-to-the-anti-witchcraft-bill/|work=Ghana News Agency website|title=Amnesty International calls for Presidential assent to the Anti-witchcraft Bill|author=Hamza Sulemana|date=March 10, 2024}}</ref> * Ogige ndị amoosu nke Gambaga * [[Witchcraft in Ghana|Ime anwansi na Ghana]] * Ogige ekpere * Ụmụ Mmụọ * Ịgba ohu * Onye ụkọchukwu na-eme ihe ike o5fw7vamzeksjfel7snv7vsfqp2208u 0 57760 672402 203022 2026-07-04T16:54:27Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672402 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Brunei Malay''', nke a na-akpọkwa '''Brunei Malay''' ( Malay ; Jawi : == fonology == Egosiri ngwa ahịa consonantal nke Brunei Malay n'okpuru: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! colspan="2" | ! Bilabial ! Alveolar ! Palatal ! Velar ! Glottal |- ! colspan="2" | Ihu imi | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" | Na-egbu egbu /<br /><br /><br /><br /> Mmekọrịta ! voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | ( ʔ ) |- ! voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | |- ! rowspan="2" | Nke na-ese okwu ! voiceless | ( f ) | s | ʃ | ( x ) | h |- ! voiced | ( v ) | ( z ) | | | |- ! colspan="2" | Trill | | r | | | |- ! colspan="2" | N'akụkụ | | l | | | |- ! colspan="2" | Odika | w | | j | | |} ndetu: # {{note|a}}{{IPA|/t/}} is dental in many varieties of Malay, but it is alveolar in Brunei. # {{note|b}}{{IPA|/k/}} is velar in initial position, but it is realised as [[Uvular consonant|uvular]] {{IPA|[q]}} in coda.<ref name="Clynes2011">Clynes, Adrian & Deterding, David. (2011). Standard Malay (Brunei). ''Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 41''(2), 259–268. [[doi:10.1017/S002510031100017X]]</ref> # {{note|c}}Parenthesised sounds occur only in loanwords. # All consonants can occur in word-initial position, except {{IPA|/h/}}. Therefore, Standard Malay {{Lang|ms|hutan}} 'forest' became {{Lang|kxd|utan}} in Brunei Malay, and Standard Malay {{Lang|ms|hitam}} 'black' became {{Lang|kxd|itam}}. # All consonants can occur in word-final position, except the palatals {{IPA|/tʃ, dʒ, ɲ/}} and voiced plosives {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ/}}. Exceptions can be found in a few borrowed words such as {{Lang|kxd|mac}} 'March' and {{Lang|kxd|kabab}} 'kebab'. # {{note|d}}Some analysts exclude {{IPA|/w/}} and {{IPA|/j/}} from this table because they are 'margin high vowels', while others include /w/ but exclude /j/.<ref name="Clynes2014">Clynes, A. (2014). Brunei Malay: An Overview. In P. Sercombe, M. Boutin, & A. Clynes (Eds.), ''Advances in Research on Linguistic and Cultural Practices in Borneo'' (pp. 153–200). Phillips, ME: Borneo Research Council. Pre-publication draft available at http://fass.ubd.edu.bn/staff/docs/AC/Clynes-Brunei-Malay.pdf</ref> Brunei Malay nwere usoro ụdaume atọ: {{IPA|/i/}}, {{IPA|/a/}}, {{IPA|/u/}} . A na-egosi mgbanwe ụda olu na mmezu nke ụdaume ndị a n'ime nkata dị n'aka nri, dabere n'ịgụ obere ederede nke otu nwanyị na-ekwu okwu. == Iji asụsụ == Enwere ike were Brunei Malay, Kedayan na Kampong Ayer dị ka olumba asụsụ Malay. Ndị Brunei na-achị ọnụ ọgụgụ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eji ''Brunei Malay'', bụ ndị na-ebi na mmiri, ebe ''Kedayan'' na-eji ndị ọrụ ugbo bi n'ala eme ihe, ndị bi n'osimiri nke ugwu nke isi obodo na-eji ''olumba Kampong Ayer'' . A na-eme atụmatụ na 94% nke okwu Brunei Malay na Kedayan nwere njikọ na lex. Coluzzi mụrụ akara okporo ụzọ na Bandar Seri Begawan, isi obodo Brunei Darussalam . Onye nyocha ahụ kwubiri na ewezuga Chinese, "asụsụ ndị pere mpe na Brunei enweghị ọhụụ ma na-arụ ọrụ dị oke oke karịa ezinụlọ na obere obodo." == Okwu okwu == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Brunei Malay !Malaysian Malay !Meaning |- | colspan="2" |{{Lang|kxd|Aku/ku}} | rowspan="2" |First person singular |- | colspan="2" |{{Lang|kxd|Saya}} |- |{{Lang|kxd|Peramba}} |{{Lang|zsm|Patik}} |First person singular when in conversation with a Royal Family Member |- | colspan="2" |{{Lang|kxd|Awak}} | rowspan="3" |Second person singular |- | colspan="2" |{{Lang|kxd|Kau}} |- | colspan="2" |{{Lang|kxd|Ko}} |- |{{Lang|kxd|Awda}} |{{Lang|zsm|Anda}} |From {{Lang|kxd|(si) '''aw'''ang}} and {{Lang|kxd|(si) '''da'''yang}}. It is used like the Malay word {{Lang|ms|anda}}. |- | colspan="2" |{{Lang|kxd|Kamu}} |Second person plural |- |{{Lang|kxd|Ia}} |{{Lang|zsm|Dia}} |Third person singular |- |{{Lang|kxd|Kitani}} |{{Lang|zsm|Kita}} |First person plural (inclusive) |- | colspan="2" |{{Lang|kxd|Kita}} |To be used either like {{Lang|kxd|kitani}} or {{Lang|kxd|biskita}} |- |{{Lang|kxd|Si awang}} | rowspan="2" |{{Lang|zsm|Beliau}} |Male third person singular |- |{{Lang|kxd|Si dayang}} |Female third person singular |- |{{Lang|kxd|Biskita}} |{{Lang|zsm|Kita}} |To address a listener of older age. Also first person plural |- |{{Lang|kxd|Cinta}} |{{Lang|zsm|Tercinta}} |To address a loved one |- |{{Lang|kxd|Ani}} |{{Lang|zsm|Ini}} |This |- |{{Lang|kxd|Atu}} |{{Lang|zsm|Itu}} |That |- | colspan="2" |{{Lang|kxd|(Di) mana?}} |Where (at)? |- | colspan="2" |{{Lang|kxd|Ke mana?}} |Where to? |- | colspan="2" |{{Lang|kxd|Lelaki}} | rowspan="2" |Male (human) |- | colspan="2" |{{Lang|kxd|Laki-laki}} |- | colspan="2" |{{Lang|kxd|Perempuan}} | rowspan="2" |Female (human) |- |{{Lang|kxd|Bini-bini}}{{Efn-la|In Malay, {{Lang|kxd|Bini-bini}} is exclusively used in Brunei to refer to a woman. In Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore, it is an informal way to refer to one's wives or a group of married women.}} | |- |{{Lang|kxd|Budiman}} |{{Lang|zsm|Tuan/Encik}} |A gentleman |- |{{Lang|kxd|Kebawah Duli}} |{{Lang|zsm|Baginda}} |His Majesty |- |{{Lang|kxd|Awu}} | | rowspan="2" |Yes |- | colspan="2" |{{Lang|kxd|Ya}} |- |{{Lang|kxd|Inda}} | | rowspan="2" |No |- | colspan="2" |{{Lang|kxd|Tidak}} |- |{{Lang|kxd|kabat}} |{{Lang|zsm|Tutup}} |To close (a door, etc.) |- |{{Lang|kxd|Makan}} | |To eat |- |{{Lang|kxd|Suka}} | |To like |- |{{Lang|kxd|Cali}} |{{Lang|zsm|Lawak}} |Funny (adj.), derived from Charlie Chaplin |- |{{Lang|kxd|Siuk}} |{{Lang|zsm|Syok}} |cf. Malaysian {{Lang|zsm|syok}}, Singaporean {{Lang|ms|shiok}} |- |{{Lang|kxd|Lakas}} |{{Lang|zsm|Lekas}} |To be quick, (in a) hurry(ing) (also an interjection) |- |{{Lang|kxd|Karang}} |{{Lang|zsm|Nanti}} |At a later time, soon |- |{{Lang|kxd|Tarus}} |{{Lang|zsm|Terus}} |Straight ahead; immediately |- |{{Lang|kxd|Manada}} |{{Lang|zsm|Mana ada}} |Used as a term when in a state denial (as in 'No way!' or 'It can't be') |- |{{Lang|kxd|Baiktah}} |{{Lang|zsm|Lebih baik}} |'Might as well ... ' |- |{{Lang|kxd|Orang putih}} |{{Lang|zsm|Orang putih}}; {{Lang|zsm|Mat salleh}} |Generally refers to a white Westerner. |- |{{Lang|kxd|Kaling}} |{{Lang|zsm|[[Keling]]}} |Refers to a Bruneian of Indian descent. (This is generally regarded as pejorative.) |} . == Ọmụmụ == Ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta ọdịda anyanwụ na Borneo chịkọtara ma bipụtakwa okwu Brunei Malay gụnyere Pigafetta na 1521, De Crespigny na 1872, Charles Hose na 1893, AS Haynes na 1900, Sidney H. Ray na 1913, HB Marshall na 1921, na Mac Brunei na 1922ryan na GT. gụnyere na ''A Malay-English Dictionary'' nke RJ Wilkinson dere. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Anton Abraham Cense|title=Critical Survey of Studies on the Languages of Borneo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J-gsBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|year=2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-011-8925-5}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Jatswan S. Sidhu|title=Historical Dictionary of Brunei Darussalam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bry0sOwstIMC&pg=PA283|year=2009|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7078-9}}</ref> == Ntụaka == dịkarịa ala impressionistically ugboro abụọ ka ogologo oge ndị ọzọ na-akwụsị. Ha dị iche na /b d͇ ɡ/ n'okpuru{{Reflist}} == Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==   2zv9e2uqef53tkyrclu498kyg99w4dm 0 58768 672401 577637 2026-07-04T16:49:25Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672401 wikitext text/x-wiki Speranza Ndege bụ onye nkuzi Kenya, onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, onye na-enye ọzụzụ na onye ndụmọdụ nke na-eje ozi ugbu a onye nkuzi ukwu na onye isi Institute of Open, Distance and e-Learning (OdeL) na Mahadum Embu. A maara ya maka ọrụ ya na agụmakwụkwọ e-learning dị elu, mmụta dị anya na teknụzụ ozi na nkwukọrịta (ICT). Ọrụ ya gụnyere ịmalite mmemme mmụta dị elu nke mbụ na Kenya. Ọrụ Ndege emesịa metụta mmepe nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị e-learning na East Africa dum..<ref name="embu">{{Cite web|title=Prof. Speranza Ndege|url=https://humanities.embuni.ac.ke/index.php/9-profile/67-dr-speranza-ndege|work=University of Embu - Humanities Department|accessdate=25 August 2021|archivedate=25 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825172904/https://humanities.embuni.ac.ke/index.php/9-profile/67-dr-speranza-ndege}}</ref><ref name="ku">{{Cite web|title=Commissioner Dr. Speranza Ndege, PhD;MSc Cbis;MA;BEd; Pgdip e-Teaching;Pgdip.PTO;CCNA,Cert.EIA/EA;FHEA|url=http://ku.ac.ke/schools/humanities/index.php/about-department/87-faculty/181-commissioner-dr-speranza-ndege|work=Kenyatta University|accessdate=25 August 2021|archivedate=27 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210827155437/http://ku.ac.ke/schools/humanities/index.php/about-department/87-faculty/181-commissioner-dr-speranza-ndege}}</ref> Ndege edeela ma ọ bụ soro dee ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 20 ma kwuo okwu n'ọtụtụ nzukọ mba ụwa, ogbako na nzukọ. <ref name="embu"/> <ref name="ku"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Speranza Ndege|url=https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=GOCv8xUAAAAJ&hl=en|work=Google Scholar|accessdate=25 August 2021}}</ref> == Mmụta == Ndege nwetara akara ugo mmụta nzere bachelọ na agụmakwụkwọ n'afọ 1984 yana nzere masta na akwụkwọ n'afọ 1990 site na Mahadum Nairobi. O nwetara Ph.D. site na Ngalaba Asụsụ na Ọdịbendị Africa nke Ghent na 2002. N'afọ 2007, Ndege nwetara akara ugo mmụta masta na sistemụ ozi kọmpụta sitere na Mahadum Sunderland. <ref name="embu"/><ref name="ku"/> == Ọrụ == Kemgbe afọ 2020, Ndege anọwo n'ọkwá na Mahadum nke Embu dị ka onye nkuzi dị elu na onye nduzi nke Institute of ODeL. Ọ bụkwa onye otu Advance HE . <ref name="embu"/><ref name="ku"/> Site na 2003 ruo 2019, Ndege nwere ọkwa dị ka onye nkuzi, onye nduzi na onye guzobere na Mahadum Kenyatta (KU). N'afọ 2003, ya na Royal Melbourne University of Technology na Curtin University rụkọtara ọrụ iji chọta mmemme agụmakwụkwọ dị elu mbụ nke Kenya site na KU's African Virtual University Learning Centre. A na-eduzi diplọma mbụ na mmemme nzere nke KU na sayensị kọmputa na nchịkwa azụmaahịa na njikwa n'oge afọ atọ Ndege dị ka onye nduzi mmemme. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke KU's e-Learning Coordinating Centre site na 2007 ruo 2008. Ndege guzobekwara ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn mbụ nke KU ma jee ozi dị ka onye nduzi nke KU's Television and Radio Services site na 2014 ruo 2017. N'ime afọ atọ sochirinụ, ọ bụ onye nduzi mmemme dijitalụ na Ngalaba Akwụkwọ nke KU.<ref name="embu"/><ref name="ku"/> Ọrụ Ndege na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu gụnyere na-elekọta ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ; na-emepe ụkpụrụ agụmakwụkwọ dị elu, atụmatụ na mmemme; na-azụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba na mmụta n'ịntanetị; na-enyocha atụmatụ nzukọ maka eLearning Africa na ịtụle mmemme agụmakwụkwọ kachasị elu nke Kenya na ụlọ ọrụ maka e-readiness. Ọrụ ya na ndụmọdụ gụnyere nyocha gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka onye injinia ndụmọdụ Royal Associates maka ndị ahịa Kenya. <ref name="embu"/><ref name="ku"/> Nnyocha Ndege, ọrụ na njikọ ya gụnyere ibelata ihe mgbochi maka agụmakwụkwọ na mba Afrịka na itinye ICT na klas ha. N'afọ 2007, e webatara Moodle na Kenya site na KU. N'otu afọ ahụ, a họpụtara Ndege na kọmitii nhazi nke abụọ nke e-Learning Africa site na Ministry of Education, Science and Technology nke Kenya. Nzukọ ahụ mere ka mmepe e-Learning dị mfe n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka niile, dịka ojiji nke Moodle agbasaala n'ógbè ahụ dum. Site na 2010 ruo 2018, Ndege jere ozi dị ka onye kọmishọna nke Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development. Site na nhọpụta ya dị ka onye otu Kọmitii Nkà na Ụzụ na Atụmatụ, Ndege akwadowo nguzobe nke National Open University of Kenya. Ọ bụkwa onye otu ụlọ ọrụ Distance Education for Africa . <ref name="embu"/> <ref name="ku"/><ref>{{Cite web|title=Annex 1 - The State of Broadband 2020|url=https://itu.foleon.com/reports/the-state-of-broadband-2020/annex-1/|work=Broadband Commission for Sustainable Development|accessdate=25 August 2021|archivedate=30 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210830122832/https://itu.foleon.com/reports/the-state-of-broadband-2020/annex-1/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Our Staff - Distance Education Africa|url=https://www.deafrica.org/our-staff/|work=Distance Education Africa|accessdate=26 August 2021}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * Networking & Data Communication in a Institution of Higher Learning (2016) * ''ORELT Open Resources for English Language Teaching: Module 3 - Ihe ịga nke ọma na Reading, Vancouver, Canada, Common Wealth of Learning'' (2012) == Edemsbia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0sad71nsdkxxhbepr3unlbj7dwb77bv 0 59350 672268 630971 2026-07-04T13:44:09Z Goodymeraj 16207 Fixed reference error 672268 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oceania - Map of Micronesia.svg|thumb| Ndị Austronesian, ndị gụnyere ndị Micronesia, mepụtara teknụzụ ụgbọ mmiri iji kwaga n'ofe [[Òrìmìlì Pacific|Oké Osimiri Pacific]].]] Usoro igodo ụzọ mmiri nke Micronesia bụ nkà igodo nke ndị na-eme njem na-eme ihe n'etiti ọtụtụ puku obere nchọpụta dị n'ebe ahụ Pacific Ocean na mpaghara Oceania, nke a maara dị ka Micronesia.  Ndị njem a jiri ụzọ ụzọ dị ka njem site na okporo ụzọ, na ihe mgbako ụkwụ, oke osimiri, na okporo ụzọ, ma dabere na nnukwu ihe ndị sitere na aha ọnụ. Ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri na ndị na-eme ụgbọ mmiri na Polynesia si Santa Cruz Islands ụzọ na-enwe ụgbọ mmiri mmiri ndị a.[4]  Ihe ndị e njem nke njem Polynesia na-ekiri awụ nke 20 jiri ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke ihe mee ihe kwa ụbọchị na Caroline Islands. == Njem Mbido == Dabere na nsogbu dị ugbu a, a na-ewere Ndị Micronesia, site na ihe ncheta, ihe mgbe ochie, na ndị agha ndụ ihe nketa ndị mmadụ, dị ka ihe nke Ndị Austronesian na-akwaga n'oké osimiri, ndị na-eso Polynesia na ndị Melanesia.  Austronesians bụ ndị mbụ ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri (masịa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri mmiri nwere okpukpu abụọ, mmiri na-ama, ụgbọ mmiri a na-akpọ lashed-lug, na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri claw), nke mere ka ha mbụ ngwa n'ime mbụ Indo-Pacific. Site na 2000 TOA ha na-amịkọrọ (ma ọ bụ na- ቁጥር) ndị bi n'etiti ndị mbụ n'ụzọ ha si agafe.. <ref name="Bellwood1988">{{Cite journal|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=A Hypothesis for Austronesian Origins|journal=Asian Perspectives|date=1988|volume=26|issue=1|pages=107–117|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105193.pdf|accessdate=1 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Bellwood 1991">{{Cite journal|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages|journal=Scientific American|date=1991|volume=265|issue=1|pages=88–93|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88}}</ref><ref name="hill&serjeanston1989">{{Cite book|editor=Hill, Adrian V.S.|title=The Colonization of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Research Monographs on Human Population Biology No. 7|year=1989|isbn=9780198576952}}</ref><ref name="Bellwood2006">{{Cite book|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives|date=2006|publisher=Australian National University Press|isbn=9781920942854|url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian-series/austronesians|accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="blench2012">{{Cite book|author=Blench, Roger|editor=Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin|title=Crossing Borders|chapter=Almost Everything You Believed about the Austronesians Isn't True|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|year=2012|pages=128–148|isbn=9789971696429|chapterurl=http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Berlin%202010/Blench%20Austronesians%202012%20offprint.pdf|accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref> Ndị mbịarambịa si na Philippines biri na Agwaetiti Mariana n'ihe dị ka 1500 ruo 1400 BCE.  Nke a sochiri njem nke site na Caroline Islands n'oge puku awụ mbụ OA, na njem nke atọ site na Island Southeast Asia (ma ስጋ anya Philippines ma ọ bụ mmemme Indonesia) site na 900 OA. <ref name="Hung">{{Cite journal|author=Hung|first=Hsiao-chun|title=The first settlement of Remote Oceania: the Philippines to the Marianas|journal=Antiquity|date=2015|volume=85|issue=329|pages=909–926|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00068393}}</ref><ref name="Zotomayor">{{Cite journal|author=Zotomayor|first=Alexie Villegas|title=Archaeologists say migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history|journal=Marianas Variety News and Views|date=March 12, 2013|url=https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2|accessdate=October 25, 2020}}</ref><ref name="voyage">{{Cite news|author=Zotomayor|first=Alexie|title=Archaeologist says migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history|url=http://www.mvariety.com/cnmi/cnmi-news/local/54274-archaeologist-says-migration-to-marianas-longest-ocean-crossing-in-human-history|accessdate=December 29, 2014|work=Marianas Variety|date=March 11, 2013}}</ref> Ndị si n'Agwaetiti Caroline na Ndị Chamorro nke Marianas Islands na-eme egwuregwu ihe mgbe niile, yana njem ndị a na-ahụ ahụkebe n'àgbè ndị dị n'ebe ụmụaka nke Philippines.<ref name="Peterson">{{Cite journal|author=Peterson|first=John A.|title=Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity?|journal=Micronesica|date=2012|volume=42|issue=1/2|pages=183–208|url=https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/5_smpeterson_pp183-208.pdf|accessdate=2021-10-04}}</ref> == Ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na narị afọ nke 20 == [[Faịlụ:Mau_Piailug.gif|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|173x173px|Onye na-eme njem Mau Piailug (1932-2010) nke agwaetiti Satawal]] Mau Piailug bụ onye nkuzi a ma ama nke ọdịnala, usoro ụzọ ụzọ na-azụ ngwá ọrụ ọrụ maka njem n'oké osimiri.  Ọ bụ onye na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri site na mgbasa Satawal nke Carolinian.  Ɔama utu aha nke master navigator (palu) mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na 1950;  nke egwu emume dị nsso a mara ka 主.  Ka ọ na-eru nso n'afọ ndụ, ọ pụtara ichegbu onwe ya na omume ụgbọ mmiri na Satawal ga-arụ n'anya ka ndị ya na-agba ọsọ àmà egwuregwu.  N'olileanya na a ga- echekwa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri maka ụgbọ ndị na-amụ n'ihu, Mau kesara ihe ya na Polynesian Voyaging Society (PVS).  Site n'akpa Mau, PVS akara ma nwalee usoro akpa mmiri Hawaiian furu efu na Họkọle'a, nrụzi nke oge a nke mmiri mmiri Hawaii nwere okpukpu abụọ..<ref name="Lewis78">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=The Voyaging Stars: Secrets of the Pacific Island Navigators|year=1978|publisher=William Collins Publishers Pty Ltd, Sydney|isbn=0-393-03226-4}}</ref><ref name="Finney94">{{Cite book|author=Finney|first=Ben|others=Illustrations by Richard Rhodes|year=1994|title=Voyage of Rediscovery: A Cultural Odyssey through Polynesia|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-520-08002-5}}</ref> Hipour bụ onye na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke Weriyeng na nchọpụta Puluwat . N'afọ 1969, Hipour sonyeere David Henry Lewis na ketch ya Isbjorn site na Puluwat na Chuuk gaa Saipan na Northern Mariana Islands, na azụ, na-eji ụgbọ mmiri omenala mmiri;  ihe dị ka 1,000 mi) n'ụzọ ọ àlà.<ref name="NG1974H">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=771–778}}</ref><ref name="MM73">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=|title=A Renaissance in Carolinian-Marianas Voyaging|author=Michael McCoy|year=1973|publisher=[[Journal of the Polynesian Society]], [[Auckland University]]|accessdate=2021-10-07|archivedate=2021-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228000936/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1970, Repunglug na Repunglap, ụmụnne abụọ, si Satawal gaa Saipan n'ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala Carolinian, nke dị ihe dị ka mita 7.92 n'ogologo, ma nwee ákwà ifufe.<ref name="MM73">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=|title=A Renaissance in Carolinian-Marianas Voyaging|author=Michael McCoy|year=1973|publisher=[[Journal of the Polynesian Society]], [[Auckland University]]|accessdate=2021-10-07|archivedate=2021-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228000936/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMichael_McCoy1973">Michael McCoy (1973). [http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target= "A Renaissance in Carolinian-Marianas Voyaging"]. [[Journal of the Polynesian Society]], [[Auckland University]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211228000936/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target= Archived] from the original on 2021-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-07</span></span>.</cite></ref> A ghọtara njem a na Satawal dị ka oge mbụ na narị afọ nke 20 na ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala mere njem gaa Saipan.<ref name="MM73" /> Mgbe ha na-eji obere compass ụgbọ mmiri, ha dabere na ihe ọmụma ha banyere njem ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala na usoro ebili mmiri iji gaa ihe dị ka 52 (84) na West Fayu, ebe ha chere ifufe dị mma tupu ha agaa n'ihu na njem 422 (679 km) na Saipan.<ref name="MM73" /> Ha mechara laghachi Satawal.<ref name="MM73" /> Narè afá 1970, e nwera ma ọ na-akpọ ala ndị ikom 17 nwere ike ije ozi dị ka onye isi ụgbọ mmiri (palu) maka njem gaa na Marianas.  Ha akpọ Sautan na Elato;  Orupi, nwoke Satawal bi na Lamotrek;  Ikegun, Epaimai, Repunglug, Repunglap, na Mau Piailug si Satawal;  Ikuliman, Ikefie, Manipi, Rapwi, Faipiy, Faluta, Filewa na Hipour, niile si Puluwat;  Yaitiluk si Pulap, na Amanto si Tamatam.  E see ndị na-amụ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri isii ma ọ bụ asaa na-amụ nkà nke ụgbọ mmiri na Satawal, Epoumai na nwa Repunglug Olaman.<ref name="MM73">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=|title=A Renaissance in Carolinian-Marianas Voyaging|author=Michael McCoy|year=1973|publisher=[[Journal of the Polynesian Society]], [[Auckland University]]|accessdate=2021-10-07|archivedate=2021-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228000936/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFMichael_McCoy1973">Michael McCoy (1973). [http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target= "A Renaissance in Carolinian-Marianas Voyaging"]. [[Journal of the Polynesian Society]], [[Auckland University]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211228000936/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target= Archived] from the original on 2021-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-07</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name="NG1974H2">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=747–754, 771-778}}</ref> == Usoro ụgbọ mmiri == Usoro ụgbọ mmiri nke Carolinian, nke Mau Piailug ji mee ihe, na-adabere na ihe ngosi ụgbọ mmiri site na iji ike, ifufe na ígwé ojii, osimiri na-esetịpụ, na-ahụ ụzọ, na-efe efe, na usoro nke Bioluminescence nke ada akwụkwọ dị, nke a Ameer site na nkuzi na-agafe site na nkuchi n'ọdịna ọnụla.<ref name="Thompson">{{Cite web|author=Thompson|first=Nainoa|title=On Wayfinding|url=http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html|work=Polynesian Voyaging Society|accessdate=April 11, 2018|archivedate=November 2, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102012638/http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html}}</ref> Ozugbo ha rutere nso n'àgwàetiti, onye na-eme njem ga-enwe ike ịchọpụta ebe ọ dị site n'ịhụ nnụnụ ndị dị n'ala, igwe ojii nke na-eto n'elu agwaetiti, yana ngosipụta nke mmiri na-adịghị omimi nke e mere n'okpuru igwe ojii. A pụkwara ịmata ọdịiche dị nro na agba nke mbara igwe dị ka ihe sitere na ọnụnọ nke ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri na-adịghị omimi, ebe mmiri miri emi bụ ihe na-egbukepụ ìhè nke ọma ebe a pụrụ ịmata ụcha nke mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri na mmiri na-enweghị omimi na ngosipụta na mbara igwe.<ref name="PIM1955-8">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators|date=1 August 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up}}</ref> Usoro nchọpụta ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nlekota anya na iburu n'isi mgbe niile. Ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri ga-eburu n'isi ebe ha si ụgbọ mmiri gaa iji mara ebe ha nọ. Anyanwụ bụ isi nduzi maka ndị na-eme njem n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịgbaso kpọmkwem ebe ọ na-ebili ma na-ada. Ozugbo anyanwụ dara, ha ga-eji ebe kpakpando na-apụta ma na-ada. Mgbe enweghị kpakpando n'ihi abalị ígwé ojii ma ọ bụ n'ehihie, onye na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri ga-eji ifufe na ụfụfụ mee ihe dị ka ndị nduzi.<ref name="Thompson">{{Cite web|author=Thompson|first=Nainoa|title=On Wayfinding|url=http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html|work=Polynesian Voyaging Society|accessdate=April 11, 2018|archivedate=November 2, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102012638/http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThompson">Thompson, Nainoa. [http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html "On Wayfinding"]. ''Polynesian Voyaging Society''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171102012638/http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html Archived] from the original on November 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="NG1974H4">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=747–754, 771-778}}</ref> === Njem site na kpakpando === [[Faịlụ:Mau-star-compass.png|thumb|Compass kpakpando nke Mau Piailug kụziri na Caroline Islands, na North n'elu. Re-creation na shells on sand, na [[Asụsụ Satawalese|Satawalese]] ([[Asụsụ Chuukic|Chuukic]]) ederede akara, site na Polynesian Voyaging Society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/star_compasses.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024052038/http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/star_compasses.html|archivedate=24 October 2011|title=Star Compasses|publisher=Polynesian Voyaging Society}}</ref> Lee nkọwa na Commons.]] Maka ndị na-eme njem n'ụdị equator, (dị ka ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti nchoputa Micronesia), a na-eme ka njem n'Ị dị mfe, ebe ọ bụ na a na-arụ mbara igwe dum.  Kpakpando ọ àlà nke na-agafe zenith (n'elu) na-agagharị na equator nke bu, ntọala nke usoro nhazi nke equator.  njem ga-etinye ụzọ site na ndị dị nso na mbara igwe, na-agbanwe gaa na nke ọhụrụ mbụ nke mbụ nke elu.  A ga-eburu ụzọ n'isi maka ụzọ ọ gbala. <ref name="PIM1955-8">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators|date=1 August 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Holmes, Lowell Don (1 August 1955). [https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up "Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators"]. ''XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up Archived] from the original on 1 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="PIM1955-9">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders|date=1 September 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001530/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849}}</ref><ref name="Lewis 1972">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=We, the Navigators|date=1972|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=HI|isbn=9780824802295}}</ref> Ịga-ịgagharị saịtị na-eji ihe ndị ahụ ụfọdụ mgbe ụfọdụ, ka ha na-agbagharị n' egosipụta n'iji, ga-agafe ọma ahụ ndị njem na-aga.  E ji usoro nke "ịga n'okpuru latitude" mee ihe. Nke ahụ bụ, ihe ahụ na-agụ nke akwụkwọ n'elu dị iche dị iche iche gbasoro yiri nke ahụ, (site n'ịghọta na ụdịdị iche iche nwere ike yiri nke ahụ na mbara igwe igwe) nyere ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke latitude, ka ha wee nwee ike iji ifufe na-achịkwa, tupu ha enwee ihe ma ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ihe iji rute ekere ahụ ha na-aga.. <ref name="PIM1955-8" /><ref name="PIM1955-6">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXV(11) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (1): The Polynesian Navigators Followed a Unique Plan|date=1 June 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-319422511/view?partId=nla.obj-319629151|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001528/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-319422511/view?partId=nla.obj-319629151}}</ref> Ike sitere n'ikuku gaa n'oké osimiri na-emepụta ebili mmiri. Ebili mmiri ndị e kere mgbe ike na-agbadata site na ebe isi iyi (dị ka ebili mmiri) a maara dị ka swell. Mgbe ifufe dị ike n'ebe isi iyi ahụ, ọsụsọ ahụ buru ibu. Ka ifufe na-ebu ogologo oge, otú ahụ ka ọ na-adịte ogologo oge. N'ihi na ebili mmiri nke oké osimiri nwere ike ịnọgide na-adịgide ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, ndị na-eme njem na-adabere na ha iji buru ụgbọ mmiri ha n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ site n'otu ụlọ (ma ọ bụ ebe) na compass kpakpando gaa n'ụlọ nke ọzọ nke otu aha ahụ. Ndị na-eme njem anaghị enwe ike ịhụ kpakpando mgbe niile; n'ihi nke a, ha na-adabere na mbuze nke oké osimiri. Ụzọ e si agafe bụ ụzọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya karịa ebili mmiri, nke ikuku na-ekpebi.<ref name="PIM1955-8">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators|date=1 August 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Holmes, Lowell Don (1 August 1955). [https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up "Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators"]. ''XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up Archived] from the original on 1 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="PIM1955-9">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders|date=1 September 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001530/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Holmes, Lowell Don (1 September 1955). [https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849 "Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders"]. ''XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001530/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849 Archived] from the original on 1 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Mmiri na-aga n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ nke na-eme ka ọ dịrị onye na-eme njem mfe ịchọpụta ma ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-aga na ntụziaka ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gooley|first=Tristan|authorlink=Tristan Gooley|title=How to Read Water: Clues, Signs & Patterns from Puddles to the Sea|year=2016|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|location=NY|isbn=9781473615205}}</ref> Ndị bi na Marshall Islands nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iji chaatị osisi, na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke agwaetiti na ọnọdụ ndị gbara ha gburugburu;  na ntughari na ebe nzuko nke ọgịrịga aki oyibo na-egosi mmegharị ebili mmiri nke sitere na agwaetiti ndị guzoro n'ụzọ nke ifufe na-emeri na ọsọ nke ebili mmiri.  Chaatị a nọchitere anya ụkpụrụ na-aza nke oke osimiri yana ụzọ ndị agwaetiti ahụ si mebie ụkpụrụ ndị ahụ, a na-ekpebikarị site n'ịhụ ọgba aghara na oke osimiri na-azara n'agwaetiti n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri.  A na-eme ọtụtụ chaatị osisi site na midrib nke mkpụrụ osisi aki oyibo bụ nke ejikọtara ọnụ iji guzobe oghere mepere emepe.  A na-anọchi anya ebe ndị dị n'àgwàetiti ahụ site na mkpọ ndị e kekọtara n'okirikiri ahụ, ma ọ bụ site na nkwụsị nke osisi abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa apịara apị.  Eriri ndị ahụ nọchiri anya ebili mmiri na-efegharị n'elu oke osimiri na ntụzịaka ha na-ewere ka ha na-erute n'agwaetiti wee zute mgbịrịgba ebili mmiri ndị ọzọ yiri nke a na-eme site na mgbawa na mgbawa.  Chaatị n'otu n'otu dịgasị iche iche n'ụdị na nkọwa nke na onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke mere eserese ahụ bụ naanị onye nwere ike ịkọwa ya na iji ya mee ihe.[3]  Iji chaatị osisi kwụsịrị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, mgbe nkà na ụzụ eletrọnịkị ọhụrụ mere ka ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri dịkwuo mfe ma na-eji ụgbọ epeepe eme njem n'agwaetiti..<ref name="Lewis 1972">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=We, the Navigators|date=1972|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=HI|isbn=9780824802295}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewis1972">Lewis, David (1972). ''We, the Navigators''. HI: University of Hawaii Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780824802295|<bdi>9780824802295</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ụgbọ mmiri == * Wa (ụgbọ mmiri) * Sakman * Baurua * Ọdọwa == Ebe e si nweta ya == * Lewis, David (1963), "A Return Voyage Between Puluwat and Saipan Using Micronesian Navigational Techniques", na Finney, Ben R (ed.), Pacific Navigation and Voyaging, The Polynesian Society.  * Lewis, David (1994), We the Navigators: The Ancient art of Landfinding in the Pacific, University of Hawaii Press.  * {{Cite book|author=O’Connor|first=M.R.|title=Wayfinding: The Science and Mystery of How Humans Navigate the World|year=2019|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1250096968}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] r5pe12hx5psi3tvxhz3il78uvrbqbir 672276 672268 2026-07-04T13:46:27Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672276 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oceania - Map of Micronesia.svg|thumb| Ndị Austronesian, ndị gụnyere ndị Micronesia, mepụtara teknụzụ ụgbọ mmiri iji kwaga n'ofe [[Òrìmìlì Pacific|Oké Osimiri Pacific]].]] Usoro igodo ụzọ mmiri nke Micronesia bụ nkà igodo nke ndị na-eme njem na-eme ihe n'etiti ọtụtụ puku obere nchọpụta dị n'ebe ahụ Pacific Ocean na mpaghara Oceania, nke a maara dị ka Micronesia.  Ndị njem a jiri ụzọ ụzọ dị ka njem site na okporo ụzọ, na ihe mgbako ụkwụ, oke osimiri, na okporo ụzọ, ma dabere na nnukwu ihe ndị sitere na aha ọnụ. Ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri na ndị na-eme ụgbọ mmiri na Polynesia si Santa Cruz Islands ụzọ na-enwe ụgbọ mmiri mmiri ndị a.[4]  Ihe ndị e njem nke njem Polynesia na-ekiri awụ nke 20 jiri ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke ihe mee ihe kwa ụbọchị na Caroline Islands. == Njem Mbido == Dabere na nsogbu dị ugbu a, a na-ewere Ndị Micronesia, site na ihe ncheta, ihe mgbe ochie, na ndị agha ndụ ihe nketa ndị mmadụ, dị ka ihe nke Ndị Austronesian na-akwaga n'oké osimiri, ndị na-eso Polynesia na ndị Melanesia.  Austronesians bụ ndị mbụ ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri (masịa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri mmiri nwere okpukpu abụọ, mmiri na-ama, ụgbọ mmiri a na-akpọ lashed-lug, na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri claw), nke mere ka ha mbụ ngwa n'ime mbụ Indo-Pacific. Site na 2000 TOA ha na-amịkọrọ (ma ọ bụ na- ቁጥር) ndị bi n'etiti ndị mbụ n'ụzọ ha si agafe.. <ref name="Bellwood1988">{{Cite journal|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=A Hypothesis for Austronesian Origins|journal=Asian Perspectives|date=1988|volume=26|issue=1|pages=107–117|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105193.pdf|accessdate=1 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Bellwood 1991">{{Cite journal|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages|journal=Scientific American|date=1991|volume=265|issue=1|pages=88–93|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88}}</ref><ref name="hill&serjeanston1989">{{Cite book|editor=Hill, Adrian V.S.|title=The Colonization of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Research Monographs on Human Population Biology No. 7|year=1989|isbn=9780198576952}}</ref><ref name="Bellwood2006">{{Cite book|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives|date=2006|publisher=Australian National University Press|isbn=9781920942854|url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian-series/austronesians|accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="blench2012">{{Cite book|author=Blench, Roger|editor=Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin|title=Crossing Borders|chapter=Almost Everything You Believed about the Austronesians Isn't True|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|year=2012|pages=128–148|isbn=9789971696429|chapterurl=http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Berlin%202010/Blench%20Austronesians%202012%20offprint.pdf|accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref> Ndị mbịarambịa si na Philippines biri na Agwaetiti Mariana n'ihe dị ka 1500 ruo 1400 BCE.  Nke a sochiri njem nke site na Caroline Islands n'oge puku awụ mbụ OA, na njem nke atọ site na Island Southeast Asia (ma ስጋ anya Philippines ma ọ bụ mmemme Indonesia) site na 900 OA. <ref name="Hung">{{Cite journal|author=Hung|first=Hsiao-chun|title=The first settlement of Remote Oceania: the Philippines to the Marianas|journal=Antiquity|date=2015|volume=85|issue=329|pages=909–926|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00068393}}</ref><ref name="Zotomayor">{{Cite journal|author=Zotomayor|first=Alexie Villegas|title=Archaeologists say migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history|journal=Marianas Variety News and Views|date=March 12, 2013|url=https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2|accessdate=October 25, 2020}}</ref><ref name="voyage">{{Cite news|author=Zotomayor|first=Alexie|title=Archaeologist says migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history|url=http://www.mvariety.com/cnmi/cnmi-news/local/54274-archaeologist-says-migration-to-marianas-longest-ocean-crossing-in-human-history|accessdate=December 29, 2014|work=Marianas Variety|date=March 11, 2013}}</ref> Ndị si n'Agwaetiti Caroline na Ndị Chamorro nke Marianas Islands na-eme egwuregwu ihe mgbe niile, yana njem ndị a na-ahụ ahụkebe n'àgbè ndị dị n'ebe ụmụaka nke Philippines.<ref name="Peterson">{{Cite journal|author=Peterson|first=John A.|title=Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity?|journal=Micronesica|date=2012|volume=42|issue=1/2|pages=183–208|url=https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/5_smpeterson_pp183-208.pdf|accessdate=2021-10-04}}</ref> == Ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na narị afọ nke 20 == [[Faịlụ:Mau_Piailug.gif|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|173x173px|Onye na-eme njem Mau Piailug (1932-2010) nke agwaetiti Satawal]] Mau Piailug bụ onye nkuzi a ma ama nke ọdịnala, usoro ụzọ ụzọ na-azụ ngwá ọrụ ọrụ maka njem n'oké osimiri.  Ọ bụ onye na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri site na mgbasa Satawal nke Carolinian.  Ɔama utu aha nke master navigator (palu) mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na 1950;  nke egwu emume dị nsso a mara ka 主.  Ka ọ na-eru nso n'afọ ndụ, ọ pụtara ichegbu onwe ya na omume ụgbọ mmiri na Satawal ga-arụ n'anya ka ndị ya na-agba ọsọ àmà egwuregwu.  N'olileanya na a ga- echekwa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri maka ụgbọ ndị na-amụ n'ihu, Mau kesara ihe ya na Polynesian Voyaging Society (PVS).  Site n'akpa Mau, PVS akara ma nwalee usoro akpa mmiri Hawaiian furu efu na Họkọle'a, nrụzi nke oge a nke mmiri mmiri Hawaii nwere okpukpu abụọ..<ref name="Lewis78">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=The Voyaging Stars: Secrets of the Pacific Island Navigators|year=1978|publisher=William Collins Publishers Pty Ltd, Sydney|isbn=0-393-03226-4}}</ref><ref name="Finney94">{{Cite book|author=Finney|first=Ben|others=Illustrations by Richard Rhodes|year=1994|title=Voyage of Rediscovery: A Cultural Odyssey through Polynesia|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-520-08002-5}}</ref> Hipour bụ onye na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke Weriyeng na nchọpụta Puluwat . N'afọ 1969, Hipour sonyeere David Henry Lewis na ketch ya Isbjorn site na Puluwat na Chuuk gaa Saipan na Northern Mariana Islands, na azụ, na-eji ụgbọ mmiri omenala mmiri;  ihe dị ka 1,000 mi) n'ụzọ ọ àlà.<ref name="NG1974H">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=771–778}}</ref><ref name="MM73">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=|title=A Renaissance in Carolinian-Marianas Voyaging|author=Michael McCoy|year=1973|publisher=[[Journal of the Polynesian Society]], [[Auckland University]]|accessdate=2021-10-07|archivedate=2021-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228000936/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1970, Repunglug na Repunglap, ụmụnne abụọ, si Satawal gaa Saipan n'ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala Carolinian, nke dị ihe dị ka mita 7.92 n'ogologo, ma nwee ákwà ifufe.<ref name="MM73" /> A ghọtara njem a na Satawal dị ka oge mbụ na narị afọ nke 20 na ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala mere njem gaa Saipan.<ref name="MM73" /> Mgbe ha na-eji obere compass ụgbọ mmiri, ha dabere na ihe ọmụma ha banyere njem ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala na usoro ebili mmiri iji gaa ihe dị ka 52 (84) na West Fayu, ebe ha chere ifufe dị mma tupu ha agaa n'ihu na njem 422 (679 km) na Saipan.<ref name="MM73" /> Ha mechara laghachi Satawal.<ref name="MM73" /> Narè afá 1970, e nwera ma ọ na-akpọ ala ndị ikom 17 nwere ike ije ozi dị ka onye isi ụgbọ mmiri (palu) maka njem gaa na Marianas.  Ha akpọ Sautan na Elato;  Orupi, nwoke Satawal bi na Lamotrek;  Ikegun, Epaimai, Repunglug, Repunglap, na Mau Piailug si Satawal;  Ikuliman, Ikefie, Manipi, Rapwi, Faipiy, Faluta, Filewa na Hipour, niile si Puluwat;  Yaitiluk si Pulap, na Amanto si Tamatam.  E see ndị na-amụ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri isii ma ọ bụ asaa na-amụ nkà nke ụgbọ mmiri na Satawal, Epoumai na nwa Repunglug Olaman.<ref name="MM73" /><ref name="NG1974H2">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=747–754, 771-778}}</ref> == Usoro ụgbọ mmiri == Usoro ụgbọ mmiri nke Carolinian, nke Mau Piailug ji mee ihe, na-adabere na ihe ngosi ụgbọ mmiri site na iji ike, ifufe na ígwé ojii, osimiri na-esetịpụ, na-ahụ ụzọ, na-efe efe, na usoro nke Bioluminescence nke ada akwụkwọ dị, nke a Ameer site na nkuzi na-agafe site na nkuchi n'ọdịna ọnụla.<ref name="Thompson">{{Cite web|author=Thompson|first=Nainoa|title=On Wayfinding|url=http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html|work=Polynesian Voyaging Society|accessdate=April 11, 2018|archivedate=November 2, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102012638/http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html}}</ref> Ozugbo ha rutere nso n'àgwàetiti, onye na-eme njem ga-enwe ike ịchọpụta ebe ọ dị site n'ịhụ nnụnụ ndị dị n'ala, igwe ojii nke na-eto n'elu agwaetiti, yana ngosipụta nke mmiri na-adịghị omimi nke e mere n'okpuru igwe ojii. A pụkwara ịmata ọdịiche dị nro na agba nke mbara igwe dị ka ihe sitere na ọnụnọ nke ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri na-adịghị omimi, ebe mmiri miri emi bụ ihe na-egbukepụ ìhè nke ọma ebe a pụrụ ịmata ụcha nke mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri na mmiri na-enweghị omimi na ngosipụta na mbara igwe.<ref name="PIM1955-8">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators|date=1 August 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up}}</ref> Usoro nchọpụta ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nlekota anya na iburu n'isi mgbe niile. Ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri ga-eburu n'isi ebe ha si ụgbọ mmiri gaa iji mara ebe ha nọ. Anyanwụ bụ isi nduzi maka ndị na-eme njem n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịgbaso kpọmkwem ebe ọ na-ebili ma na-ada. Ozugbo anyanwụ dara, ha ga-eji ebe kpakpando na-apụta ma na-ada. Mgbe enweghị kpakpando n'ihi abalị ígwé ojii ma ọ bụ n'ehihie, onye na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri ga-eji ifufe na ụfụfụ mee ihe dị ka ndị nduzi.<ref name="Thompson">{{Cite web|author=Thompson|first=Nainoa|title=On Wayfinding|url=http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html|work=Polynesian Voyaging Society|accessdate=April 11, 2018|archivedate=November 2, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102012638/http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFThompson">Thompson, Nainoa. [http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html "On Wayfinding"]. ''Polynesian Voyaging Society''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20171102012638/http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html Archived] from the original on November 2, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="NG1974H4">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=747–754, 771-778}}</ref> === Njem site na kpakpando === [[Faịlụ:Mau-star-compass.png|thumb|Compass kpakpando nke Mau Piailug kụziri na Caroline Islands, na North n'elu. Re-creation na shells on sand, na [[Asụsụ Satawalese|Satawalese]] ([[Asụsụ Chuukic|Chuukic]]) ederede akara, site na Polynesian Voyaging Society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/star_compasses.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024052038/http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/star_compasses.html|archivedate=24 October 2011|title=Star Compasses|publisher=Polynesian Voyaging Society}}</ref> Lee nkọwa na Commons.]] Maka ndị na-eme njem n'ụdị equator, (dị ka ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti nchoputa Micronesia), a na-eme ka njem n'Ị dị mfe, ebe ọ bụ na a na-arụ mbara igwe dum.  Kpakpando ọ àlà nke na-agafe zenith (n'elu) na-agagharị na equator nke bu, ntọala nke usoro nhazi nke equator.  njem ga-etinye ụzọ site na ndị dị nso na mbara igwe, na-agbanwe gaa na nke ọhụrụ mbụ nke mbụ nke elu.  A ga-eburu ụzọ n'isi maka ụzọ ọ gbala. <ref name="PIM1955-8">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators|date=1 August 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Holmes, Lowell Don (1 August 1955). [https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up "Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators"]. ''XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up Archived] from the original on 1 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="PIM1955-9">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders|date=1 September 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001530/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849}}</ref><ref name="Lewis 1972">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=We, the Navigators|date=1972|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=HI|isbn=9780824802295}}</ref> Ịga-ịgagharị saịtị na-eji ihe ndị ahụ ụfọdụ mgbe ụfọdụ, ka ha na-agbagharị n' egosipụta n'iji, ga-agafe ọma ahụ ndị njem na-aga.  E ji usoro nke "ịga n'okpuru latitude" mee ihe. Nke ahụ bụ, ihe ahụ na-agụ nke akwụkwọ n'elu dị iche dị iche iche gbasoro yiri nke ahụ, (site n'ịghọta na ụdịdị iche iche nwere ike yiri nke ahụ na mbara igwe igwe) nyere ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke latitude, ka ha wee nwee ike iji ifufe na-achịkwa, tupu ha enwee ihe ma ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ihe iji rute ekere ahụ ha na-aga.. <ref name="PIM1955-8" /><ref name="PIM1955-6">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXV(11) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (1): The Polynesian Navigators Followed a Unique Plan|date=1 June 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-319422511/view?partId=nla.obj-319629151|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001528/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-319422511/view?partId=nla.obj-319629151}}</ref> Ike sitere n'ikuku gaa n'oké osimiri na-emepụta ebili mmiri. Ebili mmiri ndị e kere mgbe ike na-agbadata site na ebe isi iyi (dị ka ebili mmiri) a maara dị ka swell. Mgbe ifufe dị ike n'ebe isi iyi ahụ, ọsụsọ ahụ buru ibu. Ka ifufe na-ebu ogologo oge, otú ahụ ka ọ na-adịte ogologo oge. N'ihi na ebili mmiri nke oké osimiri nwere ike ịnọgide na-adịgide ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, ndị na-eme njem na-adabere na ha iji buru ụgbọ mmiri ha n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ site n'otu ụlọ (ma ọ bụ ebe) na compass kpakpando gaa n'ụlọ nke ọzọ nke otu aha ahụ. Ndị na-eme njem anaghị enwe ike ịhụ kpakpando mgbe niile; n'ihi nke a, ha na-adabere na mbuze nke oké osimiri. Ụzọ e si agafe bụ ụzọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya karịa ebili mmiri, nke ikuku na-ekpebi.<ref name="PIM1955-8">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators|date=1 August 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Holmes, Lowell Don (1 August 1955). [https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up "Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators"]. ''XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up Archived] from the original on 1 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="PIM1955-9">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders|date=1 September 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001530/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Holmes, Lowell Don (1 September 1955). [https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849 "Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders"]. ''XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001530/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849 Archived] from the original on 1 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Mmiri na-aga n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ nke na-eme ka ọ dịrị onye na-eme njem mfe ịchọpụta ma ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-aga na ntụziaka ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gooley|first=Tristan|authorlink=Tristan Gooley|title=How to Read Water: Clues, Signs & Patterns from Puddles to the Sea|year=2016|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|location=NY|isbn=9781473615205}}</ref> Ndị bi na Marshall Islands nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iji chaatị osisi, na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke agwaetiti na ọnọdụ ndị gbara ha gburugburu;  na ntughari na ebe nzuko nke ọgịrịga aki oyibo na-egosi mmegharị ebili mmiri nke sitere na agwaetiti ndị guzoro n'ụzọ nke ifufe na-emeri na ọsọ nke ebili mmiri.  Chaatị a nọchitere anya ụkpụrụ na-aza nke oke osimiri yana ụzọ ndị agwaetiti ahụ si mebie ụkpụrụ ndị ahụ, a na-ekpebikarị site n'ịhụ ọgba aghara na oke osimiri na-azara n'agwaetiti n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri.  A na-eme ọtụtụ chaatị osisi site na midrib nke mkpụrụ osisi aki oyibo bụ nke ejikọtara ọnụ iji guzobe oghere mepere emepe.  A na-anọchi anya ebe ndị dị n'àgwàetiti ahụ site na mkpọ ndị e kekọtara n'okirikiri ahụ, ma ọ bụ site na nkwụsị nke osisi abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa apịara apị.  Eriri ndị ahụ nọchiri anya ebili mmiri na-efegharị n'elu oke osimiri na ntụzịaka ha na-ewere ka ha na-erute n'agwaetiti wee zute mgbịrịgba ebili mmiri ndị ọzọ yiri nke a na-eme site na mgbawa na mgbawa.  Chaatị n'otu n'otu dịgasị iche iche n'ụdị na nkọwa nke na onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke mere eserese ahụ bụ naanị onye nwere ike ịkọwa ya na iji ya mee ihe.[3]  Iji chaatị osisi kwụsịrị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, mgbe nkà na ụzụ eletrọnịkị ọhụrụ mere ka ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri dịkwuo mfe ma na-eji ụgbọ epeepe eme njem n'agwaetiti..<ref name="Lewis 1972">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=We, the Navigators|date=1972|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=HI|isbn=9780824802295}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewis1972">Lewis, David (1972). ''We, the Navigators''. HI: University of Hawaii Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780824802295|<bdi>9780824802295</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ụgbọ mmiri == * Wa (ụgbọ mmiri) * Sakman * Baurua * Ọdọwa == Ebe e si nweta ya == * Lewis, David (1963), "A Return Voyage Between Puluwat and Saipan Using Micronesian Navigational Techniques", na Finney, Ben R (ed.), Pacific Navigation and Voyaging, The Polynesian Society.  * Lewis, David (1994), We the Navigators: The Ancient art of Landfinding in the Pacific, University of Hawaii Press.  * {{Cite book|author=O’Connor|first=M.R.|title=Wayfinding: The Science and Mystery of How Humans Navigate the World|year=2019|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1250096968}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1xz3dfhfs157kxwi5yjvzg8s3oac3zy 672281 672276 2026-07-04T13:47:51Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672281 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oceania - Map of Micronesia.svg|thumb| Ndị Austronesian, ndị gụnyere ndị Micronesia, mepụtara teknụzụ ụgbọ mmiri iji kwaga n'ofe [[Òrìmìlì Pacific|Oké Osimiri Pacific]].]] Usoro igodo ụzọ mmiri nke Micronesia bụ nkà igodo nke ndị na-eme njem na-eme ihe n'etiti ọtụtụ puku obere nchọpụta dị n'ebe ahụ Pacific Ocean na mpaghara Oceania, nke a maara dị ka Micronesia.  Ndị njem a jiri ụzọ ụzọ dị ka njem site na okporo ụzọ, na ihe mgbako ụkwụ, oke osimiri, na okporo ụzọ, ma dabere na nnukwu ihe ndị sitere na aha ọnụ. Ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri na ndị na-eme ụgbọ mmiri na Polynesia si Santa Cruz Islands ụzọ na-enwe ụgbọ mmiri mmiri ndị a.[4]  Ihe ndị e njem nke njem Polynesia na-ekiri awụ nke 20 jiri ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke ihe mee ihe kwa ụbọchị na Caroline Islands. == Njem Mbido == Dabere na nsogbu dị ugbu a, a na-ewere Ndị Micronesia, site na ihe ncheta, ihe mgbe ochie, na ndị agha ndụ ihe nketa ndị mmadụ, dị ka ihe nke Ndị Austronesian na-akwaga n'oké osimiri, ndị na-eso Polynesia na ndị Melanesia.  Austronesians bụ ndị mbụ ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri (masịa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri mmiri nwere okpukpu abụọ, mmiri na-ama, ụgbọ mmiri a na-akpọ lashed-lug, na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri claw), nke mere ka ha mbụ ngwa n'ime mbụ Indo-Pacific. Site na 2000 TOA ha na-amịkọrọ (ma ọ bụ na- ቁጥር) ndị bi n'etiti ndị mbụ n'ụzọ ha si agafe.. <ref name="Bellwood1988">{{Cite journal|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=A Hypothesis for Austronesian Origins|journal=Asian Perspectives|date=1988|volume=26|issue=1|pages=107–117|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105193.pdf|accessdate=1 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Bellwood 1991">{{Cite journal|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages|journal=Scientific American|date=1991|volume=265|issue=1|pages=88–93|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88}}</ref><ref name="hill&serjeanston1989">{{Cite book|editor=Hill, Adrian V.S.|title=The Colonization of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Research Monographs on Human Population Biology No. 7|year=1989|isbn=9780198576952}}</ref><ref name="Bellwood2006">{{Cite book|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives|date=2006|publisher=Australian National University Press|isbn=9781920942854|url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian-series/austronesians|accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="blench2012">{{Cite book|author=Blench, Roger|editor=Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin|title=Crossing Borders|chapter=Almost Everything You Believed about the Austronesians Isn't True|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|year=2012|pages=128–148|isbn=9789971696429|chapterurl=http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Berlin%202010/Blench%20Austronesians%202012%20offprint.pdf|accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref> Ndị mbịarambịa si na Philippines biri na Agwaetiti Mariana n'ihe dị ka 1500 ruo 1400 BCE.  Nke a sochiri njem nke site na Caroline Islands n'oge puku awụ mbụ OA, na njem nke atọ site na Island Southeast Asia (ma ስጋ anya Philippines ma ọ bụ mmemme Indonesia) site na 900 OA. <ref name="Hung">{{Cite journal|author=Hung|first=Hsiao-chun|title=The first settlement of Remote Oceania: the Philippines to the Marianas|journal=Antiquity|date=2015|volume=85|issue=329|pages=909–926|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00068393}}</ref><ref name="Zotomayor">{{Cite journal|author=Zotomayor|first=Alexie Villegas|title=Archaeologists say migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history|journal=Marianas Variety News and Views|date=March 12, 2013|url=https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2|accessdate=October 25, 2020}}</ref><ref name="voyage">{{Cite news|author=Zotomayor|first=Alexie|title=Archaeologist says migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history|url=http://www.mvariety.com/cnmi/cnmi-news/local/54274-archaeologist-says-migration-to-marianas-longest-ocean-crossing-in-human-history|accessdate=December 29, 2014|work=Marianas Variety|date=March 11, 2013}}</ref> Ndị si n'Agwaetiti Caroline na Ndị Chamorro nke Marianas Islands na-eme egwuregwu ihe mgbe niile, yana njem ndị a na-ahụ ahụkebe n'àgbè ndị dị n'ebe ụmụaka nke Philippines.<ref name="Peterson">{{Cite journal|author=Peterson|first=John A.|title=Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity?|journal=Micronesica|date=2012|volume=42|issue=1/2|pages=183–208|url=https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/5_smpeterson_pp183-208.pdf|accessdate=2021-10-04}}</ref> == Ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na narị afọ nke 20 == [[Faịlụ:Mau_Piailug.gif|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|173x173px|Onye na-eme njem Mau Piailug (1932-2010) nke agwaetiti Satawal]] Mau Piailug bụ onye nkuzi a ma ama nke ọdịnala, usoro ụzọ ụzọ na-azụ ngwá ọrụ ọrụ maka njem n'oké osimiri.  Ọ bụ onye na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri site na mgbasa Satawal nke Carolinian.  Ɔama utu aha nke master navigator (palu) mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na 1950;  nke egwu emume dị nsso a mara ka 主.  Ka ọ na-eru nso n'afọ ndụ, ọ pụtara ichegbu onwe ya na omume ụgbọ mmiri na Satawal ga-arụ n'anya ka ndị ya na-agba ọsọ àmà egwuregwu.  N'olileanya na a ga- echekwa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri maka ụgbọ ndị na-amụ n'ihu, Mau kesara ihe ya na Polynesian Voyaging Society (PVS).  Site n'akpa Mau, PVS akara ma nwalee usoro akpa mmiri Hawaiian furu efu na Họkọle'a, nrụzi nke oge a nke mmiri mmiri Hawaii nwere okpukpu abụọ..<ref name="Lewis78">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=The Voyaging Stars: Secrets of the Pacific Island Navigators|year=1978|publisher=William Collins Publishers Pty Ltd, Sydney|isbn=0-393-03226-4}}</ref><ref name="Finney94">{{Cite book|author=Finney|first=Ben|others=Illustrations by Richard Rhodes|year=1994|title=Voyage of Rediscovery: A Cultural Odyssey through Polynesia|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-520-08002-5}}</ref> Hipour bụ onye na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke Weriyeng na nchọpụta Puluwat . N'afọ 1969, Hipour sonyeere David Henry Lewis na ketch ya Isbjorn site na Puluwat na Chuuk gaa Saipan na Northern Mariana Islands, na azụ, na-eji ụgbọ mmiri omenala mmiri;  ihe dị ka 1,000 mi) n'ụzọ ọ àlà.<ref name="NG1974H">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=771–778}}</ref><ref name="MM73">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=|title=A Renaissance in Carolinian-Marianas Voyaging|author=Michael McCoy|year=1973|publisher=[[Journal of the Polynesian Society]], [[Auckland University]]|accessdate=2021-10-07|archivedate=2021-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228000936/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1970, Repunglug na Repunglap, ụmụnne abụọ, si Satawal gaa Saipan n'ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala Carolinian, nke dị ihe dị ka mita 7.92 n'ogologo, ma nwee ákwà ifufe.<ref name="MM73" /> A ghọtara njem a na Satawal dị ka oge mbụ na narị afọ nke 20 na ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala mere njem gaa Saipan.<ref name="MM73" /> Mgbe ha na-eji obere compass ụgbọ mmiri, ha dabere na ihe ọmụma ha banyere njem ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala na usoro ebili mmiri iji gaa ihe dị ka 52 (84) na West Fayu, ebe ha chere ifufe dị mma tupu ha agaa n'ihu na njem 422 (679 km) na Saipan.<ref name="MM73" /> Ha mechara laghachi Satawal.<ref name="MM73" /> Narè afá 1970, e nwera ma ọ na-akpọ ala ndị ikom 17 nwere ike ije ozi dị ka onye isi ụgbọ mmiri (palu) maka njem gaa na Marianas.  Ha akpọ Sautan na Elato;  Orupi, nwoke Satawal bi na Lamotrek;  Ikegun, Epaimai, Repunglug, Repunglap, na Mau Piailug si Satawal;  Ikuliman, Ikefie, Manipi, Rapwi, Faipiy, Faluta, Filewa na Hipour, niile si Puluwat;  Yaitiluk si Pulap, na Amanto si Tamatam.  E see ndị na-amụ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri isii ma ọ bụ asaa na-amụ nkà nke ụgbọ mmiri na Satawal, Epoumai na nwa Repunglug Olaman.<ref name="MM73" /><ref name="NG1974H2">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=747–754, 771-778}}</ref> == Usoro ụgbọ mmiri == Usoro ụgbọ mmiri nke Carolinian, nke Mau Piailug ji mee ihe, na-adabere na ihe ngosi ụgbọ mmiri site na iji ike, ifufe na ígwé ojii, osimiri na-esetịpụ, na-ahụ ụzọ, na-efe efe, na usoro nke Bioluminescence nke ada akwụkwọ dị, nke a Ameer site na nkuzi na-agafe site na nkuchi n'ọdịna ọnụla.<ref name="Thompson">{{Cite web|author=Thompson|first=Nainoa|title=On Wayfinding|url=http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html|work=Polynesian Voyaging Society|accessdate=April 11, 2018|archivedate=November 2, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102012638/http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html}}</ref> Ozugbo ha rutere nso n'àgwàetiti, onye na-eme njem ga-enwe ike ịchọpụta ebe ọ dị site n'ịhụ nnụnụ ndị dị n'ala, igwe ojii nke na-eto n'elu agwaetiti, yana ngosipụta nke mmiri na-adịghị omimi nke e mere n'okpuru igwe ojii. A pụkwara ịmata ọdịiche dị nro na agba nke mbara igwe dị ka ihe sitere na ọnụnọ nke ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri na-adịghị omimi, ebe mmiri miri emi bụ ihe na-egbukepụ ìhè nke ọma ebe a pụrụ ịmata ụcha nke mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri na mmiri na-enweghị omimi na ngosipụta na mbara igwe.<ref name="PIM1955-8">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators|date=1 August 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up}}</ref> Usoro nchọpụta ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nlekota anya na iburu n'isi mgbe niile. Ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri ga-eburu n'isi ebe ha si ụgbọ mmiri gaa iji mara ebe ha nọ. Anyanwụ bụ isi nduzi maka ndị na-eme njem n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịgbaso kpọmkwem ebe ọ na-ebili ma na-ada. Ozugbo anyanwụ dara, ha ga-eji ebe kpakpando na-apụta ma na-ada. Mgbe enweghị kpakpando n'ihi abalị ígwé ojii ma ọ bụ n'ehihie, onye na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri ga-eji ifufe na ụfụfụ mee ihe dị ka ndị nduzi.<ref name="Thompson" /><ref name="NG1974H4">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=747–754, 771-778}}</ref> === Njem site na kpakpando === [[Faịlụ:Mau-star-compass.png|thumb|Compass kpakpando nke Mau Piailug kụziri na Caroline Islands, na North n'elu. Re-creation na shells on sand, na [[Asụsụ Satawalese|Satawalese]] ([[Asụsụ Chuukic|Chuukic]]) ederede akara, site na Polynesian Voyaging Society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/star_compasses.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024052038/http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/star_compasses.html|archivedate=24 October 2011|title=Star Compasses|publisher=Polynesian Voyaging Society}}</ref> Lee nkọwa na Commons.]] Maka ndị na-eme njem n'ụdị equator, (dị ka ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti nchoputa Micronesia), a na-eme ka njem n'Ị dị mfe, ebe ọ bụ na a na-arụ mbara igwe dum.  Kpakpando ọ àlà nke na-agafe zenith (n'elu) na-agagharị na equator nke bu, ntọala nke usoro nhazi nke equator.  njem ga-etinye ụzọ site na ndị dị nso na mbara igwe, na-agbanwe gaa na nke ọhụrụ mbụ nke mbụ nke elu.  A ga-eburu ụzọ n'isi maka ụzọ ọ gbala. <ref name="PIM1955-8">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators|date=1 August 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Holmes, Lowell Don (1 August 1955). [https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up "Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators"]. ''XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up Archived] from the original on 1 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="PIM1955-9">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders|date=1 September 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001530/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849}}</ref><ref name="Lewis 1972">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=We, the Navigators|date=1972|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=HI|isbn=9780824802295}}</ref> Ịga-ịgagharị saịtị na-eji ihe ndị ahụ ụfọdụ mgbe ụfọdụ, ka ha na-agbagharị n' egosipụta n'iji, ga-agafe ọma ahụ ndị njem na-aga.  E ji usoro nke "ịga n'okpuru latitude" mee ihe. Nke ahụ bụ, ihe ahụ na-agụ nke akwụkwọ n'elu dị iche dị iche iche gbasoro yiri nke ahụ, (site n'ịghọta na ụdịdị iche iche nwere ike yiri nke ahụ na mbara igwe igwe) nyere ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke latitude, ka ha wee nwee ike iji ifufe na-achịkwa, tupu ha enwee ihe ma ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ihe iji rute ekere ahụ ha na-aga.. <ref name="PIM1955-8" /><ref name="PIM1955-6">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXV(11) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (1): The Polynesian Navigators Followed a Unique Plan|date=1 June 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-319422511/view?partId=nla.obj-319629151|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001528/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-319422511/view?partId=nla.obj-319629151}}</ref> Ike sitere n'ikuku gaa n'oké osimiri na-emepụta ebili mmiri. Ebili mmiri ndị e kere mgbe ike na-agbadata site na ebe isi iyi (dị ka ebili mmiri) a maara dị ka swell. Mgbe ifufe dị ike n'ebe isi iyi ahụ, ọsụsọ ahụ buru ibu. Ka ifufe na-ebu ogologo oge, otú ahụ ka ọ na-adịte ogologo oge. N'ihi na ebili mmiri nke oké osimiri nwere ike ịnọgide na-adịgide ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, ndị na-eme njem na-adabere na ha iji buru ụgbọ mmiri ha n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ site n'otu ụlọ (ma ọ bụ ebe) na compass kpakpando gaa n'ụlọ nke ọzọ nke otu aha ahụ. Ndị na-eme njem anaghị enwe ike ịhụ kpakpando mgbe niile; n'ihi nke a, ha na-adabere na mbuze nke oké osimiri. Ụzọ e si agafe bụ ụzọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya karịa ebili mmiri, nke ikuku na-ekpebi.<ref name="PIM1955-8">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators|date=1 August 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Holmes, Lowell Don (1 August 1955). [https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up "Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators"]. ''XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up Archived] from the original on 1 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="PIM1955-9">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders|date=1 September 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001530/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Holmes, Lowell Don (1 September 1955). [https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849 "Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders"]. ''XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001530/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849 Archived] from the original on 1 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Mmiri na-aga n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ nke na-eme ka ọ dịrị onye na-eme njem mfe ịchọpụta ma ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-aga na ntụziaka ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gooley|first=Tristan|authorlink=Tristan Gooley|title=How to Read Water: Clues, Signs & Patterns from Puddles to the Sea|year=2016|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|location=NY|isbn=9781473615205}}</ref> Ndị bi na Marshall Islands nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iji chaatị osisi, na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke agwaetiti na ọnọdụ ndị gbara ha gburugburu;  na ntughari na ebe nzuko nke ọgịrịga aki oyibo na-egosi mmegharị ebili mmiri nke sitere na agwaetiti ndị guzoro n'ụzọ nke ifufe na-emeri na ọsọ nke ebili mmiri.  Chaatị a nọchitere anya ụkpụrụ na-aza nke oke osimiri yana ụzọ ndị agwaetiti ahụ si mebie ụkpụrụ ndị ahụ, a na-ekpebikarị site n'ịhụ ọgba aghara na oke osimiri na-azara n'agwaetiti n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri.  A na-eme ọtụtụ chaatị osisi site na midrib nke mkpụrụ osisi aki oyibo bụ nke ejikọtara ọnụ iji guzobe oghere mepere emepe.  A na-anọchi anya ebe ndị dị n'àgwàetiti ahụ site na mkpọ ndị e kekọtara n'okirikiri ahụ, ma ọ bụ site na nkwụsị nke osisi abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa apịara apị.  Eriri ndị ahụ nọchiri anya ebili mmiri na-efegharị n'elu oke osimiri na ntụzịaka ha na-ewere ka ha na-erute n'agwaetiti wee zute mgbịrịgba ebili mmiri ndị ọzọ yiri nke a na-eme site na mgbawa na mgbawa.  Chaatị n'otu n'otu dịgasị iche iche n'ụdị na nkọwa nke na onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke mere eserese ahụ bụ naanị onye nwere ike ịkọwa ya na iji ya mee ihe.[3]  Iji chaatị osisi kwụsịrị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, mgbe nkà na ụzụ eletrọnịkị ọhụrụ mere ka ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri dịkwuo mfe ma na-eji ụgbọ epeepe eme njem n'agwaetiti..<ref name="Lewis 1972">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=We, the Navigators|date=1972|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=HI|isbn=9780824802295}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewis1972">Lewis, David (1972). ''We, the Navigators''. HI: University of Hawaii Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780824802295|<bdi>9780824802295</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ụgbọ mmiri == * Wa (ụgbọ mmiri) * Sakman * Baurua * Ọdọwa == Ebe e si nweta ya == * Lewis, David (1963), "A Return Voyage Between Puluwat and Saipan Using Micronesian Navigational Techniques", na Finney, Ben R (ed.), Pacific Navigation and Voyaging, The Polynesian Society.  * Lewis, David (1994), We the Navigators: The Ancient art of Landfinding in the Pacific, University of Hawaii Press.  * {{Cite book|author=O’Connor|first=M.R.|title=Wayfinding: The Science and Mystery of How Humans Navigate the World|year=2019|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1250096968}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6xhogwou6q93w4j8smacb4re1rifpjb 672285 672281 2026-07-04T13:49:13Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672285 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oceania - Map of Micronesia.svg|thumb| Ndị Austronesian, ndị gụnyere ndị Micronesia, mepụtara teknụzụ ụgbọ mmiri iji kwaga n'ofe [[Òrìmìlì Pacific|Oké Osimiri Pacific]].]] Usoro igodo ụzọ mmiri nke Micronesia bụ nkà igodo nke ndị na-eme njem na-eme ihe n'etiti ọtụtụ puku obere nchọpụta dị n'ebe ahụ Pacific Ocean na mpaghara Oceania, nke a maara dị ka Micronesia.  Ndị njem a jiri ụzọ ụzọ dị ka njem site na okporo ụzọ, na ihe mgbako ụkwụ, oke osimiri, na okporo ụzọ, ma dabere na nnukwu ihe ndị sitere na aha ọnụ. Ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri na ndị na-eme ụgbọ mmiri na Polynesia si Santa Cruz Islands ụzọ na-enwe ụgbọ mmiri mmiri ndị a.[4]  Ihe ndị e njem nke njem Polynesia na-ekiri awụ nke 20 jiri ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke ihe mee ihe kwa ụbọchị na Caroline Islands. == Njem Mbido == Dabere na nsogbu dị ugbu a, a na-ewere Ndị Micronesia, site na ihe ncheta, ihe mgbe ochie, na ndị agha ndụ ihe nketa ndị mmadụ, dị ka ihe nke Ndị Austronesian na-akwaga n'oké osimiri, ndị na-eso Polynesia na ndị Melanesia.  Austronesians bụ ndị mbụ ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri (masịa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri mmiri nwere okpukpu abụọ, mmiri na-ama, ụgbọ mmiri a na-akpọ lashed-lug, na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri claw), nke mere ka ha mbụ ngwa n'ime mbụ Indo-Pacific. Site na 2000 TOA ha na-amịkọrọ (ma ọ bụ na- ቁጥር) ndị bi n'etiti ndị mbụ n'ụzọ ha si agafe.. <ref name="Bellwood1988">{{Cite journal|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=A Hypothesis for Austronesian Origins|journal=Asian Perspectives|date=1988|volume=26|issue=1|pages=107–117|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105193.pdf|accessdate=1 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Bellwood 1991">{{Cite journal|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages|journal=Scientific American|date=1991|volume=265|issue=1|pages=88–93|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88}}</ref><ref name="hill&serjeanston1989">{{Cite book|editor=Hill, Adrian V.S.|title=The Colonization of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Research Monographs on Human Population Biology No. 7|year=1989|isbn=9780198576952}}</ref><ref name="Bellwood2006">{{Cite book|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives|date=2006|publisher=Australian National University Press|isbn=9781920942854|url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian-series/austronesians|accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="blench2012">{{Cite book|author=Blench, Roger|editor=Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin|title=Crossing Borders|chapter=Almost Everything You Believed about the Austronesians Isn't True|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|year=2012|pages=128–148|isbn=9789971696429|chapterurl=http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Berlin%202010/Blench%20Austronesians%202012%20offprint.pdf|accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref> Ndị mbịarambịa si na Philippines biri na Agwaetiti Mariana n'ihe dị ka 1500 ruo 1400 BCE.  Nke a sochiri njem nke site na Caroline Islands n'oge puku awụ mbụ OA, na njem nke atọ site na Island Southeast Asia (ma ስጋ anya Philippines ma ọ bụ mmemme Indonesia) site na 900 OA. <ref name="Hung">{{Cite journal|author=Hung|first=Hsiao-chun|title=The first settlement of Remote Oceania: the Philippines to the Marianas|journal=Antiquity|date=2015|volume=85|issue=329|pages=909–926|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00068393}}</ref><ref name="Zotomayor">{{Cite journal|author=Zotomayor|first=Alexie Villegas|title=Archaeologists say migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history|journal=Marianas Variety News and Views|date=March 12, 2013|url=https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2|accessdate=October 25, 2020}}</ref><ref name="voyage">{{Cite news|author=Zotomayor|first=Alexie|title=Archaeologist says migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history|url=http://www.mvariety.com/cnmi/cnmi-news/local/54274-archaeologist-says-migration-to-marianas-longest-ocean-crossing-in-human-history|accessdate=December 29, 2014|work=Marianas Variety|date=March 11, 2013}}</ref> Ndị si n'Agwaetiti Caroline na Ndị Chamorro nke Marianas Islands na-eme egwuregwu ihe mgbe niile, yana njem ndị a na-ahụ ahụkebe n'àgbè ndị dị n'ebe ụmụaka nke Philippines.<ref name="Peterson">{{Cite journal|author=Peterson|first=John A.|title=Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity?|journal=Micronesica|date=2012|volume=42|issue=1/2|pages=183–208|url=https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/5_smpeterson_pp183-208.pdf|accessdate=2021-10-04}}</ref> == Ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na narị afọ nke 20 == [[Faịlụ:Mau_Piailug.gif|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|173x173px|Onye na-eme njem Mau Piailug (1932-2010) nke agwaetiti Satawal]] Mau Piailug bụ onye nkuzi a ma ama nke ọdịnala, usoro ụzọ ụzọ na-azụ ngwá ọrụ ọrụ maka njem n'oké osimiri.  Ọ bụ onye na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri site na mgbasa Satawal nke Carolinian.  Ɔama utu aha nke master navigator (palu) mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na 1950;  nke egwu emume dị nsso a mara ka 主.  Ka ọ na-eru nso n'afọ ndụ, ọ pụtara ichegbu onwe ya na omume ụgbọ mmiri na Satawal ga-arụ n'anya ka ndị ya na-agba ọsọ àmà egwuregwu.  N'olileanya na a ga- echekwa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri maka ụgbọ ndị na-amụ n'ihu, Mau kesara ihe ya na Polynesian Voyaging Society (PVS).  Site n'akpa Mau, PVS akara ma nwalee usoro akpa mmiri Hawaiian furu efu na Họkọle'a, nrụzi nke oge a nke mmiri mmiri Hawaii nwere okpukpu abụọ..<ref name="Lewis78">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=The Voyaging Stars: Secrets of the Pacific Island Navigators|year=1978|publisher=William Collins Publishers Pty Ltd, Sydney|isbn=0-393-03226-4}}</ref><ref name="Finney94">{{Cite book|author=Finney|first=Ben|others=Illustrations by Richard Rhodes|year=1994|title=Voyage of Rediscovery: A Cultural Odyssey through Polynesia|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-520-08002-5}}</ref> Hipour bụ onye na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke Weriyeng na nchọpụta Puluwat . N'afọ 1969, Hipour sonyeere David Henry Lewis na ketch ya Isbjorn site na Puluwat na Chuuk gaa Saipan na Northern Mariana Islands, na azụ, na-eji ụgbọ mmiri omenala mmiri;  ihe dị ka 1,000 mi) n'ụzọ ọ àlà.<ref name="NG1974H">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=771–778}}</ref><ref name="MM73">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=|title=A Renaissance in Carolinian-Marianas Voyaging|author=Michael McCoy|year=1973|publisher=[[Journal of the Polynesian Society]], [[Auckland University]]|accessdate=2021-10-07|archivedate=2021-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228000936/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1970, Repunglug na Repunglap, ụmụnne abụọ, si Satawal gaa Saipan n'ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala Carolinian, nke dị ihe dị ka mita 7.92 n'ogologo, ma nwee ákwà ifufe.<ref name="MM73" /> A ghọtara njem a na Satawal dị ka oge mbụ na narị afọ nke 20 na ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala mere njem gaa Saipan.<ref name="MM73" /> Mgbe ha na-eji obere compass ụgbọ mmiri, ha dabere na ihe ọmụma ha banyere njem ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala na usoro ebili mmiri iji gaa ihe dị ka 52 (84) na West Fayu, ebe ha chere ifufe dị mma tupu ha agaa n'ihu na njem 422 (679 km) na Saipan.<ref name="MM73" /> Ha mechara laghachi Satawal.<ref name="MM73" /> Narè afá 1970, e nwera ma ọ na-akpọ ala ndị ikom 17 nwere ike ije ozi dị ka onye isi ụgbọ mmiri (palu) maka njem gaa na Marianas.  Ha akpọ Sautan na Elato;  Orupi, nwoke Satawal bi na Lamotrek;  Ikegun, Epaimai, Repunglug, Repunglap, na Mau Piailug si Satawal;  Ikuliman, Ikefie, Manipi, Rapwi, Faipiy, Faluta, Filewa na Hipour, niile si Puluwat;  Yaitiluk si Pulap, na Amanto si Tamatam.  E see ndị na-amụ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri isii ma ọ bụ asaa na-amụ nkà nke ụgbọ mmiri na Satawal, Epoumai na nwa Repunglug Olaman.<ref name="MM73" /><ref name="NG1974H2">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=747–754, 771-778}}</ref> == Usoro ụgbọ mmiri == Usoro ụgbọ mmiri nke Carolinian, nke Mau Piailug ji mee ihe, na-adabere na ihe ngosi ụgbọ mmiri site na iji ike, ifufe na ígwé ojii, osimiri na-esetịpụ, na-ahụ ụzọ, na-efe efe, na usoro nke Bioluminescence nke ada akwụkwọ dị, nke a Ameer site na nkuzi na-agafe site na nkuchi n'ọdịna ọnụla.<ref name="Thompson">{{Cite web|author=Thompson|first=Nainoa|title=On Wayfinding|url=http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html|work=Polynesian Voyaging Society|accessdate=April 11, 2018|archivedate=November 2, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102012638/http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html}}</ref> Ozugbo ha rutere nso n'àgwàetiti, onye na-eme njem ga-enwe ike ịchọpụta ebe ọ dị site n'ịhụ nnụnụ ndị dị n'ala, igwe ojii nke na-eto n'elu agwaetiti, yana ngosipụta nke mmiri na-adịghị omimi nke e mere n'okpuru igwe ojii. A pụkwara ịmata ọdịiche dị nro na agba nke mbara igwe dị ka ihe sitere na ọnụnọ nke ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri na-adịghị omimi, ebe mmiri miri emi bụ ihe na-egbukepụ ìhè nke ọma ebe a pụrụ ịmata ụcha nke mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri na mmiri na-enweghị omimi na ngosipụta na mbara igwe.<ref name="PIM1955-8">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators|date=1 August 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up}}</ref> Usoro nchọpụta ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nlekota anya na iburu n'isi mgbe niile. Ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri ga-eburu n'isi ebe ha si ụgbọ mmiri gaa iji mara ebe ha nọ. Anyanwụ bụ isi nduzi maka ndị na-eme njem n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịgbaso kpọmkwem ebe ọ na-ebili ma na-ada. Ozugbo anyanwụ dara, ha ga-eji ebe kpakpando na-apụta ma na-ada. Mgbe enweghị kpakpando n'ihi abalị ígwé ojii ma ọ bụ n'ehihie, onye na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri ga-eji ifufe na ụfụfụ mee ihe dị ka ndị nduzi.<ref name="Thompson" /><ref name="NG1974H4">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=747–754, 771-778}}</ref> === Njem site na kpakpando === [[Faịlụ:Mau-star-compass.png|thumb|Compass kpakpando nke Mau Piailug kụziri na Caroline Islands, na North n'elu. Re-creation na shells on sand, na [[Asụsụ Satawalese|Satawalese]] ([[Asụsụ Chuukic|Chuukic]]) ederede akara, site na Polynesian Voyaging Society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/star_compasses.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024052038/http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/star_compasses.html|archivedate=24 October 2011|title=Star Compasses|publisher=Polynesian Voyaging Society}}</ref> Lee nkọwa na Commons.]] Maka ndị na-eme njem n'ụdị equator, (dị ka ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti nchoputa Micronesia), a na-eme ka njem n'Ị dị mfe, ebe ọ bụ na a na-arụ mbara igwe dum.  Kpakpando ọ àlà nke na-agafe zenith (n'elu) na-agagharị na equator nke bu, ntọala nke usoro nhazi nke equator.  njem ga-etinye ụzọ site na ndị dị nso na mbara igwe, na-agbanwe gaa na nke ọhụrụ mbụ nke mbụ nke elu.  A ga-eburu ụzọ n'isi maka ụzọ ọ gbala. <ref name="PIM1955-8" /><ref name="PIM1955-9">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders|date=1 September 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001530/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849}}</ref><ref name="Lewis 1972">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=We, the Navigators|date=1972|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=HI|isbn=9780824802295}}</ref> Ịga-ịgagharị saịtị na-eji ihe ndị ahụ ụfọdụ mgbe ụfọdụ, ka ha na-agbagharị n' egosipụta n'iji, ga-agafe ọma ahụ ndị njem na-aga.  E ji usoro nke "ịga n'okpuru latitude" mee ihe. Nke ahụ bụ, ihe ahụ na-agụ nke akwụkwọ n'elu dị iche dị iche iche gbasoro yiri nke ahụ, (site n'ịghọta na ụdịdị iche iche nwere ike yiri nke ahụ na mbara igwe igwe) nyere ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke latitude, ka ha wee nwee ike iji ifufe na-achịkwa, tupu ha enwee ihe ma ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ihe iji rute ekere ahụ ha na-aga.. <ref name="PIM1955-8" /><ref name="PIM1955-6">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXV(11) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (1): The Polynesian Navigators Followed a Unique Plan|date=1 June 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-319422511/view?partId=nla.obj-319629151|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001528/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-319422511/view?partId=nla.obj-319629151}}</ref> Ike sitere n'ikuku gaa n'oké osimiri na-emepụta ebili mmiri. Ebili mmiri ndị e kere mgbe ike na-agbadata site na ebe isi iyi (dị ka ebili mmiri) a maara dị ka swell. Mgbe ifufe dị ike n'ebe isi iyi ahụ, ọsụsọ ahụ buru ibu. Ka ifufe na-ebu ogologo oge, otú ahụ ka ọ na-adịte ogologo oge. N'ihi na ebili mmiri nke oké osimiri nwere ike ịnọgide na-adịgide ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, ndị na-eme njem na-adabere na ha iji buru ụgbọ mmiri ha n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ site n'otu ụlọ (ma ọ bụ ebe) na compass kpakpando gaa n'ụlọ nke ọzọ nke otu aha ahụ. Ndị na-eme njem anaghị enwe ike ịhụ kpakpando mgbe niile; n'ihi nke a, ha na-adabere na mbuze nke oké osimiri. Ụzọ e si agafe bụ ụzọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya karịa ebili mmiri, nke ikuku na-ekpebi.<ref name="PIM1955-8" /><ref name="PIM1955-9">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders|date=1 September 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001530/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">Holmes, Lowell Don (1 September 1955). [https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849 "Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders"]. ''XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001530/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849 Archived] from the original on 1 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> Mmiri na-aga n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ nke na-eme ka ọ dịrị onye na-eme njem mfe ịchọpụta ma ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-aga na ntụziaka ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gooley|first=Tristan|authorlink=Tristan Gooley|title=How to Read Water: Clues, Signs & Patterns from Puddles to the Sea|year=2016|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|location=NY|isbn=9781473615205}}</ref> Ndị bi na Marshall Islands nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iji chaatị osisi, na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke agwaetiti na ọnọdụ ndị gbara ha gburugburu;  na ntughari na ebe nzuko nke ọgịrịga aki oyibo na-egosi mmegharị ebili mmiri nke sitere na agwaetiti ndị guzoro n'ụzọ nke ifufe na-emeri na ọsọ nke ebili mmiri.  Chaatị a nọchitere anya ụkpụrụ na-aza nke oke osimiri yana ụzọ ndị agwaetiti ahụ si mebie ụkpụrụ ndị ahụ, a na-ekpebikarị site n'ịhụ ọgba aghara na oke osimiri na-azara n'agwaetiti n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri.  A na-eme ọtụtụ chaatị osisi site na midrib nke mkpụrụ osisi aki oyibo bụ nke ejikọtara ọnụ iji guzobe oghere mepere emepe.  A na-anọchi anya ebe ndị dị n'àgwàetiti ahụ site na mkpọ ndị e kekọtara n'okirikiri ahụ, ma ọ bụ site na nkwụsị nke osisi abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa apịara apị.  Eriri ndị ahụ nọchiri anya ebili mmiri na-efegharị n'elu oke osimiri na ntụzịaka ha na-ewere ka ha na-erute n'agwaetiti wee zute mgbịrịgba ebili mmiri ndị ọzọ yiri nke a na-eme site na mgbawa na mgbawa.  Chaatị n'otu n'otu dịgasị iche iche n'ụdị na nkọwa nke na onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke mere eserese ahụ bụ naanị onye nwere ike ịkọwa ya na iji ya mee ihe.[3]  Iji chaatị osisi kwụsịrị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, mgbe nkà na ụzụ eletrọnịkị ọhụrụ mere ka ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri dịkwuo mfe ma na-eji ụgbọ epeepe eme njem n'agwaetiti..<ref name="Lewis 1972">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=We, the Navigators|date=1972|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=HI|isbn=9780824802295}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewis1972">Lewis, David (1972). ''We, the Navigators''. HI: University of Hawaii Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780824802295|<bdi>9780824802295</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ụgbọ mmiri == * Wa (ụgbọ mmiri) * Sakman * Baurua * Ọdọwa == Ebe e si nweta ya == * Lewis, David (1963), "A Return Voyage Between Puluwat and Saipan Using Micronesian Navigational Techniques", na Finney, Ben R (ed.), Pacific Navigation and Voyaging, The Polynesian Society.  * Lewis, David (1994), We the Navigators: The Ancient art of Landfinding in the Pacific, University of Hawaii Press.  * {{Cite book|author=O’Connor|first=M.R.|title=Wayfinding: The Science and Mystery of How Humans Navigate the World|year=2019|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1250096968}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] dc6q57yxp84l8pnllkl8nsx42wn1qhd 672288 672285 2026-07-04T13:50:21Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672288 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oceania - Map of Micronesia.svg|thumb| Ndị Austronesian, ndị gụnyere ndị Micronesia, mepụtara teknụzụ ụgbọ mmiri iji kwaga n'ofe [[Òrìmìlì Pacific|Oké Osimiri Pacific]].]] Usoro igodo ụzọ mmiri nke Micronesia bụ nkà igodo nke ndị na-eme njem na-eme ihe n'etiti ọtụtụ puku obere nchọpụta dị n'ebe ahụ Pacific Ocean na mpaghara Oceania, nke a maara dị ka Micronesia.  Ndị njem a jiri ụzọ ụzọ dị ka njem site na okporo ụzọ, na ihe mgbako ụkwụ, oke osimiri, na okporo ụzọ, ma dabere na nnukwu ihe ndị sitere na aha ọnụ. Ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri na ndị na-eme ụgbọ mmiri na Polynesia si Santa Cruz Islands ụzọ na-enwe ụgbọ mmiri mmiri ndị a.[4]  Ihe ndị e njem nke njem Polynesia na-ekiri awụ nke 20 jiri ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke ihe mee ihe kwa ụbọchị na Caroline Islands. == Njem Mbido == Dabere na nsogbu dị ugbu a, a na-ewere Ndị Micronesia, site na ihe ncheta, ihe mgbe ochie, na ndị agha ndụ ihe nketa ndị mmadụ, dị ka ihe nke Ndị Austronesian na-akwaga n'oké osimiri, ndị na-eso Polynesia na ndị Melanesia.  Austronesians bụ ndị mbụ ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri (masịa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri mmiri nwere okpukpu abụọ, mmiri na-ama, ụgbọ mmiri a na-akpọ lashed-lug, na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri claw), nke mere ka ha mbụ ngwa n'ime mbụ Indo-Pacific. Site na 2000 TOA ha na-amịkọrọ (ma ọ bụ na- ቁጥር) ndị bi n'etiti ndị mbụ n'ụzọ ha si agafe.. <ref name="Bellwood1988">{{Cite journal|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=A Hypothesis for Austronesian Origins|journal=Asian Perspectives|date=1988|volume=26|issue=1|pages=107–117|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105193.pdf|accessdate=1 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Bellwood 1991">{{Cite journal|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages|journal=Scientific American|date=1991|volume=265|issue=1|pages=88–93|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88}}</ref><ref name="hill&serjeanston1989">{{Cite book|editor=Hill, Adrian V.S.|title=The Colonization of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Research Monographs on Human Population Biology No. 7|year=1989|isbn=9780198576952}}</ref><ref name="Bellwood2006">{{Cite book|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives|date=2006|publisher=Australian National University Press|isbn=9781920942854|url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian-series/austronesians|accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="blench2012">{{Cite book|author=Blench, Roger|editor=Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin|title=Crossing Borders|chapter=Almost Everything You Believed about the Austronesians Isn't True|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|year=2012|pages=128–148|isbn=9789971696429|chapterurl=http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Berlin%202010/Blench%20Austronesians%202012%20offprint.pdf|accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref> Ndị mbịarambịa si na Philippines biri na Agwaetiti Mariana n'ihe dị ka 1500 ruo 1400 BCE.  Nke a sochiri njem nke site na Caroline Islands n'oge puku awụ mbụ OA, na njem nke atọ site na Island Southeast Asia (ma ስጋ anya Philippines ma ọ bụ mmemme Indonesia) site na 900 OA. <ref name="Hung">{{Cite journal|author=Hung|first=Hsiao-chun|title=The first settlement of Remote Oceania: the Philippines to the Marianas|journal=Antiquity|date=2015|volume=85|issue=329|pages=909–926|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00068393}}</ref><ref name="Zotomayor">{{Cite journal|author=Zotomayor|first=Alexie Villegas|title=Archaeologists say migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history|journal=Marianas Variety News and Views|date=March 12, 2013|url=https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2|accessdate=October 25, 2020}}</ref><ref name="voyage">{{Cite news|author=Zotomayor|first=Alexie|title=Archaeologist says migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history|url=http://www.mvariety.com/cnmi/cnmi-news/local/54274-archaeologist-says-migration-to-marianas-longest-ocean-crossing-in-human-history|accessdate=December 29, 2014|work=Marianas Variety|date=March 11, 2013}}</ref> Ndị si n'Agwaetiti Caroline na Ndị Chamorro nke Marianas Islands na-eme egwuregwu ihe mgbe niile, yana njem ndị a na-ahụ ahụkebe n'àgbè ndị dị n'ebe ụmụaka nke Philippines.<ref name="Peterson">{{Cite journal|author=Peterson|first=John A.|title=Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity?|journal=Micronesica|date=2012|volume=42|issue=1/2|pages=183–208|url=https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/5_smpeterson_pp183-208.pdf|accessdate=2021-10-04}}</ref> == Ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na narị afọ nke 20 == [[Faịlụ:Mau_Piailug.gif|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|173x173px|Onye na-eme njem Mau Piailug (1932-2010) nke agwaetiti Satawal]] Mau Piailug bụ onye nkuzi a ma ama nke ọdịnala, usoro ụzọ ụzọ na-azụ ngwá ọrụ ọrụ maka njem n'oké osimiri.  Ọ bụ onye na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri site na mgbasa Satawal nke Carolinian.  Ɔama utu aha nke master navigator (palu) mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na 1950;  nke egwu emume dị nsso a mara ka 主.  Ka ọ na-eru nso n'afọ ndụ, ọ pụtara ichegbu onwe ya na omume ụgbọ mmiri na Satawal ga-arụ n'anya ka ndị ya na-agba ọsọ àmà egwuregwu.  N'olileanya na a ga- echekwa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri maka ụgbọ ndị na-amụ n'ihu, Mau kesara ihe ya na Polynesian Voyaging Society (PVS).  Site n'akpa Mau, PVS akara ma nwalee usoro akpa mmiri Hawaiian furu efu na Họkọle'a, nrụzi nke oge a nke mmiri mmiri Hawaii nwere okpukpu abụọ..<ref name="Lewis78">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=The Voyaging Stars: Secrets of the Pacific Island Navigators|year=1978|publisher=William Collins Publishers Pty Ltd, Sydney|isbn=0-393-03226-4}}</ref><ref name="Finney94">{{Cite book|author=Finney|first=Ben|others=Illustrations by Richard Rhodes|year=1994|title=Voyage of Rediscovery: A Cultural Odyssey through Polynesia|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-520-08002-5}}</ref> Hipour bụ onye na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke Weriyeng na nchọpụta Puluwat . N'afọ 1969, Hipour sonyeere David Henry Lewis na ketch ya Isbjorn site na Puluwat na Chuuk gaa Saipan na Northern Mariana Islands, na azụ, na-eji ụgbọ mmiri omenala mmiri;  ihe dị ka 1,000 mi) n'ụzọ ọ àlà.<ref name="NG1974H">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=771–778}}</ref><ref name="MM73">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=|title=A Renaissance in Carolinian-Marianas Voyaging|author=Michael McCoy|year=1973|publisher=[[Journal of the Polynesian Society]], [[Auckland University]]|accessdate=2021-10-07|archivedate=2021-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228000936/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1970, Repunglug na Repunglap, ụmụnne abụọ, si Satawal gaa Saipan n'ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala Carolinian, nke dị ihe dị ka mita 7.92 n'ogologo, ma nwee ákwà ifufe.<ref name="MM73" /> A ghọtara njem a na Satawal dị ka oge mbụ na narị afọ nke 20 na ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala mere njem gaa Saipan.<ref name="MM73" /> Mgbe ha na-eji obere compass ụgbọ mmiri, ha dabere na ihe ọmụma ha banyere njem ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala na usoro ebili mmiri iji gaa ihe dị ka 52 (84) na West Fayu, ebe ha chere ifufe dị mma tupu ha agaa n'ihu na njem 422 (679 km) na Saipan.<ref name="MM73" /> Ha mechara laghachi Satawal.<ref name="MM73" /> Narè afá 1970, e nwera ma ọ na-akpọ ala ndị ikom 17 nwere ike ije ozi dị ka onye isi ụgbọ mmiri (palu) maka njem gaa na Marianas.  Ha akpọ Sautan na Elato;  Orupi, nwoke Satawal bi na Lamotrek;  Ikegun, Epaimai, Repunglug, Repunglap, na Mau Piailug si Satawal;  Ikuliman, Ikefie, Manipi, Rapwi, Faipiy, Faluta, Filewa na Hipour, niile si Puluwat;  Yaitiluk si Pulap, na Amanto si Tamatam.  E see ndị na-amụ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri isii ma ọ bụ asaa na-amụ nkà nke ụgbọ mmiri na Satawal, Epoumai na nwa Repunglug Olaman.<ref name="MM73" /><ref name="NG1974H2">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=747–754, 771-778}}</ref> == Usoro ụgbọ mmiri == Usoro ụgbọ mmiri nke Carolinian, nke Mau Piailug ji mee ihe, na-adabere na ihe ngosi ụgbọ mmiri site na iji ike, ifufe na ígwé ojii, osimiri na-esetịpụ, na-ahụ ụzọ, na-efe efe, na usoro nke Bioluminescence nke ada akwụkwọ dị, nke a Ameer site na nkuzi na-agafe site na nkuchi n'ọdịna ọnụla.<ref name="Thompson">{{Cite web|author=Thompson|first=Nainoa|title=On Wayfinding|url=http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html|work=Polynesian Voyaging Society|accessdate=April 11, 2018|archivedate=November 2, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102012638/http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html}}</ref> Ozugbo ha rutere nso n'àgwàetiti, onye na-eme njem ga-enwe ike ịchọpụta ebe ọ dị site n'ịhụ nnụnụ ndị dị n'ala, igwe ojii nke na-eto n'elu agwaetiti, yana ngosipụta nke mmiri na-adịghị omimi nke e mere n'okpuru igwe ojii. A pụkwara ịmata ọdịiche dị nro na agba nke mbara igwe dị ka ihe sitere na ọnụnọ nke ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri na-adịghị omimi, ebe mmiri miri emi bụ ihe na-egbukepụ ìhè nke ọma ebe a pụrụ ịmata ụcha nke mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri na mmiri na-enweghị omimi na ngosipụta na mbara igwe.<ref name="PIM1955-8">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators|date=1 August 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up}}</ref> Usoro nchọpụta ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nlekota anya na iburu n'isi mgbe niile. Ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri ga-eburu n'isi ebe ha si ụgbọ mmiri gaa iji mara ebe ha nọ. Anyanwụ bụ isi nduzi maka ndị na-eme njem n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịgbaso kpọmkwem ebe ọ na-ebili ma na-ada. Ozugbo anyanwụ dara, ha ga-eji ebe kpakpando na-apụta ma na-ada. Mgbe enweghị kpakpando n'ihi abalị ígwé ojii ma ọ bụ n'ehihie, onye na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri ga-eji ifufe na ụfụfụ mee ihe dị ka ndị nduzi.<ref name="Thompson" /><ref name="NG1974H4">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=747–754, 771-778}}</ref> === Njem site na kpakpando === [[Faịlụ:Mau-star-compass.png|thumb|Compass kpakpando nke Mau Piailug kụziri na Caroline Islands, na North n'elu. Re-creation na shells on sand, na [[Asụsụ Satawalese|Satawalese]] ([[Asụsụ Chuukic|Chuukic]]) ederede akara, site na Polynesian Voyaging Society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/star_compasses.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024052038/http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/star_compasses.html|archivedate=24 October 2011|title=Star Compasses|publisher=Polynesian Voyaging Society}}</ref> Lee nkọwa na Commons.]] Maka ndị na-eme njem n'ụdị equator, (dị ka ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti nchoputa Micronesia), a na-eme ka njem n'Ị dị mfe, ebe ọ bụ na a na-arụ mbara igwe dum.  Kpakpando ọ àlà nke na-agafe zenith (n'elu) na-agagharị na equator nke bu, ntọala nke usoro nhazi nke equator.  njem ga-etinye ụzọ site na ndị dị nso na mbara igwe, na-agbanwe gaa na nke ọhụrụ mbụ nke mbụ nke elu.  A ga-eburu ụzọ n'isi maka ụzọ ọ gbala. <ref name="PIM1955-8" /><ref name="">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders|date=1 September 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001530/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849}}</ref><ref name="Lewis 1972">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=We, the Navigators|date=1972|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=HI|isbn=9780824802295}}</ref> Ịga-ịgagharị saịtị na-eji ihe ndị ahụ ụfọdụ mgbe ụfọdụ, ka ha na-agbagharị n' egosipụta n'iji, ga-agafe ọma ahụ ndị njem na-aga.  E ji usoro nke "ịga n'okpuru latitude" mee ihe. Nke ahụ bụ, ihe ahụ na-agụ nke akwụkwọ n'elu dị iche dị iche iche gbasoro yiri nke ahụ, (site n'ịghọta na ụdịdị iche iche nwere ike yiri nke ahụ na mbara igwe igwe) nyere ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke latitude, ka ha wee nwee ike iji ifufe na-achịkwa, tupu ha enwee ihe ma ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ihe iji rute ekere ahụ ha na-aga.. <ref name="PIM1955-8" /><ref name="PIM1955-6">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXV(11) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (1): The Polynesian Navigators Followed a Unique Plan|date=1 June 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-319422511/view?partId=nla.obj-319629151|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001528/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-319422511/view?partId=nla.obj-319629151}}</ref> Ike sitere n'ikuku gaa n'oké osimiri na-emepụta ebili mmiri. Ebili mmiri ndị e kere mgbe ike na-agbadata site na ebe isi iyi (dị ka ebili mmiri) a maara dị ka swell. Mgbe ifufe dị ike n'ebe isi iyi ahụ, ọsụsọ ahụ buru ibu. Ka ifufe na-ebu ogologo oge, otú ahụ ka ọ na-adịte ogologo oge. N'ihi na ebili mmiri nke oké osimiri nwere ike ịnọgide na-adịgide ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, ndị na-eme njem na-adabere na ha iji buru ụgbọ mmiri ha n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ site n'otu ụlọ (ma ọ bụ ebe) na compass kpakpando gaa n'ụlọ nke ọzọ nke otu aha ahụ. Ndị na-eme njem anaghị enwe ike ịhụ kpakpando mgbe niile; n'ihi nke a, ha na-adabere na mbuze nke oké osimiri. Ụzọ e si agafe bụ ụzọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya karịa ebili mmiri, nke ikuku na-ekpebi.<ref name="PIM1955-8" /><ref name="PIM1955-9" /> Mmiri na-aga n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ nke na-eme ka ọ dịrị onye na-eme njem mfe ịchọpụta ma ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-aga na ntụziaka ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gooley|first=Tristan|authorlink=Tristan Gooley|title=How to Read Water: Clues, Signs & Patterns from Puddles to the Sea|year=2016|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|location=NY|isbn=9781473615205}}</ref> Ndị bi na Marshall Islands nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iji chaatị osisi, na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke agwaetiti na ọnọdụ ndị gbara ha gburugburu;  na ntughari na ebe nzuko nke ọgịrịga aki oyibo na-egosi mmegharị ebili mmiri nke sitere na agwaetiti ndị guzoro n'ụzọ nke ifufe na-emeri na ọsọ nke ebili mmiri.  Chaatị a nọchitere anya ụkpụrụ na-aza nke oke osimiri yana ụzọ ndị agwaetiti ahụ si mebie ụkpụrụ ndị ahụ, a na-ekpebikarị site n'ịhụ ọgba aghara na oke osimiri na-azara n'agwaetiti n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri.  A na-eme ọtụtụ chaatị osisi site na midrib nke mkpụrụ osisi aki oyibo bụ nke ejikọtara ọnụ iji guzobe oghere mepere emepe.  A na-anọchi anya ebe ndị dị n'àgwàetiti ahụ site na mkpọ ndị e kekọtara n'okirikiri ahụ, ma ọ bụ site na nkwụsị nke osisi abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa apịara apị.  Eriri ndị ahụ nọchiri anya ebili mmiri na-efegharị n'elu oke osimiri na ntụzịaka ha na-ewere ka ha na-erute n'agwaetiti wee zute mgbịrịgba ebili mmiri ndị ọzọ yiri nke a na-eme site na mgbawa na mgbawa.  Chaatị n'otu n'otu dịgasị iche iche n'ụdị na nkọwa nke na onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke mere eserese ahụ bụ naanị onye nwere ike ịkọwa ya na iji ya mee ihe.[3]  Iji chaatị osisi kwụsịrị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, mgbe nkà na ụzụ eletrọnịkị ọhụrụ mere ka ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri dịkwuo mfe ma na-eji ụgbọ epeepe eme njem n'agwaetiti..<ref name="Lewis 1972">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=We, the Navigators|date=1972|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=HI|isbn=9780824802295}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFLewis1972">Lewis, David (1972). ''We, the Navigators''. HI: University of Hawaii Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780824802295|<bdi>9780824802295</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ụgbọ mmiri == * Wa (ụgbọ mmiri) * Sakman * Baurua * Ọdọwa == Ebe e si nweta ya == * Lewis, David (1963), "A Return Voyage Between Puluwat and Saipan Using Micronesian Navigational Techniques", na Finney, Ben R (ed.), Pacific Navigation and Voyaging, The Polynesian Society.  * Lewis, David (1994), We the Navigators: The Ancient art of Landfinding in the Pacific, University of Hawaii Press.  * {{Cite book|author=O’Connor|first=M.R.|title=Wayfinding: The Science and Mystery of How Humans Navigate the World|year=2019|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1250096968}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s1tjolcsh59bh9xfxogridrtu4bcaku 672292 672288 2026-07-04T13:51:28Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672292 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oceania - Map of Micronesia.svg|thumb| Ndị Austronesian, ndị gụnyere ndị Micronesia, mepụtara teknụzụ ụgbọ mmiri iji kwaga n'ofe [[Òrìmìlì Pacific|Oké Osimiri Pacific]].]] Usoro igodo ụzọ mmiri nke Micronesia bụ nkà igodo nke ndị na-eme njem na-eme ihe n'etiti ọtụtụ puku obere nchọpụta dị n'ebe ahụ Pacific Ocean na mpaghara Oceania, nke a maara dị ka Micronesia.  Ndị njem a jiri ụzọ ụzọ dị ka njem site na okporo ụzọ, na ihe mgbako ụkwụ, oke osimiri, na okporo ụzọ, ma dabere na nnukwu ihe ndị sitere na aha ọnụ. Ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri na ndị na-eme ụgbọ mmiri na Polynesia si Santa Cruz Islands ụzọ na-enwe ụgbọ mmiri mmiri ndị a.[4]  Ihe ndị e njem nke njem Polynesia na-ekiri awụ nke 20 jiri ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke ihe mee ihe kwa ụbọchị na Caroline Islands. == Njem Mbido == Dabere na nsogbu dị ugbu a, a na-ewere Ndị Micronesia, site na ihe ncheta, ihe mgbe ochie, na ndị agha ndụ ihe nketa ndị mmadụ, dị ka ihe nke Ndị Austronesian na-akwaga n'oké osimiri, ndị na-eso Polynesia na ndị Melanesia.  Austronesians bụ ndị mbụ ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri (masịa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri mmiri nwere okpukpu abụọ, mmiri na-ama, ụgbọ mmiri a na-akpọ lashed-lug, na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri claw), nke mere ka ha mbụ ngwa n'ime mbụ Indo-Pacific. Site na 2000 TOA ha na-amịkọrọ (ma ọ bụ na- ቁጥር) ndị bi n'etiti ndị mbụ n'ụzọ ha si agafe.. <ref name="Bellwood1988">{{Cite journal|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=A Hypothesis for Austronesian Origins|journal=Asian Perspectives|date=1988|volume=26|issue=1|pages=107–117|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105193.pdf|accessdate=1 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Bellwood 1991">{{Cite journal|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages|journal=Scientific American|date=1991|volume=265|issue=1|pages=88–93|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88}}</ref><ref name="hill&serjeanston1989">{{Cite book|editor=Hill, Adrian V.S.|title=The Colonization of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Research Monographs on Human Population Biology No. 7|year=1989|isbn=9780198576952}}</ref><ref name="Bellwood2006">{{Cite book|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives|date=2006|publisher=Australian National University Press|isbn=9781920942854|url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian-series/austronesians|accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="blench2012">{{Cite book|author=Blench, Roger|editor=Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin|title=Crossing Borders|chapter=Almost Everything You Believed about the Austronesians Isn't True|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|year=2012|pages=128–148|isbn=9789971696429|chapterurl=http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Berlin%202010/Blench%20Austronesians%202012%20offprint.pdf|accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref> Ndị mbịarambịa si na Philippines biri na Agwaetiti Mariana n'ihe dị ka 1500 ruo 1400 BCE.  Nke a sochiri njem nke site na Caroline Islands n'oge puku awụ mbụ OA, na njem nke atọ site na Island Southeast Asia (ma ስጋ anya Philippines ma ọ bụ mmemme Indonesia) site na 900 OA. <ref name="Hung">{{Cite journal|author=Hung|first=Hsiao-chun|title=The first settlement of Remote Oceania: the Philippines to the Marianas|journal=Antiquity|date=2015|volume=85|issue=329|pages=909–926|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00068393}}</ref><ref name="Zotomayor">{{Cite journal|author=Zotomayor|first=Alexie Villegas|title=Archaeologists say migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history|journal=Marianas Variety News and Views|date=March 12, 2013|url=https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2|accessdate=October 25, 2020}}</ref><ref name="voyage">{{Cite news|author=Zotomayor|first=Alexie|title=Archaeologist says migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history|url=http://www.mvariety.com/cnmi/cnmi-news/local/54274-archaeologist-says-migration-to-marianas-longest-ocean-crossing-in-human-history|accessdate=December 29, 2014|work=Marianas Variety|date=March 11, 2013}}</ref> Ndị si n'Agwaetiti Caroline na Ndị Chamorro nke Marianas Islands na-eme egwuregwu ihe mgbe niile, yana njem ndị a na-ahụ ahụkebe n'àgbè ndị dị n'ebe ụmụaka nke Philippines.<ref name="Peterson">{{Cite journal|author=Peterson|first=John A.|title=Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity?|journal=Micronesica|date=2012|volume=42|issue=1/2|pages=183–208|url=https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/5_smpeterson_pp183-208.pdf|accessdate=2021-10-04}}</ref> == Ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na narị afọ nke 20 == [[Faịlụ:Mau_Piailug.gif|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|173x173px|Onye na-eme njem Mau Piailug (1932-2010) nke agwaetiti Satawal]] Mau Piailug bụ onye nkuzi a ma ama nke ọdịnala, usoro ụzọ ụzọ na-azụ ngwá ọrụ ọrụ maka njem n'oké osimiri.  Ọ bụ onye na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri site na mgbasa Satawal nke Carolinian.  Ɔama utu aha nke master navigator (palu) mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na 1950;  nke egwu emume dị nsso a mara ka 主.  Ka ọ na-eru nso n'afọ ndụ, ọ pụtara ichegbu onwe ya na omume ụgbọ mmiri na Satawal ga-arụ n'anya ka ndị ya na-agba ọsọ àmà egwuregwu.  N'olileanya na a ga- echekwa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri maka ụgbọ ndị na-amụ n'ihu, Mau kesara ihe ya na Polynesian Voyaging Society (PVS).  Site n'akpa Mau, PVS akara ma nwalee usoro akpa mmiri Hawaiian furu efu na Họkọle'a, nrụzi nke oge a nke mmiri mmiri Hawaii nwere okpukpu abụọ..<ref name="Lewis78">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=The Voyaging Stars: Secrets of the Pacific Island Navigators|year=1978|publisher=William Collins Publishers Pty Ltd, Sydney|isbn=0-393-03226-4}}</ref><ref name="Finney94">{{Cite book|author=Finney|first=Ben|others=Illustrations by Richard Rhodes|year=1994|title=Voyage of Rediscovery: A Cultural Odyssey through Polynesia|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-520-08002-5}}</ref> Hipour bụ onye na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke Weriyeng na nchọpụta Puluwat . N'afọ 1969, Hipour sonyeere David Henry Lewis na ketch ya Isbjorn site na Puluwat na Chuuk gaa Saipan na Northern Mariana Islands, na azụ, na-eji ụgbọ mmiri omenala mmiri;  ihe dị ka 1,000 mi) n'ụzọ ọ àlà.<ref name="NG1974H">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=771–778}}</ref><ref name="MM73">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=|title=A Renaissance in Carolinian-Marianas Voyaging|author=Michael McCoy|year=1973|publisher=[[Journal of the Polynesian Society]], [[Auckland University]]|accessdate=2021-10-07|archivedate=2021-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228000936/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1970, Repunglug na Repunglap, ụmụnne abụọ, si Satawal gaa Saipan n'ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala Carolinian, nke dị ihe dị ka mita 7.92 n'ogologo, ma nwee ákwà ifufe.<ref name="MM73" /> A ghọtara njem a na Satawal dị ka oge mbụ na narị afọ nke 20 na ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala mere njem gaa Saipan.<ref name="MM73" /> Mgbe ha na-eji obere compass ụgbọ mmiri, ha dabere na ihe ọmụma ha banyere njem ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala na usoro ebili mmiri iji gaa ihe dị ka 52 (84) na West Fayu, ebe ha chere ifufe dị mma tupu ha agaa n'ihu na njem 422 (679 km) na Saipan.<ref name="MM73" /> Ha mechara laghachi Satawal.<ref name="MM73" /> Narè afá 1970, e nwera ma ọ na-akpọ ala ndị ikom 17 nwere ike ije ozi dị ka onye isi ụgbọ mmiri (palu) maka njem gaa na Marianas.  Ha akpọ Sautan na Elato;  Orupi, nwoke Satawal bi na Lamotrek;  Ikegun, Epaimai, Repunglug, Repunglap, na Mau Piailug si Satawal;  Ikuliman, Ikefie, Manipi, Rapwi, Faipiy, Faluta, Filewa na Hipour, niile si Puluwat;  Yaitiluk si Pulap, na Amanto si Tamatam.  E see ndị na-amụ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri isii ma ọ bụ asaa na-amụ nkà nke ụgbọ mmiri na Satawal, Epoumai na nwa Repunglug Olaman.<ref name="MM73" /><ref name="NG1974H2">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=747–754, 771-778}}</ref> == Usoro ụgbọ mmiri == Usoro ụgbọ mmiri nke Carolinian, nke Mau Piailug ji mee ihe, na-adabere na ihe ngosi ụgbọ mmiri site na iji ike, ifufe na ígwé ojii, osimiri na-esetịpụ, na-ahụ ụzọ, na-efe efe, na usoro nke Bioluminescence nke ada akwụkwọ dị, nke a Ameer site na nkuzi na-agafe site na nkuchi n'ọdịna ọnụla.<ref name="Thompson">{{Cite web|author=Thompson|first=Nainoa|title=On Wayfinding|url=http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html|work=Polynesian Voyaging Society|accessdate=April 11, 2018|archivedate=November 2, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102012638/http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html}}</ref> Ozugbo ha rutere nso n'àgwàetiti, onye na-eme njem ga-enwe ike ịchọpụta ebe ọ dị site n'ịhụ nnụnụ ndị dị n'ala, igwe ojii nke na-eto n'elu agwaetiti, yana ngosipụta nke mmiri na-adịghị omimi nke e mere n'okpuru igwe ojii. A pụkwara ịmata ọdịiche dị nro na agba nke mbara igwe dị ka ihe sitere na ọnụnọ nke ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri na-adịghị omimi, ebe mmiri miri emi bụ ihe na-egbukepụ ìhè nke ọma ebe a pụrụ ịmata ụcha nke mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri na mmiri na-enweghị omimi na ngosipụta na mbara igwe.<ref name="PIM1955-8">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators|date=1 August 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up}}</ref> Usoro nchọpụta ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nlekota anya na iburu n'isi mgbe niile. Ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri ga-eburu n'isi ebe ha si ụgbọ mmiri gaa iji mara ebe ha nọ. Anyanwụ bụ isi nduzi maka ndị na-eme njem n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịgbaso kpọmkwem ebe ọ na-ebili ma na-ada. Ozugbo anyanwụ dara, ha ga-eji ebe kpakpando na-apụta ma na-ada. Mgbe enweghị kpakpando n'ihi abalị ígwé ojii ma ọ bụ n'ehihie, onye na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri ga-eji ifufe na ụfụfụ mee ihe dị ka ndị nduzi.<ref name="Thompson" /><ref name="NG1974H4">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=747–754, 771-778}}</ref> === Njem site na kpakpando === [[Faịlụ:Mau-star-compass.png|thumb|Compass kpakpando nke Mau Piailug kụziri na Caroline Islands, na North n'elu. Re-creation na shells on sand, na [[Asụsụ Satawalese|Satawalese]] ([[Asụsụ Chuukic|Chuukic]]) ederede akara, site na Polynesian Voyaging Society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/star_compasses.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024052038/http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/star_compasses.html|archivedate=24 October 2011|title=Star Compasses|publisher=Polynesian Voyaging Society}}</ref> Lee nkọwa na Commons.]] Maka ndị na-eme njem n'ụdị equator, (dị ka ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti nchoputa Micronesia), a na-eme ka njem n'Ị dị mfe, ebe ọ bụ na a na-arụ mbara igwe dum.  Kpakpando ọ àlà nke na-agafe zenith (n'elu) na-agagharị na equator nke bu, ntọala nke usoro nhazi nke equator.  njem ga-etinye ụzọ site na ndị dị nso na mbara igwe, na-agbanwe gaa na nke ọhụrụ mbụ nke mbụ nke elu.  A ga-eburu ụzọ n'isi maka ụzọ ọ gbala. <ref name="PIM1955-8" /><ref name="">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders|date=1 September 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001530/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849}}</ref><ref name="Lewis 1972">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=We, the Navigators|date=1972|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=HI|isbn=9780824802295}}</ref> Ịga-ịgagharị saịtị na-eji ihe ndị ahụ ụfọdụ mgbe ụfọdụ, ka ha na-agbagharị n' egosipụta n'iji, ga-agafe ọma ahụ ndị njem na-aga.  E ji usoro nke "ịga n'okpuru latitude" mee ihe. Nke ahụ bụ, ihe ahụ na-agụ nke akwụkwọ n'elu dị iche dị iche iche gbasoro yiri nke ahụ, (site n'ịghọta na ụdịdị iche iche nwere ike yiri nke ahụ na mbara igwe igwe) nyere ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke latitude, ka ha wee nwee ike iji ifufe na-achịkwa, tupu ha enwee ihe ma ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ihe iji rute ekere ahụ ha na-aga.. <ref name="PIM1955-8" /><ref name="PIM1955-6">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXV(11) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (1): The Polynesian Navigators Followed a Unique Plan|date=1 June 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-319422511/view?partId=nla.obj-319629151|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001528/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-319422511/view?partId=nla.obj-319629151}}</ref> Ike sitere n'ikuku gaa n'oké osimiri na-emepụta ebili mmiri. Ebili mmiri ndị e kere mgbe ike na-agbadata site na ebe isi iyi (dị ka ebili mmiri) a maara dị ka swell. Mgbe ifufe dị ike n'ebe isi iyi ahụ, ọsụsọ ahụ buru ibu. Ka ifufe na-ebu ogologo oge, otú ahụ ka ọ na-adịte ogologo oge. N'ihi na ebili mmiri nke oké osimiri nwere ike ịnọgide na-adịgide ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, ndị na-eme njem na-adabere na ha iji buru ụgbọ mmiri ha n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ site n'otu ụlọ (ma ọ bụ ebe) na compass kpakpando gaa n'ụlọ nke ọzọ nke otu aha ahụ. Ndị na-eme njem anaghị enwe ike ịhụ kpakpando mgbe niile; n'ihi nke a, ha na-adabere na mbuze nke oké osimiri. Ụzọ e si agafe bụ ụzọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya karịa ebili mmiri, nke ikuku na-ekpebi.<ref name="PIM1955-8" /><ref name="PIM1955-9" /> Mmiri na-aga n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ nke na-eme ka ọ dịrị onye na-eme njem mfe ịchọpụta ma ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-aga na ntụziaka ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gooley|first=Tristan|authorlink=Tristan Gooley|title=How to Read Water: Clues, Signs & Patterns from Puddles to the Sea|year=2016|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|location=NY|isbn=9781473615205}}</ref> Ndị bi na Marshall Islands nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iji chaatị osisi, na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke agwaetiti na ọnọdụ ndị gbara ha gburugburu;  na ntughari na ebe nzuko nke ọgịrịga aki oyibo na-egosi mmegharị ebili mmiri nke sitere na agwaetiti ndị guzoro n'ụzọ nke ifufe na-emeri na ọsọ nke ebili mmiri.  Chaatị a nọchitere anya ụkpụrụ na-aza nke oke osimiri yana ụzọ ndị agwaetiti ahụ si mebie ụkpụrụ ndị ahụ, a na-ekpebikarị site n'ịhụ ọgba aghara na oke osimiri na-azara n'agwaetiti n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri.  A na-eme ọtụtụ chaatị osisi site na midrib nke mkpụrụ osisi aki oyibo bụ nke ejikọtara ọnụ iji guzobe oghere mepere emepe.  A na-anọchi anya ebe ndị dị n'àgwàetiti ahụ site na mkpọ ndị e kekọtara n'okirikiri ahụ, ma ọ bụ site na nkwụsị nke osisi abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa apịara apị.  Eriri ndị ahụ nọchiri anya ebili mmiri na-efegharị n'elu oke osimiri na ntụzịaka ha na-ewere ka ha na-erute n'agwaetiti wee zute mgbịrịgba ebili mmiri ndị ọzọ yiri nke a na-eme site na mgbawa na mgbawa.  Chaatị n'otu n'otu dịgasị iche iche n'ụdị na nkọwa nke na onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke mere eserese ahụ bụ naanị onye nwere ike ịkọwa ya na iji ya mee ihe.[3]  Iji chaatị osisi kwụsịrị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, mgbe nkà na ụzụ eletrọnịkị ọhụrụ mere ka ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri dịkwuo mfe ma na-eji ụgbọ epeepe eme njem n'agwaetiti..<ref name="Lewis 1972" /> == Ụgbọ mmiri == * Wa (ụgbọ mmiri) * Sakman * Baurua * Ọdọwa == Ebe e si nweta ya == * Lewis, David (1963), "A Return Voyage Between Puluwat and Saipan Using Micronesian Navigational Techniques", na Finney, Ben R (ed.), Pacific Navigation and Voyaging, The Polynesian Society.  * Lewis, David (1994), We the Navigators: The Ancient art of Landfinding in the Pacific, University of Hawaii Press.  * {{Cite book|author=O’Connor|first=M.R.|title=Wayfinding: The Science and Mystery of How Humans Navigate the World|year=2019|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1250096968}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] eg0b8ky2s9ikkf4ufjjiq8hk0d56brt 672298 672292 2026-07-04T13:56:08Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672298 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Oceania - Map of Micronesia.svg|thumb| Ndị Austronesian, ndị gụnyere ndị Micronesia, mepụtara teknụzụ ụgbọ mmiri iji kwaga n'ofe [[Òrìmìlì Pacific|Oké Osimiri Pacific]].]] Usoro igodo ụzọ mmiri nke Micronesia bụ nkà igodo nke ndị na-eme njem na-eme ihe n'etiti ọtụtụ puku obere nchọpụta dị n'ebe ahụ Pacific Ocean na mpaghara Oceania, nke a maara dị ka Micronesia.  Ndị njem a jiri ụzọ ụzọ dị ka njem site na okporo ụzọ, na ihe mgbako ụkwụ, oke osimiri, na okporo ụzọ, ma dabere na nnukwu ihe ndị sitere na aha ọnụ. Ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri na ndị na-eme ụgbọ mmiri na Polynesia si Santa Cruz Islands ụzọ na-enwe ụgbọ mmiri mmiri ndị a.[4]  Ihe ndị e njem nke njem Polynesia na-ekiri awụ nke 20 jiri ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke ihe mee ihe kwa ụbọchị na Caroline Islands. == Njem Mbido == Dabere na nsogbu dị ugbu a, a na-ewere Ndị Micronesia, site na ihe ncheta, ihe mgbe ochie, na ndị agha ndụ ihe nketa ndị mmadụ, dị ka ihe nke Ndị Austronesian na-akwaga n'oké osimiri, ndị na-eso Polynesia na ndị Melanesia.  Austronesians bụ ndị mbụ ụzọ ụgbọ mmiri (masịa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri mmiri nwere okpukpu abụọ, mmiri na-ama, ụgbọ mmiri a na-akpọ lashed-lug, na ụgbọ mmiri mmiri claw), nke mere ka ha mbụ ngwa n'ime mbụ Indo-Pacific. Site na 2000 TOA ha na-amịkọrọ (ma ọ bụ na- ቁጥር) ndị bi n'etiti ndị mbụ n'ụzọ ha si agafe.. <ref name="Bellwood1988">{{Cite journal|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=A Hypothesis for Austronesian Origins|journal=Asian Perspectives|date=1988|volume=26|issue=1|pages=107–117|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/5105193.pdf|accessdate=1 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="Bellwood 1991">{{Cite journal|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages|journal=Scientific American|date=1991|volume=265|issue=1|pages=88–93|doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0791-88}}</ref><ref name="hill&serjeanston1989">{{Cite book|editor=Hill, Adrian V.S.|title=The Colonization of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail|publisher=Oxford University Press|series=Research Monographs on Human Population Biology No. 7|year=1989|isbn=9780198576952}}</ref><ref name="Bellwood2006">{{Cite book|author=Bellwood|first=Peter|title=The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives|date=2006|publisher=Australian National University Press|isbn=9781920942854|url=https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian-series/austronesians|accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref><ref name="blench2012">{{Cite book|author=Blench, Roger|editor=Tjoa-Bonatz, Mai Lin|title=Crossing Borders|chapter=Almost Everything You Believed about the Austronesians Isn't True|publisher=National University of Singapore Press|year=2012|pages=128–148|isbn=9789971696429|chapterurl=http://www.rogerblench.info/Archaeology/SE%20Asia/Berlin%202010/Blench%20Austronesians%202012%20offprint.pdf|accessdate=23 March 2019}}</ref> Ndị mbịarambịa si na Philippines biri na Agwaetiti Mariana n'ihe dị ka 1500 ruo 1400 BCE.  Nke a sochiri njem nke site na Caroline Islands n'oge puku awụ mbụ OA, na njem nke atọ site na Island Southeast Asia (ma ስጋ anya Philippines ma ọ bụ mmemme Indonesia) site na 900 OA. <ref name="Hung">{{Cite journal|author=Hung|first=Hsiao-chun|title=The first settlement of Remote Oceania: the Philippines to the Marianas|journal=Antiquity|date=2015|volume=85|issue=329|pages=909–926|doi=10.1017/S0003598X00068393}}</ref><ref name="Zotomayor">{{Cite journal|author=Zotomayor|first=Alexie Villegas|title=Archaeologists say migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history|journal=Marianas Variety News and Views|date=March 12, 2013|url=https://issuu.com/aleksea/docs/mv_3-12-13/2|accessdate=October 25, 2020}}</ref><ref name="voyage">{{Cite news|author=Zotomayor|first=Alexie|title=Archaeologist says migration to Marianas longest ocean-crossing in human history|url=http://www.mvariety.com/cnmi/cnmi-news/local/54274-archaeologist-says-migration-to-marianas-longest-ocean-crossing-in-human-history|accessdate=December 29, 2014|work=Marianas Variety|date=March 11, 2013}}</ref> Ndị si n'Agwaetiti Caroline na Ndị Chamorro nke Marianas Islands na-eme egwuregwu ihe mgbe niile, yana njem ndị a na-ahụ ahụkebe n'àgbè ndị dị n'ebe ụmụaka nke Philippines.<ref name="Peterson">{{Cite journal|author=Peterson|first=John A.|title=Latte villages in Guam and the Marianas: Monumentality or monumenterity?|journal=Micronesica|date=2012|volume=42|issue=1/2|pages=183–208|url=https://micronesica.org/sites/default/files/5_smpeterson_pp183-208.pdf|accessdate=2021-10-04}}</ref> == Ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na narị afọ nke 20 == [[Faịlụ:Mau_Piailug.gif|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|173x173px|Onye na-eme njem Mau Piailug (1932-2010) nke agwaetiti Satawal]] Mau Piailug bụ onye nkuzi a ma ama nke ọdịnala, usoro ụzọ ụzọ na-azụ ngwá ọrụ ọrụ maka njem n'oké osimiri.  Ọ bụ onye na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri site na mgbasa Satawal nke Carolinian.  Ɔama utu aha nke master navigator (palu) mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na 1950;  nke egwu emume dị nsso a mara ka 主.  Ka ọ na-eru nso n'afọ ndụ, ọ pụtara ichegbu onwe ya na omume ụgbọ mmiri na Satawal ga-arụ n'anya ka ndị ya na-agba ọsọ àmà egwuregwu.  N'olileanya na a ga- echekwa ụgbọ mmiri mmiri maka ụgbọ ndị na-amụ n'ihu, Mau kesara ihe ya na Polynesian Voyaging Society (PVS).  Site n'akpa Mau, PVS akara ma nwalee usoro akpa mmiri Hawaiian furu efu na Họkọle'a, nrụzi nke oge a nke mmiri mmiri Hawaii nwere okpukpu abụọ..<ref name="Lewis78">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=The Voyaging Stars: Secrets of the Pacific Island Navigators|year=1978|publisher=William Collins Publishers Pty Ltd, Sydney|isbn=0-393-03226-4}}</ref><ref name="Finney94">{{Cite book|author=Finney|first=Ben|others=Illustrations by Richard Rhodes|year=1994|title=Voyage of Rediscovery: A Cultural Odyssey through Polynesia|publisher=[[University of California Press]]|isbn=0-520-08002-5}}</ref> Hipour bụ onye na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri site na ụlọ akwụkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke Weriyeng na nchọpụta Puluwat . N'afọ 1969, Hipour sonyeere David Henry Lewis na ketch ya Isbjorn site na Puluwat na Chuuk gaa Saipan na Northern Mariana Islands, na azụ, na-eji ụgbọ mmiri omenala mmiri;  ihe dị ka 1,000 mi) n'ụzọ ọ àlà.<ref name="NG1974H">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=771–778}}</ref><ref name="MM73">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=|title=A Renaissance in Carolinian-Marianas Voyaging|author=Michael McCoy|year=1973|publisher=[[Journal of the Polynesian Society]], [[Auckland University]]|accessdate=2021-10-07|archivedate=2021-12-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211228000936/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_82_1973/Volume_82%2C_No._4/A_renaissance_in_Carolinian-Marianas_voyaging%2C_by_Michael_McCoy%2C_p_355-365/p1?page=0&action=searchresult&target=}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1970, Repunglug na Repunglap, ụmụnne abụọ, si Satawal gaa Saipan n'ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala Carolinian, nke dị ihe dị ka mita 7.92 n'ogologo, ma nwee ákwà ifufe.<ref name="MM73" /> A ghọtara njem a na Satawal dị ka oge mbụ na narị afọ nke 20 na ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala mere njem gaa Saipan.<ref name="MM73" /> Mgbe ha na-eji obere compass ụgbọ mmiri, ha dabere na ihe ọmụma ha banyere njem ụgbọ mmiri ọdịnala na usoro ebili mmiri iji gaa ihe dị ka 52 (84) na West Fayu, ebe ha chere ifufe dị mma tupu ha agaa n'ihu na njem 422 (679 km) na Saipan.<ref name="MM73" /> Ha mechara laghachi Satawal.<ref name="MM73" /> Narè afá 1970, e nwera ma ọ na-akpọ ala ndị ikom 17 nwere ike ije ozi dị ka onye isi ụgbọ mmiri (palu) maka njem gaa na Marianas.  Ha akpọ Sautan na Elato;  Orupi, nwoke Satawal bi na Lamotrek;  Ikegun, Epaimai, Repunglug, Repunglap, na Mau Piailug si Satawal;  Ikuliman, Ikefie, Manipi, Rapwi, Faipiy, Faluta, Filewa na Hipour, niile si Puluwat;  Yaitiluk si Pulap, na Amanto si Tamatam.  E see ndị na-amụ ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri isii ma ọ bụ asaa na-amụ nkà nke ụgbọ mmiri na Satawal, Epoumai na nwa Repunglug Olaman.<ref name="MM73" /><ref name="NG1974H2">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=747–754, 771-778}}</ref> == Usoro ụgbọ mmiri == Usoro ụgbọ mmiri nke Carolinian, nke Mau Piailug ji mee ihe, na-adabere na ihe ngosi ụgbọ mmiri site na iji ike, ifufe na ígwé ojii, osimiri na-esetịpụ, na-ahụ ụzọ, na-efe efe, na usoro nke Bioluminescence nke ada akwụkwọ dị, nke a Ameer site na nkuzi na-agafe site na nkuchi n'ọdịna ọnụla.<ref name="Thompson">{{Cite web|author=Thompson|first=Nainoa|title=On Wayfinding|url=http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html|work=Polynesian Voyaging Society|accessdate=April 11, 2018|archivedate=November 2, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171102012638/http://archive.hokulea.com/ike/hookele/on_wayfinding.html}}</ref> Ozugbo ha rutere nso n'àgwàetiti, onye na-eme njem ga-enwe ike ịchọpụta ebe ọ dị site n'ịhụ nnụnụ ndị dị n'ala, igwe ojii nke na-eto n'elu agwaetiti, yana ngosipụta nke mmiri na-adịghị omimi nke e mere n'okpuru igwe ojii. A pụkwara ịmata ọdịiche dị nro na agba nke mbara igwe dị ka ihe sitere na ọnụnọ nke ọdọ mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri na-adịghị omimi, ebe mmiri miri emi bụ ihe na-egbukepụ ìhè nke ọma ebe a pụrụ ịmata ụcha nke mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri na mmiri na-enweghị omimi na ngosipụta na mbara igwe.<ref name="PIM1955-8">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(1) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (2): Birds and Sea Currents Aided Canoe Navigators|date=1 August 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001526/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911458/view?partId=nla.obj-318923632#page/n90/mode/1up}}</ref> Usoro nchọpụta ụgbọ mmiri ndị a na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na nlekota anya na iburu n'isi mgbe niile. Ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri ga-eburu n'isi ebe ha si ụgbọ mmiri gaa iji mara ebe ha nọ. Anyanwụ bụ isi nduzi maka ndị na-eme njem n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịgbaso kpọmkwem ebe ọ na-ebili ma na-ada. Ozugbo anyanwụ dara, ha ga-eji ebe kpakpando na-apụta ma na-ada. Mgbe enweghị kpakpando n'ihi abalị ígwé ojii ma ọ bụ n'ehihie, onye na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri ga-eji ifufe na ụfụfụ mee ihe dị ka ndị nduzi.<ref name="Thompson" /><ref name="NG1974H4">{{Cite journal|author=Lewis|first=David|title=Wind, Wave, Star, and Bird|journal=National Geographic|date=1974|volume=146|issue=6|pages=747–754, 771-778}}</ref> === Njem site na kpakpando === [[Faịlụ:Mau-star-compass.png|thumb|Compass kpakpando nke Mau Piailug kụziri na Caroline Islands, na North n'elu. Re-creation na shells on sand, na [[Asụsụ Satawalese|Satawalese]] ([[Asụsụ Chuukic|Chuukic]]) ederede akara, site na Polynesian Voyaging Society.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/star_compasses.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024052038/http://pvs.kcc.hawaii.edu/ike/hookele/star_compasses.html|archivedate=24 October 2011|title=Star Compasses|publisher=Polynesian Voyaging Society}}</ref> Lee nkọwa na Commons.]] Maka ndị na-eme njem n'ụdị equator, (dị ka ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'etiti nchoputa Micronesia), a na-eme ka njem n'Ị dị mfe, ebe ọ bụ na a na-arụ mbara igwe dum.  Kpakpando ọ àlà nke na-agafe zenith (n'elu) na-agagharị na equator nke bu, ntọala nke usoro nhazi nke equator.  njem ga-etinye ụzọ site na ndị dị nso na mbara igwe, na-agbanwe gaa na nke ọhụrụ mbụ nke mbụ nke elu.  A ga-eburu ụzọ n'isi maka ụzọ ọ gbala. <ref name="PIM1955-8" /><ref name="">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders|date=1 September 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001530/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849}}</ref><ref name="Lewis 1972">{{Cite book|author=Lewis|first=David|title=We, the Navigators|date=1972|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=HI|isbn=9780824802295}}</ref> Ịga-ịgagharị saịtị na-eji ihe ndị ahụ ụfọdụ mgbe ụfọdụ, ka ha na-agbagharị n' egosipụta n'iji, ga-agafe ọma ahụ ndị njem na-aga.  E ji usoro nke "ịga n'okpuru latitude" mee ihe. Nke ahụ bụ, ihe ahụ na-agụ nke akwụkwọ n'elu dị iche dị iche iche gbasoro yiri nke ahụ, (site n'ịghọta na ụdịdị iche iche nwere ike yiri nke ahụ na mbara igwe igwe) nyere ndị na-eme njem ụgbọ mmiri mmiri nke latitude, ka ha wee nwee ike iji ifufe na-achịkwa, tupu ha enwee ihe ma ọ bụ n'ebe ahụ ihe iji rute ekere ahụ ha na-aga.. <ref name="PIM1955-8" /><ref name="PIM1955-6">{{Cite web|author=Holmes|first=Lowell Don|work=XXV(11) Pacific Islands Monthly|title=Island Migrations (1): The Polynesian Navigators Followed a Unique Plan|date=1 June 1955|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-319422511/view?partId=nla.obj-319629151|accessdate=1 October 2021|archivedate=1 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001528/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-319422511/view?partId=nla.obj-319629151}}</ref> Ike sitere n'ikuku gaa n'oké osimiri na-emepụta ebili mmiri. Ebili mmiri ndị e kere mgbe ike na-agbadata site na ebe isi iyi (dị ka ebili mmiri) a maara dị ka swell. Mgbe ifufe dị ike n'ebe isi iyi ahụ, ọsụsọ ahụ buru ibu. Ka ifufe na-ebu ogologo oge, otú ahụ ka ọ na-adịte ogologo oge. N'ihi na ebili mmiri nke oké osimiri nwere ike ịnọgide na-adịgide ruo ọtụtụ ụbọchị, ndị na-eme njem na-adabere na ha iji buru ụgbọ mmiri ha n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ site n'otu ụlọ (ma ọ bụ ebe) na compass kpakpando gaa n'ụlọ nke ọzọ nke otu aha ahụ. Ndị na-eme njem anaghị enwe ike ịhụ kpakpando mgbe niile; n'ihi nke a, ha na-adabere na mbuze nke oké osimiri. Ụzọ e si agafe bụ ụzọ a pụrụ ịdabere na ya karịa ebili mmiri, nke ikuku na-ekpebi.<ref name="PIM1955-8" /><ref name="PIM1955-9">{{cite web| last =Holmes| first =Lowell Don| work =XXVI(2) Pacific Islands Monthly| title =Island Migrations (3): Navigation was an Exact Science for Leaders| date =1 September 1955| url =https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849| accessdate =1 October 2021| archive-date =1 October 2021| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20211001001530/https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-318911518/view?partId=nla.obj-318928849| url-status =live}}</ref> Mmiri na-aga n'ụzọ kwụ ọtọ nke na-eme ka ọ dịrị onye na-eme njem mfe ịchọpụta ma ụgbọ mmiri ahụ na-aga na ntụziaka ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Gooley|first=Tristan|authorlink=Tristan Gooley|title=How to Read Water: Clues, Signs & Patterns from Puddles to the Sea|year=2016|publisher=Hodder & Stoughton|location=NY|isbn=9781473615205}}</ref> Ndị bi na Marshall Islands nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iji chaatị osisi, na-eje ozi dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke agwaetiti na ọnọdụ ndị gbara ha gburugburu;  na ntughari na ebe nzuko nke ọgịrịga aki oyibo na-egosi mmegharị ebili mmiri nke sitere na agwaetiti ndị guzoro n'ụzọ nke ifufe na-emeri na ọsọ nke ebili mmiri.  Chaatị a nọchitere anya ụkpụrụ na-aza nke oke osimiri yana ụzọ ndị agwaetiti ahụ si mebie ụkpụrụ ndị ahụ, a na-ekpebikarị site n'ịhụ ọgba aghara na oke osimiri na-azara n'agwaetiti n'oge njem ụgbọ mmiri.  A na-eme ọtụtụ chaatị osisi site na midrib nke mkpụrụ osisi aki oyibo bụ nke ejikọtara ọnụ iji guzobe oghere mepere emepe.  A na-anọchi anya ebe ndị dị n'àgwàetiti ahụ site na mkpọ ndị e kekọtara n'okirikiri ahụ, ma ọ bụ site na nkwụsị nke osisi abụọ ma ọ bụ karịa apịara apị.  Eriri ndị ahụ nọchiri anya ebili mmiri na-efegharị n'elu oke osimiri na ntụzịaka ha na-ewere ka ha na-erute n'agwaetiti wee zute mgbịrịgba ebili mmiri ndị ọzọ yiri nke a na-eme site na mgbawa na mgbawa.  Chaatị n'otu n'otu dịgasị iche iche n'ụdị na nkọwa nke na onye ọkwọ ụgbọ mmiri nke mere eserese ahụ bụ naanị onye nwere ike ịkọwa ya na iji ya mee ihe.[3]  Iji chaatị osisi kwụsịrị mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, mgbe nkà na ụzụ eletrọnịkị ọhụrụ mere ka ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri dịkwuo mfe ma na-eji ụgbọ epeepe eme njem n'agwaetiti..<ref name="Lewis 1972" /> == Ụgbọ mmiri == * Wa (ụgbọ mmiri) * Sakman * Baurua * Ọdọwa == Ebe e si nweta ya == * Lewis, David (1963), "A Return Voyage Between Puluwat and Saipan Using Micronesian Navigational Techniques", na Finney, Ben R (ed.), Pacific Navigation and Voyaging, The Polynesian Society.  * Lewis, David (1994), We the Navigators: The Ancient art of Landfinding in the Pacific, University of Hawaii Press.  * {{Cite book|author=O’Connor|first=M.R.|title=Wayfinding: The Science and Mystery of How Humans Navigate the World|year=2019|publisher=St. Martin's Press|isbn=978-1250096968}} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] af97r94cdu086uqsbyloxv3xv93doho 0 59786 672576 642037 2026-07-04T23:36:27Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 672576 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Elsie Kanza 2013 - WIDER Annual Lecture 17- Egalitarian principles- the foundation for sustainable peace by President Martti Ahtisaari. Helsinki, Finland. (10054949094) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Elsie Kanza na 2013]] '''Elsie Sia Kanza''' <ref name="Elsie Sia Kanza | Tanzania Foreign Ministry Official List">{{Cite web|author=<!-- not stated -->|date=2025|title=Elsie Sia Kanza|url=https://www.tzembassy.go.tz/ambassadors/view/elsie-sia-kanza|work=Tanzania Foreign Ministry Official List|accessdate=2025-03-22}}</ref> bụ onye [[Tanzania]] na-ahụ maka akụ na ụba na onye nnọchi anya Tanzania ugbu a na United States of America. Ọ jerela ozi n'ọkwa dị iche iche na Ministry of Finance na Central Bank of Tanzania, gụnyere ịghọ onye enyemaka onwe onye nke Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete nke United Republic of Tanzania na onye ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba ya.[1] O sonyeere World Economic Forum na 2011 ma tinye aka n'ịgbanwe akụkọ gbasara akụnụba Africa. Akpọrọ Elsie ka otu n'ime kọntinent Pan-Africa na-eduga ụmụ nwanyị 2020 site na Forbes.<ref name="Forbes Africa">{{Cite web|author=Africa|first=Forbes|date=6 March 2020|title=Africa's 50 Most Powerful Women|url=https://www.forbesafrica.com/cover-story/2020/03/06/africas-50-most-powerful-women/|accessdate=26 June 2020|work=Forbes Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Elsie S. Kanza ma zụlite ya na [[Kenya]] site n'aka ndị nne na nna Tanzania.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Gundan|first=Farai|title=Meet Elsie Kanza, Head Of Africa At The World Economic Forum On Delivering On Africa's Promise|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/faraigundan/2013/06/17/meet-elsie-kanza-head-of-africa-at-the-world-economic-forum-on-delivering-on-africas-promise/|accessdate=26 June 2020|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na Kenya tupu ọ gaa United States of America wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere bachelọ na United States International University - Africa na Business Administration ma mesịa gụsịrị akwụkwọ nwere nzere masta na Finance na Mahadum Strathclyde, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] na MA na Development Economics na Center for Development Economics, Williams College, USA.<ref name="Ms Elsie S. Kanza - WISE">{{Cite web|title=Ms Elsie S. Kanza|url=https://www.wise-qatar.org/biography/elsie-kanza/|accessdate=26 June 2020|work=WISE|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'agbata 2002 na 2006, Elsie jere ozi n'ọkwa dị iche iche na Ministry of Finance na Central Bank of Tanzania[1] wee bụrụ onye enyemaka onwe onye na onye ndụmọdụ akụ na ụba nke Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete nke United Republic of Tanzania ruo 2011 mgbe ọ sonyere na World Economic Forum na kemgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ ịgbanwe akụkọ nke Africa. N'afọ 2014, Elsie ghọrọ onye isi nke Africa Economic Forum na onye so na Kọmitii Executive. <ref name="Elsie S. Kanza - Agenda Contributor | World Economic Forum">{{Cite web|title=Authors|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/authors/elsiekanza/|accessdate=26 June 2020|work=World Economic Forum|language=en}}</ref> == Onyinye == Òtù dị iche iche amatala Elsie Kanza maka enyemaka ya na ngalaba akụ na ụba; nkwenye a gụnyere: * Achịbishọp [[Desmond Tutu]] Leadership Fellow, 2008<ref>{{Cite web|title=2008 Fellows|url=https://alinstitute.org/2008-fellows|accessdate=26 June 2020|work=alinstitute.org|archivedate=29 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200629130810/https://alinstitute.org/2008-fellows}}</ref> * Onye ndu ụwa na-eto eto, World Economic Forum, 2011<ref name="Elsie S. Kanza - Agenda Contributor | World Economic Forum"/> * Onye a họpụtara, Rising Talents Program, Women's Forum for the Economy and Society, 2011 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Pollux|first=Castor &|title=Rising Talents – Women\'s Forum|url=http://www.womens-forum.com/speakers|accessdate=26 June 2020|work=Women's Forum|language=en-EN|archivedate=27 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170927220304/http://www.womens-forum.com/speakers}}</ref> * 20 Ụmụ nwanyị kachasị ike n'Africa, Forbes Africa, 2011<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nsehe|first=Mfonobong|title=The 20 Youngest Power Women In Africa|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2011/08/18/the-20-youngest-power-women-in-africa/|accessdate=26 June 2020|work=Forbes|language=en}}</ref> * 50 Ndị Afrịka nwere mmetụta na The World, Pan-African magazine, Jeune Afrique, 2014 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Elsie Sia Kanza {{!}} Tanzania Foreign Ministry Official List|url=https://www.tzembassy.go.tz/ambassadors/view/elsie-sia-kanza|accessdate=2023-10-04|work=www.tzembassy.go.tz}}</ref> * Ụmụ nwanyị 50 kachasị ike n'Africa, Forbes Africa, 2020 <ref name="Forbes Africa"/> == Njikọ mpụga == * Mgbasa ozi metụtaraElsie Kanzana Wikimedia Commons  == Edemsibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Kanza, Elsie}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hzw3axqokkg5klmj9sf01xy9btzfmws 0 60001 672394 497190 2026-07-04T16:28:02Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672394 wikitext text/x-wiki Black Annis (nke a makwaara dị ka Black Agnes ma ọ bụ Black Anna) bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ n'akụkọ ọdịnala Bekee. A na-eche ya dị ka iko ma ọ bụ amoosu nwere ihu na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke nwere aka ígwè na ụtọ anụ ahụ mmadụ (karịsịa ụmụaka).[1] Ekwuru na ọ na-akpagbu obodo Leicestershire, na-ebi n'ọgba dị na ugwu Dane nke nwere nnukwu osisi oak n'ọnụ ụzọ. A na-ekwu na ọ na-apụ n'abalị na-achọ ụmụaka na ụmụ atụrụ na-amaghị ihe ha ga-eri, wee na-eme ka akpụkpọ ha dị ọcha site n'ịkwụnye ha n'elu osisi tupu ha eyie ha n'úkwù ya. Ọ na-erute n'ime ụlọ ka ọ kpụrụ mmadụ. Akụkọ mgbe ochie na-ekwu na ọ na-eji mkịrịka ígwè gwupụta ọgba ya n'akụkụ nkume ájá, na-eme onwe ya ụlọ ebe ahụ nke a maara dị ka Black Annis' Bower Close. Akụkọ ahụ mere ka ndị nne na nna dọọ ụmụ ha aka ná ntị na Black Annis ga-enweta ha ma ọ bụrụ na ha emeghị ihe.<ref name="Alexander">Briggs, Katharine (1976). ''Encyclopedia of Fairies''. Pantheon Books. pp. 24–25. {{ISBN|978-0-394-73467-5}}.</ref> She is said to haunt the countryside of [[Leicestershire]], living in a cave in the [[Dane Hills]] with a great [[oak]] tree at the entrance.<ref name="Briggs" /><ref>Alexander, Marc (2002). ''A Companion to the Folklore, Myths & Customs of Britain''. BCA. p. 23.</ref> A makwaara ya ka ọ na-ezo n'alaka osisi oak ya na-echere ịwụli elu n'elu anụ oriri na-amaghị ama. Omenala ndị ọzọ kwuru na mgbe ọ na-egbutu ezé ya, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịnụ ya, na-enye ha oge iji mechie ọnụ ụzọ ha ma pụọ na windo. A na-ekwu na a na-eji obere windo wuo ụlọ obibi na Leicestershire ka Black Annis wee nwee ike ịnweta naanị otu aka n'ime. Mgbe ọ na-eti mkpu, a na-anụ ya 5 mi (8.0 km) site n'ebe ahụ, mgbe ahụ, ndị cottagers ga-ejikọta akpụkpọ ahụ gafee windo ma tinye ahịhịa na-echebe ya n'elu ya iji chebe onwe ha.[Note 1] == Mmalite ya == Ntụ aka edere na mbụ gbasara Black Annis sitere na akwụkwọ aha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ nke na-ezo aka n'otu akụkụ nke ala (ma ọ bụ "n'akụkụ") dị ka "Black Anny's Bower Close".[1] Mpịakọta nke mbụ nke County Folklore (1895), nke The Folklore Society bipụtara, kwuru banyere akwụkwọ aha abụọ dị otú ahụ e dere na Mee 13th na 14th, 1764. Onye Black Annis nwere ọtụtụ mmalite. Ụfọdụ ekwuola, dị ka T. C. Lethbridge mere, na a pụrụ ịchọta mmalite ya na akụkọ ifo Celtic dabere na Danu (ma ọ bụ Anu) ma ọ bụ ọ nwere ike isite na akụkọ ifo German (lee Hel). Donald Alexander Mackenzie n'akwụkwọ ya nke 1917 Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe tụrụ aro na mmalite nke akụkọ ifo ahụ nwere ike ịlaghachi na chi nwanyị nne nke Europe oge ochie nke ọ na-ekwu na a na-eche na ọ bụ onye na-eri ụmụaka. O kwuru na Black Annis yiri Indic ''Kali'', Gaelic ''Muilearteach'' na ''Cailleach Bheare'', Grik ''Demeter'', Mesopotemia ''Labartu'' na Egyptian ''Isis-Hathor'' na ''Neith''. <ref name="Mackenzie" >Billson (1895). pp. 8–9.</ref> A tụwo aro na akụkọ ifo ahụ nwere ike isite na ncheta a ma ama nke ịchụ àjà nye chi nwanyị oge ochie.A na-eche na a ga-enye chi nwanyị ahụ onyinye ụmụaka nke kpaliri akụkọ mgbe ochie ahụ n'oge ịchụ nta, osisi oak dị n'ọnụ ụzọ ọgba ahụ bụkwa ebe a na-ahụkarị nzukọ obodo.<ref name="Mackenzie" /> Otú ọ dị, Ronald Hutton ekwenyeghị na echiche ndị dị otú ahụ n'akwụkwọ ya The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft . Ọ na-atụ aro na akụkọ ifo Black Annis nke Leicestershire dabeere na ezigbo onye aha ya bụ Agnes Scott, onye na-arụ ọrụ n'Oge Ochie (ma ọ bụ site na akụkọ ụfọdụ onye nọn Dominican nke na-elekọta ndị ekpenta), nke amụrụ na Little Antrum, onye biri ndụ ekpere n'ọgba dị na Dane Hills ma lie ya n'ogige ụka dị na Swithland . Hutton na-atụ aro na e megharịrị ncheta Scott n'onyinyo nke Black Annis ma ọ bụ iji mee ka ụjọ jide ụmụaka obodo ma ọ bụ n'ihi echiche mgbochi anchorite nke sitere na Protestant Reformation.N'oge ndị Victoria, akụkọ Agnes Scott, ma ọ bụ Annis, nwere mgbagwoju anya na chi nwanyị Anu aha ya bụ. Lethbridge mere njikọ a wee gaa n'ihu na-ekwu na Annis bụ njirimara nke nnukwu chi nwanyị n'ụdị crone, na-eduga na mmasị sitere na otu Wiccan.<ref name="Hutton">Billson (1895). p. 6.</ref> E mere njikọ dị n'etiti Black Annis na Agnes Scott tupu Hutton, gụnyere ili na ọgba, na mbipụta nke Leicester Chronicle nke dị na Febụwarị 26, 1842 ma bipụtaghachi ya na mpịakọta mbụ nke County Folklore (1895). Ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ọgbara ọhụrụ banyere Black Annis bụ ndị a ma ama na uri John Heyrick, nyere n'uju na County Folklore mana ewepụtara ya ebe a:   == Omenala na akara == A na-anọchite anya Black Annis n'ụdị nwamba dị egwu, akụkọ ahụ dugara n'ememe obodo na mbido oge opupu ihe ubi mgbe a ga-adọkpụ nwamba nwụrụ anwụ n'ihu ìgwè nkịta n'ihu ụlọ nkwari akụ ya iji mee ememe ngwụcha oge oyi. Dị ka Katharine Briggs si kwuo, a na-achụ nta a dọkpụrụ na Ista Monday (nke a makwaara dị ka Black Monday) wee duru ya site na Annis' Bower gaa na onye isi obodo nke Leicester. Ihe azụ̀ a dọkpụrụ bụ nwamba nwụrụ anwụ nke anise juru. Omenala a nwụrụ na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 18. Omenala ọzọ kwuru na Black Annis (n'ụdị Cat Anna) bi na okpuru ulo n'okpuru Leicester Castle nakwa na e nwere ebe dị n'okpuru ala nke na-esi na cellars ruo Dane Hills nke ọ na-agba ọsọ. N'afọ 1837, e mere egwuregwu a na-akpọ Black Anna's Bower, ma ọ bụ Maniac of the Dane Hills na Leicester Theatre. Atụmatụ ahụ gụnyere ogbugbu nke onye nwe ụlọ Blue Boar Inn, nke Black Anna rụrụ ọrụ yiri nke ndị amoosu na Macbeth. == Hụkwa == * Allison Gross * Baba Yaga * Nwanyị ojii nke Bradley Woods * Grindylow * Jenny Greenteeth * Ogwe aka Nelly * Peg Powler == Ihe edeturu == <references group="Note" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060104214047/http://www.mysteriousbritain.co.uk/folklore/blackannis.html Ntinye Britain dị omimi] 7mbnwodk6sc4e3w56yoth9zjyy34c8o 672395 672394 2026-07-04T16:29:29Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672395 wikitext text/x-wiki Black Annis (nke a makwaara dị ka Black Agnes ma ọ bụ Black Anna) bụ onye na-agụ akwụkwọ n'akụkọ ọdịnala Bekee. A na-eche ya dị ka iko ma ọ bụ amoosu nwere ihu na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke nwere aka ígwè na ụtọ anụ ahụ mmadụ (karịsịa ụmụaka).[1] Ekwuru na ọ na-akpagbu obodo Leicestershire, na-ebi n'ọgba dị na ugwu Dane nke nwere nnukwu osisi oak n'ọnụ ụzọ. A na-ekwu na ọ na-apụ n'abalị na-achọ ụmụaka na ụmụ atụrụ na-amaghị ihe ha ga-eri, wee na-eme ka akpụkpọ ha dị ọcha site n'ịkwụnye ha n'elu osisi tupu ha eyie ha n'úkwù ya. Ọ na-erute n'ime ụlọ ka ọ kpụrụ mmadụ. Akụkọ mgbe ochie na-ekwu na ọ na-eji mkịrịka ígwè gwupụta ọgba ya n'akụkụ nkume ájá, na-eme onwe ya ụlọ ebe ahụ nke a maara dị ka Black Annis' Bower Close. Akụkọ ahụ mere ka ndị nne na nna dọọ ụmụ ha aka ná ntị na Black Annis ga-enweta ha ma ọ bụrụ na ha emeghị ihe.<ref name="Alexander">Briggs, Katharine (1976). ''Encyclopedia of Fairies''. Pantheon Books. pp. 24–25. {{ISBN|978-0-394-73467-5}}.</ref> She is said to haunt the countryside of [[Leicestershire]], living in a cave in the [[Dane Hills]] with a great [[oak]] tree at the entrance.<ref name="Briggs">Briggs, Katharine (1976). ''Encyclopedia of Fairies''. Pantheon Books. pp. 24–25. {{ISBN|978-0-394-73467-5}}.</ref><ref>Alexander, Marc (2002). ''A Companion to the Folklore, Myths & Customs of Britain''. BCA. p. 23.</ref> A makwaara ya ka ọ na-ezo n'alaka osisi oak ya na-echere ịwụli elu n'elu anụ oriri na-amaghị ama. Omenala ndị ọzọ kwuru na mgbe ọ na-egbutu ezé ya, ndị mmadụ nwere ike ịnụ ya, na-enye ha oge iji mechie ọnụ ụzọ ha ma pụọ na windo. A na-ekwu na a na-eji obere windo wuo ụlọ obibi na Leicestershire ka Black Annis wee nwee ike ịnweta naanị otu aka n'ime. Mgbe ọ na-eti mkpu, a na-anụ ya 5 mi (8.0 km) site n'ebe ahụ, mgbe ahụ, ndị cottagers ga-ejikọta akpụkpọ ahụ gafee windo ma tinye ahịhịa na-echebe ya n'elu ya iji chebe onwe ha.[Note 1] == Mmalite ya == Ntụ aka edere na mbụ gbasara Black Annis sitere na akwụkwọ aha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ nke na-ezo aka n'otu akụkụ nke ala (ma ọ bụ "n'akụkụ") dị ka "Black Anny's Bower Close".[1] Mpịakọta nke mbụ nke County Folklore (1895), nke The Folklore Society bipụtara, kwuru banyere akwụkwọ aha abụọ dị otú ahụ e dere na Mee 13th na 14th, 1764. Onye Black Annis nwere ọtụtụ mmalite. Ụfọdụ ekwuola, dị ka T. C. Lethbridge mere, na a pụrụ ịchọta mmalite ya na akụkọ ifo Celtic dabere na Danu (ma ọ bụ Anu) ma ọ bụ ọ nwere ike isite na akụkọ ifo German (lee Hel). Donald Alexander Mackenzie n'akwụkwọ ya nke 1917 Myths of Crete and Pre-Hellenic Europe tụrụ aro na mmalite nke akụkọ ifo ahụ nwere ike ịlaghachi na chi nwanyị nne nke Europe oge ochie nke ọ na-ekwu na a na-eche na ọ bụ onye na-eri ụmụaka. O kwuru na Black Annis yiri Indic ''Kali'', Gaelic ''Muilearteach'' na ''Cailleach Bheare'', Grik ''Demeter'', Mesopotemia ''Labartu'' na Egyptian ''Isis-Hathor'' na ''Neith''. <ref name="Mackenzie" >Billson (1895). pp. 8–9.</ref> A tụwo aro na akụkọ ifo ahụ nwere ike isite na ncheta a ma ama nke ịchụ àjà nye chi nwanyị oge ochie.A na-eche na a ga-enye chi nwanyị ahụ onyinye ụmụaka nke kpaliri akụkọ mgbe ochie ahụ n'oge ịchụ nta, osisi oak dị n'ọnụ ụzọ ọgba ahụ bụkwa ebe a na-ahụkarị nzukọ obodo.<ref name="Mackenzie" /> Otú ọ dị, Ronald Hutton ekwenyeghị na echiche ndị dị otú ahụ n'akwụkwọ ya The Triumph of the Moon: A History of Modern Pagan Witchcraft . Ọ na-atụ aro na akụkọ ifo Black Annis nke Leicestershire dabeere na ezigbo onye aha ya bụ Agnes Scott, onye na-arụ ọrụ n'Oge Ochie (ma ọ bụ site na akụkọ ụfọdụ onye nọn Dominican nke na-elekọta ndị ekpenta), nke amụrụ na Little Antrum, onye biri ndụ ekpere n'ọgba dị na Dane Hills ma lie ya n'ogige ụka dị na Swithland . Hutton na-atụ aro na e megharịrị ncheta Scott n'onyinyo nke Black Annis ma ọ bụ iji mee ka ụjọ jide ụmụaka obodo ma ọ bụ n'ihi echiche mgbochi anchorite nke sitere na Protestant Reformation.N'oge ndị Victoria, akụkọ Agnes Scott, ma ọ bụ Annis, nwere mgbagwoju anya na chi nwanyị Anu aha ya bụ. Lethbridge mere njikọ a wee gaa n'ihu na-ekwu na Annis bụ njirimara nke nnukwu chi nwanyị n'ụdị crone, na-eduga na mmasị sitere na otu Wiccan.<ref name="Hutton">Billson (1895). p. 6.</ref> E mere njikọ dị n'etiti Black Annis na Agnes Scott tupu Hutton, gụnyere ili na ọgba, na mbipụta nke Leicester Chronicle nke dị na Febụwarị 26, 1842 ma bipụtaghachi ya na mpịakọta mbụ nke County Folklore (1895). Ọtụtụ n'ime echiche ọgbara ọhụrụ banyere Black Annis bụ ndị a ma ama na uri John Heyrick, nyere n'uju na County Folklore mana ewepụtara ya ebe a:   == Omenala na akara == A na-anọchite anya Black Annis n'ụdị nwamba dị egwu, akụkọ ahụ dugara n'ememe obodo na mbido oge opupu ihe ubi mgbe a ga-adọkpụ nwamba nwụrụ anwụ n'ihu ìgwè nkịta n'ihu ụlọ nkwari akụ ya iji mee ememe ngwụcha oge oyi. Dị ka Katharine Briggs si kwuo, a na-achụ nta a dọkpụrụ na Ista Monday (nke a makwaara dị ka Black Monday) wee duru ya site na Annis' Bower gaa na onye isi obodo nke Leicester. Ihe azụ̀ a dọkpụrụ bụ nwamba nwụrụ anwụ nke anise juru. Omenala a nwụrụ na njedebe nke narị afọ nke 18. Omenala ọzọ kwuru na Black Annis (n'ụdị Cat Anna) bi na okpuru ulo n'okpuru Leicester Castle nakwa na e nwere ebe dị n'okpuru ala nke na-esi na cellars ruo Dane Hills nke ọ na-agba ọsọ. N'afọ 1837, e mere egwuregwu a na-akpọ Black Anna's Bower, ma ọ bụ Maniac of the Dane Hills na Leicester Theatre. Atụmatụ ahụ gụnyere ogbugbu nke onye nwe ụlọ Blue Boar Inn, nke Black Anna rụrụ ọrụ yiri nke ndị amoosu na Macbeth. == Hụkwa == * Allison Gross * Baba Yaga * Nwanyị ojii nke Bradley Woods * Grindylow * Jenny Greenteeth * Ogwe aka Nelly * Peg Powler == Ihe edeturu == <references group="Note" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060104214047/http://www.mysteriousbritain.co.uk/folklore/blackannis.html Ntinye Britain dị omimi] bjvqktrv024yvuy1tx9ms6kk2r5orqh 0 60004 672467 364832 2026-07-04T20:55:17Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672467 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} ( Thai '''จักรพงษ์ จักราจุฑาธิบดิ์''' ; amụrụ 17 February 1979), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Anne Jakrajutatip''', <ref>{{Cite web|title=Miss Universe: This transgender Thai media mogul owns the beauty pageant|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/trends/miss-universe-this-transgender-thai-media-mogul-owns-the-pageant-9866991.html|accessdate=2 February 2023|work=Moneycontrol|date=15 January 2023|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Miss Universe's Thai new owner Kuhn Anne Jakrajutatip: "From now on, it's gonna be ran by women"|url=https://londondaily.com/miss-universe-s-thai-new-owner-kuhn-anne-jakrajutatip-from-now-on-it-s-gonna-be-ran-by-women|accessdate=2 February 2023|work=London Daily|language=en}}</ref> mgbe ụfọdụ a na-eme ya ka ọ bụrụ '''Anne JKN''', bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego Thai na onye ọbịa telivishọn, yana ịbụ onye nchoputa na onye isi ugbu a nke JKN Global Group . Onye ọchụnta ego mgbasa ozi na onye na-ekesa ọdịnaya dijitalụ na Thailand, Jakrajutatip bụ onye nwe ugbu a nke Miss Universe, Miss USA, na òtù Miss Teen USA ịma mma. Jakrajutatip ghọrọ nwanyị trans mbụ nwechara ụlọ ọrụ ndị a n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ha. Dabere na ''Forbes'', ọ bụ onye transgender nke atọ kasị baa ọgaranya n'ụwa, yana ọnụ ahịa ruru US $ 210 nde (6.37 ijeri baht) na 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2022|title=Meet Anne Jakkaphong Jakrajutatip, the trans icon who bought Miss Universe|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3197460/meet-anne-jakkaphong-jakrajutatip-thai-trans-millionaire-who-just-bought-miss-universe-pageant-so|accessdate=5 March 2023|work=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref> N'oge ọ bụ nwata, ọ gara kọleji Assumption, Bangkok. Ọ gbara ụlọ ọrụ nkesa vidiyo na mmepụta nke ezinụlọ ya maka ndị mụrụ ya wee tinye ego n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ikike mgbasa ozi na ezigbo ala. Ọ gara mba ọzọ ka ọ mụọ mmekọrịta mba ụwa na Mahadum Bond dị na Queensland, Australia. <ref name="Hindustan Times 25 October 2018">{{Cite news|date=25 October 2018|title=This transgender CEO is building a Thai entertainment empire|language=en|work=[[Hindustan Times]]|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/transgender-ceo-is-building-a-thai-entertainment-empire/story-LzPUNZdCTPg1rXmTkdLkyI.html}}</ref> <ref name="PEP 18 October 2019">{{Cite news|date=18 October 2019|title=The transwoman billionaire linked to Clint Bondad has a colorful life story|language=en|work=Philippine Entertainment Portal|url=https://www.pep.ph/lifestyle/extraordinary/146913/the-transwoman-billionaire-linked-to-clint-bondad-has-a-colorful-life-story-a721-20191018}}</ref> O mechara nweta asambodo nke Real Estate Development na Mahadum Chulalongkorn wee mechaa mmemme nzere onye isi sitere na Thai Institute of Directors Association. <ref name="PEP 18 October 2019" /> == Ọrụ == Ọrụ Jakrajutatip malitere ịrị elu mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ahịa mgbazinye vidiyo nke nne na nna ya. Oge mgbanwe bịara mgbe ọ chọpụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ BBC ''Walking With Dinosaurs'' wee ruo na BBC, na-ekwupụta mmasị na ikesa usoro ahụ na Thailand. Mwepụta a nwere ihe ịga nke ọma nke ukwuu, nke mere ka erere otu nde. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ratcliffe|first=Rebecca|title='To gain respect, you need success': the trans tycoon from Thailand who bought up Miss Universe|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/05/anne-jakrajutatip-trans-tycoon-miss-universe-thailand|work=The Guardian|date=5 January 2023}}</ref> Malite na nkesa akwụkwọ akụkọ, o ji nwayọọ nwayọọ gbasaa ikike ya iji gbasaa ọdịnaya sitere na South Korea, Japan na Hollywood. Ọ bụ ọsụ ụzọ mmalite mmalite ihe ngosi TV India nye ndị na-ege Thai, ntinye aka butere ya inweta moniker 'Queen of Content India'. <ref>{{Cite news|title=A pioneer reveals clues to success|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/thailand/general/2286822/a-pioneer-reveals-clues-to-success|work=Bangkok Post|date=29 March 2022|language=en|author=Jitpleecheep|first=Pitsinee}}</ref> N'ikpeazụ, ọ tọrọ ntọala JKN Global Media na 2013. Jakrajutatip depụtara azụmaahịa ya nke ọma, JKN Global Media, na Ahịa maka itinye ego ọzọ na 2017 wee were ọrụ nke onye isi nchịkwa na 2018. N'afọ 2019, Jakrajutatip bụ onye Thai mbụ na nwanyị transgender mbụ nwetara ihe nrite Asia Media Woman of the Year na Summit Asia Content na Singapore. Akpọrọ ya aha otu n'ime "ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 2022" nke ''Bangkok Post'' . <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Bangkok Post's Women of the Year|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/women-of-the-year-2022/detail/Jakkaphong-Jakrajutatip|accessdate=5 March 2023|work=Bangkok Post|language=en}}</ref> Na 2021, o buliri ndepụta azụmaahịa ya na bọọdụ isi nke Stock Exchange of Thailand (SET). Ọ gara n'ihu n'achụmnta ego ya na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi site na itinye ego ijeri baht 1.1 iji nweta ọwa TV JKN18 [ nke ] na Eprel 2021. Ọ batara na azụmahịa e-commerce, na-azụta oke na ụlọ ọrụ ịzụ ahịa n'ịntanetị na Septemba 2021. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Billionaire Anne's slide to bankruptcy|url=https://www.thaipbsworld.com/billionaire-annes-slide-to-bankruptcy/|work=www.thaipbsworld.com}}</ref> O kwuputakwara ihe banyere ahụmahụ ya dị ka nwanyị transgender na ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye nduzi nke Life Inspired for Transsexual Foundation, otu ọrụ ebere na-akwado maka ikike transgender na Thailand. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Meet Anne Jakkaphong Jakrajutatip, the trans icon who bought Miss Universe|url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/style/celebrity/article/3197460/meet-anne-jakkaphong-jakrajutatip-thai-trans-millionaire-who-just-bought-miss-universe-pageant-so?campaign=3197460&module=perpetual_scroll_0&pgtype=article|work=South China Morning Post|date=28 October 2022|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="TOI 25 November 2018">{{Cite news|author=DAS|first=Mohua|date=25 November 2018|title=Anne Jakkaphong Jakrajutatip: Transgender from Thailand recounts struggles of transition|language=en|work=[[The Times of India]]|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/transgender-from-thailand-recounts-struggles-of-transition/articleshow/66790846.cms}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Jakkaphong Jakrajutatip Executive Profile - Bloomberg|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/20610907|accessdate=11 March 2020|work=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> <ref name="Bangkok Post 15 October 2019">{{Cite news|date=15 October 2019|title=Successful transformation|work=[[Bangkok Post]]|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/life/social-and-lifestyle/1772319/successful-transformation|author=Mahavongtrakul|first=Melalin}}</ref> N'October 2022, ọ zụtara Miss Universe, Miss USA, na Miss Teen USA ịma mma maka $20 nde USD, na-ekwu maka ọchịchọ ịgbasa ihe na- [[Nkwado ụmụ nwanyị|enye ụmụ nwanyị ike]] n'etiti ndị ogbenye na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na-enwetaghị ikike. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bellamy-Walker|first=Tat|date=26 October 2022|title=Transgender businesswoman buys Miss Universe pageant for $20M|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/nbc-out/out-news/transgender-businesswoman-buys-miss-universe-pageant-20m-rcna54138|work=NBC News|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2022|title=Transgender millionaire Anne JKN buys Miss Universe beauty pageant|url=https://www.marca.com/en/lifestyle/celebrities/2022/10/27/635aab3b268e3e48698b458c.html|accessdate=22 December 2022|work=MARCA|language=en}}</ref> Nnweta a gosipụtara ya dị ka nwanyị mbụ nwere nzukọ a kemgbe ọ malitere na 1952. <ref name="d">{{Cite news|author=Konstantinides|first=Anneta|title=Meet Anne Jakrajutatip, the first woman to own the Miss Universe pageant|url=https://www.insider.com/miss-universe-pageant-owner-anne-jakrajutatip-history-2023-11|work=Insider}}</ref> Ka ọ dị na Machị 23, 2023, oke ya na JKN Group agbadala ruo 24.55%, gbadata na ọkwa gara aga karịa 50%. N'agbanyeghị mbelata a, ọ na-ejigide ọkwa nke onye nwe oke, dị ka akọwara na webụsaịtị SET. Ọ gbara akwụkwọ maka enweghị ego maka JKN Global Group na Nọvemba 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://weblink.set.or.th/dat/news/202311/1327NWS091120230854490265E.pdf|title=A filing of petition for business rehabilitation proceeding of JKN Global Group Public Company Limited with the Thai Bankruptcy Court by JKN Global Group Public Company Limited|accessdate=10 November 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Thai owner of Miss Universe goes bankrupt|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-67376299|work=BBC News|accessdate=10 November 2023|date=10 November 2023}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == == Ntụaka == ọzọ na 2017 wee were ọrụ nke onye isi nchịkwa na 2018. N'afọ 2019, Jakrajutatip bụ onye Thai mbụ na nwanyị transgender mbụ nwetara ihe nrite Asia Media Woman of the Year na Summit Asia Content na{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:All articles with unsourced statements]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t5ewduigay2zqj3rxfx0yeuwpgwd6py 0 60048 672184 206282 2026-07-04T12:44:20Z 10kdollz 19775 672184 wikitext text/x-wiki Enweghị ego na Ghana siri ike na mba ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na ndị mbụ aka ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ agbasa ma ọnụ ọgụgụ dịnụ na- nọmba ọtụtụ afọ.  Ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala Ghana na-azọrọ na ha bụ Ndị Ndị (71%) ma ọ bụ Ndị mmea (18%) [1][2] Ọtụtụ ndị na-amụ na Chineke na Ghana amịpụtapụta mmepụta ha n'ihu ọha n'ihi egwu nke mkpagbu.[3]  Ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ikike ụdị ụdị ụfọdụ.  Nke a ọdịiche na aha ụlọ akwụkwọ dị ka Presbyterian Boys School, Holy Child School na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.[2]  Ndị na-akpa na Chineke bụ ndị pere mpe na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Global Index of Religiosity and Atheism|publisher=[[WIN/GIA|Gallup]]|url=http://www.winmr.com/web/files/news/14/file/14.pdf|accessdate=2012-09-02}}</ref> Na ọnụ ndị Ghana e mere na 2010, Ndị isi 71.2% nke ndị bi na ya, Islam 17.6%, Ireligion 5.3%, Okpukpe omenala 5.2% .[1] Okpukpe ndị ọzọ ime Hinduism, Buddha na Nichiren Buddhism, Taoism, Soka Gakkai, Shinto na Judaism..<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf|title=2010 Population & Housing Census|work=Statsghana.gov.gh|accessdate=2016-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925192147/http://www.statsghana.gov.gh/docfiles/2010phc/Census2010_Summary_report_of_final_results.pdf|archivedate=2013-09-25}}</ref> N'adịghị ka echiche a nabatara n'ozuzu na ndị Ghana niile na-ekwupụta otu okpukpe ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ, e nwere obere ìgwè ndị na-ekweghị na Chineke, ndị na-eche echiche n'onwe ha na ndị na-enwe obi abụọ na-emepụta Humanist Association of Ghana. Otu ahụ haziri nzukọ Humanist na Nọvemba, 2012 nke kpọkọtara ndị Humanist si gburugburu ụwa iji kwurịta okwu ndị metụtara ọganihu nke Humanism na Ghana.<ref name="CS Monitor">{{Cite news|title=In world's most religious country, humanists rally for secular space|publisher=[[CS Monitor]]|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Africa/2012/1125/In-world-s-most-religious-country-humanists-rally-for-secular-space|accessdate=2012-12-07}}</ref> Otu nzukọ ahụ kwadoro nzukọ nke abụọ nke International Humanist na Disemba 2014. O gosipụtara mkparịta ụka banyere isiokwu ndị ọzọ metụtara Humanism dị ka ụmụ nwanyị, ebubo amoosu na West Africa na ememe Humanist. Nzukọ ahụ nwere ihe dị ka ndị otu iri ise ugbu a ma na-adọta mgbasa ozi dị nta. A ka na-arụ ọrụ iji debanye aha njikọ ahụ n'ụzọ iwu ma mee ka ọ bụrụ ihe a ma ama n'etiti ọha mmadụ. A maghị Humanism nke ọma na Ghana na nke a, tinyere nkwenkwe okpukpe dị elu na Ghana na-eme ka o siere ndị na-ekweghị ekwe ike ịkọrọ echiche ha n'enweghị egwu nke ihere. E nweela arụmụka ole na ole nke ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma mmadụ na mba ahụ banyere ihe a ga-ewere dị ka ụkpụrụ ọdịmma mmadụ dị mkpa na ihe a gafere na ụdị dị iche iche nke ụwa.<ref name="CS Monitor" /> Ikwu na ọ bụghị eziokwu ma ọ bụ mba na-abụ ndị nwere ike iduga n'iwe ọha na eze, dịka mgbe onye na-ese ihe omimi Mzbel kwuru na onye bụ onye adịgboroja..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/music/29422/mzbel-gets-support-for-saying-jesus-christ-is-fake.html/|title=Mzbel Gets Support -For Saying Jesus Christ Is Fake|publisher=www.modernghana.com|author=Daily Guide|accessdate=2015-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.africareview.com/special-reports/The-lonesome-life-of-Ghana-atheists--/979182-3497348-2tf6kaz/|title=The lonesome life of Ghana's atheists|accessdate=18 February 2017|archivedate=18 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218145752/http://www.africareview.com/special-reports/The-lonesome-life-of-Ghana-atheists--/979182-3497348-2tf6kaz/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-36201996|title=What's Up Africa: Looking for Ghana's atheists|date=4 May 2016|accessdate=18 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php?linkid=65&adate=22%2F11%2F2007&archiveid=1449&page=1|title=National Commission On Culture|accessdate=18 February 2017|archivedate=18 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170218145647/http://www.ghanaculture.gov.gh/index1.php?linkid=65&adate=22%2F11%2F2007&archiveid=1449&page=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nation.co.ke/lifestyle/The-lonesome-life-of-Africa-atheists-GHANA/1190-3497954-3ud5qmz/|title=The lonesome life of Africa's atheists|accessdate=18 February 2017}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Okpukpe na Ghana * Iso Ụzọ Kraịst na Ghana * Alakụba na Ghana * Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ nke Ghana == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} pvg2tzlolmwbvm9joxln1py07v3l3rh 0 60132 672629 644650 2026-07-05T11:54:46Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 672629 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Espérance Nyirasafari 2013-07-01 (35426418905) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Espérance Nyirasafari ]] Espérance Nyirasafari bụ onye ọka iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Rwanda, onye na-eje ozi dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi oche abụọ nke Senate nke Rwanda, dị irè na 17 October 2019.[1] Onye isi ala Rwanda họpụtara ya na Senate, na 22 Septemba 2019 <ref name="SenR">{{Cite web|title=Sports Minister Nyirasafari Appointed To The Senate|date=22 September 2019|url=https://taarifa.rw/sports-minister-nyirasafari-appointed-to-the-senate/|author=Jerry Muhamudu|accessdate=29 March 2025|archivedate=10 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210234038/https://taarifa.rw/sports-minister-nyirasafari-appointed-to-the-senate}}</ref> Tupu nke ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye minista minista na Ministry of Sports and Culture, site na 18 October 2018, [1] ruo 22 Septemba 2019.[2] Tupu nke ahụ, site na 5 Ọktoba 2016 ruo Ọktoba 18 2018, ọ bụ onye minista na-ahụ maka okike na nkwalite ezinụlọ] (Migeprof) <ref name="Cab">{{Cite web|url=http://gov.rw/newsdetails2/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1606&cHash=473ab12332504639e6c285135ec71c38|title=Communique: President Kagame reshuffles the Cabinet, appoints new governors|accessdate=1 September 2017|date=5 October 2016|publisher=Government of Rwanda (GOR)|author=GOR|archivedate=1 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170901201417/http://gov.rw/newsdetails2/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=1606&cHash=473ab12332504639e6c285135ec71c38}}</ref> == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Espérance na Rwanda n'aka ndị mụrụ ya bụ ndị Rwanda; ha abụọ nwụrụ na 1994 Rwanda Genocide, mgbe ọ ka dị obere.<ref name="Bef">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/79071|title=The secret life of... Esperance Nyirasafari|accessdate=1 September 2017|date=5 July 2009|first=Grace|author=Mugoya}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Na 2009, ọ jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide na Ministry of Justice na Rwanda.[1] N'oge nhọpụta onye ozi ya, na 5 October 2016, a kọrọ na ọ bụ onye otu nzuko omeiwu Rwanda.[2] Ọ nọchiri Diane Gashumba dị ka onye ozi na Migeprof, onye ghọrọ Minista ahụike Rwanda.[2] Na ngbanwe nke ụlọ ọrụ nke 31 Ọgọst 2017, Espérance Nyirasafari jigidere Pọtụfoliyo ya na Migeprof.[3] Dị ka onye minista minista, ọ na-akwado nkwanyerịta ùgwù n'etiti ndị di na nwunye iji kwalite ịdị n'otu ezinụlọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newtimes.co.rw/section/read/210099/|title=Gender minister calls for mutual respect among couples|accessdate=1 September 2017|date=4 April 2017|first=Kelly|author=Rwamapera}}</ref> N'ime mgbanwe nke ụlọ ọrụ na 18 Ọktoba 2018, a họpụtara Espérance Nyirasafari ka ọ bụrụ Minista nke Egwuregwu na Ọdịbendị.<ref name="7R">{{Cite web|url=http://ktpress.rw/2018/10/rwanda-gets-new-50-50-gender-cabinet-fewer-ministers/|title=Rwanda Gets New 50-50 Gender Cabinet, Fewer Ministers|accessdate=19 October 2018|date=18 October 2018|publisher=KTPress|author=Jean de la Croix Tabaro}}</ref> Ọ sonyeere ndị kansụl nke President Paul Kagame nke belatara ndị otu kansụl site na 31 ruo 26. Ndị kansụl ahụ bụ 50% ụmụ nwanyị, na-eme ka Rwanda, na [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]], bụrụ naanị mba abụọ dị n'Afrịka nwere nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na gọọmentị ha.<ref name="nt">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/news/cabinet-reshuffle-twitter|title=Cabinet reshuffle: How social media reacted|date=19 October 2018}}</ref> == Onye ọ bụla == Espérance Nyirasafari bụ nne lụrụ di.<ref name="Bef"/> == Hụkwa == * Nzukọ omeiwu nke Rwanda == Edemsibia == {{DEFAULTSORT:Nyirasafari, Espérance}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2j08qytp9l3ziyslab71xm22kowlhvz 0 60133 672628 206370 2026-07-05T11:51:42Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 672628 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Salome Nyirarukundo of Rwanda at the 2018 African Athletics Championships.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Salome Nyirarukundo ]] '''Salome Nyirarukundo''' (amụrụ na 20 Disemba 1997) bụ onye [[Rwanda|Rwandan]] na-agba ọsọ ogologo oge. O sonyere na 2016 Summer Olympics na [[Rio de Janeiro]], na mita 10,000 nke ụmụ nwanyị, na-agwụ na 27th ebe na oge nke 32:07.80.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/sallome-nyirarukundo|title=Salome Nyirarukundo|work=rio2016.com|accessdate=12 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160806071912/https://www.rio2016.com/en/athlete/sallome-nyirarukundo|archivedate=6 August 2016}}</ref> == Ịgba ọsọ n'okporo ụzọ == === 2017–2018 === Nyirarukundo bụkwa onye ọkaibe marathon, ma soro na asọmpi dị iche iche. O wepụtara oge kacha mma na Montreal Marathon (2:28:02). Ọ meriri ọtụtụ asọmpi na Province nke Quebec, gụnyere marathon Rimouski. === 2019 === Nyirarukundo nwere ọrụ n'aka 2019. N'ọsọ Around The Bay 30K, ọ gụchara 3rd mgbe ndị egwuregwu ama ama, n'agbanyeghị na o duuru kilomita iri na ise nke asọmpi ahụ. O jiri oge nkeji iri atọ na anọ merie asọmpi St-Laurent 10k. O weere ọnọdụ nke abụọ na 5k du Lac-Beauport wee merie Lévis Half-Marathon na oge ndekọ nke 1 h 13 min 59 s. Ọ gụchara nke anọ na Marathon Ottawa n'ime awa 2 nkeji iri atọ wee mee 10k ọzọ, oge nke a nke lululemon Toronto n'ime nkeji 34, oge ọzọ. Mgbe ahụ, o mere mmeri abụọ ọzọ na 10k, nke La Baie na nke Canada Road Races Day. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ sonyere na Marathon Rimouski; Ọnọdụ ndị ahụ dị njọ ma Nyirarukundo malitere n'ọsọ mgbanaka iji merie (1:25 ruo ọkara). N'agbanyeghị na nke a dị ntakịrị, ọ kụrụ mgbidi ma mechaa na 3:14. N'ihi ọnọdụ ọjọọ ahụ, ọ dịghị nwanyị nwere ike ịfefe ya wee merie n'ọsọ ahụ nke ugboro abụọ n'usoro. {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe kacha mma !Ogologo oge !Oge !Ihe omume !Ebe |- |mita 5,000 |15 nkeji 34 nkeji 91 c | - [[Nijmegen]]  |Nke ise |- |Kilomita ise |15 nkeji 50 | - [[Trier]]  |Nke abụọ |- |10,000 mita |31 nkeji 45 nkeji 62 c |South Africa - [[Durban]]  |Nke anọ |- |Ọkara marathon |1 awa 08 nkeji 48 sekọnd | - [[Barcelona]]  |Nke atọ |- |Marathon |2 awa 28 nkeji 02 sekọnd | - [[Montreal]]  |Nke Mbụ |} == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] rua5d2j7rsziddf9sdlie86chby5eq4 0 60216 672177 657183 2026-07-04T12:37:40Z 10kdollz 19775 672177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Reflist}} '''Irshad Manji''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1968) bụ onye nkuzi Canada a mụrụ na Uganda. Ọ bụ onye dere The Trouble with Islam Today (2004) na Allah, Liberty and Love (2011), nke a machibidoro iwu n'ọtụtụ mba ndị Alakụba.<ref name="Bedell">{{Cite news|author=Bedell|first=Geraldine|date=2 August 2008|title=Interview: 'I cringed when they compared me to Martin Luther'|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2008/aug/03/women|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/31/malaysia-reverse-book-ban|title=Malaysia: Reverse Book Ban|date=31 May 2012|work=Human Rights Watch|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180912111414/https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/05/31/malaysia-reverse-book-ban|archivedate=12 September 2018|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://english.alarabiya.net/articles/2012/05/19/215087.html|title=Muslim gay Canadian launches book in Malaysia despite 'ban'|date=19 May 2012|work=Al Arabiya News|accessdate=16 July 2017}}</ref> O mekwara akwụkwọ akụkọ PBS na America na usoro Crossroads, akpọrọ Faith Without Fear, nke ahọpụtara maka onyinye Emmy na 2008.[1] [2] Onye bụbu onye nta akụkọ na onye na-egosi ihe onyonyo, Manji bụ onye na-akwado nkọwa mgbanwe nke Islam na onye nkatọ nkọwa nkịtị nke Koran.   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Akwụkwọ ọhụrụ ya, Don't Label Me (2019), na-atụ aro ụzọ isi gwọọ esemokwu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, agbụrụ, na ọdịbendị. Echiche ndị dị n'akwụkwọ ahụ nwere njikọ na Moral Courage Project, nke Manji guzobere na Mahadum New York na 2008 wee gbasaa na Mahadum nke Southern California (USC) na 2016, mgbe ọ bụ onye isi na Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership &amp;amp; Policy.<ref name="USC Annenberg">{{Cite web|title=Irshad Manji|url=https://communicationleadership.usc.edu/fellows/senior/irshad-manji/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222222806/https://communicationleadership.usc.edu/fellows/senior/irshad-manji/|archivedate=22 February 2020|accessdate=22 July 2017|work=Center on Communication Leadership & Policy|publisher=USC Annenberg}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị USC, o guzobere Moral Courage College na ebumnuche nke ịkụzi "ndị na-eto eto otu esi etinye aka n'eziokwu banyere ịkpa ókè okwu kama ime ihere ma ọ bụ ịkagbu ibe ha".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Manji|first=Irshad|date=16 August 2020|title=Hating the "Hateful"|url=https://www.persuasion.community/p/hating-the-hateful|accessdate=1 September 2020|work=Persuasion}}</ref> Manji na-ekwu okwu banyere isiokwu ndị a dị ka onye isi nchọpụta na Oxford Initiative for Global Ethics and Human Rights . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fellows|url=https://www.oxfordglobalethics.org/fellows|accessdate=1 September 2020|work=Oxford Initiative for Global Ethics and Human Rights|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Manji na 1968 na nso Kampala, Uganda.[1] Nne ya sitere na Egypt na nna ya nke ihe nketa India.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/03/opinion/brave-young-and-muslim.html|title=Brave, Young and Muslim|author=Friedman|first=Thomas L.|date=3 March 2005|work=The New York Times|accessdate=28 March 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe [[Idi Amin]] nyere iwu ka Ịchụpụ ndị Eshia na ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị Afrịka na Uganda na mbido afọ 1970, <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4tY_Rk0BTGMC&pg=PA93|title=Muslim Women Reformers: Inspiring Voices Against Oppression|author=Lichter|first=Ida|date=2009|publisher=Prometheus Books|isbn=978-1-61592-502-5|pages=93|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/10/04/international/americas/04FPRO.html|title=An Unlikely Promoter of an Islamic Reformation|author=Krauss|first=Clifford|date=4 October 2003|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=11 July 2006}}</ref> Manji na ezinụlọ ya bịara [[Kánada|Canada]] dị ka ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ. <ref name="Bedell"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702303918204577446170153730122|title=Lady Gaga Versus Global Jihad|author=Stephens|first=Bret|date=4 June 2012|work=The Wall Street Journal|accessdate=19 September 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> Ha biri na Richmond, British Columbia, nso Vancouver. <ref name="Todd"/><ref>{{Cite news|author=Barry Gewen|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/27/weekinreview/27gewen.html|title=Muslim Rebel Sisters: At Odds With Islam and Each Other|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=27 April 2008|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> Manji gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze na, na Satọdee ọ bụla, ụlọ akwụkwọ okpukpe (madrasa). Manji na-ekwu na, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, a chụpụrụ ya na madrasa maka ịjụ ọtụtụ ajụjụ.<ref name="Popescu">{{Cite journal|author=Popescu|first=Lucy|date=12 October 2011|title=Irshad Manji|url=https://literaryreview.co.uk/irshad-manji|journal=Literary Review|issue=400|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Wente|first=Margaret|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/the-muslim-refusenik/article772583/|title=The Muslim refusenik|work=[[The Globe and Mail]]|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/local-news/canada-150-irshad-manji-challenging-muslim-doctrine|title=Canada 150: Irshad Manji, challenging Muslim doctrine|author=Stephen Hume|work=[[Vancouver Sun]]|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 1990, Manji nwetara nzere bachelọ na nsọpụrụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke echiche site na Mahadum British Columbia, wee merie Gọvanọ General's Academic Medal maka onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Humanities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fondationtrudeau.ca/en/community/irshad-manji|title=Irshad Manji|work=Fondationtrudeau.ca|accessdate=22 July 2017|archivedate=4 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104065136/http://www.fondationtrudeau.ca/en/community/irshad-manji}}</ref> Na 2002, Manji ghọrọ onye na-ede akwụkwọ na Mahadum Toronto's Hart House, ebe ọ malitere ide Nsogbu na Islam Taa.[1] [2] Ọ bụ onye ọbịa ya na mmemme mmụta mmụta nchekwa mba ụwa na Mahadum Yale na 2006 [3] wee bụrụ onye otu ibe ya na Brussels nke dabeere na European Foundation for Democracy site na 2006 ruo 2012. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/freespeech-irshad-manji/|title=freeSpeech: Irshad Manji|author=McNamara|first=Melissa|date=18 September 2006|work=[[CBS News]]|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gmfus.org/events/reconciling-islam-freedom|title=Reconciling Islam with Freedom|date=14 May 2007|work=The German Marshall Fund of the United States|language=en|accessdate=19 September 2019|archivedate=12 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212223356/http://www.gmfus.org/events/reconciling-islam-freedom}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Manji malitere ọrụ ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ ndị 1990. Ọ bụ onye enyemaka iwu na ndị omeiwu Canada maka onye otu New Democratic Party nke ndị omeiwu Dawn Black, mgbe ahụ odeakwụkwọ mgbasa ozi na Gọọmentị Ontario maka minista nke Ontario New Democratic Party Marion Boyd, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Todd|first=Douglas|title=The Trouble with Irshad Manji|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/the-trouble-with-irshad-manji|accessdate=28 August 2020|work=Vancouver Sun|date=13 May 2008}}</ref> ma mesịa bụrụ onye edemede okwu maka onye isi NDP Audrey McLaughlin. Mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na anọ, ọ ghọrọ onye nchịkọta akụkọ ihe gbasara mba maka nwa amaala Ottawa [1] na onye kacha nta na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ maka ụbọchị Canada ọ bụla. Ọ bụkwa onye na-ede akwụkwọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ LGBT ọhụrụ Ottawa Capital Xtra![2] O sonye na ngalaba "Friendly Fire" mgbe niile na TVOntario's Studio 2 site na 1992 ruo 1994, isi na isi megide onye edemede aka nri Michael Coren. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tMvzNiHF-XIC&pg=PA70|title=Joe's Toronto: Portraiture|author=Joe|first=Mendelson|date=2005|publisher=ECW Press|isbn=978-1-55022-715-4|pages=70|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rrj.ca/a-talking-contradiction/|title=A Talking Contradiction|author=Habib|first=Samra|date=17 March 2003|work=Ryerson Review of Journalism|language=en-US|accessdate=8 October 2019|archivedate=27 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227134320/https://rrj.ca/a-talking-contradiction/}}</ref> Manji kwadoro ma mepụta ọtụtụ mmemme ihe omume ọha na telivishọn, gụnyere Q-Files maka Pulse24 na onye nọchiri ya QT: QueerTelevision maka Citytv dabeere na Toronto na njedebe 1990s.[1][2] Mgbe ọ hapụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ, Manji nyere “nnukwu Q” ihe onyonyo onyonyo n'ọ́bá akwụkwọ mpako dị na Mahadum Western Ontario. Ọ pụtakwara na netwọkụ telivishọn gburugburu ụwa, gụnyere Al Jazeera, CBC, BBC, MSNBC, C-SPAN, CNN, PBS, Fox News Channel, CBS, na HBO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/user/IrshadManjiTV|title=Irshad Manji|work=YouTube|language=en|accessdate=25 May 2019}}</ref> Ọ bụkwa prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum New York (NYU) site na 2008 ruo 2015. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kwese.espn.com/olympics/summer/2012/story/_/id/8157338/ioc-bar-saudi-arabia-olympics-women-added-team|title=IOC should bar Saudi Arabia from Olympics unless women added to team|date=12 July 2012|work=Kwese.espn.com|accessdate=22 July 2017|archivedate=13 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180913002250/http://kwese.espn.com/olympics/summer/2012/story/_/id/8157338/ioc-bar-saudi-arabia-olympics-women-added-team}}</ref> Manji sonyeere ụlọ akwụkwọ Robert F. Wagner Graduate School of Public Service nke NYU iji mepụta Moral Courage Project, ihe omume iji kụziere ndị na-eto eto otu esi ekwu eziokwu n'ime obodo ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.irshadmanji.com/moral-courage-project|title=Explore the Issues|author=Manji|first=Irshad|work=IrshadManji.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120901122500/https://www.irshadmanji.com/Moral-Courage-Project|archivedate=1 September 2012|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ihe ya lekwasịrị anya n'otú "esi eme mkpebi ndị na-adabere n'ụkpụrụ maka iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe ha - ọkachamara na nke onwe ha".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Wagner|title=Moral Courage Project|url=http://wagner.nyu.edu/leadership/affiliates|publisher=Wagner School of Public Service|accessdate=24 January 2014|archivedate=23 November 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131123092304/http://wagner.nyu.edu/leadership/affiliates}}</ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2013, Manji na Cornel West, prọfesọ na onye na-eme ngagharị iwe, malitere Moral Courage TV (na [[YouTube]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7GguSvt-Ow|title=Cornel West & Irshad Manji at NYU Reynolds, 4/16|date=5 June 2013|publisher=[[YouTube]]|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> West kwuru banyere ọrụ Manji dị ka "ike dị ike maka ihe ọma". N'afọ 2015, Manji mepụtara "ọnụnọ West Coast nke Moral Courage" na Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership &amp;amp; Policy nke Mahadum Southern California. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Cornel West and Irshad Manji at NYU Reynolds on 4/16/2013|date=5 June 2013|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=J7GguSvt-Ow|publisher=NYU Reynolds Program in Social Entrepreneurship|accessdate=1 October 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://communicationleadership.usc.edu/news/muslim-reformer-named-cclp-senior-fellow/|title=Muslim reformer named CCLP senior fellow|author=Chapman|first=Justin|date=11 September 2015|work=[[Annenberg Center on Communication Leadership & Policy]]|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === ''Nsogbu na Islam Taa'' ===   Akwụkwọ Manji bụ The Trouble with Islam Today (nke akpọrọ The Trouble With Islam) bụ nke St. Martin's Press bipụtara n'afọ 2004. E wepụtara akwụkwọ ahụ na Canada n'okpuru aha gara aga na Septemba 2003. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IWUEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA27|title=Books: Unveiling Islam|author=Hays|first=Matthew|date=2 March 2004|work=The Advocate|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, a sụgharịrị ya n'ihe karịrị asụsụ 30.<ref name="Todd" />Manji nyere nsụgharị [[Arabic]], Persian, na Urdu nke akwụkwọ ahụ maka nbudata n'efu na weebụsaịtị ya.<ref name="Jerusalem Post">{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpost.com/Features/Manji-Young-Muslims-want-change|title=Manji: Young Muslims want change|date=22 June 2006|work=The Jerusalem Post|accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref> Na The Trouble with Islam Today, Manji na-enyocha nkọwa ọhụrụ nke kor'an nke o kwenyere na ọ dabara adaba maka narị afọ nke 21.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/analysis/role-of-women-central-to-necessary-reforms-within-islam-441608.html|title=Role of women central to necessary reforms within Islam|author=O'Mahony|first=T.P.|date=1 February 2017|work=Irish Examiner|language=en|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ enwetala otuto na nlelị site n'aka ndị Alakụba na ndị na-abụghị ndị Alakụga. Ọtụtụ ndị na-enyocha akwụkwọ ahụ akpọwo akwụkwọ ahụ "obi ike" ma ọ bụ "ogologo oge" ebe ndị ọzọ kwuru na ọ na-elekwasị anya na ndị Alakụba.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/Calling-all-believers-to-a-conversation-on-Islam/articleshow/1326998.cms|title=Calling all believers to a conversation on Islam|author=Rehman|first=Mujibr|date=11 December 2005|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/01/25/books/decent-exposure.html|title=Decent Exposure: ''The Trouble with Islam''|author=Sullivan|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Sullivan|date=25 January 2004|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.democracynow.org/2006/2/7/freedom_of_speech_or_incitement_to|title=Freedom of Speech or Incitement to Violence? A Debate Over the Publication of Cartoons of Prophet Muhammed and the Global Muslim Protests|author=Goodman|first=Amy|authorlink=Amy Goodman|date=7 February 2006|work=Democracy Now!|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191008071329/https://www.democracynow.org/2006/2/7/freedom_of_speech_or_incitement_to|archivedate=8 October 2019|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> Tarek Fatah, onye Alakụba Canada ibe onye mbụ katọrọ The Trouble With Islam, [1] tụgharịrị n'ọnọdụ ya, na-ekwu na Manji kwuru "ezigbo maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ụwa Muslim" yana na "enwere ọtụtụ ihe mgbapụta na ncheta ya". <ref>{{Cite news|first=Tahir Aslam|author=Gora|authorlink=Tahir Aslam Gora|url=http://www.thespec.com/Opinions/article/392889|date=26 June 2008|title=Canada's a centre for Islamic reform|work=[[The Hamilton Spectator]]}}</ref> A machibidoro ''Nsogbu na Islam Taa'' n'ọtụtụ mba na Middle East.<ref name="Bedell"/> Kemgbe ọnwa Julaị afọ 2009, a machibidoro akwụkwọ ahụ iwu na Malaysia. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2012/05/24/home-ministry-bans-irshad-manjis-book|title=Home Ministry bans Irshad Manji's book|date=24 May 2012|work=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star]]|accessdate=25 January 2013}}</ref> === ''Okwukwe Na-enweghị Egwu'' === N'afọ 2007, Manji wepụtara ihe ngosi PBS, Faith without Fear . Ọ na-eso njem ya iji mee ka okwukwe na nnwere onwe dịghachi n'otu, na-egosi ihe ize ndụ onwe onye ọ chere ihu dị ka onye na-eme mgbanwe ndị Alakụba. Ọ na-enyocha Islamism na Yemen, Europe na North America, yana akụkọ ihe mere eme nke echiche nkatọ Islam na Spain na ebe ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/about/show_faith_without_fear.html|title=Irshad Manji calls on her fellow Muslims to reform|publisher=[[PBS]]|quote=Trekking through the Arabian peninsula, Manji speaks with Osama bin Laden's former bodyguard, who explains why he's willing to turn his young son into a martyr. She also engages a California convert to Islam who now lives in Yemen and says that by covering her body and face, she's exercising American-style freedom of religion. But is it really freedom if you'll be punished for not covering? Manji meets one Yemeni woman who faces a steep price for rejecting the rules. Through them, Manji discovers what she thinks has corrupted a religion of justice to become an ideology of fear.|accessdate=2025-03-31|archivedate=2022-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221209190230/https://www.pbs.org/weta/crossroads/about/show_faith_without_fear.html}}</ref> A họpụtara Faith Without Fear maka Emmy ma bụrụ onye ikpeazụ maka National Film Board of Canada's Gemini Award . <ref name="Emmy">{{Cite web|date=15 July 2008|title=Nominees for the 29th Annual News & Documentary Emmy Awards Announced by the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences|url=http://emmyonline.com/news_29th_nominations|accessdate=19 September 2019|work=Emmy Online|language=en-US|archivedate=23 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723023527/http://emmyonline.com/news_29th_nominations}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nfb.ca/about/news.php?id=1584|title=2007 Gemini Awards|date=10 October 2007|publisher=[[National Film Board of Canada]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071221070903/http://www.nfb.ca/about/news.php?id=1584|archivedate=21 December 2007}}</ref>[50] Ọ malitere 2008 Muslim Film Festival, nke American Islamic Congress haziri wee merie ọla edo na New York Television Festival. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muslimfilm.org/schedule.html|title=2008Muslim Film Festival - Think-Different Women|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20080416235659/http://www.muslimfilm.org/schedule.html|archivedate=16 April 2008}}</ref>[50] === ''Allah, Nnwere Onwe na Ịhụnanya'' === {{Reflist}} N'afọ 2011, Manji bipụtara Allah, Liberty and Love . N'akwụkwọ ahụ, ọ na-enyocha otú ndị Alakụba nwere ike isi kọwaa kor'an, kwuo okwu n'enweghị ihe mgbochi, ma chee echiche n'onwe ha.Iji kwado ụzọ ya, Manji na-ehota ijtihad, omenala Islam nke echiche siri ike na nkọwa nke ederede na ozizi Islam.[1][2] Manji na-ekwusi ike na mgbanwe ọ bụla nke uru na-adịgide adịgide nye ndị Alakụba nwere ike isi n'ime pụta na enweghị ike itinye ya site na isi mmalite. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-02/new-age-insight/30580878_1_muslim-irshad-manji-change|title=Changing Times|author=Siddharth|first=Gautam|date=2 January 2012|work=[[The Times of India]]|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> Manji kwenyere ma kwalite ịdị irè nke Alụmdi na nwunye okpukpe nke ndị Alakụba na ndị na-abụghị ndị Alakụga, ọkachasị nke ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba nye ụmụ nwoke na-abụghị Ndị Alakụba, dabere na echiche nke Khaleel Mohammed nke San Diego State University (SDSU), na San Diego, California.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Imam Khaleel Mohammed's defense of inter-faith marriage.|url=https://freethinkingstokie.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/eng_bothpages.pdf}}</ref> Dị ka ọ dị n'ihe odide Manji ndị ọzọ, Allah, nnwere onwe na ịhụnanya mepụtara ma nzaghachi dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma.  Rayyan Al Shawaf, onye odee dabeere na Beirut na onye nkatọ akwụkwọ, na-akwa arịrị na Manji lekwasịrị anya n'otú ndị Alakụba na-emesapụ aka nwere ike isi sụgharịa Koran ọ bụghị na otu esi edobe oke iwu iji kwụsị mmetụta nke Qur'an.Ọ na-ekwukwa na Manji na-akwalite ''ijtihad'' mgbe ọ na-eleghara anya na "ijtihad bụ mma agha nke na-ebibi ụzọ abụọ ahụ". <ref name="Al-Shawaf">{{Cite news|author=Al-Shawaf|first=Rayyan|title=Author's 'Allah' implores Muslims to Think Freely|url=https://www.boston.com/ae/books/articles/2011/06/25/manjis_allah_implores_muslims_to_think_freely/|accessdate=25 January 2013|work=[[The Boston Globe]]|date=25 June 2011}}</ref> Al-Shawaf na-akwa arịrị maka ilekwasị Manji anya "n'otú ndị Alakụba nwere nnwere onwe si kọwaa kor'an dịka ha nwere ike isi setịpụ ókè iwu na mmetụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nke akụ na ụba ya". <ref name="Al-Shawaf" /> Meliklan Kay na nyocha ya maka ''Newsweek'' kọwara akwụkwọ ahụ dị ka "ịgọ ndị Alakụzụ" ma jupụta "okwu obi ụtọ nke na-eti mkpu" <ref name="Kaylan">{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/irshad-manji-challenges-muslims-follow-their-conscience-67465|title=Irshad Manji Challenges Muslims to Follow Their Conscience|author=Kaylan|first=Melik|date=25 September 2011|work=Newsweek|language=en|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> Omar Sultan Haque, onye nchọpụta na onye nkuzi na Harvard University Medical School, na-ekwu na ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ Manji dị mkpa n'ịkwalite nghọta, ọ "na-emeghị ka ụfọdụ n'ime ajụjụ ndị dị mkpa nke ga-eme ka ọdịnihu [nke nnwere onwe na nke ghere oghe] bụrụ eziokwu. " <ref name="Haque">{{Cite news|url=http://www.tnr.com/book/review/allah-liberty-love-irshad-manji|title=What Is Islamic Enlightenment?|author=Haque|first=Omar Sultan|date=15 March 2012|work=The New Republic}}</ref> Haque na-akọwakarị echiche Manji n'ụzọ "na-akwado". Howard A. Doughty, prọfesọ nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Seneca College, gosipụtara nke a site n'ikwu okwu site na nyocha Haque: "Chineke Manji yiri onye ndụmọdụ nduzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nwere mmetụta ịhụnanya ma dị ike. "<ref name="Haque" /><ref name="Doughty">{{Cite web|author=Doughty|first=Howard A.|url=https://www.innovation.cc/book-reviews/rev_doughty_assay_manji18vi1a13.pdf|title=Review Essay: What's the Trouble with Human Rights?|accessdate=16 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705121430/http://www.innovation.cc/book-reviews/rev_doughty_assay_manji18vi1a13.pdf|archivedate=5 July 2017}}</ref> Doughty, n'ịchịkọta ihe ọ chọpụtara banyere ndị na-akatọ Manji na-ekwu na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta (ma e wezụga onwe ya) na-ekwu ete "Manji nwere ike ghara inwe ike ịdọrọ isi ya ma gbanwee echiche ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe ọ na-eme". <ref name="Doughty"/> Kama ọ na-enye mgbachitere ụzọ ya ma na-arụ ụka na "ihe ndị nkatọ ya yiri ka ọ na-atụfu bụ na ọ dị mfe nkwurịta okwu, na-ewepụ ya na nkà mmụta sayensị, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke akụ na ụba, bụ kpọmkwem ihe na-enye ya ohere ịtụgharị echiche ya n'omume ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Doughty" /> Mmalite mba ụwa nke ''Allah, Nnwere Onwe na Ịhụnanya'' zutere esemokwu. N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2011, ndị Alakụba na-emebiga ihe ókè wakporo akwụkwọ Manji na Amsterdam; <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://nationalpost.com/news/canada/irshad-manji-book-tour-in-indonesia-runs-into-trouble-with-islamic-thugs|title=Irshad Manji book tour in Indonesia runs into trouble with Islamic 'thugs'|author=Hopper|first=Tristin|date=10 May 2012|work=National Post|language=en-CA|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> ndị ikom Alakụba iri abụọ na abụọ gbara ọsọ banye n'ebe ahụ ma nwaa ịwakpo ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://israelbehindthenews.com/we-made-the-jerusalem-post-with-this-irshad-manji-speaking-the-truth/8343/|title=Speaking the truth: A moderate Muslim, Irshad Manji says Islam needs more introspection and self-criticism|author=Spivak|first=Rhonda|date=25 April 2012|work=The Jerusalem Post|accessdate=22 July 2017|archivedate=8 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808224230/http://israelbehindthenews.com/we-made-the-jerusalem-post-with-this-irshad-manji-speaking-the-truth/8343/}}</ref> N'oge njem akwụkwọ Manji, ndị uwe ojii belatara okwu ya na Jakarta n'ihi nrụgide sitere n'otu n'ime ndị otu ndị isi nke Indonesia, Islamic Defenders Front.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://jakartaglobe.beritasatu.com/archive/indonesian-hardline-group-urges-govt-to-deport-liberal-canadian-muslim-activist/|title=Indonesian Hardline Group Urges Govt to Deport Liberal Canadian Muslim Activist|author=Mandiri|first=Ardi|date=5 May 2012|work=[[Jakarta Globe]]|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> Ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị, ọtụtụ narị ndị ikom sitere na Kansụl Mujahedeen nke Indonesia wakporo ndị otu Manji na ndị na-akwado ya na Yogyakarta. Ọtụtụ mmadụ merụrụ ahụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu onye ga-agwọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ. <ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2012/05/10/irshad-manji-injured-mob-attack-yogya.html|title=Irshad Manji injured in mob attack in Yogya|date=10 May 2012|work=[[The Jakarta Post]]|accessdate=9 January 2013}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, gọọmentị Malaysia machibidoro Allah, Liberty na Love.<ref name=":3"/> Mana na Septemba 2013, Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu dị na Kuala Lumpur wepụrụ mmachibido iwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Jong|first=Rita|title=Ban on Irshad Manji's book lifted|url=http://www.themalaysianinsider.com/malaysia/article/ban-on-irshad-manjis-book-lifted|accessdate=1 October 2013|work=[[The Malaysian Insider]]|date=5 September 2013}}</ref> N'afọ gara aga, e jidere Nik Raina Nik Abdul Aziz, nwanyị Malay bụ otu n'ime ndị njikwa nke Borders, maka ire nsụgharị nke akwụkwọ Manji tupu steeti ahụ ekwupụta mmachibido iwu ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2012/08/2012867105109271.html|title='Un-Islamic' book trial opens in Malaysia|author=Mayberry|first=Kate|date=6 August 2012|work=[[Al Jazeera English|Al Jazeera]]|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://antarapos.com/en/index.php?q9nan56SpKPkoObnaNGXpVvZn7WkcZFjZQ|title=Irshad Manji's Book: Borders Book Store Manager To Be Tried|work=Antarapos.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171029023305/http://antarapos.com/en/index.php?q9nan56SpKPkoObnaNGXpVvZn7WkcZFjZQ|archivedate=29 October 2017|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref> Mgbe ya na ndị ọchịchị lụchara ọgụ afọ atọ, Ụlọikpe Federal nke Malaysia kpebiri na ọ kwadoro ya ma jụ mbọ gọọmentị gbara ịrịọ arịrịọ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/nik-rainas-nightmare-finally-over-as-federal-court-dismisses-jawis-prosecut|title=Nik Raina's nightmare finally over as Federal Court dismisses JAWI's prosecution bid in Borders case|author=Palansamy|first=Yiswaree|date=23 June 2015|work=[[Malay Mail]]|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.themalaymailonline.com/malaysia/article/judges-slam-islamic-authority-for-premature-raid-on-borders|title=Judges slam Islamic authority for premature raid on Borders|author=Lim|first=Ida|date=22 August 2014|work=Malay Mail|accessdate=25 August 2014}}</ref> === ''Ekwela ka m kpọọ aha'' === N'ihe omume tupu ewepụta akwụkwọ ya kachasị ọhụrụ, Don't Label Me: An Incredible Conversation for Divided Times, Manji bụ onye isi okwu na-ekwu okwu kwa afọ na Day of Discovery, Dialogue & Action nke Mahadum Washington na St. Louis na 19 Febụwarị 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|author=McCarthy|first=Leslie Gibson|date=15 February 2019|title=Honest diversity, moral courage and shedding labels: A Q&A with Irshad Manji|url=https://source.wustl.edu/2019/02/honest-diversity-moral-courage-and-shedding-labels-a-qa-with-irshad-manji/|accessdate=1 September 2020|work=The Source|publisher=Washington University in St. Louis|language=en-US}}</ref> St. Martin's Press bipụtara Don't Label Me na 26 Febụwarị. <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Schilling|first=Mary Kaye|date=21 February 2019|title=In ''Don't Label Me'', Irshad Manji Has a Radical Prescription for Fellow Progressives: 'Stop Shaming and Start Listening'|work=Newsweek|url=https://www.newsweek.com/2019/03/08/irshad-manji-interview-dont-label-me-diversity-black-lives-matters-1335894.html|accessdate=1 September 2020}}</ref> Edere akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụdị mkparịta ụka e chepụtara echepụta na Lily, nkịta mbụ nke Manji, onye nwụrụ anwụ ugbu a ma na-arụ ọrụ dị ka Onye na-akwado Ekwensu.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Gee|first=Dana|date=2 April 2019|title=Listening is the best way to get your point across, says Irshad Manji|url=https://vancouversun.com/entertainment/books/listening-is-the-best-way-to-get-your-point-across-says-irshad-manji|accessdate=1 September 2020|work=Vancouver Sun|language=en-CA}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Kronen|first=Samuel|date=1 May 2019|title=Irshad Manji's "Don't Label Me": Book Review|url=https://areomagazine.com/2019/05/01/irshad-manjis-dont-label-me-book-review/|accessdate=1 September 2020|work=Areo|language=en-US|archivedate=11 November 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111031748/https://areomagazine.com/2019/05/01/irshad-manjis-dont-label-me-book-review/}}</ref> Dị ka Dana Gee nke ''Vancouver Sun'' si kwuo, "Ọ nwere ike iyi ka ọ bụ ihe eji eme ihe, mana ọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ezie". Manji na-eji mkparịta ụka ahụ akwado ibuli elu karịa tribalism ma soro ndị onye na-agụ ya ekwenyeghị na ha na-ekwu okwu.<ref name=":1" /> Na vidiyo nke magazin Time bipụtara na Machị 2019, Manji na-ekwu "Anọ m ebe a iji kwuo na, ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-akụziri ndị na-eto eto otu esi eme ihe na-adịghị akpasu iwe, ha kwesịkwara ịkụziri ọgbọ ọhụrụ otu esi eme ka ha ghara ịkpasu iwe. " <ref>{{Cite web|author=Hahn|first=Jason Duaine|date=4 April 2019|title=Schools 'Need' to Teach Kids 'How Not to Be Offended' in 2019, Educator Pleads|url=https://people.com/human-interest/schools-kids-how-not-to-be-offended-irshad-manji/|accessdate=1 September 2020|work=People|language=EN}}</ref>Onye na-akpa ọchị Chris Rock, onye na-akwado Manji,[1] kwalitekwara akwụkwọ ahụ na Twitter na-akpọ ya " ọgụgụ isi".[2][3] Na ntụleghachi nke Don't Label Me for Areo Magazine, Samuel Kronen dere na "Manji na-enye nchikota magburu onwe ya nke nkwutọ onwe onye, aghụghọ na obi eziokwu dị egwu ma na-enye nghọta na ụfọdụ nsogbu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na-eche ihu taa. . <ref name=":4" /> Manji enwetala ọtụtụ egwu ọnwụ n'ihi echiche ya.<ref name="Todd">{{Cite news|url=https://vancouversun.com/news/staff-blogs/the-trouble-with-irshad-manji|title=The Trouble with Irshad Manji|author=Todd|first=Douglas|date=13 May 2008|work=[[Vancouver Sun]]|accessdate=22 July 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/irshad-manji-islams-marked-woman-58908.html|title=Irshad Manji: Islam's marked woman|author=Hari|first=Johann|date=5 May 2004|work=The Independent|language=en|accessdate=8 October 2019}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bi na Toronto, o nwere windo nke ụlọ ya na-egbochi mgbọ maka nchekwa.<ref name="Todd" /> A kọwawo Manji dị ka Onye na-ede akwụkwọ kor'an.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kaminski|first=Joseph J.|chapter=Introduction: Determining the Basis for Political Discourse for the Next Generation|title=The Contemporary Islamic Governed State|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=Cham|year=2017|pages=1–28}}</ref> N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Jerusalem Post, na-akọwa echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, Manji kwuru, "Abụghị m onye nku aka ekpe, abụghị m onye aka nri. Abụ m post-wing "[1] Ọ katọrọ arụmụka na agha US na-akpali ndị Islam extremism.Manji na mbụ kwadoro agha United States na Iraq na Afghanistan, na ọchịchị George W. Bush na-alụ ọgụ na ụjọ.[1] [2] [3] [4] Ka ọ na-erule 2006, echiche ya banyere agha dị na Iraq abụrụla nke ukwuu nkatọ maka ọchịchị Bush.[5] Na Iraq, o kwuru na ya "chere na Ọfịs Oval nwere ozi eburu n'uche mgbe ọ na-eme mkpebi.O kwukwara, "M anọwo na-enyo ọrụ anyị na Afghanistan na mmetụta ya enyo n'ihu ọha. "<ref name="Cole">{{Cite web|url=https://nowtoronto.com/art-and-books/q-and-a-irshad-manji/|title=Q&A: Irshad Manji|author=Cole|first=Susan G.|date=10 June 2011|work=Now|accessdate=10 September 2018|archivedate=11 September 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911002456/https://nowtoronto.com/art-and-books/q-and-a-irshad-manji/}}</ref><ref name="Cole" /> Ọ na-arụ ụka na ndị Palestine chere ọrụ abụọ ihu: otu nke Hamas nyere ụmụ nwanyị na ndị LGBT na nke ọzọ nke ndị agha Israel na Palestine niile.<ref name="Jerusalem Post"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/discussion/2007/04/18/DI2007041801507.html|title=PBS 'America at a Crossroads': 'Faith Without Fear'|date=19 April 2007|work=The Washington Post|accessdate=10 September 2018}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == N'afọ 2016, Manji na onye mmekọ ya, Laura Albano, lụrụ na Hawaii.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2016/05/10/irshad-manji-marries-partner-laura-albano/|title=Irshad Manji marries partner Laura Albano|author=Firdaws|first=Nawar|date=10 May 2016|accessdate=22 July 2017|work=[[Free Malaysia Today]]}}</ref> Ha na nkịta nnapụta ha biri n'ebe ahụ.<ref name="USC Annenberg"/> Di na nwunye ahụ agbaala alụkwaghịm ugbu a.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Manji|first=Irshad|date=14 January 2020|title=Divorcing courageously|url=https://irshadmanji.com/divorcing-courageously/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200419055212/https://irshadmanji.com/divorcing-courageously/|archivedate=19 April 2020|accessdate=1 September 2020|work=IrshadManji.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ == == Akwụkwọ == * 1997 – ''Risking Utopia: On the Edge of a New Democracy'', (Douglas and McIntyre {{ISBN|1-55054-434-9}}) * 2003 – ''The Trouble with Islam Today'' (St. Martin's Press, {{ISBN|9780312326999}}) * 2011 – ''Allah, Liberty and Love: The Courage to Reconcile Faith and Freedom''<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aZGslAEACAAJ|title=Allah, Liberty and Love|first=Irshad|author=Manji|publisher=[[Atria Books]]|year=2011|isbn=978-1-4516-4520-0}}</ref> (Atria Books, {{ISBN|1-4516-4520-1}}, {{ISBN|978-1-4516-4520-0}}) * 2019 – ''Don't Label Me: An Incredible Conversation for Divided Times'' (St. Martin's Press, {{ISBN|9781250157980}}) == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * {{IMDb name|1879555}} * AppearancesnaC-SPAN [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ptix2yo5y2exovompqqxx6nj77kymke 0 60391 672317 208936 2026-07-04T14:10:54Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ọrụ */ 672317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder|website=}} Joe Ajaero ( ከውጭ na 17 Disemba 1964) bụ onye nta ndị Naijiria na onye otu ọrụ, onye bụ onye isi ala nke Naijiria Labour Congress ugbu a.. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Anuku|first=Williams|date=2023-02-02|title=NLC settles for consensus candidate as Wabba bows out as president|url=https://dailypost.ng/2023/02/02/nlc-settles-for-consensus-candidate-as-wabba-bows-out-as-president/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Report|first=Agency|date=2023-02-08|title=NLC gets new president, 15 other exco members|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/580657-nlc-gets-new-president-15-other-exco-members.html|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Premium Times Nigeria|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Agbo|first=Jeffrey|date=2023-02-08|title=BREAKING: Ajaero sets record, emerges NLC President|url=https://www.thenicheng.com/breaking-ajaero-sets-record-emerges-nlc-president/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=TheNiche|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ nọchiri Ayuba Wabba onye jere ozi ugboro abuo site na 2015 ruo 2023. <ref>{{Cite web|title=BREAKING: Joe Ajaero Emerges NLC President – Independent Newspaper Nigeria|url=https://independent.ng/breaking-joe-ajaero-emerges-nlc-president/|accessdate=2023-03-23|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2023-02-08|title=Ex-Vanguard Assistant News Editor, Ajaero sworn-in as 6th NLC President|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/02/ex-vanguard-assistant-news-editor-ajaero-sworn-in-as-6th-nlc-president/amp/|accessdate=2023-03-23}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Joe Ajaero na 17 Disemba 1964, na Emeku, Owerri North, Imo State. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Cyril|date=2023-02-09|title=Ihedioha Congratulates new NLC president,Ajaero|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/ihedioha-congratulates-new-nlc-presidentajaero/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> O kaadị nzere bachelọ ya na ụmụnna na Mahadum Naijiria, Nsukka na 1990 na diplọma post-gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Journalism na Times Journalism Institute na 1994. N'afọ 1998, oama nzere masta na Industrial and Labor Relations na Mahadum Lagos.  O ikike nzere iwu na Mahadim Baze, Abuja n'afọ 2023.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Online|first=Tribune|date=2023-02-09|title=From journalism to unionism: Meet new NLC national president, Joe Ajaero|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/meet-new-nlc-national-president-joe-ajaero/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Tribune Online|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'afọ 2003, ọ nọ n'isi na Advance Tariff Structuring and Subsidy Design Option site na International Professional Practice Partnership, Cape Town, South Africa.O tsare ndị ọzọ site na St George's Business School, Mahadum Cambridge; Ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa Harvard; Ụlọ ọrụ nchịkwa nke East na South Africa (2011); Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọzụzụ Mba Nile nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Mba Nile, Turin-Italy (2009);<ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ == Joe Ajaero bụ onye ntanye na One Mechanized Infantry Division Nigerian Army, Kaduna, n'etiti 1990 na 1991 maka NYSC ya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Joe Ajaero Emerges President Of Nigerian Workers, NLC {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2023/02/08/joe-ajaero-emerges-president-nigerian-workers-nlc|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=saharareporters.com}}</ref> Ọ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akwụkwọ / onye nta ndị na onye nchịkọta nchịkọta na Vanguard site na 1992 ruo 2001 tupu ọ banye na National Union of Electricity Employees (NUEE) dị ka Onye isi ike / Ozi n'etiti 2001 na 2005. <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-02-08|title=JUST IN: Ajaero emerges new NLC national president|url=https://punchng.com/just-in-ajaero-emerges-new-nlc-national-president/|accessdate=2023-03-23|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> Na Septemba 2024, Ngalaba Nchebe nke Naijiria jidere Joe Ajaero, mgbe ọ katọrọ gọọmentị Naijiria maka ịbawanye ọnụ ahịa mmanụ ụgbọala.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-09-09|title=Nigeria: Main labor union says its leader has been arrested|url=https://www.dw.com/en/nigeria-main-labor-union-says-its-leader-has-been-arrested/a-70171450|accessdate=2024-09-09|work=DW|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] aqa05104c8oi58r1g8u3lvwwxcewd4f 0 60450 672594 452713 2026-07-05T06:41:00Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Verashni Pillay''' (amụrụ ya na ubochi iri na otu n’onwa Febụwarị nke afo 1984) bụ onye nta akụkọ na onye nchịkọta akụkọ South Africa. Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke ndi otu The Huffington Post South Africa na Mail & Guardian. Ọ bụ onye isi nke dijitalụ na ụlọ ọrụ redio South Africa, POWER 98.7 ma na-arụ ọrụ nke ya ugbu a, expli.co.za . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://themediaonline.co.za/2022/02/put-your-hands-up/|title=Put your hands up|date=3 February 2022}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Pillay na ubochi iri na otu n’onwa Febụwarị nke afo 1984 ma too na obodo Laudium, Pretoria. N'afọ nke 2007, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Rhodes. <ref name="huffpostsa">{{Cite web|url=http://www.media24.com/media24-appoints-verashni-pillay-editor-chief-huffington-post-sa/|title=Media24 appoints Verashni Pillay as editor-in-chief of The Huffington Post SA|date=28 September 2016|accessdate=6 May 2025|archivedate=14 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114010053/http://www.media24.com/media24-appoints-verashni-pillay-editor-chief-huffington-post-sa/}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Pillay malitere ịrụ ọrụ n’oge ahu dịka onye nta akụkọ n’onwa Jenụwarị nke afo 2007 na News24, mgbe ọ nwetasịrị bursary site na mbipụta ahụ iji mezue nzere nsọpụrụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.media24.com/media24-appoints-verashni-pillay-editor-chief-huffington-post-sa/|title=Media24 appoints Verashni Pillay as editor-in-chief of The Huffington Post SA - Media24.com|work=www.media24.com|language=en|accessdate=2017-12-06|archivedate=2017-11-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114010053/http://www.media24.com/media24-appoints-verashni-pillay-editor-chief-huffington-post-sa/}}</ref> O mechara sonye na ''Mail &amp;amp; Guardian'' n’oge afo 2009, ebe ọ rịgooro ozigbo n'ime ọkwa nke mbipụta ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.oneworldnews.com/the-mail-guardian-gets-a-new-editor-in-chief/|title=The Mail & Guardian gets a New Editor-in-Chief|author=Paul|first=Barun|date=5 October 2015|work=One World News|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye mbụ nabatara dijitalụ n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ, na-emeri ụdị dijitalụ abụọ na oge mbụ na onyinye akụkọ ọdịnala. N' oge afọ 2012, o ritere ihe nrite CNN African Journalist of the Year na ngalaba mgbasa ozi dijitalụ mbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/africa/africanawards/finalists_2012.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120709020135/http://edition.cnn.com/WORLD/africa/africanawards/finalists_2012.html|archivedate=9 July 2012|title=CNN.com - CNN African Journalist of the Year Competition|work=CNN|language=en|accessdate=2017-12-06}}</ref> N'oge afọ 2013 ọ meriri ihe nrite Standard Bank Sikuvile maka ọrụ mgbasa ozi dị iche iche o dere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://themediaonline.co.za/2013/05/the-truth-is-out-there-all-the-winners-of-sikuvile-awards/|title=The truth is out there: all the winners of Sikuvile Awards {{!}} The Media Online|work=themediaonline.co.za|date=9 May 2013|language=en|accessdate=2017-12-06}}</ref> Pillay edeela ọtụtụ ihe gbasara agbụrụ na okike. O nyere edemede na nchịkọta ahụ, Categories of Persons (2013) banyere ọdịbendị na asụsụ a makwaazi ama.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-348492831.html|title=Apartheid Is Still Alive and Well|author=Chetty|first=Kavish|date=8 November 2013|work=Cape Times|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Mail & Guardian'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2015-10-05-fd|title=Verashni Pillay appointed editor-in-chief|date=5 October 2015|publisher=Mail & Guardian|accessdate=2025-05-06|archivedate=2017-12-07|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171207135734/https://mg.co.za/article/2015-10-05-fd}}</ref> A maara Pillay maka ịmepụta otu nchịkọta akụkọ siri ike ma nyere ''Mail & Guardian'' aka itolite na mgbasa ozi.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2016-09-28-editor-in-chief-verashni-pillay-leaves-the-mg|title=Editor-in-chief Verashni Pillay leaves the M&G|date=28 September 2016|work=Mail and Guardian|accessdate=12 December 2016}}</ref> Ọ mụbara ngụkọta mgbasa ozi kwa nkeji iri na ise n'oge ọ bụ onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke M&G, naanị akwụkwọ akụkọ SA na ụdị ọ bụla mere ya n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.marklives.com/2016/02/abc-analysis-q4-2015-the-biggest-circulating-newspapers-in-sa/|title=ABC Analysis Q4 2015: The biggest-circulating newspapers in SA|date=2016-02-23|work=Marklives.com|accessdate=2017-12-06|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.marklives.com/2016/05/abc-analysis-q1-2016-the-biggest-circulating-newspapers-in-sa/|title=ABC Analysis Q1 2016: The biggest-circulating newspapers in SA|date=2016-05-10|work=Marklives.com|accessdate=2017-12-06|language=en-ZA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.marklives.com/2016/08/abc-analysis-q2-2016-the-biggest-circulating-newspapers-in-sa/|title=ABC Analysis Q2 2016: The biggest-circulating newspapers in SA|date=2016-08-11|work=Marklives.com|accessdate=2017-12-06|language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250528163433/https://mg.co.za/author/verashni-pillay/ Ihe oriri na Mail na Guardian] * [http://www.dw.com/en/pillay-verashni/a-15909855 Pillay na Global Media Forum] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170623050304/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.za/verashni-pillay/ Pillay na The Huffington Post South Africa] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6belliymltpx4upbvqtws0mitlsb26l 0 60467 672263 209211 2026-07-04T13:43:08Z 10kdollz 19775 672263 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ekbal Baraka|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Arab World Books}}</ref>Iqbal Baraka (amụrụ 1942) bụ onye odeakụkọ Egypt, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na onye ode akwụkwọ. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke nwanyị Hawaa ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ. A maara Baraka maka ọrụ ya iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Egypt na ụwa ndị Alakụba. A na-ewere ya dị ka "otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị kacha nwee mmetụta na mba Arab". == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Baraka na 1942 na Cairo, Egypt .<ref name=":0" /> Ọ tolitere n'ezinụlọ nwere nnwere onwe, nke nọ n'etiti na mpaghara El Daher, ebe a gbara ya ume ịchụso ịgụ akwụkwọ na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}</ref> O nwetara nzere bachelọ na bekee site na mahadum Alexandria na 1962, na nzere bachelọ nke abụọ na Mahadum Cairo na akwụkwọ Arabic na 1979. [1] Na Cairo, ọ gụrụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Quran na hadith.[2]. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Alexandria, Baraka rụrụ ọrụ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka ụlọ ọrụ Philips tupu ọ gaa rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị. Ọ kwagara Kuwait maka ọkwa dị ka onye nkuzi Bekee.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837|title=Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999|others=ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy|date=November 2008|isbn=978-977-416-267-1|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=503115837}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri Ijipt, ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ na redio asụsụ Bekee. Ọ gara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka ''Sabah El Kheir'' (Good Morning), magazin jikọtara ya na Rose al-Yūsuf Group . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ekbal Baraka|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Arab World Books}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka "Ekbal Baraka"]. ''Arab World Books''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, 1927-2008.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773582885|title=In search of Islamic feminism : one woman's global journey|date=2010|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-307-77385-2|location=New York|oclc=773582885}}</ref> N'ọrụ a, ya na ndị na-eche echiche Islam na-alụkarị ọgụ maka ikike mmadụ na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Islam.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1993, a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin ụmụ nwanyị ''Hawaa'' . Ebumnuche ya bụ iji gbanwee magazin ahụ, nke lekwasịrị anya n'otu esi abụ ezigbo nwanyị, ka ọ bụrụ isi iyi nke isiokwu gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ikike mmadụ, na ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1993-07-25|title=All about Eve|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-07-25-9307250088-story.html|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Chicago Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka o mechara kwuo: "M na-ewere dị ka echiche m bụ isi na ụmụ nwanyị abụghị naanị ngwá ọrụ nke ndị na-emepụta ejiji na ndị na-ahụ maka ejiji, na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ezigbo mmasị na nchegbu anyị ga-emeso. " O jiri kọlụm ya na magazin ahụ na-akpọ oku maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, 1927-2008.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773582885|title=In search of Islamic feminism : one woman's global journey|date=2010|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-307-77385-2|location=New York|oclc=773582885}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFernea,_Elizabeth_Warnock,_1927-2008.2010">Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, 1927-2008. (2010). [[oclc:773582885|''In search of Islamic feminism : one woman's global journey'']]. New York: Doubleday. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77385-2|<bdi>978-0-307-77385-2</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/773582885 773582885].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]]) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]] [[Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list]]</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837|title=Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999|others=ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy|date=November 2008|isbn=978-977-416-267-1|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=503115837}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[oclc:503115837|''Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999'']]. ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy. Cairo, Egypt. November 2008. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-977-416-267-1|<bdi>978-977-416-267-1</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837 503115837].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([[:Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher|link]]) CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher]] [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> Baraka chịrị magazin ahụ ihe karịrị afọ 20, ruo n'afọ 2014. <ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=June–August 2014|title=Media Monitor Egypt - 13|url=http://asahnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MM-13-En-2014-A1.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919135054/http://asahnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MM-13-En-2014-A1.pdf|archivedate=2020-09-19|work=Al Sawt Al Hurr Arab Network for Media Support}}</ref> Ọ nyekwara aka dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ Rose al-Yūsuf, Sayidaty, na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ. O dere ogidi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị elu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche iche, gụnyere Al-Ahram. [1][2] <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626 "Femnists in Egypt"]. ''Ahl AlQuran''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite></ref>Baraka edeela akwụkwọ karịrị iri abụọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ekwu banyere ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na ọha mmadụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, nke e bipụtara na 1970, bụ ndị enyi ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere Dawn maka Oge Mbụ na Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na-abụghị akụkọ ifo gụnyere Hijab: Ọhụụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, ịhụnanya na Islam mbụ, ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na esemokwu nke Fez Versus okpu, na Nwanyị Ọhụrụ. E meela ọtụtụ akụkọ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ka ha bụrụ mmemme telivishọn. Ọ na-edekwa edemede maka telivishọn kemgbe afọ 2000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ekbal Baraka|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Arab World Books}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka "Ekbal Baraka"]. ''Arab World Books''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Baraka jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Egypt's PEN Club na onye isi oche kọmitii ụmụ nwanyị nke PEN International . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-19|title=PEN International Women Writers Committee {{!}} Reykjavik 2013|url=https://scottishpen.org/pen-international-women-writers-committee-reykjavik-2013/|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Scottish PEN|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nixey|first=Catherine|date=2011-02-12|title=Living proof that PEN is mightier than the sword: The champion of writers' freedom has plenty to celebrate as it turns 90|work=The Times of London}}</ref> O sokwa guzobe Association of Egyptian Women Filmmakers . <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837|title=Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999|others=ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy|date=November 2008|isbn=978-977-416-267-1|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=503115837}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[oclc:503115837|''Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999'']]. ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy. Cairo, Egypt. November 2008. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-977-416-267-1|<bdi>978-977-416-267-1</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837 503115837].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([[:Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher|link]]) CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher]] [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> == Nkwado == Baraka, onye bụ onye Alakụba, na-eji usoro Alakụba akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626 "Femnists in Egypt"]. ''Ahl AlQuran''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Alsharif|first=Asma|date=2006-11-19|title=Renowned writer fights for women's rights in Islam|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/e-zine/renowned-writer-fights-for-womens-rights-in-islam|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=The Caravan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Calbreath|first=Dean|date=2001-11-21|title=Women's rights gaining ground in some Muslim nations|work=The San Diego Union-Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=North|first=James|date=1993-12-18|title=Egyptian feminists battle fundamentalist backlash|work=Toronto Star}}</ref> Ọ na-emegide hijab, na-akpọ ya ihe fọdụrụ n'oge ọchịchịrị ma na-ekwupụta na ọ nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na okpukpe nke Islam n'onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hundley|first=Tom|date=1993-10-05|title=Grounds for Outrage in Egypt as a Couple Fights Its Own Divorce, Fundamentalists Split the Nation|work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626 "Femnists in Egypt"]. ''Ahl AlQuran''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ na-akwado iwepụ niqab kpamkpam.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have "Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man"]. ''MEMRI''. 2011-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Baraka kwupụtara nkatọ a n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2002 bụ The ''Hijab'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ekbal Baraka|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Arab World Books}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka "Ekbal Baraka"]. ''Arab World Books''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Arịrịọ ya maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị gụnyere ịkwado agụmakwụkwọ ọnụ mahadum ndị Ijipt.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have "Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man"]. ''MEMRI''. 2011-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> A katọrọ ya ugboro ugboro ma maa ya aka maka ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọkachasị site n'aka ndị na-akwado okpukpe, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Sciolino|first=Elaine|date=1985-07-25|title=Islam: Feminists vs. Fundamentalists|work=New York Times}}</ref> Baraka lụkwara ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè megide Ndị Copt na ndị ọzọ pere mpe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref> N'oge Arab Spring, ọ kwuru maka nkwado nke ndị isi ụwa na Ijipt.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have "Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man"]. ''MEMRI''. 2011-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Nkwado == Baraka meriri Egyptian State Prize for Distinction na 2004. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ekbal Baraka|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Arab World Books}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka "Ekbal Baraka"]. ''Arab World Books''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2007, ọ natara onyinye Oxfam Novib / PEN maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Njie|first=Ousman|date=2008-02-20|title=Fatou Jaw Manneh Amongst Four Writers Honoured by Oxfamm Novib/PEN|url=http://www.foroyaa.gm/index.php/burning-issue/1259-gambia-news-archive|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130107093935/http://www.foroyaa.gm/index.php/burning-issue/1259-gambia-news-archive|archivedate=2013-01-07|work=Foroyaa}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == === Akụkọ ifo === * Ndị Enyi Ruo Ebighị Ebi (1970) * Dawn maka oge mbụ (1975) * Layla na Onye A Na-amaghị Amụ (1980) * Ịkụ azụ n'Oké Osimiri nke Echiche Ọjọọ (1981) * Agụ owuru nke Ọdọ Mmiri (1983) * ''Mgbe ọ bụla oge opupu ihe ubi laghachiri'' (1985) * Ihe mere na ndina n'ike (1993, akụkọ) * Diaries of a Working Woman (1993) === Akụkọ ifo === * Ịhụnanya na mmalite Islam (1998) * Islam na ihe ịma aka nke oge anyị (1999) * Ịlaghachi na Fadda (2001) * ''Nwanyị Ọhụrụ'' (2002) * The Hijab: A Modern Vision (2002) === Ihe odide njem === == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fieroo6wko428doxi362kqb5iizeitt 672266 672263 2026-07-04T13:43:59Z 10kdollz 19775 672266 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ekbal Baraka|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Arab World Books}}</ref>Iqbal Baraka (amụrụ 1942) bụ onye odeakụkọ Egypt, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na onye ode akwụkwọ. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke nwanyị Hawaa ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ. A maara Baraka maka ọrụ ya iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Egypt na ụwa ndị Alakụba. A na-ewere ya dị ka "otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị kacha nwee mmetụta na mba Arab". == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Baraka na 1942 na Cairo, Egypt .<ref name=":0" /> Ọ tolitere n'ezinụlọ nwere nnwere onwe, nke nọ n'etiti na mpaghara El Daher, ebe a gbara ya ume ịchụso ịgụ akwụkwọ na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}</ref> O nwetara nzere bachelọ na bekee site na mahadum Alexandria na 1962, na nzere bachelọ nke abụọ na Mahadum Cairo na akwụkwọ Arabic na 1979. [1] Na Cairo, ọ gụrụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Quran na hadith.[2]. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Alexandria, Baraka rụrụ ọrụ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka ụlọ ọrụ Philips tupu ọ gaa rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị. Ọ kwagara Kuwait maka ọkwa dị ka onye nkuzi Bekee.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837|title=Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999|others=ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy|date=November 2008|isbn=978-977-416-267-1|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=503115837}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri Ijipt, ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ na redio asụsụ Bekee. Ọ gara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka ''Sabah El Kheir'' (Good Morning), magazin jikọtara ya na Rose al-Yūsuf Group .<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, 1927-2008.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773582885|title=In search of Islamic feminism : one woman's global journey|date=2010|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-307-77385-2|location=New York|oclc=773582885}}</ref> N'ọrụ a, ya na ndị na-eche echiche Islam na-alụkarị ọgụ maka ikike mmadụ na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Islam.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1993, a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin ụmụ nwanyị ''Hawaa'' . Ebumnuche ya bụ iji gbanwee magazin ahụ, nke lekwasịrị anya n'otu esi abụ ezigbo nwanyị, ka ọ bụrụ isi iyi nke isiokwu gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ikike mmadụ, na ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1993-07-25|title=All about Eve|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-07-25-9307250088-story.html|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Chicago Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka o mechara kwuo: "M na-ewere dị ka echiche m bụ isi na ụmụ nwanyị abụghị naanị ngwá ọrụ nke ndị na-emepụta ejiji na ndị na-ahụ maka ejiji, na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ezigbo mmasị na nchegbu anyị ga-emeso. " O jiri kọlụm ya na magazin ahụ na-akpọ oku maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, 1927-2008.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773582885|title=In search of Islamic feminism : one woman's global journey|date=2010|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-307-77385-2|location=New York|oclc=773582885}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFernea,_Elizabeth_Warnock,_1927-2008.2010">Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, 1927-2008. (2010). [[oclc:773582885|''In search of Islamic feminism : one woman's global journey'']]. New York: Doubleday. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77385-2|<bdi>978-0-307-77385-2</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/773582885 773582885].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]]) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]] [[Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list]]</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837|title=Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999|others=ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy|date=November 2008|isbn=978-977-416-267-1|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=503115837}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[oclc:503115837|''Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999'']]. ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy. Cairo, Egypt. November 2008. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-977-416-267-1|<bdi>978-977-416-267-1</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837 503115837].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([[:Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher|link]]) CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher]] [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> Baraka chịrị magazin ahụ ihe karịrị afọ 20, ruo n'afọ 2014. <ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=June–August 2014|title=Media Monitor Egypt - 13|url=http://asahnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MM-13-En-2014-A1.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919135054/http://asahnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MM-13-En-2014-A1.pdf|archivedate=2020-09-19|work=Al Sawt Al Hurr Arab Network for Media Support}}</ref> Ọ nyekwara aka dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ Rose al-Yūsuf, Sayidaty, na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ. O dere ogidi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị elu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche iche, gụnyere Al-Ahram. [1][2] <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626 "Femnists in Egypt"]. ''Ahl AlQuran''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite></ref>Baraka edeela akwụkwọ karịrị iri abụọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ekwu banyere ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na ọha mmadụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, nke e bipụtara na 1970, bụ ndị enyi ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere Dawn maka Oge Mbụ na Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na-abụghị akụkọ ifo gụnyere Hijab: Ọhụụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, ịhụnanya na Islam mbụ, ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na esemokwu nke Fez Versus okpu, na Nwanyị Ọhụrụ. E meela ọtụtụ akụkọ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ka ha bụrụ mmemme telivishọn. Ọ na-edekwa edemede maka telivishọn kemgbe afọ 2000.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ekbal Baraka|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Arab World Books}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka "Ekbal Baraka"]. ''Arab World Books''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Baraka jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Egypt's PEN Club na onye isi oche kọmitii ụmụ nwanyị nke PEN International . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-19|title=PEN International Women Writers Committee {{!}} Reykjavik 2013|url=https://scottishpen.org/pen-international-women-writers-committee-reykjavik-2013/|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Scottish PEN|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nixey|first=Catherine|date=2011-02-12|title=Living proof that PEN is mightier than the sword: The champion of writers' freedom has plenty to celebrate as it turns 90|work=The Times of London}}</ref> O sokwa guzobe Association of Egyptian Women Filmmakers . <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837|title=Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999|others=ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy|date=November 2008|isbn=978-977-416-267-1|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=503115837}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[oclc:503115837|''Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999'']]. ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy. Cairo, Egypt. November 2008. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-977-416-267-1|<bdi>978-977-416-267-1</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837 503115837].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([[:Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher|link]]) CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher]] [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> == Nkwado == Baraka, onye bụ onye Alakụba, na-eji usoro Alakụba akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626 "Femnists in Egypt"]. ''Ahl AlQuran''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Alsharif|first=Asma|date=2006-11-19|title=Renowned writer fights for women's rights in Islam|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/e-zine/renowned-writer-fights-for-womens-rights-in-islam|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=The Caravan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Calbreath|first=Dean|date=2001-11-21|title=Women's rights gaining ground in some Muslim nations|work=The San Diego Union-Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=North|first=James|date=1993-12-18|title=Egyptian feminists battle fundamentalist backlash|work=Toronto Star}}</ref> Ọ na-emegide hijab, na-akpọ ya ihe fọdụrụ n'oge ọchịchịrị ma na-ekwupụta na ọ nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na okpukpe nke Islam n'onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hundley|first=Tom|date=1993-10-05|title=Grounds for Outrage in Egypt as a Couple Fights Its Own Divorce, Fundamentalists Split the Nation|work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626 "Femnists in Egypt"]. ''Ahl AlQuran''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ na-akwado iwepụ niqab kpamkpam.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have "Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man"]. ''MEMRI''. 2011-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Baraka kwupụtara nkatọ a n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2002 bụ The ''Hijab'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ekbal Baraka|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Arab World Books}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka "Ekbal Baraka"]. ''Arab World Books''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Arịrịọ ya maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị gụnyere ịkwado agụmakwụkwọ ọnụ mahadum ndị Ijipt.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have "Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man"]. ''MEMRI''. 2011-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> A katọrọ ya ugboro ugboro ma maa ya aka maka ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọkachasị site n'aka ndị na-akwado okpukpe, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Sciolino|first=Elaine|date=1985-07-25|title=Islam: Feminists vs. Fundamentalists|work=New York Times}}</ref> Baraka lụkwara ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè megide Ndị Copt na ndị ọzọ pere mpe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref> N'oge Arab Spring, ọ kwuru maka nkwado nke ndị isi ụwa na Ijipt.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have "Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man"]. ''MEMRI''. 2011-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Nkwado == Baraka meriri Egyptian State Prize for Distinction na 2004. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ekbal Baraka|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Arab World Books}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka "Ekbal Baraka"]. ''Arab World Books''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2007, ọ natara onyinye Oxfam Novib / PEN maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Njie|first=Ousman|date=2008-02-20|title=Fatou Jaw Manneh Amongst Four Writers Honoured by Oxfamm Novib/PEN|url=http://www.foroyaa.gm/index.php/burning-issue/1259-gambia-news-archive|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130107093935/http://www.foroyaa.gm/index.php/burning-issue/1259-gambia-news-archive|archivedate=2013-01-07|work=Foroyaa}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == === Akụkọ ifo === * Ndị Enyi Ruo Ebighị Ebi (1970) * Dawn maka oge mbụ (1975) * Layla na Onye A Na-amaghị Amụ (1980) * Ịkụ azụ n'Oké Osimiri nke Echiche Ọjọọ (1981) * Agụ owuru nke Ọdọ Mmiri (1983) * ''Mgbe ọ bụla oge opupu ihe ubi laghachiri'' (1985) * Ihe mere na ndina n'ike (1993, akụkọ) * Diaries of a Working Woman (1993) === Akụkọ ifo === * Ịhụnanya na mmalite Islam (1998) * Islam na ihe ịma aka nke oge anyị (1999) * Ịlaghachi na Fadda (2001) * ''Nwanyị Ọhụrụ'' (2002) * The Hijab: A Modern Vision (2002) === Ihe odide njem === == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ng5txensdcn1j4h62oim4awvaky6vra 672271 672266 2026-07-04T13:44:55Z 10kdollz 19775 672271 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ekbal Baraka|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Arab World Books}}</ref>Iqbal Baraka (amụrụ 1942) bụ onye odeakụkọ Egypt, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na onye ode akwụkwọ. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke nwanyị Hawaa ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ. A maara Baraka maka ọrụ ya iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Egypt na ụwa ndị Alakụba. A na-ewere ya dị ka "otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị kacha nwee mmetụta na mba Arab". == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Baraka na 1942 na Cairo, Egypt .<ref name=":0" /> Ọ tolitere n'ezinụlọ nwere nnwere onwe, nke nọ n'etiti na mpaghara El Daher, ebe a gbara ya ume ịchụso ịgụ akwụkwọ na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}</ref> O nwetara nzere bachelọ na bekee site na mahadum Alexandria na 1962, na nzere bachelọ nke abụọ na Mahadum Cairo na akwụkwọ Arabic na 1979. [1] Na Cairo, ọ gụrụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Quran na hadith.[2]. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Alexandria, Baraka rụrụ ọrụ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka ụlọ ọrụ Philips tupu ọ gaa rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị. Ọ kwagara Kuwait maka ọkwa dị ka onye nkuzi Bekee.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837|title=Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999|others=ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy|date=November 2008|isbn=978-977-416-267-1|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=503115837}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri Ijipt, ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ na redio asụsụ Bekee. Ọ gara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka ''Sabah El Kheir'' (Good Morning), magazin jikọtara ya na Rose al-Yūsuf Group .<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, 1927-2008.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773582885|title=In search of Islamic feminism : one woman's global journey|date=2010|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-307-77385-2|location=New York|oclc=773582885}}</ref> N'ọrụ a, ya na ndị na-eche echiche Islam na-alụkarị ọgụ maka ikike mmadụ na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Islam.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1993, a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin ụmụ nwanyị ''Hawaa'' . Ebumnuche ya bụ iji gbanwee magazin ahụ, nke lekwasịrị anya n'otu esi abụ ezigbo nwanyị, ka ọ bụrụ isi iyi nke isiokwu gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ikike mmadụ, na ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1993-07-25|title=All about Eve|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-07-25-9307250088-story.html|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Chicago Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka o mechara kwuo: "M na-ewere dị ka echiche m bụ isi na ụmụ nwanyị abụghị naanị ngwá ọrụ nke ndị na-emepụta ejiji na ndị na-ahụ maka ejiji, na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ezigbo mmasị na nchegbu anyị ga-emeso. " O jiri kọlụm ya na magazin ahụ na-akpọ oku maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, 1927-2008.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773582885|title=In search of Islamic feminism : one woman's global journey|date=2010|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-307-77385-2|location=New York|oclc=773582885}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFernea,_Elizabeth_Warnock,_1927-2008.2010">Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, 1927-2008. (2010). [[oclc:773582885|''In search of Islamic feminism : one woman's global journey'']]. New York: Doubleday. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77385-2|<bdi>978-0-307-77385-2</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/773582885 773582885].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]]) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]] [[Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list]]</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837|title=Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999|others=ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy|date=November 2008|isbn=978-977-416-267-1|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=503115837}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[oclc:503115837|''Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999'']]. ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy. Cairo, Egypt. November 2008. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-977-416-267-1|<bdi>978-977-416-267-1</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837 503115837].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([[:Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher|link]]) CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher]] [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> Baraka chịrị magazin ahụ ihe karịrị afọ 20, ruo n'afọ 2014. <ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=June–August 2014|title=Media Monitor Egypt - 13|url=http://asahnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MM-13-En-2014-A1.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919135054/http://asahnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MM-13-En-2014-A1.pdf|archivedate=2020-09-19|work=Al Sawt Al Hurr Arab Network for Media Support}}</ref> Ọ nyekwara aka dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ Rose al-Yūsuf, Sayidaty, na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ. O dere ogidi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị elu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche iche, gụnyere Al-Ahram. [1][2] <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626 "Femnists in Egypt"]. ''Ahl AlQuran''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite></ref>Baraka edeela akwụkwọ karịrị iri abụọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ekwu banyere ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na ọha mmadụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, nke e bipụtara na 1970, bụ ndị enyi ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere Dawn maka Oge Mbụ na Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na-abụghị akụkọ ifo gụnyere Hijab: Ọhụụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, ịhụnanya na Islam mbụ, ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na esemokwu nke Fez Versus okpu, na Nwanyị Ọhụrụ. E meela ọtụtụ akụkọ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ka ha bụrụ mmemme telivishọn. Ọ na-edekwa edemede maka telivishọn kemgbe afọ 2000.<ref name=":0" /> Baraka jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Egypt's PEN Club na onye isi oche kọmitii ụmụ nwanyị nke PEN International . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-19|title=PEN International Women Writers Committee {{!}} Reykjavik 2013|url=https://scottishpen.org/pen-international-women-writers-committee-reykjavik-2013/|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Scottish PEN|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nixey|first=Catherine|date=2011-02-12|title=Living proof that PEN is mightier than the sword: The champion of writers' freedom has plenty to celebrate as it turns 90|work=The Times of London}}</ref> O sokwa guzobe Association of Egyptian Women Filmmakers . <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837|title=Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999|others=ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy|date=November 2008|isbn=978-977-416-267-1|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=503115837}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[oclc:503115837|''Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999'']]. ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy. Cairo, Egypt. November 2008. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-977-416-267-1|<bdi>978-977-416-267-1</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837 503115837].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([[:Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher|link]]) CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher]] [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> == Nkwado == Baraka, onye bụ onye Alakụba, na-eji usoro Alakụba akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626 "Femnists in Egypt"]. ''Ahl AlQuran''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Alsharif|first=Asma|date=2006-11-19|title=Renowned writer fights for women's rights in Islam|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/e-zine/renowned-writer-fights-for-womens-rights-in-islam|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=The Caravan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Calbreath|first=Dean|date=2001-11-21|title=Women's rights gaining ground in some Muslim nations|work=The San Diego Union-Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=North|first=James|date=1993-12-18|title=Egyptian feminists battle fundamentalist backlash|work=Toronto Star}}</ref> Ọ na-emegide hijab, na-akpọ ya ihe fọdụrụ n'oge ọchịchịrị ma na-ekwupụta na ọ nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na okpukpe nke Islam n'onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hundley|first=Tom|date=1993-10-05|title=Grounds for Outrage in Egypt as a Couple Fights Its Own Divorce, Fundamentalists Split the Nation|work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626 "Femnists in Egypt"]. ''Ahl AlQuran''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ na-akwado iwepụ niqab kpamkpam.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have "Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man"]. ''MEMRI''. 2011-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Baraka kwupụtara nkatọ a n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2002 bụ The ''Hijab'' . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ekbal Baraka|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Arab World Books}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka "Ekbal Baraka"]. ''Arab World Books''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Arịrịọ ya maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị gụnyere ịkwado agụmakwụkwọ ọnụ mahadum ndị Ijipt.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have "Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man"]. ''MEMRI''. 2011-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> A katọrọ ya ugboro ugboro ma maa ya aka maka ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọkachasị site n'aka ndị na-akwado okpukpe, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Sciolino|first=Elaine|date=1985-07-25|title=Islam: Feminists vs. Fundamentalists|work=New York Times}}</ref> Baraka lụkwara ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè megide Ndị Copt na ndị ọzọ pere mpe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref> N'oge Arab Spring, ọ kwuru maka nkwado nke ndị isi ụwa na Ijipt.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have "Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man"]. ''MEMRI''. 2011-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Nkwado == Baraka meriri Egyptian State Prize for Distinction na 2004. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ekbal Baraka|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Arab World Books}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka "Ekbal Baraka"]. ''Arab World Books''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2007, ọ natara onyinye Oxfam Novib / PEN maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Njie|first=Ousman|date=2008-02-20|title=Fatou Jaw Manneh Amongst Four Writers Honoured by Oxfamm Novib/PEN|url=http://www.foroyaa.gm/index.php/burning-issue/1259-gambia-news-archive|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130107093935/http://www.foroyaa.gm/index.php/burning-issue/1259-gambia-news-archive|archivedate=2013-01-07|work=Foroyaa}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == === Akụkọ ifo === * Ndị Enyi Ruo Ebighị Ebi (1970) * Dawn maka oge mbụ (1975) * Layla na Onye A Na-amaghị Amụ (1980) * Ịkụ azụ n'Oké Osimiri nke Echiche Ọjọọ (1981) * Agụ owuru nke Ọdọ Mmiri (1983) * ''Mgbe ọ bụla oge opupu ihe ubi laghachiri'' (1985) * Ihe mere na ndina n'ike (1993, akụkọ) * Diaries of a Working Woman (1993) === Akụkọ ifo === * Ịhụnanya na mmalite Islam (1998) * Islam na ihe ịma aka nke oge anyị (1999) * Ịlaghachi na Fadda (2001) * ''Nwanyị Ọhụrụ'' (2002) * The Hijab: A Modern Vision (2002) === Ihe odide njem === == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] eci05b1jrocarte4jnwxkvgnosv7gl6 672274 672271 2026-07-04T13:46:01Z 10kdollz 19775 672274 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ekbal Baraka|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Arab World Books}}</ref>Iqbal Baraka (amụrụ 1942) bụ onye odeakụkọ Egypt, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na onye ode akwụkwọ. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke nwanyị Hawaa ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ. A maara Baraka maka ọrụ ya iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Egypt na ụwa ndị Alakụba. A na-ewere ya dị ka "otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị kacha nwee mmetụta na mba Arab". == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Baraka na 1942 na Cairo, Egypt .<ref name=":0" /> Ọ tolitere n'ezinụlọ nwere nnwere onwe, nke nọ n'etiti na mpaghara El Daher, ebe a gbara ya ume ịchụso ịgụ akwụkwọ na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}</ref> O nwetara nzere bachelọ na bekee site na mahadum Alexandria na 1962, na nzere bachelọ nke abụọ na Mahadum Cairo na akwụkwọ Arabic na 1979. [1] Na Cairo, ọ gụrụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Quran na hadith.[2]. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Alexandria, Baraka rụrụ ọrụ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka ụlọ ọrụ Philips tupu ọ gaa rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị. Ọ kwagara Kuwait maka ọkwa dị ka onye nkuzi Bekee.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837|title=Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999|others=ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy|date=November 2008|isbn=978-977-416-267-1|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=503115837}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri Ijipt, ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ na redio asụsụ Bekee. Ọ gara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka ''Sabah El Kheir'' (Good Morning), magazin jikọtara ya na Rose al-Yūsuf Group .<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, 1927-2008.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773582885|title=In search of Islamic feminism : one woman's global journey|date=2010|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-307-77385-2|location=New York|oclc=773582885}}</ref> N'ọrụ a, ya na ndị na-eche echiche Islam na-alụkarị ọgụ maka ikike mmadụ na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Islam.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1993, a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin ụmụ nwanyị ''Hawaa'' . Ebumnuche ya bụ iji gbanwee magazin ahụ, nke lekwasịrị anya n'otu esi abụ ezigbo nwanyị, ka ọ bụrụ isi iyi nke isiokwu gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ikike mmadụ, na ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1993-07-25|title=All about Eve|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-07-25-9307250088-story.html|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Chicago Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka o mechara kwuo: "M na-ewere dị ka echiche m bụ isi na ụmụ nwanyị abụghị naanị ngwá ọrụ nke ndị na-emepụta ejiji na ndị na-ahụ maka ejiji, na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ezigbo mmasị na nchegbu anyị ga-emeso. " O jiri kọlụm ya na magazin ahụ na-akpọ oku maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, 1927-2008.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773582885|title=In search of Islamic feminism : one woman's global journey|date=2010|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-307-77385-2|location=New York|oclc=773582885}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFernea,_Elizabeth_Warnock,_1927-2008.2010">Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, 1927-2008. (2010). [[oclc:773582885|''In search of Islamic feminism : one woman's global journey'']]. New York: Doubleday. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77385-2|<bdi>978-0-307-77385-2</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/773582885 773582885].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]]) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]] [[Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list]]</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837|title=Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999|others=ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy|date=November 2008|isbn=978-977-416-267-1|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=503115837}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[oclc:503115837|''Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999'']]. ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy. Cairo, Egypt. November 2008. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-977-416-267-1|<bdi>978-977-416-267-1</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837 503115837].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([[:Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher|link]]) CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher]] [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> Baraka chịrị magazin ahụ ihe karịrị afọ 20, ruo n'afọ 2014. <ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=June–August 2014|title=Media Monitor Egypt - 13|url=http://asahnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MM-13-En-2014-A1.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919135054/http://asahnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MM-13-En-2014-A1.pdf|archivedate=2020-09-19|work=Al Sawt Al Hurr Arab Network for Media Support}}</ref> Ọ nyekwara aka dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ Rose al-Yūsuf, Sayidaty, na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ. O dere ogidi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị elu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche iche, gụnyere Al-Ahram. [1][2] <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626 "Femnists in Egypt"]. ''Ahl AlQuran''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite></ref>Baraka edeela akwụkwọ karịrị iri abụọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ekwu banyere ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na ọha mmadụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, nke e bipụtara na 1970, bụ ndị enyi ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere Dawn maka Oge Mbụ na Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na-abụghị akụkọ ifo gụnyere Hijab: Ọhụụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, ịhụnanya na Islam mbụ, ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na esemokwu nke Fez Versus okpu, na Nwanyị Ọhụrụ. E meela ọtụtụ akụkọ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ka ha bụrụ mmemme telivishọn. Ọ na-edekwa edemede maka telivishọn kemgbe afọ 2000.<ref name=":0" /> Baraka jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Egypt's PEN Club na onye isi oche kọmitii ụmụ nwanyị nke PEN International . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-19|title=PEN International Women Writers Committee {{!}} Reykjavik 2013|url=https://scottishpen.org/pen-international-women-writers-committee-reykjavik-2013/|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Scottish PEN|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nixey|first=Catherine|date=2011-02-12|title=Living proof that PEN is mightier than the sword: The champion of writers' freedom has plenty to celebrate as it turns 90|work=The Times of London}}</ref> O sokwa guzobe Association of Egyptian Women Filmmakers . <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837|title=Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999|others=ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy|date=November 2008|isbn=978-977-416-267-1|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=503115837}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[oclc:503115837|''Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999'']]. ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy. Cairo, Egypt. November 2008. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-977-416-267-1|<bdi>978-977-416-267-1</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837 503115837].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([[:Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher|link]]) CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher]] [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> == Nkwado == Baraka, onye bụ onye Alakụba, na-eji usoro Alakụba akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626 "Femnists in Egypt"]. ''Ahl AlQuran''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Alsharif|first=Asma|date=2006-11-19|title=Renowned writer fights for women's rights in Islam|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/e-zine/renowned-writer-fights-for-womens-rights-in-islam|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=The Caravan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Calbreath|first=Dean|date=2001-11-21|title=Women's rights gaining ground in some Muslim nations|work=The San Diego Union-Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=North|first=James|date=1993-12-18|title=Egyptian feminists battle fundamentalist backlash|work=Toronto Star}}</ref> Ọ na-emegide hijab, na-akpọ ya ihe fọdụrụ n'oge ọchịchịrị ma na-ekwupụta na ọ nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na okpukpe nke Islam n'onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hundley|first=Tom|date=1993-10-05|title=Grounds for Outrage in Egypt as a Couple Fights Its Own Divorce, Fundamentalists Split the Nation|work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626 "Femnists in Egypt"]. ''Ahl AlQuran''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ na-akwado iwepụ niqab kpamkpam.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have "Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man"]. ''MEMRI''. 2011-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Baraka kwupụtara nkatọ a n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2002 bụ The ''Hijab'' . <ref name=":0" /> Arịrịọ ya maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị gụnyere ịkwado agụmakwụkwọ ọnụ mahadum ndị Ijipt.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have "Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man"]. ''MEMRI''. 2011-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> A katọrọ ya ugboro ugboro ma maa ya aka maka ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọkachasị site n'aka ndị na-akwado okpukpe, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Sciolino|first=Elaine|date=1985-07-25|title=Islam: Feminists vs. Fundamentalists|work=New York Times}}</ref> Baraka lụkwara ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè megide Ndị Copt na ndị ọzọ pere mpe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref> N'oge Arab Spring, ọ kwuru maka nkwado nke ndị isi ụwa na Ijipt.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have "Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man"]. ''MEMRI''. 2011-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Nkwado == Baraka meriri Egyptian State Prize for Distinction na 2004. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ekbal Baraka|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Arab World Books}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka "Ekbal Baraka"]. ''Arab World Books''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2007, ọ natara onyinye Oxfam Novib / PEN maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Njie|first=Ousman|date=2008-02-20|title=Fatou Jaw Manneh Amongst Four Writers Honoured by Oxfamm Novib/PEN|url=http://www.foroyaa.gm/index.php/burning-issue/1259-gambia-news-archive|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130107093935/http://www.foroyaa.gm/index.php/burning-issue/1259-gambia-news-archive|archivedate=2013-01-07|work=Foroyaa}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == === Akụkọ ifo === * Ndị Enyi Ruo Ebighị Ebi (1970) * Dawn maka oge mbụ (1975) * Layla na Onye A Na-amaghị Amụ (1980) * Ịkụ azụ n'Oké Osimiri nke Echiche Ọjọọ (1981) * Agụ owuru nke Ọdọ Mmiri (1983) * ''Mgbe ọ bụla oge opupu ihe ubi laghachiri'' (1985) * Ihe mere na ndina n'ike (1993, akụkọ) * Diaries of a Working Woman (1993) === Akụkọ ifo === * Ịhụnanya na mmalite Islam (1998) * Islam na ihe ịma aka nke oge anyị (1999) * Ịlaghachi na Fadda (2001) * ''Nwanyị Ọhụrụ'' (2002) * The Hijab: A Modern Vision (2002) === Ihe odide njem === == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jq2vkq7ilcvpva5owrzje3rfytdkcag 672280 672274 2026-07-04T13:47:20Z 10kdollz 19775 672280 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Ekbal Baraka|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/authors/ekbal-baraka|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Arab World Books}}</ref>Iqbal Baraka (amụrụ 1942) bụ onye odeakụkọ Egypt, onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na onye ode akwụkwọ. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke nwanyị Hawaa ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ. A maara Baraka maka ọrụ ya iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Egypt na ụwa ndị Alakụba. A na-ewere ya dị ka "otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị kacha nwee mmetụta na mba Arab". == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Baraka na 1942 na Cairo, Egypt .<ref name=":0" /> Ọ tolitere n'ezinụlọ nwere nnwere onwe, nke nọ n'etiti na mpaghara El Daher, ebe a gbara ya ume ịchụso ịgụ akwụkwọ na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}</ref> O nwetara nzere bachelọ na bekee site na mahadum Alexandria na 1962, na nzere bachelọ nke abụọ na Mahadum Cairo na akwụkwọ Arabic na 1979. [1] Na Cairo, ọ gụrụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Quran na hadith.[2]. == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Alexandria, Baraka rụrụ ọrụ na mmekọrịta ọha na eze maka ụlọ ọrụ Philips tupu ọ gaa rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị. Ọ kwagara Kuwait maka ọkwa dị ka onye nkuzi Bekee.<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837|title=Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999|others=ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy|date=November 2008|isbn=978-977-416-267-1|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=503115837}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri Ijipt, ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị ka onye nta akụkọ na redio asụsụ Bekee. Ọ gara rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka ''Sabah El Kheir'' (Good Morning), magazin jikọtara ya na Rose al-Yūsuf Group .<ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, 1927-2008.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773582885|title=In search of Islamic feminism : one woman's global journey|date=2010|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-307-77385-2|location=New York|oclc=773582885}}</ref> N'ọrụ a, ya na ndị na-eche echiche Islam na-alụkarị ọgụ maka ikike mmadụ na ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na Islam.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1993, a họpụtara ya dịka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke magazin ụmụ nwanyị ''Hawaa'' . Ebumnuche ya bụ iji gbanwee magazin ahụ, nke lekwasịrị anya n'otu esi abụ ezigbo nwanyị, ka ọ bụrụ isi iyi nke isiokwu gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ikike mmadụ, na ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta.<ref>{{Cite web|date=1993-07-25|title=All about Eve|url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1993-07-25-9307250088-story.html|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Chicago Tribune|language=en-US}}</ref> Dị ka o mechara kwuo: "M na-ewere dị ka echiche m bụ isi na ụmụ nwanyị abụghị naanị ngwá ọrụ nke ndị na-emepụta ejiji na ndị na-ahụ maka ejiji, na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ezigbo mmasị na nchegbu anyị ga-emeso. " O jiri kọlụm ya na magazin ahụ na-akpọ oku maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, 1927-2008.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/773582885|title=In search of Islamic feminism : one woman's global journey|date=2010|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-307-77385-2|location=New York|oclc=773582885}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFFernea,_Elizabeth_Warnock,_1927-2008.2010">Fernea, Elizabeth Warnock, 1927-2008. (2010). [[oclc:773582885|''In search of Islamic feminism : one woman's global journey'']]. New York: Doubleday. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-307-77385-2|<bdi>978-0-307-77385-2</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/773582885 773582885].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]]) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]] [[Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list]]</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837|title=Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999|others=ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy|date=November 2008|isbn=978-977-416-267-1|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=503115837}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[oclc:503115837|''Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999'']]. ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy. Cairo, Egypt. November 2008. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-977-416-267-1|<bdi>978-977-416-267-1</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837 503115837].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([[:Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher|link]]) CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher]] [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> Baraka chịrị magazin ahụ ihe karịrị afọ 20, ruo n'afọ 2014. <ref name=":5" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=June–August 2014|title=Media Monitor Egypt - 13|url=http://asahnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MM-13-En-2014-A1.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200919135054/http://asahnetwork.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/MM-13-En-2014-A1.pdf|archivedate=2020-09-19|work=Al Sawt Al Hurr Arab Network for Media Support}}</ref> Ọ nyekwara aka dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ Rose al-Yūsuf, Sayidaty, na akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ. O dere ogidi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị elu maka akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche iche, gụnyere Al-Ahram. [1][2] <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626 "Femnists in Egypt"]. ''Ahl AlQuran''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite></ref>Baraka edeela akwụkwọ karịrị iri abụọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ekwu banyere ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na ọha mmadụ. Akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, nke e bipụtara na 1970, bụ ndị enyi ruo mgbe ebighị ebi. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọzọ gụnyere Dawn maka Oge Mbụ na Akwụkwọ akụkọ nke nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ. Ọrụ ndị a ma ama na-abụghị akụkọ ifo gụnyere Hijab: Ọhụụ ọgbara ọhụrụ, ịhụnanya na Islam mbụ, ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba na esemokwu nke Fez Versus okpu, na Nwanyị Ọhụrụ. E meela ọtụtụ akụkọ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ ya ka ha bụrụ mmemme telivishọn. Ọ na-edekwa edemede maka telivishọn kemgbe afọ 2000.<ref name=":0" /> Baraka jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Egypt's PEN Club na onye isi oche kọmitii ụmụ nwanyị nke PEN International . <ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-19|title=PEN International Women Writers Committee {{!}} Reykjavik 2013|url=https://scottishpen.org/pen-international-women-writers-committee-reykjavik-2013/|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=Scottish PEN|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nixey|first=Catherine|date=2011-02-12|title=Living proof that PEN is mightier than the sword: The champion of writers' freedom has plenty to celebrate as it turns 90|work=The Times of London}}</ref> O sokwa guzobe Association of Egyptian Women Filmmakers . <ref name=":3">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837|title=Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999|others=ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy|date=November 2008|isbn=978-977-416-267-1|location=Cairo, Egypt|oclc=503115837}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[[oclc:503115837|''Arab women writers : a critical reference guide, 1873-1999'']]. ʻĀshūr, Raḍwá,, Ghazoul, Ferial Jabouri, 1939-, Reda-Mekdashi, Hasna,, McClure, Mandy. Cairo, Egypt. November 2008. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-977-416-267-1|<bdi>978-977-416-267-1</bdi>]]. [[OCLC (identifier)|OCLC]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/503115837 503115837].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore="true"><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([[:Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher|link]]) CS1 maint: others ([[:Category:CS1 maint: others|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher]] [[Category:CS1 maint: others]]</ref> == Nkwado == Baraka, onye bụ onye Alakụba, na-eji usoro Alakụba akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626 "Femnists in Egypt"]. ''Ahl AlQuran''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Alsharif|first=Asma|date=2006-11-19|title=Renowned writer fights for women's rights in Islam|url=https://www.arabworldbooks.com/e-zine/renowned-writer-fights-for-womens-rights-in-islam|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=The Caravan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Calbreath|first=Dean|date=2001-11-21|title=Women's rights gaining ground in some Muslim nations|work=The San Diego Union-Tribune}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=North|first=James|date=1993-12-18|title=Egyptian feminists battle fundamentalist backlash|work=Toronto Star}}</ref> Ọ na-emegide hijab, na-akpọ ya ihe fọdụrụ n'oge ọchịchịrị ma na-ekwupụta na ọ nweghị ihe jikọrọ ya na okpukpe nke Islam n'onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hundley|first=Tom|date=1993-10-05|title=Grounds for Outrage in Egypt as a Couple Fights Its Own Divorce, Fundamentalists Split the Nation|work=Chicago Tribune}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|title=Femnists in Egypt|url=http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626|accessdate=2020-10-21|work=Ahl AlQuran}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[http://www.ahl-alquran.com/English/show_article.php?main_id=626 "Femnists in Egypt"]. ''Ahl AlQuran''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-21</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ọ na-akwado iwepụ niqab kpamkpam.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have "Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man"]. ''MEMRI''. 2011-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> Baraka kwupụtara nkatọ a n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2002 bụ The ''Hijab'' . <ref name=":0" /> Arịrịọ ya maka ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị gụnyere ịkwado agụmakwụkwọ ọnụ mahadum ndị Ijipt.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have "Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man"]. ''MEMRI''. 2011-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> A katọrọ ya ugboro ugboro ma maa ya aka maka ọnọdụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, ọkachasị site n'aka ndị na-akwado okpukpe, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị Alakụba ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Sciolino|first=Elaine|date=1985-07-25|title=Islam: Feminists vs. Fundamentalists|work=New York Times}}</ref> Baraka lụkwara ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè megide Ndị Copt na ndị ọzọ pere mpe.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|author=Al-Refaie|first=Youssef|title=Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women|publisher=Das Lamar Publishing House|year=2019}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="true" id="CITEREFAl-Refaie2019">Al-Refaie, Youssef (2019). ''Secrets of Egyptian Creative Women''. Das Lamar Publishing House.</cite></ref> N'oge Arab Spring, ọ kwuru maka nkwado nke ndị isi ụwa na Ijipt.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2011-05-29|title=Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man|url=https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have|accessdate=2020-10-22|work=MEMRI|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.memri.org/tv/egyptian-women%E2%80%99s-rights-activist-iqbal-baraka-slams-muslim-brotherhood-hypocrisy-they-have "Egyptian Women's Rights Activist Iqbal Baraka Slams the Muslim Brotherhood for Hypocrisy: They Have Learned from Turkish PM Erdogan, an 'Extremely Despicable' and 'Dangerous' Man"]. ''MEMRI''. 2011-05-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-10-22</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Nkwado == Baraka meriri Egyptian State Prize for Distinction na 2004. <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2007, ọ natara onyinye Oxfam Novib / PEN maka nnwere onwe ikwu okwu. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Njie|first=Ousman|date=2008-02-20|title=Fatou Jaw Manneh Amongst Four Writers Honoured by Oxfamm Novib/PEN|url=http://www.foroyaa.gm/index.php/burning-issue/1259-gambia-news-archive|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20130107093935/http://www.foroyaa.gm/index.php/burning-issue/1259-gambia-news-archive|archivedate=2013-01-07|work=Foroyaa}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == === Akụkọ ifo === * Ndị Enyi Ruo Ebighị Ebi (1970) * Dawn maka oge mbụ (1975) * Layla na Onye A Na-amaghị Amụ (1980) * Ịkụ azụ n'Oké Osimiri nke Echiche Ọjọọ (1981) * Agụ owuru nke Ọdọ Mmiri (1983) * ''Mgbe ọ bụla oge opupu ihe ubi laghachiri'' (1985) * Ihe mere na ndina n'ike (1993, akụkọ) * Diaries of a Working Woman (1993) === Akụkọ ifo === * Ịhụnanya na mmalite Islam (1998) * Islam na ihe ịma aka nke oge anyị (1999) * Ịlaghachi na Fadda (2001) * ''Nwanyị Ọhụrụ'' (2002) * The Hijab: A Modern Vision (2002) === Ihe odide njem === == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6j0m1zrbjtidhg5eykff9ej72s13t0u 0 64572 672299 578395 2026-07-04T13:56:58Z Goodymeraj 16207 /* Israel */ fixed reference error 672299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person|honorific prefix=[[Ayatollah]] Sheikh|name=Ibraheem Zakzaky|image=Sheikh Zakzaky.jpg|caption=Ibraheem Zakzaky in 2013|birth_name=|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1953|5|5|df=yes}}|birth_place=[[Zaria]], [[British Nigeria]]|death_date=|death_place=|nationality=[[Nigerian]]|other_names=Sharfuddeen|known_for=Founder of [[Islamic Movement in Nigeria]]|education=Economics|alma_mater=[[Ahmadu Bello University]]|occupation=|years_active=1979–present|term=|spouse=Zeenatuddeen Ibraheem|children={{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title = 9 | 1 = Muhammad |2=Nusaiba|3=Suhaila |4=Ahmad {{small|''(Killed in 2014)''<ref name="Vanguard Newspaper">{{cite web | url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/07/sheikh-zakzakys-son-10-others-died-nigerian-troops-shiite-muslims-clash/ | title=Sheikh Zakzaky's 3 sons, 9 others died in Nigerian troops, Shiite Muslims Clash | publisher=Vanguard Newspaper | access-date=13 April 2016 | archive-date=4 March 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304110120/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/07/sheikh-zakzakys-son-10-others-died-nigerian-troops-shiite-muslims-clash/ | url-status=live }}</ref>}} |5=Hameed {{small|''(Killed in 2014)''<ref name="Vanguard Newspaper" />}} |6=Mahmud {{small|''(Killed in 2014)''<ref name="Vanguard Newspaper" />}}|7=Hammad {{small|''(Killed in 2015)''<ref name="Press TV">{{cite web | url=http://217.218.67.231/Detail/2015/12/19/442424/Nigeria-Zakzaky-Shias-Zaria | title=Three sons of Zakzaky killed in Nigeria massacre: Rights group | publisher=Press TV | access-date=13 April 2016 | archive-date=20 April 2016 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420110851/http://217.218.67.231/Detail/2015/12/19/442424/Nigeria-Zakzaky-Shias-Zaria | url-status=live }}</ref>}}|8=Ali Haidar {{small|''(Killed in 2015)''<ref name="Press TV" />}}|9=Humaid {{small|''(Killed in 2015)''<ref name="Press TV" />}} }}|relations=Sayyid Badamasi Yaqoub|awards=|signature=|website=|footnotes=}} '''Ibraheem Yaqoub El-Zakzaky''' (nke ozo Ibraheem Zakzaky, Ibrahim Al-Zakzaky; amuru 5 May 1953) bu onye ndu okpukperechi Naijiria. Onye ndu Shi'a a ma ama na Naijiria, a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ọtụtụ oge maka ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka ikpe na-ezighị ezi, ọkachasị usoro nrụrụ aka na obodo ya. Zakzaky na-ekwu na ọ bụ naanị Islam nwere ike inye azịza maka nsogbu dị mgbagwoju anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-eche Naijiria ihu, bụ nke na-egbochi mmepe obodo kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ.<ref name="BBC">{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/africa/1573491.stm|title=Nigeria's firebrand Muslim leader|author=Dan Issacs|work=BBC News|date=1 October 2001|accessdate=28 February 2014|archivedate=26 January 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126114602/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1573491.stm}}</ref><ref name="NW">{{Cite web|url=http://europe.newsweek.com/who-sheikh-zakzaky-nigerias-most-powerful-shiite-muslim-405297?rm=eu|author=Connor Gaffey|title=Who is Sheikh Zakzaky, Nigeria's Most Powerful Shiite Muslim?|date=16 December 2015|publisher=Newsweek Magazine|accessdate=12 April 2016|archivedate=8 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908002447/https://www.newsweek.com/who-sheikh-zakzaky-nigerias-most-powerful-shiite-muslim-405297}}</ref> N'okwu ọ gwara n'oge Sheikh Uthman Bn Fodio Week (May 2023) nke Academic Forum of Islamic Movement haziri, Zakzaky kwuru na ọ na-aga n'ihu na Jihad nke Uthman BN Fodio iji hụ na Islam na-aghọ okpukpe na-achị achị ọ bụghị naanị na Naịjirịa kamakwa n'akụkụ niile nke West Africa. N'okwu o kwuru n'otu oge ahụ na Sokoko (20 Mee 2023), otu n'ime ndị na-akwado ya, Dr. Nasir Hashim kwuru na nrọ Zakzaky bụ naanị olileanya maka Africa. Sheikh Zakzaky bụ onye isi otu Islamic Movement Nigeria, nke ọ malitere na ngwụcha 1970s, mgbe ọ bụ nwata akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ahmadu Bello, wee malite ịgbasa Shia Islam n'ihe dị ka afọ 1979, n'oge mgbanwe mgbanwe nke Iran—nke hụrụ ka a kwaturu ọchịchị eze Iran ma were mba Alakụba nọchiri anya ya n'okpuru ọchịchị Ayatollah Khomeini. Zakzaky kwenyere na nguzobe otu mba n'usoro okpukperechi na Naijiria ga-ekwe omume. A nwụchiri ya ọtụtụ oge n'ihi ebubo nnupụisi obodo ma ọ bụ ọgbaghara n'okpuru ọchịchị ndị agha na Naịjirịa n'afọ 1980 na 1990, a ka na-enyo ya enyo ma ọ bụ dị ka ihe iyi egwu sitere n'aka ndị ọchịchị Naijiria.<ref name="NW"/> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2015, ndị agha Naijiria wakporo ebe obibi ya na [[Zaria]], merụọ ya ahụ nke ukwuu, ma gbuo ọtụtụ narị ndị na-eso ụzọ ya. Kemgbe ahụ, ọ nọgidere n'okpuru njide steeti n'isi obodo mba ahụ na-echere ka a tọhapụ ya, nke e nyere iwu na ngwụcha afọ 2016.<ref name="Sahara Reporters">{{Cite news|url=http://saharareporters.com/2015/12/17/family-sheikh-zakzaky-unclear-if-he-dead-or-unwell-according-family-sources|title=Family Of Sheikh Zakzaky Unclear If He Is Dead Or Unwell, According To Family Sources|date=17 Dec 2015|work=Sahara Reporters|accessdate=21 December 2015}}</ref><ref name="pulse.ng">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/ibrahim-el-zakzaky-court-orders-dss-to-release-shiite-leader-pay-him-n50m/9rvy6tk|title=Court orders DSS to release Shiite leader, pay him N50M compensation|date=2 December 2016|work=Pulse Nigeria|accessdate=2 October 2020|archivedate=9 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200709154643/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/ibrahim-el-zakzaky-court-orders-dss-to-release-shiite-leader-pay-him-n50m/9rvy6tk}}</ref>N'afọ 2019, ụlọ ikpe dị na Kaduna steeti nyere ya na nwunye ya mgbapụta ka ha chọọ ọgwụgwọ na mba ofesi mana ha si India lọta mgbe ụbọchị 3 gachara n'ụlọ ọgwụ na-ezighị ezi na mgbochi siri ike site n'aka ndị ọrụ nchekwa zigara n'ebe ahụike.<ref name="aljazeera.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/8/16/nigerian-shia-leader-wife-reject-treatment-in-india-return-home|title=Nigerian Shia leader, wife reject treatment in India, return home|work=www.aljazeera.com|accessdate=2 October 2020|archivedate=8 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908002408/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/8/16/nigerian-shia-leader-wife-reject-treatment-in-india-return-home}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ IbrAH na 5 Mee 1953 (15 Sha'ban 1372 AH), na [[Zaria]], Kaduna State. Ọ gara Provincial Arabic School, Zaria (1969-1970), School for Arabic Studies, Kano site na 1971-1976, ebe ọ nwetara asambodo 'Grade II', na Ahmadu Bello University (ABU), Zaria (1976-1979), ebe ọ nwetara nzere bachelor nke mbụ na Economics. Ndị isi mahadum jụrụ ya inweta akara ugo mmụta ahụ n'ihi ọrụ Islamist ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://bregava.tripod.com/MAZBIOG|title=Biography of Mu'allim Ibrahim Al-Zakzaky|publisher=Bregava.tripod.com|accessdate=2011-03-20|archivedate=3 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110603063824/http://bregava.tripod.com/MAZBIOG}}</ref> N'oge ọ nọ na mahadum, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ụmụ akwụkwọ Islam unionism, ebe ọ ghọrọ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Muslim Students Society of Nigeria (MSSN) na Main Campus nke mahadum (1977/78), ma mesịa bụrụ osote onye isi oche (International Affairs) nke National Body nke MSSN na 1979. <ref name="Islamicmovement.org">{{Cite web|url=http://www.islamicmovement.org/biozakzaky.htm|title=Official Website Of The Islamic Movement In Nigeria|publisher=Islamicmovement.org|date=1953-05-05|accessdate=2011-03-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226111546/http://www.islamicmovement.org//biozakzaky.htm|archivedate=2011-02-26}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Sheikh_Zakzaky_in_1990s.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|186x186px|Sheikh Zakzaky na-ekwu okwu na ụlọ alakụba [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|ABU]] n'afọ ndị 1990.]] N'otu afọ ahụ, a na-ekwu na ọ masịrị ya na 1979 Iranian Revolution ma chọọ iṅomi ya n'ụlọ. Mgbe e mesịrị, Zakzaky gara Iran, mesịa ghọọ onye Shia. N'ụlọ, ọ ghọrọ onye ndú nke Islamic Movement na Naijiria ma jiri ya mee ihe dị ka ụzọ isi gbanwee ma nweta ndị na-eso ụzọ na 1990s. N'ihi ọrụ ya, ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ agbanweela ka ọ bụrụ Shia Islam na mba nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị Shia ọ bụla.<ref name="Bloomberg">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-03-08/as-trump-makes-threats-iran-makes-friends|title=As Trump Makes Threats, Iran Makes Friends|publisher=Bloomberg|date=8 March 2017|accessdate=8 March 2017|archivedate=8 March 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308074258/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-03-08/as-trump-makes-threats-iran-makes-friends}}</ref> == Òtù Alakụba na Naijiria == {{Blockquote|When Israel is celebrating sixty years of occupying Palestine's land, we are mourning because the truth is Israeli State is created on the basis of terrorism and what is not yours is not yours, no matter years of oppression and hostage it would slip someday along with those supporting them. Israel will fall with her allies certainly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200805210257.html|title=Nigeria: Israeli State Would Crumble, Says Zakzaky|date=21 May 2008|via=AllAfrica|access-date=25 October 2009|archive-date=12 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121012020822/http://allafrica.com/stories/200805210257.html|url-status=live}}</ref>|}} Ibraheem Zakzaky bụ onye isi na onye ndú ime mmụọ nke Islamic Movement na Naijiria (''n'oge gara aga:'' Muslim Brothers <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a585209.pdf|title=Mitigating Radicalism in Northern Nigeria|date=2013|accessdate=12 April 2016|author=Michael Olufemi Sodipo|pages=3|archivedate=19 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119025044/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a585209.pdf}}</ref>), òtù Shi'a Muslim kachasị ama n'Africa. N'ime nde mmadụ 180 bi na Naịjirịa, ihe dị ka pasent 50 bụ ndị Alakụba, obere n'ime ha bụ ndị Shi'a Islam. Dị ka Nnamdi Obasi, Senior Analyst on Nigeria at the International Crisis Group (ICG), si kwuo, ebumnuche IMN dị okpukpu abụọ: "iji hụ na usoro iwu na nchịkwa nke Islam na-etinye n'ọrụ nke ọma... mgbe ahụ iji mepụta steeti Islam na Naịjirịa. " Dr Iqbal Siddiqui kọwara El-Zakzaky dị ka "onye ndú nke Islamic Movement na Naịjaria". <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://europe.newsweek.com/who-sheikh-zakzaky-nigerias-most-powerful-shiite-muslim-405297?rm=eu|title=Who is Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky?|publisher=Newsweek Magazine|accessdate=12 April 2016|archivedate=8 September 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908002332/https://www.newsweek.com/who-sheikh-zakzaky-nigerias-most-powerful-shiite-muslim-405297}}</ref> == Israel == The Resource Forum of the Islamic Movement of Nigeria (IMN) nwere nnọkọ nnọkọ na "The Creation of the Illegal State of Israel" na Arewa House Kaduna na 21 Mee 2008. Zakzaky kwuru, == Ndị agha Naijiria wakporo òtù ahụ == === Mgbukpọ nke Ụbọchị Zaria Quds === Na Fraịde 25 Julaị 2014, a kọrọ na [[Nigerian Army|Ndị agha Naijiria]] gbagburu ndị na-eso ụzọ Ibraheem Zakzaky 35, gụnyere atọ n'ime ụmụ ya, <ref name="Soldiers killed three Elzakzaky sons,32 others">{{Cite web|author=Punch Newspaper|title=Soldiers killed three Elzakzaky sons, 32 others.|url=http://www.punchng.com/news/soldiers-killed-three-of-my-sons-32-others-el-zakzaky/|accessdate=10 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727111607/http://www.punchng.com/news/soldiers-killed-three-of-my-sons-32-others-el-zakzaky/|archivedate=27 July 2014}}</ref> mgbe ha nwesịrị ngagharị na-akwado ndị Palestine na [[Zaria]]. British Islamic Human Rights Commission bipụtara akụkọ Zaria Massacres and the Role of the Military n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2014. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ihrc.org.uk/publications/reports/11219-nigeria-report-the-zaria-massacres-and-the-role-of-the-military|title=IHRC. Zaria Quds Massacre: The role of the Military|publisher=IHRC United Kingdom|date=October 2014|accessdate=15 April 2015|archivedate=3 April 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150403093649/http://www.ihrc.org.uk/publications/reports/11219-nigeria-report-the-zaria-massacres-and-the-role-of-the-military}}</ref> === Mgbukpọ nke 2015 Zaria === Sheikh al-Zakzaky merụrụ ahụ ma jide ya na nwunye ya, na 2015 Zaria massacre, nke atọ n'ime ụmụ ya ndị fọdụrụnụ, yana ọtụtụ narị ndị na-eso ụzọ ya, bụ ndị ndị ndị agha Naijiria gburu.<ref name="army.mil.ng">{{Cite web|url=http://army.mil.ng/Press-Release.html|title=Nigerian Army &#124; Army Public Relations|accessdate=2015-12-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151216153007/http://army.mil.ng/Press-Release.html|archivedate=2015-12-16}}</ref> === Mkpọrọ na iwu ka a tọhapụ ya === Dabere na mkpebi ikpe nke ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke Naịjirịa na 2 Disemba 2016, e nyere Ibraheem Yaqoub El Zakzaky iwu ka a tọhapụ ya na Ngalaba Ọrụ Steeti n'ime ndị uwe ojii n'ime ụbọchị 45. A ga-akwụ El Zakzaky na nwunye ya ego nke nde Naira 50 ($ 164,052) maka ịkwụ ụgwọ. Onye ọka ikpe mara ọkwa na izi ezi nke "igide ya maka nchebe nke ya" ezughị.<ref name="pulse.ng"/> N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Jenụwarị 2017, Amnesty International rịọrọ ka ndị ọchịchị Naịjirịa ga-erubere iwu Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu ozugbo ma hapụ Ibraheem El-Zakzaky na nwunye ya n'ụlọnga. Na 13 Jenụwarị 2018, Zakzaky, onye ejidere n'ebe amabeghị n'ebuboghị ya kemgbe December 2015, mere n'ihu ọha nkenke, nke mbụ ya n'ime afọ abụọ, e kwere ka ọ hụ dọkịta ya..<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://in.reuters.com/article/nigeria-security/nigerian-shiite-leader-rumoured-dead-makes-first-public-appearance-in-two-years-idINKBN1F20QX|publisher=Reuters|title=Nigerian Shi'ite leader, rumoured dead, makes first public appearance in two years|date=13 January 2018|accessdate=13 January 2018|archivedate=13 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113191654/https://in.reuters.com/article/nigeria-security/nigerian-shiite-leader-rumoured-dead-makes-first-public-appearance-in-two-years-idINKBN1F20QX}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 2014, gọọmentị etiti Naijiria na gọọmentị Kaduna Steeti na-ejide Zakzaky maka ebubo mpụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/268538-shiite-leader-el-zakzaky-brought-to-court-charged-with-murder.html|title=Shiite leader El-Zakzaky brought to court, charged with murder - Premium Times Nigeria|date=2018-05-15|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-03-02|archivedate=2 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302174632/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/268538-shiite-leader-el-zakzaky-brought-to-court-charged-with-murder.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/04/979984/|title=Eight-count charge filed against Shiite leader, El-Zakzaky|date=2018-04-27|work=Vanguard News|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-02|archivedate=2 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302174631/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/04/979984/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-49069376|title=Why we never release El Zakzaky - Presidency|date=2019-07-23|work=BBC News Pidgin|accessdate=2020-03-02}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eso ụzọ ya na-eme ngagharị iwe maka ntọhapụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://reflection-online.com/|title=Reflection-Online - The official site of the Free Zakzaky Campaign|work=Reflection-Online|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-02|archivedate=2 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302174630/https://reflection-online.com/}}</ref> Omume nke ijide Zakzaky n'ebughị ụzọ kpee ya ikpe megidere iwu nke gọọmentị etiti. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.africanliberty.org/2019/07/22/nigeria-is-killing-its-constitution-on-the-el-zakzaky-and-dasuki-cases/|title=Nigeria is Violating Constitution on the El-Zakzaky and Dasuki Cases {{!}} Abdullah Tijani|date=2019-07-22|work=African Liberty|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-02|archivedate=2 March 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302182639/https://www.africanliberty.org/2019/07/22/nigeria-is-killing-its-constitution-on-the-el-zakzaky-and-dasuki-cases/}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Free_zakzaky.jpg|thumb|Ihe odide mkpesa "Free Zakzaky" na Kaduna Steeti]] === Esemokwu 2019 === Na 22 Jenụwarị 2019, Zakzaky na nwunye ya, Zeenat gara Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Kaduna maka ịnụrụ maka akwụkwọ ịgbapụta. Ndị nche ji ngwá agha na-eche ha nche ka ha na-abanye n'ụlọ ikpe.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Updated: Heavy security as El-Zakzaky, wife head to court in Kaduna|url=https://oak.tv/newstrack/heavy-security-el-zakzaky-wife/|accessdate=22 January 2019|work=Oak TV Newstrack|publisher=oak tv|date=22 January 2019}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị 2019, iji chọọ ka a tọhapụ Ibraheem el-Zakzaky, ọtụtụ narị mmadụ gbakọtara n'èzí ụlọ gọọmentị na ndị uwe ojii gbalịrị ịgbasa ha site na ịgba égbè n'ime ikuku na iji gas na-agba mmiri. N'oge esemokwu ahụ, mmadụ abụọ nwụrụ na ndị uwe ojii jidere ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe 40. Òtù Islamic Movement of Nigeria (IMN), otu ndị Shia Muslim nke Naijiria, kwuru na ngagharị iwe ga-aga n'ihu ruo mgbe ha ga-atọhapụ el-Zakzaky. Abdullahi Murtala, onye nyocha nchekwa kwuru, sị, "Ndị Alakụba Shia na-enwe obi ike site na ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke 'mba na-eme omume rụrụ arụ' ma ga-aga n'ihu na-eme ngagharị iwe na ngosipụta nke nnupụisi megide gọọmentị Buhari".<ref name="aljazeera2019">{{Cite web|title=Nigeria's Shia Muslims continue protest over el-Zakzaky detention|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/nigeria-shia-muslims-continue-protest-el-zakzaky-detention-190711133946758.html|work=aljazeera|accessdate=11 July 2019|archivedate=11 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711152055/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/07/nigeria-shia-muslims-continue-protest-el-zakzaky-detention-190711133946758.html}}</ref> <ref name="bbc2019">{{Cite web|title=Nigerian parliament: Violent clashes at Shia protest|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48926416|work=bbc|accessdate=9 July 2019|archivedate=10 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710044249/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-48926416}}</ref> Esemokwu ọzọ ya na ndị uwe ojii Naijiria na 22 Julaị gburu ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, ndị uwe ojii na onye nta akụkọ na-eto eto, Precious Owolabi si [[National Youth Service Corps|NYSC]]. Otu osote Kọmishọna nke ndị uwe ojii tụfuru ndụ ya n'oge esemokwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fellowpress.com/news/metro/59302/how-deputy-cp-reporter-died-during-shiites-protest/|title=How Deputy CP, reporter died during Shi'ites protest|author=Bello|first=Raphel|date=2019-07-23|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-23|archivedate=23 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723093403/https://www.fellowpress.com/news/metro/59302/how-deputy-cp-reporter-died-during-shiites-protest/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fellowpress.com/latest-news/59306/police-kill-11-of-our-members-imn/|title=Police kill 11 of our members ---IMN|author=Alejoh|first=Daniel|date=2019-07-23|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-23|archivedate=23 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723093357/https://www.fellowpress.com/latest-news/59306/police-kill-11-of-our-members-imn/}}</ref> Gọọmentị [[Muhammadu Buhari]] na-edu machibidoro ịrọ òtù ahụ iwu na-akwadoghị na Naịjirịa mgbe ha zutere ndị isi ọrụ maka esemokwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fellowpress.com/latest-news/59330/breaking-buhari-to-proscribe-imn-shiites-to-put-end-to-madness/|title=Breaking: Buhari to proscribe IMN Shi'ites "to put end to madness"|author=Adeniyi|first=Olakunle|date=2019-07-23|work=Nigeria News {{!}} FellowPress.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-23|archivedate=23 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190723103647/https://www.fellowpress.com/latest-news/59330/breaking-buhari-to-proscribe-imn-shiites-to-put-end-to-madness/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fellowpress.com/news/59480/breaking-court-proscribes-shiites-terrorists/|title=Breaking: Court proscribes Shiites terrorists|author=Press|first=Fellow|date=2019-07-27|work=Nigeria News {{!}} FellowPress.com|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-07-30|archivedate=30 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190730191009/https://www.fellowpress.com/news/59480/breaking-court-proscribes-shiites-terrorists/}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Ọ lụrụ Zeenah Ibraheem, onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ itoolu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.islamicmovement.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=108&Itemid=142|title=Biography of Sheikh Zakzaky|date=18 September 2013|work=Official Website of the Islamic Movement of Nigeria|accessdate=20 December 2015|archivedate=22 December 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222125221/http://www.islamicmovement.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=108&Itemid=142}}</ref>Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ọ bụ naanị atọ n'ime ụmụ ya (otu nwa nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ) ka dị ndụ. E gburu atọ n'ime ụmụ ya nwoke na ogbugbu Zaria Quds Day na 2014. <ref name="Sahara Reporters"/> E gburu ụmụ nwoke atọ ọzọ na 2015 Zaria massacre. E kwuru na ọ nwụrụ na 12 Disemba 2022 mgbe ọ dị afọ 69, mana e gosipụtara na ọ bụ ụgha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ur.hawzahnews.com/news/386544/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81-%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81-%DB%81%DB%92|title=شیخ ابراہیم زکزاکی کے انتقال کی خبر صرف ایک افواہ ہے|date=12 December 2022|accessdate=15 July 2025|archivedate=4 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204022156/https://ur.hawzahnews.com/news/386544/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%AE-%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C%D9%85-%D8%B2%DA%A9%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C-%DA%A9%DB%92-%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84-%DA%A9%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%B1-%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81-%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%A9-%D8%A7%D9%81%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%81-%DB%81%DB%92}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Tijaniyyah]] * Shia Islam na Naịjirịa == Edemsibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 4iei5633pwfjatvaxcatln2922g41r0 0 65328 672437 444647 2026-07-04T18:50:18Z EUwandu-WMF 23832 Added an image 672437 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:SadneyKoetageUrikobChiangmaiFC18Febr.jpg|thumb|'''Sadney Urikob''']] '''Sadney Urikhob''' <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.amazulufc.net/no-rush-for-kapini-urikhob/|title=No rush for Kapini, Urikhob|date=8 April 2014|work=AmaZulu FC|accessdate=14 May 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> (amụrụ 19 Jenụwarị 1992) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Namibia na-egwu egwu dị ka onye na-aga n'ihu. == Ọrụ == === Ndị uwe ojii Tero F.C. === Na Julaị 2017, Urikhob kwadoro na ya abanyela nkwekọrịta ọnwa 18 na ndị uwe ojii Tero ọhụrụ na Thai League 1, na-esote ọpụpụ ya na Super Power Samut Prakan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.newera.com.na/2017/07/10/sadney-urikhob-joins-new-thai-club/|title=Sadney Urikhob Joins New Thai Club|accessdate=17 July 2017|work=newera.com|archivedate=1 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801190654/https://www.newera.com.na/2017/07/10/sadney-urikhob-joins-new-thai-club/}}</ref> === PSMS Medan === Na 26 Disemba 2017, Urikhob bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya na klọb PSMS Medan nke Liga 1 nke Indonesia na mbufe n'efu, ya na onye bụbu onye egwuregwu mba Indonesia, Yongki Aribowo . <ref name="sadney">{{Cite web|url=http://www.tribunnews.com/superskor/2017/12/26/psms-kedatangan-mantan-striker-timnas-dan-juru-gedor-bec-tero-sasana|title=PSMS Kedatangan Mantan Striker Timnas Dan Juru Gedor BEC Tero Sasana|accessdate=28 December 2017|language=Indonesian|work=tribunnews.com}}</ref> === Ndị Ntorobịa Africa S.C. === N'ọnwa Julaị 2019, Urikhob sonyeere klọb ndị Tanzania bụ Young Africans . N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2019, e gosipụtara na ọ hapụrụ klọb ahụ. E mechara kpughee na ọ hapụrụ site na arịrịọ nke ya mgbe klọb ahụ na-agba mbọ ịkwụ ụgwọ. === Chiangmai F.C. === N'enweghị klọb, Urikhob laghachiri Thailand wee sonye na Chiangmai na Febụwarị 2020. === Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa === : ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Namibia na mbụ.''<ref name="NFT">{{Cite web|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/41966/Sadney_Urikhob.html|title=Urikhob, Sadney|publisher=National Football Teams|accessdate=18 February 2018}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%;" !Mba !Ụbọchị !Ebe a na-anọ !Onye mmegide !Ihe ruru !Nsonaazụ !Ịsọ mpi |- |1. |6 Julaị 2011 |[[Mzuzu]]_Stadium" id="mwTw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mzuzu Stadium">Mzuzu Stadium, Mzuzu, Malawi | Malawi | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- |2. |11 Nọvemba 2011 |El Hadj Hassan Gouled Aptidon Stadium, Djibouti City, Djibuti | rowspan="2" | Djibouti | align="center" |4–0 | align="center" |4–0 | rowspan="2" |2014 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- |3. |15 Nọvemba 2011 |Sam Nujoma Stadium, Windhoek, Namibia | align="center" |4–0 | align="center" |4–0 |- |4. |22 Febụwarị 2012 |Independence Stadium, Windhoek, Namibia | Mozambique | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–0 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- |5. |8 Julaị 2013 |Nkoloma Stadium, Lusaka, Zambia | Seychelles | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |4–2 |2013 COSAFA Cup |- |6. |21 Mee 2015 |Moruleng Stadium, Saulspoort, South Africa | Zimbabwe | align="center" |4–1 | align="center" |4–1 |2015 COSAFA Cup |- |7. |30 Mee 2019 |Princess Magogo Stadium, KwaMashu, South Africa | Seychelles | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |3–0 |Iko COSAFA nke 2019 |} == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Sadney Urikhobna National-Football-Teams.com * Sadney UrikhobnaỤzọ bọọlụ [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ndcn89s9uikqkv0921wu6lu0yv30z1w 0 65601 672313 580908 2026-07-04T14:04:21Z Chikwas 56003 Fix reference error 672313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Lilian Margery Bennett''' OBE (née '''Barnett''', 1922-2013), bụ onye ọchụnta ego nke mba Britain, na onyeisi oche na onye nchikọta otu nke Manpower UK site n’oge afọ 1990 ruo oge afọ 1998. Dịka The Times si kwuo, o nwere ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịbawanye ojiji nke ndị ọrụ nwa ntakiri ''Oge'' na azụmaahịa.<ref name="The Times">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/lilian-bennett-xxrjnsxlhqx|title=Lilian Bennett|date=3 September 2013|work=The Times|accessdate=24 November 2017}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya, wee baa ya Lilian Margery Barnett na ụbọchi iri abụọ na abụọ n’ọnwa Ọgọstụ nke oge afọ 1922 na nọmba 8 Dunsmure Road, Stamford Hill, nke obodo London, diọkpara n'ime ụmụ nwanyị anọ nke Maurice Sidney Barnett, onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ, na nwunye ya bụ, Sophia Barnett, née Levy. Nna nne ya bụ Rev Jacob Baer Levy, onye ụkọchukwu nke ụka United Synagogue.<ref name="ONDB" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị West Ham, Brentwood School (ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụkwazi ụlọ akwụkwọ nke sọsọ ụmụ nwoke), n’oge afọ 1941, ọ nwetara agụmakwụkwọ iji mụọ ọgwụ na Royal Free Hospital nke London, mana ọ gaghi were oke ya, kama ọ malitekwaziri ọrụ azụmahịa.<ref name="pressreader.com" /> == Ọrụ == N'oge afọ 1942, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ na Dunstable, Bedfordshire, maka onye na-emepụta ihe eji emepụta ụgbọ elu nke plastik, Thermo-Plastics Ltd, dịka onye obere na-arụ ọrụ n'ọfịs, wee rịgo bụrụ onye njikwa ahịa na ahịa n’oge afọ 1945, na onye nduzi ahịa n’ afọ 1957. N'oge afọ 1968, ọ sonyeere Manpower, dịka onye nduzi ahịa Ndị ọrụ UK ya.<ref name="pressreader.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.pressreader.com/uk/the-jewish-chronicle/20131108/282200828681395|title=|accessdate=24 November 2017}} [[Category:CS1 errors: missing title]] [[Category:CS1 errors: bare URL]]</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye isi njikwa nke ọrụ, wee bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa na mbido oge afọ 1970, na "ibu ọrụ maka atụmatụ atụmatụ na mmepe azụmaahịa".N'oge afọ 1990, ọ ghọrọ onyeisi oche na onye isi nchikwa otu nke Manpower UK n'oge afọ 1990, wee laa ezumike nká n'oge afọ 1998. <ref name="ONDB" /> <ref name="The Times" /> == Nsọpụrụ == A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ OBE n'oge afọ 1993 maka "ọrụ ya na-inyekwazi ọrụ". == Ndụ onwe onye == N’ụbọchi abụọ n’ọnwa Nọvemba nke oge afọ 1952, ọ lụkwaziri Ronald Bennett (1925-1974), onye ọchụnta ego na onye na-ese foto, ha mụtazikwara otu nwa nwoke. == Ndụ e mesịrị == Bennett nwụrụ n’ụbọchi iri na abụọ n’ọnwa Ọgọstụ nke oge afọ 2013 n'ụlọ ya na Wimbledon, n’obodo London, nwa ya nwoke m ya. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} c3xx6y02rxrhvqelmyyfmct3cxqmzgt 0 65644 672569 627923 2026-07-04T23:19:26Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672569 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Don Conroy''' bụ onye Irish na-ese ihe n'okporo ámá, Onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, onye na telivishọn na onye na-ede Akwụkwọ ụmụaka. Ọrụ nka na akwụkwọ ya na-elekwasị anya na isiokwu okike, gụnyere anụ ọhịa. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ maka nchekwa anụ ọhịa na Ireland wee na-eme ngosi mgbe niile na The Den kemgbe ọ malitere na 1986, na-aghọ onye kachasị ogologo oge na-eje ozi n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Don Conroy tolitere na Donnybrook, Dublin, nso Herbert Park. O nwere ụmụnne anọ. Ọ gara Oatlands College, ụlọ akwụkwọ Christian Brothers na Stillorgan. Nne ya na ezinụlọ ya gbara ya ume ka ọ na-ese ihe.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Medcalf|first=David|date=29 July 2010|title=Forever putting life into wildlife|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/wexfordpeople/news/forever-putting-life-into-wildlife-27716506.html|accessdate=2020-05-11|work=[[Wexford People]]|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMedcalf2010">Medcalf, David (29 July 2010). [https://www.independent.ie/regionals/wexfordpeople/news/forever-putting-life-into-wildlife-27716506.html "Forever putting life into wildlife"]. ''[[Wexford People]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span> &#x2013; via [[Independent.ie]].</cite></ref> Conroy gụrụ akwụkwọ na National College of Art and Design wee rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye mmebe na ihe ngosi maka ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi yana na ihe nkiri.[1] Ọ nọ na ụlọ ihe nkiri Lantern na ndị egwuregwu Guinness na ihe nkiri amateur, wee nye ya diplọma sitere na Royal Irish Academy na Okwu na Ihe nkiri. Ọ pụtara dị ka mgbakwunye n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri na 1970s na 1980s, [2] gụnyere The Big Red One. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Freyne|first=Patrick|date=2020-04-09|title=Don Conroy's Isolation Diary: Lee Marvin says, 'Hey, kid, I like you. You're not full of s***'|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/art-and-design/visual-art/don-conroy-s-isolation-diary-lee-marvin-says-hey-kid-i-like-you-you-re-not-full-of-s-1.4223499|accessdate=2020-05-11|work=[[The Irish Times]]|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Conroy pụtara nke mbụ ya na telivishọn Irish na 1982 na ''Late Late Show'', na-aga n'ihu na-egosi ihe ngosi nke ya, Paint For Fun . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Courtney|first=Kevin|date=7 May 2011|title=Then & now Don Conroy, artist|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/then-now-don-conroy-artist-1.565555|accessdate=2020-05-11|work=[[The Irish Times]]|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCourtney2011">Courtney, Kevin (7 May 2011). [https://www.irishtimes.com/life-and-style/people/then-now-don-conroy-artist-1.565555 "Then & now Don Conroy, artist"]. ''[[The Irish Times]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Site na 1986 Conroy na-apụta mgbe niile na The Den, na-aghọ onye kachasị ogologo oge na-eje ozi n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri.<ref>{{Cite web|author=O’Keeffe|first=Donal|date=2019-08-22|title=Art of the matter: Don Conroy on why he worries for Greta Thunberg|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/breakingnews/lifestyle/features/art-of-the-matter-don-conroy-on-why-he-worries-for-greta-thunberg-945638.html|accessdate=2020-05-11|work=[[IrishExaminer.com]]|language=en}}</ref> Ọ pụtakwara n'ihu ọha, n'ọbá akwụkwọ, ụlọ akwụkwọ na ebe ndị ọzọ, ebe ọ na-eme ka ụmụaka nwee akụkọ na eserese nke anụmanụ dị iche iche, n'otu ikike ahụ ọrụ ya na The Den. Mgbe The Den gasịrị, Conroy kwadoro ihe ngosi nke ya ọzọ, The Art of Don. Otu n'ime anụmanụ kacha amasị ya bụ ikwiikwii barn.[1][2] Conroy pụtara na Electric picnic na-enye klas nka.[3] Na 2020, Conroy maliteghachiri Draw na Don dị ka ọwa YouTube na nzaghachi na mmachi mmekọrịta ọha na eze COVID-19 na Ireland.<ref>{{Cite news|date=1 April 2020|title=Don Conroy launches 'Draw with Don' YouTube channel|url=https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2020/0401/1127852-don-conroy-launches-draw-with-don-youtube-channel/|accessdate=11 May 2020|work=[[RTÉ TEN]]}}</ref> === Nchekwa === Conroy keere òkè na ọrụ ahụ iweghachi ugo ọla edo na Ireland, sonye aka na iguzobe ebe nsọ maka whales na dolphins na mmiri Irish,[1] na ihe omume ndị ọzọ na-egosipụta okwu metụtara anụmanụ na ebe obibi dị ize ndụ dị ka World Curlew Day 2020.[2] Ọ bụ onye na-asọpụrụ na onye na-elekọta ndị otu Irish Peatland Conservation Council . <ref>{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=http://www.ipcc.ie/about-us/|accessdate=2020-05-11|work=[[Irish Peatland Conservation Council]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe odide ndị a họọrọ == * trilogy nke ''nku'': On Silent Wings, Wild Wings na Sky Wings''Eluigwe nku'' * ''Ihe nkiri Fun na Don Conroy''<ref name=":1" /> * ''Akwụkwọ akụkọ Vampire''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-06-14|title=Ages 8-12|url=https://donconroy.com/books/ages-8-12/|accessdate=2020-05-11|work=Don Conroy|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Ihe Nnụnụ ahụ hụrụ'' * ''Akụkọ Nkịta ọhịa'' * ''Nnukwu Ụbọchị Joey''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-06-14|title=Ages 4-7|url=https://donconroy.com/books/ages-4-7/|accessdate=2020-05-11|work=Don Conroy|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Ikpuru Akwụkwọ nke tụgharịrị Akwụkwọ Ọhụrụ'' * ''Enyí Dị n'Ebe''<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-06-14|title=Ages 6-9|url=https://donconroy.com/books/readers-aged-6-9/|accessdate=2020-05-11|work=Don Conroy|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ezinụlọ == Conroy na nwunye ya Gay <ref>{{Cite web|date=19 October 2013|title=Don Conroy's Musical Heirlooms|url=https://www.newstalk.com/uncategorized/don-conroys-musical-heirlooms-717558|work=[[Newstalk]]}}</ref> nwere ụmụ ise, ma nwee ụlọ na County Wexford, nso Enniscorthy. <ref name=":0" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://donconroy.com/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] {{The Den}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Conroy, Don}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7tte49aka3n6rsuf94fp6bte4y2k8k1 0 65901 672601 515191 2026-07-05T09:19:33Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672601 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Daphne J. Osborne''' (7 March 1930<ref name="Times_obit" /> – 16 June 2006) was a British botanist. Her research in the field of plant physiology spanned five decades and resulted in over two hundred papers, twenty of which were published in ''Nature''. Her obituary in ''The Times'' described her scientific achievements as "legendary"; that from the Botanical Society of America attributed her success to "her wonderful intellectual style, combined with her proclivity for remarkable and perceptive experimental findings". Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na homonụ nke osisi, usoro ihe ọmụmụ mkpụrụ na nrụzi DNA osisi. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na ethylene gas, karịsịa maka igosi na ethylene bụ hormone osisi sitere n'okike, nakwa na ọ bụ isi ihe na-achịkwa ịka nká na ịkwasa akwụkwọ na mkpụrụ osisi. O mebekwara echiche nke cell lekwasịrị anya dị ka ihe atụ maka ịghọta ọrụ homonụ osisi. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == A mụrụ ya na [[Ndia|India]], ebe nna ya bụ onye nchịkwa nke ọchịchị, Osborne gara The Perse School na Cambridge. BSc ya na chemistry na MSc na botany sitere na King's College [[London]].<ref name="Times_obit">{{Cite news|author=<!-- not stated -->|date=27 July 2006|title=Daphne Osborne|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/science/article/daphne-osborne-z3r9pp25bzg|work=[[The Times]]|accessdate=26 July 2025}}</ref> PhD ya na isiokwu nke ndị na-ahụ maka uto osisi sitere na Mahadum London na Wye College, Kent, ebe onye nlekọta ya bụ Ralph Louis Wain. Ọkwa mbụ ya na postgraduate bụ na Ngalaba Biology nke California Institute of Technology, USA, dị ka onye ọkà mmụta Fulbright, ebe ya na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ bụ Frits Warmolt Went rụkọrọ ọrụ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Times_obit" /> A nọrọ ọtụtụ ọrụ Osborne na Council Research Council (ARC), emesịa degharịa aha Council Research Council nke Agricultural and Food (AFRC). N'afọ 1952, ọ sonyeere ARC Unit of Experimental Agronomy na Mahadum Oxford, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo mgbe mmechi nke otu ahụ na 1970. Ọ weghaara ọkwa osote onye isi na ngalaba ọhụrụ ARC nke Developmental Botany na Mahadum Cambridge. <ref name="Times_obit" /> N'oge ọ nọ na Cambridge, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ nọ na Kọleji Churchill ma lekọta nwa akwụkwọ PhD mbụ nke kọleji. Mgbe e mechiri ngalaba ahụ na 1978, ọ sonyeere AFRC Weed Research Organization na Begbroke na mpụga Oxford, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ ruo mgbe e mechiri ya na 1985, wee nweta ọkwa osote onye isi sayensị, ọkwa dị elu na British Civil Service.< N'afọ 1985, Osborne lara ezumike nká na Civil Service, wee ghọọ prọfesọ nleta na Ngalaba Sayensị nke Mahadum Oxford, yana onye nchọpụta nsọpụrụ nke Mahaduma Open na Somerville College, Oxford. N'afọ 1991, ọ kwagara na Oxford Research Unit nke Open University na Foxcombe Hall, Boars Hill, ebe ọ nọrọ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ n'afọ 2006. N'oge ọ nọ na Mahadum Open, ọ duziri ọrụ nyocha mba ụwa nke Royal Society, ma dọtakwara ego site na Unilever, Wellcome Trust na Biotechnology na Biological Sciences Research Council. n'ọtụtụ ebe n'oge ọrụ ya, na-ejide ọkwá dị mkpirikpi na Princeton na California Institute of Technology na USA, na-eleta Argentina, Australia, India, [[Israel]], Malaysia, Nigeria na South Africa. O mekwara ọtụtụ mmekorita mba ụwa, emesịa ya na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na China na [[Yukrain|Ukraine]].<ref name="Times_obit" /> N'afọ 1988, ọ haziri ogbako mba ụwa nke NATO na-aga nke ọma na Turin, Ịtali. [[Faịlụ:Ethene_structural.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|100x100px|Ethylene, ihe dị mkpa na-emepụta ihehormone osisi]] == Nnyocha == The hormonal akara nke uto, iche na mmepe na osisi bụ Osborne si ndụ ogologo mmasị mmasị. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na-egosi na ethylene gas bụ hormone osisi sitere n'okike, ọ bụghị ihe sitere na ngwaahịa ma ọ bụ ihe na-emetọ ya, na maka igosi na ethylene, kama abscisic acid, bụ isi nchịkwa nke senescence (ịka nká) na abscission (ịwụfu akụkụ dị ka akwụkwọ).<ref name="Times_obit" /> O mere nnyocha dị ukwuu banyere mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ethylene na auxin (ihe ọkụkụ ọzọ dị mkpa) n'ịchịkwa ọtụtụ akụkụ nke mmepe osisi. Ọrụ a mere ka ọ zụlite echiche nke mkpụrụ ndụ a na-achọ dịka ihe nlereanya maka otu obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke hormone osisi nwere ike isi nwee ọtụtụ mmetụta dị iche iche, echiche ọ kọwara n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2005, Hormones, Signals and Target Cells in Plant Development (nke ya na [[Michael McManus (biologist)|Michael McManus]] dere). [[Faịlụ:Elaeis_guineensis_-_Köhler–s_Medizinal-Pflanzen-056.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|171x171px|Mmanụ nkwụ nke Afrịka]] Ihe ọzọ dị mkpa nke nchọpụta Osborne bụ mkpụrụ ndụ. Onye ọkachamara na mmebi nke mkpụrụ na mmezi DNA nke osisi, <ref name="Times_obit" /> Osborne nyochara mmetụta nke mmebi DNA, mmezi na ogologo telomere na ndụ nke mkpụrụ. N'afọ ndị 1970, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mbụ nwara ikewapụ nucleic acid site na mkpụrụ oge ochie, na-achọpụta na ọ bụ naanị iberibe dị mkpirikpi ka a ga-ewepụ site ntụ ọka si n'ili ndị Ijipt. Otu n'ime ọrụ nyocha ikpeazụ ya bụ nyocha nke mmetụta na mmezi DNA na mkpụrụ na pollen nke ikpughe na radiation fallout mgbe Mgbawa nke Chernobyl nuclear reactor. Osborne mụrụ ụdị osisi dịgasị iche iche, site na liverwort nke mmiri ruo na nkwụ mmanụ dị mkpa nke Afrịka. Isiokwu ndị ọzọ nke nyocha n'ime sayensị osisi gụnyere auxin herbicides; ụra na tubers poteto; nchịkwa uto na osisi mmiri na nke ọkara mmiri; ijikọ ultrastructure osisi na physiology na Biochemistry; na protein na RNA synthesis na osisi. Ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ọhịa nke [[Astrobiology|ihe ndị dị ndụ na mbara igwe]], na-emepụta ọrụ maka Spacelab na-amụ ọrụ nke ikike ndọda na mmepe na ahịhịa, ma na-eje ozi na Royal Society British National Committee on Space Research ruo afọ iri. <ref name="Times_obit" /> Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na mmetụta nke homonụ osisi na ụmụ ahụhụ, na-egosi na ndị gibberellins na-achịkwa ntozu mmekọahụ n'ogwu ọzara, nke mere na iri ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ n'okpuru gibberellines nwere ike igbochi ụmụ ahụhụ ịghọ ndị tozuru oke mmekọahụ n'[[Oge ọkọchị]]. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == E nyere Osborne ọkwa prọfesọ nsọpụrụ na Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv na Ukraine iji kwado nyocha ya na ọdachi Chernobyl, yana nkwado nyocha nsọpụrụ site na Somerville College, Oxford. Ọ natara nzere doctorate na UK's Open University na Mahadum Natal, South Africa. <ref name="Times_obit" /> E nyere ya Sircar Memorial Gold Medal maka nyocha na Physiology nke Mahadum Calcutta na 1983. <ref name="Times_obit" /> A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Botanical Society of America na 1996. Na Jenụwarị 2008, e bipụtara mbipụta ncheta nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Annals of Botany iji sọpụrụ ya. == Ọrụ ndị dị mkpa == === Akwụkwọ === * Osborne DJ, McManus MT. Hormones, Signals and Target Cells in Plant Development (Developmental and Cell Biology Series no. 41) (Cambridge University Press; 2005) ( )   === Akwụkwọ nyocha === * Boubriak II, et al. (2008) Mgbanwe na mmebi nke ọrụ mmezi DNA na pollen nke ''Betula verrucosa'' na mkpụrụ nke ''Oenothera biennis'' sitere na ebe dị iche iche radionuclide-emetọ nke Chernobyl. Annals of Botany 101: 267-276 (pdf) * {{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/0045-6039(84)90042-3|author=Osborne|first=D. J.|title=Concepts of target cells in plant differentiation|journal=Cell Differentiation|volume=14|issue=3|pages=161–169|year=1984|pmid=6488320}} * Cheah KSE, Osborne DJ. (1978) Mmerụ ahụ DNA na-eme na enweghị ike ịdị ndụ na embryo nke mkpụrụ rye na-eme agadi. Nature 272: 593-599 (ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe) * Osborne DJ, Wright M. (1978) Gravity mere ka mkpụrụ ndụ gbasaa. Ihe omume nke Royal Society of London B 199: 551-564 * Knee M, Sargent JA, Osborne DJ. (1977) Mmetabolism nke mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ na ịzụlite mkpụrụ osisi strawberry. ''Journal of Experimental Botany'' 28: 377-396 (abstract) * Osborne DJ, Jackson MB, Milborrow BV. (1972) Njirimara ahụike nke onye na-eme ka ọ dị ngwa site na akwụkwọ ndị na-eme agadi. Nature New Biology 240: 98-101 * Jackson MB, Osborne DJ. (1970) Ethylene, onye na-achịkwa ihe ''Okike'' nke abscission akwụkwọ. Nature 225: 1019-1022 (ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe) * Ridge I, Osborne DJ. (1970) Hydroxyproline na peroxidases na mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ nke ''Pisum sativum'': nhazi site na ethylene. ''Journal of Experimental Botany'' 21: 843-856 (abstract) * Horton RF, Osborne DJ. (1967) Senescence, abscission na ọrụ cellulase na ''Phaseolus vulgaris''. Nature 214: 1086-1088 (ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe) * Ellis PE, Carlisle DB, Osborne DJ. (1965) Igurube ọzara: ntozu mmekọahụ na-egbu oge site na iri nri na ahịhịa na-eme agadi. ''Sayensị'' 149: 546-547 (abstract (na njikọ na pdf)) * Fletcher RA, Osborne DJ. (1965) Nchịkwa nke protein na nucleic acid synthesis site na gibberellin n'oge senescence akwụkwọ. ''Okike'' 207: 1176-1177 * Osborne DJ, Hallaway HM. (1964) Auxin, 2-4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid dị ka onye na-achịkwa njikọ protein na senescence na akwụkwọ ''Prunus''. Ọkà mmụta ahịhịa ọhụrụ 63: 334-347 * Osborne DJ. (1962) Mmetụta nke kinetin na protein & nucleic acid metabolism na akwụkwọ ''Xanthium'' n'oge senescence. Physiology nke osisi 37: 595-602 * Osborne DJ. (1955) Ịgba ọsọ nke abscission site na ihe ndị dị na akwụkwọ ndị na-eme agadi. ''Okike'' 176: 1161-1163 == Ndụ onwe onye == Site na 1959 ruo 1961 ọ lụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ na ihe ọkụkụ David Cecil Smith. Nke a mechiri na ịgba alụkwaghịm.<ref name="royal">{{Cite web|title=David Smith|url=https://royalsociety.org/people/david-smith-12300/|work=The Royal Society.|accessdate=11 November 2018|date=1975}}</ref> == Ihe odide na ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] d4z9ag4stuzj5k249xnbftnwoyjw1ms 0 66721 672526 497643 2026-07-04T22:08:29Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672526 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Charles Sidney Bluemel''' (17 Julaị n'afọ 1884 - 17 Disemba n'afọ 1960) bụ onye British-American psychiatrist na onye ọsụ ụzọ nke speech pathology, nke a maara nke ọma maka nyocha ya gbasara nsụ. Ọ bu onye nsụ, bụ nke metụtakwara nchụso ya ndụ ya ịghọta nsogbu ikwu okwu na ịchọpụta ọgwụgwọ.<ref name="Biography">{{Cite web|title=Charles S. Bluemel|url=https://ahn.mnsu.edu/stuttering/professional-education/the-comdis-field/remembering-the-contributions-of-those-who-have-passed-on/charles-s.-bluemel/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603193830/https://ahn.mnsu.edu/stuttering/professional-education/the-comdis-field/remembering-the-contributions-of-those-who-have-passed-on/charles-s.-bluemel/|archivedate=2021-06-03|work=[[University of Minnesota, Mankato]]: College of Allied Health and Nursing}}</ref> A mụrụ Bluemel na [[London]].<ref name="Biography" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi dị na Margate, ọ nọrọ otu afọ na Germany tupu ọ mụọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ịnyịnya ígwè Bluemel Brothers wee ruo afọ atọ.<ref name="Biography" /> Ọ kwagara na United States wee gụọ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Colorado ebe ọ nwetara M.D. ya n'afọ 1916. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ebe ndị isi mgbaka dị na Denver ma bụrụ onye nwe Mount Airy Sanitarium (1927-1953), Ụlọ ọgwụ ndị isi mgbaka.<ref name="Biography" /> Bluemel nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na echiche na usoro ọgwụgwọ nke nsụ. <ref name="McDearmon 1963">{{Cite journal|author=McDearmon, James R.|year=1963|title=Bluemel's influence on stuttering theory|journal=[[Quarterly Journal of Speech]]|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00335636309382616?journalCode=rqjs20|volume=49|issue=3|pages=282–286|doi=10.1080/00335636309382616}}</ref> Nnyocha ya sitere n'ọrụ ya n'afọ 1913-1960 metụtara echiche nke stuttering. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọ mepụtara echiche nke isi na nke abụọ na nsụ n'afọ p1913. <ref name="McDearmon 1963" /> O dekwara akụkọ ihe mere eme banyere isiokwu ahụ kemgbe Gris na Rom n'oge ochie.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson, Wendell|year=1957|title=The Riddle of Stuttering|journal=[[Pediatrics (journal)|Pediatrics]]|url=https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/20/6/1118.2|volume=20|issue=6|pages=1118–1119|doi=10.1542/peds.20.6.1118a}}</ref> Bluemel bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Colorado Medicine (1924-1925) na Denver Medical Bulletin (1920-1921). <ref name="Biography" /> Ọ lụrụ Elinor Hensley n'afọ 1921, ha mụrụ ụmụ abụọ. Ọ bụ onye otu American College of Physicians, American Psychiatric Association na American Association for the Advancement of Science . <ref name="Biography" /> Ọ bụ onye ikike nke Royal College of Physicians nke London na Royal College of Surgeons nke England.<ref name="Biography" /> Bluemel bụ onye na-eme ihe maka vivisection. N'afọ 1922, o dere akwụkwọ The Heart of the Anti-Vivisectionist nke katọrọ arụmụka nke ndị na-emegide vivisection. N'afọ 1940, o nyere Mahadum Denver ọbá akwụkwọ ya gbasara nsụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Murray, Elwood|year=1957|title=The C. S. Bluemel Collection On Stuttering|journal=[[Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders]]|url=https://pubs.asha.org/doi/10.1044/jshd.2205.761|volume=22|issue=5|pages=761–763|doi=10.1044/jshd.2205.761|pmid=13492333}}</ref> N'afọ 1960, e nyere Bluemel ihe nrite nke American Speech and Hearing Association . <ref name="Biography" /> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * Stammering na Cognate Defects of Speech (1913) * ''Stammering: A Bibliography of the Past Decade, 1911 to 1920'' (1921) * Obi nke Onye Na-emegide Vivisectionist (1922) * ''Akụkụ Uche nke Stammering'' (1930) * Stammering: A Bibliography (1931) * Ọrịa Ndị Jikọrọ Aka (1935) * Uche Na-enye Nsogbu (1938) * [https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005767580 ''Agha, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nzuzu''] (1948) * Ọrịa uche na ọgụgụ isi (1954) * Ihe omimi nke Stuttering (1957) == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} 3581n4vmvj84nljiwu30jx6yg56vdnb 0 66739 672609 497698 2026-07-05T09:59:22Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672609 wikitext text/x-wiki   Ọ bụ nna Inger McCabe Elliott.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/29/business/media/29elliott.html|title=Osborn Elliott, Father of Newsweek's Rebirth, Dies at 83|work=The New York Times|date=29 September 2008|author=Kaufman|first=Michael T.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dn.no/d2/2018/07/11/1057/Profil/fra-uranienborg-til-new-yorks-elite|title=Inger McCabe Elliott forteller om sitt innholdsrike liv (DN+) - DN.no|work=www.dn.no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711123304/https://www.dn.no/d2/2018/07/11/1057/Profil/fra-uranienborg-til-new-yorks-elite|archivedate=2018-07-11}} </ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/10/21/archives/osborn-elliot-newsweek-chief-exeeutive-weds-mrs-inner-mccabe.html|title=Osborn Elliot, Newsweek Chief Executive, Weds MRS. Inger McCabe|work=The New York Times|date=21 October 1973}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Abrahamsen na Trondheim, Norway na 1903.[1] Ọ gụrụ sayensị ọgwụ na ahụike na Mahadum Royal Frederick dị na Oslo wee gụchaa na 1929. O mechara kwaga England, were ọkwa na Tavistock Clinic na London School of Economics.<ref name="Honan">{{Cite news|author=Honan|first=William H.|authorlink=William H. Honan|date=May 22, 2002|title=Dr. David Abrahamsen, 98; Wrote About 'Son of Sam'|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/22/nyregion/dr-david-abrahamsen-98-wrote-about-son-of-sam.html|work=The New York Times|accessdate=March 13, 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHonan2002">[[William H. Honan|Honan, William H.]] (May 22, 2002). [https://www.nytimes.com/2002/05/22/nyregion/dr-david-abrahamsen-98-wrote-about-son-of-sam.html "Dr. David Abrahamsen, 98; Wrote About 'Son of Sam'"]. ''The New York Times''. New York<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 13,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ kwagara United States na 1940 wee sonye na ndị ọrụ na St. Elizabeth's Hospital na Washington, D.C. Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi mgbaka na onye omekome na-ahụ maka ahụike n'ụlọ mkpọrọ abụọ dị na U.S., nke mbụ ụlọ mkpọrọ steeti Illinois na Joliet, na mgbe ahụ Sing Sing Correctional Facility na Ossining, New York. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ na New York State Psychiatric Institute na Mahadum Columbia, wee jee ozi dị ka onye nkuzi na onye otu nyocha na kọleji Columbia's Physicians and Surgeons.<ref name="Honan" /> == Ọrụ ide ihe == Abrahamsen sitere n'otu n'ime ezinụlọ ndị Juu kacha ochie biri na Norway, ihe nketa ya mere ka e dee akwụkwọ mbụ ya, I Am a Jew, nke kọwara ma jiri ụzọ ndụ ọdịnala Norwegian na nke ndị Juu tụnyere.<ref name="Honan" /> E bipụtara akwụkwọ Abrahamsen, A Study of Lee Harvey Oswald: Psychological Capability of Murder, na Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine, n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1967. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Abrahamsen|first=David|title=A Study of Lee Harvey Oswald: Psychological Capability of Murder|year=1967|publisher=[[New York Academy of Medicine]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lpAAAAIAAJ|language=en}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ya, Our Violent Society, pụtara na 1970, akwụkwọ Funk &amp;amp; Wagnalls. Abrahamsen na-enyo Prince Albert Victor na James Kenneth Stephen enyo na ha rụrụ ọrụ dị ka otu ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ iji gbuo Jack the Ripper. A katọrọ akwụkwọ ahụ maka inyeghị ihe akaebe siri ike. Ọbá akwụkwọ Mahadum Columbia na-edebe ihe ndekọ nyocha, edemede, akwụkwọ ozi na isiokwu ndị Abrahamsen dere na isiokwu ndị omempụ na mpụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/archival/collections/ldpd_4078348/|title=David Abrahamsen papers, 1906–1990|author=|authorlink=|year=2016|publisher=Columbia University Libraries|work=Columbia.edu|accessdate=March 13, 2016}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara == * ''Mpụ na Uche Mmadụ'' (1944) * The Mind and Death of a Genius (1946) (banyere Otto Weininger) * ''Nkà Mmụta nke Mpụ'' (1967) * ''Òtù Anyị Na-eme Ihe Ike'' (1970) * Uche igbu ọchụ (1973) * ''Uche nke onye a na-ebo ebubo: Onye Ọrịa Uche n'Ụlọikpe'' (1983) * ''Nkwupụta nke Nwa Sam'' (1985) * ''Ogbugbu na Nzuzu: Ndụ Nzuzo nke Jack the Ripper'' (1994) == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} d4986h0swl61r8l31cvrja807g8eqop 0 66945 672391 514642 2026-07-04T16:20:32Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672391 wikitext text/x-wiki   Bitter bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ndị ntorobia na-eto eto nke onye edemede Naijiria bụ [[Akwaeke Emezi]] dere, Knopf bipụtara ya, na 15 Febụwarị 2022. Akwụkwọ a n’esote akwụkwọ Emezi dere nke anakpọ Pet, Bitter na akọ akụkọ banyere nwa agbọghọ ojii nọ na agbata afọ iri na iri n’iteghete bi n'obodo na-enwe nsogbu site na ngagharị iwe na ime ihe ike, mgbe niile. == Atụmatụ == Bitter nọrọ nke ukwuu n'oge ntorobịa ya n'ụlọ nlekọta. Ọ nwere obi ụtọ mgbe a họpụtara ya isonyere “Eucalyptus,”ụlọ akwụkwọ pụrụ iche ebe ọ nwere ike ilekwasị anya na esemese ya, ebe ụmụaka ndị ọzọ pụrụ iche n’esemese gbara ya gburugburu. N'aka nke ọzọ, ngagharị iwe ikpe ziri ezi naeme n'okporo uzọ ámá dị nso n’ụlo akwụkwọ ya, na-eme ka ọ nwee nchegbu. Ọ na-anafelụ nsogbua site n'ịse ụmụ anụmanụ ma mee ka ha dị ndụ. Ịhe ọsise zoro ezo a ọ na ese na eme ya iche na ihe niile bụ etu ahụ ka ọdị, ruo mgbe otu n'ime ihe ndị ọ sere ese wepụtara ajọ nsí ma ghọọ ihe ike. Bitter ga-eme ihe niile o nwere ike ime iji kwụsị anụ ọhịa ahụ o mere. == Ihe gbasara odee == Mgbe Emezi malitere ide Pet na 2017, ha mere atụmatụ ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ nke trilogy mana ha mechara hapụ echiche ahụ. Maka Bitter, Emezi "chọrọ ide banyere mgbanwe kama obodo" na otu ndị nwere ike ịchọ inyere aka abụghị iwu na ha ga achọ ịnọ n'ihu.<ref name="pwinter">{{Cite news|work=[[Publishers Weekly]]|author=Grey|first=Idris|title=Q & A with Akwaeke Emezi|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/pw/by-topic/childrens/childrens-authors/article/88448-q-a-with-akwaeke-emezi.html|accessdate=4 February 2022|date=3 February 2022}}</ref> == Nnabata == Kirkus Reviews nyere akwụkwọ ahụ nyocha dị egwu, nke ha gosipụtara "mgba aghara n'oge" dị na edemede Emezi ka ndị na-ede akwụkwọ ga-ekpebi "mgbe na otu esi eme ihe n'ihu ime ihe ike na-enweghị isi, n'etiti ihe omume obi ọjọọ ndị ọzọ. " <ref name=":0">{{cite magazine |title=Bitter |url=https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/akwaeke-emezi/bitter/ |access-date=29 November 2022|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |magazine=[[Kirkus Reviews]] |location=New York |publisher=Kirkus Media |date=15 November 2022|page=169 }}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, onye nyocha ahụ kwuru otú ndị dị iche iche "na-enweta ịhụnanya na nkwado" site n'aka ndị gbara ha gburugburu. Publishers Weekly toro ndị edemede ahụ, ọkachasị n'ihi na ha nwere "ụlọ ọrụ iji kọwaa ọdịnihu maka onwe ha na obodo ha. " Ha kpọkwara onye isi na ndi nọ n’akụkọ a, Bitter, "ihe niile a na-echeta maka mgbagwoju anya ya".<ref>{{Cite news|work=[[Publishers Weekly]]|title=Bitter|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-593-30903-2|accessdate=4 February 2022}}</ref> Natalie Berglind, onye nyochara maka The Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books, kpọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ n'oge, n'ihi na "ọ na-abụkarị ndị Ojii na-eme ngagharị iwe megide ụwa na-ezighị ezi. " <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Berglind|first=Natalie|title=Bitter by Akwaeke Emezi|journal=[[Bulletin of the Center for Children's Books]]|date=Feb 2022|volume=75|issue=6|doi=10.1353/bcc.2022.0061}}</ref> Berglind kwukwara otú ọ na-achọ ị ghara ikwunyere isiokwu nke iji ime ihe ike “wee ghasaa ọchichi ogologo oge”na otu onye edemede ahụ anaghị enye azịza nye ajụjụ ndị metụtara ya mana kama ọ na-atụ anya ịkpali akụkọ”. Ha kwukwara na ngwucha” na ngwucha akwụkwọ akụkọ a gwụrụ na mberede" mana ọnyere ndi ntorobia n’eto eto nnukwu nchekwube banyere ụwa nachọghị ịma maka agamnihu ha .” <ref name=":1" /> Susan Harari, na-ede maka Massachusetts' Youth Services Book Review, na-enye ya kpakpando ise (n'ime 5) ma kwunyekwara akwụkwọ ahụ nye "Ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ nwere ike ịghọta aghụghọ Emezi ma nwee afọ ojuju na-enyocha ajụjụ na-enweghị azịza dị mfe;" ọ tụkwara alo ka ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Ọ́bá akwụkwọ ọha dobe ya bụakwụkwọ na ọba akwụkwọ ha .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Harari|first=Susan|date=4 March 2022|title=Bitter by Akwaeke Emezi|url=https://ysbookreviews.wordpress.com/2022/03/03/bitter-by-akwaeke-emezi/|accessdate=4 July 2023|work=Youth Services Book Review|language=en}}</ref> == Ebensidee == {{Reflist}} a87m7a3533plu62kjseyv30f7vjkmkd 0 66981 672305 514849 2026-07-04T13:59:53Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Oge ọ malitere */ 672305 wikitext text/x-wiki   ----Joseph Bergman (amuru c. 1947) bu onye ama ama n’egwuregwu basketball na onye isi mgbaka America. Ọ bụ onye na-atụ anya nke ukwuu mgbe ọ na-egwu egwu na St. Mary's High School n'obodo ya bụ Clinton, Iowa, na a na-ahụta dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu basketbọọlụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị kacha mma nke Iowa.[1] Bergman gbara bọọlụ kọleji maka Iowa Hawkeyes na Creighton Bluejays. Ndị Cincinnati Royals nke N. duziri ya National Basketbọọlụ Njikọ (NBA) mana ahọpụtara ka ọ gbasoo ọrụ na uche n'ịgba basketbọọlụ ọkachamara. Bergman rụrụ ọrụ na Cheshire Ụlọ ọgwụ na Keene, New Hampshire, afọ 24 == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Bergman ma zụlite ya na Clinton, Iowa. Nna ya bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ aluminum na nne ya bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ. Bergman bụ onye Germany site na nna nna ya.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị, onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, Gene McDonald, mere ka Bergman kwenye ịmalite ịgba basketbọọlụ n'ihi ịdị elu ya. McDonald gara n'ihu na-eduzi Bergman dị ka onye egwuregwu mgbe ọ gara St. Mary's High Ụlọ akwụkwọ n'obodo ya bụ Clinton ma na-egwuri egwu na otu basketbọọlụ n'ebe ahụ. Bọọlụ ghọrọ akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke ndụ Bergman ma ọ na-eme rebounding, Ntufu efu agbapụ na inye bọọlụ nke ukwuu.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> Bergman bụ onye a họpụtara ugboro atọ na steeti niile ma kpọọ aha mbụ Parade Onye America niile n'oge oge okenye ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Clinton St. Mary's Boy's[sic] Basketball|url=https://sites.google.com/site/iahsaasports/iowa-high-schools/defunct-high-schools/st-marys-clinton/st-marys-clinton-boys-basketball|work=Iowa High School Sports|accessdate=May 6, 2020}}</ref> Bergman natara onyinye agụmakwụkwọ 150 site n'aka ndị otu gụnyere North Carolina Tar Heels, Kentucky Wildcats na UCLA Bruins mana o kpebiri ịnọ na steeti ya ma kpọọ egwu maka Iowa Hawkeyes.<ref name="tks" /> [[Faịlụ:Joe_Bergman2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Bergman na Creighton Bluejays na 1970]] Bergman nọrọ n'oge ọhụrụ ya na Hawkeyes na 1966-67. Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum Iowa, ọ zụlitere mmasị na nkà mmụta uche na mmepe nwata ma wepụta onwe ya na mmemme mahadum maka ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> N'ụlọ ikpe, Bergman lụrụ ọgụ n'oge ọ nọ n'afọ nke abụọ ma ghara ịchọta ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na otu ahụ, ebe ọ na-ewere onye isi nchịkwa Ralph Miller dị ka "ihe jọgburu onwe ya".<ref name="tks" /> Ọ họọrọ ịkwaga na Creighton Bluejays mgbe ọ gbasịrị naanị egwuregwu 12 na Hawkeyes.<ref name="di">{{Cite news|author=Ewoldt|first=Jay|title=Joe Bergman Settles Down|url=http://dailyiowan.lib.uiowa.edu/DI/1971/di1971-01-26.pdf|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=The Daily Iowan|date=January 26, 1971|page=4}}</ref> Bergman malitere igwu egwu maka Bluejays n'oge oge 1968-69, mana ọ malitere ọzọ na-enwe nsogbu ma ọ hụghị onwe ya onye nyere aka ruo n'oge 1969-70 mgbe ọ na-enweta akara 10.5 na 7 rebounds kwa egwuregwu.<ref name="di">{{Cite news|author=Ewoldt|first=Jay|title=Joe Bergman Settles Down|url=http://dailyiowan.lib.uiowa.edu/DI/1971/di1971-01-26.pdf|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=The Daily Iowan|date=January 26, 1971|page=4}}</ref> Na ngwụcha oge ahụ, San Francisco Ndị dike họọrọ ya na agba nke asaa nke [[1971 NBA draft]]">1970 NBA draft na Kentucky Colonels na 1970 ABA draft. <ref name="di" /> Otú ọ dị, Bergman ka nwere otu semester fọdụrụnụ nke iru eru ma họrọ ịlaghachi na Bluejays na mgbalị inweta nhọrọ dị elu maka draft NBA nke 1971. <ref name="di" /> Mgbe semester mbụ gwụchara, Bergman nọrọ na Mahadum Creighton wee malite ọrụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="di" /> Onye isi nchịkwa Bluejays bụ Eddie Sutton kwenyere na Bergman ga-enwe nnukwu ikike dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ ọkachamara n'ihi ikike ịgba égbè na nchebe ya, na-akpọ ya "onye ọkpụkwu nchebe kachasị mma" na "onye ọgba ọsọ kachasị ike".<ref name="di" /> Bergman gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1971 na nzere bachelọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na obere na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ basketball ọkachamara == A họpụtara Bergman na 1971 NBA draft dị ka onye nke 31 nke Cincinnati Royals. Ọ gbara bọọlụ n'afọ 1971 na Royals, mana o chere na onye isi nchịkwa Bob Cousy jiri ya mee ihe n'ọnọdụ dị n'etiti kama iji ike ya mee ihe.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcGauley2018">McGauley, John (December 1, 2018). [https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html "How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry"]. ''The Keene Sentinel''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Bergman bụ onye egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke Royals tupu mmalite nke Oge NBA nke 1971-72. <ref>{{Cite news|author=McRoberts|first=Tom|title=Royals Could Top Elusive .500 Mark|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/middletown-journal-oct-12-1971-p-13/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=f7f5129e1810bcd1f02d9529721b591ddcee3411-1588750806-0-AYvUIVAQxpH73k0lev_WK_0364PLDqWAd7dyUTpCp5hiLAc3fy9QqBGB00_OFHxRSxBrTp1tSilwT-fz-BJjdNzHQppV9rFuL6GAlknHWNULef0CQuaMXTpCNsitSPUxl_IV9Go0LUzIvDo8a64Jq5QcCKgdaMaonYKb2JNUZDiqabTkOf1DDL6XpPrRTIAJeVmbiIbXNNDMsQ6td3Cq-wHV0RoGjQqrJ3pku9fDEAOmG059a2K9Hd8Clu7D_Ifxg74fXorb9gc2fMKjrWpZGjz61N9WdsevDkeSzhSav0HUIzzq_nTekCHCzZ-DKJPi-w|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=Middletown Journal Newspaper|date=October 12, 1971}}</ref> O mechara gbaa bọọlụ na National Njikọ bọọlụ (NBA) ka o kpebiri ịla ezumike nká ma laghachi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iji gaa n'ihu na-amụ nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="tks" /> == Ọrụ ndị isi mgbaka == Bergman debanyere aha na Mahadum Xavier wee nweta nzere masta na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ chọtara ọrụ na Longview Steeti Ụlọ ọgwụ na Cincinnati, Ohio. Oge ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ndị isi mgbaka, metụtara mgbanwe na ebumnuche agụmakwụkwọ; o kpebiri ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike iji ghọọ onye isi mgbaka ma nwee ike ide ọgwụ.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> Bergman hapụrụ Xavier n'agwụchaghị usoro ihe omume nna ya ukwu. Ọ tinyere akwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike ma bụrụ onye Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara nabatara na Mexico ebe ọ ghọrọ onye na-asụ Spanish nke ọma n'ihi na anaghị asụ Bekee n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Ọ natara akara ugo mmụta ọgwụ na 1980 wee chọta ọrụ na Mahadum Johns Hopkins dị na Baltimore, Maryland. Bergman rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ ise ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya gụnyere Fred Berlin na John Money. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Taylor Manor dị nso na Ellicott Obodo, Maryland, mana o mechara họrọ ịkwaga n'ebe dị nchebe iji zụlite nwa ya nwoke.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, Bergman kwagara Keene, New Hampshire, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi ahụike nke ngalaba ahụike uche na Cheshire Ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ iri abụọ na anọ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 2015.<ref name="tks" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] gqdd5kdyouh9eyzton5hrhxp69q2zmy 672325 672305 2026-07-04T14:13:56Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Oge ọ malitere */ 672325 wikitext text/x-wiki   ----Joseph Bergman (amuru c. 1947) bu onye ama ama n’egwuregwu basketball na onye isi mgbaka America. Ọ bụ onye na-atụ anya nke ukwuu mgbe ọ na-egwu egwu na St. Mary's High School n'obodo ya bụ Clinton, Iowa, na a na-ahụta dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu basketbọọlụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị kacha mma nke Iowa.[1] Bergman gbara bọọlụ kọleji maka Iowa Hawkeyes na Creighton Bluejays. Ndị Cincinnati Royals nke N. duziri ya National Basketbọọlụ Njikọ (NBA) mana ahọpụtara ka ọ gbasoo ọrụ na uche n'ịgba basketbọọlụ ọkachamara. Bergman rụrụ ọrụ na Cheshire Ụlọ ọgwụ na Keene, New Hampshire, afọ 24 == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Bergman ma zụlite ya na Clinton, Iowa. Nna ya bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ aluminum na nne ya bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ. Bergman bụ onye Germany site na nna nna ya.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị, onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, Gene McDonald, mere ka Bergman kwenye ịmalite ịgba basketbọọlụ n'ihi ịdị elu ya. McDonald gara n'ihu na-eduzi Bergman dị ka onye egwuregwu mgbe ọ gara St. Mary's High Ụlọ akwụkwọ n'obodo ya bụ Clinton ma na-egwuri egwu na otu basketbọọlụ n'ebe ahụ. Bọọlụ ghọrọ akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke ndụ Bergman ma ọ na-eme rebounding, Ntufu efu agbapụ na inye bọọlụ nke ukwuu.<ref name="tks" /> Bergman bụ onye a họpụtara ugboro atọ na steeti niile ma kpọọ aha mbụ Parade Onye America niile n'oge oge okenye ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Clinton St. Mary's Boy's[sic] Basketball|url=https://sites.google.com/site/iahsaasports/iowa-high-schools/defunct-high-schools/st-marys-clinton/st-marys-clinton-boys-basketball|work=Iowa High School Sports|accessdate=May 6, 2020}}</ref> Bergman natara onyinye agụmakwụkwọ 150 site n'aka ndị otu gụnyere North Carolina Tar Heels, Kentucky Wildcats na UCLA Bruins mana o kpebiri ịnọ na steeti ya ma kpọọ egwu maka Iowa Hawkeyes.<ref name="tks" /> [[Faịlụ:Joe_Bergman2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Bergman na Creighton Bluejays na 1970]] Bergman nọrọ n'oge ọhụrụ ya na Hawkeyes na 1966-67. Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum Iowa, ọ zụlitere mmasị na nkà mmụta uche na mmepe nwata ma wepụta onwe ya na mmemme mahadum maka ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> N'ụlọ ikpe, Bergman lụrụ ọgụ n'oge ọ nọ n'afọ nke abụọ ma ghara ịchọta ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na otu ahụ, ebe ọ na-ewere onye isi nchịkwa Ralph Miller dị ka "ihe jọgburu onwe ya".<ref name="tks" /> Ọ họọrọ ịkwaga na Creighton Bluejays mgbe ọ gbasịrị naanị egwuregwu 12 na Hawkeyes.<ref name="di">{{Cite news|author=Ewoldt|first=Jay|title=Joe Bergman Settles Down|url=http://dailyiowan.lib.uiowa.edu/DI/1971/di1971-01-26.pdf|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=The Daily Iowan|date=January 26, 1971|page=4}}</ref> Bergman malitere igwu egwu maka Bluejays n'oge oge 1968-69, mana ọ malitere ọzọ na-enwe nsogbu ma ọ hụghị onwe ya onye nyere aka ruo n'oge 1969-70 mgbe ọ na-enweta akara 10.5 na 7 rebounds kwa egwuregwu.<ref name="di">{{Cite news|author=Ewoldt|first=Jay|title=Joe Bergman Settles Down|url=http://dailyiowan.lib.uiowa.edu/DI/1971/di1971-01-26.pdf|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=The Daily Iowan|date=January 26, 1971|page=4}}</ref> Na ngwụcha oge ahụ, San Francisco Ndị dike họọrọ ya na agba nke asaa nke [[1971 NBA draft]]">1970 NBA draft na Kentucky Colonels na 1970 ABA draft. <ref name="di" /> Otú ọ dị, Bergman ka nwere otu semester fọdụrụnụ nke iru eru ma họrọ ịlaghachi na Bluejays na mgbalị inweta nhọrọ dị elu maka draft NBA nke 1971. <ref name="di" /> Mgbe semester mbụ gwụchara, Bergman nọrọ na Mahadum Creighton wee malite ọrụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="di" /> Onye isi nchịkwa Bluejays bụ Eddie Sutton kwenyere na Bergman ga-enwe nnukwu ikike dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ ọkachamara n'ihi ikike ịgba égbè na nchebe ya, na-akpọ ya "onye ọkpụkwu nchebe kachasị mma" na "onye ọgba ọsọ kachasị ike".<ref name="di" /> Bergman gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1971 na nzere bachelọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na obere na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ basketball ọkachamara == A họpụtara Bergman na 1971 NBA draft dị ka onye nke 31 nke Cincinnati Royals. Ọ gbara bọọlụ n'afọ 1971 na Royals, mana o chere na onye isi nchịkwa Bob Cousy jiri ya mee ihe n'ọnọdụ dị n'etiti kama iji ike ya mee ihe.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcGauley2018">McGauley, John (December 1, 2018). [https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html "How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry"]. ''The Keene Sentinel''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Bergman bụ onye egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke Royals tupu mmalite nke Oge NBA nke 1971-72. <ref>{{Cite news|author=McRoberts|first=Tom|title=Royals Could Top Elusive .500 Mark|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/middletown-journal-oct-12-1971-p-13/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=f7f5129e1810bcd1f02d9529721b591ddcee3411-1588750806-0-AYvUIVAQxpH73k0lev_WK_0364PLDqWAd7dyUTpCp5hiLAc3fy9QqBGB00_OFHxRSxBrTp1tSilwT-fz-BJjdNzHQppV9rFuL6GAlknHWNULef0CQuaMXTpCNsitSPUxl_IV9Go0LUzIvDo8a64Jq5QcCKgdaMaonYKb2JNUZDiqabTkOf1DDL6XpPrRTIAJeVmbiIbXNNDMsQ6td3Cq-wHV0RoGjQqrJ3pku9fDEAOmG059a2K9Hd8Clu7D_Ifxg74fXorb9gc2fMKjrWpZGjz61N9WdsevDkeSzhSav0HUIzzq_nTekCHCzZ-DKJPi-w|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=Middletown Journal Newspaper|date=October 12, 1971}}</ref> O mechara gbaa bọọlụ na National Njikọ bọọlụ (NBA) ka o kpebiri ịla ezumike nká ma laghachi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iji gaa n'ihu na-amụ nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="tks" /> == Ọrụ ndị isi mgbaka == Bergman debanyere aha na Mahadum Xavier wee nweta nzere masta na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ chọtara ọrụ na Longview Steeti Ụlọ ọgwụ na Cincinnati, Ohio. Oge ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ndị isi mgbaka, metụtara mgbanwe na ebumnuche agụmakwụkwọ; o kpebiri ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike iji ghọọ onye isi mgbaka ma nwee ike ide ọgwụ.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> Bergman hapụrụ Xavier n'agwụchaghị usoro ihe omume nna ya ukwu. Ọ tinyere akwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike ma bụrụ onye Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara nabatara na Mexico ebe ọ ghọrọ onye na-asụ Spanish nke ọma n'ihi na anaghị asụ Bekee n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Ọ natara akara ugo mmụta ọgwụ na 1980 wee chọta ọrụ na Mahadum Johns Hopkins dị na Baltimore, Maryland. Bergman rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ ise ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya gụnyere Fred Berlin na John Money. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Taylor Manor dị nso na Ellicott Obodo, Maryland, mana o mechara họrọ ịkwaga n'ebe dị nchebe iji zụlite nwa ya nwoke.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, Bergman kwagara Keene, New Hampshire, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi ahụike nke ngalaba ahụike uche na Cheshire Ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ iri abụọ na anọ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 2015.<ref name="tks" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6vdke10j8flhj6lwt6kshjy8ytt7jap 672330 672325 2026-07-04T14:16:46Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Oge ọ malitere */ 672330 wikitext text/x-wiki   ----Joseph Bergman (amuru c. 1947) bu onye ama ama n’egwuregwu basketball na onye isi mgbaka America. Ọ bụ onye na-atụ anya nke ukwuu mgbe ọ na-egwu egwu na St. Mary's High School n'obodo ya bụ Clinton, Iowa, na a na-ahụta dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu basketbọọlụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị kacha mma nke Iowa.[1] Bergman gbara bọọlụ kọleji maka Iowa Hawkeyes na Creighton Bluejays. Ndị Cincinnati Royals nke N. duziri ya National Basketbọọlụ Njikọ (NBA) mana ahọpụtara ka ọ gbasoo ọrụ na uche n'ịgba basketbọọlụ ọkachamara. Bergman rụrụ ọrụ na Cheshire Ụlọ ọgwụ na Keene, New Hampshire, afọ 24 == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Bergman ma zụlite ya na Clinton, Iowa. Nna ya bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ aluminum na nne ya bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ. Bergman bụ onye Germany site na nna nna ya.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị, onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, Gene McDonald, mere ka Bergman kwenye ịmalite ịgba basketbọọlụ n'ihi ịdị elu ya. McDonald gara n'ihu na-eduzi Bergman dị ka onye egwuregwu mgbe ọ gara St. Mary's High Ụlọ akwụkwọ n'obodo ya bụ Clinton ma na-egwuri egwu na otu basketbọọlụ n'ebe ahụ. Bọọlụ ghọrọ akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke ndụ Bergman ma ọ na-eme rebounding, Ntufu efu agbapụ na inye bọọlụ nke ukwuu.<ref name="tks" /> Bergman bụ onye a họpụtara ugboro atọ na steeti niile ma kpọọ aha mbụ Parade Onye America niile n'oge oge okenye ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Clinton St. Mary's Boy's[sic] Basketball|url=https://sites.google.com/site/iahsaasports/iowa-high-schools/defunct-high-schools/st-marys-clinton/st-marys-clinton-boys-basketball|work=Iowa High School Sports|accessdate=May 6, 2020}}</ref> Bergman natara onyinye agụmakwụkwọ 150 site n'aka ndị otu gụnyere North Carolina Tar Heels, Kentucky Wildcats na UCLA Bruins mana o kpebiri ịnọ na steeti ya ma kpọọ egwu maka Iowa Hawkeyes.<ref name="tks" /> [[Faịlụ:Joe_Bergman2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Bergman na Creighton Bluejays na 1970]] Bergman nọrọ n'oge ọhụrụ ya na Hawkeyes na 1966-67. Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum Iowa, ọ zụlitere mmasị na nkà mmụta uche na mmepe nwata ma wepụta onwe ya na mmemme mahadum maka ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ. <ref name="tks" />N'ụlọ ikpe, Bergman lụrụ ọgụ n'oge ọ nọ n'afọ nke abụọ ma ghara ịchọta ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na otu ahụ, ebe ọ na-ewere onye isi nchịkwa Ralph Miller dị ka "ihe jọgburu onwe ya".<ref name="tks" /> Ọ họọrọ ịkwaga na Creighton Bluejays mgbe ọ gbasịrị naanị egwuregwu 12 na Hawkeyes.<ref name="di">{{Cite news|author=Ewoldt|first=Jay|title=Joe Bergman Settles Down|url=http://dailyiowan.lib.uiowa.edu/DI/1971/di1971-01-26.pdf|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=The Daily Iowan|date=January 26, 1971|page=4}}</ref> Bergman malitere igwu egwu maka Bluejays n'oge oge 1968-69, mana ọ malitere ọzọ na-enwe nsogbu ma ọ hụghị onwe ya onye nyere aka ruo n'oge 1969-70 mgbe ọ na-enweta akara 10.5 na 7 rebounds kwa egwuregwu.<ref name="di">{{Cite news|author=Ewoldt|first=Jay|title=Joe Bergman Settles Down|url=http://dailyiowan.lib.uiowa.edu/DI/1971/di1971-01-26.pdf|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=The Daily Iowan|date=January 26, 1971|page=4}}</ref> Na ngwụcha oge ahụ, San Francisco Ndị dike họọrọ ya na agba nke asaa nke [[1971 NBA draft]]">1970 NBA draft na Kentucky Colonels na 1970 ABA draft. <ref name="di" /> Otú ọ dị, Bergman ka nwere otu semester fọdụrụnụ nke iru eru ma họrọ ịlaghachi na Bluejays na mgbalị inweta nhọrọ dị elu maka draft NBA nke 1971. <ref name="di" /> Mgbe semester mbụ gwụchara, Bergman nọrọ na Mahadum Creighton wee malite ọrụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="di" /> Onye isi nchịkwa Bluejays bụ Eddie Sutton kwenyere na Bergman ga-enwe nnukwu ikike dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ ọkachamara n'ihi ikike ịgba égbè na nchebe ya, na-akpọ ya "onye ọkpụkwu nchebe kachasị mma" na "onye ọgba ọsọ kachasị ike".<ref name="di" /> Bergman gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1971 na nzere bachelọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na obere na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ basketball ọkachamara == A họpụtara Bergman na 1971 NBA draft dị ka onye nke 31 nke Cincinnati Royals. Ọ gbara bọọlụ n'afọ 1971 na Royals, mana o chere na onye isi nchịkwa Bob Cousy jiri ya mee ihe n'ọnọdụ dị n'etiti kama iji ike ya mee ihe.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcGauley2018">McGauley, John (December 1, 2018). [https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html "How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry"]. ''The Keene Sentinel''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Bergman bụ onye egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke Royals tupu mmalite nke Oge NBA nke 1971-72. <ref>{{Cite news|author=McRoberts|first=Tom|title=Royals Could Top Elusive .500 Mark|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/middletown-journal-oct-12-1971-p-13/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=f7f5129e1810bcd1f02d9529721b591ddcee3411-1588750806-0-AYvUIVAQxpH73k0lev_WK_0364PLDqWAd7dyUTpCp5hiLAc3fy9QqBGB00_OFHxRSxBrTp1tSilwT-fz-BJjdNzHQppV9rFuL6GAlknHWNULef0CQuaMXTpCNsitSPUxl_IV9Go0LUzIvDo8a64Jq5QcCKgdaMaonYKb2JNUZDiqabTkOf1DDL6XpPrRTIAJeVmbiIbXNNDMsQ6td3Cq-wHV0RoGjQqrJ3pku9fDEAOmG059a2K9Hd8Clu7D_Ifxg74fXorb9gc2fMKjrWpZGjz61N9WdsevDkeSzhSav0HUIzzq_nTekCHCzZ-DKJPi-w|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=Middletown Journal Newspaper|date=October 12, 1971}}</ref> O mechara gbaa bọọlụ na National Njikọ bọọlụ (NBA) ka o kpebiri ịla ezumike nká ma laghachi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iji gaa n'ihu na-amụ nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="tks" /> == Ọrụ ndị isi mgbaka == Bergman debanyere aha na Mahadum Xavier wee nweta nzere masta na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ chọtara ọrụ na Longview Steeti Ụlọ ọgwụ na Cincinnati, Ohio. Oge ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ndị isi mgbaka, metụtara mgbanwe na ebumnuche agụmakwụkwọ; o kpebiri ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike iji ghọọ onye isi mgbaka ma nwee ike ide ọgwụ.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> Bergman hapụrụ Xavier n'agwụchaghị usoro ihe omume nna ya ukwu. Ọ tinyere akwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike ma bụrụ onye Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara nabatara na Mexico ebe ọ ghọrọ onye na-asụ Spanish nke ọma n'ihi na anaghị asụ Bekee n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Ọ natara akara ugo mmụta ọgwụ na 1980 wee chọta ọrụ na Mahadum Johns Hopkins dị na Baltimore, Maryland. Bergman rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ ise ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya gụnyere Fred Berlin na John Money. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Taylor Manor dị nso na Ellicott Obodo, Maryland, mana o mechara họrọ ịkwaga n'ebe dị nchebe iji zụlite nwa ya nwoke.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, Bergman kwagara Keene, New Hampshire, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi ahụike nke ngalaba ahụike uche na Cheshire Ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ iri abụọ na anọ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 2015.<ref name="tks" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ixtt8nrlj5pw9a7itbefhpzmlzsgaam 672338 672330 2026-07-04T14:23:49Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Oge ọ malitere */ 672338 wikitext text/x-wiki   ----Joseph Bergman (amuru c. 1947) bu onye ama ama n’egwuregwu basketball na onye isi mgbaka America. Ọ bụ onye na-atụ anya nke ukwuu mgbe ọ na-egwu egwu na St. Mary's High School n'obodo ya bụ Clinton, Iowa, na a na-ahụta dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu basketbọọlụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị kacha mma nke Iowa.[1] Bergman gbara bọọlụ kọleji maka Iowa Hawkeyes na Creighton Bluejays. Ndị Cincinnati Royals nke N. duziri ya National Basketbọọlụ Njikọ (NBA) mana ahọpụtara ka ọ gbasoo ọrụ na uche n'ịgba basketbọọlụ ọkachamara. Bergman rụrụ ọrụ na Cheshire Ụlọ ọgwụ na Keene, New Hampshire, afọ 24 == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Bergman ma zụlite ya na Clinton, Iowa. Nna ya bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ aluminum na nne ya bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ. Bergman bụ onye Germany site na nna nna ya.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị, onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, Gene McDonald, mere ka Bergman kwenye ịmalite ịgba basketbọọlụ n'ihi ịdị elu ya. McDonald gara n'ihu na-eduzi Bergman dị ka onye egwuregwu mgbe ọ gara St. Mary's High Ụlọ akwụkwọ n'obodo ya bụ Clinton ma na-egwuri egwu na otu basketbọọlụ n'ebe ahụ. Bọọlụ ghọrọ akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke ndụ Bergman ma ọ na-eme rebounding, Ntufu efu agbapụ na inye bọọlụ nke ukwuu.<ref name="tks" /> Bergman bụ onye a họpụtara ugboro atọ na steeti niile ma kpọọ aha mbụ Parade Onye America niile n'oge oge okenye ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Clinton St. Mary's Boy's[sic] Basketball|url=https://sites.google.com/site/iahsaasports/iowa-high-schools/defunct-high-schools/st-marys-clinton/st-marys-clinton-boys-basketball|work=Iowa High School Sports|accessdate=May 6, 2020}}</ref> Bergman natara onyinye agụmakwụkwọ 150 site n'aka ndị otu gụnyere North Carolina Tar Heels, Kentucky Wildcats na UCLA Bruins mana o kpebiri ịnọ na steeti ya ma kpọọ egwu maka Iowa Hawkeyes.<ref name="tks" /> [[Faịlụ:Joe_Bergman2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Bergman na Creighton Bluejays na 1970]] Bergman nọrọ n'oge ọhụrụ ya na Hawkeyes na 1966-67. Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum Iowa, ọ zụlitere mmasị na nkà mmụta uche na mmepe nwata ma wepụta onwe ya na mmemme mahadum maka ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ. <ref name="tks" />N'ụlọ ikpe, Bergman lụrụ ọgụ n'oge ọ nọ n'afọ nke abụọ ma ghara ịchọta ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na otu ahụ, ebe ọ na-ewere onye isi nchịkwa Ralph Miller dị ka "ihe jọgburu onwe ya". <ref name="tks" />Ọ họọrọ ịkwaga na Creighton Bluejays mgbe ọ gbasịrị naanị egwuregwu 12 na Hawkeyes.<ref name="di">{{Cite news|author=Ewoldt|first=Jay|title=Joe Bergman Settles Down|url=http://dailyiowan.lib.uiowa.edu/DI/1971/di1971-01-26.pdf|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=The Daily Iowan|date=January 26, 1971|page=4}}</ref> Bergman malitere igwu egwu maka Bluejays n'oge oge 1968-69, mana ọ malitere ọzọ na-enwe nsogbu ma ọ hụghị onwe ya onye nyere aka ruo n'oge 1969-70 mgbe ọ na-enweta akara 10.5 na 7 rebounds kwa egwuregwu.<ref name="di">{{Cite news|author=Ewoldt|first=Jay|title=Joe Bergman Settles Down|url=http://dailyiowan.lib.uiowa.edu/DI/1971/di1971-01-26.pdf|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=The Daily Iowan|date=January 26, 1971|page=4}}</ref> Na ngwụcha oge ahụ, San Francisco Ndị dike họọrọ ya na agba nke asaa nke [[1971 NBA draft]]">1970 NBA draft na Kentucky Colonels na 1970 ABA draft. <ref name="di" /> Otú ọ dị, Bergman ka nwere otu semester fọdụrụnụ nke iru eru ma họrọ ịlaghachi na Bluejays na mgbalị inweta nhọrọ dị elu maka draft NBA nke 1971. <ref name="di" /> Mgbe semester mbụ gwụchara, Bergman nọrọ na Mahadum Creighton wee malite ọrụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="di" /> Onye isi nchịkwa Bluejays bụ Eddie Sutton kwenyere na Bergman ga-enwe nnukwu ikike dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ ọkachamara n'ihi ikike ịgba égbè na nchebe ya, na-akpọ ya "onye ọkpụkwu nchebe kachasị mma" na "onye ọgba ọsọ kachasị ike".<ref name="di" /> Bergman gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1971 na nzere bachelọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na obere na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ basketball ọkachamara == A họpụtara Bergman na 1971 NBA draft dị ka onye nke 31 nke Cincinnati Royals. Ọ gbara bọọlụ n'afọ 1971 na Royals, mana o chere na onye isi nchịkwa Bob Cousy jiri ya mee ihe n'ọnọdụ dị n'etiti kama iji ike ya mee ihe.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMcGauley2018">McGauley, John (December 1, 2018). [https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html "How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry"]. ''The Keene Sentinel''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 6,</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Bergman bụ onye egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke Royals tupu mmalite nke Oge NBA nke 1971-72. <ref>{{Cite news|author=McRoberts|first=Tom|title=Royals Could Top Elusive .500 Mark|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/middletown-journal-oct-12-1971-p-13/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=f7f5129e1810bcd1f02d9529721b591ddcee3411-1588750806-0-AYvUIVAQxpH73k0lev_WK_0364PLDqWAd7dyUTpCp5hiLAc3fy9QqBGB00_OFHxRSxBrTp1tSilwT-fz-BJjdNzHQppV9rFuL6GAlknHWNULef0CQuaMXTpCNsitSPUxl_IV9Go0LUzIvDo8a64Jq5QcCKgdaMaonYKb2JNUZDiqabTkOf1DDL6XpPrRTIAJeVmbiIbXNNDMsQ6td3Cq-wHV0RoGjQqrJ3pku9fDEAOmG059a2K9Hd8Clu7D_Ifxg74fXorb9gc2fMKjrWpZGjz61N9WdsevDkeSzhSav0HUIzzq_nTekCHCzZ-DKJPi-w|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=Middletown Journal Newspaper|date=October 12, 1971}}</ref> O mechara gbaa bọọlụ na National Njikọ bọọlụ (NBA) ka o kpebiri ịla ezumike nká ma laghachi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iji gaa n'ihu na-amụ nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="tks" /> == Ọrụ ndị isi mgbaka == Bergman debanyere aha na Mahadum Xavier wee nweta nzere masta na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ chọtara ọrụ na Longview Steeti Ụlọ ọgwụ na Cincinnati, Ohio. Oge ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ndị isi mgbaka, metụtara mgbanwe na ebumnuche agụmakwụkwọ; o kpebiri ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike iji ghọọ onye isi mgbaka ma nwee ike ide ọgwụ.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> Bergman hapụrụ Xavier n'agwụchaghị usoro ihe omume nna ya ukwu. Ọ tinyere akwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike ma bụrụ onye Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara nabatara na Mexico ebe ọ ghọrọ onye na-asụ Spanish nke ọma n'ihi na anaghị asụ Bekee n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Ọ natara akara ugo mmụta ọgwụ na 1980 wee chọta ọrụ na Mahadum Johns Hopkins dị na Baltimore, Maryland. Bergman rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ ise ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya gụnyere Fred Berlin na John Money. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Taylor Manor dị nso na Ellicott Obodo, Maryland, mana o mechara họrọ ịkwaga n'ebe dị nchebe iji zụlite nwa ya nwoke.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, Bergman kwagara Keene, New Hampshire, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi ahụike nke ngalaba ahụike uche na Cheshire Ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ iri abụọ na anọ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 2015.<ref name="tks" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] knhut1a80f25wqe53z942h3yc5juojs 672340 672338 2026-07-04T14:24:43Z Febechukwu Chukwudi 64034 /* Ọrụ basketball ọkachamara */ 672340 wikitext text/x-wiki   ----Joseph Bergman (amuru c. 1947) bu onye ama ama n’egwuregwu basketball na onye isi mgbaka America. Ọ bụ onye na-atụ anya nke ukwuu mgbe ọ na-egwu egwu na St. Mary's High School n'obodo ya bụ Clinton, Iowa, na a na-ahụta dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu basketbọọlụ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị kacha mma nke Iowa.[1] Bergman gbara bọọlụ kọleji maka Iowa Hawkeyes na Creighton Bluejays. Ndị Cincinnati Royals nke N. duziri ya National Basketbọọlụ Njikọ (NBA) mana ahọpụtara ka ọ gbasoo ọrụ na uche n'ịgba basketbọọlụ ọkachamara. Bergman rụrụ ọrụ na Cheshire Ụlọ ọgwụ na Keene, New Hampshire, afọ 24 == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Bergman ma zụlite ya na Clinton, Iowa. Nna ya bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ aluminum na nne ya bụ onye ọrụ ụlọ. Bergman bụ onye Germany site na nna nna ya.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> Mgbe ọ na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị, onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ya, Gene McDonald, mere ka Bergman kwenye ịmalite ịgba basketbọọlụ n'ihi ịdị elu ya. McDonald gara n'ihu na-eduzi Bergman dị ka onye egwuregwu mgbe ọ gara St. Mary's High Ụlọ akwụkwọ n'obodo ya bụ Clinton ma na-egwuri egwu na otu basketbọọlụ n'ebe ahụ. Bọọlụ ghọrọ akụkụ kachasị mkpa nke ndụ Bergman ma ọ na-eme rebounding, Ntufu efu agbapụ na inye bọọlụ nke ukwuu.<ref name="tks" /> Bergman bụ onye a họpụtara ugboro atọ na steeti niile ma kpọọ aha mbụ Parade Onye America niile n'oge oge okenye ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Clinton St. Mary's Boy's[sic] Basketball|url=https://sites.google.com/site/iahsaasports/iowa-high-schools/defunct-high-schools/st-marys-clinton/st-marys-clinton-boys-basketball|work=Iowa High School Sports|accessdate=May 6, 2020}}</ref> Bergman natara onyinye agụmakwụkwọ 150 site n'aka ndị otu gụnyere North Carolina Tar Heels, Kentucky Wildcats na UCLA Bruins mana o kpebiri ịnọ na steeti ya ma kpọọ egwu maka Iowa Hawkeyes.<ref name="tks" /> [[Faịlụ:Joe_Bergman2.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Bergman na Creighton Bluejays na 1970]] Bergman nọrọ n'oge ọhụrụ ya na Hawkeyes na 1966-67. Mgbe ọ nọ na Mahadum Iowa, ọ zụlitere mmasị na nkà mmụta uche na mmepe nwata ma wepụta onwe ya na mmemme mahadum maka ụmụaka nwere nkwarụ. <ref name="tks" />N'ụlọ ikpe, Bergman lụrụ ọgụ n'oge ọ nọ n'afọ nke abụọ ma ghara ịchọta ọrụ na-aga n'ihu na otu ahụ, ebe ọ na-ewere onye isi nchịkwa Ralph Miller dị ka "ihe jọgburu onwe ya". <ref name="tks" />Ọ họọrọ ịkwaga na Creighton Bluejays mgbe ọ gbasịrị naanị egwuregwu 12 na Hawkeyes.<ref name="di">{{Cite news|author=Ewoldt|first=Jay|title=Joe Bergman Settles Down|url=http://dailyiowan.lib.uiowa.edu/DI/1971/di1971-01-26.pdf|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=The Daily Iowan|date=January 26, 1971|page=4}}</ref> Bergman malitere igwu egwu maka Bluejays n'oge oge 1968-69, mana ọ malitere ọzọ na-enwe nsogbu ma ọ hụghị onwe ya onye nyere aka ruo n'oge 1969-70 mgbe ọ na-enweta akara 10.5 na 7 rebounds kwa egwuregwu.<ref name="di">{{Cite news|author=Ewoldt|first=Jay|title=Joe Bergman Settles Down|url=http://dailyiowan.lib.uiowa.edu/DI/1971/di1971-01-26.pdf|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=The Daily Iowan|date=January 26, 1971|page=4}}</ref> Na ngwụcha oge ahụ, San Francisco Ndị dike họọrọ ya na agba nke asaa nke [[1971 NBA draft]]">1970 NBA draft na Kentucky Colonels na 1970 ABA draft. <ref name="di" /> Otú ọ dị, Bergman ka nwere otu semester fọdụrụnụ nke iru eru ma họrọ ịlaghachi na Bluejays na mgbalị inweta nhọrọ dị elu maka draft NBA nke 1971. <ref name="di" /> Mgbe semester mbụ gwụchara, Bergman nọrọ na Mahadum Creighton wee malite ọrụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="di" /> Onye isi nchịkwa Bluejays bụ Eddie Sutton kwenyere na Bergman ga-enwe nnukwu ikike dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ ọkachamara n'ihi ikike ịgba égbè na nchebe ya, na-akpọ ya "onye ọkpụkwu nchebe kachasị mma" na "onye ọgba ọsọ kachasị ike".<ref name="di" /> Bergman gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1971 na nzere bachelọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na obere na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ basketball ọkachamara == A họpụtara Bergman na 1971 NBA draft dị ka onye nke 31 nke Cincinnati Royals. Ọ gbara bọọlụ n'afọ 1971 na Royals, mana o chere na onye isi nchịkwa Bob Cousy jiri ya mee ihe n'ọnọdụ dị n'etiti kama iji ike ya mee ihe. <ref name="tks" />Bergman bụ onye egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke Royals tupu mmalite nke Oge NBA nke 1971-72. <ref>{{Cite news|author=McRoberts|first=Tom|title=Royals Could Top Elusive .500 Mark|url=https://newspaperarchive.com/middletown-journal-oct-12-1971-p-13/?__cf_chl_jschl_tk__=f7f5129e1810bcd1f02d9529721b591ddcee3411-1588750806-0-AYvUIVAQxpH73k0lev_WK_0364PLDqWAd7dyUTpCp5hiLAc3fy9QqBGB00_OFHxRSxBrTp1tSilwT-fz-BJjdNzHQppV9rFuL6GAlknHWNULef0CQuaMXTpCNsitSPUxl_IV9Go0LUzIvDo8a64Jq5QcCKgdaMaonYKb2JNUZDiqabTkOf1DDL6XpPrRTIAJeVmbiIbXNNDMsQ6td3Cq-wHV0RoGjQqrJ3pku9fDEAOmG059a2K9Hd8Clu7D_Ifxg74fXorb9gc2fMKjrWpZGjz61N9WdsevDkeSzhSav0HUIzzq_nTekCHCzZ-DKJPi-w|accessdate=May 6, 2020|work=Middletown Journal Newspaper|date=October 12, 1971}}</ref> O mechara gbaa bọọlụ na National Njikọ bọọlụ (NBA) ka o kpebiri ịla ezumike nká ma laghachi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ iji gaa n'ihu na-amụ nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ.<ref name="tks" /> == Ọrụ ndị isi mgbaka == Bergman debanyere aha na Mahadum Xavier wee nweta nzere masta na nkà mmụta akparamàgwà mmadụ. Mgbe ọ nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ chọtara ọrụ na Longview Steeti Ụlọ ọgwụ na Cincinnati, Ohio. Oge ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ ọgwụ, ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ndị isi mgbaka, metụtara mgbanwe na ebumnuche agụmakwụkwọ; o kpebiri ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike iji ghọọ onye isi mgbaka ma nwee ike ide ọgwụ.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> Bergman hapụrụ Xavier n'agwụchaghị usoro ihe omume nna ya ukwu. Ọ tinyere akwụkwọ n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike ma bụrụ onye Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara nabatara na Mexico ebe ọ ghọrọ onye na-asụ Spanish nke ọma n'ihi na anaghị asụ Bekee n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Ọ natara akara ugo mmụta ọgwụ na 1980 wee chọta ọrụ na Mahadum Johns Hopkins dị na Baltimore, Maryland. Bergman rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ ise ya na ndị ọrụ ibe ya gụnyere Fred Berlin na John Money. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Taylor Manor dị nso na Ellicott Obodo, Maryland, mana o mechara họrọ ịkwaga n'ebe dị nchebe iji zụlite nwa ya nwoke.<ref name="tks">{{Cite web|author=McGauley|first=John|title=How Bergman piggybacked a stint in the NBA with a career in psychiatry|url=https://www.sentinelsource.com/news/local/how-bergman-piggybacked-a-stint-in-the-nba-with-a/article_e4e0d1b1-37f4-593e-84c7-f62e5dd138e2.html|work=The Keene Sentinel|accessdate=May 6, 2020|date=December 1, 2018}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, Bergman kwagara Keene, New Hampshire, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nduzi ahụike nke ngalaba ahụike uche na Cheshire Ụlọ ọgwụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ afọ iri abụọ na anọ ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká n'afọ 2015.<ref name="tks" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] g4xjhqm1x3tt19zhe4zl27fq4qj8ss3 0 67046 672578 515302 2026-07-04T23:42:44Z NiferO 20385 Added an image 672578 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Andrei Broder.jpg|thumb|Andrei Broder]]   '''Andrei Zary Broder''' (amụrụ n'April 12, 1953) bụ onye ọkà mmụta sayensị a ma ama na [[Google]]. N'oge gara aga, ọ bụ onye nyocha na osote onye isi oche nke mgbasa ozi kọmputa maka Yahoo!, na tupu nke ahụ, osote onye nduzi nyocha maka AltaVista. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ maka nyocha IBM dịka onye injinia ama ama wee bụrụ CTO nke IBM's Institute for Search and Text Analysis. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Broder na Bucharest, Romania, n'afọ 1953. Nne na nna ya bụ ndị dọkịta, nna ya bụ dọkịta na-awa ahụ n'ahụ maka ọrịa kansa. Ha kwagara [[Israel]] na 1973, mgbe Broder nọ n'afọ nke abụọ nke kọleji na Romania, na ngalaba Electronics na Mahadum Politehnica nke Bucharest. A nabatara ya na Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, na Ngalaba EE. Broder gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Technion na 1977, na B.Sc. summa cum laude. A nabatara ya na mmemme PhD na Stanford, ebe o bu ụzọ mee atụmatụ ịrụ ọrụ na mpaghara usoro. Onye ndụmọdụ mbụ ya bụ John L. Hennessy. Mgbe ọ natasịrị "nnukwu paswọọdụ" na algorithms siri ike, Donald Knuth, onye bụbu Turing Award na onye mmeri National Medal, nyere ya ohere ịghọ onye ndụmọdụ ya. Broder gụsịrị PhD ya n'okpuru Knuth na 1985. Mgbe ahụ,O sonyeere ụlọ ọrụ nyocha DEC Systems nke emebere ọhụrụ na Palo Alto. Na DEC SRC, Andrei tinyere aka na AltaVista site na mmalite, na-enyere ya aka ịnagide akwụkwọ oyiri na spam. Mgbe AltaVista kewara na Compaq nke zụrụ DEC, Andrei ghọrọ CTO ya wee bụrụ onye isi sayensị na onye isi nchọpụta. N'afọ 2002, ọ sonyeere IBM Research na New York iji wuo ngwaahịa ọchụchọ ụlọ ọrụ ya. N'afọ 2005, ọ laghachiri na Silicon Valley na Web Industry, dị ka Yahoo Fellow na osote onye isi ala. N'ebe ahụ, o tinyere ntọala nke ọzụzụ ọhụrụ, mgbasa ozi kọmputa, sayensị nke ijikọ mgbasa ozi na ndị ọrụ na ọnọdụ. Na Yahoo, Broder nyekwara aka wuo Yahoo! Research n'ime otu n'ime ụlọ ọrụ nyocha weebụ. A họpụtara Broder ka ọ bụrụ onye otu National Academy of Engineering na 2010 maka onyinye ya na sayensị na injinia nke World Wide Web. N'afọ 2012, Broder sonyeere [[Google]] dị ka onye ọkà mmụta sayensị a ma ama, ebe ọ gbanwere anya ya n'akụkụ ọzọ nke ahụmịhe WWW, nnukwu aha. == Ntinye aka == N'afọ 1989, ọ chọpụtara (n'enweghị David Aldous) algọridim maka ịmepụta otu osisi nke eserese.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Broder|first=Andrei|title=30th Annual Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science|chapter=Generating random spanning trees|date=1989|pages=442–47|doi=10.1109/SFCS.1989.63516|isbn=0-8186-1982-1|chapterurl=https://www.cs.cmu.edu/~15859n/RelatedWork/Broder-GenRanSpanningTrees.pdf|accessdate=9 February 2016}}</ref> N'ime afọ iri na ise gara aga, [mgbe mgbe?] Broder sụrụ ụzọ ọtụtụ usoro algọridim na echiche ndị gbadoro ụkwụ na sayensị na teknụzụ nke Webụsaịtị ụwa. Ụfọdụ n'ime isi ihe ndị a gụnyere: N'afọ 1997, Broder duziri mmepe nke ngwọta mbụ bara uru maka ịchọta akwụkwọ ndị dị nso na ntanetị weebụ site na iji "shingling" iji belata nsogbu ahụ na nsogbu nkwụsịtụ na "min-hashing" ma ọ bụ iji wuo "sketches" nke setịpụ.Nke a bụ mbọ ọsụ ụzọ na mpaghara hashing nwere mmetụta dị n'ime obodo. N'afọ 1998, o mebere ule bara uru nke mbụ iji gbochie robots ime ka mmadụ na ịnweta ebe nrụọrụ weebụ, nke a na-akpọkarị CAPTCHA.Na 2000, Broder, mgbe ahụ na AltaVista, ya na ndị ọrụ ibe si IBM na DEC SRC, mere nyocha mbụ buru ibu nke eserese webụ, wee chọpụta ụdị ụta nke eserese weebụ.[1] N'ihe dị ka afọ 2001–2002, Broder bipụtara mpempe echiche ebe o tozuru oke dị n'etiti iweghachite ozi oge gboo na nchọ Weebụ wee webata nhazi nke ajụjụ webụ nke a nabatara ugbu a n'ime igodo, ozi na azụmahịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Broder|first=Andrei|title=Graph structure in the Web|journal=Computer Networks|year=2000|volume=33|issue=1–6|pages=309–320|doi=10.1016/S1389-1286(00)00083-9|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1016/S1389-1286%2800%2900083-9}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Broder|first=Andrei|title=A taxonomy of Web search|journal=SIGIR Forum|volume=36|issue=2|pages=3–10|year=2002|doi=10.1145/792550.792552}}</ref> == Ihe nrite na nsọpụrụ == Ọ bụ onye otu Association for Computing Machinery, National Academy of Engineering, na IEEE. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị natara onyinye ACM Paris Kanellakis nke afọ 2012 maka ọrụ ya na w-shingling na min-hashing, <ref>{{Cite web|title=ACM Paris Kanellakis Theory and Practice Award|publisher=[[Association for Computing Machinery|ACM]]|url=https://awards.acm.org/award_winners/broder_N005132|accessdate=2020-11-05|archiveurl=|archivedate=}}</ref> ọ nwetakwara onyinye a ọzọ na 2020, ya na [[Yossi Azar]], Anna Karlin, Michael Mitzenmacher, na Eli Upfal maka ọrụ ha na ike nke nhọrọ abụọ. == Edensibia == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|author=Broder|first=Andrei|year=2006|url=http://www.ysearchblog.com/2006/03/03/search-without-a-box-a-chat-with-andrei-broder-part-1/|title=Interview: "Search without a Box"|publisher=Yahoo! Search Blog|accessdate=2006-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090101032935/http://ysearchblog.com/2006/03/03/search-without-a-box-a-chat-with-andrei-broder-part-1/|archivedate=2009-01-01}} * {{Cite web|year=2005|url=http://docs.yahoo.com/docs/pr/release1271.html|title=Yahoo! Appoints Dr. Andrei Broder as Research Fellow|publisher=Yahoo! Press Release|accessdate=2006-03-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060216002843/http://docs.yahoo.com/docs/pr/release1271.html|archivedate=2006-02-16}} * {{Cite news|url=http://stiri.tvr.ro/romani-de-succes--care-schimba-lumea--george-haber---i-andrei-broder--mae--tri-ai-tehnologiei-viitorului_850528.html|title=Români de succes, care schimbă lumea. George Haber și Andrei Broder, maeștri ai tehnologiei viitorului|work=[[TVR (TV network)|TVR]]|language=ro|date=September 21, 2019|accessdate=September 24, 2022}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ewnnd6f9jj8vzilj1xp2eg13oql7f5b 0 67136 672537 516671 2026-07-04T22:19:57Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672537 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Christiaan Hendrik Persoon''' (31 Disemba 1761<ref name="The Life and Work of Christiaan Hen">{{Cite journal|author=Gorter|first=GJMA|title=The Life and Work of Christiaan Hendrik Persoon|journal=Mycologist|date=1990|volume=4|issue=3|pages=106–107|doi=10.1016/S0269-915X(09)80034-7}}</ref> &#x2013; 16 Nọvemba 1836) bụ onye nwere akara ugo mmụta mycology si mba Caoe Colony, onye a na-ekwu na o so na ndị chọpụtara mycological taxonomy. == Mmalite Ndụ == A mụrụ Persoon na Cape Colony na Cape of Good Hope, nwa nke atọ nke nna onye Pomerania, Christiaan Daniel Persoon si mba ọzọ kwafeta, yana nne onye [[Netherlands|Dutch]], Wilhelmina Elizabeth Groenwald.<ref name="The Life and Work of Christiaan Hen" /> Nne ya nwụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe amuchara ya. N'afọ 1775, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na atọ, e zigara ya Europe maka agụmakwụkwọ ya. Nna ya nwụrụ ka otu afọ gasịrị n'afọ 1776.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ainsworth|first=Geoffrey Clough|title=Christiaan Hendrik Persoon (1761–1836)|journal=Nature|date=1962|volume=193|issue=4810|doi=10.1038/193022a0}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ == Onye bụbu nwa akwụkwọ nke nkà mmụta okpukpe na Halle na mbụ, Persoon gbanwere ọmụmụ ya gaa na ọmụmụ ọgwụ, nke ọ gbasoro na Leiden na [[Göttingen]]. Ọ natara nzere ọkankuzi site na Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher na Erlangen n'afọ 1799. == Afọ ndị sochirinụ == Ọ kwagara Paris tupu afọ 1803, ebe ọ nọrọ ndụ ya fọdụrụnụ, na-akwụ ụgwọ ụlọ dị n'elu n'akụkụ ndị dara ogbenye nke obodo ahụ. O doro anya na ọ bụ onye na-enweghị ọrụ, alụghị di, dara ogbenye na onye na-anọ naanị ya, ọ bụ ezie na ya na ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ọkụkụ na Europe niile na-ederịta akwụkwọ ozi. N'ihi nsogbu ego ya, Persoon kwetara inye Ụlọ Orange ụlọ ọgwụ ya, iji nweta akwụm ụgwọ ezumike nká zuru oke maka oge ndụ ya. == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == A maghị maka mmalite nke mmasị Persoon gbasara ihe ọkụkụ. Ọrụ mbụ ya bụ ''Abbildungen der Schwämme'' (''Ihe osise'' nke fungus), nke e bipụtara n'akụkụ atọ, n'afọ 1790, 1791, na 1793. N'afọ 1794, Persoon webatara okwu lirella maka ụdị ascomata nwere oghere nke agbụrụ lichen bụ Graphis.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mitchell|first=M.E.|year=2014|title=De Bary's legacy: the emergence of differing perspectives on lichen symbiosis|journal=Huntia|volume=15|issue=1|pages=5–22 [13]|url=https://www.huntbotanical.org/admin/uploads/02hibd-huntia-15-1-pp05-22.pdf}}</ref> Site na 1805 ruo 1807, o bipụtara mpịakọta abụọ nke Synopsis plantarum ya (Archived 20 May 2011 na Wayback Machine), ọrụ a ma ama na-akọwa ụdị puku iri abụọ nke ụdị akụmakụ niile. Mana ọrụ ndị mbụ ya bụ gbasara fungi, nke o bipụtara ọtụtụ ọrụ maka, na-amalite na Synopsis methodica fungorum (1801); ọ bụ mmalite maka aha nke Uredinales, Ustilaginales, na Gasteromycetes. Persoon kọwara ọtụtụ ụdị polypore; ọtụtụ n'ime ha sitere na nchịkọta nke ya na Europe etiti, ebe e zigaara ya ọtụtụ ụdị ndị ọzọ sitere na nchịkọta nke onye France na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ Charles Gaudichaud-Beaupré mere n'oge njem ya gburugburu ụwa. Fungi ndị a e wetara ka emesịrị so na polypores mbụ a kọwara n'ebe okpomọkụ. N'afọ 1815, a họpụtara Persoon ka ọ bụrụ onye òtù Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. Persoon bụ onye malitere ụdị fungal ọhụrụ, ebe ọ kọwara puku abụọ, narị abụọ na iri isii na itoolu n'ọrụ ya.<ref name="Lücking 2020">{{Cite journal|authorlink=Robert Lücking|author=Lücking|first=Robert|title=Three challenges to contemporaneous taxonomy from a licheno-mycological perspective|journal=Megataxa|volume=1|issue=1|year=2020|doi=10.11646/megataxa.1.1.16|pages=78–103 [85]}}</ref> == Nkwanye Ùgwù == A kpọrọ ụdị ''Persọnia'', bụ ụdị obere osisi na obere ahịhịa dị iche iche nke Australia, aha ya. A na-enyekwa aha <nowiki><i id="mwXw">Persọnia</i></nowiki> na akwụkwọ sayensị a na-ebipụta kwa afọ abụọ gbasara molecular phylogeny and evolution of fungi, nke National Herbarium nke Netherlands na CBS Fungal Biodiversity Centre jikọrọ aka ebipụta.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PERSOONIA - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi|url=http://www.persoonia.org/Default.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140224113615/http://www.persoonia.org/Default.aspx|archivedate=24 February 2014}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ụdị:Taxa ndị Christiaan Hendrik Persoon nyere aha == Edensibịa == * Duane Isely, One hundred and one botanists (Iowa State University Press, 1994), pp. 124-126.&nbsp; {{Reflist|refs=<ref name="Ryvarden 1973">{{cite journal |author=Ryvarden, Leif |author-link=Leif Ryvarden |year=1973 |title=Type studies in the Polyporaceae–I. Tropical species described by C. H. Persoon |journal=Persoonia |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=305–312 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/61056/0007/002/0305.htm}}</ref>}} == Njikọ mpụga ==   * [http://www.mushroomthejournal.com/greatlakesdata/Authors/Persoon21.html Christian Hendrik Persoon] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20091203185713/http://www.persoonia.org/persoon.aspx Persọnia] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080725185827/http://huntbot.andrew.cmu.edu/HIBD/Departments/Archives/Archives-HR/Persoon.shtml Ebe ndebe ihe ochie nke Hunt Institute] p8vwmr3gffiozdi1p4ckz4wuy3zmxgn 0 67254 672224 516905 2026-07-04T13:18:37Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672224 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Barbara Ann Allimadi''' (c. 1972 - 27 Eprel 2020) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ na mba Uganda. A maara ya maka ịhazi "mkpesa bra" na maka njide ya mgbe o mere ngagharị iwe na nzuko omeiwu ya na otu Concerned Citizens.u. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Allimadi na mba Uganda, nne na nna ya bụ Eriphas Otema Allimadi, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Taylor|first=Mildred Europa|date=2022-04-23|title=Celebrating Barbara Allimadi, the Ugandan political activist known for her defiant bra protest|url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/celebrating-barbara-allimadi-the-ugandan-political-activist-known-for-her-defiant-bra-protest|accessdate=2025-02-16|work=Face2Face Africa|language=en|archivedate=20 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720124740/https://face2faceafrica.com/article/celebrating-barbara-allimadi-the-ugandan-political-activist-known-for-her-defiant-bra-protest}}</ref> praịm minista nke atọ nke Uganda (1980-1985), na Alice Lamunu Allimadi. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Dominic|first=Ochola O.|title=Barbra Allimadi Foundation Launched in Memory of Her Freedom Fighting Legacy|url=https://www.ugandaradionetwork.net/story/barbra-allimadi-foundation-launched-in-memory-of-her-freedom-fighting-legacy-|accessdate=2025-02-16|work=Uganda Radionetwork|language=en|archivedate=7 August 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807191125/https://www.ugandaradionetwork.net/story/barbra-allimadi-foundation-launched-in-memory-of-her-freedom-fighting-legacy-}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web|author=Dominic|first=Ochola O.|title=Rights Activists in Acholi Mourn Barbara Alimadi :|url=https://ugandaradionetwork.net/story/rights-activists-in-acholi-mourn-barbara-alimadi-|accessdate=2025-07-21|work=Uganda Radionetwork|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ iri na asaa nke nna ya mụtara.<ref name=":5" /> Nwanne ya nwoke bụ Milton Allimadi, prọfesọ, onye nta akụkọ na onye guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Ugandan Political Activist Barbara Allimadi Passes Away|url=https://www.okayafrica.com/ugandan-politics-activist-barbara-allimadi-passes-away/|accessdate=2025-02-16|work=OkayAfrica|language=en|archivedate=23 January 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123024624/https://www.okayafrica.com/ugandan-politics-activist-barbara-allimadi-passes-away/}}</ref> Allimadi gụrụ akwụkwọ na Gayaza High School, tupu ezinụlọ ya agaa mba ọzọ mgbe a kwaturu ọchịchị Obote nke Abụọ.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":5" /> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ maka nzere na injinia eletrọniki na nkwukọrịta na Mahadum London Metropolitan. <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=Barbara Allimadi|url=https://www.awid.org/whrd/barbara-allimadi|accessdate=2025-02-16|work=AWID|archivedate=13 January 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113131744/https://www.awid.org/whrd/barbara-allimadi}}</ref> Allimadi rụrụ ọrụ injinia na England, <ref name=":0" /> wee laghachi Uganda n'afọ 2007. <ref name=":3" /> == Mgbalị == N'afọ 2012, Allimadi jikọrọ aka hazie ngagharị iwe mgbe Ingrid Turinawe, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-emegide ya nke a maara dị ka "Iron Lady" nke Forum for Democratic Change (FDC), <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-02|title=Tribute to fallen freedom fighter Barbara Allimadi|url=https://www.africa-press.net/uganda/all-news/tribute-to-fallen-freedom-fighter-barbara-allimadi|accessdate=2025-02-16|work=Uganda|language=en-US}}</ref> onye uwe ojii dọtara ara ya ma kpochie ya na telivishọn. Ngagharị iwe ahụ gara n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii Kampala Central ma bụrụ nke a maara dị ka "mkpesa obi ike" na Uganda.<ref name=":5" /><ref name=":3" /> Allimadi kwuru na "O wutere m nke ukwuu na ndị uwe ojii kwesịrị ichebe anyị wakporo nwanyị n'ihu onye ọ bụla. "<ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 2012, e jidere Allimadi mgbe ya na ndị otu Concerned Citizens mere ngagharị iwe na ụlọ omebe iwu ma weghara t-shirts ya nwere okwu mgbochi nrụrụ aka.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Watch|first=Human Rights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gLNxnZOqdDcC&dq=Barbara+Allimadi&pg=PA180|title=World Report 2013: Events of 2012|date=2013-02-19|publisher=Seven Stories Press|isbn=978-1-60980-483-1|pages=180|language=en}}</ref> Allimadi bụ onye na-eme ihe maka otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị FDC, <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-19|title=Political activist Barbara Allimadi reported dead|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/political-activist-barbara-allimadi-reported-dead-1887212|accessdate=2025-02-16|work=Monitor|language=en|archivedate=29 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529204101/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/political-activist-barbara-allimadi-reported-dead-1887212}}</ref> ma na 2019 sonyeere Alliance for National Transformation (ANT) e guzobere ọhụrụ wee ghọọ odeakwụkwọ ha na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara mba ụwa, na-ahazi ndị Uganda na diaspora. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-19|title=Allimadi hailed as justice defender|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/allimadi-hailed-as-justice-defender-1888060|accessdate=2025-02-16|work=Monitor|language=en|archivedate=29 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529204102/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/allimadi-hailed-as-justice-defender-1888060}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> O nwetara nzere masta na Mahadum Makerere ma na-eme atụmatụ ịga mba ofesi maka ọrụ ANT ya obere oge tupu ọnwụ ya n'afọ 2020.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|date=2020-05-03|title=At Barbara Allimadi’s Funeral, Party Leader Muntu Urges Ugandans to fight Political Coronavirus|url=https://blackstarnews.com/at-barbara-allimadis-funeral-party-leader-muntu/|accessdate=2025-07-21|work=Black Star News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọnwụ na ihe nketa == Ahụrụ Allimadi nwụrụ anwụ n'ụlọ ya na Kiwaatule, Kampala n'ụbọchị ịrị abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2020. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2020-07-19|title=Police probe political activist Barbara Allimadi's death|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/police-probe-political-activist-barbara-allimadi-s-death-1887238|accessdate=2025-02-16|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-07-19|title=Neighbours' account of Allimadi's last moments|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/neighbours-account-of-allimadi-s-last-moments-1887410|accessdate=2025-02-16|work=Monitor|language=en|archivedate=29 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529204059/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/neighbours-account-of-allimadi-s-last-moments-1887410}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Habib|first=Ashraf|date=2020-04-28|title=GONE TOO SOON: Family of fallen Barbara Allimadi hail her as activist, a champion of justice and democracy in Uganda|url=https://www.galaxyfm.co.ug/2020/04/28/gone-too-soon-family-of-fallen-barbara-allimadi-hail-her-as-activist-a-champion-of-justice-and-democracy-in-uganda/|accessdate=2025-07-21|work=Galaxy FM 100.2|language=en-US}}</ref> Ndị uwe ojii malitere nyocha banyere ọnwụ ya. <ref name=":4" /> <ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kirabo|first=Jonah|title=Police starts investigation into sudden death of opposition activist, Barbara Allimadi|url=https://nilepost.co.ug/news/73531/police-starts-investigation-into-sudden-death-of-opposition-activist-barbara-allimadi|accessdate=2025-07-21|work=Nilepost News|language=en}}</ref> Mugisha Muntu, onye nhazi mba nke ANT, kwuru okwu na olili ozu ya. <ref name=":6" /> E hiwere Barbara Allimadi Foundation n'afọ 2021 iji nye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere agụmakwụkwọ mahadum na mahadum, ọkachasị ụmụ agbọghọ.<ref name=":1" /> == Edemsibịa == {{Reflist}} rn6sij4ondrrm4c6v8pjzf2e2wuvkv9 0 71677 672593 656336 2026-07-05T05:14:53Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox hospital||Name=University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital|Org/Group=|Image=|Caption=University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital|Logo=<!-- optional -->|Location=East West Road|Region=[[Port Harcourt]]|State=[[Rivers State]]|Country=Nigeria|Coordinates={{coord|4|53|58|N|6|55|43|E|type:landmark|display=title,inline|name=University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital (UPTH)}}|HealthCare=|Funding=Public|Type=Research, Teaching, Tertiary|Speciality=<!-- optional -->|Emergency=Yes|Affiliation=[[University of Port Harcourt]]|Beds=782|Founded=1980|Closed=<!-- optional -->|Website=www.upthng.com|Wiki-Links=[[Hospitals in Port Harcourt]]}} == ndabere == E hiwere ụlọ ọgwụ nkuzi Mahadum [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port Harcourt]] na April 1980 ma [[Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria|gọọmentị etiti]] nyere ya ikike na 1985, ọ bụ nnukwu ụlọ nkuzi na nyocha nke ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na steeti Rivers. <ref name="medicalworldnigeria.com">{{Cite web|title=Medical World Nigeria - Medical News, Jobs, Conferences, Store, Directory|url=https://medicalworldnigeria.com/company-posts/171?page=1|accessdate=2022-04-26|work=medicalworldnigeria.com|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ n'ihi ọchịchọ nke Gọọmenti Etiti iji nye ọrụ ahụike magburu onwe ya, ọzụzụ ndị ọrụ, na nyocha na [[Geopolitical zones of Nigeria|mpaghara geopolitical]] niile nke mba ahụ. E nwetara ikike nke Ụlọ Ọgwụ ahụ site na Iwu 10 nke 1985, Ụlọ Ọgwụ Nkuzi nke University (reconstitution of Board etc.) Iwu. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-09-25|title=About|url=https://upthng.com/about/|accessdate=2022-04-25|work=UPTH|language=en|archivedate=2022-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220626140441/https://upthng.com/about/}}</ref> Onye isi ngalaba ahụike ugbu a bụ Ọkammụta Henry Arinze Anthony Ugboma. <ref name="upthng2">{{Cite web|title=Office of CMD UPTH|url=https://upthng.com/2019/06/27/celebrating-the-first-anniversary-in-office-of-cmd-upth/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150504041327/https://upthng.com/2019/06/27/celebrating-the-first-anniversary-in-office-of-cmd-upth|archivedate=4 May 2015|accessdate=27 June 2019|publisher=Upthng.org}}</ref> == Òtù Njikwa == * H.E Mahktar Ahned Anka (Onye isi oche) * Dr. Noah Andrew * Olori Oladunni Sijuwade * Adm. Ogbor Sylvanus Fueseme * Hon. Maina Mahammed Tar<ref>{{Cite web|title=BOARD OF MANAGEMENT – UPTH – University of Port Harcourt Teaching Hospital|url=https://upthng.com/board-of-management/|accessdate=2025-10-08|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-02-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215230938/https://upthng.com/board-of-management/}}</ref> == Ngalaba ==   * Ndepụta ụlọ ọgwụ dị na Port Harcourt * Ndepụta ụlọ ọgwụ mahadum == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 34ls7o51tjo7jaxr5j8yabbxfg45rs7 0 71747 672384 537864 2026-07-04T15:59:37Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672384 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Beatriz Caso Lombardo''' (May 25, 1929 - March 30, 2006) <ref name="mujeres">{{Cite book|title=Mujeres del Salón de la Plástica Mexicana|publisher=CONACULTA/INBA|location=Mexico City|date=2014|isbn=978-607-605-255-6|pages=54–55}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''Mujeres del Salón de la Plástica Mexicana''. Vol.&nbsp;1. Mexico City: CONACULTA/INBA. 2014. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">54–</span>55. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-607-605-255-6|<bdi>978-607-605-255-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref> bụ onye na-ese ihe na Mexico, onye a matara ọrụ ya na ndị otu na Salón de la Plástica Mexicana . A mụrụ Caso na Mexico City n'aka ndị ọkà mmụta ihe ochie Alfonso Caso na María Lombardo, bụ ndị chọpụtara ili nke 7 nke Monte Albán na 1932. Ọrụ nne na nna ya kpughere ya na nka pre-Columbian, ọkachasị nke ndị Zapotec.<ref name="mujeres" /> Ọ gara National Autonomous University of Mexico ma mesịa gaa Academy of Fine Arts na Paris, na-arụ ọrụ na ceramics. Ọ lụrụ onye na-ede egwuregwu Carlos Solórzano ma mgbe ya na ya na-eme njem, ihe ọkpụkpụ Europe nke oge a nwere mmetụta.<ref name="mujeres">{{Cite book|title=Mujeres del Salón de la Plástica Mexicana|publisher=CONACULTA/INBA|location=Mexico City|date=2014|isbn=978-607-605-255-6|pages=54–55}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''Mujeres del Salón de la Plástica Mexicana''. Vol.&nbsp;1. Mexico City: CONACULTA/INBA. 2014. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">54–</span>55. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-607-605-255-6|<bdi>978-607-605-255-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref> O mepụtara ihe osise dị egwu dị ka onyonyo nke Alfonso Caso, María Lombardo, Rosario Castellanos, Benito Juárez na Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz na Mexico yana maka saịtị ndị nnọchi anya Mexico na mpụga obodo ahụ. A na-eji nkume dị oké ọnụ ahịa ma ọ bụ nke dị ọnụ ala kụchie isi ihe oyiyi ya niile n'anya dịka o kwenyere na anya bụ maka ịbụ, ọ bụghị nanị ịhụ.<ref name="mujeres">{{Cite book|title=Mujeres del Salón de la Plástica Mexicana|publisher=CONACULTA/INBA|location=Mexico City|date=2014|isbn=978-607-605-255-6|pages=54–55}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''Mujeres del Salón de la Plástica Mexicana''. Vol.&nbsp;1. Mexico City: CONACULTA/INBA. 2014. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">54–</span>55. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-607-605-255-6|<bdi>978-607-605-255-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref> O nwere ihe ngosi abụọ n'otu n'otu na Salón de la Plástica Mexicana na 1969 na 1975, nke ọ bụ onye otu ya ma sonye na ihe ngosi dị iche iche na Palacio de Bellas Artes, Museo de Arte Moderno na gallery Merkus na Misrachi.<ref name="mujeres">{{Cite book|title=Mujeres del Salón de la Plástica Mexicana|publisher=CONACULTA/INBA|location=Mexico City|date=2014|isbn=978-607-605-255-6|pages=54–55}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="">''Mujeres del Salón de la Plástica Mexicana''. Vol.&nbsp;1. Mexico City: CONACULTA/INBA. 2014. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">54–</span>55. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-607-605-255-6|<bdi>978-607-605-255-6</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} hbm36ywpapm9cycffsfy9htpywq1p3k 2 72386 672341 577966 2026-07-04T14:25:08Z ONYEJEKWE JOY 63995 /* Ọrụ */ 672341 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox musical artist | name = SoFaygo | image = SoFaygo (cropped).jpg | alt = Picture of SoFayGo | caption = SoFaygo performing in 2022 | birth_name = Andre Dontrel Burt Jr.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=High |first1=Kemet |title=SoFaygo Knocks on the Door of Success with a Hit Song and Cactus Jack Deal |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview/ |magazine=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]] |access-date=November 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027161827/https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview/ |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |date=October 27, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> | alias = {{hlist|Faygo|BabyJack|Lil Go|Go|Trvllinese|Chief Runna|GoStar General|Neezy|Lil Faygo|Fay}} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|10|03}} | birth_place = [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], U.S.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soundcloud announces free concert headlining Sofaygo, Metro Marrs, & More!|url=https://thesource.com/2021/07/15/soundcloud-announces-free-atlanta-concert-with-sofaygo-qcs-metro-marrs-and-more/|access-date=July 15, 2021|website=The Source|date=July 15, 2021}}</ref> | origin = [[Atlanta]], Georgia, U.S. | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Hip-hop]] * [[Trap music|trap]] * [[rage (music genre)|rage]] * [[pop rap]] * [[plugg]] }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Rapper * singer * songwriter }} | years_active = 2015–present | label = {{hlist|[[Cactus Jack Records|Cactus Jack]]}} | website = {{URL|imsofaygo.com/}} | module = {{Infobox | child = yes | label1 = Management | data1 = [[SinceThe80s]]}} }} '''Andre Dontrel Burt Jr.''' (amụrụ n'October 3, 2001), nke a maara dị ka '''SoFaygo''' (nke a na-akpọbu '''$ofaygo'''), bụ onye America na-eti egwu, na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu. Otu egwu ya nke afọ 2019, "Knock Knock", gbasara na TikTok na ngwụcha afọ 2020 tupu ọ nata asambodo platinum site na Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ pụtara na egwu Trippie Redd bụ "MP5", nke gosipụtara ntinye mbụ ya na <nowiki><i id="mwJQ">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Ọ bịanyere aka na onye rapper ibe ya Travis Scott's Cactus Jack Records iji wepụta abọm studio mbụ ya, ''Pink Heartz'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === 2015-2019: Mmalite === Burt dekọrọ abụ mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu n'okpuru ala nke enyi ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Is SoFaygo Next Up? He's Ready to Live Up to the Hype|url=https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504163801/https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archivedate=May 4, 2021|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=Complex|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Ọ malitere ịchụso egwu n'ụzọ siri ike n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, mgbe ọ na-aga Etowah High School. Burt gara site na aha egwu Trvllinese tupu ọ wepụta EP We Are Aliens na 2018. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Lyrical Lemonade|url=https://lyricallemonade.com/p/Faygo-the-boy-who-believed|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=lyricallemonade.com}}</ref> Burt wepụtara mixtape mbụ ya War na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị ''Agha'' mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ malitere ịnakọta ndị na-akwado ya. Ịbụ onye a ma ama mere ka Taz Taylor, onye guzobere akara ndekọ Internet Money, chọpụta ya, onye nyere ya aka na akara ahụ.<ref name="Audiomack">{{Cite web|title=How SoFaygo Rose Up From the Internet's Underground|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2021-05-25-sofaygo-interview-audiomack|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=DJBooth|date=May 25, 2021|language=en}}</ref> Burt gara Los Angeles iji tụlee onyinye a, mana ọ jụrụ.<ref name="Audiomack" />Burt emeela enyi onye na-eti egwu Lil Tecca, ha abụọ malitekwara ide egwu ọnụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Is SoFaygo Next Up? He's Ready to Live Up to the Hype|url=https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504163801/https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archivedate=May 4, 2021|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=Complex|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210504163801/https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021 "Is SoFaygo Next Up? He's Ready to Live Up to the Hype"]. </cite></ref> === 2020-2022: "Knock Knock" na ''Pink Heartz'' === Na Febụwarị 2021, Burt bịanyere aka na akara Travis Scott bụ Cactus Jack Records, nke gụnyere ndị rapper ndị ọzọ a ma ama dị ka Sheck Wes na Don Toliver. <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Audiomack">{{Cite web|title=How SoFaygo Rose Up From the Internet's Underground|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2021-05-25-sofaygo-interview-audiomack|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=DJBooth|date=May 25, 2021|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://djbooth.net/features/2021-05-25-sofaygo-interview-audiomack "How SoFaygo Rose Up From the Internet's Underground"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Na June 2021, Burt pụtara na usoro weebụ nke Genius Open Mic iji mee egwu ya "Knock Knock".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=10 Rappers You Should Know Right Now: February 2021|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2021-02-26-ten-rappers-you-should-know-on-audiomack|accessdate=April 21, 2021|work=DJBooth|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2021, SoFaygo pụtara na album Trippie Redd, Trip at Knight, na egwu "MP5". Na Septemba 1, 2021, ọ wepụtara egwu "Let's Lose Our Minds", ebe ọ bụ onye isi egwu maka ''Pink Heartz'' na nke mbụ ya n'okpuru Cactus Jack kemgbe ọ bịanyere aka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, SoFaygo gosipụtara na album nke onye ọrụ ibe ya Don Toliver bụ Life of a Don, na egwu "Smoke".<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Naanị otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị, na Julaị 15, 2022, EP ''Babyjack'' ya a kọrọ na ọ pụtara naanị na SoundCloud, n'okpuru akaụntụ 'prettyboyarchive'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2022, a tọhapụrụ egwu anọ sitere na abọm izizi ya bụ ''Pink Heartz'', ya na ihe Ken Carson. Ọ mara ọkwa ụbọchị ntọhapụ nke November 11 maka abọm ahụ n'otu ụbọchị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> === 2023-dị ugbu a: ''GO+'', ''JackBoys 2'', na ''MANIA'' === Na June 14, 2023, SoFaygo wepụtara EP a na-akpọ ''GO+''; n'afọ sochirinụ, ọ wepụtara egwu "Precision" nke gosipụtara Don Toliver na "Life So Crazy"; na nso njedebe nke 2024, SoFay go wepụtara SoundCloud-naanị EP a na'akpọ Pressure. N'afọ 2024, SoFaygo kwadoro njem "Hvn on Earth" nke Lil Tecca, n'akụkụ Tana na Chow Lee.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=10 Rappers You Should Know Right Now: February 2021|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2021-02-26-ten-rappers-you-should-know-on-audiomack|accessdate=April 21, 2021|work=DJBooth|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://djbooth.net/features/2021-02-26-ten-rappers-you-should-know-on-audiomack "10 Rappers You Should Know Right Now: February 2021"]. </cite></ref> Na Julaị 13, 2025, SoFaygo pụtara ugboro abụọ na ''JackBoys 2'', na-egosi mmekọrịta mbụ ya na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Travis Scott.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Na Halloween, October 31, 2025, SoFaygo kwupụtara na a ga-ewepụta mixtape ya ''Mania'' na November 21, 2025. Na Nọvemba 21, Faygo ga-edebe okwu ya ma wepụta mixtape ahụ na nyiwe niile.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Mixtape ahụ nwere egwu iri na itoolu, ya na atụmatụ sitere na Kaash Paige, na Hardrock.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe osise == Ndị isi SoFaygo gụnyere ndị rapper ndị ọzọ dị ka Drake, Travis Scott, Chief Keef, [[Lil Wayne]], Chris Brown, Playboi Carti na Lil Uzi Verde.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Is SoFaygo Next Up? He's Ready to Live Up to the Hype|url=https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504163801/https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archivedate=May 4, 2021|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=Complex|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210504163801/https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021 "Is SoFaygo Next Up? He's Ready to Live Up to the Hype"]. </cite></ref> == Nkọwapụta == * ''Pink Heartz'' (2022) * ''Mania'' (2025) '''Abọm ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ''' * ''[[JackBoys (rap group)|JackBoys]]_2" id="mw2g" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="JackBoys 2">JackBoys 2'' (dị ka akụkụ nke JackBoys) '''Ngwakọta Egwu''' * ''War'' (2019) * Angelic 7 (2020) * ''After Me'' (2020) * ''BabyJack'' (2022) '''EPs''' * ''Goonland'' (2018) * We Are Aliens (2018) * ''Delineation'' (2019) * ''Hostility'' (2019) * ''The Reveal Vol. 1'' (2020) * ''4U'' (2020) * ''Web'' (2020) * ''B4Pink'' (2022) * Go+ (2023) * ''Pressure'' (2024) {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndị a jikọtara ọnụ (gụnyere ndị a na-edepụta aha) ! scope="col" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Album / Ihe edeturu ! scope="col" |US |- ! scope="row" |"Lazer Tag" (Kashdami na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2020 |Egwu nọrọ onwe ya |- ! scope="row" |"Adding" (Yung Fazo na-sonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |Egwu nọrọ onwe ya |- ! scope="row" |"Solid" (Lil Yachty na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''Birthday Mix 6'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Smoke" (Don Toliver na-esonyere HVN na SoFaygo) |2021 |''Life of a Don'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"buku" (wolfacejoeyy na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''22Joeyy'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Die For Me" (NoCap na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''Before I Dissappear Again'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Run It Up" (TyFontaine na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''Ascencion (Deluxe) - Virtual World 2'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"MP5" (ya na Trippie Redd) |2021 |''Trip At Knight'' |86<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Double Faces" (Money Musik na-egosi Nav na SoFaygo) |2025 |''Money Militia'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Contest" (Travis Scott na SoFaygo) |2025 |''JackBoys 2'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Sattelite" (Chase B na-esonyere SoFaygo na Don Toliver) |2025 |Egwu nọrọ onwe ya |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} <nowiki> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</nowiki> jht6auvd1gcv3kcjcfizlvb70mhbuci 672344 672341 2026-07-04T14:27:35Z ONYEJEKWE JOY 63995 /* Ọrụ */ 672344 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox musical artist | name = SoFaygo | image = SoFaygo (cropped).jpg | alt = Picture of SoFayGo | caption = SoFaygo performing in 2022 | birth_name = Andre Dontrel Burt Jr.<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=High |first1=Kemet |title=SoFaygo Knocks on the Door of Success with a Hit Song and Cactus Jack Deal |url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview/ |magazine=[[XXL (magazine)|XXL]] |access-date=November 15, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027161827/https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview/ |archive-date=October 27, 2021 |date=October 27, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> | alias = {{hlist|Faygo|BabyJack|Lil Go|Go|Trvllinese|Chief Runna|GoStar General|Neezy|Lil Faygo|Fay}} | birth_date = {{birth date and age|2001|10|03}} | birth_place = [[Grand Rapids, Michigan]], U.S.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Soundcloud announces free concert headlining Sofaygo, Metro Marrs, & More!|url=https://thesource.com/2021/07/15/soundcloud-announces-free-atlanta-concert-with-sofaygo-qcs-metro-marrs-and-more/|access-date=July 15, 2021|website=The Source|date=July 15, 2021}}</ref> | origin = [[Atlanta]], Georgia, U.S. | genre = {{flatlist| * [[Hip-hop]] * [[Trap music|trap]] * [[rage (music genre)|rage]] * [[pop rap]] * [[plugg]] }} | occupation = {{flatlist| * Rapper * singer * songwriter }} | years_active = 2015–present | label = {{hlist|[[Cactus Jack Records|Cactus Jack]]}} | website = {{URL|imsofaygo.com/}} | module = {{Infobox | child = yes | label1 = Management | data1 = [[SinceThe80s]]}} }} '''Andre Dontrel Burt Jr.''' (amụrụ n'October 3, 2001), nke a maara dị ka '''SoFaygo''' (nke a na-akpọbu '''$ofaygo'''), bụ onye America na-eti egwu, na-agụ egwu na onye na-ede egwu. Otu egwu ya nke afọ 2019, "Knock Knock", gbasara na TikTok na ngwụcha afọ 2020 tupu ọ nata asambodo platinum site na Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ pụtara na egwu Trippie Redd bụ "MP5", nke gosipụtara ntinye mbụ ya na <nowiki><i id="mwJQ">Billboard</i></nowiki> Hot 100. Ọ bịanyere aka na onye rapper ibe ya Travis Scott's Cactus Jack Records iji wepụta abọm studio mbụ ya, ''Pink Heartz'' (2022). <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === 2015-2019: Mmalite === Burt dekọrọ abụ mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ itoolu n'okpuru ala nke enyi ya.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Is SoFaygo Next Up? He's Ready to Live Up to the Hype|url=https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504163801/https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archivedate=May 4, 2021|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=Complex|language=en}}</ref>Ọ malitere ịchụso egwu n'ụzọ siri ike n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na ụma, mgbe ọ na-aga Etowah High School. Burt gara site na aha egwu Trvllinese tupu ọ wepụta EP We Are Aliens na 2018. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Lyrical Lemonade|url=https://lyricallemonade.com/p/Faygo-the-boy-who-believed|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=lyricallemonade.com}}</ref> Burt wepụtara mixtape mbụ ya War na 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'oge na-adịghị ''Agha'' mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ malitere ịnakọta ndị na-akwado ya. Ịbụ onye a ma ama mere ka Taz Taylor, onye guzobere akara ndekọ Internet Money, chọpụta ya, onye nyere ya aka na akara ahụ.<ref name="Audiomack">{{Cite web|title=How SoFaygo Rose Up From the Internet's Underground|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2021-05-25-sofaygo-interview-audiomack|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=DJBooth|date=May 25, 2021|language=en}}</ref> Burt gara Los Angeles iji tụlee onyinye a, mana ọ jụrụ.<ref name="Audiomack" />Burt emeela enyi onye na-eti egwu Lil Tecca, ha abụọ malitekwara ide egwu ọnụ.<ref name=":0" /> === 2020-2022: "Knock Knock" na ''Pink Heartz'' === Na Febụwarị 2021, Burt bịanyere aka na akara Travis Scott bụ Cactus Jack Records, nke gụnyere ndị rapper ndị ọzọ a ma ama dị ka Sheck Wes na Don Toliver. <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> <ref name="Audiomack">{{Cite web|title=How SoFaygo Rose Up From the Internet's Underground|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2021-05-25-sofaygo-interview-audiomack|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=DJBooth|date=May 25, 2021|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://djbooth.net/features/2021-05-25-sofaygo-interview-audiomack "How SoFaygo Rose Up From the Internet's Underground"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Na June 2021, Burt pụtara na usoro weebụ nke Genius Open Mic iji mee egwu ya "Knock Knock".<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=10 Rappers You Should Know Right Now: February 2021|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2021-02-26-ten-rappers-you-should-know-on-audiomack|accessdate=April 21, 2021|work=DJBooth|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2021, SoFaygo pụtara na album Trippie Redd, Trip at Knight, na egwu "MP5". Na Septemba 1, 2021, ọ wepụtara egwu "Let's Lose Our Minds", ebe ọ bụ onye isi egwu maka ''Pink Heartz'' na nke mbụ ya n'okpuru Cactus Jack kemgbe ọ bịanyere aka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị asatọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba, SoFaygo gosipụtara na album nke onye ọrụ ibe ya Don Toliver bụ Life of a Don, na egwu "Smoke".<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Naanị otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị, na Julaị 15, 2022, EP ''Babyjack'' ya a kọrọ na ọ pụtara naanị na SoundCloud, n'okpuru akaụntụ 'prettyboyarchive'.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2022, a tọhapụrụ egwu anọ sitere na abọm izizi ya bụ ''Pink Heartz'', ya na ihe Ken Carson. Ọ mara ọkwa ụbọchị ntọhapụ nke November 11 maka abọm ahụ n'otu ụbọchị ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> === 2023-dị ugbu a: ''GO+'', ''JackBoys 2'', na ''MANIA'' === Na June 14, 2023, SoFaygo wepụtara EP a na-akpọ ''GO+''; n'afọ sochirinụ, ọ wepụtara egwu "Precision" nke gosipụtara Don Toliver na "Life So Crazy"; na nso njedebe nke 2024, SoFay go wepụtara SoundCloud-naanị EP a na'akpọ Pressure. N'afọ 2024, SoFaygo kwadoro njem "Hvn on Earth" nke Lil Tecca, n'akụkụ Tana na Chow Lee.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|title=10 Rappers You Should Know Right Now: February 2021|url=https://djbooth.net/features/2021-02-26-ten-rappers-you-should-know-on-audiomack|accessdate=April 21, 2021|work=DJBooth|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://djbooth.net/features/2021-02-26-ten-rappers-you-should-know-on-audiomack "10 Rappers You Should Know Right Now: February 2021"]. </cite></ref> Na Julaị 13, 2025, SoFaygo pụtara ugboro abụọ na ''JackBoys 2'', na-egosi mmekọrịta mbụ ya na onye isi ụlọ ọrụ Travis Scott.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Na Halloween, October 31, 2025, SoFaygo kwupụtara na a ga-ewepụta mixtape ya ''Mania'' na November 21, 2025. Na Nọvemba 21, Faygo ga-edebe okwu ya ma wepụta mixtape ahụ na nyiwe niile.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> Mixtape ahụ nwere egwu iri na itoolu, ya na atụmatụ sitere na Kaash Paige, na Hardrock.<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> == Ihe osise == Ndị isi SoFaygo gụnyere ndị rapper ndị ọzọ dị ka Drake, Travis Scott, Chief Keef, [[Lil Wayne]], Chris Brown, Playboi Carti na Lil Uzi Verde.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Is SoFaygo Next Up? He's Ready to Live Up to the Hype|url=https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210504163801/https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021|archivedate=May 4, 2021|accessdate=July 26, 2021|work=Complex|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20210504163801/https://www.complex.com/music/sofaygo-interview-may-2021 "Is SoFaygo Next Up? He's Ready to Live Up to the Hype"]. </cite></ref> == Nkọwapụta == * ''Pink Heartz'' (2022) * ''Mania'' (2025) '''Abọm ndị na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ''' * ''[[JackBoys (rap group)|JackBoys]]_2" id="mw2g" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="JackBoys 2">JackBoys 2'' (dị ka akụkụ nke JackBoys) '''Ngwakọta Egwu''' * ''War'' (2019) * Angelic 7 (2020) * ''After Me'' (2020) * ''BabyJack'' (2022) '''EPs''' * ''Goonland'' (2018) * We Are Aliens (2018) * ''Delineation'' (2019) * ''Hostility'' (2019) * ''The Reveal Vol. 1'' (2020) * ''4U'' (2020) * ''Web'' (2020) * ''B4Pink'' (2022) * Go+ (2023) * ''Pressure'' (2024) {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" |+Ndị a jikọtara ọnụ (gụnyere ndị a na-edepụta aha) ! scope="col" |Aha ya ! scope="col" |Afọ ! scope="col" |Album / Ihe edeturu ! scope="col" |US |- ! scope="row" |"Lazer Tag" (Kashdami na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2020 |Egwu nọrọ onwe ya |- ! scope="row" |"Adding" (Yung Fazo na-sonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |Egwu nọrọ onwe ya |- ! scope="row" |"Solid" (Lil Yachty na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''Birthday Mix 6'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Smoke" (Don Toliver na-esonyere HVN na SoFaygo) |2021 |''Life of a Don'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"buku" (wolfacejoeyy na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''22Joeyy'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Die For Me" (NoCap na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''Before I Dissappear Again'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Run It Up" (TyFontaine na-esonyere SoFaygo) |2021 |''Ascencion (Deluxe) - Virtual World 2'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"MP5" (ya na Trippie Redd) |2021 |''Trip At Knight'' |86<ref>{{Cite web|date=June 9, 2021|first=Robby|author=Seabrook III|title=The Break Presents: SoFaygo|url=https://www.xxlmag.com/sofaygo-interview-the-break/|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=XXL Mag|language=en}}</ref> |- ! scope="row" |"Double Faces" (Money Musik na-egosi Nav na SoFaygo) |2025 |''Money Militia'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Contest" (Travis Scott na SoFaygo) |2025 |''JackBoys 2'' | - |- ! scope="row" |"Sattelite" (Chase B na-esonyere SoFaygo na Don Toliver) |2025 |Egwu nọrọ onwe ya |} == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} <nowiki> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</nowiki> i3rpxbprc9wd37p6vav2igxg9a0mbic 0 72455 672555 588664 2026-07-04T22:51:44Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672555 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cobi Cockburn''' bụ onye Australia na-ese enyo. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Cobi Cockburn si New South Wales . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=FUSE Glass Prize|url=https://www.jamfactory.com.au/fuse-glass-prize|accessdate=2020-09-16|work=JamFactory|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị Bachlo nke Visual Arts (2000) na Master nke Fine Arts (2016) na Sydney mahadum nke ndị Arts . Ọ bụkwa onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Glass Workshop na Bachelor nke Visual Arts (Hons) (2006) site na Mahadum Mba Australia dị na Canberra . <ref name=":0" /> == Ọrụ == Cockburn na-emepụta ihe osise enyo. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ na nzaghachi maka gburugburu ebe obibi ya na ala, ọkachasị gburugburu Canberra na mpaghara Shoalhaven.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cobi Cockburn|url=https://www.artlink.com.au/articles/3107/cobi-cockburn/|accessdate=2020-09-16|work=Artlink Magazine|language=en}}</ref> == Nkwado na onyinye == * 2006: Ranamok Glass Prize<ref name=":0" /> * 2007: Lino Tagliapietra Prize na Talente 2007 na Germany, asọmpi maka ndị na-emepụta ihe (n'okpuru 35), nke a haziri dị ka akụkụ nke International Trades Fair na Munich <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Cobi Cockburn|url=https://sabbiagallery.com/artists/cobi-cockburn/|accessdate=2020-09-16|work=sabbia gallery|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240229030006/https://sabbiagallery.com/artists/cobi-cockburn/|archivedate=29 Feb 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cobi Cockburn|url=https://www.artlink.com.au/articles/3107/cobi-cockburn/|accessdate=2020-09-16|work=Artlink Magazine|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Open Call|work=etn-net.org|url=https://etn-net.org/berichte/schmuck-and-talente.html|accessdate=8 October 2024}}</ref> * 2007: Emerge, US<ref name=":1" /> * 2009: Tom Malone Prize site na Art Gallery nke Western Australia <ref name=":0" /> * 2011-12: Onye na-ese ihe na Charles Butcher na Tylee Cottage na Whanganui, New Zealand, na 2011-12. <ref>{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Sarjeant Gallery Tylee Residents 1986–2019|url=https://www.sarjeant.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Sarjeant-Gallery-Tylee-Residents-1986-2020.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921101413/https://www.sarjeant.org.nz/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/Sarjeant-Gallery-Tylee-Residents-1986-2020.pdf|archivedate=21 September 2020|accessdate=2020-09-18|work=Sarjeant Gallery}}</ref> * 2015: Ihe nrite Tom Malone<ref name=":0" /> * 2020: FUSE Glass Prize<ref name=":1" /> == Nchịkọta == A na-edebe ọrụ ya na Art Gallery nke Western Australia, Palm Springs Art Museum na Corning Museum of Glass, New York. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qsxq4iztlqpksbicxpqceantml8nici 0 72456 672545 588666 2026-07-04T22:29:17Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672545 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Claire Deleurme''' bụ onye France na-ese enyo. A na-edebe ọrụ ya na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Corning Museum of Glass na New York, United States. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Residencies {{!}} Corning Museum of Glass|url=https://www.cmog.org/bio/claire-deleurme|accessdate=2021-04-27|work=www.cmog.org}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == Deleurme gụsịrị National College Diploma nke Visual Arts site na École Supérieure des Beaux-arts de Cornouaille, France, na European enyo Fellows Diploma na nsọpụrụ site na Centre Européen de Recherches et Formation aux Arts Verriers, Vannes-le-Châtel, France. N'afọ 2016, o nwere ebe obibi na Corning Museum nke enyo na United States. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-01|title=Artists in Residence: Andrew Erdos and Claire Deleurme|url=https://www.lifeinthefingerlakes.com/events/artists-in-residence-andrew-erdos-and-claire-deleurme/|accessdate=2021-04-27|work=Life in the Finger Lakes|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427113557/https://www.lifeinthefingerlakes.com/events/artists-in-residence-andrew-erdos-and-claire-deleurme/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Cerfav {{!}} Centre européen de recherches et de formation aux arts verriers|url=https://www.cerfav.fr/actus/128-r%C3%A9sidence-claire-deleurme-au-corning-museum-of-glass.html|accessdate=2021-04-27|work=www.cerfav.fr|archivedate=2021-04-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427113855/https://www.cerfav.fr/actus/128-r%C3%A9sidence-claire-deleurme-au-corning-museum-of-glass.html}}</ref> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://clairedeleurme.com/en/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ Deleurme] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0l9svlgkno7dzeawuniz6v09mb0jppw 0 72574 672405 595482 2026-07-04T17:14:38Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Bárbara Muelas Hurtado''' (amụrụ na 1945) bụ Misak onye ọkà mmụta, ọkà mmụta asụsụ, onye nsụgharị na onye na-akwado asụsụ Namtrik nke Colombia. Na 2024, ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ amaala a họpụtara na Colombia Academy of Language . Muelas atụgharịala isi agbụrụ nke [[Iwu Colombia nke 1991]] gaa na Namtrik. == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == A mụrụ Muelas n'obodo Misak dị na Silvia, Cauca, Colombia na 1945, dịka ada nke ndị ọrụ ala. Nwanne ya nwoke bụ Lorenzo Muelas, a nwụchiri nwanne ya nwanyị bụ Jacinta maka ichebe ókèala ha. N'agbanyeghị na a naghị ekwe ka ọ gaa akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ Silvia, Muelas nwere ike ịmụ akwụkwọ, n'enweghị ihe isi ike, maka asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Misak na ụmụ amaala mbụ nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Mahadum Valle, ebe ọ mụrụ asụsụ. <ref name="gob">{{Cite web|url=https://www.mincultura.gov.co/noticias/Paginas/la-escritora-afro-mary-grueso-y-la-profesora-indigena-barbara-muelas-primeras-mujeres-de-pueblos-etnicos-en-llegar-a-la-aca.aspx|title=La escritora afro Mary Grueso y la profesora indígena Bárbara Muelas, primeras mujeres de pueblos étnicos en llegar a la Academia Colombiana de la Lengua|work=[[Ministry of Culture (Colombia)|Ministry of Cultures, Arts, and Knowledges]]|date=11 December 2024|accessdate=24 August 2025|archivedate=16 December 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241216024220/https://www.mincultura.gov.co/noticias/Paginas/la-escritora-afro-mary-grueso-y-la-profesora-indigena-barbara-muelas-primeras-mujeres-de-pueblos-etnicos-en-llegar-a-la-aca.aspx}}</ref> <ref name="silla">{{Cite news|url=https://www.lasillavacia.com/red-de-expertos/red-etnica/mama-barbara-muelas-en-la-academia-de-la-lengua-dignifica-saberes-indigenas/|title=Mama Bárbara Muelas en la Academia de la Lengua dignifica saberes indígenas|date=14 August 2025|first=Adriana Maria|author=Velasco Muelas|work=[[La Silla Vacía]]|accessdate=24 August 2025}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFVelasco_Muelas2025">Velasco Muelas, Adriana Maria (14 August 2025). [https://www.lasillavacia.com/red-de-expertos/red-etnica/mama-barbara-muelas-en-la-academia-de-la-lengua-dignifica-saberes-indigenas/ "Mama Bárbara Muelas en la Academia de la Lengua dignifica saberes indígenas"]. ''[[La Silla Vacía]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250814142852/https://www.lasillavacia.com/red-de-expertos/red-etnica/mama-barbara-muelas-en-la-academia-de-la-lengua-dignifica-saberes-indigenas/ Archived] from the original on 14 August 2025<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="pais1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.elpais.com.co/cultura/ella-es-barbara-muelas-la-docente-misak-que-tradujo-la-constitucion-politica-de-1991-para-su-comunidad-1441.html|title=Ella es Bárbara Muelas, la docente misak que tradujo la Constitución Política de 1991 para su comunidad|date=14 February 2025|first=Francisco|author=Calderón|work=[[El País (Cali)]]|accessdate=24 August 2025}}</ref> <ref name="justicia">{{Cite web|url=https://www.dejusticia.org/especiales/30-anos-de-la-constitucion-de-1991/cronicas/memorias-de-la-lucha-indigena-en-la-tierra-guambiana/|title=Memorias de la lucha indígena en la tierra guambiana|first=Daniela|author=Jiménez|work=[[Dejusticia|El Centro de estudios de Derecho, Justicia y Sociedad]]|accessdate=24 August 2025|archivedate=8 December 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221208064027/https://www.dejusticia.org/especiales/30-anos-de-la-constitucion-de-1991/cronicas/memorias-de-la-lucha-indigena-en-la-tierra-guambiana/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFJiménez">Jiménez, Daniela. [https://www.dejusticia.org/especiales/30-anos-de-la-constitucion-de-1991/cronicas/memorias-de-la-lucha-indigena-en-la-tierra-guambiana/ "Memorias de la lucha indígena en la tierra guambiana"]. ''[[Dejusticia|El Centro de estudios de Derecho, Justicia y Sociedad]]''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20221208064027/https://www.dejusticia.org/especiales/30-anos-de-la-constitucion-de-1991/cronicas/memorias-de-la-lucha-indigena-en-la-tierra-guambiana/ Archived] from the original on 8 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2025</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1980, ya na nwanne ya nwoke na nwanne ya nwanyị malitere ịgba mbọ iweghachi ala ndị bụbu nke obodo ha. Dịka onye nkuzi, o mepụtara akwụkwọ mmalite agụmakwụkwọ na usoro na broshuọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ praịmarị ka ha mụta ịgụ na ide asụsụ Namtrik ha, ebe maka ụmụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, akwụkwọ mmalite ndị a lekwasịrị anya na omenala na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Misak. Ọ jere ozi dịka osote gọvanọ nke Cabildo de Guambia, nke bụ gọọmentị mpaghara obodo, onye ya na ya so rụkọọ ọrụ na nkwalite na nchekwa asụsụ ahụ. <ref name="justicia" /> <ref name="silla" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lasillavacia.com/silla-nacional/los-super-poderosos-intelectuales-afros-e-indigenas/|title=Los súper poderosos intelectuales afros e indígenas|date=1 November 2017|first=Laura|author=Soto|work=La Silla Vacía|accessdate=24 August 2025}}</ref> Ozugbo e mechara [[Iwu Colombia nke 1991|Iwu Colombia nke afọ 1991]], Muelas natara oku site n'aka Onyeisiala César Gaviria, nke nyere ya, ya na ndị nnọchiteanya asaa ndị ọzọ nke ndị obodo Colombia, ohere ịtụgharị isiakwụkwọ agbụrụ nke Iwu ahụ gaa na Namtrik. A ga-emecha ọrụ ahụ n'ime ọnwa iri, ihe ịma aka bụ́ isi bụ ịtụgharị echiche teknụzụ gaa n'asụsụ nke obodo ndị obodo ahụ ga-aghọta ngwa ngwa. N'ezie, ya na ndị nkuzi na ndị Cabildo, Muelas ga-emepụta echiche ndị na-adịghị adị na asụsụ Namtrik, dị ka "ịgwupụta ihe" na "steeti". <ref name="pais1" /> <ref name="gob" /> <ref name="cambio">{{Cite news|url=https://cambiocolombia.com/cultura/el-namtrik-y-el-espanol-tiempos-paralelos-territorios-linguisticos-en-dialogo-el-hermoso|title=El namtrik y el español: el hermoso discurso de Bárbara Muelas, la primera mujer indígena en entrar a la Academia Colombiana de la Lengua|date=7 July 2025|work=[[Cambio (magazine)|Cambio]]|first=Juan Francisco|author=Garcia}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFGarcia2025">Garcia, Juan Francisco (7 July 2025). [https://cambiocolombia.com/cultura/el-namtrik-y-el-espanol-tiempos-paralelos-territorios-linguisticos-en-dialogo-el-hermoso "El namtrik y el español: el hermoso discurso de Bárbara Muelas, la primera mujer indígena en entrar a la Academia Colombiana de la Lengua"]. ''[[Cambio (magazine)|Cambio]]''.</cite></ref> Muelas abụrụlakwa onye njikwa akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Namtrik-Spanish, onye dere ukwe ndị Misak ugbu a, nakwa onye dere edemede gbasara mgbakọ na mwepụ, asụsụ, na sayensị nke lekwasịrị anya n'obodo. Ọrụ ya maka asụsụ Namtrik emeela ka obodo ya kpọọ ya Øskøwampik, nke pụtara "onye na-ahụ maka asụsụ na ala ọlaedo." <ref name="cambio" /> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elliberalpopayan.com/especiales/barbara-muelas-la-docente-misak-que-llevo-la-constitucion-de-1991-a-su-lengua-ancestral/|title=Bárbara Muelas, la docente misak que llevó la Constitución de 1991 a su lengua ancestral|date=15 February 2025|work=El Liberal Popayán|accessdate=24 August 2025}}</ref> Na Disemba 10, 2024, a họpụtara Muelas na Kọlọjim nke Asụsụ, wee bụrụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara na Kọlọjim. A ṅụrụ ya iyi na Julaị 27, 2025 site n'okwu a kpọrọ "Namtrik na Spanish: oge ndị yiri ya, ókèala dị na mkparịta ụka". <ref name="gob" /> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.academiacolombianadelalengua.co/noticias/|title=Posesión de la maestra Bárbara Muelas Hurtado como académica correspondiente|work=Colombian Academy of Language|accessdate=24 August 2025|archivedate=26 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250726192053/https://www.academiacolombianadelalengua.co/noticias/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://elpais.com/america-colombia/2025-07-11/mary-grueso-y-barbara-muelas-la-primera-vez-que-una-mujer-afro-y-otra-indigena-llegan-a-la-academia-colombiana-de-la-lengua.html|title=Mary Grueso y Bárbara Muelas: la primera vez que una mujer afro y otra indígena llegan a la Academia Colombiana de la Lengua|work=[[El País]]|date=11 July 2025|first=Daniela|author=Díaz|accessdate=24 August 2025|archivedate=27 July 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250727023116/https://elpais.com/america-colombia/2025-07-11/mary-grueso-y-barbara-muelas-la-primera-vez-que-una-mujer-afro-y-otra-indigena-llegan-a-la-academia-colombiana-de-la-lengua.html}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8vn6obvz4gatpcvtujm7uxdutkns1hl 0 72621 672400 595578 2026-07-04T16:48:52Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672400 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bruce Bagemihl''' bụ onye Canada na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ, ọkà mmụta asụsụ, na onye dere akwụkwọ Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity . <ref name="mcdonald2006">{{Cite news|author=McDonald|first=Maggie|date=January 4, 2006|accessdate=March 10, 2018|work=[[New Scientist]]|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg18925332.200-biological-exuberance-by-bruce-bagemihl.html|title=Biological Exuberance by Bruce Bagemihl}}</ref><ref name="fletcher2007">{{Cite news|author=Fletcher|first=Martin|date=January 3, 2007|work=[[The Times]]|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article1288633.ece|title=Birds do it, bees do it ...}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == Ọ gụsịrị BA ya na Mahadum Wisconsin-Milwaukee na 1981, ma jee ozi na ngalaba nke Mahadum British Columbia, ebe ọ kụziri asụsụ na sayensị cognitive. <ref name="catdir.loc">{{Cite web|title=Publisher-supplied biographical information about contributor(s) for Biological exuberance : animal homosexuality and natural diversity / Bruce Bagemihl ; illustrated by John Megahan|url=http://catdir.loc.gov/catdir/bios/hol054/98028528.html|work=catdir.loc.gov|publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=18 September 2017}}</ref> O nwetara Ph.D. na asụsụ site na UBC na 1988, na edemede akpọrọ Alternate phonologies and morphologies . Biological Exuberance depụtara ọtụtụ ọmụmụ banyere ihe karịrị ụdị nari anọ na iri ise (lee Ndepụta nke ụmụ anụmanụ na-egosipụta omume [[nwoke idina nwoke]]) na-egosi na omume nwoke idine nwoke na nwanyị idina nwoke ma na-atụ aro echiche nke omume mmekọahụ nke ịmụ nwa bụ naanị otu n'ime ọrụ ya.<ref name="Harrold1999">{{Cite news|author=Harrold|first=Max|date=February 16, 1999|title=Creature Comforts|work=[[The Advocate (LGBT magazine)|The Advocate]]|accessdate=March 10, 2018|pages=61–62|publisher=[[Here Publishing]]|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aGMEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61|quote=In his news book, ''Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity'' ... author Bruce Bagemihl portrays an animal kingdom that embraces a whole spectrum of sexual orientations ... [and] a complex mosaic that resembles humanity ... 'It's an expanded vision of what the natural world is all about,' [Bagemihl] says. 'We're not alone in having a range of sexual behaviours. This is something that is all-encompassing.' ... At 751 pages and with photos and documentation of homosexual behaviour in more than 450 species of mammals, birds, repties, and insects, ''Biological Exuberance'' brings the dusty facts to light as Bagemihl deconstructs the all-heterosexual Noah's Ark we've been sold. ... Although he doesn't claim to know the motivations of animals, Bagemihl says he does know procreation is not always the driving force: 'Same-sex couplings occur in the presence of the opposite sex, and in and out of captivity, and in and out of mating season.'}}</ref> Bagemihl na-atụ aro na ịdị n'otu ìgwè na ibelata esemokwu, nke a na-ahụ dịka ọmụmaatụ n'etiti bonobos, bụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa nke omume mmekọ nwoke na nwaanyị.<ref name="Kluger1999">{{Cite news|author=Kluger|first=Jeffrey|authorlink=Jeffrey Kluger|date=April 26, 1999|quote=Although gay himself, Bagemihl says he did not write his landmark book (which he spent nine years researching) simply because of his own sexual identity but rather because 'the implications for humans are enormous.'|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,990813,00.html|title=The Gay Side of Nature|work=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|accessdate=March 10, 2018}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, ọ na-ekwukwa na mmetụta omume mmekọahụ n’etiti ụmụ anụmanụ nke otu okike n’alaeze anụmanụ dum nwere n’ebe mmadụ nọ bụ “nnukwu nke ukwuu.”.<ref name="Harrold1999" /><ref name="Kluger1999" /> Akwụkwọ ya banyere ndina ụdị onwe n'ime ụmụ anụmanụ ka American Psychiatric Association na ndị otu ndị ọzọ depụtara na mkpirikpi ha na United States Supreme Court na Lawrence v. Texas, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.apa.org/about/offices/ogc/amicus/lawrence.pdf|title=Brief for Amici Curiae in Support of Petitioners in the case of ''John Geddes Lawrence and Tyron Garner v. State of Texas''|author=American Psychological Association|date=January 2003|accessdate=March 10, 2018}}</ref> ikpe nke mechara kpochapụ Iwu sodomy gafee United States. <ref name="Love That Dare Not Squeak">{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Dinitia|authorlink=Dinitia Smith|title=Love That Dare Not Squeak Its Name|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=February 7, 2004|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/02/07/arts/love-that-dare-not-squeak-its-name.html|accessdate=April 8, 2023}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ ihe ndabere maka ihe ngosi nka Against Nature?. <ref name="Love That Dare Not Squeak" /> O biputara otutu edemede na akwukwo sayensị banyere okwu ndi metụtara asụsụ, ihe ndi ozo, okike, na mmekọahụ.<ref name="catdir.loc" /> == Mbiputa ndị a họọrọ == * Bruce Bagemihl 1988. Ọdịdị na ụdaolu nke Katajjait (egwuregwu akpịrị nke Inuit). ''Canadian Journal of Linguistics/Magazin asụsụ nke Canada'' 33 (1), 1-58. * Bruce Bagemihl 1999. ''Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality na Natural Diversity.'' Ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ St. Martin. * Bruce Bagemihl 2001. Ụmụ anụmanụ Na-eme Ya. Alternatives Journal 27 (3), 36. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 21lrgqvywacnqa0fct2x5asa8orvu2p 0 72689 672420 595859 2026-07-04T17:47:36Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672420 wikitext text/x-wiki Central Asian [[Arabic language|Arabic]] language" typeof="mw:Transclusion">Arabic ma ọ bụ '''Jugari Arabic''' (Arabic) na-ezo aka n'ụdị Arabic anọ nwere njikọ chiri anya nke na-eche mkpochapụ ihu ugbu a ma na-asụkarị ndị Arab bi n'akụkụ ụfọdụ nke Central Asia. Ụdị ndị a bụ Bactrian (ma ọ bụ Bakhtāri / Baxtāri) Arabic, Bukharan (ma ọ bụrụ Bukhāri / Buxāri) Arabic,<ref name="Ratcliffe2004">{{Cite book|author=Ratcliffe|first=Robert R.|editor=Csató|title=Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion|publisher=Routledge|chapter=Bukhara Arabic: A Metatypized Dialect of Arabic in Central Asia|date=2004-08-02|isbn=978-1-134-39631-3|doi=10.4324/9780203327715|chapterurl=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203327715-12/bukhara-arabic-metatypized-dialect-arabic-central-asia-robert-ratcliffe}}</ref> Qashqa Darya (ma ọ bụghị Kashka-darya) Arabic,<ref name="Jastrow2004">{{Cite book|author=Jastrow|first=Otto|editor=Csató|title=Linguistic Convergence and Areal Diffusion|publisher=Routledge|chapter=Uzbekistan Arabic: A Language Created by Semitic-Iranian-Turkic Linguistic Convergence|date=2004-08-02|isbn=978-1-134-39631-3|doi=10.4324/9780203327715|chapterurl=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9780203327715-11/uzbekistan-arabic-language-created-semitic-iranian-turkic-linguistic-convergence-otto-jastrow}}</ref> na Khorasani (ma ọ dị Xorasāni) Arabic. Ụdị Arabic nke Central Asia dị iche na ụdị asụsụ Arabic ndị ọzọ niile, ọkachasị n'otú e si ede ha na obere akụkụ, nke asụsụ ndị Western Iran na Turkic gbara gburugburu emetụtala nke ukwuu.<ref name="Ratcliffe2004" /><ref name="Jastrow2004" /> Agbanyeghị, ha na-agbanwe agbanwe n'okwu na usoro ụda ha..<ref name="Ratcliffe2004" /> . <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Tinyere Maltese na Cypriot Arabic, ụdị Arabic dị iche iche nke Central Asia bụ ihe pụrụ iche n'etiti obodo ndị naasụ Arabic n'ihi na a naghị ejikọta ya na diglossia na Modern Standard Arabic, ma e wezụga n'ọnọdụ okpukpe; kama, Uzbek ma ọ bụ Persian (gụnyere Dari na Tajik) na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nnukwu nkuzi na asụsụ edemede maka obodo ndị a.<ref name="Jastrow2004" /><ref name="International-Encyclopedia-Linguistics-Arabic">{{Cite book|title=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set|author=Frawley|first=William|date=2003|chapter=Semitic Languages|isbn=978-0195139778|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=Tajiki-Uzbeki+arabic&pg=RA3-PA39|publisher=Oxford University Press}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFrawley2003">Frawley, William (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sl_dDVctycgC&q=Tajiki-Uzbeki+arabic&pg=RA3-PA39 "Semitic Languages"]. ''International Encyclopedia of Linguistics: 4-Volume Set''. Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;39. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0195139778|<bdi>978-0195139778</bdi>]].</cite></ref> N'ụzọ bụ isi, a na-akọ na ndị niile na-asụ ya na-asụsụ abụọ, na-enweghị asụsụ Jugari Arabic fọdụrụ. Ọtụtụ, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ndị Arab na-akpọ onwe ha n'ime obodo ndị a anaghị asụ asụsụ ahụ n'ọkwa ala nna ha, ma na-akọ asụsụ ndị ọzọ dị ka asụsụ nne ha.<ref name="International-Encyclopedia-Linguistics-Arabic" /> A na-asụ ụdị ndị a site na mmadụ 6,000 na [[Afghanistan]], Iran, Tajikistan, na Uzbekistan, mana na-ebelata n'ọnụ ọgụgụ; na mba anọ ndị a niile, Arabic abụghị asụsụ gọọmentị.<ref name="International-Encyclopedia-Linguistics-Arabic" /> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A na-asụ ya n'etiti ọtụtụ Ndị Arab bi na Central Asia na ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị bụ ndị kwagara ebe ahụ mgbe ọdịda nke Alaeze Ukwu Sasanian. Ha biri n'ebe ndị dị na Samarkand, Bukhara, Qashqadarya, Surkhandarya (Uzbekistan ugbu a), na Khatlon (Tajikistan ugbu a). Ìgwè ndị Arab mbụ kwagara n'ógbè a na narị afọ nke asatọ n'oge Mmeri ndị Alakụba ma mesịa bụrụ ndị otu ndị Arab si Balkh na Andkhoy ([[Afghanistan]] nke oge a) sonyeere. Dị ka Ibn Al-Athir si kwuo, ndị mmeri Arab biri ihe dị ka ezinụlọ ndị Arab 50,000 na Khorasan nke Iran, Northern Afghanistan na ndịda Turkmenistan nke oge a, mana ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ bụ nke a na-emebiga ókè. Arabic ghọrọ asụsụ sayensị na azụmahịa nke oge ahụ. Ọtụtụ ndị Arab nke Central Asia bi n'obodo ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ ma ha anaghị akwado alụmdi na nwunye na ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ. Ihe a nyeere asụsụ ha aka ịdịgide n'ọtụtụ asụsụ ruo na narị afọ nke 20. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1880, ọtụtụ ndị Arab na-azụ anụ kwagara n'ebe ugwu Afghanistan site n'ihe bụ Uzbekistan na Tajikistan ugbu a mgbe R[[Mpaghara Russia|Russian]] Central Asia. Ndị Arab a anaghị asụ Arabic n'oge a, ebe ha gbanwere DDari Uzbek.[2] Site na nguzobe nke ọchịchị Soviet na Uzbek na Tajik, obodo ndị Arab chere nnukwu mgbanwe asụsụ na njirimara ihu n'ihi na ha hapụrụ ndụ ndị na-akwagharị akwagharị ma jiri nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agwakọta na Uzbeks, Tajiks Ndị Turkmen. Dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ 1959 si kwuo, naanị 34% nke ndị Arab Soviet, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị agadi, na-asụ asụsụ ha n'ọkwa ala. Ndị ọzọ kọrọ Uzbek ma ọ bụ Tajik dị ka asụsụ nne ha. == Ụdị dị iche iche == Giorgi Tsereteli na [[:ru:Винников, Исаак Натанович|Isaak Natanovich Vinnikov]] bụ ndị na-ahụ maka ọmụmụ agụmakwụkwọ mbụ nke Central Asian Arabic, nke asụsụ mpaghara na-emetụta nke ukwuu na phonetics, okwu na syntax. Jugari Arabic nwere ụdị anọ: Bactrian Arabic (nke a na-akpọkwa Bakhtari Arabic), Bukhara Arabic (nke A na-akpọkwara Buxara Arabic), Kashkadarya Arabic na Khorasani Arabic. Ndị mbụ atọ nwere ndị na-ekwu okwu ha gbasara n'ofe Afghanistan, Tajikistan na Uzbekistan. Ndị ọkà mmụta bịara were Khorasani dị ka akụkụ nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Arabic nke Central Asia n'oge na-adịbeghị anya. A kọrọ na a na-asụ ya n'obodo ise dị na Surkhandarya, Qashqadarya na Bukhara. Na Uzbekistan, e nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala olumba abụọ nke asụsụ Arabik nke Etiti Eshia: Bukharian (nke Tajik metụtara) na Qashqadaryavi (nke asụsụ Turkic metụtara). Asụsụ ndị a enweghị nghọta.. Na Tajikistan, pasentị iri atọ na ise na iri asaa nke ndị Arab bi na mba ahụ na-asụ asụsụ Arabik nke etiti Eshia, ebe Tajik nọchiri ya n'ọtụtụ ụzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|language=ru|url=http://www.minority.tj/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=23&Itemid=39|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930071334/http://www.minority.tj/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=23&Itemid=39|archivedate=2007-09-30}}</ref> A na-asụ asụsụ Arabic Bactrian n'obodo ndị Arab dị n'ebe ugwu Afghanistan.<ref name="Ecology-Arabic-Study">{{Cite book|title=The Ecology of Arabic: A Study of Arabicization|date=2005|chapter=Foreigner Talk in Arabic|isbn=978-9004186064|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=PH3pEw8iq_4C&q=arabic+bactrian+dialect&pg=PA243|publisher=Brill|editor=Sharqāwī}}</ref><ref name="Arabic-Minority-Language-Owens">{{Cite book|title=Arabic as a Minority Language (Contributions to the Sociology of Language)|author=Owens|first=Jonathan|date=2000|isbn=978-3110165784|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dVUiAAAAQBAJ&q=arabic+afghan&pg=PA181|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton|editor=Owens}}</ref> . == Ọnụ ọgụgụ ==   * ''Wahid'' > fad (otu) <ref>{{Cite web|title=How to Count in Arabic {{!}} dummies|url=https://www.dummies.com/article/academics-the-arts/language-language-arts/learning-languages/arabic/how-to-count-in-arabic-195673|accessdate=2025-12-16|work=www.dummies.com|language=en}}</ref> * ''Ithnaân'' > ''isnen'' (abụọ) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Numbers in Arabic, a Quick Guide|url=https://www.3arabian.com/arabic-blog/quick-guide-to-arabic-numbers|accessdate=2025-12-16|work=3arabian|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''thalatha'' > ''Salaas'' (atọ) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-04-23|title=numbers 1 to 20 in arabic Pronunciation & writing - Storylingo|url=https://en.storylingoo.com/numbers-1-to-20-in-arabic/|accessdate=2025-12-16|language=en-US}}</ref> * ''arba'a'' > ''orba"'' (anọ) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Numbers in Arabic, a Quick Guide|url=https://www.3arabian.com/arabic-blog/quick-guide-to-arabic-numbers|accessdate=2025-12-16|work=3arabian|language=en-US}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Arab na Afghanistan * Khoja * [[:ru:Среднеазиатские арабы|ru:Ndị Arab nke etiti Asia]] - ndị Arab nke etiti Eshia == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Versteegh|first=Kees|title=The Arabic Language|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|year=2014|isbn=9780748645282}} * {{Cite book|editor=Владимирцов|author=Юшманов Н. В.|title=Культура и письменность Востока.|chapter=Арабское наречие советского востока|location=Мoscow|year=1931|publisher=Издание Всесоюзного Центрального Комитета Нового Алфавита при Президиуме ЦИК СССР|language=ru|chapterurl=https://abashin.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/yushmanov.pdf}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 2n9isacwehainpnrdnker41kao954lu 0 72693 672575 595864 2026-07-04T23:30:50Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672575 wikitext text/x-wiki   Dahalik (Dahalik [haka (na)] dahālík, "[asụsụ (nke)] ndị Dahlak"; .nakwa Dahaalik, Dahlik, Dahlak) bụ asụsụ Afroasiatic dị n'ihe ize ndụ nke a na-asụ naanị na Dahlak Archipelago na Eritrea. Ebe a na-asụ ya dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Massawa, n'agwaetiti atọ dị na Dahlak Archipelago: Dahlak Kebir, Nora, na Dehil Dahalik sitere na alaka Semitic nke ezinụlọ Afro-Asiatic, onye otu ndị Etiopia, ma nwee njikọ chiri anya na Tigre na [[Tigrinya language|Tigrinya]]. A na-ekwu na ya na Tigre anaghị aghọta ibe ya, dịka Simeone-Senelle si kwuo, ọ dị nnọọ iche iji were ya dị ka asụsụ dị iche. Otú ọ dị, e nwere ndị na-ekwenyeghị. == Ọnọdụ == .<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/319729/filename/Eritrean_Studies_2005.pdf|title=A Survey of the Dahalik language, an Afro Semitic language spoken exclusively in Eritrea|author=Simeone-Senelle|first=Marie-Claude|publisher=HAL|accessdate=2018-05-26|archivedate=2021-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829064400/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/319729/filename/Eritrean_Studies_2005.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSimeone-Senelle">Simeone-Senelle, Marie-Claude. </cite></ref> == ÚỌmụmụ ụdaolu == {{IPA|/ɛ/}} nwere ike ịbụ ụdaume ọzọ. Mkpụrụedemede {{IPA|/ə/}} na-apụta naanị na mkpụrụedemede a na-ekwughị okwu.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Mkpụrụedemede ! !N'ihu !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |i |u |- !N'etiti oghere |e |o |- !Emeghe | colspan="2" |a |} === Mkpụrụ okwu === Dahalik nwere ụdaume iri abụọ na otu.<ref name=":0" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |+Mkpụrụ okwu ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Akpụkpọ ahụ ! colspan="2" |Alveolar ! rowspan="2" |Post-alveolar<nowiki><br id="mwcQ"></nowiki> ! rowspan="2" |Palatal ! rowspan="2" |Velar ! rowspan="2" |Uvular ! rowspan="2" |Ọrịa akpịrị ! rowspan="2" |Mkpịsị aka |- !plain !emphatic |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !voiceless | |t |t'atʼ |tʃʼ | |k |q | | (ʔ) |- !voiced |b |d | | |ɟ | | | | |- ! rowspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike !voiceless |f |s |Shaan ~ S'sʼ |ʃ | | | (χ) |ħ |h |- !voiced | | (z) | |ʒ | | | (ʁ) |ʕ |ɦ |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ | |l | | |j |w | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | |r | | | | | | | |} * Simeone-Senelle kọwara alveolar ''ṭ'' dị ka pharyngealized , dị ka n'asụsụ Arabic, na pharyngealization adịghị ike <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/319729/filename/Eritrean_Studies_2005.pdf|title=A Survey of the Dahalik language, an Afro Semitic language spoken exclusively in Eritrea|author=Simeone-Senelle|first=Marie-Claude|publisher=HAL|accessdate=2018-05-26|archivedate=2021-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829064400/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/319729/filename/Eritrean_Studies_2005.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSimeone-Senelle">Simeone-Senelle, Marie-Claude. </cite></ref> Idris kọwara ''ṭ'' dị ka ejective {{IPA|[tʼ]}}, dị ka na Tigre na asụsụ Semitic ndị ọzọ dị n'Etiopia. <ref name="Idris">{{Cite book|first=Saleh Mahmud|author=Idris|year=2010|chapter=Is Dahalik a dialect of Tigre?|title=History and language of the Tigre-speaking peoples|location=Napoli|pages=113–125}}</ref> A na-ahụ ya naanị n'okwu ala na olumba nke Dehil, ma kwekọọ na ma Semitic Ethiopian ''ṭ'' na ''ṣ''. Asụsụ Dahlak Kebir na Nora nwere {{IPA|/ʔ/}} n'ọnọdụ ya n'ọnọdụ ndị a.<ref name="Idris" /> * {{IPA|/tʃʼ/}} bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma na-ejedebe na okwu ndị a gbazitere.<ref name=":0" /> * A na-ekwukarị {{IPA|/ʁ/}} bụ okwu a na-ahụkarị nke {{IPA|/q/}} na ọnọdụ intervocalic, ebe a na-eji {{IPA|/χ/}} na-enweghị olu eme ihe mgbe fricative gasịrị. * A na-eji {{IPA|/x/}} na {{IPA|/z/}} eme ihe na-adịghị mma na-adịghị eme ihe na okwu ndị a gbazitere site na Arabic. Semitic mbụ nke Ethiopia *z aghọwo {{IPA|/d/}} . <ref name="Idris" /> == Ọdịdị == Dahalik nwere ụdị abụọ dị iche iche maka nnọchiaha nke abụọ na nke atọ, otu nwoke na otu nwanyị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/319729/filename/Eritrean_Studies_2005.pdf|title=A Survey of the Dahalik language, an Afro Semitic language spoken exclusively in Eritrea|author=Simeone-Senelle|first=Marie-Claude|publisher=HAL|accessdate=2018-05-26|archivedate=2021-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829064400/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/319729/filename/Eritrean_Studies_2005.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSimeone-Senelle">Simeone-Senelle, Marie-Claude. </cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Otu ! colspan="2" |Ọtụtụ |- !nwoke !nwanyị !nwoke !nwanyị |- !Onye nke mbụ | colspan="2" |Ana | colspan="2" |N'ime ya |- !Onye nke abụọ |enta |enti |intum |intun |- !Onye nke atọ |Ọdịdị |ita |itun |Ugbu a |} Dahalik nwekwara nnọchiaha na-adabere na (ihe), nke a na-agbakwunye na njedebe nke okwu ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/319729/filename/Eritrean_Studies_2005.pdf|title=A Survey of the Dahalik language, an Afro Semitic language spoken exclusively in Eritrea|author=Simeone-Senelle|first=Marie-Claude|publisher=HAL|accessdate=2018-05-26|archivedate=2021-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829064400/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/319729/filename/Eritrean_Studies_2005.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSimeone-Senelle">Simeone-Senelle, Marie-Claude. </cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" | ! colspan="2" |Otu ! colspan="2" |Ọtụtụ |- !nwoke !nwanyị !nwoke !nwanyị |- !Onye nke mbụ | - (h) e, -ni | - (ya), -ni | colspan="2" | -na |- !Onye nke abụọ | -ak | -ik | -kum | -kan |- !Onye nke atọ | -o, - (h) u | -a | - (h) um | - (h) afọ |} === Ngwaa === Usoro okwu nke ahịrịokwu dị mfe na Dahalik bụ isiokwu-ihe-okwu. Maka ahịrịokwu ndị dị n'okpuru, akara dị n'akụkụ ('ma ọ bụrụ na' ma ọ bụ ihe yiri ya) dị na njedebe nke ahịrịokwu ma ọ bụ n'ihu ngwaa na ahịrịokwu dị n'elu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/319729/filename/Eritrean_Studies_2005.pdf|title=A Survey of the Dahalik language, an Afro Semitic language spoken exclusively in Eritrea|author=Simeone-Senelle|first=Marie-Claude|publisher=HAL|accessdate=2018-05-26|archivedate=2021-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829064400/https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/319729/filename/Eritrean_Studies_2005.pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSimeone-Senelle">Simeone-Senelle, Marie-Claude. </cite></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081218132819/http://www.shaebia.org/artman/publish/article_4496.shtml Shaebia: Dahalik - Asụsụ Dị omimi nke Dahlak Islands] a17qixh1mibpp55cqupvqbl8gvra1jl 0 72697 672290 595876 2026-07-04T13:50:58Z Bigcee007 24507 672290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Harsusi|nativename=''Harsiyyet''|pronunciation={{IPA|[ħʌrsiːjət]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/5170551 |title=Mehri and Hobyot Spoken in Oman and Yemen |last1=Simeone-Senelle |first1=Marie-Claude |access-date=2023-10-12 |archive-date=2022-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015063440/https://www.academia.edu/5170551 |url-status=live }}</ref>|states=[[Oman]]|region=Jiddat al-Harasis, [[Dhofar|Dhofar Province]]|speakers=600|date=2011|familycolor=Afroasiatic|fam2=[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]|fam3=[[West Semitic languages|West Semitic]]|fam4=[[South Semitic languages|South Semitic]]|fam5=[[Modern South Arabian languages|Southeast Semitic]]|iso3=hss|map=Modern South Arabian Languages.svg}} , with an estimated 600-1000 speakers in Jiddat al-Harasis, a stony desert in south-central Oman. It is closely related to Mehri. == Ihe ọmụma n'ozuzu == Harsusi bịara na mbụ n'uche ndị ọkà mnwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 600-1000 na-asụ asụsụ Jiddat al-Harasis, ọzara nkume dị na ndịda etiti Oman. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Mehri.fọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na Harsusi bụ olumba nke asụsụ Mehri a na-asụkarị, ọtụtụ na-ekwusi ike na ha na-aghọta ibe ha ma dị iche iche. Harsusi, dị ka asụsụ South Arabian niile nke oge a, edeghị ya, ọ bụ ezie na e nweela mgbalị ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya iji mepụta ụdị ederede site na iji edemede [[Arabic]]. N'ihi na ndị Harasis bụ naanị mmadụ bi na Jiddat al-Harasis ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, asụsụ ahụ mepụtara n'onwe ya. Otú ọ dị, dị ka ọtụtụ ụmụaka Harasis na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ asụsụ Arabic ugbu a ma na-agụ akwụkwọ na Arabic, a na-asụ obere Harsusi n'ụlọ, nke pụtara na a naghị enyefe ya n'ọgbọ ndị na-abịa n'ihu. Ọ bụ ezie na nchọpụta mmanụ n'ógbè ahụ na ọrụ nchekwa maka ìgwè oryx e webatara ọzọ enyewo ọtụtụ ohere ọrụ maka ndị ikom Harsusi, ihe ndị a emeela ka ọtụtụ ndị Harasis na-asụ Arabic na Mehri na mgbakwunye na ma ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ Harsusi. Harry Stroomer dere na ọ bụ "ma eleghị anya na-adịghịzi adị" Nsogbu ndị a mere ka otu onye nchọpụta kwubie na 1981 na "n'ime ọgbọ ole na ole Harsusi ga-eji Arabic dochie anya ya, ọkachasị site na asụsụ Omani Arabic" ọ bụ ezie na nke a emebeghị. UNESCO ahapụla Harsusi dị ka asụsụ "nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ". == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụ okwu Harsusi<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Al Balushi|first=Hammal|date=2019|title=The Phonology of Modern South Arabian Harsusi of Oman|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349490618_The_Phonology_of_Modern_South_Arabian_Harsusi_of_Oman|journal=The Phonology of Modern South Arabian Harsusi of Oman|pages=18}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAl_Balushi2019">Al Balushi, Hammal (2019). </cite></ref> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Akpụkpọ ahụ ! colspan="2" |Ezé ezé ! rowspan="2" |N'akụkụ ! rowspan="2" |Post-alveolar<nowiki><br id="mwcw"></nowiki> ! rowspan="2" |Velar ! rowspan="2" |Uvular ! rowspan="2" |Ọrịa akpịrị ! rowspan="2" |Mkpịsị aka |- !<small>etiti</small> !<small>sibilant</small> |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m | | | |n | | | | |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive !<small>enweghị olu</small> | |t | | | |k | | |ʔ |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> |b |d | | | |ɡ | | | |- !<small>nkwenye</small> | |tˤ | | | |kʼ | | | |- ! rowspan="3" |Ihe na-esiri ike !<small>enweghị olu</small> |f |θ |s |ɬ |ʃ | |χ |ħ |h |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> | |ð |z | | | |ʁ | (Ọ) | |- !<small>nkwenye</small> | |ðˤ |sˤ |ɬˤ |ʃˤ | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Rhotic | |r | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ọkara ụdaolu | | | |l |j |w | | | |} Mkpụrụ okwu pharyngeal bụ naanị n'ihi mmetụta nke Omani Arabic. Enwere ike ikwughachi /ɬ/ mgbe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ intervocalic. A naghị ekwu okwu n'ọtụtụ okwu na Harsusi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Al Balushi|first=Hammal|date=2019|title=The Phonology of Modern South Arabian Harsusi of Oman|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349490618_The_Phonology_of_Modern_South_Arabian_Harsusi_of_Oman|journal=The Phonology of Modern South Arabian Harsusi of Oman|pages=18}}</ref> === Mkpụrụedemede === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede Harsusi ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |i iː | |u uː |- !N'etiti |e eː |ə |o oː |- !Emeghe |a aː | | |} Na mkpụrụedemede mepere emepe a ma ama ma ọ bụ mgbe {{IPA|x}} gasịrị (dị ka /h/, /{{IPA|ħ}}/, /x/ na /{{IPA|ɣ}}/), /{{IPA|ə}}/ na-aghọta dị ka [{{IPA|ʌ}}]. Mgbe a na-ahụ ụdaume glottalized ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ, /{{IPA|ə}}/ dị ka [{{IPA|ä}}].[5] A pụrụ ịghọta diphthong dị ka ay /æj/ na aw /ɑw/. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} * {{Cite book|author=Johnstone|first=Thomas M.|title=Ḥarsūsi Lexicon and English-Ḥarsūsi word-list|date=1977|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/harsusilexiconen00john/page/n5/mode/2up|isbn=0-19-713580-3}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == *   * {{Cite book|author=Simeone-Senelle|first=Marie-Claude|date=1997|chapter=The Modern South Arabian Languages|url=http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/PDF/Publications/Senelle/SAMLanguages.pdf|title=The Semitic Languages|pages=378–423|editor=Hetzron|location=London|publisher=Routledge}} * {{Cite book|author=Stroomer|first=Harry|title=Harsusi Texts from Oman: Based on the Field Materials of T. M. Johnstone|date=2004|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz|isbn=978-3-447-05097-5|location=Wiesbaden}} * {{Cite book|author=Thomas|first=Bertram|title=Four Strange Tongues from South Arabia: The Hadara Group|date=1937|publisher=H. Milford|series=Proceedings of the British Academy|location=London}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [[ethnologue:hss|Ọkà mmụta banyere agbụrụ]] * ELAR Archive nke ihe ndekọ asụsụ Harsusi[http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0314 Ihe odide asụsụ Harsusi] {{Authority control}} ibyxi40w6yo606g7l3t3lip87mzhot9 672301 672290 2026-07-04T13:58:48Z Bigcee007 24507 Fixed reference error 672301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Harsusi|nativename=''Harsiyyet''|pronunciation={{IPA|[ħʌrsiːjət]}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/5170551 |title=Mehri and Hobyot Spoken in Oman and Yemen |last1=Simeone-Senelle |first1=Marie-Claude |access-date=2023-10-12 |archive-date=2022-10-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221015063440/https://www.academia.edu/5170551 |url-status=live }}</ref>|states=[[Oman]]|region=Jiddat al-Harasis, [[Dhofar|Dhofar Province]]|speakers=600|date=2011|familycolor=Afroasiatic|fam2=[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]|fam3=[[West Semitic languages|West Semitic]]|fam4=[[South Semitic languages|South Semitic]]|fam5=[[Modern South Arabian languages|Southeast Semitic]]|iso3=hss|map=Modern South Arabian Languages.svg}} , with an estimated 600-1000 speakers in Jiddat al-Harasis, a stony desert in south-central Oman. It is closely related to Mehri. == Ihe ọmụma n'ozuzu == Harsusi bịara na mbụ n'uche ndị ọkà mnwere ihe dị ka mmadụ 600-1000 na-asụ asụsụ Jiddat al-Harasis, ọzara nkume dị na ndịda etiti Oman. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Mehri.fọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta ekwuola na Harsusi bụ olumba nke asụsụ Mehri a na-asụkarị, ọtụtụ na-ekwusi ike na ha na-aghọta ibe ha ma dị iche iche. Harsusi, dị ka asụsụ South Arabian niile nke oge a, edeghị ya, ọ bụ ezie na e nweela mgbalị ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya iji mepụta ụdị ederede site na iji edemede [[Arabic]]. N'ihi na ndị Harasis bụ naanị mmadụ bi na Jiddat al-Harasis ruo ọtụtụ narị afọ, asụsụ ahụ mepụtara n'onwe ya. Otú ọ dị, dị ka ọtụtụ ụmụaka Harasis na-aga ụlọ akwụkwọ asụsụ Arabic ugbu a ma na-agụ akwụkwọ na Arabic, a na-asụ obere Harsusi n'ụlọ, nke pụtara na a naghị enyefe ya n'ọgbọ ndị na-abịa n'ihu. Ọ bụ ezie na nchọpụta mmanụ n'ógbè ahụ na ọrụ nchekwa maka ìgwè oryx e webatara ọzọ enyewo ọtụtụ ohere ọrụ maka ndị ikom Harsusi, ihe ndị a emeela ka ọtụtụ ndị Harasis na-asụ Arabic na Mehri na mgbakwunye na ma ọ bụ n'ọnọdụ Harsusi. Harry Stroomer dere na ọ bụ "ma eleghị anya na-adịghịzi adị" Nsogbu ndị a mere ka otu onye nchọpụta kwubie na 1981 na "n'ime ọgbọ ole na ole Harsusi ga-eji Arabic dochie anya ya, ọkachasị site na asụsụ Omani Arabic" ọ bụ ezie na nke a emebeghị. UNESCO ahapụla Harsusi dị ka asụsụ "nke nọ n'ihe ize ndụ". == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụ okwu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụ okwu Harsusi<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Al Balushi|first=Hammal|date=2019|title=The Phonology of Modern South Arabian Harsusi of Oman|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/349490618_The_Phonology_of_Modern_South_Arabian_Harsusi_of_Oman|journal=The Phonology of Modern South Arabian Harsusi of Oman|pages=18}}</ref> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" |Akpụkpọ ahụ ! colspan="2" |Ezé ezé ! rowspan="2" |N'akụkụ ! rowspan="2" |Post-alveolar<nowiki><br id="mwcw"></nowiki> ! rowspan="2" |Velar ! rowspan="2" |Uvular ! rowspan="2" |Ọrịa akpịrị ! rowspan="2" |Mkpịsị aka |- !<small>etiti</small> !<small>sibilant</small> |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m | | | |n | | | | |- ! rowspan="3" |Plosive !<small>enweghị olu</small> | |t | | | |k | | |ʔ |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> |b |d | | | |ɡ | | | |- !<small>nkwenye</small> | |tˤ | | | |kʼ | | | |- ! rowspan="3" |Ihe na-esiri ike !<small>enweghị olu</small> |f |θ |s |ɬ |ʃ | |χ |ħ |h |- !<small>kwuru okwu</small> | |ð |z | | | |ʁ | (Ọ) | |- !<small>nkwenye</small> | |ðˤ |sˤ |ɬˤ |ʃˤ | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Rhotic | |r | | | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Ọkara ụdaolu | | | |l |j |w | | | |} Mkpụrụ okwu pharyngeal bụ naanị n'ihi mmetụta nke Omani Arabic. Enwere ike ikwughachi /ɬ/ mgbe ọ nọ n'ọnọdụ intervocalic. A naghị ekwu okwu n'ọtụtụ okwu na Harsusi.<ref name=":0" /> === Mkpụrụedemede === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede Harsusi ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |i iː | |u uː |- !N'etiti |e eː |ə |o oː |- !Emeghe |a aː | | |} Na mkpụrụedemede mepere emepe a ma ama ma ọ bụ mgbe {{IPA|x}} gasịrị (dị ka /h/, /{{IPA|ħ}}/, /x/ na /{{IPA|ɣ}}/), /{{IPA|ə}}/ na-aghọta dị ka [{{IPA|ʌ}}]. Mgbe a na-ahụ ụdaume glottalized ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ, /{{IPA|ə}}/ dị ka [{{IPA|ä}}].[5] A pụrụ ịghọta diphthong dị ka ay /æj/ na aw /ɑw/. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} * {{Cite book|author=Johnstone|first=Thomas M.|title=Ḥarsūsi Lexicon and English-Ḥarsūsi word-list|date=1977|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/harsusilexiconen00john/page/n5/mode/2up|isbn=0-19-713580-3}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == *   * {{Cite book|author=Simeone-Senelle|first=Marie-Claude|date=1997|chapter=The Modern South Arabian Languages|url=http://llacan.vjf.cnrs.fr/PDF/Publications/Senelle/SAMLanguages.pdf|title=The Semitic Languages|pages=378–423|editor=Hetzron|location=London|publisher=Routledge}} * {{Cite book|author=Stroomer|first=Harry|title=Harsusi Texts from Oman: Based on the Field Materials of T. M. Johnstone|date=2004|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz|isbn=978-3-447-05097-5|location=Wiesbaden}} * {{Cite book|author=Thomas|first=Bertram|title=Four Strange Tongues from South Arabia: The Hadara Group|date=1937|publisher=H. Milford|series=Proceedings of the British Academy|location=London}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [[ethnologue:hss|Ọkà mmụta banyere agbụrụ]] * ELAR Archive nke ihe ndekọ asụsụ Harsusi[http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0314 Ihe odide asụsụ Harsusi] {{Authority control}} jigd2qlo30rbp6wp3quq5nop66512wl 0 72703 672388 595886 2026-07-04T16:14:25Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Betanure Jewish Neo-Aramaic|nativename=lišānā deni / lišā́n huðāye / huðəθ~huðəθkí / amrāni~amrāní|region=[[Betanure]]<ref name="preface">{{Harvcoltxt|Mutzafi|2008|pp=xii-xiii}}</ref>|speakers=at most 3 dozen|date=2008|familycolor=Afro-Asiatic|fam2=[[Semitic languages|Semitic]]|fam3=[[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]|fam4=[[Aramaic language|Aramaic]]|fam5=[[Eastern Aramaic]]|fam6=[[Northeastern Neo-Aramaic]]}} Betanure Jewish Neo-Aramaic, ụdị asụsụ obodo Betanure dị na Kurdistan nke Iraq, so n'ụdị asụsụ Aramaic kacha dị ụkọ ma dịkwa ize ndụ n'oge a.[1] Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime asụsụ ndị Juu Neo-Aramaic kacha echekwa echiche nke ọma na asụsụ ndị Northeastern Neo-Aramaic karịsịa. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'afọ 1940, ezinụlọ iri na asaa buru ibu n'obodo Betanure nke ndị Juu na-asụ asụsụ Betanure Jewish Neo-Aramaic.[1] Obodo ahụ kwagara Izrel n'ozuzu ya na 1951.[1] Kemgbe asụsụ ahụ na-eche mbibi site na asụsụ Hibru nke ndị Izrel na site na ụdị Neo-Aramaic ndị ọzọ a na-asụ na Izrel ihu.. == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == {| class="wikitable" |+Mkpụrụ okwu ! !Akpụkpọ ahụ !Ezé / Alveolar !Postalveolar/Palatal !Velar !Uvular !Ọrịa akpịrị !Mkpịsị aka |- !Plosive/Affricate |p ([[) b ([[) |t ṭ d (ḍ) |č̣ j |k g |q | |ʼ |- !Ihe na-esiri ike |f (v) |θ ð (ð̣) s ṣ z (ẓ) |ṣ̌ ž (ẓ̌) | |x ɣ |ḥ ' |h |- !Ụgbọ imi |m na-eme |n | | | | | |- !Mmiri |w |N'oge a, ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ |na | | | | |} == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ ndị Juu nke Neo-Aramaic nke Zakho * [[Lishanid Noshan|Inter-Zab Jewish Neo-Aramaic]] * Asụsụ ndị Juu na ndị Aramaic == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Mutzafi|first=Hezy|title=The Jewish Neo-Aramaic Dialect of Betanure|year=2008|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-05710-3|url=http://www.harrassowitz-verlag.de/dzo/artikel/201/537_201.pdf?t=1203694721}} {{Jewish languages}} gmv6ixj9vz9nshqqon67kmqi4zvfxgm 0 72764 672458 596086 2026-07-04T20:21:59Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Ọmụmụ ụdaolu */ Fixed reference error 672458 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Jah Hut|states=Peninsular [[Malaysia]]|speakers=4,191|date=2010|familycolor=Austro-Asiatic|fam2=[[Aslian languages|Aslian]]|iso3=jah|map=Jah Hut Location (2).png}} '''Jah Hut''' (Jah Het) bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic a na-asụ gburugburu osimiri Krau dị na Peninsular Malaysia site na ụlọ Jah, otu n'ime ụmụ amaala Orang Asli. == Nchịkọta == Jah Hut so n'òtù Aslian nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic. A na-ewere Jah Hut dị ka onye otu ngalaba Central Aslian, ugbu a a na-ewere ya dị ka ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dunn|first=Michael|title=Aslian linguistic prehistory: A case study in computational phylogenetics|journal=Diachronica|date=5 October 2011|volume=28|issue=3|pages=291–323|doi=10.1075/dia.28.3.01dun}}</ref> '''Asụsụ''' * Kerdau * Krau * Ketiar Krau * Ala ọma jijiji nke Kuala * Ọdọ Mmiri nke Pulau * Ihe ndị a hụrụ n'anya * Ala ọma jijiji == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == Jah Hut nwere ụdaume itoolu na mgbochiume iri na itoolu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/diffloth1976jan.pdf|title=Jah Hut, an Austroasiatic Language of Malaysia|author=Diffloth|first=G}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |i |ʉ |u |- !N'etiti etiti |e |ə |o |- !Mepee (-n'etiti) |ɛ |a |ɔ |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụ okwu ! colspan="2" | !Bilabial !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" |Kwụsị !<small>enweghị olu</small> |p |t |c |k | rowspan="2" |ʔ |- !<nowiki><small id="mwfw">kwuru okwu</small></nowiki> |b |d |ɟ |g |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |s | | |h |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ | |l |j |w | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | |r | | | |} == Ọdịdị == [[Faịlụ:Jah_Hut_consonants.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Okwu ikpeazụ codas na Jah Hut]] Jah Hut enweghị mkpụrụokwu ndị mepere emepe n'ọnọdụ okwu na njedebe ikpeazụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, asụsụ ahụ nwere mkpụrụokwu iri na ise enwere ike iji mechie mkpụrụokwu. Ọzọkwa, n'ọnọdụ ebe ụdaume ma ọ bụ mkpọchi imi pụtara na mbụ n'okwu enyere, a na-ekewa nkwụsị ikpeazụ ka ọ bụrụ nkwụsị imi na nke glottal.. Enweghị ihe mgbochi na ụyọkọ nkwụsị ndị na-abụghị homorganic, nke pụtara na ọtụtụ okwu na-amalite na ụdaume ndị na-adabaghị na ụdaume. (ya bụ okwu ndị na-amalite na 'tk' ma ọ bụ 'bk"). A pụrụ ịchọta usoro a n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Aslian ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Aslian: Mon-Khmer of the Malay Peninsula|author=Matisoff|first=James|publisher=University of California|year=2003|location=Berkeley}}</ref> * {{Lang|jah|tkak}} - ọnụ * {{Lang|jah|dkan}} - Bamboo Rat * {{Lang|jah|bkul}} - ntụ [[Faịlụ:Jah_Hut_causative_prefixes.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ndepụa nke ụfọdụ prefixes na-akpata Jah Hut.]] Jah Hut dị iche na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Mon-Khmer n'ihi na o nwere obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ogologo ụdaume.Ọ na-ejikwa prefixes na-akpata [dubious - discuss] nke {{Lang|jah|p-}} ma ọ bụ -r-. Site n'iji nke a, onye na-ekwu okwu nwere ike igosi na otu ihe ma ọ bụ onye na-eme ka ihe ma ọ bụrụ onye ọzọ ma ọ bụ mee ihe ọzọ.  N'otu aka ahụ, prefix [dubious - discuss] {{Lang|jah|-n}}-generated-contents="true" id="mw0A" title="Jah Hut-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">''-m'' na-enye onye ọrụ asụsụ ohere inye mmadụ ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, {{Lang|jah|lyep}}, na Jah Hut, pụtara "ịkpa akwụkwọ nkwụ", ebe a na-asụgharị {{Lang|jah|mlayep}} dị ka, "onye na-akpa". N'aka nke ọzọ, mgbe omume anaghị emetụta mmadụ n'onwe ya, enwere ike ịchọta onye nnọchi anya omume ahụ na prefixed ma ọ bụ infixed [dubious - discuss] -n, dabere na mgbọrọgwụ nke okwu ahụ enyere. ya bụ {{Lang|jah|bilit}}, ma ọ bụ mkpuchi, ma e jiri ya tụnyere {{Lang|jah|bnilit}}, nke pụtara omume nke mkpuchi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Aslian: Mon-Khmer of the Malay Peninsula|author=Matisoff|first=James|publisher=University of California|year=2003|location=Berkeley}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMatisoff2003">Matisoff, James (2003). </cite></ref>   == Nchịkọta okwu == Na Jah Hut, ihe niile na-agbakwunye ma e wezụga ihe kpọmkwem chọrọ preposition na, dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Aslian, a na-ejikarị ngwaa eme ihe na Jah Hut na eriri nke na-erughị ngwaa abụọ, na ngwaa mbụ na-ezo aka n'ụdị mmegharị, na ngwaga nke abụọ na-anọchite anya nnukwu ọrụ. Ụdị ọzọ nke iji ngwaa eme ihe bụ ụdị nke na-eji ngwaa mbụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa, na ngwaa nke abụọ na-akọwa ụzọ e si eme ngwaa ahụ. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere ngwaa na prefix onwe onye, nke a ga-ekwekọrịta mgbe niile na onye nnọchi anya ahịrịokwu ahụ, n'agbanyeghị ebe akụkụ abụọ a nke ahịrịokwu dị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Aslian: Mon-Khmer of the Malay Peninsula|author=Matisoff|first=James|publisher=University of California|year=2003|location=Berkeley}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMatisoff2003">Matisoff, James (2003). </cite></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) * <nowiki>http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0003-66F7-5@view</nowiki> Jah Hut na RWAAI Digital Archive {{Languages of Malaysia}} mni3o3eynxi26lql5z67url24nhsm39 672459 672458 2026-07-04T20:23:16Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Jah Hut|states=Peninsular [[Malaysia]]|speakers=4,191|date=2010|familycolor=Austro-Asiatic|fam2=[[Aslian languages|Aslian]]|iso3=jah|map=Jah Hut Location (2).png}} '''Jah Hut''' (Jah Het) bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic a na-asụ gburugburu osimiri Krau dị na Peninsular Malaysia site na ụlọ Jah, otu n'ime ụmụ amaala Orang Asli. == Nchịkọta == Jah Hut so n'òtù Aslian nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic. A na-ewere Jah Hut dị ka onye otu ngalaba Central Aslian, ugbu a a na-ewere ya dị ka ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dunn|first=Michael|title=Aslian linguistic prehistory: A case study in computational phylogenetics|journal=Diachronica|date=5 October 2011|volume=28|issue=3|pages=291–323|doi=10.1075/dia.28.3.01dun}}</ref> '''Asụsụ''' * Kerdau * Krau * Ketiar Krau * Ala ọma jijiji nke Kuala * Ọdọ Mmiri nke Pulau * Ihe ndị a hụrụ n'anya * Ala ọma jijiji == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == Jah Hut nwere ụdaume itoolu na mgbochiume iri na itoolu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/diffloth1976jan.pdf|title=Jah Hut, an Austroasiatic Language of Malaysia|author=Diffloth|first=G}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |i |ʉ |u |- !N'etiti etiti |e |ə |o |- !Mepee (-n'etiti) |ɛ |a |ɔ |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụ okwu ! colspan="2" | !Bilabial !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" |Kwụsị !<small>enweghị olu</small> |p |t |c |k | rowspan="2" |ʔ |- !<nowiki><small id="mwfw">kwuru okwu</small></nowiki> |b |d |ɟ |g |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |s | | |h |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ | |l |j |w | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | |r | | | |} == Ọdịdị == [[Faịlụ:Jah_Hut_consonants.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Okwu ikpeazụ codas na Jah Hut]] Jah Hut enweghị mkpụrụokwu ndị mepere emepe n'ọnọdụ okwu na njedebe ikpeazụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, asụsụ ahụ nwere mkpụrụokwu iri na ise enwere ike iji mechie mkpụrụokwu. Ọzọkwa, n'ọnọdụ ebe ụdaume ma ọ bụ mkpọchi imi pụtara na mbụ n'okwu enyere, a na-ekewa nkwụsị ikpeazụ ka ọ bụrụ nkwụsị imi na nke glottal.. Enweghị ihe mgbochi na ụyọkọ nkwụsị ndị na-abụghị homorganic, nke pụtara na ọtụtụ okwu na-amalite na ụdaume ndị na-adabaghị na ụdaume. (ya bụ okwu ndị na-amalite na 'tk' ma ọ bụ 'bk"). A pụrụ ịchọta usoro a n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Aslian ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Aslian: Mon-Khmer of the Malay Peninsula|author=Matisoff|first=James|publisher=University of California|year=2003|location=Berkeley}}</ref> * {{Lang|jah|tkak}} - ọnụ * {{Lang|jah|dkan}} - Bamboo Rat * {{Lang|jah|bkul}} - ntụ [[Faịlụ:Jah_Hut_causative_prefixes.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ndepụa nke ụfọdụ prefixes na-akpata Jah Hut.]] Jah Hut dị iche na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Mon-Khmer n'ihi na o nwere obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ogologo ụdaume.Ọ na-ejikwa prefixes na-akpata [dubious - discuss] nke {{Lang|jah|p-}} ma ọ bụ -r-. Site n'iji nke a, onye na-ekwu okwu nwere ike igosi na otu ihe ma ọ bụ onye na-eme ka ihe ma ọ bụrụ onye ọzọ ma ọ bụ mee ihe ọzọ.  N'otu aka ahụ, prefix [dubious - discuss] {{Lang|jah|-n}}-generated-contents="true" id="mw0A" title="Jah Hut-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">''-m'' na-enye onye ọrụ asụsụ ohere inye mmadụ ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, {{Lang|jah|lyep}}, na Jah Hut, pụtara "ịkpa akwụkwọ nkwụ", ebe a na-asụgharị {{Lang|jah|mlayep}} dị ka, "onye na-akpa". N'aka nke ọzọ, mgbe omume anaghị emetụta mmadụ n'onwe ya, enwere ike ịchọta onye nnọchi anya omume ahụ na prefixed ma ọ bụ infixed [dubious - discuss] -n, dabere na mgbọrọgwụ nke okwu ahụ enyere. ya bụ {{Lang|jah|bilit}}, ma ọ bụ mkpuchi, ma e jiri ya tụnyere {{Lang|jah|bnilit}}, nke pụtara omume nke mkpuchi. == Nchịkọta okwu == Na Jah Hut, ihe niile na-agbakwunye ma e wezụga ihe kpọmkwem chọrọ preposition na, dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Aslian, a na-ejikarị ngwaa eme ihe na Jah Hut na eriri nke na-erughị ngwaa abụọ, na ngwaa mbụ na-ezo aka n'ụdị mmegharị, na ngwaga nke abụọ na-anọchite anya nnukwu ọrụ. Ụdị ọzọ nke iji ngwaa eme ihe bụ ụdị nke na-eji ngwaa mbụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa, na ngwaa nke abụọ na-akọwa ụzọ e si eme ngwaa ahụ. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere ngwaa na prefix onwe onye, nke a ga-ekwekọrịta mgbe niile na onye nnọchi anya ahịrịokwu ahụ, n'agbanyeghị ebe akụkụ abụọ a nke ahịrịokwu dị.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Aslian: Mon-Khmer of the Malay Peninsula|author=Matisoff|first=James|publisher=University of California|year=2003|location=Berkeley}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMatisoff2003">Matisoff, James (2003). </cite></ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) * <nowiki>http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0003-66F7-5@view</nowiki> Jah Hut na RWAAI Digital Archive {{Languages of Malaysia}} 3u4hjesmy84jhxa3g7libe50g33hi1v 672461 672459 2026-07-04T20:24:12Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Nchịkọta okwu */ Fixed reference error 672461 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Jah Hut|states=Peninsular [[Malaysia]]|speakers=4,191|date=2010|familycolor=Austro-Asiatic|fam2=[[Aslian languages|Aslian]]|iso3=jah|map=Jah Hut Location (2).png}} '''Jah Hut''' (Jah Het) bụ asụsụ Austroasiatic a na-asụ gburugburu osimiri Krau dị na Peninsular Malaysia site na ụlọ Jah, otu n'ime ụmụ amaala Orang Asli. == Nchịkọta == Jah Hut so n'òtù Aslian nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Austroasiatic. A na-ewere Jah Hut dị ka onye otu ngalaba Central Aslian, ugbu a a na-ewere ya dị ka ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dunn|first=Michael|title=Aslian linguistic prehistory: A case study in computational phylogenetics|journal=Diachronica|date=5 October 2011|volume=28|issue=3|pages=291–323|doi=10.1075/dia.28.3.01dun}}</ref> '''Asụsụ''' * Kerdau * Krau * Ketiar Krau * Ala ọma jijiji nke Kuala * Ọdọ Mmiri nke Pulau * Ihe ndị a hụrụ n'anya * Ala ọma jijiji == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == Jah Hut nwere ụdaume itoolu na mgbochiume iri na itoolu. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf8/diffloth1976jan.pdf|title=Jah Hut, an Austroasiatic Language of Malaysia|author=Diffloth|first=G}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |i |ʉ |u |- !N'etiti etiti |e |ə |o |- !Mepee (-n'etiti) |ɛ |a |ɔ |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụ okwu ! colspan="2" | !Bilabial !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Mkpịsị aka |- ! colspan="2" |Ụgbọ imi |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" |Kwụsị !<small>enweghị olu</small> |p |t |c |k | rowspan="2" |ʔ |- !<nowiki><small id="mwfw">kwuru okwu</small></nowiki> |b |d |ɟ |g |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-esiri ike | |s | | |h |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe atụ | |l |j |w | |- ! colspan="2" |Ihe na-atọ ụtọ | |r | | | |} == Ọdịdị == [[Faịlụ:Jah_Hut_consonants.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Okwu ikpeazụ codas na Jah Hut]] Jah Hut enweghị mkpụrụokwu ndị mepere emepe n'ọnọdụ okwu na njedebe ikpeazụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, asụsụ ahụ nwere mkpụrụokwu iri na ise enwere ike iji mechie mkpụrụokwu. Ọzọkwa, n'ọnọdụ ebe ụdaume ma ọ bụ mkpọchi imi pụtara na mbụ n'okwu enyere, a na-ekewa nkwụsị ikpeazụ ka ọ bụrụ nkwụsị imi na nke glottal.. Enweghị ihe mgbochi na ụyọkọ nkwụsị ndị na-abụghị homorganic, nke pụtara na ọtụtụ okwu na-amalite na ụdaume ndị na-adabaghị na ụdaume. (ya bụ okwu ndị na-amalite na 'tk' ma ọ bụ 'bk"). A pụrụ ịchọta usoro a n'ọtụtụ asụsụ Aslian ndị ọzọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Aslian: Mon-Khmer of the Malay Peninsula|author=Matisoff|first=James|publisher=University of California|year=2003|location=Berkeley}}</ref> * {{Lang|jah|tkak}} - ọnụ * {{Lang|jah|dkan}} - Bamboo Rat * {{Lang|jah|bkul}} - ntụ [[Faịlụ:Jah_Hut_causative_prefixes.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ndepụa nke ụfọdụ prefixes na-akpata Jah Hut.]] Jah Hut dị iche na asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Mon-Khmer n'ihi na o nwere obere ma ọ bụ enweghị ogologo ụdaume.Ọ na-ejikwa prefixes na-akpata [dubious - discuss] nke {{Lang|jah|p-}} ma ọ bụ -r-. Site n'iji nke a, onye na-ekwu okwu nwere ike igosi na otu ihe ma ọ bụ onye na-eme ka ihe ma ọ bụrụ onye ọzọ ma ọ bụ mee ihe ọzọ.  N'otu aka ahụ, prefix [dubious - discuss] {{Lang|jah|-n}}-generated-contents="true" id="mw0A" title="Jah Hut-language text" typeof="mw:Transclusion">''-m'' na-enye onye ọrụ asụsụ ohere inye mmadụ ihe. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, {{Lang|jah|lyep}}, na Jah Hut, pụtara "ịkpa akwụkwọ nkwụ", ebe a na-asụgharị {{Lang|jah|mlayep}} dị ka, "onye na-akpa". N'aka nke ọzọ, mgbe omume anaghị emetụta mmadụ n'onwe ya, enwere ike ịchọta onye nnọchi anya omume ahụ na prefixed ma ọ bụ infixed [dubious - discuss] -n, dabere na mgbọrọgwụ nke okwu ahụ enyere. ya bụ {{Lang|jah|bilit}}, ma ọ bụ mkpuchi, ma e jiri ya tụnyere {{Lang|jah|bnilit}}, nke pụtara omume nke mkpuchi. == Nchịkọta okwu == Na Jah Hut, ihe niile na-agbakwunye ma e wezụga ihe kpọmkwem chọrọ preposition na, dị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ Aslian, a na-ejikarị ngwaa eme ihe na Jah Hut na eriri nke na-erughị ngwaa abụọ, na ngwaa mbụ na-ezo aka n'ụdị mmegharị, na ngwaga nke abụọ na-anọchite anya nnukwu ọrụ. Ụdị ọzọ nke iji ngwaa eme ihe bụ ụdị nke na-eji ngwaa mbụ dị ka ihe dị mkpa, na ngwaa nke abụọ na-akọwa ụzọ e si eme ngwaa ahụ. Ọzọkwa, ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere ngwaa na prefix onwe onye, nke a ga-ekwekọrịta mgbe niile na onye nnọchi anya ahịrịokwu ahụ, n'agbanyeghị ebe akụkụ abụọ a nke ahịrịokwu dị. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) * <nowiki>http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0003-66F7-5@view</nowiki> Jah Hut na RWAAI Digital Archive {{Languages of Malaysia}} f8c1al1t91evfk088dwotqzjd2p9tmf 0 72765 672181 596089 2026-07-04T12:41:35Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672181 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |Jahai |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Malaysia]], ole na ole na [[Thailand]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |1,800 [[Jahai people|Ndị Jahai]] (2008) <ref name="e18" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |1,000 na Malaysia (2006) <ref name="e18">[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/jhi/ Jahai] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Austroasiatic languages|Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa]] * [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ** [[Jahaic languages|Jahaic]] *** Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ **** '''Jahai''' </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:jhi|jhi]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jeha1242 jeha1242]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/1263 Jahai] |} '''Jahai''' (Jehai) bụ asụsụ Mon-Khmer nke ndị Jahai bi n'oké ọhịa dị n'ugwu nke dị na ndịda Malaysia na ndịda Thailand. Ọ bụ asụsụ kachasị ukwuu nke ndị Northern Aslian. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị mmadụ karịrị otu puku na-asụ ya, Jahai adịghị ka ọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ mbibi ozugbo n'ihi na ndị nne na nna Jahai na-ebufe asụsụ ahụ nye ụmụ ha dị ka asụsụ nne ha..<ref name="Burenhult">{{Cite book|author=Burenhult|first=Niclas|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146729/1/PL-566.pdf|title=A Grammar of Jahai|publisher=Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University|year=2005|isbn=0-85883-554-1|series=Pacific Linguistics 566|location=Canberra|doi=10.15144/pl-566}}</ref> Jahai nwere okwu pụrụ iche maka ịkọwa ísì.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Majid|first=Asifa|date=2014|title=Odors are expressible in language, as long as you speak the right language|journal=Cognition|volume=130|issue=2|pages=266–270|doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.004|pmid=24355816|issn=0010-0277}}</ref> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụedemede === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede Jahai ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |m nyereĩ |ɨ ɨ̃ |u dị iche icheũ |- !N'etiti etiti |e | |o |- !N'etiti oghere |ɛ ɛ̃ |ə̃ |Ọ bụ n'afọɔ̃ |- !Emeghe | |n'ihi na ọ bụã | |} === Mkpụrụ owu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Jahai consonants ! colspan="2" | !Bilabial !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Glottal |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !<small>voiceless</small> |p |t |c |k | rowspan="2" |ʔ |- !<small>voiced</small> |b |d |ɟ |ɡ |- ! colspan="2" |Fricative |ɸ | |s | |h |- ! colspan="2" |Lateral | |l | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Rhotic | |ɾ~r | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Approximant |w | |j | | |} === Ọdịdị nke ụdaume === N'elu, a na-anọchite anya mkpụrụedemede kachasị elu na Jahai dị ka CV (C). A na-achọ ụdaume mmalite. === Nchegbu na ụda olu === Ọnọdụ nrụgide na-ada mgbe niile na nkeji okwu ikpeazụ. Burenhult na-ekwu na ọ nweghị ọdịiche dị n'asụsụ Jahai.<ref name="Burenhult">{{Cite book|author=Burenhult|first=Niclas|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146729/1/PL-566.pdf|title=A Grammar of Jahai|publisher=Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University|year=2005|isbn=0-85883-554-1|series=Pacific Linguistics 566|location=Canberra|doi=10.15144/pl-566}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBurenhult2005">Burenhult, Niclas (2005). [https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146729/1/PL-566.pdf ''A Grammar of Jahai''] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Pacific Linguistics 566. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.15144/pl-566|10.15144/pl-566]]</span>. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[hdl:1885/146729|1885/146729]]</span>. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-85883-554-1|<bdi>0-85883-554-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref> == Ụdị ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ == Okwu ísì na Jahai dabeere na àgwà ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya karịa isi mmalite ụfọdụ (nke a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ, ọkachasị n'asụsụ Europe). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Majid|first=Asifa|date=2018|title=Olfactory language and abstraction across cultures|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=373|issue=1752|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0139|issn=0962-8436|pmid=29915007}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Okwu ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Majid|first=Asifa|date=2014|title=Odors are expressible in language, as long as you speak the right language|journal=Cognition|volume=130|issue=2|pages=266–270|doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.004|pmid=24355816|issn=0010-0277}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMajidBurenhult2014">Majid, Asifa; Burenhult, Niclas (2014). "Odors are expressible in language, as long as you speak the right language". ''Cognition''. '''130''' (2): <span class="nowrap">266–</span>270. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.004|10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.004]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0014-9D63-D|11858/00-001M-0000-0014-9D63-D]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-0277 0010-0277]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24355816 24355816]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16257849 16257849].</cite></ref> !Okwu na-esi ísì !Nsụgharị Nkọwa !Ihe Nlereanya nke Ebe Ndị A Na-enweta Ihe Nlereanya !Ihe edeturu |- |{{Lang|jhi|cŋəs}} |'iji ísì a na-eri eri, na-atọ ụtọ' |nri e siri esi, ihe na-atọ ụtọ | |- |{{Lang|jhi|crŋir}} |'iji ísì e siri esi' |Nri e siri esi | |- |{{Lang|jhi|harɨm}} |'ịṅụrị ọṅụ' |okooko osisi dị iche iche, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, ncha |Mgbazinye ego Malay; Mgbapụta mbụ pụtara 'isi ísì ụtọ' |- |{{Lang|jhi|ltpɨt}} |'ịṅụrị ọṅụ' |okooko osisi dị iche iche, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, [[binturong]] | |- |{{Lang|jhi|haʔɛ̃t}} |'na-esi ísì' |nsị, anụ rere ure, prawn paste | |- |{{Lang|jhi|pʔus}} |'ịghọ ihe na-adịghị mma' |ebe obibi ochie, mushrooms, nri ochie | |- |{{Lang|jhi|cŋɛs}} |'inwe ísì na-egbu egbu' |mmanụ ụgbọala, anwụrụ ọkụ, nsị ụsụ | |- |{{Lang|jhi|sʔı̃ŋ}} |'inwe ísì mamịrị mmadụ' |mamịrị mmadụ, ala obodo | |- |{{Lang|jhi|haɲcı̃ŋ}} |'inwe ísì dị ka nsị' |mamịrị |Malay mgbazinye; Malay mbụ pụtara 'isi ísì ọjọọ, ísì' |- |{{Lang|jhi|pʔih}}, {{Lang|jhi|plʔeŋ}} |'inwe ọbara / azụ̀ / ísì dị ka anụ' |ọbara, azụ̀ a na-esighị esi, anụ a na-adịghị esi | |- |{{Lang|jhi|plʔɛŋ}} |'inwe ísì ọbara nke na-adọta agụ' |akọrọ isi, ọbara squirrel | |} == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ Kensiu == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) * <nowiki>http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0003-6701-4@view</nowiki> Jahai na RWAAI Digital Archive * [https://doreco.huma-num.fr/languages/jeha1242 Jahai DoReCo corpus] nke Niclas Burenhult chịkọtara. Ihe ndekọ ọdịyo nke ederede akụkọ na transcriptions oge-dabere na ọkwa ekwentị, nsụgharị, na - maka ụfọdụ ederede - oge-dabara morphological annotations. qa4ftxhvedqs8viewosf3fj7njvla98 672190 672181 2026-07-04T12:52:10Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672190 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |Jahai |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Malaysia]], ole na ole na [[Thailand]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |1,800 [[Jahai people|Ndị Jahai]] (2008) <ref name="e18" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |1,000 na Malaysia (2006) <ref name="e18">[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/jhi/ Jahai] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Austroasiatic languages|Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa]] * [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ** [[Jahaic languages|Jahaic]] *** Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ **** '''Jahai''' </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:jhi|jhi]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jeha1242 jeha1242]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/1263 Jahai] |} '''Jahai''' (Jehai) bụ asụsụ Mon-Khmer nke ndị Jahai bi n'oké ọhịa dị n'ugwu nke dị na ndịda Malaysia na ndịda Thailand. Ọ bụ asụsụ kachasị ukwuu nke ndị Northern Aslian. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị mmadụ karịrị otu puku na-asụ ya, Jahai adịghị ka ọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ mbibi ozugbo n'ihi na ndị nne na nna Jahai na-ebufe asụsụ ahụ nye ụmụ ha dị ka asụsụ nne ha..<ref name="Burenhult">{{Cite book|author=Burenhult|first=Niclas|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146729/1/PL-566.pdf|title=A Grammar of Jahai|publisher=Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University|year=2005|isbn=0-85883-554-1|series=Pacific Linguistics 566|location=Canberra|doi=10.15144/pl-566}}</ref> Jahai nwere okwu pụrụ iche maka ịkọwa ísì.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Majid|first=Asifa|date=2014|title=Odors are expressible in language, as long as you speak the right language|journal=Cognition|volume=130|issue=2|pages=266–270|doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.004|pmid=24355816|issn=0010-0277}}</ref> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụedemede === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede Jahai ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |m nyereĩ |ɨ ɨ̃ |u dị iche icheũ |- !N'etiti etiti |e | |o |- !N'etiti oghere |ɛ ɛ̃ |ə̃ |Ọ bụ n'afọɔ̃ |- !Emeghe | |n'ihi na ọ bụã | |} === Mkpụrụ owu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Jahai consonants ! colspan="2" | !Bilabial !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Glottal |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !<small>voiceless</small> |p |t |c |k | rowspan="2" |ʔ |- !<small>voiced</small> |b |d |ɟ |ɡ |- ! colspan="2" |Fricative |ɸ | |s | |h |- ! colspan="2" |Lateral | |l | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Rhotic | |ɾ~r | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Approximant |w | |j | | |} === Ọdịdị nke ụdaume === N'elu, a na-anọchite anya mkpụrụedemede kachasị elu na Jahai dị ka CV (C). A na-achọ ụdaume mmalite. === Nchegbu na ụda olu === Ọnọdụ nrụgide na-ada mgbe niile na nkeji okwu ikpeazụ. Burenhult na-ekwu na ọ nweghị ọdịiche dị n'asụsụ Jahai. == Ụdị ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ == Okwu ísì na Jahai dabeere na àgwà ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya karịa isi mmalite ụfọdụ (nke a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ, ọkachasị n'asụsụ Europe). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Majid|first=Asifa|date=2018|title=Olfactory language and abstraction across cultures|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=373|issue=1752|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0139|issn=0962-8436|pmid=29915007}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Okwu ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Majid|first=Asifa|date=2014|title=Odors are expressible in language, as long as you speak the right language|journal=Cognition|volume=130|issue=2|pages=266–270|doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.004|pmid=24355816|issn=0010-0277}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMajidBurenhult2014">Majid, Asifa; Burenhult, Niclas (2014). "Odors are expressible in language, as long as you speak the right language". ''Cognition''. '''130''' (2): <span class="nowrap">266–</span>270. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.004|10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.004]]. [[Hdl (identifier)|hdl]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0014-9D63-D|11858/00-001M-0000-0014-9D63-D]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-0277 0010-0277]. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24355816 24355816]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:16257849 16257849].</cite></ref> !Okwu na-esi ísì !Nsụgharị Nkọwa !Ihe Nlereanya nke Ebe Ndị A Na-enweta Ihe Nlereanya !Ihe edeturu |- |{{Lang|jhi|cŋəs}} |'iji ísì a na-eri eri, na-atọ ụtọ' |nri e siri esi, ihe na-atọ ụtọ | |- |{{Lang|jhi|crŋir}} |'iji ísì e siri esi' |Nri e siri esi | |- |{{Lang|jhi|harɨm}} |'ịṅụrị ọṅụ' |okooko osisi dị iche iche, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, ncha |Mgbazinye ego Malay; Mgbapụta mbụ pụtara 'isi ísì ụtọ' |- |{{Lang|jhi|ltpɨt}} |'ịṅụrị ọṅụ' |okooko osisi dị iche iche, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, [[binturong]] | |- |{{Lang|jhi|haʔɛ̃t}} |'na-esi ísì' |nsị, anụ rere ure, prawn paste | |- |{{Lang|jhi|pʔus}} |'ịghọ ihe na-adịghị mma' |ebe obibi ochie, mushrooms, nri ochie | |- |{{Lang|jhi|cŋɛs}} |'inwe ísì na-egbu egbu' |mmanụ ụgbọala, anwụrụ ọkụ, nsị ụsụ | |- |{{Lang|jhi|sʔı̃ŋ}} |'inwe ísì mamịrị mmadụ' |mamịrị mmadụ, ala obodo | |- |{{Lang|jhi|haɲcı̃ŋ}} |'inwe ísì dị ka nsị' |mamịrị |Malay mgbazinye; Malay mbụ pụtara 'isi ísì ọjọọ, ísì' |- |{{Lang|jhi|pʔih}}, {{Lang|jhi|plʔeŋ}} |'inwe ọbara / azụ̀ / ísì dị ka anụ' |ọbara, azụ̀ a na-esighị esi, anụ a na-adịghị esi | |- |{{Lang|jhi|plʔɛŋ}} |'inwe ísì ọbara nke na-adọta agụ' |akọrọ isi, ọbara squirrel | |} == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ Kensiu == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) * <nowiki>http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0003-6701-4@view</nowiki> Jahai na RWAAI Digital Archive * [https://doreco.huma-num.fr/languages/jeha1242 Jahai DoReCo corpus] nke Niclas Burenhult chịkọtara. Ihe ndekọ ọdịyo nke ederede akụkọ na transcriptions oge-dabere na ọkwa ekwentị, nsụgharị, na - maka ụfọdụ ederede - oge-dabara morphological annotations. mp1mslk9g9kst8mj19d8qvife3vum4o 672197 672190 2026-07-04T13:00:48Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672197 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |Jahai |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Malaysia]], ole na ole na [[Thailand]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |Agbụrụ | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |1,800 [[Jahai people|Ndị Jahai]] (2008) <ref name="e18" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; ">Ndị na-asụ asụsụ ala</div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |1,000 na Malaysia (2006) <ref name="e18">[https://www.ethnologue.com/18/language/jhi/ Jahai] at ''[[Ethnologue]]'' (18th ed., 2015) <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></ref>&nbsp; |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; "><span class="wrap">[[Language family|Ezinụlọ asụsụ]]</span></div> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="text-align:left;">[[Austroasiatic languages|Ọdịda Anyanwụ Ụwa]] * [[Aslian languages|Aslian]] ** [[Jahaic languages|Jahaic]] *** Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ **** '''Jahai''' </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: lightcoral;" |Koodu asụsụ |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |<span class="nowrap">[[ISO 639-3]]</span> | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[[iso639-3:jhi|jhi]]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |''[[Glottolog]]'' | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<code>[https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/jeha1242 jeha1242]</code> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Endangered Languages Project|ELP]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[https://www.endangeredlanguages.com/elp-language/1263 Jahai] |} '''Jahai''' (Jehai) bụ asụsụ Mon-Khmer nke ndị Jahai bi n'oké ọhịa dị n'ugwu nke dị na ndịda Malaysia na ndịda Thailand. Ọ bụ asụsụ kachasị ukwuu nke ndị Northern Aslian. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ naanị mmadụ karịrị otu puku na-asụ ya, Jahai adịghị ka ọ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ mbibi ozugbo n'ihi na ndị nne na nna Jahai na-ebufe asụsụ ahụ nye ụmụ ha dị ka asụsụ nne ha..<ref name="Burenhult">{{Cite book|author=Burenhult|first=Niclas|url=https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/146729/1/PL-566.pdf|title=A Grammar of Jahai|publisher=Pacific Linguistics, The Australian National University|year=2005|isbn=0-85883-554-1|series=Pacific Linguistics 566|location=Canberra|doi=10.15144/pl-566}}</ref> Jahai nwere okwu pụrụ iche maka ịkọwa ísì.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Majid|first=Asifa|date=2014|title=Odors are expressible in language, as long as you speak the right language|journal=Cognition|volume=130|issue=2|pages=266–270|doi=10.1016/j.cognition.2013.11.004|pmid=24355816|issn=0010-0277}}</ref> == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == === Mkpụrụedemede === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Mkpụrụedemede Jahai ! !N'ihu !Central !Ịlaghachi azụ |- !N'akụkụ |m nyereĩ |ɨ ɨ̃ |u dị iche icheũ |- !N'etiti etiti |e | |o |- !N'etiti oghere |ɛ ɛ̃ |ə̃ |Ọ bụ n'afọɔ̃ |- !Emeghe | |n'ihi na ọ bụã | |} === Mkpụrụ owu === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Jahai consonants ! colspan="2" | !Bilabial !Alveolar !Palatal !Velar !Glottal |- ! colspan="2" |Nasal |m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" |Plosive !<small>voiceless</small> |p |t |c |k | rowspan="2" |ʔ |- !<small>voiced</small> |b |d |ɟ |ɡ |- ! colspan="2" |Fricative |ɸ | |s | |h |- ! colspan="2" |Lateral | |l | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Rhotic | |ɾ~r | | | |- ! colspan="2" |Approximant |w | |j | | |} === Ọdịdị nke ụdaume === N'elu, a na-anọchite anya mkpụrụedemede kachasị elu na Jahai dị ka CV (C). A na-achọ ụdaume mmalite. === Nchegbu na ụda olu === Ọnọdụ nrụgide na-ada mgbe niile na nkeji okwu ikpeazụ. Burenhult na-ekwu na ọ nweghị ọdịiche dị n'asụsụ Jahai. == Ụdị ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ == Okwu ísì na Jahai dabeere na àgwà ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya karịa isi mmalite ụfọdụ (nke a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ, ọkachasị n'asụsụ Europe). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Majid|first=Asifa|date=2018|title=Olfactory language and abstraction across cultures|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences|volume=373|issue=1752|doi=10.1098/rstb.2017.0139|issn=0962-8436|pmid=29915007}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Okwu ndị na-esi ísì ụtọ !Okwu na-esi ísì !Nsụgharị Nkọwa !Ihe Nlereanya nke Ebe Ndị A Na-enweta Ihe Nlereanya !Ihe edeturu |- |{{Lang|jhi|cŋəs}} |'iji ísì a na-eri eri, na-atọ ụtọ' |nri e siri esi, ihe na-atọ ụtọ | |- |{{Lang|jhi|crŋir}} |'iji ísì e siri esi' |Nri e siri esi | |- |{{Lang|jhi|harɨm}} |'ịṅụrị ọṅụ' |okooko osisi dị iche iche, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, ncha |Mgbazinye ego Malay; Mgbapụta mbụ pụtara 'isi ísì ụtọ' |- |{{Lang|jhi|ltpɨt}} |'ịṅụrị ọṅụ' |okooko osisi dị iche iche, ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ, [[binturong]] | |- |{{Lang|jhi|haʔɛ̃t}} |'na-esi ísì' |nsị, anụ rere ure, prawn paste | |- |{{Lang|jhi|pʔus}} |'ịghọ ihe na-adịghị mma' |ebe obibi ochie, mushrooms, nri ochie | |- |{{Lang|jhi|cŋɛs}} |'inwe ísì na-egbu egbu' |mmanụ ụgbọala, anwụrụ ọkụ, nsị ụsụ | |- |{{Lang|jhi|sʔı̃ŋ}} |'inwe ísì mamịrị mmadụ' |mamịrị mmadụ, ala obodo | |- |{{Lang|jhi|haɲcı̃ŋ}} |'inwe ísì dị ka nsị' |mamịrị |Malay mgbazinye; Malay mbụ pụtara 'isi ísì ọjọọ, ísì' |- |{{Lang|jhi|pʔih}}, {{Lang|jhi|plʔeŋ}} |'inwe ọbara / azụ̀ / ísì dị ka anụ' |ọbara, azụ̀ a na-esighị esi, anụ a na-adịghị esi | |- |{{Lang|jhi|plʔɛŋ}} |'inwe ísì ọbara nke na-adọta agụ' |akọrọ isi, ọbara squirrel | |} == Hụkwa == * Asụsụ Kensiu == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage) * <nowiki>http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0003-6701-4@view</nowiki> Jahai na RWAAI Digital Archive * [https://doreco.huma-num.fr/languages/jeha1242 Jahai DoReCo corpus] nke Niclas Burenhult chịkọtara. Ihe ndekọ ọdịyo nke ederede akụkọ na transcriptions oge-dabere na ọkwa ekwentị, nsụgharị, na - maka ụfọdụ ederede - oge-dabara morphological annotations. mxcsdtne6c5walh2iawd1sg9km5g8v0 0 72854 672296 596248 2026-07-04T13:55:23Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 672296 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mabel Segun {{Audio|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Chikeme Chizurum-Mabel Segun.wav|Listen}}, NNOM (13 Febụwarị 1930 - 6 Machị 2025) bụ onye Naijiria na-ede uri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye na- dere akụkọ mkpirikpi na akwụkwọ ụmụaka onye bụkwa onye nkuzi, onye mgbasa ozi, na onye na'egwuregwu.<ref name="Taiwo">{{Cite news|url=http://thenet.ng/at-87-years-old-the-matriach-of-nigerian-literature-mabel-segun-is-truly-the-last-of-her-kind/|title=At 87 yrs old, Mabel Segun is truly the last of her kind|author=Taiwo|first=Jide|date=2017-02-01|work=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]]|accessdate=2018-06-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Ondo City, Naịjirịa, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na CMS Girls' School nke dị na Lagos. Ọ gara Mahadum Ibadan, gụchaa akwụkwọ na 1953 na nzere BA na Bekee, Latin na Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme. Ọ kuziri ihe ndị a n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Naịjirịa, ma mechaa bụrụ Onyeisi nke Ngalaba Bekee na Ọmụmụ Mmekọrịta Mmadụ na Nwanyị na Osote Onyeisi na National Technical Teachers' College, Yaba (nke bụzi Yaba College of Technology).. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, My Father's Daughter, nke e bipụtara na 1965, ejiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka akwụkwọ edemede n'ụlọ akwụkwọ niile n'ụwa, a sụgharịwokwa akwụkwọ ya n'asụsụ German, Danish, Norwegian na Greek.A gụnyere ọrụ ya na anthology Daughters of Africa (1992). Segun kwadoro akwụkwọ ụmụaka na Naijiria site na Children's Literature Association of Nigeria, nke o guzobere na 1978, na Children'S Documentation and Research Centre, nke o hiwere na 1990 na [[Ibadan]]. Ọ bụkwa onye otu International Youth Library na Munich, Germany. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Association of Nigerian Authors, nke [[Chinụa Achebe|Chinua Achebe]] guzobere na 1981 <ref name="BRI">{{Cite web|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2013/11/nigerian-writer-join-association-nigerian-authors-brittle-paper-qa-richard-ali/|title=Are You A Nigerian Writer? Why Join The Association of Nigerian Authors?--- Brittle Paper Q&A with Richard Ali|first=Ainehi|author=Edoro|authorlink=Ainehi Edoro|date=5 November 2013|work=[[Brittle Paper]]|accessdate=11 November 2021}}</ref> .<ref name="HIS">{{Cite web|url=https://ananigeria.org/about/history|title=History of ANA|publisher=Association of Nigerian Authors|work=ananigeria.org|accessdate=23 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/reseafrilite.50.4.08|doi=10.2979/reseafrilite.50.4.08|title=A Writers' Body and the Nigerian Literary Tradition|year=2020|author=Diala|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=50|issue=4|pages=121–141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/at-40-we-are-poised-to-celebrate-our-founding-fathers/|title=‘At 40, we are poised to celebrate our founding fathers’|work=Thenationonlineng.net|date=21 February 2021|accessdate=11 November 2021|archivedate=25 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825155406/https://thenationonlineng.net/at-40-we-are-poised-to-celebrate-our-founding-fathers/}}</ref> Segun nwụrụ na 6 Machị 2025, mgbe ọ dị afọ 95. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == Dị ka onye mgbasa ozi, Segun meriri Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation 1977 Artiste of the Year award. N'afọ 2009, ọ natara onyinye Nigerian National Order of Merit Award (NNOM) maka ihe ndị ọ rụzuru n'oge ndụ ya. N'afọ 2015, Society of Young Nigerian Writers n'okpuru nduzi nke Wole Adedoyin guzobere Mabel Segun Literary Society, nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwalite na ịgụ ọrụ Mabel Segun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mabelsegunliterarysociety.blogspot.com/|title=Mabel Segun Literary Society|work=mabelsegunliterarysociety.blogspot.com|accessdate=23 November 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, e nyere Segun ihe nrite LNG Nigeria maka edemede.<ref name="Taiwo">{{Cite news|url=http://thenet.ng/at-87-years-old-the-matriach-of-nigerian-literature-mabel-segun-is-truly-the-last-of-her-kind/|title=At 87 yrs old, Mabel Segun is truly the last of her kind|author=Taiwo|first=Jide|date=2017-02-01|work=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]]|accessdate=2018-06-29|language=en-GB}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTaiwo2017">Taiwo, Jide (1 February 2017). [http://thenet.ng/at-87-years-old-the-matriach-of-nigerian-literature-mabel-segun-is-truly-the-last-of-her-kind/ "At 87 yrs old, Mabel Segun is truly the last of her kind"]. ''[[Nigeria Entertainment Today|Nigerian Entertainment Today]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == [[Faịlụ:Sorry,_No_Vacancy.jpg|thumb|O wutere m, Enweghị ohere.]] * ''Nwa Nna m'' (1965) * ''N'okpuru Osisi Mango'' (nke e dezigharịrị) (1979) * Njem Ụbọchị Ndị Ntorobịa (1984) * ''Olu na Ihe Nkume ahụ gbajiri agbaji'' (1985) * O wutere m, Enweghị ohere (1985) * ''Esemokwu na uri ndị ọzọ'' (1986) * ''Nwa Nne m'' (1986) * [https://www.abebooks.co.uk/first-edition/Ping-Pong-Twenty-five-Years-Table-Tennis/21670955107/bd ''Ping-Pong: Afọ iri abụọ na ise nke Table Tennis'' (1989)] * [[oclc:36933388|Mkpụrụ ''Ọka Mbụ'' (1989)]] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=nGfMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 ''Ụmụ ejima na Mmụọ Osisi'' (1990)] * [[oclc:60277293|The Surrender na Akụkọ Ndị Ọzọ (1995)]] * ''Ihe nkiri ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ: Egwuregwu iri na abụọ maka ndị na-eto eto'' (2006) * [[oclc:761723627|''Rhapsody: Ememe Nri na Nri Naijiria'' (2007)]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|14035674}} * [https://www.facebook.com/notes/olufemi-e-segun/mabel-segun-1930-to-the-present/511433135539471 "Mabel Segun 1930 ruo ugbu a"], Facebook, 20 August 2012. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rnklnjgw71ux8xfa19natm48ih4r9i5 672300 672296 2026-07-04T13:57:30Z Chikwas 56003 Fixed reference error 672300 wikitext text/x-wiki   Mabel Segun {{Audio|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Chikeme Chizurum-Mabel Segun.wav|Listen}}, NNOM (13 Febụwarị 1930 - 6 Machị 2025) bụ onye Naijiria na-ede uri, onye na-ede egwuregwu na onye na- dere akụkọ mkpirikpi na akwụkwọ ụmụaka onye bụkwa onye nkuzi, onye mgbasa ozi, na onye na'egwuregwu.<ref name="Taiwo">{{Cite news|url=http://thenet.ng/at-87-years-old-the-matriach-of-nigerian-literature-mabel-segun-is-truly-the-last-of-her-kind/|title=At 87 yrs old, Mabel Segun is truly the last of her kind|author=Taiwo|first=Jide|date=2017-02-01|work=[[Nigerian Entertainment Today]]|accessdate=2018-06-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Ondo City, Naịjirịa, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na CMS Girls' School nke dị na Lagos. Ọ gara Mahadum Ibadan, gụchaa akwụkwọ na 1953 na nzere BA na Bekee, Latin na Akụkọ Ihe Mere Eme. Ọ kuziri ihe ndị a n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị Naịjirịa, ma mechaa bụrụ Onyeisi nke Ngalaba Bekee na Ọmụmụ Mmekọrịta Mmadụ na Nwanyị na Osote Onyeisi na National Technical Teachers' College, Yaba (nke bụzi Yaba College of Technology).. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, My Father's Daughter, nke e bipụtara na 1965, ejiri ya mee ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka akwụkwọ edemede n'ụlọ akwụkwọ niile n'ụwa, a sụgharịwokwa akwụkwọ ya n'asụsụ German, Danish, Norwegian na Greek.A gụnyere ọrụ ya na anthology Daughters of Africa (1992). Segun kwadoro akwụkwọ ụmụaka na Naijiria site na Children's Literature Association of Nigeria, nke o guzobere na 1978, na Children'S Documentation and Research Centre, nke o hiwere na 1990 na [[Ibadan]]. Ọ bụkwa onye otu International Youth Library na Munich, Germany. Ọ bụ onye guzobere Association of Nigerian Authors, nke [[Chinụa Achebe|Chinua Achebe]] guzobere na 1981 <ref name="BRI">{{Cite web|url=https://brittlepaper.com/2013/11/nigerian-writer-join-association-nigerian-authors-brittle-paper-qa-richard-ali/|title=Are You A Nigerian Writer? Why Join The Association of Nigerian Authors?--- Brittle Paper Q&A with Richard Ali|first=Ainehi|author=Edoro|authorlink=Ainehi Edoro|date=5 November 2013|work=[[Brittle Paper]]|accessdate=11 November 2021}}</ref> .<ref name="HIS">{{Cite web|url=https://ananigeria.org/about/history|title=History of ANA|publisher=Association of Nigerian Authors|work=ananigeria.org|accessdate=23 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2979/reseafrilite.50.4.08|doi=10.2979/reseafrilite.50.4.08|title=A Writers' Body and the Nigerian Literary Tradition|year=2020|author=Diala|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=50|issue=4|pages=121–141}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/at-40-we-are-poised-to-celebrate-our-founding-fathers/|title=‘At 40, we are poised to celebrate our founding fathers’|work=Thenationonlineng.net|date=21 February 2021|accessdate=11 November 2021|archivedate=25 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825155406/https://thenationonlineng.net/at-40-we-are-poised-to-celebrate-our-founding-fathers/}}</ref> Segun nwụrụ na 6 Machị 2025, mgbe ọ dị afọ 95. == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == Dị ka onye mgbasa ozi, Segun meriri Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation 1977 Artiste of the Year award. N'afọ 2009, ọ natara onyinye Nigerian National Order of Merit Award (NNOM) maka ihe ndị ọ rụzuru n'oge ndụ ya. N'afọ 2015, Society of Young Nigerian Writers n'okpuru nduzi nke Wole Adedoyin guzobere Mabel Segun Literary Society, nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịkwalite na ịgụ ọrụ Mabel Segun.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mabelsegunliterarysociety.blogspot.com/|title=Mabel Segun Literary Society|work=mabelsegunliterarysociety.blogspot.com|accessdate=23 November 2023}}</ref> N'afọ 2007, e nyere Segun ihe nrite LNG Nigeria maka edemede. == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == [[Faịlụ:Sorry,_No_Vacancy.jpg|thumb|O wutere m, Enweghị ohere.]] * ''Nwa Nna m'' (1965) * ''N'okpuru Osisi Mango'' (nke e dezigharịrị) (1979) * Njem Ụbọchị Ndị Ntorobịa (1984) * ''Olu na Ihe Nkume ahụ gbajiri agbaji'' (1985) * O wutere m, Enweghị ohere (1985) * ''Esemokwu na uri ndị ọzọ'' (1986) * ''Nwa Nne m'' (1986) * [https://www.abebooks.co.uk/first-edition/Ping-Pong-Twenty-five-Years-Table-Tennis/21670955107/bd ''Ping-Pong: Afọ iri abụọ na ise nke Table Tennis'' (1989)] * [[oclc:36933388|Mkpụrụ ''Ọka Mbụ'' (1989)]] * [https://books.google.com/books?id=nGfMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA244 ''Ụmụ ejima na Mmụọ Osisi'' (1990)] * [[oclc:60277293|The Surrender na Akụkọ Ndị Ọzọ (1995)]] * ''Ihe nkiri ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ: Egwuregwu iri na abụọ maka ndị na-eto eto'' (2006) * [[oclc:761723627|''Rhapsody: Ememe Nri na Nri Naijiria'' (2007)]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{IMDb name|14035674}} * [https://www.facebook.com/notes/olufemi-e-segun/mabel-segun-1930-to-the-present/511433135539471 "Mabel Segun 1930 ruo ugbu a"], Facebook, 20 August 2012. [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cfb7udiw5bhjox16k5fn656u07utqvx 0 72855 672385 596249 2026-07-04T16:02:34Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672385 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Beauty''' '''Akinaere Otuedo''' (amụrụ 10 n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1997) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba ọsọ na-anya ụgbọ mmiri . == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Otuedo na abali iri n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 1997 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Beauty Akinaere Otuedo|url=https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/151274|accessdate=2026-01-28|work=[[Olympedia]]}}</ref> n'ime ezinụlọ ịkụ azụ. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Sankar|first=Vimal|date=2024-08-06|title=Never say never: Otuedo and Powei’s powerful message to girls in Nigeria|url=https://www.canoeicf.com/news/never-say-never-otuedo-and-poweis-powerful-message-girls-nigeria|accessdate=2026-01-28|work=[[International Canoe Federation]] (ICF)}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, Otuedo ritere ọla nchara na asọmpi mba African Admiral Porbeni . <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Appiah-Fei|first=Esther|date=2023-12-10|title=Nigeria's power duo Ayomide Bello and Beauty Otudeo: It's all about self-belief|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/nigerian-canoe-beauty-otudeo-ayomide-bello-secure-olympic-quota-interview|accessdate=2026-01-28|work=Olympics.com}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanne ya nwoke Goodluck Gbamire zụrụ ya.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Haruna|first=Kabir|date=2024-07-17|title=Bello, Otudeo gear up to make waves in Olympic canoeing|url=https://news360ng.com/bello-otudeo-gear-up-to-make-waves-in-olympic-canoeing/|accessdate=2026-01-28|work=News360 Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> Otuedo na [[Ayomide Emmanuel Bello|Ayomide Bello]] meriri Canoe Sprint African Paris 2024 Qualifier na Jabi Lake na Naịjirịa na oge nke 2:24.45.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|author=Aikigbe|first=Godwin|date=2024-07-16|title=Olympics: Bello, Otudeo set to take canoeing by storm|url=https://punchng.com/olympics-bello-otudeo-set-to-take-canoeing-by-storm/|accessdate=2026-01-28|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> Ha nọchitere anya Naijiria na 2024 Summer Olympics na Paris, France.<ref name=":2" /> Ha mechara nke ise na okpomọkụ mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị abụọ 500 mita nkeji iri na ise nke ikpeazụ na oge nke 2:07.86. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kolawole|first=Hashim|date=2024-08-06|title=Nigerian Canoeists Bello, Otuedo Advance to Final B at Paris 2024 Olympics|url=https://www.sports247.ng/nigerian-canoeists-bello-otuedo-advance-to-final-b-at-paris-2024-olympics/|accessdate=2026-01-28|work=Sports247 Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Philip|first=Sedara|date=2024-08-06|title=Paris 2024 Olympics:Ayomide Bello And Beauty Otuedo Through To Final Of Women's Canoe Doubles 500m Event|url=https://sportsgister.com/2024/08/06/paris-2024-olympicsayomide-bello-and-beauty-otuedo-through-to-final-of-womens-canoe-doubles-500m-event/|accessdate=2026-01-28|work=Sportsgister|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-08-06|title=Day 11 of Olympics: Nigeria's canoeing duo through to women’s doubles 500m final|url=https://persecondnews.com/2024/08/06/day-11-of-olympics-nigerias-canoeing-duo-through-to-womens-doubles-500m-final/|accessdate=2026-01-28|work=Per Second News|language=en-US}}</ref> Otuedo sonyekwara na asọmpi 200 mita. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ochicha|first=Lovette|date=2024-08-08|title=Paris 2024: Nigeria's Ayomide Bello, Beauty Otuedo Fall Short In Women's Canoe Heats, Move To Quarterfinals|url=https://www.sports247.ng/paris-2024-nigerias-ayomide-bello-beauty-otuedo-fall-short-in-womens-canoe-heats-move-to-quarterfinals/|accessdate=2026-01-28|work=Sports247 Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ntụaka == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Beauty OtuedonaInternational Canoe Federation * Beauty Otuedo na L'Équipe (n'asụsụ [[Asụsụ French|French]]) * Beauty OtuedonaOlympedia [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0zlcsvxihgah0woji9aggsgfhpgdl9p 0 72856 672571 596251 2026-07-04T23:21:51Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist|30em}} {{Databox}} '''Costache''' maọbụ '''Kostake Aristia'''; a mụrụ dịka '''Constantin Chiriacos Aristia'''; Greek: Κωνσταντίνος Κυριάκος Αριστίας, ''Konstantinos Kyriakos Aristias''; transitional Cyrillic: Коⲛстантiⲛꙋ Aрiстia, ''Constantinŭ Aristia''; 1800 &#x2013; 18 April 1880) bụ onye ode uri, onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye nsụgharị asụsụ a mụrụ na Wallachia nke a makwara maka ọrụ ya dịka onye ọlụagha, onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onyeọrụ ebere. Onye òtù Greek colony, ito eto na ịbụ okorobịa ya dakọtara n'oge Hellenization kacha rịa elu na Danubian Principalities abụọ abụọ. O mere ihe nkiri nke mbụ na ''[[Cișmeaua Roșie]]'' dị na Bucharest, bịa bụrụ onye na-eso ụzọ Lady Rallou. A na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwanyị ahụ kwadoro njem o mere gaa France, ebe Aristia nọ ghọọ onye na-eňomi François-Joseph Talma. Mgbe ọ laghachiri, Aristia malitere ịga ije nnwere onwe nke mba Gris, sonye na Filiki Eteria ma na-efe "ọkọlọtọ nke nnwere onwe" maka Sacred Band. Ọ lụrụ ọgụ n'ihu Wallachia n'oge Agha Nnwere Onwe nke Gris, ma eleghị anya ọ nọ maka mmeri na Drăgășani. Ọ gbapụrụ na mba ahụ wee kwaga n'etiti steeti dị iche iche nke Europe, na-enweta nchebe site n'aka Earl of Guilford, tupu ọ laghachi Bucharest dị ka onye nkuzi onwe onye maka Ezinụlọ Ghica. Aristia jiri ohere a kụzie ejije na ime ihe nkiri, wee si otú a ghọọ otu n'ime ndị mbụ mere ntinye na ihe nkiri Romania. Onye osụ uzọ na nkà na ejiji, ọ chekwara aha ya ọbụna mgbe ndị Wallachia jụrụ ọchịchị ndị Gris. O mere ka ọ mata ya ahụ bụ ịwedata ihe ndị si mba France na ọdịbendị ha, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ nkuzi maka ịmụ French, ma na-akụzi ma French na Demotic Greek na Saint Sava College. N'okpuru ọchịchị Regulamentul Organic, Aristia jikọtara okwu Eterist na nnwere onwe nke mba Romania. Ọ ghọrọ onye na-eso ụzọ Ion Heliade Rădulescu, ma nye aka guzobe Philharmonic Society, nke mepụtara ọgbọ ọhụrụ nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Wallachia - gụnyere Costache Caragiale na Ioan Curie. O nyere aka na mgbalị maka imeziwanye asụsụ ahụ, na'agbanyeghị na a katọrọ atụmatụ ndị nke ya ma jụ ha n'ikpeazụ. Aristia ghọrọ onye a ma ama site na nsụgharị ọ sụgharịrị Sọl nke Vittorio Alfieri dere, nke rụrụ ọrụ ụzọ abụọ dị ka nkwupụta mba, ma nweta otuto maka ntụgharị ya nke ''Iliad.'' Otú ọ dị, a kwara ya emo maka ịja Prince Gheorghe Bibescu mma. O nyekwara aka na ndụ ọdịbendị na Alaeze nke Gris, ebe, n'afọ 1840, o bipụtara naanị ọrụ ya n'ejije. Aristia sonyere na Nnwogha Wallachia nke afọ 1848, mgbe, dị ka onye ndú nke National Guard, ọ nwụchiri ndị na-agbaso omenala na-esoghi n'òtù ya ma kpọọ ọtụtụ akwụkwọ Regulamentul Organic ọkụ n'ihu ọha. N'oge mmegide ahụ, ya onwe ya bụ onye mkpọrọ nke Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, a ma mesịa chụpụ ya na Wallachia. Ọ laghachiri n'afọ 1851, mgbe ya na ọchịchị Barbu Dimitrie Știrbei, mere udo, ma nọgide na-abụ nwa amaala nke United Principalities. Ọ hapụrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge ndụ ya fọdụrụnụ, na-elekwasị anya n'ọrụ ya na Saint Sava, yana na Mahadum Bucharest, na ịmepụta nsụgharị ọzọ nke ''Iliad''. Otu n'ime ọrụ ikpeazụ o bipụtara bụ nsụgharị Bible, nke e mere n'okpuru nkwekọrịta ya na British and Foreign Bible Society. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge Ntorobịa === A na-ekwenye na a mụrụ Aristia na Bucharest, isi obodo Wallachia, na 1800. Ndị edemede ụfọdụ weghachiri ụbọchị a mụrụ ya azụ gaa na 1797, mana ndị ikwu Aristia gọnahụrụ na nke a ziri ezi. N'afọ 1952, onye na-akọ akụkọ ọdịnala Dimitrios Economides, onye gbara ezinụlọ Aristia ajụjụ ọnụ, kwuru na a mụrụ Costache na Istanbul, isi obodo nke Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman, "n'ihe dị ka afọ 1800". N'oge a mụrụ ya, Wallachia na Moldova (ndị isi abụọ nke Danubian) bụ ndị na-achị onwe ha nke alaeze Ottoman; ọchịchị ọdịbendị Gris na Hellenization, nke ndị Phanariotes na-anọchite anya ya, nọ na "nnukwu ala" ha. Na'agbanyeghị na onye ọkà mmụta Petre Gheorghe Bârlea na-ahụta ya dị ka onye si Aromania, Aristia n'onwe ya kwuru na, site n'akụkụ nna ya ma ọ dịkarịa ala, na ọ bụ "ezi onye Gris". Ọ kọwara mmekọrịta ya na Wallachia dịka nke bụ mmetọ afọ ofufo, dịka nna ya nyere ndụmọdụ: Fii grec și român zdravăn, fii recunoscător ("Na-eguzosi ike dị ka onye Gris na onye Aromania, nwee ekele"). N'ịbụ onye mikpuru onwe ya n'omenala ndị Gris, ọ ka nwere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ nweghị nghọta chaachaa nke Romania edere ede ruo 1828. Costache banyere ụlọ akwụkwọ Grik nke Bucharest n'oge ọchịchị Prince John Caradja, onye Phanariote. Ndị nkuzi ya n'ebe ahụ gụnyere ọkà mmụta asụsụ Constantin Vardalah . Dị ka otu akụkọ nke onye nchọpụta Octav Minar a na-emeghị n'oge si kọọ, Aristia malitekwara dị ka onye nkuzi ejije mgbe ọ laghachiri Bucharest, n'oge ụfọdụ tupu 1815. A na-eche na ụmụ akwụkwọ ọgbọ mbụ ya gụnyere Stephanos "Natis" Caragiale, nna nna nke onye Romania na-eme ihe nkiri Ion Luca Caragiale . Tupu ọ gụsịa akwụkwọ, Aristia n'onwe ya bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri n'ebe ohaneze na-ahụ dị na ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Cișmeaua]'' Roșie". <ref name="sasu">Maria Protase, "Aristia Costache", in Aurel Sasu (ed.), ''Dicționarul biografic al literaturii române'', Vol. I, p. 421. Pitești: [[Editura Paralela 45]], 2004. {{ISBN|973-697-758-7}}</ref> Ọkà mmụta Walter Puchner, onye kwuru na ihe omume ndị a mere na "oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke 1817", na-ajụ izi ezi nke ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, na-ekwu na ha na-emegide ibe ha na nkọwa. Dị ka onye ncheta na ome nnyocha [[Dimitrie Papazoglu]] si kwuo, Cișmeaua bụ "onye nduzi Aristias" na-achịkwa ya. N'oge ahụ, ime ihe nkiri na Wallachia bụ ọrụ naanị ụmụ nwoke, Aristia e wee pụta dị ka nwanyị na-edu , na ihe nkiri drag. Nwa nwanyị Caradja, Lady Rallou, kwadoro ndị òtù Cișmeaua. Dị ka akụkọ dị iche iche si kwuo, nkà Aristia masịrị ya, a kọkwara na o zigara ya mba ofesi, gaa na Alaeze nke France, ka Aristia mụọ ihe n'okpuru François-Joseph Talma. <ref name="sasu" /> A na-arụ ụka banyere nkọwa nke nkwupụta a. Onye nchọpụta [[Ioan Massoff]] na-ekwu na-enweghị mgbe Aristia bụ onye òtù Talma na-eme ihe nkiri, kama ọ bụ naanị onye na-ekiri ihe ngosi ya mgbe dum, na mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị ọ bụrụzie onye na-eṅomi ya. Puchner na-ajụ ma e nwere mgbe ọbụla njem a mere, ebe ọ bụ na "enweghị ihe akaebe obụla pụtara maka [Aristia] ịnọ na Paris". [[Faịlụ:Eteria_Bucharest_1821.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|440x440px|Ihe odide German nke 1821, na-egosi Arnauts nke Sava Fochianos, n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nwere obe, ebe Ndị agha Ottoman na-egbu ya na Bucharest]] Ndị Aristias sonyeere ịhụ maka nnwere-onwe mba nke ndị Gris obere oge tupu Nnupụisi ndị Gris nke 1821 emee. Aristia na-eto eto sonyeere òtù nzuzo nke Alexander Ypsilantis, bụ Filiki Eteria, nke ji nwayọọ nwayọọ mee njem mba na Moldavia na Wallachia. Na ngwụcha afọ 1818 na mmalite afọ 1819, nwa eze ọhụrụ, Aleksandros Soutzos, nyere Aristia na ndị òtù ya ohere ịrụ ọrụ nke ihe nkiri ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-egosi "ịkpọasị nke ọchịchị aka ike na ịchụ onwe onye n'àjà maka ala nna" - site na La Mort de César na ''Merope'', nke Voltaire, ruo na Aspasia nke [[Iakovakis Rizos Neroulos]]. A nabatara ha site na "ịkụ aka, obi ụtọ na mmetụta na-enweghị isi". Soutzos nwere mwute maka nnabata a, wee kpebie ịmachibido ihe nkiri niile a ga-aghọta dị ka nkatọ nke okpukpe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ndị òtù ahụ leghaara ya anya, bụ ndị zaghachiri n'ụzọ doro anya nye òtù ndị na-agba izu mmegide nke Eterist; ha gara n'ihu na-eme egwuregwu Voltaire na Vittorio Alfieri ndị na-akpasu iwe, ruo na Mee 1820, mgbe ndị Gris nọ n'ógbè ahụ nọ na nkwadebe zuru oke maka ime mgbanwe ahụ. Aristia cheere ndị Eterists na Bucharest, bụ nke ndị agha na-eso ụzọ Tudor Vladimirescu, bụ onye duziri Nnupụisi nke ndị Rom n'otu mgbe ahụ nọchirila. N'etiti Machị 1821, ndị Gris nọ na Bucharest, nke Giorgakis Olympios du, kwere nkwa ịkwado Ypsilantis kama Vladimirescu. Ihe njirimara ihe omume ahụ bụ ngosipụta dị ukwuu nke nnwere onwe nke ndị Gris n'etiti obodo Bucharest, nke Constantin D. Aricescu dere site na ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Aristia. Onye ahụ na-eme ihe nkiri bu "ọkọlọtọ nnwere onwe", akara Eterist na-egosi Constantine Onye Ukwu na Helena, yana obe na okwu njirimara "N'ime nke a, merie"; ihu ya gosipụtara phoenix na-ebili site na ntụ ya. Ememe ahụ mechiri site na ịkụ ọkọlọtọ ahụ n'ọnụ ụzọ ámá Bellu, a maara ndị mmadụ ọkwa na ọ na-egosi mmeri nke Byzantium dị n'ọdịnihu. Akụkọ na-ekwu na "ọkọlọtọ nke Maazị Aristia bu" ka [[Sava Fochianos]] mechara nabata, onye gbapụrụ gaa na 'Sacred Band' nke Ypsilantis yana ndị agha Bucharest. N'ọnwa Eprel-Ọgọstụ, Ndị agha Ottoman gbara ndị agha Ypsilantis gburugburu ma kpochapụ ha. Dị ka akụkọ dị iche iche si kwuo, Aristia lụrụ ọgụ ha na Sacred Band nke Wallachia na njedebe ha na Drăgășani, n'akụkụ n'akụkụ ya na onye na-eme ihe nkiri ibe ya, Spiros Drakoulis. A merụrụ ya ahụ nke ukwuu n'ọgbọ agha ahụ, tupu ọ nata ebe nsọ na Alaeze Ukwu Austria. O mechara biri na Papal States, ebe a kọrọ na ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya ma mara ime ihe nkiri ndị Ịtali. Dịka ọ na-eme ngosi n'ụlọ ebere ọha nye ụmụaka dara ogbenye, na ma ọ bụ gburugburu 1824 ọ zutere Louis Dupré, onye sere onyinyo ya. Ọzọkwa na Rom, Aristia zutere Earl nke Guilford, ma mesịa kwuo na ọ natara nchebe nne na nna ya. Ka ọ dịgodị, nna Costache n'ezie debanyere aha ịlụ ọgụ maka First Hellenic Republic, e mesịkwara gbuo ya na Siege of Missolonghi. Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'obodo ya bụ Wallachia, Aristia chọtara ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi onwe onye maka ndị na-eto eto nọ n'Ezinụlọ Ghica - onye nna ochie ha, Grigore IV Ghica, weghaara ocheeze Wallachia na 1822. Onye nkwado ya, Smărăndița Ghica, rịọkwara ya ka ọ mee ihe nkiri Neoclassical na Grik n'ụlọ ya Bucharest. Ndị na-aga n'ihu gụnyere onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-ede akụkọ n'ọdịnihu, Ion Ghica, onye Aristia nyekwara nkuzi. Dị ka Ghica si kwuo, Aristia debere ọrụ aha maka onwe ya, ebe Smărăndița na [[Scarlat Ghica (1812–1857)|Scarlat Ghica]] nwere ọrụ nkwado; ejiji ha sitere na ákwà linin na uwe ochie. Ghica kọwara onye nkuzi ya dị ka onye "epic" na "ọkụ", na-ekwu na Aristia na-akwalite ejiji ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a, gụnyere tailcoat, ebe ọ tụfuru uwe Ottoman niile mgbe 1822 gasịrị.   == Ihe Ncheta Ya == Onye a na-ede uri hapụrụ Aristeea Ananescu laa mmụọ, ebe nwa ya nwanyị nke ọzọ bu ya ụzọ nwụọ. Bucharesters chekwaara ihe ndekọ nke onye edemede ahụ nwụrụ anwụ n'aha ha nyere ihe onwunwe mbụ ya, dị ka ''Gropile Aristia'' ma ọ bụ Gropile lui Aristia ("Aristia's Pits"). N'afọ 1891, kọmitii na-ahụ maka idebe ihe ọcha, nke Alfred Bernard-Lendway nọ n'isi ya, chọpụtara na olulu ndị fọdụrụnụ chịkọtara mmiri na-egbu egbu ma bụrụ isi iyi nke [[Iba|ọrịa ịba]]; a katọrọ mpaghara ahụ ma kpuchie olulu ndị ahụ. Lucsița rere ihe fọdụrụ n'ubi vaịn na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala nke di ya nye onye ọchụnta ego aha ya bụ Viting, mana ndị nketa ya gbara akwụkwọ maka nke a n'ụlọ ikpe ruo ca. 1940. Ka ọ na-erule mgbe ahụ, a kwatuola ụlọ ezinụlọ ahụ iji wuo ụlọ ọgwụ maka Ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè steeti, na'agbanyeghị na a ka maara mpaghara ahụ maka onye edemede a kpọkwasịrị aha ya. N'ide akwụkwọ na Jenụwarị 1914, Ananescu kwuru na ọ dịghị ndokwa e mere maka ịgba otu narị afọ nke nna nna ya na 1900. O kwuru na e mere nleghie anya a n'afọ 1903, mgbe Ollănescu-Ascanio mepụtara obere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Aristia bụ onye isi na ya. N'oge ahụ, nke ka n'ihe ndekọ Aristia furu efu, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime mbipụta nke ''Bible Sacra'', mana onye ọkà mmụta [[Ramiro Ortiz (academic)|Ramiro Ortiz]] chọtara ''Sọl'' ya ma bipụta ya na 1916. Ka ọ na-erule 1919, a gbanweela aha ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwoke ahụ dị na Francmasonă (ma ọ bụ Farmazonă) Street nke Bucharest kpọọ ya aha onye a na-ede uri. Aristia nwetara mmasị ọhụrụ n'oge Ọchịchị Kọmunist nke Romania, mgbe a na-eme emume ya mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka onye na-aga n'ihu. Ọ pụtara dị ka onye si mee ihe nkiri na akwụkwọ akụkọ Camil Petrescu nke afọ 1953, Un om între ኣለ - "akụkọ ndụ ya" na-enye onye edemede ihe ngọpụ maka ịkọwa ụwa nke ihe nkiri na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na omume ya tupu na n'oge 1848. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1955, National Theater Bucharest na onye na-eme ihe nkiri bu isi ya, Costache Antoniu, mere ememe ncheta afọ iri asaa na ise kemgbe ọnwụ Aristia. == Ihe edeturu == {{authority control}} == Edensibịa == eblg9892g1a9rsy4eli20fzok556a85 0 72914 672202 596387 2026-07-04T13:04:13Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 672202 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Mikael Agricola''' ( [ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ] i; c. 1510 - 9 Eprel 1557) bụ onye ụkọchukwu Lutheran nke Finland ghọrọ onye guzobere asụsụ odide na ọgụgụ Finland na onye a ma ama na-akwado Ndozigharị Protestant na [[Sweden]], gụnyere Finland, nke bụbu mpaghara Sweden n'oge ahụ. A na-akpọkarị ya "nna nke asụsụ Finland".{{IPA|fi|ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ|lang|Fi-Mikael_Agricola.ogg}}{{IPA|fi|ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ|lang|Fi-Mikael_Agricola.ogg}}{{IPA|fi|ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ|lang|Fi-Mikael_Agricola.ogg}} A raara Agricola nye dị ka bishọp nke Turku (Åbo) na 1554, na-enweghị nkwado poopu. Ọ gara n'ihu na Mgbanwe nke ụka Finland (nke bụ akụkụ nke Chọọchị Sweden n'oge ahụ) n'ụzọ Lutheran. Ọ sụgharịrị Agba Ọhụrụ gaa n'asụsụ Finnish ma mepụta akwụkwọ ekpere na ukwe a na-eji na Chọọchị Lutheran ọhụrụ nke Finland. Ọrụ a setịpụrụ iwu nke orthography nke bụ ntọala nke nsupe mkpụrụ okwu Finnish nke oge a. Ọrụ ya zuru oke dị ịrịba ama karịsịa n'ihi na o mezuru ya naanị n'ime afọ atọ. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa mberede mgbe ọ na-alọta site na njem o mere o nyere aka na mkparịta ụka Nkwekọrịta nke Novgorod yana Tsardom nke Russia. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === A mụrụ Michael Olaui ma ọ bụ Mikael Olofsson (Finnish: ''Mikael Olavinpoika'') na c. 1510 n'obodo nta Torsby dị na Pernå (''Pernaja''), [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Uusimaa" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Uusimaa">Nyland] (Uusimaa), n'ihe bụzi n'ime [[Finland]] ugbua mana ọ bụ akụkụ [[Sweden]] mgbe ahụ. A gụrụ ya aha onye nsọ na-echebe chọọchị Pernå. A maghị kpọmkwem ụbọchị a mụrụ ya, dị ka ọtụtụ nkọwa ndị ọzọ nke ndụ ya. Ezinụlọ ya bụ ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya dị ka ndekọ ego nke onye na-ahụ maka iwu obodo si kwuo. O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị atọ, mana amaghị aha ha. O doro anya na ndị nkuzi ya ghọtara ikike ọ dị ma a bịa n'asụsụ mere na onye isi ya bụ Bartholomeus zigara ya na Viborg (''Viipuri na Finland''; bụzi Vyborg, Russia ugbua) maka Ụlọ akwụkwọ Latin na ọzụzụ ụfọdụ nke ndị ụkọchukwu, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Erasmus. A maghị ma asụsụ mbụ ya ọ bụ Finnish ka ọ bụ Swedish; Pernå bụ mpaghara na-asụ asụsụ Sweden, mana asụsụ o ji mee ihe n'ọrụ ya na-egosi na ọ bụ onye na-asụ Finnish la amaala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ruotsin itämaa|author=Tarkiainen|first=Kari|publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|year=2010|isbn=978-951-583-212-2|location=Helsinki|pages=236–243}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ maara asụsụ abụọ ahụ nke ọma dị ka amaala ma eleghị anya bụrụ nwatakịrị nwere asụsụ abụọ.<ref name="KB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=14|title=Agricola, Mikael (1510–1557)|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=2014|work=The National Biography of Finland|accessdate=2016-04-30}}</ref> === Ọmụmụ ihe === Mgbe Michael gụrụ akwụkwọ na Viborg (Viipuri) ọ zawara aha nna Agricola ("onye ọrụ ugbo" gv. "ọrụ ugbo"); aha nna dabeere n'ọnọdụ na ọrụ nna onye bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị ọkà mmụta nke ọgbọ mbụ n'oge ahụ. O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ na Viipuri ka ọ malitere ịkpọtụrụ Ndozigharị na Humanism. Onye na-achị Viipuri bụ onye Germany, Johann, onye gbaralarị odobo na nke eze Sweden, Gustav Vasa. Count ahụ bụ onye na-akwado Ndozigharị ahụ, ha nwekwararị ozi Lutheran. <ref name="KB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=14|title=Agricola, Mikael (1510–1557)|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=2014|work=The National Biography of Finland|accessdate=2016-04-30}}</ref> N'afọ 1536 bishọp Turku zigara Agricola ka ọ ga gụọ akwụkwọ na Wittenberg dị na Jamini. O tinyere uche na nkụzi nke Philipp Melanchthon, onye bụ ọkachamara na Grik. Na Wittenberg Agricola mụrụ ihe n'okpuru Luther. Agricola nwetara ọkpụkpọ aha ịgakwuru Eze Sweden Gustav Vasa site na mmadụ abụọ ahụ na-eweta mgbanwe.<ref name="kansallisbiografia">{{Cite web|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=12 April 2021|title=Agricola, Mikael|work=Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|accessdate=23 August 2021|url=http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014|language=fi}}</ref> O zigaara Gustav akwụkwọ ozi abụọ, ka o kwenye maka ya inweta ego enyemaka. Mgbe nkwenye ahụ bịara, Agricola zụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ (ọmụmaatụ, ọrụ niile zuru òkè nke Aristotle). N'afọ 1537 ọ malitere ịsụgharị àgbà ọhụrụ gaa n'asụsụ Finland. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Onye isi Mahadum akaọrụ na ordinarius === N'afọ 1539, Agricola laghachiri Turku ma ghọrọ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Turku (Cathedral). O nweghị mmasị n'ọrụ ahụ, na-akpọ ụmụ akwụkwọ ya "anụmanụ ndị a na-azụghị àzụ̀". N'oge ahụ, Gustav Vasa weghaara ihe onwunwe nke ụka mgbe ọ na-eme ka ike ya sie ike mana ọ kwadokwara Ndozigharị ahụ. N'afọ 1544, Agricola natara iwu site na nke eze ka o zipụ ọtụtụ ụmụ okorobịa nwere nkà n'ọfịs ụtụ isi nke [[Stockholm]]. N'ihi ihe ụfọdụ, Agricola erubeghị isi ruo mgbe e zigara iwu ahụ ọzọ n'afọ sochirinụ, n'olu dị egwu. O yikarịrị ka ihe omume a metụtara mmekọrịta ha n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma.<ref name="kansallisbiografia" /> N'afọ 1546 Agricola tufuru ụlọ obibi yana ụlọ akwụkwọ ya nye ọkụ gbàrà na Turku. Na 22 Febụwarị 1548, Gustav Vasa nyere Agricola iwu ka ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm pụọ n'oge ya dịka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. N'oge a, Agricola alụọlarị nwanyị, mana akụkọ ihe mere eme maara nwunye ya naanị site n'aha ya: Pirjo Olavintytär (Bridget, "nwa nwanyị nke Olavi"; Birgitta Olafsdotter, Brigida Olaui). A mụrụ naanị otu nwa nwoke ya, [[Christian Agricola]] (Christianus Michaelis Agricola), na 11 Disemba 1550, ma ghọọ bishọp nke [[Tallinn]] n'afọ 1584. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbe bishọp merela agadi nwụrụ n'afọ 1554, Gustav Vasa doro Agricola nsọ dika''ordinarius'' nke Pariishi Turku – maka ọrụ niile Bishọp nke Turku, ma siri òtù ahụ bụrụ bishọp Lutheran nke mbụ maka Finland niile. Agricola abụụrụghị kpọmkwem onye na-eweta mgbanwe dị aka ike maọbu dị uchu n'ọrụ, n'agbanyeghị na o wepụrụ Canon nke Mass.  === Ọnwụ Ya === N'afọ 1557, Agricola duziri ndị nnọchi anya gara Russia na njem nnọchiteanya, ọ nọkwa na Moscow site na 21 Febụwarị ruo 24 Machị na-ekwu maka Nkwekọrịta udo, Nkwekọrịta nke Novgorod (1557) . N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel, ọ dara ọrịa ma nwụọ na mpaghara Kyrönniemi dị nso n'obodo Uusikirkko (nke bụzi Polyane), ime obodo dị na Isthmus Karelian. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Heininen|first=Simo|title=Kirchengeschichte Finnlands|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2002|isbn=3-525-55444-3|language=de}}</ref> Ụbọchị a bụkwa ụbọchị ọmụmụ Elias Lönnrot a na-emekwa ememe ya na Finland dị ka ụbọchị asụsụ Finnish.<ref name="kansallisbiografia">{{Cite web|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=12 April 2021|title=Agricola, Mikael|work=Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|accessdate=23 August 2021|url=http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014|language=fi}}</ref> O yikarịrị ka e liri Agricola n'ime ụlọ ụka Viipuri, mana a maghị kpọmkwem ebe ili ahụ dị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kauppila|first=Suvi|date=28 February 2012|title=Arkeologit etsivät Mikael Agricolan hautaa Viipurissa|publisher=University of Turku|url=https://www.utu.fi/fi/Ajankohtaista/Uutiset/arkisto/arkeologit_etsivat_mikael_agricolan_hautaa_viipurissa.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125845/http://www.utu.fi/fi/Ajankohtaista/Uutiset/arkisto/arkeologit_etsivat_mikael_agricolan_hautaa_viipurissa.html|archivedate=2015-12-08|language=fi}}</ref> == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru n'akwụkwọ ndị Ọ Dere == === ''Abckiria'' === [[Faịlụ:Abckiria.jpg|thumb|208x208px|Peeji mbụ nke ''[[Abckiria]]'']] Agricola echeelarị echiche gbasara ịsụgharị Àgbà Ọhụrụ n'afọ ọmụmụ ihe ndị mbụ ya. N'oge ahụ, òtù ọ dị, enweghị ụdị asụsụ Finland izugbe e dere ede, ye mere na ọ malitere dewe ya. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, ''[[Abckiria]]'', nke a maara ugbu a dịka "ABC-kirja" maọbu akwụkwọ ABC, bụụrụ nke nkwadobe maka ịgụ ihe yana katkizim. E bu ụzọ bipụta ya n'afọ 1543.<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}</ref> E tinyere katkizim maka naanị mmadụ ole na ole nwenwuru ike ịzụta [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Akwụkwọ nsọ]] dum n'oge ahụ. Mbipụta nke mbụ ya nwèrè peeji iri na isii . E wepụtara mbipụta nke abụọ na 1551 <ref name="kansallisbiografia">{{Cite web|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=12 April 2021|title=Agricola, Mikael|work=Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|accessdate=23 August 2021|url=http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014|language=fi}}</ref> nke nwere peeji iri abụọ na anọ. N'afọ 1966, Åke Åbergin, onye na-elekọta ọ́bá akwụkwọ, chọpụtara akụkụ, mgbe ọ na-edozi ihe ndị e ji jide akwụkwọ, ndị sitere na mbipụta a na-amaghị ama (ma eleghị anya mbiputa nke atọ) nke "ABC-kirja" nke gụnyere aha onye na-ebipụta ya, Amund Lauritsanpoika, na ụbọchị mbipụta nke 1559 (afọ abụọ mgbe onye dere ya nwụsịrị) nke peeji asatọ ikpeazụ a na-achọpụtabeghị. O yikarịrị na peeji ndị ahụ bụ n'ihi nnukwu njehie ma mee ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Penttilä|first=presented by Aarni|title=Näköispainos Mikael Agricolan ABCkirian eri painosten sälyneistä katkelmista|date=1998|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|location=[Helsinki]|isbn=951-717-303-2|pages=32|edition=reproduction}}</ref> === ''Rucouskiria'' === E bipụtara ''Rucouskiria Bibliasta'' (na nsupe Finland nke dị ugbua: Rukouskirja; nke pụtara Akwụkwọ Ekpere sitere N'Akwụkwọ Nsọ ") na Maachị 1544. Na.mbido nke akwụkwọ ahụ, Agricola dere maka ọtụtụ isiokwu gbasara [[Education|agụmakwụkwọ]] zuru ezu, na mmetụta nke Mgbanwe Ahụ nwere na Finland.<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/ "Kirjallinen työ"]. ''Finnish Bible Society'' (in Finnish). 2007. Archived from [http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/ the original] on 12 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)]]</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere okwu odee anọ yana ihe dịka ekpere narị asaa n'isiokwu dị iche iche <ref name="kansallisbiografia">{{Cite web|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=12 April 2021|title=Agricola, Mikael|work=Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|accessdate=23 August 2021|url=http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014|language=fi}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHeininen2021">Heininen, Simo (12 April 2021). [http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014 "Agricola, Mikael"]. ''Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.'' (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1799-4349 1799-4349]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)]]</ref> o nwerịị ọbụnadị ụdị ekpere iri na abụọ dị iche iche kama abụọ maọbụ atọ ọ na-abụkarị. Ọ bụ ọrụ Agricola kacha nke o dere naanị ya, ma nwee opekata peeji narị itoolu. Ebe ndị o si weta ihe ndị o dere gụnyere ọrụ Luther, Melanchthon, na Erasmus. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Nsụgharị Agba Ọhụrụ === [[Faịlụ:Se_Wsi_Testamenti.png|thumb|207x207px|Ihu akwụkwọ nke [[Se Wsi Testamenti]], ma ọ bụ Agba Ọhụrụ]] Akwụkwọ Agricola a kacha mara bụ nsụgharị mbụ nke Agba Ọhụrụ n'asụsụ Finland. E dechara ihe odide ahụ na 1548. O nwere peeji narị asaa na iri na asatọ na ọtụtụ ihe osise.<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}</ref> === Akwụkwọ okpukpe === Mgbe Agricola nọ na Wittenberg, ọ sụgharịrị obere Akwụkwọ ekpere atọ n'asụsụ Finland. E bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na 1549. Käsikirja Castesta Ia Country Christikunnan Menoista gụnyere ụdị maka ime baptizim, alụmdi na nwunye na olili ozu, yana okwu maka ndị ọrịa, iru uju na ọnwụ. A sụgharịrị ya site na ọrụ Olaus Petri dị n'ụdị ndị ahụ ma e wezụga akụkụ nke baptism na alụmdi na nwunye, nke sitere na Luther. O nwekwara obere ihe ndị a sụgharịrị site na ọrụ Caspar Huberinus [de]. ''Messu eli Herran echtolinen'' gụnyere ụdị maka ọrụ. Ọ dabekwaara na ọrụ Olaus Petri na ihe odide Finland ole na ole. N'akwụkwọ a, Agricola kpughere ọrụ ya ọzọ ya: nsụgharị nke Agba Ochie. <ref name="kansallisbiografia">{{Cite web|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=12 April 2021|title=Agricola, Mikael|work=Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|accessdate=23 August 2021|url=http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014|language=fi}}</ref> ''Se meiden Herran Jesusen Christusen Pina, ylesnousemus ia tauiaisen Astumus, niste Neliest Euangelisterist coghottuon'' na-ekwu maka ntaramahụhụ [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jesus Christ]]. A chịkọtara ha site n'akwụkwọ oziọma anọ. Johannes Bugenhagen,<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}</ref> bụ onye nkuzi na Wittenberg nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe akwụkwọ a nọ. A sụgharịrị ya karịsịa site n'asụsụ Jamani mama ụfọdụ akụkụ ya nwere mmetụta site n'àgbà nke Sweden yana nsụgharị nke agba ọhụrụ nke Agricola. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:Brev_från_Mikael_Agricola_till_Nils_Bielke_1549.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ ozi Mikael Agricola degaara Nils Bielke n'asụsụ Swedish]] Ụlọ ụka Evangelical Lutheran dị n'America na-echeta Bishọp Agricola kwa afọ na abalị iri n'ọnwa Eprel. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A na-akpọ [[Chọọchị Mikael Agricola]] na Helsinki aha Agricola.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.helsinginkirkot.fi/en/churches/mikael-agricolan-church|title=Mikael Agricola Church|accessdate=30 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311003522/http://www.helsinginkirkot.fi/en/churches/mikael-agricolan-church|archivedate=11 March 2016}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, Chọọchị Agricola Lutheran na-echeta aha ya na Toronto Canada. A na-akpọ asteroid [[3212 Agricola]] aha Agricola. N'afọ 2007, afọ narị anọ na iri ise ka ọ nwụsịrị, a họọrọ Agricola dị ka isi a ga-ese ns mkpụrụ ego ncheta, mkpụrụ ego ncheta €10 Mikael Agricola and Finnish language memorative coin. E wepụtara mkpụrụ ego nchịkọta a iji sọpụrụ ọrụ ndụ Agricola dị ka onye nyere aka na mgbanwe Protestant na Finland yana dị ka nna nke asụsụ Finnish. Akụkụ azụ coin ahụ na-egosi mkpịsị akwụkwọ iji zoo aka na onye edemede, ebe akụkụ ihu ya nwere nkọwa nkà nke oyiyi mmadụ. == Ihe ngosi Foto ==   == Hụkwa == * Ụbọchị ọkọlọtọ na Finland == Ihe ndị e Deturu == == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == *  Foto ndị gbasara Mikael Agricola na Wikimedia Commons * ''[https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/32125/617155.pdf?sequence=1 Ịgbasa Okwu E dere ede: Mikael Agricola na Ọmụmụ nke asụsụ Finnish]'' sitere na Kaisa Häkkinen dere * Agricola, Suomen胸akielen__wol____wol____wol__ (n'asụsụ(in Finnish)) Finnish Bible Society''Òtù Bible nke Finland'' * Mikael Agricola Society (n'asụsụ Finnish) * Ihe ndị metụtara [https://urus.uw.edu.pl/person/1463 Mikael Agricola] na Urus: Usoro na Nnakwere nke Graphic Art na Central na Eastern Europe (narị afọ nke iri na ise na iri na asatọ) nchekwa data {{s-start}} {{s-rel}} {{s-bef|before=New office}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Bishop of Turku|Lutheran bishop of Turku]]|years=1554 – 1557}} {{s-aft|after=[[Petrus Follingius]]}} {{s-end}}{{Archbishops of Turku}}{{Lutheran hymnody}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] f067lus7zay1h65a4j6vhyn7gea5jog 672204 672202 2026-07-04T13:05:11Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 672204 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Mikael Agricola''' ( [ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ] i; c. 1510 - 9 Eprel 1557) bụ onye ụkọchukwu Lutheran nke Finland ghọrọ onye guzobere asụsụ odide na ọgụgụ Finland na onye a ma ama na-akwado Ndozigharị Protestant na [[Sweden]], gụnyere Finland, nke bụbu mpaghara Sweden n'oge ahụ. A na-akpọkarị ya "nna nke asụsụ Finland".{{IPA|fi|ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ|lang|Fi-Mikael_Agricola.ogg}}{{IPA|fi|ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ|lang|Fi-Mikael_Agricola.ogg}}{{IPA|fi|ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ|lang|Fi-Mikael_Agricola.ogg}} A raara Agricola nye dị ka bishọp nke Turku (Åbo) na 1554, na-enweghị nkwado poopu. Ọ gara n'ihu na Mgbanwe nke ụka Finland (nke bụ akụkụ nke Chọọchị Sweden n'oge ahụ) n'ụzọ Lutheran. Ọ sụgharịrị Agba Ọhụrụ gaa n'asụsụ Finnish ma mepụta akwụkwọ ekpere na ukwe a na-eji na Chọọchị Lutheran ọhụrụ nke Finland. Ọrụ a setịpụrụ iwu nke orthography nke bụ ntọala nke nsupe mkpụrụ okwu Finnish nke oge a. Ọrụ ya zuru oke dị ịrịba ama karịsịa n'ihi na o mezuru ya naanị n'ime afọ atọ. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa mberede mgbe ọ na-alọta site na njem o mere o nyere aka na mkparịta ụka Nkwekọrịta nke Novgorod yana Tsardom nke Russia. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === A mụrụ Michael Olaui ma ọ bụ Mikael Olofsson (Finnish: ''Mikael Olavinpoika'') na c. 1510 n'obodo nta Torsby dị na Pernå (''Pernaja''), [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Uusimaa" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Uusimaa">Nyland] (Uusimaa), n'ihe bụzi n'ime [[Finland]] ugbua mana ọ bụ akụkụ [[Sweden]] mgbe ahụ. A gụrụ ya aha onye nsọ na-echebe chọọchị Pernå. A maghị kpọmkwem ụbọchị a mụrụ ya, dị ka ọtụtụ nkọwa ndị ọzọ nke ndụ ya. Ezinụlọ ya bụ ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya dị ka ndekọ ego nke onye na-ahụ maka iwu obodo si kwuo. O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị atọ, mana amaghị aha ha. O doro anya na ndị nkuzi ya ghọtara ikike ọ dị ma a bịa n'asụsụ mere na onye isi ya bụ Bartholomeus zigara ya na Viborg (''Viipuri na Finland''; bụzi Vyborg, Russia ugbua) maka Ụlọ akwụkwọ Latin na ọzụzụ ụfọdụ nke ndị ụkọchukwu, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Erasmus. A maghị ma asụsụ mbụ ya ọ bụ Finnish ka ọ bụ Swedish; Pernå bụ mpaghara na-asụ asụsụ Sweden, mana asụsụ o ji mee ihe n'ọrụ ya na-egosi na ọ bụ onye na-asụ Finnish la amaala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ruotsin itämaa|author=Tarkiainen|first=Kari|publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|year=2010|isbn=978-951-583-212-2|location=Helsinki|pages=236–243}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ maara asụsụ abụọ ahụ nke ọma dị ka amaala ma eleghị anya bụrụ nwatakịrị nwere asụsụ abụọ.<ref name="KB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=14|title=Agricola, Mikael (1510–1557)|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=2014|work=The National Biography of Finland|accessdate=2016-04-30}}</ref> === Ọmụmụ ihe === Mgbe Michael gụrụ akwụkwọ na Viborg (Viipuri) ọ zawara aha nna Agricola ("onye ọrụ ugbo" gv. "ọrụ ugbo"); aha nna dabeere n'ọnọdụ na ọrụ nna onye bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị ọkà mmụta nke ọgbọ mbụ n'oge ahụ. O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ na Viipuri ka ọ malitere ịkpọtụrụ Ndozigharị na Humanism. Onye na-achị Viipuri bụ onye Germany, Johann, onye gbaralarị odobo na nke eze Sweden, Gustav Vasa. Count ahụ bụ onye na-akwado Ndozigharị ahụ, ha nwekwararị ozi Lutheran. <ref name="KB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=14|title=Agricola, Mikael (1510–1557)|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=2014|work=The National Biography of Finland|accessdate=2016-04-30}}</ref> N'afọ 1536 bishọp Turku zigara Agricola ka ọ ga gụọ akwụkwọ na Wittenberg dị na Jamini. O tinyere uche na nkụzi nke Philipp Melanchthon, onye bụ ọkachamara na Grik. Na Wittenberg Agricola mụrụ ihe n'okpuru Luther. Agricola nwetara ọkpụkpọ aha ịgakwuru Eze Sweden Gustav Vasa site na mmadụ abụọ ahụ na-eweta mgbanwe.<ref name="kansallisbiografia">{{Cite web|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=12 April 2021|title=Agricola, Mikael|work=Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|accessdate=23 August 2021|url=http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014|language=fi}}</ref> O zigaara Gustav akwụkwọ ozi abụọ, ka o kwenye maka ya inweta ego enyemaka. Mgbe nkwenye ahụ bịara, Agricola zụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ (ọmụmaatụ, ọrụ niile zuru òkè nke Aristotle). N'afọ 1537 ọ malitere ịsụgharị àgbà ọhụrụ gaa n'asụsụ Finland. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Onye isi Mahadum akaọrụ na ordinarius === N'afọ 1539, Agricola laghachiri Turku ma ghọrọ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Turku (Cathedral). O nweghị mmasị n'ọrụ ahụ, na-akpọ ụmụ akwụkwọ ya "anụmanụ ndị a na-azụghị àzụ̀". N'oge ahụ, Gustav Vasa weghaara ihe onwunwe nke ụka mgbe ọ na-eme ka ike ya sie ike mana ọ kwadokwara Ndozigharị ahụ. N'afọ 1544, Agricola natara iwu site na nke eze ka o zipụ ọtụtụ ụmụ okorobịa nwere nkà n'ọfịs ụtụ isi nke [[Stockholm]]. N'ihi ihe ụfọdụ, Agricola erubeghị isi ruo mgbe e zigara iwu ahụ ọzọ n'afọ sochirinụ, n'olu dị egwu. O yikarịrị ka ihe omume a metụtara mmekọrịta ha n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma.<ref name="kansallisbiografia" /> N'afọ 1546 Agricola tufuru ụlọ obibi yana ụlọ akwụkwọ ya nye ọkụ gbàrà na Turku. Na 22 Febụwarị 1548, Gustav Vasa nyere Agricola iwu ka ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm pụọ n'oge ya dịka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. N'oge a, Agricola alụọlarị nwanyị, mana akụkọ ihe mere eme maara nwunye ya naanị site n'aha ya: Pirjo Olavintytär (Bridget, "nwa nwanyị nke Olavi"; Birgitta Olafsdotter, Brigida Olaui). A mụrụ naanị otu nwa nwoke ya, [[Christian Agricola]] (Christianus Michaelis Agricola), na 11 Disemba 1550, ma ghọọ bishọp nke [[Tallinn]] n'afọ 1584. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbe bishọp merela agadi nwụrụ n'afọ 1554, Gustav Vasa doro Agricola nsọ dika''ordinarius'' nke Pariishi Turku – maka ọrụ niile Bishọp nke Turku, ma siri òtù ahụ bụrụ bishọp Lutheran nke mbụ maka Finland niile. Agricola abụụrụghị kpọmkwem onye na-eweta mgbanwe dị aka ike maọbu dị uchu n'ọrụ, n'agbanyeghị na o wepụrụ Canon nke Mass.  === Ọnwụ Ya === N'afọ 1557, Agricola duziri ndị nnọchi anya gara Russia na njem nnọchiteanya, ọ nọkwa na Moscow site na 21 Febụwarị ruo 24 Machị na-ekwu maka Nkwekọrịta udo, Nkwekọrịta nke Novgorod (1557) . N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel, ọ dara ọrịa ma nwụọ na mpaghara Kyrönniemi dị nso n'obodo Uusikirkko (nke bụzi Polyane), ime obodo dị na Isthmus Karelian. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Heininen|first=Simo|title=Kirchengeschichte Finnlands|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2002|isbn=3-525-55444-3|language=de}}</ref> Ụbọchị a bụkwa ụbọchị ọmụmụ Elias Lönnrot a na-emekwa ememe ya na Finland dị ka ụbọchị asụsụ Finnish.<ref name="kansallisbiografia" /> O yikarịrị ka e liri Agricola n'ime ụlọ ụka Viipuri, mana a maghị kpọmkwem ebe ili ahụ dị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kauppila|first=Suvi|date=28 February 2012|title=Arkeologit etsivät Mikael Agricolan hautaa Viipurissa|publisher=University of Turku|url=https://www.utu.fi/fi/Ajankohtaista/Uutiset/arkisto/arkeologit_etsivat_mikael_agricolan_hautaa_viipurissa.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125845/http://www.utu.fi/fi/Ajankohtaista/Uutiset/arkisto/arkeologit_etsivat_mikael_agricolan_hautaa_viipurissa.html|archivedate=2015-12-08|language=fi}}</ref> == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru n'akwụkwọ ndị Ọ Dere == === ''Abckiria'' === [[Faịlụ:Abckiria.jpg|thumb|208x208px|Peeji mbụ nke ''[[Abckiria]]'']] Agricola echeelarị echiche gbasara ịsụgharị Àgbà Ọhụrụ n'afọ ọmụmụ ihe ndị mbụ ya. N'oge ahụ, òtù ọ dị, enweghị ụdị asụsụ Finland izugbe e dere ede, ye mere na ọ malitere dewe ya. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, ''[[Abckiria]]'', nke a maara ugbu a dịka "ABC-kirja" maọbu akwụkwọ ABC, bụụrụ nke nkwadobe maka ịgụ ihe yana katkizim. E bu ụzọ bipụta ya n'afọ 1543.<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}</ref> E tinyere katkizim maka naanị mmadụ ole na ole nwenwuru ike ịzụta [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Akwụkwọ nsọ]] dum n'oge ahụ. Mbipụta nke mbụ ya nwèrè peeji iri na isii . E wepụtara mbipụta nke abụọ na 1551 <ref name="kansallisbiografia">{{Cite web|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=12 April 2021|title=Agricola, Mikael|work=Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|accessdate=23 August 2021|url=http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014|language=fi}}</ref> nke nwere peeji iri abụọ na anọ. N'afọ 1966, Åke Åbergin, onye na-elekọta ọ́bá akwụkwọ, chọpụtara akụkụ, mgbe ọ na-edozi ihe ndị e ji jide akwụkwọ, ndị sitere na mbipụta a na-amaghị ama (ma eleghị anya mbiputa nke atọ) nke "ABC-kirja" nke gụnyere aha onye na-ebipụta ya, Amund Lauritsanpoika, na ụbọchị mbipụta nke 1559 (afọ abụọ mgbe onye dere ya nwụsịrị) nke peeji asatọ ikpeazụ a na-achọpụtabeghị. O yikarịrị na peeji ndị ahụ bụ n'ihi nnukwu njehie ma mee ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Penttilä|first=presented by Aarni|title=Näköispainos Mikael Agricolan ABCkirian eri painosten sälyneistä katkelmista|date=1998|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|location=[Helsinki]|isbn=951-717-303-2|pages=32|edition=reproduction}}</ref> === ''Rucouskiria'' === E bipụtara ''Rucouskiria Bibliasta'' (na nsupe Finland nke dị ugbua: Rukouskirja; nke pụtara Akwụkwọ Ekpere sitere N'Akwụkwọ Nsọ ") na Maachị 1544. Na.mbido nke akwụkwọ ahụ, Agricola dere maka ọtụtụ isiokwu gbasara [[Education|agụmakwụkwọ]] zuru ezu, na mmetụta nke Mgbanwe Ahụ nwere na Finland.<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/ "Kirjallinen työ"]. ''Finnish Bible Society'' (in Finnish). 2007. Archived from [http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/ the original] on 12 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)]]</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere okwu odee anọ yana ihe dịka ekpere narị asaa n'isiokwu dị iche iche <ref name="kansallisbiografia">{{Cite web|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=12 April 2021|title=Agricola, Mikael|work=Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|accessdate=23 August 2021|url=http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014|language=fi}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHeininen2021">Heininen, Simo (12 April 2021). [http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014 "Agricola, Mikael"]. ''Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.'' (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1799-4349 1799-4349]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)]]</ref> o nwerịị ọbụnadị ụdị ekpere iri na abụọ dị iche iche kama abụọ maọbụ atọ ọ na-abụkarị. Ọ bụ ọrụ Agricola kacha nke o dere naanị ya, ma nwee opekata peeji narị itoolu. Ebe ndị o si weta ihe ndị o dere gụnyere ọrụ Luther, Melanchthon, na Erasmus. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Nsụgharị Agba Ọhụrụ === [[Faịlụ:Se_Wsi_Testamenti.png|thumb|207x207px|Ihu akwụkwọ nke [[Se Wsi Testamenti]], ma ọ bụ Agba Ọhụrụ]] Akwụkwọ Agricola a kacha mara bụ nsụgharị mbụ nke Agba Ọhụrụ n'asụsụ Finland. E dechara ihe odide ahụ na 1548. O nwere peeji narị asaa na iri na asatọ na ọtụtụ ihe osise.<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}</ref> === Akwụkwọ okpukpe === Mgbe Agricola nọ na Wittenberg, ọ sụgharịrị obere Akwụkwọ ekpere atọ n'asụsụ Finland. E bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na 1549. Käsikirja Castesta Ia Country Christikunnan Menoista gụnyere ụdị maka ime baptizim, alụmdi na nwunye na olili ozu, yana okwu maka ndị ọrịa, iru uju na ọnwụ. A sụgharịrị ya site na ọrụ Olaus Petri dị n'ụdị ndị ahụ ma e wezụga akụkụ nke baptism na alụmdi na nwunye, nke sitere na Luther. O nwekwara obere ihe ndị a sụgharịrị site na ọrụ Caspar Huberinus [de]. ''Messu eli Herran echtolinen'' gụnyere ụdị maka ọrụ. Ọ dabekwaara na ọrụ Olaus Petri na ihe odide Finland ole na ole. N'akwụkwọ a, Agricola kpughere ọrụ ya ọzọ ya: nsụgharị nke Agba Ochie. <ref name="kansallisbiografia">{{Cite web|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=12 April 2021|title=Agricola, Mikael|work=Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|accessdate=23 August 2021|url=http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014|language=fi}}</ref> ''Se meiden Herran Jesusen Christusen Pina, ylesnousemus ia tauiaisen Astumus, niste Neliest Euangelisterist coghottuon'' na-ekwu maka ntaramahụhụ [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jesus Christ]]. A chịkọtara ha site n'akwụkwọ oziọma anọ. Johannes Bugenhagen,<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}</ref> bụ onye nkuzi na Wittenberg nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe akwụkwọ a nọ. A sụgharịrị ya karịsịa site n'asụsụ Jamani mama ụfọdụ akụkụ ya nwere mmetụta site n'àgbà nke Sweden yana nsụgharị nke agba ọhụrụ nke Agricola. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:Brev_från_Mikael_Agricola_till_Nils_Bielke_1549.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ ozi Mikael Agricola degaara Nils Bielke n'asụsụ Swedish]] Ụlọ ụka Evangelical Lutheran dị n'America na-echeta Bishọp Agricola kwa afọ na abalị iri n'ọnwa Eprel. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A na-akpọ [[Chọọchị Mikael Agricola]] na Helsinki aha Agricola.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.helsinginkirkot.fi/en/churches/mikael-agricolan-church|title=Mikael Agricola Church|accessdate=30 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311003522/http://www.helsinginkirkot.fi/en/churches/mikael-agricolan-church|archivedate=11 March 2016}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, Chọọchị Agricola Lutheran na-echeta aha ya na Toronto Canada. A na-akpọ asteroid [[3212 Agricola]] aha Agricola. N'afọ 2007, afọ narị anọ na iri ise ka ọ nwụsịrị, a họọrọ Agricola dị ka isi a ga-ese ns mkpụrụ ego ncheta, mkpụrụ ego ncheta €10 Mikael Agricola and Finnish language memorative coin. E wepụtara mkpụrụ ego nchịkọta a iji sọpụrụ ọrụ ndụ Agricola dị ka onye nyere aka na mgbanwe Protestant na Finland yana dị ka nna nke asụsụ Finnish. Akụkụ azụ coin ahụ na-egosi mkpịsị akwụkwọ iji zoo aka na onye edemede, ebe akụkụ ihu ya nwere nkọwa nkà nke oyiyi mmadụ. == Ihe ngosi Foto ==   == Hụkwa == * Ụbọchị ọkọlọtọ na Finland == Ihe ndị e Deturu == == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == *  Foto ndị gbasara Mikael Agricola na Wikimedia Commons * ''[https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/32125/617155.pdf?sequence=1 Ịgbasa Okwu E dere ede: Mikael Agricola na Ọmụmụ nke asụsụ Finnish]'' sitere na Kaisa Häkkinen dere * Agricola, Suomen胸akielen__wol____wol____wol__ (n'asụsụ(in Finnish)) Finnish Bible Society''Òtù Bible nke Finland'' * Mikael Agricola Society (n'asụsụ Finnish) * Ihe ndị metụtara [https://urus.uw.edu.pl/person/1463 Mikael Agricola] na Urus: Usoro na Nnakwere nke Graphic Art na Central na Eastern Europe (narị afọ nke iri na ise na iri na asatọ) nchekwa data {{s-start}} {{s-rel}} {{s-bef|before=New office}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Bishop of Turku|Lutheran bishop of Turku]]|years=1554 – 1557}} {{s-aft|after=[[Petrus Follingius]]}} {{s-end}}{{Archbishops of Turku}}{{Lutheran hymnody}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] c35blld6q02uwe7la6ol2qbr9j2okz5 672206 672204 2026-07-04T13:06:19Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 672206 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Mikael Agricola''' ( [ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ] i; c. 1510 - 9 Eprel 1557) bụ onye ụkọchukwu Lutheran nke Finland ghọrọ onye guzobere asụsụ odide na ọgụgụ Finland na onye a ma ama na-akwado Ndozigharị Protestant na [[Sweden]], gụnyere Finland, nke bụbu mpaghara Sweden n'oge ahụ. A na-akpọkarị ya "nna nke asụsụ Finland".{{IPA|fi|ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ|lang|Fi-Mikael_Agricola.ogg}}{{IPA|fi|ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ|lang|Fi-Mikael_Agricola.ogg}}{{IPA|fi|ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ|lang|Fi-Mikael_Agricola.ogg}} A raara Agricola nye dị ka bishọp nke Turku (Åbo) na 1554, na-enweghị nkwado poopu. Ọ gara n'ihu na Mgbanwe nke ụka Finland (nke bụ akụkụ nke Chọọchị Sweden n'oge ahụ) n'ụzọ Lutheran. Ọ sụgharịrị Agba Ọhụrụ gaa n'asụsụ Finnish ma mepụta akwụkwọ ekpere na ukwe a na-eji na Chọọchị Lutheran ọhụrụ nke Finland. Ọrụ a setịpụrụ iwu nke orthography nke bụ ntọala nke nsupe mkpụrụ okwu Finnish nke oge a. Ọrụ ya zuru oke dị ịrịba ama karịsịa n'ihi na o mezuru ya naanị n'ime afọ atọ. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa mberede mgbe ọ na-alọta site na njem o mere o nyere aka na mkparịta ụka Nkwekọrịta nke Novgorod yana Tsardom nke Russia. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === A mụrụ Michael Olaui ma ọ bụ Mikael Olofsson (Finnish: ''Mikael Olavinpoika'') na c. 1510 n'obodo nta Torsby dị na Pernå (''Pernaja''), [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Uusimaa" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Uusimaa">Nyland] (Uusimaa), n'ihe bụzi n'ime [[Finland]] ugbua mana ọ bụ akụkụ [[Sweden]] mgbe ahụ. A gụrụ ya aha onye nsọ na-echebe chọọchị Pernå. A maghị kpọmkwem ụbọchị a mụrụ ya, dị ka ọtụtụ nkọwa ndị ọzọ nke ndụ ya. Ezinụlọ ya bụ ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya dị ka ndekọ ego nke onye na-ahụ maka iwu obodo si kwuo. O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị atọ, mana amaghị aha ha. O doro anya na ndị nkuzi ya ghọtara ikike ọ dị ma a bịa n'asụsụ mere na onye isi ya bụ Bartholomeus zigara ya na Viborg (''Viipuri na Finland''; bụzi Vyborg, Russia ugbua) maka Ụlọ akwụkwọ Latin na ọzụzụ ụfọdụ nke ndị ụkọchukwu, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Erasmus. A maghị ma asụsụ mbụ ya ọ bụ Finnish ka ọ bụ Swedish; Pernå bụ mpaghara na-asụ asụsụ Sweden, mana asụsụ o ji mee ihe n'ọrụ ya na-egosi na ọ bụ onye na-asụ Finnish la amaala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ruotsin itämaa|author=Tarkiainen|first=Kari|publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|year=2010|isbn=978-951-583-212-2|location=Helsinki|pages=236–243}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ maara asụsụ abụọ ahụ nke ọma dị ka amaala ma eleghị anya bụrụ nwatakịrị nwere asụsụ abụọ.<ref name="KB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=14|title=Agricola, Mikael (1510–1557)|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=2014|work=The National Biography of Finland|accessdate=2016-04-30}}</ref> === Ọmụmụ ihe === Mgbe Michael gụrụ akwụkwọ na Viborg (Viipuri) ọ zawara aha nna Agricola ("onye ọrụ ugbo" gv. "ọrụ ugbo"); aha nna dabeere n'ọnọdụ na ọrụ nna onye bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị ọkà mmụta nke ọgbọ mbụ n'oge ahụ. O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ na Viipuri ka ọ malitere ịkpọtụrụ Ndozigharị na Humanism. Onye na-achị Viipuri bụ onye Germany, Johann, onye gbaralarị odobo na nke eze Sweden, Gustav Vasa. Count ahụ bụ onye na-akwado Ndozigharị ahụ, ha nwekwararị ozi Lutheran. <ref name="KB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=14|title=Agricola, Mikael (1510–1557)|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=2014|work=The National Biography of Finland|accessdate=2016-04-30}}</ref> N'afọ 1536 bishọp Turku zigara Agricola ka ọ ga gụọ akwụkwọ na Wittenberg dị na Jamini. O tinyere uche na nkụzi nke Philipp Melanchthon, onye bụ ọkachamara na Grik. Na Wittenberg Agricola mụrụ ihe n'okpuru Luther. Agricola nwetara ọkpụkpọ aha ịgakwuru Eze Sweden Gustav Vasa site na mmadụ abụọ ahụ na-eweta mgbanwe.<ref name="kansallisbiografia">{{Cite web|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=12 April 2021|title=Agricola, Mikael|work=Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|accessdate=23 August 2021|url=http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014|language=fi}}</ref> O zigaara Gustav akwụkwọ ozi abụọ, ka o kwenye maka ya inweta ego enyemaka. Mgbe nkwenye ahụ bịara, Agricola zụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ (ọmụmaatụ, ọrụ niile zuru òkè nke Aristotle). N'afọ 1537 ọ malitere ịsụgharị àgbà ọhụrụ gaa n'asụsụ Finland. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Onye isi Mahadum akaọrụ na ordinarius === N'afọ 1539, Agricola laghachiri Turku ma ghọrọ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Turku (Cathedral). O nweghị mmasị n'ọrụ ahụ, na-akpọ ụmụ akwụkwọ ya "anụmanụ ndị a na-azụghị àzụ̀". N'oge ahụ, Gustav Vasa weghaara ihe onwunwe nke ụka mgbe ọ na-eme ka ike ya sie ike mana ọ kwadokwara Ndozigharị ahụ. N'afọ 1544, Agricola natara iwu site na nke eze ka o zipụ ọtụtụ ụmụ okorobịa nwere nkà n'ọfịs ụtụ isi nke [[Stockholm]]. N'ihi ihe ụfọdụ, Agricola erubeghị isi ruo mgbe e zigara iwu ahụ ọzọ n'afọ sochirinụ, n'olu dị egwu. O yikarịrị ka ihe omume a metụtara mmekọrịta ha n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma.<ref name="kansallisbiografia" /> N'afọ 1546 Agricola tufuru ụlọ obibi yana ụlọ akwụkwọ ya nye ọkụ gbàrà na Turku. Na 22 Febụwarị 1548, Gustav Vasa nyere Agricola iwu ka ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm pụọ n'oge ya dịka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. N'oge a, Agricola alụọlarị nwanyị, mana akụkọ ihe mere eme maara nwunye ya naanị site n'aha ya: Pirjo Olavintytär (Bridget, "nwa nwanyị nke Olavi"; Birgitta Olafsdotter, Brigida Olaui). A mụrụ naanị otu nwa nwoke ya, [[Christian Agricola]] (Christianus Michaelis Agricola), na 11 Disemba 1550, ma ghọọ bishọp nke [[Tallinn]] n'afọ 1584. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbe bishọp merela agadi nwụrụ n'afọ 1554, Gustav Vasa doro Agricola nsọ dika''ordinarius'' nke Pariishi Turku – maka ọrụ niile Bishọp nke Turku, ma siri òtù ahụ bụrụ bishọp Lutheran nke mbụ maka Finland niile. Agricola abụụrụghị kpọmkwem onye na-eweta mgbanwe dị aka ike maọbu dị uchu n'ọrụ, n'agbanyeghị na o wepụrụ Canon nke Mass.  === Ọnwụ Ya === N'afọ 1557, Agricola duziri ndị nnọchi anya gara Russia na njem nnọchiteanya, ọ nọkwa na Moscow site na 21 Febụwarị ruo 24 Machị na-ekwu maka Nkwekọrịta udo, Nkwekọrịta nke Novgorod (1557) . N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel, ọ dara ọrịa ma nwụọ na mpaghara Kyrönniemi dị nso n'obodo Uusikirkko (nke bụzi Polyane), ime obodo dị na Isthmus Karelian. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Heininen|first=Simo|title=Kirchengeschichte Finnlands|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2002|isbn=3-525-55444-3|language=de}}</ref> Ụbọchị a bụkwa ụbọchị ọmụmụ Elias Lönnrot a na-emekwa ememe ya na Finland dị ka ụbọchị asụsụ Finnish.<ref name="kansallisbiografia" /> O yikarịrị ka e liri Agricola n'ime ụlọ ụka Viipuri, mana a maghị kpọmkwem ebe ili ahụ dị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kauppila|first=Suvi|date=28 February 2012|title=Arkeologit etsivät Mikael Agricolan hautaa Viipurissa|publisher=University of Turku|url=https://www.utu.fi/fi/Ajankohtaista/Uutiset/arkisto/arkeologit_etsivat_mikael_agricolan_hautaa_viipurissa.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125845/http://www.utu.fi/fi/Ajankohtaista/Uutiset/arkisto/arkeologit_etsivat_mikael_agricolan_hautaa_viipurissa.html|archivedate=2015-12-08|language=fi}}</ref> == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru n'akwụkwọ ndị Ọ Dere == === ''Abckiria'' === [[Faịlụ:Abckiria.jpg|thumb|208x208px|Peeji mbụ nke ''[[Abckiria]]'']] Agricola echeelarị echiche gbasara ịsụgharị Àgbà Ọhụrụ n'afọ ọmụmụ ihe ndị mbụ ya. N'oge ahụ, òtù ọ dị, enweghị ụdị asụsụ Finland izugbe e dere ede, ye mere na ọ malitere dewe ya. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, ''[[Abckiria]]'', nke a maara ugbu a dịka "ABC-kirja" maọbu akwụkwọ ABC, bụụrụ nke nkwadobe maka ịgụ ihe yana katkizim. E bu ụzọ bipụta ya n'afọ 1543.<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}</ref> E tinyere katkizim maka naanị mmadụ ole na ole nwenwuru ike ịzụta [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Akwụkwọ nsọ]] dum n'oge ahụ. Mbipụta nke mbụ ya nwèrè peeji iri na isii . E wepụtara mbipụta nke abụọ na 1551 <ref name="kansallisbiografia" /> nke nwere peeji iri abụọ na anọ. N'afọ 1966, Åke Åbergin, onye na-elekọta ọ́bá akwụkwọ, chọpụtara akụkụ, mgbe ọ na-edozi ihe ndị e ji jide akwụkwọ, ndị sitere na mbipụta a na-amaghị ama (ma eleghị anya mbiputa nke atọ) nke "ABC-kirja" nke gụnyere aha onye na-ebipụta ya, Amund Lauritsanpoika, na ụbọchị mbipụta nke 1559 (afọ abụọ mgbe onye dere ya nwụsịrị) nke peeji asatọ ikpeazụ a na-achọpụtabeghị. O yikarịrị na peeji ndị ahụ bụ n'ihi nnukwu njehie ma mee ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Penttilä|first=presented by Aarni|title=Näköispainos Mikael Agricolan ABCkirian eri painosten sälyneistä katkelmista|date=1998|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|location=[Helsinki]|isbn=951-717-303-2|pages=32|edition=reproduction}}</ref> === ''Rucouskiria'' === E bipụtara ''Rucouskiria Bibliasta'' (na nsupe Finland nke dị ugbua: Rukouskirja; nke pụtara Akwụkwọ Ekpere sitere N'Akwụkwọ Nsọ ") na Maachị 1544. Na.mbido nke akwụkwọ ahụ, Agricola dere maka ọtụtụ isiokwu gbasara [[Education|agụmakwụkwọ]] zuru ezu, na mmetụta nke Mgbanwe Ahụ nwere na Finland.<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/ "Kirjallinen työ"]. ''Finnish Bible Society'' (in Finnish). 2007. Archived from [http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/ the original] on 12 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)]]</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere okwu odee anọ yana ihe dịka ekpere narị asaa n'isiokwu dị iche iche <ref name="kansallisbiografia">{{Cite web|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=12 April 2021|title=Agricola, Mikael|work=Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|accessdate=23 August 2021|url=http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014|language=fi}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHeininen2021">Heininen, Simo (12 April 2021). [http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014 "Agricola, Mikael"]. ''Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.'' (in Finnish). Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1799-4349 1799-4349]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)]]</ref> o nwerịị ọbụnadị ụdị ekpere iri na abụọ dị iche iche kama abụọ maọbụ atọ ọ na-abụkarị. Ọ bụ ọrụ Agricola kacha nke o dere naanị ya, ma nwee opekata peeji narị itoolu. Ebe ndị o si weta ihe ndị o dere gụnyere ọrụ Luther, Melanchthon, na Erasmus. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Nsụgharị Agba Ọhụrụ === [[Faịlụ:Se_Wsi_Testamenti.png|thumb|207x207px|Ihu akwụkwọ nke [[Se Wsi Testamenti]], ma ọ bụ Agba Ọhụrụ]] Akwụkwọ Agricola a kacha mara bụ nsụgharị mbụ nke Agba Ọhụrụ n'asụsụ Finland. E dechara ihe odide ahụ na 1548. O nwere peeji narị asaa na iri na asatọ na ọtụtụ ihe osise.<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}</ref> === Akwụkwọ okpukpe === Mgbe Agricola nọ na Wittenberg, ọ sụgharịrị obere Akwụkwọ ekpere atọ n'asụsụ Finland. E bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na 1549. Käsikirja Castesta Ia Country Christikunnan Menoista gụnyere ụdị maka ime baptizim, alụmdi na nwunye na olili ozu, yana okwu maka ndị ọrịa, iru uju na ọnwụ. A sụgharịrị ya site na ọrụ Olaus Petri dị n'ụdị ndị ahụ ma e wezụga akụkụ nke baptism na alụmdi na nwunye, nke sitere na Luther. O nwekwara obere ihe ndị a sụgharịrị site na ọrụ Caspar Huberinus [de]. ''Messu eli Herran echtolinen'' gụnyere ụdị maka ọrụ. Ọ dabekwaara na ọrụ Olaus Petri na ihe odide Finland ole na ole. N'akwụkwọ a, Agricola kpughere ọrụ ya ọzọ ya: nsụgharị nke Agba Ochie. <ref name="kansallisbiografia">{{Cite web|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=12 April 2021|title=Agricola, Mikael|work=Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|accessdate=23 August 2021|url=http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014|language=fi}}</ref> ''Se meiden Herran Jesusen Christusen Pina, ylesnousemus ia tauiaisen Astumus, niste Neliest Euangelisterist coghottuon'' na-ekwu maka ntaramahụhụ [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jesus Christ]]. A chịkọtara ha site n'akwụkwọ oziọma anọ. Johannes Bugenhagen,<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}</ref> bụ onye nkuzi na Wittenberg nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe akwụkwọ a nọ. A sụgharịrị ya karịsịa site n'asụsụ Jamani mama ụfọdụ akụkụ ya nwere mmetụta site n'àgbà nke Sweden yana nsụgharị nke agba ọhụrụ nke Agricola. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:Brev_från_Mikael_Agricola_till_Nils_Bielke_1549.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ ozi Mikael Agricola degaara Nils Bielke n'asụsụ Swedish]] Ụlọ ụka Evangelical Lutheran dị n'America na-echeta Bishọp Agricola kwa afọ na abalị iri n'ọnwa Eprel. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A na-akpọ [[Chọọchị Mikael Agricola]] na Helsinki aha Agricola.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.helsinginkirkot.fi/en/churches/mikael-agricolan-church|title=Mikael Agricola Church|accessdate=30 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311003522/http://www.helsinginkirkot.fi/en/churches/mikael-agricolan-church|archivedate=11 March 2016}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, Chọọchị Agricola Lutheran na-echeta aha ya na Toronto Canada. A na-akpọ asteroid [[3212 Agricola]] aha Agricola. N'afọ 2007, afọ narị anọ na iri ise ka ọ nwụsịrị, a họọrọ Agricola dị ka isi a ga-ese ns mkpụrụ ego ncheta, mkpụrụ ego ncheta €10 Mikael Agricola and Finnish language memorative coin. E wepụtara mkpụrụ ego nchịkọta a iji sọpụrụ ọrụ ndụ Agricola dị ka onye nyere aka na mgbanwe Protestant na Finland yana dị ka nna nke asụsụ Finnish. Akụkụ azụ coin ahụ na-egosi mkpịsị akwụkwọ iji zoo aka na onye edemede, ebe akụkụ ihu ya nwere nkọwa nkà nke oyiyi mmadụ. == Ihe ngosi Foto ==   == Hụkwa == * Ụbọchị ọkọlọtọ na Finland == Ihe ndị e Deturu == == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == *  Foto ndị gbasara Mikael Agricola na Wikimedia Commons * ''[https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/32125/617155.pdf?sequence=1 Ịgbasa Okwu E dere ede: Mikael Agricola na Ọmụmụ nke asụsụ Finnish]'' sitere na Kaisa Häkkinen dere * Agricola, Suomen胸akielen__wol____wol____wol__ (n'asụsụ(in Finnish)) Finnish Bible Society''Òtù Bible nke Finland'' * Mikael Agricola Society (n'asụsụ Finnish) * Ihe ndị metụtara [https://urus.uw.edu.pl/person/1463 Mikael Agricola] na Urus: Usoro na Nnakwere nke Graphic Art na Central na Eastern Europe (narị afọ nke iri na ise na iri na asatọ) nchekwa data {{s-start}} {{s-rel}} {{s-bef|before=New office}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Bishop of Turku|Lutheran bishop of Turku]]|years=1554 – 1557}} {{s-aft|after=[[Petrus Follingius]]}} {{s-end}}{{Archbishops of Turku}}{{Lutheran hymnody}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 83ufz36hb3g1ufz2oo9g2xn85xmwgia 672208 672206 2026-07-04T13:07:26Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 672208 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Mikael Agricola''' ( [ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ] i; c. 1510 - 9 Eprel 1557) bụ onye ụkọchukwu Lutheran nke Finland ghọrọ onye guzobere asụsụ odide na ọgụgụ Finland na onye a ma ama na-akwado Ndozigharị Protestant na [[Sweden]], gụnyere Finland, nke bụbu mpaghara Sweden n'oge ahụ. A na-akpọkarị ya "nna nke asụsụ Finland".{{IPA|fi|ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ|lang|Fi-Mikael_Agricola.ogg}}{{IPA|fi|ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ|lang|Fi-Mikael_Agricola.ogg}}{{IPA|fi|ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ|lang|Fi-Mikael_Agricola.ogg}} A raara Agricola nye dị ka bishọp nke Turku (Åbo) na 1554, na-enweghị nkwado poopu. Ọ gara n'ihu na Mgbanwe nke ụka Finland (nke bụ akụkụ nke Chọọchị Sweden n'oge ahụ) n'ụzọ Lutheran. Ọ sụgharịrị Agba Ọhụrụ gaa n'asụsụ Finnish ma mepụta akwụkwọ ekpere na ukwe a na-eji na Chọọchị Lutheran ọhụrụ nke Finland. Ọrụ a setịpụrụ iwu nke orthography nke bụ ntọala nke nsupe mkpụrụ okwu Finnish nke oge a. Ọrụ ya zuru oke dị ịrịba ama karịsịa n'ihi na o mezuru ya naanị n'ime afọ atọ. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa mberede mgbe ọ na-alọta site na njem o mere o nyere aka na mkparịta ụka Nkwekọrịta nke Novgorod yana Tsardom nke Russia. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === A mụrụ Michael Olaui ma ọ bụ Mikael Olofsson (Finnish: ''Mikael Olavinpoika'') na c. 1510 n'obodo nta Torsby dị na Pernå (''Pernaja''), [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Uusimaa" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Uusimaa">Nyland] (Uusimaa), n'ihe bụzi n'ime [[Finland]] ugbua mana ọ bụ akụkụ [[Sweden]] mgbe ahụ. A gụrụ ya aha onye nsọ na-echebe chọọchị Pernå. A maghị kpọmkwem ụbọchị a mụrụ ya, dị ka ọtụtụ nkọwa ndị ọzọ nke ndụ ya. Ezinụlọ ya bụ ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya dị ka ndekọ ego nke onye na-ahụ maka iwu obodo si kwuo. O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị atọ, mana amaghị aha ha. O doro anya na ndị nkuzi ya ghọtara ikike ọ dị ma a bịa n'asụsụ mere na onye isi ya bụ Bartholomeus zigara ya na Viborg (''Viipuri na Finland''; bụzi Vyborg, Russia ugbua) maka Ụlọ akwụkwọ Latin na ọzụzụ ụfọdụ nke ndị ụkọchukwu, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Erasmus. A maghị ma asụsụ mbụ ya ọ bụ Finnish ka ọ bụ Swedish; Pernå bụ mpaghara na-asụ asụsụ Sweden, mana asụsụ o ji mee ihe n'ọrụ ya na-egosi na ọ bụ onye na-asụ Finnish la amaala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ruotsin itämaa|author=Tarkiainen|first=Kari|publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|year=2010|isbn=978-951-583-212-2|location=Helsinki|pages=236–243}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ maara asụsụ abụọ ahụ nke ọma dị ka amaala ma eleghị anya bụrụ nwatakịrị nwere asụsụ abụọ.<ref name="KB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=14|title=Agricola, Mikael (1510–1557)|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=2014|work=The National Biography of Finland|accessdate=2016-04-30}}</ref> === Ọmụmụ ihe === Mgbe Michael gụrụ akwụkwọ na Viborg (Viipuri) ọ zawara aha nna Agricola ("onye ọrụ ugbo" gv. "ọrụ ugbo"); aha nna dabeere n'ọnọdụ na ọrụ nna onye bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị ọkà mmụta nke ọgbọ mbụ n'oge ahụ. O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ na Viipuri ka ọ malitere ịkpọtụrụ Ndozigharị na Humanism. Onye na-achị Viipuri bụ onye Germany, Johann, onye gbaralarị odobo na nke eze Sweden, Gustav Vasa. Count ahụ bụ onye na-akwado Ndozigharị ahụ, ha nwekwararị ozi Lutheran. <ref name="KB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=14|title=Agricola, Mikael (1510–1557)|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=2014|work=The National Biography of Finland|accessdate=2016-04-30}}</ref> N'afọ 1536 bishọp Turku zigara Agricola ka ọ ga gụọ akwụkwọ na Wittenberg dị na Jamini. O tinyere uche na nkụzi nke Philipp Melanchthon, onye bụ ọkachamara na Grik. Na Wittenberg Agricola mụrụ ihe n'okpuru Luther. Agricola nwetara ọkpụkpọ aha ịgakwuru Eze Sweden Gustav Vasa site na mmadụ abụọ ahụ na-eweta mgbanwe.<ref name="kansallisbiografia">{{Cite web|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=12 April 2021|title=Agricola, Mikael|work=Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|accessdate=23 August 2021|url=http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014|language=fi}}</ref> O zigaara Gustav akwụkwọ ozi abụọ, ka o kwenye maka ya inweta ego enyemaka. Mgbe nkwenye ahụ bịara, Agricola zụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ (ọmụmaatụ, ọrụ niile zuru òkè nke Aristotle). N'afọ 1537 ọ malitere ịsụgharị àgbà ọhụrụ gaa n'asụsụ Finland. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Onye isi Mahadum akaọrụ na ordinarius === N'afọ 1539, Agricola laghachiri Turku ma ghọrọ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Turku (Cathedral). O nweghị mmasị n'ọrụ ahụ, na-akpọ ụmụ akwụkwọ ya "anụmanụ ndị a na-azụghị àzụ̀". N'oge ahụ, Gustav Vasa weghaara ihe onwunwe nke ụka mgbe ọ na-eme ka ike ya sie ike mana ọ kwadokwara Ndozigharị ahụ. N'afọ 1544, Agricola natara iwu site na nke eze ka o zipụ ọtụtụ ụmụ okorobịa nwere nkà n'ọfịs ụtụ isi nke [[Stockholm]]. N'ihi ihe ụfọdụ, Agricola erubeghị isi ruo mgbe e zigara iwu ahụ ọzọ n'afọ sochirinụ, n'olu dị egwu. O yikarịrị ka ihe omume a metụtara mmekọrịta ha n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma.<ref name="kansallisbiografia" /> N'afọ 1546 Agricola tufuru ụlọ obibi yana ụlọ akwụkwọ ya nye ọkụ gbàrà na Turku. Na 22 Febụwarị 1548, Gustav Vasa nyere Agricola iwu ka ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm pụọ n'oge ya dịka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. N'oge a, Agricola alụọlarị nwanyị, mana akụkọ ihe mere eme maara nwunye ya naanị site n'aha ya: Pirjo Olavintytär (Bridget, "nwa nwanyị nke Olavi"; Birgitta Olafsdotter, Brigida Olaui). A mụrụ naanị otu nwa nwoke ya, [[Christian Agricola]] (Christianus Michaelis Agricola), na 11 Disemba 1550, ma ghọọ bishọp nke [[Tallinn]] n'afọ 1584. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbe bishọp merela agadi nwụrụ n'afọ 1554, Gustav Vasa doro Agricola nsọ dika''ordinarius'' nke Pariishi Turku – maka ọrụ niile Bishọp nke Turku, ma siri òtù ahụ bụrụ bishọp Lutheran nke mbụ maka Finland niile. Agricola abụụrụghị kpọmkwem onye na-eweta mgbanwe dị aka ike maọbu dị uchu n'ọrụ, n'agbanyeghị na o wepụrụ Canon nke Mass.  === Ọnwụ Ya === N'afọ 1557, Agricola duziri ndị nnọchi anya gara Russia na njem nnọchiteanya, ọ nọkwa na Moscow site na 21 Febụwarị ruo 24 Machị na-ekwu maka Nkwekọrịta udo, Nkwekọrịta nke Novgorod (1557) . N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel, ọ dara ọrịa ma nwụọ na mpaghara Kyrönniemi dị nso n'obodo Uusikirkko (nke bụzi Polyane), ime obodo dị na Isthmus Karelian. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Heininen|first=Simo|title=Kirchengeschichte Finnlands|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2002|isbn=3-525-55444-3|language=de}}</ref> Ụbọchị a bụkwa ụbọchị ọmụmụ Elias Lönnrot a na-emekwa ememe ya na Finland dị ka ụbọchị asụsụ Finnish.<ref name="kansallisbiografia" /> O yikarịrị ka e liri Agricola n'ime ụlọ ụka Viipuri, mana a maghị kpọmkwem ebe ili ahụ dị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kauppila|first=Suvi|date=28 February 2012|title=Arkeologit etsivät Mikael Agricolan hautaa Viipurissa|publisher=University of Turku|url=https://www.utu.fi/fi/Ajankohtaista/Uutiset/arkisto/arkeologit_etsivat_mikael_agricolan_hautaa_viipurissa.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125845/http://www.utu.fi/fi/Ajankohtaista/Uutiset/arkisto/arkeologit_etsivat_mikael_agricolan_hautaa_viipurissa.html|archivedate=2015-12-08|language=fi}}</ref> == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru n'akwụkwọ ndị Ọ Dere == === ''Abckiria'' === [[Faịlụ:Abckiria.jpg|thumb|208x208px|Peeji mbụ nke ''[[Abckiria]]'']] Agricola echeelarị echiche gbasara ịsụgharị Àgbà Ọhụrụ n'afọ ọmụmụ ihe ndị mbụ ya. N'oge ahụ, òtù ọ dị, enweghị ụdị asụsụ Finland izugbe e dere ede, ye mere na ọ malitere dewe ya. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, ''[[Abckiria]]'', nke a maara ugbu a dịka "ABC-kirja" maọbu akwụkwọ ABC, bụụrụ nke nkwadobe maka ịgụ ihe yana katkizim. E bu ụzọ bipụta ya n'afọ 1543.<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}</ref> E tinyere katkizim maka naanị mmadụ ole na ole nwenwuru ike ịzụta [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Akwụkwọ nsọ]] dum n'oge ahụ. Mbipụta nke mbụ ya nwèrè peeji iri na isii . E wepụtara mbipụta nke abụọ na 1551 <ref name="kansallisbiografia" /> nke nwere peeji iri abụọ na anọ. N'afọ 1966, Åke Åbergin, onye na-elekọta ọ́bá akwụkwọ, chọpụtara akụkụ, mgbe ọ na-edozi ihe ndị e ji jide akwụkwọ, ndị sitere na mbipụta a na-amaghị ama (ma eleghị anya mbiputa nke atọ) nke "ABC-kirja" nke gụnyere aha onye na-ebipụta ya, Amund Lauritsanpoika, na ụbọchị mbipụta nke 1559 (afọ abụọ mgbe onye dere ya nwụsịrị) nke peeji asatọ ikpeazụ a na-achọpụtabeghị. O yikarịrị na peeji ndị ahụ bụ n'ihi nnukwu njehie ma mee ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Penttilä|first=presented by Aarni|title=Näköispainos Mikael Agricolan ABCkirian eri painosten sälyneistä katkelmista|date=1998|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|location=[Helsinki]|isbn=951-717-303-2|pages=32|edition=reproduction}}</ref> === ''Rucouskiria'' === E bipụtara ''Rucouskiria Bibliasta'' (na nsupe Finland nke dị ugbua: Rukouskirja; nke pụtara Akwụkwọ Ekpere sitere N'Akwụkwọ Nsọ ") na Maachị 1544. Na.mbido nke akwụkwọ ahụ, Agricola dere maka ọtụtụ isiokwu gbasara [[Education|agụmakwụkwọ]] zuru ezu, na mmetụta nke Mgbanwe Ahụ nwere na Finland.<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/ "Kirjallinen työ"]. ''Finnish Bible Society'' (in Finnish). 2007. Archived from [http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/ the original] on 12 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Finnish-language sources (fi)]]</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere okwu odee anọ yana ihe dịka ekpere narị asaa n'isiokwu dị iche iche <ref name="kansallisbiografia" /> o nwerịị ọbụnadị ụdị ekpere iri na abụọ dị iche iche kama abụọ maọbụ atọ ọ na-abụkarị. Ọ bụ ọrụ Agricola kacha nke o dere naanị ya, ma nwee opekata peeji narị itoolu. Ebe ndị o si weta ihe ndị o dere gụnyere ọrụ Luther, Melanchthon, na Erasmus. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Nsụgharị Agba Ọhụrụ === [[Faịlụ:Se_Wsi_Testamenti.png|thumb|207x207px|Ihu akwụkwọ nke [[Se Wsi Testamenti]], ma ọ bụ Agba Ọhụrụ]] Akwụkwọ Agricola a kacha mara bụ nsụgharị mbụ nke Agba Ọhụrụ n'asụsụ Finland. E dechara ihe odide ahụ na 1548. O nwere peeji narị asaa na iri na asatọ na ọtụtụ ihe osise.<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}</ref> === Akwụkwọ okpukpe === Mgbe Agricola nọ na Wittenberg, ọ sụgharịrị obere Akwụkwọ ekpere atọ n'asụsụ Finland. E bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na 1549. Käsikirja Castesta Ia Country Christikunnan Menoista gụnyere ụdị maka ime baptizim, alụmdi na nwunye na olili ozu, yana okwu maka ndị ọrịa, iru uju na ọnwụ. A sụgharịrị ya site na ọrụ Olaus Petri dị n'ụdị ndị ahụ ma e wezụga akụkụ nke baptism na alụmdi na nwunye, nke sitere na Luther. O nwekwara obere ihe ndị a sụgharịrị site na ọrụ Caspar Huberinus [de]. ''Messu eli Herran echtolinen'' gụnyere ụdị maka ọrụ. Ọ dabekwaara na ọrụ Olaus Petri na ihe odide Finland ole na ole. N'akwụkwọ a, Agricola kpughere ọrụ ya ọzọ ya: nsụgharị nke Agba Ochie. <ref name="kansallisbiografia">{{Cite web|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=12 April 2021|title=Agricola, Mikael|work=Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|accessdate=23 August 2021|url=http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014|language=fi}}</ref> ''Se meiden Herran Jesusen Christusen Pina, ylesnousemus ia tauiaisen Astumus, niste Neliest Euangelisterist coghottuon'' na-ekwu maka ntaramahụhụ [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jesus Christ]]. A chịkọtara ha site n'akwụkwọ oziọma anọ. Johannes Bugenhagen,<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}</ref> bụ onye nkuzi na Wittenberg nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe akwụkwọ a nọ. A sụgharịrị ya karịsịa site n'asụsụ Jamani mama ụfọdụ akụkụ ya nwere mmetụta site n'àgbà nke Sweden yana nsụgharị nke agba ọhụrụ nke Agricola. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:Brev_från_Mikael_Agricola_till_Nils_Bielke_1549.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ ozi Mikael Agricola degaara Nils Bielke n'asụsụ Swedish]] Ụlọ ụka Evangelical Lutheran dị n'America na-echeta Bishọp Agricola kwa afọ na abalị iri n'ọnwa Eprel. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A na-akpọ [[Chọọchị Mikael Agricola]] na Helsinki aha Agricola.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.helsinginkirkot.fi/en/churches/mikael-agricolan-church|title=Mikael Agricola Church|accessdate=30 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311003522/http://www.helsinginkirkot.fi/en/churches/mikael-agricolan-church|archivedate=11 March 2016}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, Chọọchị Agricola Lutheran na-echeta aha ya na Toronto Canada. A na-akpọ asteroid [[3212 Agricola]] aha Agricola. N'afọ 2007, afọ narị anọ na iri ise ka ọ nwụsịrị, a họọrọ Agricola dị ka isi a ga-ese ns mkpụrụ ego ncheta, mkpụrụ ego ncheta €10 Mikael Agricola and Finnish language memorative coin. E wepụtara mkpụrụ ego nchịkọta a iji sọpụrụ ọrụ ndụ Agricola dị ka onye nyere aka na mgbanwe Protestant na Finland yana dị ka nna nke asụsụ Finnish. Akụkụ azụ coin ahụ na-egosi mkpịsị akwụkwọ iji zoo aka na onye edemede, ebe akụkụ ihu ya nwere nkọwa nkà nke oyiyi mmadụ. == Ihe ngosi Foto ==   == Hụkwa == * Ụbọchị ọkọlọtọ na Finland == Ihe ndị e Deturu == == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == *  Foto ndị gbasara Mikael Agricola na Wikimedia Commons * ''[https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/32125/617155.pdf?sequence=1 Ịgbasa Okwu E dere ede: Mikael Agricola na Ọmụmụ nke asụsụ Finnish]'' sitere na Kaisa Häkkinen dere * Agricola, Suomen胸akielen__wol____wol____wol__ (n'asụsụ(in Finnish)) Finnish Bible Society''Òtù Bible nke Finland'' * Mikael Agricola Society (n'asụsụ Finnish) * Ihe ndị metụtara [https://urus.uw.edu.pl/person/1463 Mikael Agricola] na Urus: Usoro na Nnakwere nke Graphic Art na Central na Eastern Europe (narị afọ nke iri na ise na iri na asatọ) nchekwa data {{s-start}} {{s-rel}} {{s-bef|before=New office}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Bishop of Turku|Lutheran bishop of Turku]]|years=1554 – 1557}} {{s-aft|after=[[Petrus Follingius]]}} {{s-end}}{{Archbishops of Turku}}{{Lutheran hymnody}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] cf7hd7tklcsgnw1bdc05ohokwaaf23y 672209 672208 2026-07-04T13:08:32Z Nma jeni 19114 Fixed reference error 672209 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Mikael Agricola''' ( [ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ] i; c. 1510 - 9 Eprel 1557) bụ onye ụkọchukwu Lutheran nke Finland ghọrọ onye guzobere asụsụ odide na ọgụgụ Finland na onye a ma ama na-akwado Ndozigharị Protestant na [[Sweden]], gụnyere Finland, nke bụbu mpaghara Sweden n'oge ahụ. A na-akpọkarị ya "nna nke asụsụ Finland".{{IPA|fi|ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ|lang|Fi-Mikael_Agricola.ogg}}{{IPA|fi|ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ|lang|Fi-Mikael_Agricola.ogg}}{{IPA|fi|ˈmikɑel ˈɑɡrikolɑ|lang|Fi-Mikael_Agricola.ogg}} A raara Agricola nye dị ka bishọp nke Turku (Åbo) na 1554, na-enweghị nkwado poopu. Ọ gara n'ihu na Mgbanwe nke ụka Finland (nke bụ akụkụ nke Chọọchị Sweden n'oge ahụ) n'ụzọ Lutheran. Ọ sụgharịrị Agba Ọhụrụ gaa n'asụsụ Finnish ma mepụta akwụkwọ ekpere na ukwe a na-eji na Chọọchị Lutheran ọhụrụ nke Finland. Ọrụ a setịpụrụ iwu nke orthography nke bụ ntọala nke nsupe mkpụrụ okwu Finnish nke oge a. Ọrụ ya zuru oke dị ịrịba ama karịsịa n'ihi na o mezuru ya naanị n'ime afọ atọ. Ọ nwụrụ n'ọrịa mberede mgbe ọ na-alọta site na njem o mere o nyere aka na mkparịta ụka Nkwekọrịta nke Novgorod yana Tsardom nke Russia. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === A mụrụ Michael Olaui ma ọ bụ Mikael Olofsson (Finnish: ''Mikael Olavinpoika'') na c. 1510 n'obodo nta Torsby dị na Pernå (''Pernaja''), [./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Uusimaa" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Uusimaa">Nyland] (Uusimaa), n'ihe bụzi n'ime [[Finland]] ugbua mana ọ bụ akụkụ [[Sweden]] mgbe ahụ. A gụrụ ya aha onye nsọ na-echebe chọọchị Pernå. A maghị kpọmkwem ụbọchị a mụrụ ya, dị ka ọtụtụ nkọwa ndị ọzọ nke ndụ ya. Ezinụlọ ya bụ ezinụlọ bara ọgaranya dị ka ndekọ ego nke onye na-ahụ maka iwu obodo si kwuo. O nwere ụmụnne nwanyị atọ, mana amaghị aha ha. O doro anya na ndị nkuzi ya ghọtara ikike ọ dị ma a bịa n'asụsụ mere na onye isi ya bụ Bartholomeus zigara ya na Viborg (''Viipuri na Finland''; bụzi Vyborg, Russia ugbua) maka Ụlọ akwụkwọ Latin na ọzụzụ ụfọdụ nke ndị ụkọchukwu, ebe ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Erasmus. A maghị ma asụsụ mbụ ya ọ bụ Finnish ka ọ bụ Swedish; Pernå bụ mpaghara na-asụ asụsụ Sweden, mana asụsụ o ji mee ihe n'ọrụ ya na-egosi na ọ bụ onye na-asụ Finnish la amaala.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Ruotsin itämaa|author=Tarkiainen|first=Kari|publisher=Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland|year=2010|isbn=978-951-583-212-2|location=Helsinki|pages=236–243}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ maara asụsụ abụọ ahụ nke ọma dị ka amaala ma eleghị anya bụrụ nwatakịrị nwere asụsụ abụọ.<ref name="KB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=14|title=Agricola, Mikael (1510–1557)|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=2014|work=The National Biography of Finland|accessdate=2016-04-30}}</ref> === Ọmụmụ ihe === Mgbe Michael gụrụ akwụkwọ na Viborg (Viipuri) ọ zawara aha nna Agricola ("onye ọrụ ugbo" gv. "ọrụ ugbo"); aha nna dabeere n'ọnọdụ na ọrụ nna onye bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị maka ndị ọkà mmụta nke ọgbọ mbụ n'oge ahụ. O yikarịrị ka ọ bụ na Viipuri ka ọ malitere ịkpọtụrụ Ndozigharị na Humanism. Onye na-achị Viipuri bụ onye Germany, Johann, onye gbaralarị odobo na nke eze Sweden, Gustav Vasa. Count ahụ bụ onye na-akwado Ndozigharị ahụ, ha nwekwararị ozi Lutheran. <ref name="KB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kansallisbiografia.fi/english/?id=14|title=Agricola, Mikael (1510–1557)|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=2014|work=The National Biography of Finland|accessdate=2016-04-30}}</ref> N'afọ 1536 bishọp Turku zigara Agricola ka ọ ga gụọ akwụkwọ na Wittenberg dị na Jamini. O tinyere uche na nkụzi nke Philipp Melanchthon, onye bụ ọkachamara na Grik. Na Wittenberg Agricola mụrụ ihe n'okpuru Luther. Agricola nwetara ọkpụkpọ aha ịgakwuru Eze Sweden Gustav Vasa site na mmadụ abụọ ahụ na-eweta mgbanwe.<ref name="kansallisbiografia">{{Cite web|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=12 April 2021|title=Agricola, Mikael|work=Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|accessdate=23 August 2021|url=http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014|language=fi}}</ref> O zigaara Gustav akwụkwọ ozi abụọ, ka o kwenye maka ya inweta ego enyemaka. Mgbe nkwenye ahụ bịara, Agricola zụtara ọtụtụ akwụkwọ (ọmụmaatụ, ọrụ niile zuru òkè nke Aristotle). N'afọ 1537 ọ malitere ịsụgharị àgbà ọhụrụ gaa n'asụsụ Finland. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Onye isi Mahadum akaọrụ na ordinarius === N'afọ 1539, Agricola laghachiri Turku ma ghọrọ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ Turku (Cathedral). O nweghị mmasị n'ọrụ ahụ, na-akpọ ụmụ akwụkwọ ya "anụmanụ ndị a na-azụghị àzụ̀". N'oge ahụ, Gustav Vasa weghaara ihe onwunwe nke ụka mgbe ọ na-eme ka ike ya sie ike mana ọ kwadokwara Ndozigharị ahụ. N'afọ 1544, Agricola natara iwu site na nke eze ka o zipụ ọtụtụ ụmụ okorobịa nwere nkà n'ọfịs ụtụ isi nke [[Stockholm]]. N'ihi ihe ụfọdụ, Agricola erubeghị isi ruo mgbe e zigara iwu ahụ ọzọ n'afọ sochirinụ, n'olu dị egwu. O yikarịrị ka ihe omume a metụtara mmekọrịta ha n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma.<ref name="kansallisbiografia" /> N'afọ 1546 Agricola tufuru ụlọ obibi yana ụlọ akwụkwọ ya nye ọkụ gbàrà na Turku. Na 22 Febụwarị 1548, Gustav Vasa nyere Agricola iwu ka ọ gbaa arụkwaghịm pụọ n'oge ya dịka onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. N'oge a, Agricola alụọlarị nwanyị, mana akụkọ ihe mere eme maara nwunye ya naanị site n'aha ya: Pirjo Olavintytär (Bridget, "nwa nwanyị nke Olavi"; Birgitta Olafsdotter, Brigida Olaui). A mụrụ naanị otu nwa nwoke ya, [[Christian Agricola]] (Christianus Michaelis Agricola), na 11 Disemba 1550, ma ghọọ bishọp nke [[Tallinn]] n'afọ 1584. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Mgbe bishọp merela agadi nwụrụ n'afọ 1554, Gustav Vasa doro Agricola nsọ dika''ordinarius'' nke Pariishi Turku – maka ọrụ niile Bishọp nke Turku, ma siri òtù ahụ bụrụ bishọp Lutheran nke mbụ maka Finland niile. Agricola abụụrụghị kpọmkwem onye na-eweta mgbanwe dị aka ike maọbu dị uchu n'ọrụ, n'agbanyeghị na o wepụrụ Canon nke Mass.  === Ọnwụ Ya === N'afọ 1557, Agricola duziri ndị nnọchi anya gara Russia na njem nnọchiteanya, ọ nọkwa na Moscow site na 21 Febụwarị ruo 24 Machị na-ekwu maka Nkwekọrịta udo, Nkwekọrịta nke Novgorod (1557) . N'abalị itoolu n'ọnwa Eprel, ọ dara ọrịa ma nwụọ na mpaghara Kyrönniemi dị nso n'obodo Uusikirkko (nke bụzi Polyane), ime obodo dị na Isthmus Karelian. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Heininen|first=Simo|title=Kirchengeschichte Finnlands|publisher=Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht|year=2002|isbn=3-525-55444-3|language=de}}</ref> Ụbọchị a bụkwa ụbọchị ọmụmụ Elias Lönnrot a na-emekwa ememe ya na Finland dị ka ụbọchị asụsụ Finnish.<ref name="kansallisbiografia" /> O yikarịrị ka e liri Agricola n'ime ụlọ ụka Viipuri, mana a maghị kpọmkwem ebe ili ahụ dị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Kauppila|first=Suvi|date=28 February 2012|title=Arkeologit etsivät Mikael Agricolan hautaa Viipurissa|publisher=University of Turku|url=https://www.utu.fi/fi/Ajankohtaista/Uutiset/arkisto/arkeologit_etsivat_mikael_agricolan_hautaa_viipurissa.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208125845/http://www.utu.fi/fi/Ajankohtaista/Uutiset/arkisto/arkeologit_etsivat_mikael_agricolan_hautaa_viipurissa.html|archivedate=2015-12-08|language=fi}}</ref> == Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru n'akwụkwọ ndị Ọ Dere == === ''Abckiria'' === [[Faịlụ:Abckiria.jpg|thumb|208x208px|Peeji mbụ nke ''[[Abckiria]]'']] Agricola echeelarị echiche gbasara ịsụgharị Àgbà Ọhụrụ n'afọ ọmụmụ ihe ndị mbụ ya. N'oge ahụ, òtù ọ dị, enweghị ụdị asụsụ Finland izugbe e dere ede, ye mere na ọ malitere dewe ya. Akwụkwọ mbụ ya, ''[[Abckiria]]'', nke a maara ugbu a dịka "ABC-kirja" maọbu akwụkwọ ABC, bụụrụ nke nkwadobe maka ịgụ ihe yana katkizim. E bu ụzọ bipụta ya n'afọ 1543.<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}</ref> E tinyere katkizim maka naanị mmadụ ole na ole nwenwuru ike ịzụta [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Akwụkwọ nsọ]] dum n'oge ahụ. Mbipụta nke mbụ ya nwèrè peeji iri na isii . E wepụtara mbipụta nke abụọ na 1551 <ref name="kansallisbiografia" /> nke nwere peeji iri abụọ na anọ. N'afọ 1966, Åke Åbergin, onye na-elekọta ọ́bá akwụkwọ, chọpụtara akụkụ, mgbe ọ na-edozi ihe ndị e ji jide akwụkwọ, ndị sitere na mbipụta a na-amaghị ama (ma eleghị anya mbiputa nke atọ) nke "ABC-kirja" nke gụnyere aha onye na-ebipụta ya, Amund Lauritsanpoika, na ụbọchị mbipụta nke 1559 (afọ abụọ mgbe onye dere ya nwụsịrị) nke peeji asatọ ikpeazụ a na-achọpụtabeghị. O yikarịrị na peeji ndị ahụ bụ n'ihi nnukwu njehie ma mee ka ọ bụrụ akwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Penttilä|first=presented by Aarni|title=Näköispainos Mikael Agricolan ABCkirian eri painosten sälyneistä katkelmista|date=1998|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|location=[Helsinki]|isbn=951-717-303-2|pages=32|edition=reproduction}}</ref> === ''Rucouskiria'' === E bipụtara ''Rucouskiria Bibliasta'' (na nsupe Finland nke dị ugbua: Rukouskirja; nke pụtara Akwụkwọ Ekpere sitere N'Akwụkwọ Nsọ ") na Maachị 1544. Na.mbido nke akwụkwọ ahụ, Agricola dere maka ọtụtụ isiokwu gbasara [[Education|agụmakwụkwọ]] zuru ezu, na mmetụta nke Mgbanwe Ahụ nwere na Finland.<ref name="KIRJ" /> Akwụkwọ ahụ gụnyere okwu odee anọ yana ihe dịka ekpere narị asaa n'isiokwu dị iche iche <ref name="kansallisbiografia" /> o nwerịị ọbụnadị ụdị ekpere iri na abụọ dị iche iche kama abụọ maọbụ atọ ọ na-abụkarị. Ọ bụ ọrụ Agricola kacha nke o dere naanị ya, ma nwee opekata peeji narị itoolu. Ebe ndị o si weta ihe ndị o dere gụnyere ọrụ Luther, Melanchthon, na Erasmus. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Nsụgharị Agba Ọhụrụ === [[Faịlụ:Se_Wsi_Testamenti.png|thumb|207x207px|Ihu akwụkwọ nke [[Se Wsi Testamenti]], ma ọ bụ Agba Ọhụrụ]] Akwụkwọ Agricola a kacha mara bụ nsụgharị mbụ nke Agba Ọhụrụ n'asụsụ Finland. E dechara ihe odide ahụ na 1548. O nwere peeji narị asaa na iri na asatọ na ọtụtụ ihe osise.<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}</ref> === Akwụkwọ okpukpe === Mgbe Agricola nọ na Wittenberg, ọ sụgharịrị obere Akwụkwọ ekpere atọ n'asụsụ Finland. E bipụtara akwụkwọ ndị ahụ na 1549. Käsikirja Castesta Ia Country Christikunnan Menoista gụnyere ụdị maka ime baptizim, alụmdi na nwunye na olili ozu, yana okwu maka ndị ọrịa, iru uju na ọnwụ. A sụgharịrị ya site na ọrụ Olaus Petri dị n'ụdị ndị ahụ ma e wezụga akụkụ nke baptism na alụmdi na nwunye, nke sitere na Luther. O nwekwara obere ihe ndị a sụgharịrị site na ọrụ Caspar Huberinus [de]. ''Messu eli Herran echtolinen'' gụnyere ụdị maka ọrụ. Ọ dabekwaara na ọrụ Olaus Petri na ihe odide Finland ole na ole. N'akwụkwọ a, Agricola kpughere ọrụ ya ọzọ ya: nsụgharị nke Agba Ochie. <ref name="kansallisbiografia">{{Cite web|author=Heininen|first=Simo|date=12 April 2021|title=Agricola, Mikael|work=Kansallisbiografia-verkkojulkaisu. Studia Biographica 4.|publisher=Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura|accessdate=23 August 2021|url=http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:sks-kbg-000014|language=fi}}</ref> ''Se meiden Herran Jesusen Christusen Pina, ylesnousemus ia tauiaisen Astumus, niste Neliest Euangelisterist coghottuon'' na-ekwu maka ntaramahụhụ [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jesus Christ]]. A chịkọtara ha site n'akwụkwọ oziọma anọ. Johannes Bugenhagen,<ref name="KIRJ">{{Cite web|url=http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|title=Kirjallinen työ|date=2007|language=fi|work=Finnish Bible Society|accessdate=2016-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160512175013/http://www.agricola.fi/mikael-agricola/kirjallinen-tyo/|archivedate=12 May 2016}}</ref> bụ onye nkuzi na Wittenberg nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ebe akwụkwọ a nọ. A sụgharịrị ya karịsịa site n'asụsụ Jamani mama ụfọdụ akụkụ ya nwere mmetụta site n'àgbà nke Sweden yana nsụgharị nke agba ọhụrụ nke Agricola. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> [[Faịlụ:Brev_från_Mikael_Agricola_till_Nils_Bielke_1549.jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ ozi Mikael Agricola degaara Nils Bielke n'asụsụ Swedish]] Ụlọ ụka Evangelical Lutheran dị n'America na-echeta Bishọp Agricola kwa afọ na abalị iri n'ọnwa Eprel. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> A na-akpọ [[Chọọchị Mikael Agricola]] na Helsinki aha Agricola.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.helsinginkirkot.fi/en/churches/mikael-agricolan-church|title=Mikael Agricola Church|accessdate=30 April 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311003522/http://www.helsinginkirkot.fi/en/churches/mikael-agricolan-church|archivedate=11 March 2016}}</ref> N'otu aka ahụ, Chọọchị Agricola Lutheran na-echeta aha ya na Toronto Canada. A na-akpọ asteroid [[3212 Agricola]] aha Agricola. N'afọ 2007, afọ narị anọ na iri ise ka ọ nwụsịrị, a họọrọ Agricola dị ka isi a ga-ese ns mkpụrụ ego ncheta, mkpụrụ ego ncheta €10 Mikael Agricola and Finnish language memorative coin. E wepụtara mkpụrụ ego nchịkọta a iji sọpụrụ ọrụ ndụ Agricola dị ka onye nyere aka na mgbanwe Protestant na Finland yana dị ka nna nke asụsụ Finnish. Akụkụ azụ coin ahụ na-egosi mkpịsị akwụkwọ iji zoo aka na onye edemede, ebe akụkụ ihu ya nwere nkọwa nkà nke oyiyi mmadụ. == Ihe ngosi Foto ==   == Hụkwa == * Ụbọchị ọkọlọtọ na Finland == Ihe ndị e Deturu == == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == *  Foto ndị gbasara Mikael Agricola na Wikimedia Commons * ''[https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/32125/617155.pdf?sequence=1 Ịgbasa Okwu E dere ede: Mikael Agricola na Ọmụmụ nke asụsụ Finnish]'' sitere na Kaisa Häkkinen dere * Agricola, Suomen胸akielen__wol____wol____wol__ (n'asụsụ(in Finnish)) Finnish Bible Society''Òtù Bible nke Finland'' * Mikael Agricola Society (n'asụsụ Finnish) * Ihe ndị metụtara [https://urus.uw.edu.pl/person/1463 Mikael Agricola] na Urus: Usoro na Nnakwere nke Graphic Art na Central na Eastern Europe (narị afọ nke iri na ise na iri na asatọ) nchekwa data {{s-start}} {{s-rel}} {{s-bef|before=New office}} {{s-ttl|title=[[Bishop of Turku|Lutheran bishop of Turku]]|years=1554 – 1557}} {{s-aft|after=[[Petrus Follingius]]}} {{s-end}}{{Archbishops of Turku}}{{Lutheran hymnody}}{{Authority control}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 75vtz0p2hk3atx310lkvitaje7b04vc 0 72972 672470 596490 2026-07-04T21:03:00Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672470 wikitext text/x-wiki   Chamu Krishna Shastry <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://vijayavani.net/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8-9-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE-%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B6/|title=vijayavani, ನಾಡಿನ 9 ಸಾಧಕರಿಗೆ ಪದ್ಮ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ ಕಿರೀಟ, 26.01.2017|accessdate=27 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202065009/http://vijayavani.net/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8-9-%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A7%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%86-%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE-%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B6/|archivedate=2 February 2017}}</ref> (amụrụ na 23 Jenụwarị 1956) bụ onye India na-akuzi nkuzi nke na-arụ ọrụ maka mweghachi nke Asụsụ Sanskrit. Ọ bụ onye nlekọta na Odeakwụkwọ nke [[:sa:संस्कृतसंवर्धनप्रतिष्ठानम्|Samskrit Promotion Foundation]]. Ọ bụkwa onye so guzobeSamskrita Bharati. Ugbu a ọ na-eduzi òtù iji kụzie ''Sanskrit Site na Sanskrit'' Na 25 Jenụwarị 2017, Gọọmentị India kwupụtara ihe nrite "Padma Shri" na ngalaba akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na agụmakwụkwọ maka enyemaka ya n'ịkwalite Sanskrit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/PadmaAwards-2017_25012017.pdf|title=PadmaAwards-2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129231739/http://www.padmaawards.gov.in/PDFS/PadmaAwards-2017_25012017.pdf|archivedate=2017-01-29}}</ref> == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Shastry na 23 Jenụwarị 1956 n'obodo Kedila dị nso na Mangalore (Bantwal taluk). Ọ mụtara Sanskrit site na Rashtriya Sanskrit Vidyapeetha dị na Tirupati.<ref name="classiccase">{{Cite news|author=Unni|first=Aparna|title=A classic case of Chamu Sastry|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/thiruvananthapuram/article582540.ece|accessdate=2 February 2015|publisher=[[The New Indian Express]]|date=4 August 2012}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OBoSDAAAQBAJ&q=%22Chamu+Krishna+Shastry%22&pg=PA226|title=Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity:The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts (Volume 2): The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts ({{!}})|author=Fishman|first=Joshua|date=2010-01-01|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|isbn=9780195392456|language=en}}</ref> Dị ka onye ọrụ Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh dị afọ iri na ụma, a tụrụ Shastry mkpọrọ n'oge ọnọdụ mberede. Onye naanị ya nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ malitere ịgụ akụkọ ndụ ndị mmadụ. N'ihe odide nke Vinayak Damodar Savarkar na Swami Vivekananda ọ mụtara òtù Sanskrit nwere ike isi mepee ihe ọmụma sayensị, mgbakọ na mwepụ na ahụike e liri n'ihe odide Sanskrit oge ochie.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Mahurkar|first=Uday|title=The Right Word|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991206/offtrack.html|publisher=India Today|accessdate=21 July 2010}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Òtù Sụwakwa Samskrit === Krishna Shastry, ya na ụfọdụ ndị enyi ya, gara n'ihu malite òtù ' Sụwakwa Samskrit' na 1981 site na Bangalore.<ref name="classiccase" /> Ụzọ o si akụzi Sanskrit ga ème ka nwa akwụkwọ mụta ya n'otu asụsụ ahụ kama site na asụsụ ọzọ bụ site na ntụgharị.<ref name="Shastry- DNA June 2013">{{Cite news|title=A man's bid to revive deva vani, Sanskrit|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/bangalore/report-a-mans-bid-to-revive-deva-vani-sanskrit-1843587|accessdate=2 February 2015|work=[[Daily News and Analysis]]|date=4 June 2013}}</ref> Ịmụta Sanskrit nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-ajụ ajụ n'ihi na a na-akụzi ya site na ntụgharị. Iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo mfe nye ụmụ akwụkwọ, usoro Shastry abụghị ịmụta asụsụ site na ụtọ asụsụ, kama ịkụziri Sanskrit dịka a na-asụ ya.<ref name="csm">{{Cite news|url=https://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0705/p14s02-lihc.html|title=Sanskrit echoes around the world|author=Venkatraman|first=Vijaysree|date=2007-07-05|work=Christian Science Monitor|accessdate=2016-12-21}}</ref> N'ihi ya, ụmụ akwụkwọ anaghị enwe ịma mgba n'inwe mgbagwoju anya nke syntactics. Ọ na-adịzi mfe ịmụta asụsụ ahụ, nke mere na ọbụna ndị na-amaghị akwụkwọ nwere ike ịhọrọ usoro ahụ. === Samskrita Bharati === Òtù ahụ mesịrị ghọọ òtù na-abụghị maka uru Samskrita Bharati, òtù ọrụ afọ ofufo raara onwe ya nye ihe gbasara Sanskrit.<ref name="classiccase" /> Mgbalị Shastry mere ka e mepụta "''Ụzọ Asụsụ Sanskrit nke ''Ụbọchị iri''''" nke Samskrita Bharati. O meela ka ndị ọrụ raara onwe ha nye maka Sanskrit na mba ahụ gbaa gburugburu nke na-eduga ọrụ mgbasa ozi na steeti dị iche iche. Samskrita Bharati na Shastry anọwo na-etinye usoro ụbọchị iri ndị ahụ n'ọrụ site na netwọk nke ndị ọrụ oge niile dị narị abụọ na iri ise yana ndị ọrụ afọ ofufo Sanskrit Bharati dị puku ise.<ref name="csm" /> Ọ na-enyekwa aka na a na-enye usoro ọmụmụ ahụ n'efu.<ref name="Mahurkar - The Right Word" /> Samskrita Bharati na-azọrọ na o nyerela ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nde mmadụ iri aka ịmụta ma na-ekwurịta okwu n'asụsụ Sanskrit ahụ, otu narị puku n'ime ha bụ ndị kpebirila iji Sanskrit mee ihe n'ụlọ n'ụdị oge ochie.<ref name="Mahurkar - The Right Word">{{Cite news|author=Mahurkar|first=Uday|title=The Right Word|url=http://www.india-today.com/itoday/19991206/offtrack.html|accessdate=2 February 2015|publisher=[[India Today]]}}</ref> Mgbalị Shastry emeelakwa ka ọtụtụ mahadum na kọleji nabata usoro nkuzi nkwurịta okwu maka Sanskrit. Na US, SAFL (Samskrit as A Foreign Language) bụ usoro ihe ọmụmụ na-ewu ewu n'etiti ụmụaka ndị si India. Samskrita Bharati na-arụsi ọrụ ike na India niile yana na mba iri na atọ gụnyere USA, Canada, UK na UAE.<ref name="classiccase" /> A na-ekwukwa na nzukọ ahụ mere ka Sanskrit dịghachi ndụ na Gujarat <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vEEWAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Chamu+Krishna+Shastry%22|title=India Today International|date=1999-01-01|publisher=Living Media India Limited|language=en}}</ref> Ihe nnwale ole na ole pụrụ iche dịka "''Samskrit Homes''" ná "''Samskrit mother tongue Children''" na-ewu ewu. "''Saraswati Seva''" bụ ọrụ nke e sitere na ya asụgharị akwụkwọ ndị na narị na narị sitere n'asụsụ India na asụsụ mba ndị ọzọ gaa n'asụsụ Sanskrit. Iji kwalite ndị odee ndị ntorobịa yana akwụkwọ ndị ọgbaraọhụrụ na Sanskrit, o merubela mmemme ndị dị ka "''Samskrit Book Fair''", ma "''Sahityotsava''". <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> === Ọhụụ === Shastry na-ahụ Sanskrit dị ka asụsụ mba India.<ref name=":1" /> Ọ na-ekwu, ''"Ruo ugbu a, a na-ahụ Samskrit naanị site n'echiche ime mmụọ ma ọ bụ nke okpukpe; o ruola mgbe a ga na-ahụta Samskrit site n'ụzọ sayensị. "'' Ọ na-atụ aro na Sanskrit ga-abụ ihe na-ejikọ India. <ref name="classiccase" />{<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X29DAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Chamu+Krishna+Shastry%22|title=India Today|date=2000-01-01|publisher=Thomson Living Media India Limited|language=en}}</ref> Shastry kwenyere na iwere Sanskrit gakwuru ndị na-enweghị ihe ùgwù. Ọ na-ekwughachi nkwado [[B. R. Ambedkar|Dr. Ambedkar]] <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Ambedkar-wanted-Sanskrit-as-national-language-Murli-Manohar-Joshi/articleshow/51971974.cms|title=Ambedkar wanted Sanskrit as national language: Murli Manohar|author=Manohar Joshi|first=Murli|date=25 April 2016|work=The Times of India|accessdate=24 December 2018}}</ref> maka Sanskrit dị ka ikpo okwu maka ime ka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nwee ọganihu na nhatanha. === Òtù Nkwalite Samskrit === Krishna shastry enyela aka ịmalite ''[[Samskrit Promotion Foundation]]'', nke bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta usoro nkuzi Sanskrit maka ụmụ akwụkwọ na n'ịmepụta ihe ọmụmụ ọhụrụ dị iche iche maka "Sanskrit maka ebumnuche pụrụ iche" <ref name="samskrit for special purpose">{{Cite web|url=https://www.learnsamskrit.online|title=Learn Samskrit Online}}</ref> òtù na-abụghị maka uru, nke na-achọ "ịme ka Samskrit wuwe ewu ọzọ" na India ọzọ yana n'ime ebumnuche ndị ọzọ iji mee ka Samskrit bụrụ "ngwá ọrụ dị irè" iji mee ka ngalaba ndị na-adịghị ike" nke ọha mmadụ dị ike n'ụzọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na n'ụzọ akụnaụba. Ndị nlekọta ahụ gụnyere ụmụ amaala ama ama dị ka onye bụbu Chief Justice of India R. C. Lahoti, maka Chief Election Commissioner N. Gopalaswami, Justice Rama Jois, S. Gurumurthy, na ndị ọzọ. Shastry bụ onye isi yana onye odeakwụkwọ nke òtù a. <ref name="padmaawardhindu">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Padma-award-winners-from-Karnataka-are-an-eclectic-mix/article17094103.ece|title=Padma award winners from Karnataka are an eclectic mix|date=25 January 2017|work=The Hindu|accessdate=21 December 2018}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/karnataka/Padma-award-winners-from-Karnataka-are-an-eclectic-mix/article17094103.ece "Padma award winners from Karnataka are an eclectic mix"]. ''The Hindu''. 25 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> === Iwu na-emetụta === Shastry na-etinye ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ya na ọzụzụ ndị nkuzi, ọgbakọ, imepụta ihe ndị e ji amụ ihe na ikwurịta maka agụmakwụkwọ Sanskrit yana ndị na-eme iwu. O kwenyere na ọ bụghị naanị Sanskrit dị ka asụsụ, kamakwa ihe ọmụmụ nke oge a dị ka kemịstrị, mgbakọ na mwepụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme wdg ka a ga-eji asụsụ Sanskrit na-akụzi.<ref name="classiccase" /> Ọ bụkwaara onye òtù Sanskrit Committee nke gọọmentị etiti mba ahụ hiwere nke mepụtara akwụkwọ "Road Map for the Development of Sanskrit - Ten Year Perspective Plan" na 2016. <ref name="libtards">{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/sanskrit-will-flourish-despite-prejudices-of-left-libtards-chamu-krishna-shastry/article9503302.ece|title=Sanskrit will flourish despite Prejudices of Left, Libtards: Chamu Krishna Shastry|date=26 January 2017|work=THe Hindu Business Line|accessdate=22 December 2018}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/national/sanskrit-will-flourish-despite-prejudices-of-left-libtards-chamu-krishna-shastry/article9503302.ece "Sanskrit will flourish despite Prejudices of Left, Libtards: Chamu Krishna Shastry"]. ''THe Hindu Business Line''. 26 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite></ref> === Ndị ọzọ === Ahụmahụ ya dị ukwuu o nwere na agụmakwụkwọ na usoro nkuzi emeela ka ọ nọrọ na Bọọdụ Rashtriya Sanskrit Sansthan na ọtụtụ mahadum ndị ọzọ. Shastry bụ onye okwu okwu a maara nke ọma nke a na-akwanyekwara ùgwù n'ebe ọ dị elu maka ịsụ asụsụ Sanskrit n'ebe ọ dị ụtọ ma dị ike n'olu.<ref name="libtards" /> O kwenyere na okwu nchịkwa nke Bhagavad Gita ịrụ ọrụ iji nweta ebumnuche ihe na-enweghị ihe ị na-atụ anya site na ya, o wee ňụọ iyi nke onwe na ọ gaghị anata ihe nrite maọbu ihe nkwanye ùgwù ọbụla. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2018)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọ na-edesi akwụkwọ ike, onye derela akwụkwọ iri na abụọ na ọtụtụ edemede ndị ọzọ n'asụsụ Sanskrit.  == Akwụkwọ Ndị O Dere == O dere akwụkwọ iri na atọ n'Asụsụ Sanskrit. * ''Savdhana Syaam''   * ''Utthistatha Ma Svapthaha'' (Rielie! Ehi ụra!!)   * ''Parishkaaraha'' (Akwụkwọ na Sanskrit)   == Ihe Nrite == * ''Saraswata Sudhakara'' na 1984 site na Kashi Pandit Parishat * ''Rashtriya Yuva Puraskar'' na 1985 site na ABVP * ''Ihe nrite Padma Shri'' na 2017<ref name="padmaawardhindu" /> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hhso988nvhfom55vs7lpmz1x7nsdtr3 0 72986 672409 596534 2026-07-04T17:28:35Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|date=2001 census}} '''Camorta''' (Kamorta) bụ [[Nicobarese|Asụsụ Nicobarese]] a na-asụ n'etiti Agwaetiti Nicobar. Asụsụ ndị ọzọ nke Central Nicobarese anaghị aghọta ya. Ethnologue na-ewere ya dị ka olumba nke asụsụ Central Nicobarese. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{Austro-Asiatic languages}} dl85804ft8kj60blmb12xdghefbx0kh 0 73011 672390 628724 2026-07-04T16:18:28Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672390 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sonnia Agu''' (amụrụ na 15 Septemba 1988) bụ onye ọchụnta ego na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Naijiria.<ref name="LEAD" /> Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke The Sapio Club na G1st International Foundation . <ref name="dailytimes">{{Cite news|author=Realwan Adesegun|url=https://dailytimes.ng/sonnia-agus-nigerian-dream-youth/|title=Sonnia Agu's Dream for Nigerian Youths|work=Daily Times Newspaper|date=June 14, 2018}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke ngalaba Naijiria nke Pan African Youth Commission. <ref name="Guardian" /><ref name="Guardian2">{{Cite news|author=Tope Templer Olaiya|url=https://guardian.ng/news/foundation-donates-to-the-needy-in-ikorodu/|title=Foundation donates to the needy in Ikorodu|work=Guardian Newspaper|date=April 12, 2016}}</ref><ref name="sonni" /> N'afọ 2020, ndị omeiwu ntorobịa nke steeti Lagos depụtara ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị ntorobịa kachasị nwee mmetụta na steeti Lagos n'afọ 2020. <ref name="global">{{Cite news|author=ANTHONY-ANWUNOR|url=https://globalexcellenceonline.com/sapio-club-ceo-sonnia-agu-named-among-influential-youths-in-lagos/|title=Sonnia Agu Listed Among Influential Youths in Lagos|work=Global Excellence|date=January 11, 2020}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Sonnia Agu na Lagos Steeti, Naịjirịa ma si Okija na Anambra steeti.<ref name="Guardian">{{Cite news|author=Tope Templer Olaiya|url=https://guardian.ng/news/sonnia-living-her-dreams-loving-her-neighbours-with-projectsamaritan17/|title=Sonnia… Living her dreams, loving her neighbours with #ProjectSamaritan17|work=Guardian Newspaper|date=April 15, 2017}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTope_Templer_Olaiya2017">Tope Templer Olaiya (April 15, 2017). [https://guardian.ng/news/sonnia-living-her-dreams-loving-her-neighbours-with-projectsamaritan17/ "Sonnia… Living her dreams, loving her neighbours with #ProjectSamaritan17"]. ''Guardian Newspaper''.</cite></ref> Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ ya na Christland Nursery and Primary School Ikeja. Maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya, ọ gara Federal Government Girls College (FGGC) na Oyo State. Ọ malitere ịmụ ihe okike na Mahadum Lagos mana ọ hapụrụ ya n'afọ nke atọ ya na Mahadum Eastern Mediterranean, Cyprus ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na klaasị mbụ na Media and Communications. <ref name="Guardian" /><ref name="legit">{{Cite news|author=Akinpelu Oluwafunmilayo|url=https://www.legit.ng/1227412-nothing-impossible-god-first-class-graduate-reflects-academic-feats.html|title=Nothing is impossible with God - First class graduate says as she reflects on academic feats|date=April 27, 2019|work=[[Legit.ng]]}}</ref> Mgbe COVID-19 gasịrị, ọ nwetara ihe mmụta ọzọ site na MIT (Massachusetts institute of Technology) na Business na atụmatụ mmetụta maka ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ 2019, ọ debara aha ya na Harvard Business School ebe e nyere ya asambodo na akara dị ka onye ọchụnta ego site na Emerging Economy . Ọ nwetakwara akara na-agafe agafe site na OxfordX atụmatụ nke Mahadum Oxford na Understanding Economic Development . <ref name="twmaganize">{{Cite news|author=|url=https://www.tmnewsmagazine.com/2022/05/encomium-as-societynothern-celebrity.html?m=1|title=Encomium as Famous Society Celebrity, Sonnia Agu Passes Grade to Study in Oxford University|work=TW News Magazine|date=May 21, 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 2013, mgbe ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa site na Mahadum dị na Saịprọs, Agu guzobere G1st International Foundation, otu na-enweghị uru. G1st bụ mkpirikpi maka "Chineke Mbụ".<ref name="Guardian"/> G1st arụkọwo ọrụ na mba ụwa na Growth Foundation, London; SOS Foundation, Gambia; Lawrence Hope Foundation, South Africa na Food for Life, Hungary. <ref name="sonni">{{Cite news|author=IJEOMA-THOMAS-ODIA|url=http://womenofrubies.com/when-you-have-try-to-give-when-you-learn-please-try-to-teach-sonnia-agu/|title=WHEN YOU HAVE TRY TO GIVE, WHEN YOU LEARN PLEASE TRY TO TEACH" – SONNIA AGU|work=Women of Rubies|date=December 1, 2016}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIJEOMA-THOMAS-ODIA2016">IJEOMA-THOMAS-ODIA (December 1, 2016). [http://womenofrubies.com/when-you-have-try-to-give-when-you-learn-please-try-to-teach-sonnia-agu/ "WHEN YOU HAVE TRY TO GIVE, WHEN YOU LEARN PLEASE TRY TO TEACH" – SONNIA AGU"]. ''Women of Rubies''.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2015, e guzobere ogwe aka Civic Engagement nke G1st Foundation, nke a na-akpọ Sapiosexual Club, <ref name="Guardian" /> <ref name="sonni" /> nke edebanyere aha na Ministry of Trade and Investment nke Naijiria.<ref name="leader">{{Cite news|author=Jeremiah|url=https://leadership.ng/2019/06/26/sonnia-agu-a-passionate-community-worker/|title=Sonnia Agu: A Passionate Community Worker|work=Leadership Newspaper|date=June 26, 2019}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, Agu rụrụ ọrụ n'okpuru ọfịs nke onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nke onye isi ala na omume na omume, Sarah Jibril ebe o jikọtara aka guzobe atụmatụ Youths on Ethics and Social Responsibility (YES). <ref name="news" /> N'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2014, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu kwadoro emume otu narị afọ nke Naịjirịa, A Nation United, nke Onye isi ala [[Goodluck Jonathan|Goodluck Ebele Jonathan]] kwadoro.<ref name="tcb" /> N'afọ 2016, ọ natara onyinye Lagos State Award of Excellence maka enyemaka ya na uto na mmepe nke agụmakwụkwọ na [[Ajegunle]] . <ref name="news" /> Agu natara ihe nrite nke 2018 maka mmepe obodo ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka maka "nduzi kwesịrị ekwesị, ọrụ ya na-anaghị achọ ọdịmma onwe ya nanị, na nraranye ya maka mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba nke ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka.<ref name="tcb">{{Cite news|author=Bernard Taiwo|url=https://tcbassociates.com/2019/07/26/sapio-club-sets-to-take-africans-through-mind-revolution-as-abasi-ene-obong-and-others-speak-on-emerging-nigerian-leaders/|title=Sapio Club Sets To Take Africans Through Mind Revolution As Abasi Ene-Obong, And Others Speak On Emerging Nigerian Leaders|work=TCB Associates|date=July 26, 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBernard_Taiwo2019">Bernard Taiwo (July 26, 2019). [https://tcbassociates.com/2019/07/26/sapio-club-sets-to-take-africans-through-mind-revolution-as-abasi-ene-obong-and-others-speak-on-emerging-nigerian-leaders/ "Sapio Club Sets To Take Africans Through Mind Revolution As Abasi Ene-Obong, And Others Speak On Emerging Nigerian Leaders"]. ''TCB Associates''.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, o sonyere na mkparịta ụka gburugburu "Ọ bụghị echiche Naịjirịa ọzọ", ọrụ a kwadebere iji gbochie ime ihe ike nke NERI (North East Regional Initiative) kwadoro.<ref name="news">{{Cite news|author=Murphy Alabi|url=http://newsexplorersng.com/sapio-club-set-to-take-africans-through-mind-revolution/|title=Sapio Club Takes Africans Through Mind Revolution|work=News Explorer|date=July 11, 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMurphy_Alabi2019">Murphy Alabi (July 11, 2019). [https://web.archive.org/web/20231212011234/http://newsexplorersng.com/sapio-club-set-to-take-africans-through-mind-revolution/ "Sapio Club Takes Africans Through Mind Revolution"]. ''News Explorer''.</cite></ref> Agu nọchitere anya Naịjirịa na Gambia, na Nzukọ Pan African nke 3rd nke African Youth Commission nke United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) kwadoro, iji nyochaa ma chegharịa na usoro maka iru ihe mgbaru ọsọ United Nation nke 2063 United Africa na 2019. <ref name="tcb" />{{Cite news|author=Bernard Taiwo|url=https://tcbassociates.com/2019/07/26/sapio-club-sets-to-take-africans-through-mind-revolution-as-abasi-ene-obong-and-others-speak-on-emerging-nigerian-leaders/|title=Sapio Club Sets To Take Africans Through Mind Revolution As Abasi Ene-Obong, And Others Speak On Emerging Nigerian Leaders|work=TCB Associates|date=July 26, 2019}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBernard_Taiwo2019">Bernard Taiwo (July 26, 2019). [https://tcbassociates.com/2019/07/26/sapio-club-sets-to-take-africans-through-mind-revolution-as-abasi-ene-obong-and-others-speak-on-emerging-nigerian-leaders/ "Sapio Club Sets To Take Africans Through Mind Revolution As Abasi Ene-Obong, And Others Speak On Emerging Nigerian Leaders"]. ''TCB Associates''.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Disemba 2019, Agu nọchitere anya Naijiria na World Youth Forum, nke emere na Cairo, Egypt, ebe onye isi ala Ijipt bụ Abdelfattah El-Sisi họpụtara ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka. <ref name="LEADership">{{Cite news|author=FEMI-SHOLOLA|url=https://leadership.ng/2019/12/14/sonnia-agu-takes-nigeria-to-next-level-in-egypt/|title=Sonnia Agu Takes Nigeria To Next Level In Egypt|work=Leadership Newspaper|date=December 14, 2019}}</ref><ref name="LEAD">{{Cite news|author=ANTHONY-ANWUNOR|url=https://leadership.ng/2020/01/11/sonnia-agu-honoured-with-african-women-ambassador/|title=Sonnia Agu Honoured With African Women Ambassador|work=Leadership Newspaper|date=January 11, 2020}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFANTHONY-ANWUNOR2020">ANTHONY-ANWUNOR (January 11, 2020). [https://web.archive.org/web/20200111170339/https://leadership.ng/2020/01/11/sonnia-agu-honoured-with-african-women-ambassador/ "Sonnia Agu Honoured With African Women Ambassador"]. ''Leadership Newspaper''.</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2022, National Association of Northern Nigerian Students (NANNS) nyere ya ihe nrite dị ka "onye na-eme nke ọma". <ref name="dereporter">{{Cite news|author=|url=http://www.de-reportorial.com.ng/2022/04/another-feather-for-society-celebrity.html|title=Another Feather for Society Celebrity Sonnia Agu|work=dereportorial|date=April 22, 2022}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 2023, e nyere ya asambodo maka onyinye maka ịdị mma zuru ụwa ọnụ site na Leadership Without Borders na The House of Lords Palace nke Westminster London, UK.<ref name="saharaweeklyng">{{Cite news|author=|url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/doubles-honors-for-ambassador-sonnia-agu-fciml/|title=Double honors for Ambassador Sonnia Agu FCIML|work=saharaweeklyng.com|date=November 22, 2023}}</ref> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == Na 2025, a kpọrọ Agu aha na "Ndị 40 kacha elu n'okpuru afọ 40" site n'aka Most Influential People of African Descent (MIPAD) maka ọrụ ya na ọdịmma mmadụ. N'otu afọ 2025 ahụ, Crest Africa kwanyeere ya ùgwù dịka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị kacha elu n'Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ademola|date=2025-04-15|title=Crest Africa Names Amb. Sonnia Agu One of Africa’s Leading Women|url=https://thestatusonline.com/crest-africa-names-amb-sonnia-agu-one-of-africas-leading-women|accessdate=2025-10-06|work=The Status Online|language=en-US}}</ref> * Onyinye maka Global Excellence, House of Lords, Westminster Palace (UK), 2023 * Onye ọchụnta ego pụrụ iche nke Africa, African Achievers" Awards (UK), 2023<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-05-07|title=Meet Sonnia Agu: Pioneering Social Entrepreneur Championing Youth Empowerment And Transformation In Africa|url=https://talentedwomennetwork.com/meet-sonnia-agu-pioneering-social-entrepreneur-championing-youth-empowerment-and-transformation-in-africa/|accessdate=2025-10-06|language=en-US}}</ref> * Achiever per Excellence, "National Association of Northern Nigerian Students (NANNS), 2022<ref>{{Cite web|author=Network|first=Her|date=2021-02-08|title=‘The idea is to create a society that is non- biased, non-political and free from all racial or religious distinctions.’ – Sonnia Agu|url=https://www.hernetwork.co/the-idea-is-to-create-a-society-that-is-non-biased-non-political-and-free-from-all-racial-or-religious-distinctions-sonnia-agu/|accessdate=2025-10-06|work=Her Network|language=en-US}}</ref> * Ihe nrite nke ndị ntorobịa kachasị emetụta na steeti Lagos (Lagos Youth Parliament) 2020 * Onye nnọchi anya ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka 2019<ref>{{Cite web|author=Weekly|first=Sahara|date=2023-08-09|title=Dr. Ambassador. Sonnia Agu made Nigerians proud at the African Union|url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/dr-ambassador-sonnia-agu-made-nigerians-prou/|accessdate=2025-10-06|language=en|archivedate=2026-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260106141151/https://saharaweeklyng.com/dr-ambassador-sonnia-agu-made-nigerians-prou/}}</ref> * Ihe nrite nke West African Leadership Summit (Community Development) 2018 == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 06l85ynw4opqoxye39swephyrfc4ftb 0 73106 672398 596813 2026-07-04T16:38:06Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Bo|nativename=''Sorimi''|states=[[Papua New Guinea]]|region=[[Sandaun Province]]|speakers=85|date=1998|familycolor=Papuan|fam1=[[Left May languages|Left May]]?|iso3=bpw}} '''Bo''' ( Po, Sorimi) bụ asụsụ Left May nke New Guinea, na Sandaun na East Sepik Provinces. Ọ bụ asụsụ a na-edeghị akwụkwọ, a naghịkwa akwado ọnọdụ ya dị ka asụsụ dị iche. A na-asụ ya n'obodo Bo, Kaumifi, Kobaru, na Nigyama Umarita na Sandaun Province. <ref name="UN-PNG">{{cite web |url=https://data.humdata.org/dataset/village-coordinates-lookup |title=Papua New Guinea Village Coordinates Lookup |author=United Nations in Papua New Guinea |work=Humanitarian Data Exchange |version=1.31.9 |date=2018}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}{{Languages of Papua New Guinea}} 4ew1911r43p18uehuj9jba5b3bzp1du 0 73148 672403 637726 2026-07-04T17:05:09Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672403 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Bryn Fôn''' (amụrụ na 27 Ọgọst 1954) bụ onye Wales na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-agụ ma na-ede egwu. Ọ ghọkwara onye omenkà mbụ gụrụ egwu n'onwe ya na BBC Radio Cymru na 1977. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Bryn Fôn na Llanllyfni, Caernarfonshire . Ọ gara akwụkwọ na Ysgol Gynradd Llanllyfni yana Ysgol Dyffryn Nantlle tupu ọ gaa n'ihu ịmụ Mmega ahụ na ọmụmụ [[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi|gburugburu ebe obibi]] na kọleji. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya n'ịme ndị mmadụ obi añụrị site na isonye na opera Dic Penderyn na 1977. O guzobere òtù egwu Crysbas mgbe ọ hapụsịrị kọleji, na Sobin a'r Smaeliaid na 1988. <ref name="cyfweliad">[https://www.bbc.co.uk/cymru/gogleddorllewin/enwogion/adloniant/pages/brynfon.shtml Interview with BBC Cymru]</ref> A họpụtara ya dị ka onye ''hunk nke ọnwa'' n'akwụkwọ mgbasa ozi "She" n'afọ ndị 1980. <ref name="cyfweliad" /> Ọ malitere ịna-ewepụta abọm ya na ndị òtù ya n'aha nke ya na 1994. Ya na ndị òtù ya mechara mee ngosi n'okpuru aha Bryn Fôn a'r Band, na-ewepụta egwu n'okpuru akara nke ha laBelaBel. O meriri asọmpi egwu Cân i Gymru na 1997, ya na Un Funud Fach . N'ọrụ ya mgbe e mesịrị, Fôn lekwasịrị anya n'ịpụta n'elu ikpo okwu ma gbanwee egwuregwu Blackbird maka mmepụta nke Theatr Bara Caws nke o so mee na 2010. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, ya na ndị òtù egwu nke ya na-eme ihe nkiri. Ọ na-etinye aka n'ọtụtụ egwu kwa afọ na Wales niile, ọkachasị Royal Welsh Show na National Eisteddfod nke Wales. == Ndụ onwe onye == Mkpọsa nke ịgba ọtụtụ ihe ọkụ nke e jikọrọ ya na usoro asụsụ Welsh malitere na Disemba 1979, nke gụnyere ịgba ụlọ ezumike ndị Bekee ọkụ na Wales. Fôn dere abụ na-eme ka mgbalị ndị uwe ojii na-enweghị isi ijide ndị kpatara ya dị ike ntà. N'afọ 1990, ọtụtụ ndị nchọpụta gara n'ụlọ ya ma jichie ya na onye mmekọ ya, Anna, mgbe ha chọpụtara ngwugwu zoro na mgbidi n'ala ụlọ ya. E jidere ya n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị uwe ojii dị na Dolgellau ruo awa iri anọ na asatọ tupu a tọhapụ ya n'eboghị ya ebubo. C'mon Midffild! ya na ya so eme égwu, Mei Jones, ka e jidere n'otu oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=25 years later... why have we still not caught the cottage burners?|url=http://icnorthwales.icnetwork.co.uk/news/regionalnews/tm_objectid%3D14960171&method%3Dfull&siteid%3D50142&headline%3D25-years-later----why-have-we-still-not-caught-the-cottage-burners--name_page.html|accessdate=12 September 2022|work=Daily Post / icNorthWales|date=9 Dec 2004}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2011, a mara ọkwa na Bryn Fôn bụ otu n'ime otu narị mmadụ jụrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ Ikike TV ha dị ka akụkụ nke ngagharị iwe Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg megide atụmatụ ibelata mmefu ego nke ụlọ ọrụ TV Welsh, S4C, na atụmatụ ịnyefe ikike nke ọwa ahụ na BBC. Fôn na-arụkwa ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwado nke asụsụ Welsh, ọ bụkwa onye na-akwado Nnwere onwe Welsh.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|date=2022-06-27|title=AUOB Cymru say independence march will go ahead despite Wrexham Council opposition|url=https://nation.cymru/news/auob-cymru-say-independence-march-will-go-ahead-despite-wrexham-council-opposition/|accessdate=2022-09-01|work=Nation.Cymru|language=en-GB}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Bryn_Fon_gan_Dogfael.jpg|thumb|240x240px|Bryn Fôn na ngagharị iwe Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg. Ihe edere na ihe ngosi o ji, bụ: "Nọgide na-enwe ụlọ akwụkwọ na obodo nta anyị na-asụ asụsụ Welsh".]] Fôn a lụọla nwanyị ma nwee ụmụ abụọ. == Nkọwapụta Égwú == === Abọm ya Gasị === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" !Ìgwè !Aha ya !Afọ !Akara ndekọ |- |''Crysbas'' |''Draenog Marw / Y Nhw (Wil Bach) '' |1978 |Saint |+ |''Crysbas'' |''Ond ... Mae 'Di Bwrw'' |1979 |Saint |+ |''Sobin a'r Smaepretis'' |''Ta-ta Botha'' |1989 |Saint |+ |''Sobin a'r Smaepretis'' | rowspan="2" |''Sobin a'r Smaewn - 1'' | rowspan="2" |1990 | rowspan="2" |Saint |+ |''Sobin a'r Smaepretis'' |''Caib'' |1991 |Saint |+ |''Sobin a'r Smaepretis'' |''Rhaw'' |1992 |Saint |+ |''Bryn Fôn'' |''Dyddiau Di-gymar'' |1994 |Ihe Ndị A Na-akpata Obi Ụtọ |+ |''Bryn Fôn'' |''Dawnsio ar na Dibyn'' |1998 |Ihe Ndị A Na-akpata Obi Ụtọ |+ |''Bryn Fôn'' |''Caneuon Tecwyn na Tractor'' |2004 |Saint |+ |''Bryn Fôn a'r Band'' |''Abacus'' |2004 |laBelaBel |+ |''Sobin a'r Smaepretis'' |''Goreuon Sobin'' |2005 |Saint |+ |''Bryn Fôn a'r Band'' |''CAM'' |2005 |laBelaBel |+ |''Bryn Fôn a'r Band'' |''Ịkụ aka'' |2008 |laBelaBel |+ |''Bryn Fôn a'r Band'' |''Na Goreuon 1994-2005'' |2009 |Saint |+ |''Bryn Fôn a'r Band'' |''Ynys'' |2014 |laBelaBel |} == Ime Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" !Afọ !Ihe ngosi !Ọrụ !Ihe odide |- |1979 |''Mkpụrụ ọka bụ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ'' |Robbart | |- |1982 |''Na Gosb'' | | |- |1986 |''Siwan'' |William nke Braose |E gosipụtara ya na 27 Disemba 1986 |- |1988 |''Lliwiau'' |Rheinallt Vaughan | |- |1988–1994, 2004 |''Ọ bụ Midffîld m!'' |Tecwyn Parri | |- |1989 |''Akpụkpọ ahụ'' |Maazị Morrison |Usoro nke 2 |- |1990 |''Ụbọ akwara'' |Onye na-asọ mpi |Onye mmeri |- |1990 |''Mwy Na Phapur Newydd'' | | |- |1990 |''O.M.'' |Owen Morgan Edwards | |- |1991 |''Oge N'èzí'' |Manawydan | |- |1991 |''A na-eweta ya Cyffion'' |Ifan Gruffydd | |- |1994 |''Dwylo'' | | |- |1994–1997 |''Pengelli'' |Gwyn Lloyd |Usoro 1-4 |- |1997 |''Ụbọ akwara'' |Onye na-asọ mpi |Onye mmeri |- |1999–2005 |''Talcen Caled'' |Ndị Hughes |5 usoro; 34 episodes |- |2000 |''Mezion Glandŵr'' | | |- |2001 |''Na Stafell Ddirgel'' |Huw Morris | |- |2001–2002 |''Uche Ịchụ Egwu'' |DC Meic Challis |Usoro 3-4; ọ pụtakwara na mbipụta Welsh ''Yr Heliwr'' . |- |2002 |''Eldra'' |William | |- |2007–2008 |''Tipyn ma ọ bụ Stad'' |Ed Lovell |Usoro oge niile; usoro 6-7 |- |2008–2010 |''Ista'nbwl'' | | |- |2013–2015 |''Gwaith/Cartref'' |Brynmor Davies |Usoro 3-5 |- |2016–2017 |''Anita'' |Bedwyr |Usoro 2 |- |2017–2018 |''Pobol na Cwm'' |Dr. Elgan Pritchard |Usoro a na-eme mgbe niile |- |2018 |''Bryn Fôn nwere PTSD'' |Onye na-eme ihe ngosi | |- |2019 |''Ihe zoro ezo'' |Hefin Mathews |Usoro nke 2; gosipụtakwara na nsụgharị Welsh Craith . |- |2021 |''Bryn Fôn: Tortis am Feibion Glyndŵr'' |Onye na-eme ihe ngosi |Otu ugboro pụrụ iche |- |2022 |''Ọchịchị'' |Ed Lovell |Gbanwee na Tipyn o Stad''Tipyn ma ọ bụ Stad'' |} == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250523051440/https://labelabel.co.uk/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ laBelaBel] {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8jntvv2gzndica5x2qh6wkftky0dn5u 0 73156 672412 596877 2026-07-04T17:30:18Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672412 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Caquetío|nativename=|region=[[Falcón]], [[ABC islands (Leeward Antilles)|ABC Islands]]|states=[[Venezuela]]<br> [[Aruba]]<br> [[Bonaire]]<br> [[Curaçao]]|extinct=1862, with the death of Nicolaas Pyclas (Aruba)|familycolor=arawakan|fam1=[[Maipurean languages|Arawakan]]|fam2=Northern|fam3=[[Ta-Arawakan]]|iso3=none|map=Nación_Caquetía.PNG}} '''Caquetío''', nke a na-akpọkwa '''Caquetío Arawak''', bụ asụsụ Arawak na-adịghịzi adị. A na-asụ asụsụ ahụ n'akụkụ Ọdọ Mmiri Maracaibo, n'akụkụ osimiri nke steeti Falcón nke Venezuela, na agwaetiti Dutch nke Aruba, Bonaire na Curaçao. A na-akpọ ya "asụsụ mmụọ" n'ihi na ọ nweghị ihe akaebe doro anya nke ya.[2] [dubious - kwurịta] Naanị aha ahụ, tinyere ụfọdụ ndepụta okwu dị mkpirikpi, ka dị, dị ka e kwuru na ederede nke narị afọ nke iri na asaa.  == Aha ya == Otu nchọpụta dị mkpa bụ okwu ''kakïtho''[3][4] nke Lokono ji na-ezo aka na "ndị mmadụ" ma ọ bụ "ndị dị ndụ", nke nwere nkọwa sara mbara karịa okwu loko. Okwu Lokono "kakïtho" nwere njikọ na okwu Caquetío ''kaketío'', ha abụọ nwekwara njikọ na okwu Pre-Andes Maipuran maka "onye". ''Piro'' (Asụsụ Yine) na ''Irupina'' [nkọwa dị mkpa] na-eji okwu ''kaxiti'' na ''kakiti'' akọwa "ndị mmadụ". N'iburu n'uche iji okwu a eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ebe, a kwenyere na ọ sitere na Proto-Maipuran. [3][5] Ụfọdụ na-atụ aro na aha "Caquetío" nwere ike isi na Osimiri Caqueta. Mkpụrụ okwu na-ezighi ezi nke "Caquetío" dị ka "Caiquetio" sitere na akwụkwọ Spanish mbụ. Na narị afọ nke iri na isii na nke iri na asaa, nchịkọta na ọmụmụ nke asụsụ ụmụ amaala bụ ihe na-adịghị mma, na-enweghị usoro nhazi. Enweghị akwụkwọ fọdụrụnụ nke a raara nye syntax ma ọ bụ ụtọ asụsụ nke asụsụ Arawak site n'oge ahụ. [9] Ọ bụ naanị na ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na asatọ ka ndị ọkà mmụta asụsụ malitere ịmụ ma kewaa asụsụ Arawak.[10] == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'agbata afọ 3000 na 2000 Tupu Oge Anyị, ndị na-asụ asụsụ Proto-Arawak gara njem n'akụkụ Río Negro. Ha na-agagharị n'ọwa mmiri Casiquiare wee biri na mpaghara Osimiri Orinoco. Njem a mere ka asụsụ Proto-Arawak pụta ma guzobe asụsụ Proto-Maipuran. N'ihe dị ka afọ 1500 Tupu Oge Anyị, ha rutere na mpaghara Middle Orinoco dị nso n'Osimiri Meta, wee malite ọtụtụ obere otu. Ihe pụrụ iche bụ na obere otu Proto-Northern, mgbọrọgwụ nna ochie nke ndị Caquetío, pụtara. Otu obere otu ndị a gbasaara n'akụkụ dị iche iche site na Middle Orinoco. Ụfọdụ gara n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na Osimiri Meta ruo Andes nke Venezuela na Colombia, nke mere ka asụsụ Guajiro na Paraujano pụta. Ndị ọzọ gara n'ihu na-agbadata n'akụkụ Orinoco, na-agbasawanye na Guianas na agwaetiti West Indian.[a] Mgbasawanye a mere ka asụsụ Arawak (nke a makwaara dị ka Lokono) na Guianas, na Asụsụ Igneri, nke gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ Island Carib na Lesser Antilles. Ndị Proto-Northerners bụ ndị biri na Greater Antilles mepụtara Asụsụ Taíno nke na-adịghịzi.[13] N'ihe dị ka 500 BCE, otu asụsụ Caquetío kewara site na Middle ruo pper Orinoco, kwagara n'akụkụ Osimiri Apure, wee gaa n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ gaa Venezuela.[14] N'ikpeazụ, ha rutere agwaetiti Aruba, Bonaire, na Curaçao. N'otu oge ahụ, ìgwè ndị ọzọ dị ka Carib, Lokono, na Taíno gbanwere n'ihi mbata si Orinoco gaa na mpaghara Caribbean. == Okwu ==   Okwu nke ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Venezuela sitere n'ọtụtụ obodo Arawak n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke Falcón steeti na Guajira Peninsula. Ndị Wayuu na-ekwurịta okwu na Guajiro, ebe asụsụ Paraujano, nke ndị [[Paraujano people|Paraujano]] ma ọ bụ Añú na-asụ, fọrọ nke nta ka ọ kwụsị kpamkpam. Site na mbata nke ndị Europe, asụsụ Caquetío pụtara. Ọtụtụ aha ebe (toponymy) na aha onwe onye (anthroponymy) ka dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Falcón, ụfọdụ ka dị na Aruba, Curaçao, na Bonaire. [15][16][17] A na-asụ Caquetío ọ bụghị naanị n'àgwàetiti ndị ahụ kamakwa n'ụsọ oké osimiri Venezuela, ọkachasị na mpaghara osimiri Yaracuy, Portuguese, na Apure, taa steeti Falcón na Lara. Asụsụ ahụ belatara ka ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ amaala Amerindian belatara n'oge ndị Spain bi.[18] Ọ bụ ezie na mmetụta Caquetío nwere na Papiamento pere mpe, ụfọdụ okwu Caquetío dị na Papiamento.[19] Aha ụmụ amaala jupụtara na mpaghara ụfọdụ nke Aruba, dị ka ''Sasiriwichi'' na nsọtụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ, <ref>{{Cite web|title=NL-HaNA_4.VEL_649|url=https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/archief/4.VEL/invnr/649/file/NL-HaNA_4.VEL_649|accessdate=2023-11-13|work=www.nationaalarchief.nl|language=nl|quote=Groote land baaij van de N:W:Hoek bij de indianen Sesereweetje genaamt.|archivedate=2023-06-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629155553/https://www.nationaalarchief.nl/onderzoeken/archief/4.VEL/invnr/649/file/NL-HaNA_4.VEL_649}}</ref> nso Ụlọ ọkụ California. Tụkwasị na nke a, ebe ugwu dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Aruba, site na ''Cashiunti'', ''Huliba'', ''Kiwarcu'' ruo ''Coashiati'' ma ọ bụ ''Jamanota'', na ụsọ oké osimiri ugwu dị n"etiti ''Andicuri'' na Oranjestad, jupụtara na aha obodo Caquetío.[21] N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, ọtụtụ okwu Caquetío na Papiamento metụtara osisi na Anụmanụ dị n'ógbè ahụ, nke ndị bi na Europe na ndị ohu Africa rutere n'óù ahụ na mmalite narị afọ nke 16.[19] === Ihe atụ nke okwu === N'ime tebụl mbụ, e nwere okwu ole na ole na okwu nke asụsụ Caquetio, nke ndị okenye ole na ole ka nwere ike icheta (n'ihi na asụsụ ahụ anwụọla n'oge ahụ) nke onye ụkọchukwu Dutch bụ A.J. van Koolwijk dekọrọ na Aruba na 1880.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hartog|first=Johan|url=http://archive.org/details/BNA-DIG-ARUBIANA-0021|title=Aruba : zoals het was, zoals het werd : van de tijd der Indianen tot op heden|date=1980|publisher=Aruba : Van Dorp}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Caquetío<ref name=":0" /> !Dutch<ref name=":0" /> !Papiamento !Bekee |- |Hida? Hida meeuw? |Ọ̀ ga-abụrịrị na ọ bụ gị ka ị ga-eme? |Na gị? , Na ị na-agba ọsọ? |Olee otú ọ na-aga? |- |Auw (dị ka azịza nye "Hida (meeuw)?") |Goed |Eziokwu |Eziokwu |- |Hafe dodo danwajete! |Ọ bụ n'oge na-adịghị anya! Ọ ga-abụrịrị na ọ ga-abụ na ọ ga na-anọ n'ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ! |Bai sinta (elu na stoel)! |Nọdụ ala (n'oche)! |- |Nwee obi ụtọ! |N'oge ahụ, ọ na-eme ka ị na-ata ahụhụ! |Duna mi di come! |Nye m nri! |- |Ọ bụ m! |Ga weg! |Usha! , Bay maka di djaki! |Gaa! |- |Mimanta |Ik ben gesch obodo |M na spanta |A tụrụ m egwu |- |Carebe |Ọ bụ n'oge a ka a na-akpọ etlepel |Cuchara |Spoon |- |Totoemba, Waidanga |Ọ bụ mgbe a na-eme ihe nkiri |Totomo, Bangaña <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Coleccion di Palabranan Poco Uza na Papiamento|url=https://archive.org/details/20180814-palabranan-poco-uza-version-1.0|accessdate=2025-03-23|pages=8, 117|work=www.archive.org|date=August 2018}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> |Efere ma ọ bụ karama e ji calabash mee |- |Dauchikki, Dousebou |Een zak |Akpa |Igbe, Igbe |- |Bouseranja |Huismeubelen |Ihe owuwu di Cas |Ngwongwo |- |Caula |Een ding |Cos |Ihe |- |Adamoedoe |Regen |Onye na-agba ọsọ |Mmiri ozuzo |- |Baroe hantoe wou | (Gebed na eten het) | (Ekpere maka ora caba di come) | (Ikpe ekpere na ngwụcha nri) |- |Kajappa |Ndị na-akụ mkpụrụ na-akụ gị |A na-eweta achịcha n'otu osisi, a kụrụ ya |Ndị ọrụ maka ịkụ osisi |- |Marakka |Castagnet |Castañeta |Castanet |- |Aboussoe |Een maïskoek |Buscuchi di mainshi |kuki Maze |- |Sako den comanari maria di watapoena fafa na talent sodji na ditiéri | (Bezwering na het vangen van een leguaan) | (Ekpere pa ora caba di gara yuwana) | (Ikpe ekpere mgbe ị nwetasịrị iguana) |- |Beijing |Ụdị Een |Mucha, Chikitin, (Rukch = "Onye") |Nwatakịrị |- |Dori |Roodbilkikker |Dori |Frog nwere anya anọ nke Colombia |- |Waltakka |Gestreepte Anolis |Waltaca, Toteki |Anol nwere eriri na Curaçao |} {| class="wikitable" !Caquetío<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Caquetio Words|url=https://www.native-languages.org/caquetio_words.htm|accessdate=2024-12-21|work=www.native-languages.org}}</ref> !Bekee<ref name=":2" /> |- |adamudu |Mmiri ozuzo |- |bāru xantu uōu |ịrịọ maka ihe ị ga-eri |- |daushikki, daushēbu |Akpụkpọ ụkwụ, akpa |- |datiē! |pụọ! |- |Kafa |ekwensu, mmụọ ọjọọ |- |Kaula |ihe, ihe |- |kantie baulēte! |nye m nri! |- |karebe |spoon |- |Xaba dōboxedan guayete! |Nọdụ ala! |- |xida meo! |ezi ụtụtụ! |- |Ihe ndị e mere n'oge ochie |onyinyo, hobgoblin |- |xute kontābo? |Olee otú ị ga-esi mee ya? |- |totumba, waidanga |mmiri na-agbọpụta |} == Ebe e si nweta ya ==   == Ihe edeturu == .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:27em}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:22.5em}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=upper-roman]{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-greek]{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .references[data-mw-group=lower-roman]{list-style-type:lower-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-alpha .references{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-upper-roman .references{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-alpha .references{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-greek .references{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output div.reflist-liststyle-lower-roman .references{list-style-type:lower-roman} == Edensibia == {{Reflist|25em}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] pkndfckxo03zpsr7s9522w1408qtcha 0 73178 672451 596913 2026-07-04T19:29:30Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672451 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Language|name=Iñapari|nativename=|pronunciation=|states=[[Peru]]|region=[[Las Piedras River (Peru)]]|speakers=5|date=2020|familycolor=arawakan|fam1=[[Maipurean languages|Arawakan]]|fam2=Southern|fam3=[[Piro languages|Piro]]|nation={{flag|Peru}}|iso3=inp|notice=IPA}} '''Iñapari''' bụ asụsụ obodo South America nke dị n'ihe ize ndụ nke ukwuu, nke naanị mmadụ anọ na Peru na-asụ n'akụkụ osimiri Las Piedras dị nso n'ọnụ osimiri Sabaluyoq. Asụsụ a agwụla na Bolivia dị nso. Ndị ọkà okwu ise fọdụrụnụ bụ asụsụ abụọ na Spanish, ọ dịghịkwa otu n'ime ụmụ na ụmụ ụmụ ha na-asụ asụsụ ahụ, nke ga-eme ka ọ laa n'iyi ozugbo ndị ọkà okwu nwụrụ. Asụsụ Iñapari nwere akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu ebipụtara ugbu a.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|title=A Sketch of Iñapari Phonology|first=Steve|author=Parker|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=65|year=1999|pages=1–39|doi=10.1086/466374}}</ref> Asụsụ Pacaguara (Pacahuara) nke Mercier kọwara dị iche na nke ndị ọzọ. (Ma lee asụsụ Pacaguara.) == Ọmụmụ ụdaolu == Dị ka Parker si kwuo, Iñapari nwere ụdaume iri na otu na ụdaume isii. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Ndị na-asụ asụsụ Iñapari ! !Bilabial !Alveolar !Palatal !Mkpịsị aka |- !Ụgbọ imi |m |n | | |- !Ihe omuma |p |t | |ʔ |- !Ihe na-egbu egbu | |s | |h |- !Mmiri | | (l) ~ ɾ | | |- !Glides |w | |j | |} A na-ewere ọnọdụ nke akụkụ dị ka phoneme dị ka ihe a na-enyo enyo dịka [l] dị na okwu ole na ole ma nwee ike ịbụ ụdị phonetic nke /r/. Mkpụrụedemede isii nke Iñapari bụ /i e a ï o u/, ebe /ï/ bụ ụdaume dị elu na-enweghị okirikiri. == Asụsụ == <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Salient morphosyntactic patterns of Iñapari|first=Chris|author=Rogers|journal=Language Documentation and Description|volume=20|year=2021|pages=86-122|doi=10.25894/ldd38}}</ref> === Aha === Nanị ihe abụọ metụtara aha bụ okike na ihe onwunwe. A na-ekewa aha n'ụdị nwoke na nwanyị abụọ: nwoke na nwanyị. Aha ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nwekwara ike iwere nwoke na nwanyị na-anọpụ iche mgbe nwoke na nwanyị n'ezie na-emetụtaghị okwu ahụ. A na-eji prefixes akara nnweta ma na-agbaso usoro sitere na / nke na-abụghị nke sitere na ya. === Adjectives === Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma Iñapari nwere ụdị adjectives dị iche. Adjectives kwenyere na okike na isi aha ma na-eso ha mgbe niile. === Ọnụ ọgụgụ === Naanị ọnụọgụ iri abụọ na ọnụọgụ abụọ ka a kwadoro. Ihe ọmụma dịnụ na-egosi na usoro nọmba ahụ na-enweta nọmba ndị dị mkpa site na akụkụ ahụ. === Ngwaa === Ngwaa na-ekwekọrịta na isiokwu na ihe site na prefixes na suffixes, n'otu n'otu. Suffixes na-egosikwa ihe kpatara ya na ihe na-abụghị ihe kpatara ya. == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130420221057/http://www.ethnologue.com/map/PE Ethnologue asụsụ map, Iñapari nwere nọmba ntinye 40] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] c7q2ln0yvjelpsfc53y6l6m6cwadjel 0 73199 672417 596952 2026-07-04T17:38:09Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672417 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cecilia Knudsdatter nke Denmark''' (1081/85 – mgbe 7 Jenụwarị 1131 gasịrị), bụ ada eze Denmark, ada Canute nke anọ nke Denmark na Adela nke Flanders. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Hundahl|first=Kerstin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz43DAAAQBAJ&dq=Adela+of+Flanders+canute&pg=PA87|title=Denmark and Europe in the Middle Ages, c.1000–1525: Essays in Honour of Professor Michael H. Gelting|date=2016-05-23|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-317-15274-3|language=en}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHundahlKjærLund2016">Hundahl, Kerstin; Kjær, Lars; Lund, Niels (2016-05-23). [https://books.google.com/books?id=fz43DAAAQBAJ&dq=Adela+of+Flanders+canute&pg=PA87 ''Denmark and Europe in the Middle Ages, c.1000–1525: Essays in Honour of Professor Michael H. Gelting'']. Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-317-15274-3|<bdi>978-1-317-15274-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mgbe e tinyere akwụkwọ ma gbuo nna ya n'ọrụ n'afọ 1086, nne ya hapụrụ Denmark wee laghachi Flanders ya na nwa ya nwoke bụ́ Charles, ebe Cecilia na nwanne ya nwanyị bụ́ Ingegerd sooro nwanne nna ha bụ́ Eric nke Mbụ nke Denmark na nwanne nne ha bụ́ Boedil Thurgotsdatter, bụ́ ndị ghọrọ nne na nna ha na-azụlite, gaa Sweden.. <ref name=":0" />[2] Eric na Boedil laghachiri Denmark mgbe Eric chụpụrụ n'ocheeze na 1095. Ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ ahụ lụrụ ndị isi Sweden. Cecilia lụrụ [[Earl Eric]]. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Pohl|first=Benjamin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mtx0EAAAQBAJ&dq=Adela+of+Flanders+canute+cecile&pg=PA57|title=The Cambridge Companion to the Age of William the Conqueror|date=2022-06-09|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-108-66978-8|language=en}}</ref>[2] O mechara laghachi Denmark, ebe e mere di ya jarl nke Falster, di na nwunye ahụ wee biri na [[Haraldsted]] na Ringsted. Di na nwunye ahụ nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ: Knud na Cal, Duke of Halland. O nwekwara ike inwe nwa nwanyị Inger Eriksdotter, onye lụrụ Asser Rig, onye amaala nke ezinụlọ Hvide si Fjenneslev na Zealand, ọ bụkwa nne Esbern Snare na Absalọm.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hermanson|first=Lars|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=czGbDwAAQBAJ&dq=Adela+of+Flanders+canute+cecile&pg=PA76|title=Friendship, Love, and Brotherhood in Medieval Northern Europe, c. 1000-1200|date=2019-05-15|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-40121-1|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 1131, Canute Lavard gara leta ya. O chere na a ga-egbu ya ma gbalịa ime ka o kwenye ka ọ ghara ịga nzukọ ya na Magnus, ebe a ga-egbuo ya, mana o leghaara ndụmọdụ ya anya. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ebe e si nweta ya == * {{Cite book|title=Kingship and State Formation in Sweden: 1130 - 1290|first=Philip|author=Line|publisher=Brill|year=2007}} * [https://runeberg.org/dbl/4/0421.html Dansk biografisk Lexikon / IV. E jikọtara ọnụ. Clemens - Eynden] * [http://www.nad.riksarkivet.se/sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=16520 Cecilia, urn:sbl:16520, Svenskt biografiskt lexikon (art av Nat. Beckman.), kwataat 2015-02-14.] E debere ya na Wayback Machine * [https://runeberg.org/dbl/4/0127.html Dansk biografisk Lexikon / IV. E jikọtara ọnụ. Clemens - Eynden] qkphao252coqxigr6yx7ii9sasnpdhn 0 73295 672522 597088 2026-07-04T22:05:03Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672522 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Charles Plisnier''' (13 Disemba 1896 - 17 Julaị 1952) bụ onye edemede Beljọm si Wallonia. == Akụkọ ndụ == Onye natara ọzụzụ dị ka onye ọka iwu na Mahadum Free nke Brussels site na 1919, Plisnier nwetara nzere ọkankuzi na ọmụmụ Iwu na ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị nke Brussels na 1922. N'oge ntorobịa ya, ọ bụ onye òtù Communist Party nke Belgium, ma rụọ ọrụ na International Red Aid. Mgbe ọ gachara Soviet Union na 1928, ọ nwere nkụda mmụọ n'ebe mba ahụ nọ wee malite inwe ọmịiko na Trotskyist movement, nke mere ka a chụpụ ya n'òtù Communist Party. O mechara jụ ọchịchị Kọmunist wee ghọọ onye Roman Katọlik, mana ọ ka bụ kwa onye Marxist. Plisnier pụtara dị ka onye jụrụ okwukwe nye ọtụtụ ndị ọgbọ ya, ebe ịdị adị nke Chineke akwụsịghị ịbụ ajụjụ ọ na-ajụsi ike; n'oge ndụ ya niile, ọ nwere oge nke ekweghị na Chineke na nsogbu dị omimi.<ref name="mons">{{Cite web|title=Charles Plisnier (1896-1952)|url=https://www.mons.be/ma-commune/mons-et-son-histoire/personnages-celebres/artistes-celebres/charles-plisnier|work=Ville de Mons|accessdate=31 January 2024|language=fr}}</ref> N'ịtụgharị gaa na ide akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, Plisnier ghọrọ onye a ma ama dị ka onye edemede nke akụkọ ezinụlọ nke nwere nkatọ nke ọha mmadụ. ''Alụmdi na nwunye'' (1936; na Bekee dị ka Nothing to Chance, 1938) na-ekwu maka njedebe nke mgbakọ ọha na eze; Meurtres (1939-41; "Mgbukpọ") nke dị mpịakọta ise na-elekwasị anya na dike dị egwu, Noël Annequin, na ọgụ ya megide inwe ihu abụọ. Isiokwu a na-ahụkarị n'ọrụ ya bụ ọmụmụ omume na nke uche nke ndị nọ na nsogbu, dịka na L'Enfant aux stigmates (1931; "Nwatakịrị nwere Stigmata"), nke na-echeta ịnwe nsogbu nke Maurice Maeterlinck. Plisnier dekwara [[Ábu|uri]]: akwụkwọ uri ndị mbụ ya, dị ka Prière aux mains coupées (1930; "Prayer with Severed Hands"), na-ekwu maka ọgụ ya iji mee ka okpukpe na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị n'otu, ebe Fertilité du désert (1933; "Fertility of the Desert") na-egosi mmetụta nke ihe ndị na-eme n'ụwa mmụọ. Ọrụ uri ya ndị ọzọ, dị ka Odes pour retrouver les hommes (1935; "Odes to Meet Again With Men"), Sacré (1938; "Holy", "Sacred") na ''Ave Genitrix'' (1943; "Hail Mother"), bụ ndị a ma ama n'ụdị ma na-egosi mmegharị laghachi na Iso Ụzọ Kraịst.<ref name="britannica">{{Cite web|title=Charles Plisnier|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-Plisnier|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=31 January 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1937, Plisnier ritere Prix Goncourt maka Faux passeports ("False Passports"; na Bekee dị ka Memoirs of a Secret Revolutionary, 1938), nchịkọta akụkọ ndị dị mkpirikpi na-akatọ Stalinism, n'otu olu ya na Arthur Koestler. Ọ bụ onye mba ọzọ mbụ natara Prix Goncourt . <ref name="britannica" /> Ọ bụkwa onye na-akwadosi òtù Walloon Movement ike; na [[Walloon National Congress]] nke e mere na Liège na 1945, o kwuru okwu ndị dị ike ma kpọọ òkù maka njikọta nke Wallonia na [[France]].<ref name="mons" /> == Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala == <references /> {{Prix Goncourt}}{{Authority control}} saadcrdlu2upboap36hauliubxshxfs 0 73334 672189 597146 2026-07-04T12:49:02Z 10kdollz 19775 672189 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Dame Iritana Te Rangi Tāwhiwhirangi''' DNZM MBE (amụrụ Irirangi Thatcher; 21 Maachị 1929 - 1 Febrụwarị 2025) bụ onye New Zealand na-akwado mmụta asụsụ Māori na mmegharị reo kọhanga. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ ya na Hicks Bay na 21 Machị 1929, <ref name="Whos who">{{Cite journal|title=New Zealand Who's Who Aotearoa 2001|journal=New Zealand Who's Who, Aotearoa|year=2001|issn=1172-9813}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tpk.govt.nz/en/in-print/kokiri/kokiri-12-2008/iritana-tawhiwhirangi-honoured-by-creative-|title=Kōkiri and Kōkiritia|work=Tpk.govt.nz|accessdate=2017-03-21}}</ref> Tāwhiwhirangi bụ nke Ngāti Porou, Ngāti Kahungunu, Ngāpuhi, ndị Canada na ndị England.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/education/3646255/New-Maori-dame-helped-thousands-learn-te-reo|title=New Maori dame helped thousands learn te reo|work=Stuff.co.nz|date=2010-05-01|accessdate=2017-03-21}}</ref> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Hukarere Girls' School site na 1943 ruo 1946, na Wellington Teachers' College site na 1947 ruo 1948. <ref name="Whos who" />Mgbe ọ nọ na Wellington, Tāwhiwhirangi zutere ma lụọ Porourangi Tāwhiwhorang, onye rangatira nke Ngāti Porou na 1949 . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://natlib.govt.nz/records/22541938|title=Tāwhiwhirangi, Iritana Te Rangi (Dame), 1929–|work=National Library of New Zealand|accessdate=2 February 2025}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Woman kind: New Zealand women making a difference|publisher=Penguin Books|date=2019|location=Auckland, New Zealand|isbn=978-0-14-377272-9|first=Margie|author=Thomson|pages=66–69}}</ref> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ha abụọ laghachiri n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ ma Tāwhiwhirangi malitere ịkụzi na Waiōmatatini School. Di ya nwụrụ n'afo 1969. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ndhadeliver.natlib.govt.nz/delivery/DeliveryManagerServlet?dps_pid=IE59863294|title=Tawhiwhirangi Porourangi – Tikitiki – sheep farmer|work=Archives New Zealand|accessdate=2 February 2025}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1980, Tāwhiwhirangi hapụrụ nkuzi, kama ọ laghachiri Wellington ịrụ ọrụ n'ime Ngalaba nke Mmekọrịta Māori.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Woman kind: New Zealand women making a difference|publisher=Penguin Books|date=2019|location=Auckland, New Zealand|isbn=978-0-14-377272-9|first=Margie|author=Thomson|pages=66–69}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFThomsonYoung2019">Thomson, Margie; Young, Simon (2019). ''Woman kind: New Zealand women making a difference''. Auckland, New Zealand: Penguin Books. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">66–</span>69. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-14-377272-9|<bdi>978-0-14-377272-9</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Mgbe ọ gachara atụmatụ mba na Waiwhetu Marae na 1980, o tinyere mgbalị ya iji mee ka Te Reo Māori dịghachi ndụ. Iji mee nke a, ọ gara gburugburu New Zealand, na-eleta marae na-akwado ụdị agụmakwụkwọ ọhụrụ, nke Maori na-eduzi iji nyere aka weghachite asụsụ ahụ. Mgbalị ndị a dugara n'ịmepụta te Kōhanga reo, ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị lekwasịrị anya na imikpu kpamkpam maka ụmụaka nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara, nke ndị okenye Maori kụziiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Te Kōhanga Reo {{!}} NZ History|url=https://nzhistory.govt.nz/women-together/te-kohanga-reo|work=nzhistory.govt.nz|accessdate=2026-01-30}}</ref> Nkwado Tāwhirangi n'ofe mba ahụ dị irè nke ukwuu, n'ihi na na 1982, e nwere 100, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nọgidere na-eto ruo 800 na 1994, ọ bụ ezie na ka ọ na-erule afọ 2026 nke a alaghachila na 460.Tāwhiwhirangi bụ onye otu ndụ nke Māori Welfare League na Toitū Kaupapa Māori Mātauranga – Māori Education Trust. Ọ jere ozi na Board of Trustees nke Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Te Kōhanga Reo Early Childhood Centres Aotearoa|url=https://www.myece.org.nz/te-kohanga-reo/|work=My ECE|date=2022-12-01|accessdate=2026-01-30|language=en-NZ|first=My|author=ECE}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.kohanga.ac.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=155|title=Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust|work=Kohanga.ac.nz|date=2017-03-15|accessdate=2017-03-21|archivedate=14 May 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514011140/http://www.kohanga.ac.nz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=155}}</ref> Tāwhiwhirangi nwụrụ na 1 Febụwarị 2025, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri itoolu na ise. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2 February 2025|title=Māori educator Dame Iritana Te Rangi Tāwhiwhirangi dies aged 95|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/national/540653/maori-educator-dame-iritana-te-rangi-tawhiwhirangi-dies-aged-95|accessdate=2 February 2025|work=[[RNZ News]]}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na ihe nri == E nyere Tāwhiwhirangi Ihe nrite ncheta nke New Zealand 1990,<ref name="Whos who" /> na 1992 New Year Honours, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ [[Order of the British Empire|Onye otu Order of the British Empire]], iji kwado ọrụ ya dị ka onye isi njikwa nke Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust. N'afọ 1993, ọ natara ihe nrite New Zealand Suffrage Centennial Medal.<ref name="Whos who" /> Na 2001 New Year Honours, a họpụtara Tāwhiwhirangi dị ka Onye ibe nke New Zealand Order of Merit maka ọrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ Māori, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/new-year-honours-list-2001|title=New Year honours list 2001|date=30 December 2000|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=17 August 2019}}</ref> na 2009 Queen's Birthday Honours a kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ Dame Companion, kwa maka ọrụ maka mmụta Māori. Tāwhiwhirangi bụ onye ikpeazụ maka 2014 New Zealander of the Year Awards . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Laird|first=Lindy|title=Kaitaia health champion wins again|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/northern-advocate/news/article.cfm?c_id=1503450&objectid=11211479|accessdate=28 February 2014|work=[[The Northern Advocate]]|date=28 February 2014}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite web|url=http://www.kohanga.ac.nz/|title=Te Kōhanga Reo National Trust|year=2010|accessdate=2010-10-10}} * {{Cite web|url=http://www.maorieducation.org.nz/|title=Toitū Kaupapa Māori Mātauranga – Māori Education Trust|accessdate=2010-10-10}} 3qnzbjiy7c3smgawzhztol58j5qp6zf 0 73490 672559 597427 2026-07-04T22:57:01Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672559 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Colette Omogbai''' (1943-?) bụ onye omenkà na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ na Naịjirịa nke narị afọ nke 20, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole a ma ama n'ihe gbasara nka ọgbara ọhụrụ nke Naịjirịa. == Ndụ Mbido na Agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Colette Omogbai na nso Benin City, Nigeria . <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Onwuegbucha|first=Iheanyi|date=2019|title=A Research Diary|journal=Women on Aeroplanes: Inflight Magazine #3|pages=14–20}}</ref> Ọ gara kọleji nka, sayensị, na teknụzụ nke Naịjirịa (nke bụzi Mahadum Ahmadu Bello) na Zaria wee gụchaa akwụkwọ na 1964. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị onye otu Zaria Art Society, o gbasoro iwu ya nke imepụta ihe okike, nke sitere na ihe nketa Naịjirịa na usoro ọgbara ọhụrụ wee nabata ụzọ Surrealist..<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jane Nwafor|first=Nkiruka|date=2021|title=Nigerian Women Artists' Visibility in Twenty-First Century Contemporary Art Practices: A Triumph Against Exclusions from Art Groups and Collectives in Nigeria|url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/gjss/article/view/213224|journal=Global Journal of Social Sciences|volume=20|issue=1|pages=59–67|doi=10.4314/gjss.v20i1.6}}</ref> Mgbe e mesịrị, ọ malitere ịmụ akwụkwọ na Slade School of Fine Art na London. == Ọrụ == Omogbai mere ka ọ banye n'ihe nkiri nka nke oge a na Naijiria site na ngosipụta dị egwu nke ihe osise na 1963 na Mbari Mbayo Club na [[Ibadan]], Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Nwafor|first=Okechukwu|date=Winter 2019|title=Decolonizing the Modern? Art and Postcolonial Modernism in Twentieth-Century Nigeria|url=https://eds.p.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?vid=12&sid=700a9d4a-b146-4ae1-a574-d657d9ce40db@redis&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ==#AN=134888909&db=hft|journal=Cultural Critique|issue=102|pages=189–207}}</ref> E mechara bipụta ihe osise ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ bari ''Black Orpheus'' (February 1964). <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lindfors|first=Bernth|date=1968|title=A Decade of Black Orpheus|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40122843|journal=Books Abroad|volume=42|issue=4|pages=509–516|doi=10.2307/40122843}}</ref> N'ime nyocha nke ihe ngosi ya ọzọ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị na Exhibition Centre na Lagos, Babatunde Lawal na magazin ''Naịjirịa'' kọwara ya dị ka "enweghị aka nwanyị". Ọ zaghachiri n'otu edemede na-ese okwu n'otu mbipụta ahụ na 1965, "Nwoke hụrụ ihe dị ụtọ na nke doro anya", site na "iji obi ike katọọ ike ike ndị nna ochie nke ndị omenkà nke oge a bụ ndị siri ọnwụ na ụmụaka ga-echere oge ha". DDịka ọkà mmụta nka Afrịka bụ́ Chika Okeke-Agulu si kwuo, edemede Omogbai gosipụtara mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nka nke mba ahụ, na-egosi "oge mgbe mmụọ nke oge ọgbara ọhụrụ mgbe ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya gasịrị gbapụrụ n'ọkụ ilu wee fega, dị njikere ịlụso ihe gara aga na ugbu a ọgụ n'olu nke ya, dị njikere ikwupụta nkwupụta ya n'isi ihe nka Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lenssen|first=Anneka|date=2018-02-01|title=The Two-Fold Global Turn|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/0q4884f3|journal=ARTMargins|language=en|volume=7|issue=1|pages=83–99|doi=10.1162/artm_r_00201|issn=2162-2574}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Okeke-Agulu|first=Chika|title=Postcolonial Modernism: Art and Decolonization in Twentieth-Century Nigeria|date=2015|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-7630-9|location=Durham}}</ref> N'akwụkwọ nyocha Contemporary Art in Africa (1968), onye na-enyocha nka na onye guzobere Mbari [[Ulli Beier]] kọwara Omogbai (otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ole na ole na-ese ihe gụnyere) dị ka onye nwere "ụdị siri ike nke ya. Isiokwu ya bụ abstractions banyere iru uju, ihe mgbu, ihe okike, ọbụbụ ọnụ na ihe mberede. . . . Mmetụta ya n'ozuzu ya bụ ọchịchịrị na oke. Ojiji nke ihe osise na-adọrọ mmasị mgbe niile, elu ya dị ndụ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Beier|first=Ulli|url=http://archive.org/details/contemporaryarti00beie|title=Contemporary art in Africa|date=1968|publisher=New York, F. A. Praeger|others=Internet Archive|pages=47}}</ref> N'ịkọwa ọrụ Omogbai afọ iri ka e mesịrị, Associate Curator na Museum of Modern Art [[Howardena Pindell]] dere na "Ọ na-emepụta ihe siri ike, nke na-egosipụta ihe site na iji ụdị ojii, nke na'acha ọbara ọbara, na nke na-acha anụnụ anụnụ nke ihe osise na-acha ọcha gbara gburugburu mgbe niile. "Ihe osise osisi ya nwere ike ịnwe akara siri ike, na-enye ohere ka akwụkwọ ọcha pụta ìhè". <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Pindell|first=Howardena|date=1978|title=Collette Omogbai|url=https://wikipedialibrary.idm.oclc.org/login?auth=production&url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=qth&AN=5810139&site=eds-live&scope=site|journal=[[Women's Studies]]|volume=6|issue=1|pages=113|doi=10.1080/00497878.1978.9978469}}</ref> Onye ọkà mmụta ọzọ kpọrọ ọrụ ya "abụ uri anya nke ụdị dị egwu".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Kennedy|first=Jean|title=New currents, ancient rivers: contemporary African artists in a generation of change|date=1992|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|isbn=978-1-56098-037-7|location=Washington}}</ref> Omogbai so n'ime obere ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị Naijiria na-ese ihe n'oge ahụ, dị ka [[Afi Ekong]], [[Etso Ugbodaga-Ngu|Etso Clara Ugbodaga-Ngu]], na [[Ladi Kwali]], bụ ndị nwetara nlebara anya mba na nke mba ụwa maka ọrụ ha ma na-enwe nlebara ntị dị egwu taa. Onye nlekọta nke 2024 Nigeria Pavilion na Venice Biennale Aindrea Emelife kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ na ọ gaara achọ itinye Omogbai n'ihi na: "Echere m na ọrụ ya ga-enye aka n'ịtụle ndị inyom Naijiria na-ese ihe, kamakwa na nguzogide nke nkwekọrịta. Ọ dị mkpa na 'ụdị mba' nwere ike iguzogide Omogbai, o yiri ka ọ kwenyere".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Mara-LeNoble|first=Marlon|date=2024-05-19|title=THE NIGERIA IMAGINARY IS DIALOGICAL’|url=https://moranmorangallery.com/the-nigeria-imaginary-is-dialogical/|accessdate=2025-12-09|work=Morán Morán|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 1976, Omogbai nwetara nzere doctorate na agụmakwụkwọ nka na Mahadum New York. Ọ laghachiri Naịjirịa n'otu afọ ahụ wee sonye n'ọrụ gọọmentị Naịjirị dị ka onye nkuzi nka na onye nchịkwa.<ref name=":1" /> A kọrọ na ọ kwụsịrị ime ihe osise ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ọrụ gọọmentị na onye nchịkwa oge niile.<ref name=":0" /> A maghị ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ya dị taa, mana ihe osise ya Agony (1963) abụwo akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ihe ngosi, gụnyere: * Neue Kunst in Afrika (New Art in Africa), Mainz, Germany, June 1980; Bayreuth, Germany, July-August 1980; Wörgl, Austria, September 1980<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-03-05|title=Stedelijk Studies-The Iwalewahaus: displaying works of African Modernism|url=https://stedelijkstudies.com/journal/iwalewahaus-displaying-works-african-modernism/|accessdate=2025-12-09|language=en-GB}}</ref> * ''Mgbe agha gasịrị: Art Between the Pacific and the Atlantic,1945-1965'', Haus der Kunst, Munich, October 2016 to March 2017 <ref>{{Cite book|title=Postwar: art between the Pacific and the Atlantic, 1945–1965|date=2016|publisher=Haus der Kunst : Prestel|isbn=978-3-7913-5584-9|editor=Enwezor|edition=|location=Munich ; New York}}</ref> * ''Niepodległe: Ụmụ nwanyị, Nnwere Onwe na Okwu Mba'', Muzeum, Museum of Modern Art na Warsaw, 2018-2019 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Warsaw|first=Museum of Modern Art in|title=Niepodległe|url=http://niepodlegle.artmuseum.pl/en|accessdate=2025-12-09|work=niepodlegle.artmuseum.pl|language=en}}</ref> * N'ime abalị: Cabarets & Clubs in Modern Art, Barbican Art Gallery, London, 2019-2020 * ''Black Orpheus: Jacob Lawrence na Mbari Club'' na Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk, Virginia, 2022 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Greven|first=Katharina|title=Black Orpheus: Jacob Lawrence and the Mbari Club [exhibition, Chrysler Museum of Art, Norfolk (Va.), October 7, 2022–January 8, 2023; New Orleans Museum of Art, February 10–May 7, 2023; Toledo Museum of Art, June 3–September 3, 2023]|date=2022|publisher=New Orleans museum of art|others=Chrysler museum, New Orleans museum of art|isbn=978-0-300-26317-6|location=Norfolk (Va.)}}</ref> * Project a Black Planet: The Art and Culture of Panafrica, The Art Institute of Chicago, 2024 <ref>{{Cite book|title=Project a Black planet: the art and culture of Panafrica|date=2024|publisher=The Art Institute of Chicago|isbn=978-0-300-27899-6|editor=Byrd|edition=First|location=Chicago, IL}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Omogbai lụrụ Prince Emmanuel Eberechukwu Onyeka na 1969. O mechara kwaga United States.<ref name=":0" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rkyrwxy4cepl6v92n1v1uy7p6zuhu2n 0 73585 672462 656266 2026-07-04T20:24:26Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672462 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Taiarahia Black''' bụ onye nkuzi New Zealand, onye bilitere na prọfesọ zuru oke na Mahadum Massey. == Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ == Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Waikato, ọ kwagara Massey na 1981. Ph.D. ya ''<nowiki/>'Kāore te Aurora--: te hua o te wānanga' '', nke e dechara na Mahadum Massey n'afọ 2000, bụ akwụkwọ edemede Ph.D mbụ na mahadum ọ bụla a ga-ebipụta na te reo Māori <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://briefingpapers.co.nz/doctoral-theses-in-maori-advice-for-universities/|title=Doctoral theses in Māori: Advice for universities}}</ref> .<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/manawatu-standard/news/74339218/undefined|title=Maori students flourishing at Massey Graduation in Manawatu|work=Stuff|date=24 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/MaoriMassey/posts/990801387627673|title=Massey University Maori@Massey|work=www.facebook.com}}</ref> Black mechara bụrụ prọfesọ na Te Whare Wānanga o Awanuiarangi na Whakatāne. <ref name="bio" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Taiarahia Tai Black|url=https://www.komako.org.nz/person/75|accessdate=2023-07-04|work=Kōmako}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maramatanga.co.nz/person/professor-taiarahia-black|title=Professor Taiarahia Black &#124; Ngā Pae o te Māramatanga|work=www.maramatanga.co.nz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://teaomaori.news/interview-professor-taiarahia-black|title=An interview with Professor Taiarahia Black|work=Māori Television}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/teahikaa/audio/2018674573/dr-taiarahia-black-on-whakatauki-maori-proverbial-sayings|title=Dr Taiarahia Black on whakataukī (Māori proverbial sayings)|date=7 December 2018|work=[[RNZ]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/teahikaa/audio/2018655526/waiata-how-traditional-maori-knowledge-is-captured-in-song|title=Waiata: how traditional Māori knowledge is captured in song|date=27 July 2018|work=[[RNZ]]}}</ref> A họpụtara Black na kansụl nke Creative New Zealand <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://creativenz.govt.nz/About-Creative-NZ/Our-Council|title=Our Council|work=creativenz.govt.nz}}</ref> site n'aka Maggie Barry, Minista na-ahụ maka nka, ọdịbendị na ihe nketa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.creativenz.govt.nz/news/new-arts-council-appointments|title=New Arts Council appointments &#124; Creative New Zealand}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gazette.govt.nz/notice/id/2016-go4145|title=Reappointments / appointments to the Arts Council of New Zealand Toi Aotearoa Board - 2016-go4145 - New Zealand Gazette|work=gazette.govt.nz}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * Pardo, Natalia, Hildalene Wilson, Jonathan N. Procter, Erica Lattughi, na Taiarahia Black. "Ịkwalite ihe ọmụma ụmụ amaala Maori na ọdịda anyanwụ geosciences iji belata nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mpaghara mgbawa ugwu. " Journal of Applied Volcanology 4, no. 1 (2015): 5. * Christensen, Ian S., Taiarahia E. Black, Arohia E. Durie, Mason H. Durie. Eljon D. Fitzgerald, na Julia T. Taiapa. "Asụsụ Maori na Manawatu Whanganui Region: Nnyocha na Nkwurịta okwu nke Nchọpụta Mbụ Site na Nnyocha Ezinụlọ Te Hoe Nuku Roa. " He Pukenga Korero 2, No. 2 (2013). * McKinley, Sheridan A., Taiarahia E. Black, Ian S. Christensen, na Pare Richardson. "Toi te Kupu: Maori Language Resource Materials" He Pukenga Korero 3, no. 1 (2013). == Ndụ nkeonwe == Black bụ Māori, nke Ngāi Tūhoe, Te Whānau a Apanui, Te Arawa, Ngāti Tūwharetoa na nwa nwa Ngāi Te Rangi .Nwa nwoke Black bụ Otere Black na-egwu rugby ọkachamara.<ref name="bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/learning/departments/school-maori-studies/staff/taiarahia-black.cfm|title=Taiarahia Black – Massey University|date=23 February 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223034158/http://www.massey.ac.nz/massey/learning/departments/school-maori-studies/staff/taiarahia-black.cfm|archivedate=23 February 2013|accessdate=15 March 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. 23 February 2013. Archived from on 23 February 2013.</cite></ref> .<ref name="a">{{Cite news|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/sport/other/its-everyday-battle-super-rugby-stars-brother-bravely-tells-p-addiction-life-spiralled-control-after-serious-injury|title='It's an everyday battle' – Super Rugby star's brother bravely tells of P addiction, how life spiralled out of control after serious injury|work=TVNZ}}</ref> == Edensibia == <references /> {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 5zk4rdr5jny3qzozwzg2h05i85faxea 0 73652 672408 654092 2026-07-04T17:26:42Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Calum Maclean''' bụ onye na-eme ihe ngosi TV, nke na-asụ ma Scottish Gaelic ma Bekee nke ọma. Ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-agbasa ozi n'èzí na onye na-egwu mmiri.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=BBC ALBA - Dhan Uisge|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b08rpbjw|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=BBC - The Social, Calum Maclean|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p06j5gy6|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=BBC|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ ya na [[Ostraliya|Australia]] na 1989, Maclean tolitere na Inverness<ref>{{Cite web|author=Alexander|first=Michael|title=Aberfeldy’s Calum Maclean has gone from wild swimming star to BBC Adventure Show presenter|url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/health-wellbeing/4892939/calum-maclean-adventure-show-bbc-aberfeldy/|work=The Courier|accessdate=21 November 2025}}</ref> ebe ọ gara agụmakwụkwọ Gaelic-medium. Ọ kwagara n'ime obodo Highland Perthshire nke Aberfeldy na 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|author=McElhone|first=Nora|title=WELLBEING: Outdoor swimmer Calum Maclean leaves his worries on dry land|url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/2017414/leave-your-worries-on-dry-land/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=The Courier|date=6 March 2021|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|author=Ritchie|first=Gayle|title=FEATURE: Daredevil swimmer Calum MacLean talks of icy adventures ahead of Perth RSGS talk|url=https://www.thecourier.co.uk/fp/lifestyle/outdoors/1024841/feature-daredevil-swimmer-calum-maclean-talks-of-icy-adventures-ahead-of-perth-rsgs-talk/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=The Courier|date=7 December 2019|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Maclean gụrụ diplọma afọ abụọ na mgbasa ozi Gaelic na Mahadum nke Highlands na Islands' Gaelic College, Sabhal Mòr Ostaig . Mmasị ya n'igwu mmiri bịara sie ike mgbe ọ gachara Tasmania, n'oge o gwuru Osimiri Derwentdị otu puku mita n'obosara.<ref name=":3" /> Ọ na-eme ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi, nke na-atọ ọchị mgbe ụfọdụ, banyere igwu mmiri n'èzí, ịga njem nlereanya n'ọhịa na ihe ịma aka ndị metụtara ya maka 'The Social' nke BBC Scotland yana 'Speak Gaelic' nke BBC Alba <ref name=":1" /> Nke a dugara n'ịmepụta usoro BBC ALBA nke ya ''Dhan Uisge'' (Into the Water) na 2017 na-ekerịta mmasị o nwere n'igwu mmiri na osimiri na ọdọ mmiri ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. <ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wild swimmer Calum MacLean takes a dive into BBC Alba|url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/15300060.wild-swimmer-calum-maclean-takes-a-dive-into-bbc-alba/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=The National|date=22 May 2017|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-05-24|title=Film-maker's passion for wild swimming|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-highlands-islands-39999403|accessdate=2021-06-02}}</ref> N'afọ 2017 ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya maka Outdoor Swimming Society.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The OSS Team|url=https://www.outdoorswimmingsociety.com/the-outdoor-swimming-society-team/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=Outdoor Swimming Society|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ihe Nrite == N'afọ 2017, ndị Wild Swimming Brothers (The Hudson Brothers) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Hudson Brothers - Openwaterpedia|url=https://www.openwaterpedia.com/wiki/Hudson_Brothers|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=www.openwaterpedia.com}}</ref> họpụtara Calum dị ka onye na-egwusi mmiri ike nke Afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wild Swimmer of the Year - Openwaterpedia|url=https://www.openwaterpedia.com/wiki/Wild_Swimmer_of_the_Year|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=www.openwaterpedia.com}}</ref> N'afọ 2019, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ kwuo okwu na usoro Inspiring People nke Royal Scottish Geographical Society.<ref name=":3" /> N'afọ 2019 kwa, a họpụtara ya maka onyinye egwuregwu na Scottish Gaelic Awards . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ritchie|first=Maggie|date=2019-09-10|title=Scottish Gaelic Awards: Nominate your Sports Champions|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/lifestyle/things-to-do/scottish-gaelic-awards-nominate-your-19966372|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=Daily Record|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, ihe nkiri ya bụ ''Am Bruadar'' meriri ihe nrite Ihe Nkiri kacha mma na asọmpi Gaelic Short Film FilmG 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-19|title=Shrinking filmmaker scoops big award at FilmG 2021|url=https://www.ross-shirejournal.co.uk/news/shrinking-filmmaker-scoops-big-award-at-filmg-2021-232164/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=RossShire Journal|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319223408/https://www.ross-shirejournal.co.uk/news/shrinking-filmmaker-scoops-big-award-at-filmg-2021-232164/|archivedate=19 March 2021}}</ref> == Ebemsidee == <references /> == Njikọ Mpụga == * {{IMDb name}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] juvs9vjyjfn056t7rr9m0n9jkkxpuz1 0 73798 672605 598227 2026-07-05T09:41:36Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672605 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox website|name={{Wiki favicon}} Tatar Wikipedia|logo=Wikipedia-logo-v2-tt.svg|screenshot=|collapsible=yes|caption=|url={{URL|tt.wikipedia.org}}|commercial=[[Charity (practice)|Charitable]]|launch_date=September 2003|type=[[Internet encyclopedia project]]|language=[[Tatar language]]|registration=Optional|content_license={{nobr|[[Creative Commons licenses|Creative Commons Attribution/<br/>Share-Alike]] 4.0}} (most text also dual-licensed under [[GFDL]])<br/>Media licensing varies|owner=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|author=}} [[Faịlụ:Кадр_итоговой_конференции_осенней_сессии_ВикиШколы_Cэлэт_2018_3.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Selet WikiSchool - atụmatụ ọha na eze nke Tatarstan iji mepụta ma kwalite Tatar Wikipedia]] The '''Tatar Wikipedia''' (Tatar: Татар Википедиясе) is the Tatar language edition of [[Wikipidia|Wikipedia]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tatar-inform.ru/news/tatarskaya-enciklopediya-seicas-ne-sposobna-pomoc-tatarskoi-vikipedii-5879897|title="Татарская энциклопедия сейчас не способна помочь татарской Википедии"}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tass.ru/obschestvo/5395678|title=Житель Казани первым из россиян стал "Википедистом года" - ТАСС}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://selet.biz/news/tatar-wikipedia-is-in-the-house-selet/|title=Сәләт о и для Татарской Википедии}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gossov.tatarstan.ru/index.htm/news/1381.htm|title=Государственный Совет Республики Татарстан}}</ref> Launched in September 2003,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaTT.htm|title=Statistics Table|accessdate=24 December 2016|archivedate=4 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204171223/https://stats.wikimedia.org/EN/TablesWikipediaTT.htm}}</ref> It currently has 610,040 articles, making it the 28th largest [[Wikipidia|Wikipedia]] by article count.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://milliard.tatar/news/tatarskaya-vikipediya-preodolela-rubez-v-500-000-statei-3312|title=Татарская Википедия преодолела рубеж в 500 000 статей}}</ref> This Wikipedia has 8 administrators along with 59,577 registered users and 122 active users.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2012-05-18|title=Казанда "Татнет йолдызлары" җиңүчеләрен бүләкләделәр|language=tt|work=Азатлык Радиосы|url=https://www.azatliq.org/a/24585487.html|accessdate=2023-08-29}}</ref> Wikipedia Tatar na-ejikarị mkpụrụedemede Cyrillic eme ihe. Agbanyeghị, n'adịghị ka ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị ọzọ dabere na Cyrillic, ụfọdụ n'ime isiokwu ndị ahụ dị na mkpụrụedemede Latin; dịka nke a si dị, aha asụsụ ahụ pụtara n'akụkụ asụsụ ahụ na edemede abụọ ahụ..<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-02|title=Татар латин әлифбасы кагыйдәләре|url=http://talat.h19.ru/latrul.htm|accessdate=2023-08-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702091026/http://talat.h19.ru/latrul.htm|archivedate=2017-07-02}}</ref> Otu n'ime ndị na-ekere òkè na ndị na-akwalite Tatar Wikipedia bụ Farhad Fatkullin, Wikimedian nke Afọ 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2019/08/14/farhad-fatkullin-2018-wikimedian-of-the-year-looks-back-on-his-successes-and-forward-to-whats-next/|title=Farhad Fatkullin, 2018 Wikimedian of the Year, looks back on his successes and forward to what's next|date=14 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/244103/|title=Kazan resident bestowed honorable title Wikimedian of the Year|accessdate=2026-03-19|archivedate=2018-12-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225145352/https://russkiymir.ru/en/news/244103/%20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blog.wikimedia.bg/2020/02/28/interview-with-farhad-fatkullin-wikimedian-of-the-year-2018/|title=Interview with Farhad Fatkullin – Wikimedian of the Year 2018|date=28 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://it-online.co.za/2018/07/24/wikipedia-to-boost-focus-on-african-communities/|title=Wikipedia to boost focus on African communities|date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kazanfirst.ru/interviews/530631|title=«Какой смысл сохранять язык, если он не описывает всё и вся в этом мире?» –|date=19 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.business-gazeta.ru/article/389677|title=«Я просто делал то, что мне показалось правильным»: как татарин стал викимедистом года|date=24 July 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.ru/news/enc/detail/73586/|title=Фархад Фаткуллин: «В Википедии я приношу пользу татарам»}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://inde.io/article/13693-neotsenimyy-vklad-avtor-tatarskoy-vikipedii-moderator-narodnoy-karty-yandeksa-i-administrator-sayta-domofoto-ru-o-motivatsii-sozdavat-kontent|title=Неоценимый вклад. Автор татарской «Википедии», модератор «Народной карты» «Яндекса» и администратор сайта Domofoto.ru — о мотивации создавать контент}}</ref> Otu ndị nchịkọta akụkọ nke Bashkir Wikipedia aha ya bụ Wikigrannies na-esonye mgbe ụfọdụ na idezi Wikipedia Tatar ebe ọ bụ na asụsụ ndị a dị ezigbo nso ma na-ejikarị ha eme ihe n'ógbè ndị obodo. == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [[:tt:Баш бит|Wikipedia Tatar]] {{Wikipedias}}{{Wikipedias in Turkic languages}} kfkjgcnsu462jf8q4bf0bqzc39tzeyz 0 73819 672356 598284 2026-07-04T14:36:57Z Bigcee007 24507 /* Nhọpụta dịka Onye Enyemaka Pụrụ Iche Senior */ 672356 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}'''Gift Johnbull''' (amụrụ na Septemba 11, 1991) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa, onye na-akwado mmepe, na [[Senior Special Adviser|onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche]] nke [[Ishi ochíchì Naigeria|Onyeisiala Naịjirịa]] na njikọ aka obodo maka [[Ndịda Ndịda|mpaghara ndịda-ndịda.]] A maara ya maka nhazi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya, atụmatụ inye ikike ọrụ ugbo, na ịkwado ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa itinye aka na ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Gift Johnbull: Championing South-South engagement in Tinubu’s administration|url=https://thesun.ng/gift-johnbull-championing-south-south-engagement-in-tinubus-administration/|author=Godsknow Pereye|date=20 February 2025|work=The Sun Nigeria – News|accessdate=14 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == A mụrụ Gift Johnbull na Septemba 11, 1991 na [[Jos]], [[Ȯra Plateau|Plateau State]], ma zụlite ya na [[Effurun]], [[Ȯra Delta|Delta State]] . O nwere nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na Sayensị Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Njikwa Akụrụngwa site na [[National Open University of Nigeria|Mahadum Open nke Naịjirịa]] na nzere masta nke sayensị na Nhazi na Nchịkwa Nchekwa site na [[Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Nchebe Naijiria|Nigerian Defense Academy]], [[Kaduna]] . Ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ PhD ugbu a na Esemokwu, Nchebe, na Ọmụmụ Atụmatụ na National Institute for Legislative and Democratic Studies, Abuja. <ref>{{Cite web|title=How Gift is driving community engagement in South South Nigeria|url=https://guardian.ng/news/how-gift-is-driving-community-engagement-in-south-south-nigeria/|work=The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News|date=2024-07-07|accessdate=2025-08-14|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ == === Mmekọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ime ihe ike obodo === Johnbull nwetara aha ọma dịka onye nhazi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị obodo site na atụmatụ itinye aka na obodo, gụnyere mkpọsa ndebanye aha ndị ntuli aka "Nweta PVC Gị" na [[Ȯra Cross River|Cross River State]] . O jere ozi na kọmitii ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpa n'oge ntuli aka nke ndị isi ala [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] na usoro nhọpụta ndị nnọchi anya. <ref name="VanguardChampion">{{Cite news|author=Ewepu|first=Gabriel|title=Gift Johnbull: Championing South-South engagement in President Tinubu’s administration|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/02/gift-johnbull-championing-south-south-engagement-in-president-tinubus-administration/|date=19 February 2025|accessdate=25 July 2025|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> O nwere ọrụ n'ọtụtụ òtù ọha mmadụ, gụnyere dịka onye nhazi mba nke Aspire Young Women Forum, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Akor|first=Ojoma|title=A woman may succeed Buhari, says Zainab Marwa|url=https://dailytrust.com/a-woman-may-succeed-buhari-says-zainab-marwa/|work=[[Daily Trust]]|date=7 March 2021|accessdate=14 August 2025|language=en}}</ref> ebe o duru mmemme inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike. O sonyekwara na APC Progressive Youth Conference na 2021, na-akpọkọta ihe karịrị mmadụ 3,000 sonyere. === Nhọpụta dịka Onye Enyemaka Pụrụ Iche Senior === Na 2023, a họpụtara Johnbull dị ka Onye enyemaka pụrụ iche nke Onyeisiala Naịjirịa na njikọ aka obodo maka mpaghara ndịda-ndịda. Ọrụ ya gụnyere ịkwalite mkparịta ụka n'etiti ndị ọchịchị gọọmentị etiti na obodo ndị dị n'okpuru ala, na ịhụ na ndị otu ndị a na-emegbu emegbu nọchitere anya ha. <ref name="VanguardChampion" /> O hiwere atụmatụ abụọ dị mkpa: '''Community Voices''', ikpo okwu nzaghachi dịka nke obodo ukwu kwa ọnwa n'ofe obere obodo 123; na '''Project Earn From The Soil''', atụmatụ inye ọrụ ugbo nke ruru ijeri ₦10 nke lekwasịrị anya n'ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ ugbo nta 500,000, ụmụ nwanyị, na ndị ntorobịa n'ofe steeti isii nke South-South. <ref name="GuardianFood">{{Cite news|author=Nzor|first=Ernest|title=FG set to enhance food security in South-South|url=https://guardian.ng/news/fg-set-to-enhance-food-security-in-south-south/|work=The Guardian Nigeria|date=22 September 2024|accessdate=25 July 2025}}</ref> <ref name="Vanguard500k">{{Cite news|author=Ewepu|first=Gabriel|title=FG targets over 500,000 smallholder farmers with Project Earn From The Soil|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/09/fg-targets-over-500000-smallholder-farmers-with-project-earn-from-the-soil/|date=11 September 2024|accessdate=25 July 2025|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Ruo Maachị 2025, Johnbull kọrọ na ihe karịrị ndị ọrụ ugbo 100,000 na-esonye na ịkụ ihe ubi n'oge mmiri ozuzo site na ndị otu ọrụ ugbo, na-elekwasị anya na ihe ọkụkụ dị mkpa dịka aki, ọka, osikapa, na mmanụ nkwụ. <ref name="VanguardPowerhouse">{{Cite news|title=We’re transforming South-South farmers, lands into food powerhouse – FG|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/were-transforming-ssouth-farmers-lands-into-food-powerhouse-fg/|date=10 March 2025|accessdate=25 July 2025|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Mmemme a na-akwalite ọrụ ugbo mmekorita, nchekwa oyi nke na-eji ike anyanwụ, na njikọ ahịa. == Nghọta == A maara Johnbull n'etiti "Ndị Pụrụ Iche 100 n'Africa" ma nweta ọtụtụ ihe nrite maka ọrụ enyemaka na mmepe obodo ya, gụnyere Unsung Humanitarian Hero Award na Community Advocate of the Year Award. == Leekwa == * [[Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria|Ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa]] * [[Ụmụ nwanyị na Naịjirịa|Ụmụnwaanyị nọ na ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa]] == Edensibia == họpụtara Johnbull dị ka Onye enyemaka pụrụ iche nke Onyeisiala Naịjirịa na njikọ aka obodo maka mpaghara ndịda-ndịda. Ọrụ ya gụnyere ịkwalite mkparịta ụka n'etiti ndị ọchịchị gọọmentị etiti na obodo ndị dị n'okpuru ala, na ịhụ na ndị otu ndị a na-emegbu emegbu nọchitere anya ha. [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4qlli99slafi386b9ph3vkgffpcylxb 0 73855 672226 598359 2026-07-04T13:20:39Z 10kdollz 19775 672226 wikitext text/x-wiki   The '''International Institute of Tamil Studies''' (IITS) bụ ụlọ ọrụ nyocha asụsụ nke dị na Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. E guzobere ya iji kwalite ihe kpatara [[Tamil language|Asụsụ Tamil]]. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere International Institute of Tamil Studies na 1970 maka nyocha Tamil. Na 2014, ndị isi ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ Vijayaraghavan na Manavazhagan tụrụ aro ka e guzobe ebe omenala nwere ihe ngosi na-adịgide adịgide iji mepụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ndị Tamil nke nyocha iri afọ ole na ole gasịrị, gọọmentị kwadoro ya na Septemba n'otu afọ ahụ. E meghere ebe ahụ nye ọha na eze n'ụlọ ọhụrụ na Maachị 2016.. <ref name="TH_ATripBackInTime">{{Cite news|author=Padmanabhan|first=Geeta|title=A trip back in time|work=The Hindu|pages=|language=|publisher=Kasturi & Sons|date=31 May 2016|url=https://www.thehindu.com/features/metroplus/a-walk-inside-the-international-institute-of-tamil-studies-taramani/article8672302.ece|accessdate=20 January 2019}}</ref> == Ihe owuwu == Ebe etiti ahụ nwere ụlọ ihe nkiri, nke na-egosi obere ihe nkiri nkeji asatọ ruo itoolu nke na-egosi foto, ihe nkiri dị egwu, vidiyo, ihe nkiri e sere na foto nke ihe oyiyi/ihe osise sitere na ụlọ nsọ. Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka a dabere kpamkpam na akwụkwọ Tamil. Ọ na-egosi eserese na akwụkwọ Sangam, ihe osise osisi na simenti nke ihe ndị a hụrụ n'akụkụ dị iche iche nke steeti ahụ, foto nke nchịkọta n'ọtụtụ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie ndị ọzọ, ihe ndị yiri ngwa agha na ngwa, na ihe ndị yiri obodo na ụlọ nsọ oge ochie. E nwekwara ihe ngosi dioramic nke na-ekwu maka otu ndị eze si edebe iwu agha, mesoo ndị mmadụ ihe n'ikpe ziri ezi, ma hụ na e ji ezi omume na ọmịiko nye ihe niile e kere eke.<ref name="TH_ATripBackInTime" /> A na-ahazi ihe ngosi ahụ n'ụlọ ngosi ise: * "Tholkappiar Arangam" na-egosi ụdị nka; * "Thiruvalluvar Arangam" na ihe ngosi nke metalcraft / ugbo, agụmakwụkwọ, ọgwụ na ngwá agha; * "Kapilar Arangam" na nchịkọta nke ngwá ọrụ ụlọ / grinders na ihe ngosi na ụlọ nsọ na chi; * "Avvaiyar Arangam" na ihe ngosi nke ihe omume ndị a ma ama na ndụ ndị eze oge ochie; * "Ilango Adigal gallery" nke nwere ihe ngosi banyere iwu ụgbọ mmiri na ịkpa ákwà ifufe, nke a maara ndị Tamil oge ochie nke ọma.<ref name="TH_ATripBackInTime" /> E nwekwara ihe nlereanya nke obodo Madurai na Thiruvarangam, na-eme ka atụmatụ obodo na ụlọ nsọ dị nro pụta ìhè n'obodo ndị a.<ref name="TH_ATripBackInTime" /> == Hụkwa ==   * Central Institute of Classical Tamil == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.ulakaththamizh.in/ Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị nke International Institute of Tamil Studies, Chennai] {{Chennai Topics}} sz6lasmfgpogjw2ololmg48tahgxkl5 0 73896 672223 598475 2026-07-04T13:18:09Z 10kdollz 19775 672223 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ino Kolbe''' (Febụwarị 28, 1914 – Febụwarị 16, 2010), amụrụ Ino Voigt, bụ onye Esperantist German na onye ode akwụkwọ. O dere akwụkwọ, akwụkwọ nta akụkọ na akụkọ gbasara asụsụ Esperanto a na-eme atụmatụ wee gụgharịa nnukwu akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Esperanto–German nke Erich-Dieter Krause, ọrụ nwere isi okwu 80,000 karịrị ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ibe 900 (1999). Onye na-asụ asụsụ Esperanto na mpaghara Leipzig, o biri na Eutritzsch, nke dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Leipzig, nke raara onwe ya nye zuru oke maka ebumnuche Esperanto zuru ụwa ọnụ, na ọbụna n'ime afọ 90 ya ihe odide ka na-abịarute na tebụl ya mgbe niile maka ịgụgharị ya.<ref name="kayw">Kay Würker, ''[http://de.dir.groups.yahoo.com/group/DEJ/message/1012 Bondeziron! - "Gleichgesinnte gratulieren Esperanto-Ururoma"]{{dead link|date=December 2023|bot=medic}}'' ("Colleagues congratulate Esperantist great-great-grandmother") in ''Leipziger Volkszeitung,'' 1 March 2004. Retrieved 2009-07-25.</ref>Kay Wüster dere na Leipziger Volkszeitung, sị: “Kolbe bụzi nne nne ochie, ndị Esperantists nke Leipzig ka na-ewerekwa ya dị ka isi nkuku ha. N'ụbọchị ọmụmụ nke iri itoolu ya, ndị Esperantists iri abuo sitere na mpaghara anọ German, gụnyere ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị bụbu ụmụ akwụkwọ, bịara ịkele ha. N'ime ndị ọbịa a ma ama bụ Krause na Detlev Blanke.<ref name="kayw" /> Ya na nwanne ya nwoke Holdo Voigt mụtara Esperanto site na ọmụmụ. == Ịzụlite Esperanto == Nne na nna ya raara onwe ya nye ndị otu Esperanto nke bi otu asụsụ ha na-asụ gburugburu ya bụ Esperanto; ya mere tupu ya abanye ụlọ akwụkwọ ọ mụtara German ya naanị site na ụmụaka ndị ọzọ.Kolbe kọrọ otú o si malite ịmata ụdị okwu dị iche iche nke asụsụ ọzọ.Dị ka nwatakịrị dị afọ atọ ma ọ bụ anọ, ya na ụmụaka ndị agbata obi nọ na-eji obi ụtọ na-egwuri egwu na ihe egwuregwu ụmụaka ya na-agbagharị agbagharị.Mgbe oge ụfọdụ gasịrị, ọ gbagoro n'ụlọ elu nke abụọ nke nne na nna ya dị na Leipzig-Gohlis, na-eme mkpesa: La infanoj diris, ke mia turbo estas Kreisel.("Ụmụaka kwuru na 'turbo' m bụ n'elu.", Ebe turbo bụ okwu Esperanto maka spintop.) N'afọ 1910, ya na otu ndị enyi ya, nna Kolbe Reinhold Voigt, onye kwenyesiri ike na onye na-eme udo na onye na'ọchịchị, hiwere ''Frateco'' ("Brotherhood"), otu ndị ọrụ Esperanto nwere mmetụta na Leipzig. Ndị Esperantist nke ndị ọrụ na Leipzig na ebe ndị ọzọ hụrụ onwe ha dị ka ezigbo ndị nlekọta nke ọhụụ olileanya nke [[L. L. Zamenhof|L.L. Zamenhof]]; ha nwere olileanya iji Esperanto mee ka ọgụ nke ndị otu gaa n'ihu ma nwee obere mmekọrịta na obere German Esperanto Federation (Deutschen Esperanto-Bund, DEB),bụ nke lere mgbasa nke asụsụ a na-ewu ewu n'etiti ndị na-arụ ọrụ na mmetụta dị iche iche: ka ndị ọrụ na-amụba ọhụụ nke Esperanto dị ka asụsụ nwere ike ime, ndị nkatọ n'aka nri na-eme ihe ike amalitela ikwutọ Esperanto dị ka "asụsụ ndị hoodlum na ndị Kọmunist." N'oge ọ bụ Mein Kampf polemic (1925), Adolf Hitler wakporo Esperanto dị ka ngwá ọrụ e chere na ọ bụ ọchịchị ụwa ndị Juu chere. Tupu Oge ndị Nazi, Germany abụrụla ebe a na-akwalite Esperantism; ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 1922, ihe karịrị 100,000 ndị Germany amụtala asụsụ ahụ ma n'otu afọ ahụ, e debara aha ndị okenye 40,256 n'otu n'ime ọmụmụ Esperanto 1,592 a na-akụziri na Germany dum. A na-akụzi Esperanto n'ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị nke obodo 126 nke Germany. Ọ bụ oge ọbụna Undersecretary-General nke Njikọ Mba Inazō Nitobe gara World Congress of Esperanto ma tụọ aro iji Esperanto mee ihe na Nzukọ Ezumezu. N'ime afọ 1920, Reinhold Voigt mere njem n'ọtụtụ ebe iji kwalite Esperanto na inye ọmụmụ ihe n'asụsụ ahụ. Ọ na-edegara ndị Esperantist akwụkwọ ozi gburugburu ụwa, na mgbe ọ dị afọ isii, Kolbe enweela onye na-eto eto na-ede akwụkwọ na Japan nke o degaara Esperanto. Ndị Esperantist si mba ọzọ - Dutch, French na ndị ọzọ - na-eleta ezinụlọ ya mgbe niile - ha gosiri ha "nwa Esperanto" ha. N'iwere okwu Marx n'ụzọ nkịtị ("Ndị ọrụ nke mba niile jikọtara ọnụ,") ndị Esperantist na-eme njem nlegharị anya, na-abụ abụ Esperanto ma na-eji ọkọlọtọ na-acha ọbara ọbara nke Esperanto. N'afọ 1929, Sennacieca Asocio Tutmonda, otu nzukọ nke ndị ọrụ Esperanto dị iche iche, nwere nnọkọ ya kwa afọ na Leipzig na ndị sonyere 2,000. Kolbe chetara na ya na nwanne ya nwoke zutere ọtụtụ ndị nnọchiteanya na ọdụ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ma duzie ha gaa n'ụlọ ha. == Ọrụ == * ''Zur Geschichte des Deutschen Arbeiter-Esperanto-Bundes na Leipzig (Westsachsen) '' ("Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke German Workers' Esperanto Association na Leipzig, West Saxony"). Leipzig: 1996. Akụkụ nke mbụ bụ akụkọ ihe mere eme site na mmalite ruo na "Völkerspiegel" (1924); Akụkụ nke abụọ bụ akụkọ ihe nkiri site na 1925 ruo mgbe ndị Nazi machibidoro iwu na 1933. * ''Mein Leben mit und für Esperanto'' ("Ndụ m na Esperanto"). Leipzig: 2002 (2nd corrected ed.), 92 pp. * [[Linde Knöschke]] na Ino Kolbe: ''der Esperantist 1 (1965) - 164 (1990). '' ''Ndebanye aha. Teil I.'' (Index, akụkụ 1) (Ed. Detlev Blanke) Berlin: Gesellschaft für Interlinguistik e. V. (GIL), 1997, 120 pp. * Ino Kolbe: ''der Esperantist 1 (1965) - 164 (1990). '' ''Ndebanye aha Teil nke Abụọ'' (Index, akụkụ 2) (Ed. Detlev Blanke), Berlin: Arbeitsgruppe Geschichte des Esperanto-Verbandes der DDR, 1998, 120 pp. == Nsụgharị == * Detlev Blanke, (1991): Skizze der Geschichte des Esperanto-Verbandes in der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik. ("Sketch of the history of the Esperanto Federation in the German Democratic Republic", nke Ino Kolbe sụgharịrị site na Esperanto gaa na German). Berlin: Esperanto-Verband im Kulturbund, 62 p. == Ihe edeturu == <references /> {{Reflist}} qkjzh2g0sa9p9n27zdddjp927cljkec 0 74189 672592 631535 2026-07-05T04:53:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ummu Kalthum Muhammad Rabiu''' bụ onye ọchụnta ego mmekọrịta mmadụ na [[Ndị Naijiria|ibe ya na Naịjirịa]] ma na-akwado iwulite udo. Ọ bụ onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onye isi nchịkwa nke Kalthum Foundation for Peace, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke na-arụ ọrụ iji lụso oke ike ime ihe ike ọgụ, kwalite agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ agbọghọ ma na-enye ọrụ ahụike n'ebe siri ike iru na [[Ȯra Borno|Steeti Borno]] . <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 October 2025|title=literacy is a right but culture makes it powerful|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/07/literacy-is-a-right-but-culture-makes-it-powerful/amp/|accessdate=28 October 2025|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 October 2020|title=Kalthum foundation necsob borno youth parliament to host peacebuilding summit in maiduguri|url=https://ournigerianews.com/kalthum-foundation-necsob-borno-youth-parliament-to-host-peacebuilding-summit-in-maiduguri/|accessdate=20 October 2020|work=ournigerianews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 March 2024|title=foundation begs abductors to free students idps in spirit of ramadan|url=https://nannews.ng/2024/03/15/foundation-begs-abductors-to-free-students-idps-in-spirit-of-ramadan/|accessdate=15 March 2024|work=nannews.ng|language=en-US|archivedate=7 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260207195526/https://nannews.ng/2024/03/15/foundation-begs-abductors-to-free-students-idps-in-spirit-of-ramadan/}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ mbụ == A mụrụ Ummu Kalthum Muhammad Rabiu na Septemba 22, 1995, ọ bụ nwa mgbei mgbe ọ dị obere, nne ya nwụrụ mgbe ọ dị afọ atọ, nna ya anwụọkwa mgbe ọ dị afọ asaa. A zụlitere ya n'ezinụlọ dị obere, ọ malitere inwe mmasị n'agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ obodo. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị ya na Maiduguri ma nweta asambodo na Social Works na Ramat Polytechnic, [[Maiduguri]], na nzere bachelọ na Social Works na Mahadum Aldersgate, Philippines. <ref>{{Cite web|date=21 May 2025|title=Kalthum for Peace the woman who turned pain into a mission of mercy|url=https://africanperceptions.org/en/2025/05/kalthum-for-peace-the-woman-who-turned-pain-into-a-mission-of-mercy/|accessdate=21 May 2025|work=africanperceptions.org|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ na ngagharịiwe == Na 2015, site n'ọganihu nke oke ike ime ihe ike na mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Naịjirịa kpaliri Rabiu, o hiwere *Kalthum Campaign for Peace*, atụmatụ ndị mmadụ na-eme iji kwalite ihe na-abụghị ime ihe ike, agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ agbọghọ na ime ka obodo dịghachi ná mma. E debanyere aha mkpọsa ahụ na Kọmishọna Ihe Ndị Dị n'Aka nke Ụlọọrụ na 2017 dị ka Kalthum Foundation for Peace. <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 October 2019|title=foundation seeks stiffer penalty for gender based violence perpetrators|url=https://dailytrust.com/foundation-seeks-stiffer-penalty-for-gender-based-violence-perpetrators/?noamp=available/|accessdate=28 October 2019|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 January 2020|title=Kalthum foundation for Peace marks international womens daycalls for greater inclusion in peacebuilding|url=https://ournigerianews.com/kalthum-foundation-for-peace-marks-international-womens-day-calls-for-greater-inclusion-in-peacebuilding/|accessdate=20 January 2020|work=ournigerianews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe omume dị mkpa == * Mgbasa ozi ahụike - inye ọrụ ahụike bụ isi n'obodo nta ndị a na-agaghị enweta ebe ndị ọrụ ahụike gọọmentị na-aga, na mmekorita ya na Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF). <ref>{{Cite web|date=28 November 2018|title=ngo train 30 women on peace building in borno|url=https://thetidenewsonline.com/2018/11/ngo-trains-30-women-on-peace-building-in-borno/%3famp=1/|accessdate=28 November 2018|work=thetidenewsonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * Mmemme agụmakwụkwọ* - agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ iwu ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ụmụ agbọghọ na [[Ȯra Borno|Steeti Borno]] . <ref>{{Cite web|date=4 November 2018|title=Peace building ngo trains 30 borno women|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/11/04/peace-building-ngo-trains-30-borno-women/?amp=1/|accessdate=4 November 2018|work=pmnewsnigeria.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * Mmekọrịta nchekwa* - njikọta na ndị agha Naịjirịa na Ngalaba Ọrụ Steeti (DSS) iji hụ na nchekwa nke ọrụ ubi na ịkwado mgbalị ndị obodo na-eme iji wepụ echiche ndị gbagọrọ agbagọ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2025|title=kfp slams kawuri attacks urges vigilance in insurgency fight|url=https://abcnews.com.ng/kfp-slams-kawuri-attacks-urges-vigilance-in-insurgency-fight/|accessdate=28 October 2025|work=abcnews.com.ng|language=en-US}}</ref> * Nkwado maka ibi ndụ nye ndị a chụpụrụ na ndị ntorobịa <ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2025|title=kfp condemns kawuri attacks calls for increased vigilance collaboration in fight against insurgency|url=https://ournigerianews.com/kfp-condemns-kawuri-attacks-calls-for-increased-vigilance-collaboration-in-fight-against-insurgency/|accessdate=28 October 2025|work=ournigerianews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmezu ndị a ma ama == * Site na njikọ aka na Northeast Coalition Against Terrorism, Kalthum Campaign for Peace haziri "Mega Rally for Peace" mbụ na Ramat Square nke Maiduguri (2016). E gosipụtara mmemme ahụ na telivishọn, ndị ọrụ gọọmentị etiti na steeti, ndị isi ndị agha, ndị omenkà, otu ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ akwụkwọ bịara ya. Na ngagharị iwe ahụ, Rabiu na ndị ọkà okwu ndị ọzọ kpọrọ ndị agha Boko Haram ka ha nye aka site na Safe Haven Corridor. <ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2025|title=infanticide i disagree with reuters says kpfs ummu Kalthum|url=https://saharaweeklyng.com/infanticide-i-disagree-with-reuters-says-kpfs-ummu-kalthum1/|accessdate=28 October 2025|work=saharaweeklyng.com|language=en-US|archivedate=17 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260417074639/https://saharaweeklyng.com/infanticide-i-disagree-with-reuters-says-kpfs-ummu-kalthum1/}}</ref> * A kọwara Rabiu dịka onye kacha nta na onye kacha nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'okwu gbasara nsogbu n'Africa. Site n'ịrụ ọrụ na DSS na ndị agha Naịjirịa, otu NGO ya enyerela aka ịzọpụta ọtụtụ mmadụ—gụnyere ndị ụkọchukwu, ndị ọrụ enyemaka, ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị ọkaikpe—n'aka ndị Boko Haram. <ref>{{Cite web|date=28 October 2024|title=Kalthum foundation for Peace condemns killing of msf staff in gaza calls for immediate ceasefire|url=https://ournigerianews.com/kalthum-foundation-for-peace-condemns-killing-of-msf-staff-in-gaza-calls-for-immediate-ceasefire/|accessdate=28 October 2024|work=ournigerianews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Onyinye na nnabata == Rabiu enwetala ọtụtụ ihe nrite maka onyinye ya n'iwulite udo na ọrụ enyemaka mmadụ, ọ na-egosikwa n'akwụkwọ mpaghara gbasara ndị isi ụmụ nwanyị n'ebe esemokwu metụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|date=20 June 2025|title=Kalthum foundation of peace leads youth engagement summit against violence extremism in borno|url=https://africanperceptions.org/en/2025/06/kalthum-foundation-of-peace-leads-youth-engagement-summit-against-violent-extremism-in-borno/%3famp=1/|accessdate=20 June 2025|work=africanperceptions.org|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ nkeonwe == Ummu Kalthum Muhammad Rabiu bi na Maiduguri, ebe ọ na-aga n'ihu na-ahụ maka mmemme ntọala ahụ ma na-akwado ikike nke ndị na-adịghị ike, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka ndị nnupụisi metụtara. <ref>{{Cite news|date=28 October 2024|title=Kalthum foundation condemns killing of msf staff in gaza urges ceasefire|url=https://blueprint.ng/kalthum-foundation-condemns-killing-of-msf-staff-in-gaza-urges-ceasefire/|accessdate=12 October 2025|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] r75v5p0nr5dxs3mj5qd0ysg6das8g5x 0 74209 672399 598961 2026-07-04T16:43:14Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672399 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brita Sigrid Anna Lovisa Egardt''' (née '''Mellander'''; 1916-1990) bụ onye Sweden na-amụ banyere agbụrụ na ọdịnala nke mere nchọpụta banyere nkwenkwe na omenala. Ejikọtara ya na Folklife Archive (Folklivsarkivet ) na Mahadum Lund, site na 1967 ruo 1973 ọ bụ onye nkuzi nke Nordic na nyocha ọdịnala (Nordisk och Lennon) ma mesịa bụrụ onye nkuzi na nyocha ethnology ọkachamara na omenala ọdịnala. Na mgbakwunye na edemede ya nke 1962 ''Hästslakt och rackarskam'' (The slaughter of horses and the shame of the slaughterers), <ref name="dp">{{Cite web|url=http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A186645&dswid=5729|title=Stringens och spårskifte: Om Brita Egardts Hästslakt och rackarskam|publisher=Diva Portal: Stockholm University|author=Blehr, Barbro|date=2006|accessdate=5 February 2023|language=}}</ref> ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Schwedische Volkskunde. '' . Quellen Nnyocha. Ergebnisse (1961) ma nye aka na edemede banyere akụkọ ọdịnala na akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche iche.<ref name="skbl">{{Cite web|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/BritaEgardt|title=Brita Sigrid Anna Lovisa Egardt|publisher=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|author=Blehr, Barbro|date=8 March 2018|accessdate=5 February 2023|language=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://runeberg.org/vemarvem/skane66/0213.html|title=Egart, Brita S A L|publisher=Vem är Vem? / Skåne, Halland, Blekinge 1966 /|date=1966|accessdate=5 February 2023|language=sv}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ, agụmakwụkwọ na ezinụlọ == A mụrụ ya na Trelleborg na 7 August 1916, Brita Sigrid Anna Lovisa Mellander bụ nwa nwanyị nke postmaster Arvid Gottfrid Mellander na nwunye ya Augusta Matilda (Mattis) née Johnsson. Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ezinụlọ ahụ. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Malmö maka ụmụ nwanyị na 1936, ọ gụrụ ọmụmụ Nordic, akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okpukpe na ọdịnala, gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 1941. N'afọ 1941, ọ lụrụ onye na-ahụ maka ụlọ akụ Otto Egardt onye ya na ya mụrụ ụmụ abụọ, Eva-Mia na Peter. N'afọ 1962, e nyere ya nzere doctorate n'ihi edemede ya gbasara igbu ịnyịnya.<ref name="skbl" /> == Ọrụ == Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ dịka onye enyemaka (amanuens) na ụlọ ihe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie nke Mahadum Lund, n'afọ 1952, e buliri ya n'ọkwa dịka onye enyemaka isi na 1964 dịka onye na-ahụ maka nchekwa ihe mgbe ochie. Site na 1967 ruo 1973, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ maka ọmụmụ ihe gbasara Nordic na akụkọ ifo, wee mechaa nweta mmụta gbasara ọdịbendị na omenala.<ref name="skbl" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://skbl.se/sv/artikel/BritaEgardt|title=Brita Sigrid Anna Lovisa Egardt|publisher=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|date=8 March 2018|author=Blehr, Barbro|accessdate=5 February 2023|language=sv}}</ref> Ọrụ Egardt na-elekwasị anya na nkwenkwe na omenala ndị mmadụ yana mmasị na ihe ndị mmadụ na-adịghị amasị. O lekwasịrị anya na nri ọdịnala. A na-akọwa isiokwu ndị a niile na edemede ya nke afọ 1962 Hästslakt och rackarskam: En etnologisk Ester av folkliga fördomar (Mgbukpọ nke ịnyịnya na ihere nke ndị na-egbu egbu: nyocha ethnoloical nke ajọ mbunobi ndị mmadụ) nke ndị na'enyocha ya nabatara nke ọma ma nye ya ọkwa dị elu.<ref name="skbl" /> Onye Swedish ethnologist Barbro Blehr ekwuola na n'ihi na thesis na-elekwasị anya na hierarchy, mwepu na stigmatisation, enwere ike iji ya mee ihe dị ka ihe nlereanya maka ethnologists.<ref name="dp" /> Egardt bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Schwedische Volkskunde. '' . Quellen Nnyocha. Ergebnisse (1961) ma nye aka na edemede gbasara akụkọ ọdịnala na akwụkwọ akụkọ dị iche iche. <ref name="skbl" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ lara ezumike nká na 1983, Brita Egardt nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge ruo 1988. Ọ nwụrụ na Lund na 4 Eprel 1990 ma lie ya n'ili ncheta Northern nke obodo ahụ (Norra kyrkogården). <ref name="skbl" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} rste4tj1vevb0ny839r2k8caxei1sls 0 74228 672182 598992 2026-07-04T12:42:35Z Edozie Ojekwe 24584 Fixed Reference error 672182 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Elisabeth_Bergstrand-Poulsen.jpg|thumb|Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen]] [[Faịlụ:Långasjö_kyrka_Interiör_007.jpg|thumb|Ebe ịchụàjà dị na Chọọchị Långasjö]] '''Anna Elisabeth Albertina Bergstrand-Poulsen''' (.<ref name="skbl">{{Cite web|url=https://www.skbl.se/en/article/AnnaElisabethAlbertinaBergstrandPoulsen|title=Anna Elisabeth Albertina Bergstrand-Poulsen|author=Furuland, Gunnel|publisher=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|date=2 March 2020|accessdate=13 September 2020|language=}}</ref><ref name="kvinfo">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kvinfo.dk/side/597/bio/127/origin/170/|title=Elisabeth Bergstrand Poulsen (1887 - 1955)|author=Rasmussen, Vera|publisher=Kvinfo|accessdate=13 September 2020|language=Danish}}</ref><ref name="genbib">{{Cite web|url=https://genbib.dk/nyheder/anbefalinger/retroanmeldelse-elisabeth-bergstrand-poulsen|title=Retroanmeldelse: Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen|author=Hansen, Helena|publisher=Gentofte Bibliotekerne|date=22 January 2018|accessdate=13 September 2020|language=Danish}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ ya na 12 Nọvemba 1887 n'obodo nta Långasjö na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Sweden, Anna Elisabeth Albertina Bergstrand bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara Per Magnus Bergstrand (1855-1927) na Anna Hammargren (1861-1946), Onye Kraịst raara onwe ya nye. Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime ụmụ isii.<ref name="skbl" /><ref name="kvinfo" /> A zụlitere ya n'ezinụlọ na-agụ egwú, nna ya kụziiri ya ihe ọmụmụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na piano. Ebe ọ bụ na ezinụlọ ahụ enweghị ike iziga ya n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ọ nyeere aka n'ụlọ ma gụọ ọtụtụ akwụkwọ. Ọ ghọrọ ezigbo enyi Gertrud Lilja , onye ya na ya nwekrọ mmasị na nka na akwụkwọ.<ref name="skbl" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Kunsthögskolan na Stockholm (1909-1913), n'ihi enyemaka Swedish ọ gara njem ọmụmụ ogologo oge na France, Ịtali na Algeria (1913-1916). Mgbe ọ nọ na Rom, ọ zutere onye na-ese ihe Rikard Axel Poulsen (1887-1972) onye ọ lụrụ na Nọvemba 1917 mgbe ọ laghachiri Denmark. Ha nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Ivar (1918) na Hans (1920).<ref name="kvinfo" /> == Ọrụ == === Dị ka onye na-ese ihe === O bu ụzọ gosi ihe osise nwa ya na Charlottenborg nke Copenhagen na ihe ngosi oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 1922, wee gosi ihe osise ime ụlọ na ihe ngosi oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1923. E sere ihe osise na ime ụlọ ya n'ụdị okike nke oge ahụ. Ihe osise ya gbasaara ruo na ihe osise, lithography na seramiiki. <ref name="weilbach">{{Cite web|url=https://www.kulturarv.dk/kid/VisWeilbach.do?kunstnerId=8444&wsektion=alle|title=Elisabeth Bergstrand Poulsen|publisher=Kunstindekx Danmark & Weilbachs Kunstnerleksikon|year=1994|accessdate=15 September 2020|language=Danish}}</ref> N'afọ 1926, ihe ngosi ya nke ihe osise 60 na-egosi ndị Småland na Gummeson Gallery na Stockholm nwetara otuto siri ike.<ref name="skbl" /> N'ime afọ itoolu sochiri alụmdi na nwunye ya, ya na di ya jiri nkà nka ya mee ihe iji chepụta ụlọ ha na Charlottenlund n'ebe ugwu Copenhagen. N'ịbụ nke mmasị ha nwere n'Ịtali n Renaissance kpaliri, a maara ya dị ka Klosteret (The Cloister) na ọdịdị ya dị ka chọọchị. <ref name="weilbach" /><ref name="skbl" /> N'ihe ndekọ ya e bipụtara na 1940, ọ kọwara ihe ụlọ ahụ dị mkpa n'okwu ndị a: <ref name="genbib" />{{Cite web|url=https://genbib.dk/nyheder/anbefalinger/retroanmeldelse-elisabeth-bergstrand-poulsen|title=Retroanmeldelse: Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen|author=Hansen, Helena|publisher=Gentofte Bibliotekerne|date=22 January 2018|accessdate=13 September 2020|language=Danish}}<cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHansen,_Helena2018">Hansen, Helena (22 January 2018). [https://genbib.dk/nyheder/anbefalinger/retroanmeldelse-elisabeth-bergstrand-poulsen "Retroanmeldelse: Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen"] (in Danish). Gentofte Bibliotekerne<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Danish-language sources (da)]]</ref><blockquote>Anyị hụrụ ụlọ anyị n'anya, nke e ji ihe ndị na-enweghị isi mepụta maka ụlọ: ọchịchọ na nrọ, mmetụta sitere n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ na ọdịda anyanwụ, site na anyanwụ na ọnwa, ya bụ site na Ịtali, Gris, France na Denmark. Ọ bụ okwukwe nwoke na ike nwanyị na-adịghị ike wuru ya. Dịkwa ka ebe ịchụàjà e guzobere maka ihe niile mara mma.</blockquote>Ka oge na-aga, ọ tụgharịrị gaa n'ọrụ okpukpe, ọkachasị tapestry, mepụta ''Kvinnans årstider'' (The Woman's Ages) nke a kpara na ụlọ ọrụ Barbro Nilsson na Stockholm ma chekwaa ya ugbu a na Småland's Museum.<ref name="skbl" /> N'afọ 1950, o mepụtara ebe ịchụàjà maka Chọọchị Långasjö mana emeghị ya ruo n'afọ 1957, afọ abụọ mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. <ref name="skbl" /> === Dị ka onye edemede === Bergstrand-Poulsen amaliteghị ọrụ agụmagụ ya ruo mgbe ọ dị afọ 39 mgbe o bipụtara Värendskvinnor från Långasjö socken i bilder och ord (1926), na-egosi ụmụ nwanyị sitere na parish obodo ya Småland n'akwụkwọ nwere nnukwu ihe atụ. Ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-aga nke ọma gụnyere Hjältar och hjältedåd (1930), Glad och god skal människan vara – och stark (1934) na Väven (1941). Ihe niile sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ sitere n'okwukwe Ndị Kraịst siri ike na ncheta oge ọ bụ nwata na Småland. Na 1940 o bipụtara ya memoirs dị ka Hök, får jag låna dine vingar? (Hark, Enwere m ike ibiri nku gị?).<ref name="kvinfo" /> Elisabeth Bergstrand-Poulsen nwụrụ na Charlottenlund na 18 Febụwarị 1955 ma lie ya na Ordrup Cemetery . <ref name="weilbach" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Furuland, Gunnel: Anna Elisabeth Albertina Bergstrand-PoulsennaNdị na-ahụ maka ndụ == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.ebpsallskapet.se/ EBP-sällskapet], ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị na Swedish na akụkọ ndụ, ndepụta nke akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara, wdg. * [https://scriptoriumtheologiae.dk/emne/elisabeth-bergstrand-poulsen/ Akụkọ Mellem bildende ord og maleriets], akụkọ ndụ nke Anne Christine Benner sere n'asụsụ Danish 4w7dtc70f213krbar5l7bq7pduavd4j 0 74368 672211 620711 2026-07-04T13:10:22Z Bigcee007 24507 672211 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Germaine Greer''' (/ɡrɪər/; amụrụ na 29 Jenụwarị 1939) bụ onye edemede Australia na onye ọgụgụ isi ọha na eze, nke a na-ewere dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi olu nke usoro ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ na ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke 20. N'ịbụ onye ọkachamara na akwụkwọ Bekee na nke ụmụ nwanyị, Greer enweela ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ na England na Mahadum Warwick na Newnham College, Cambridge, na United States na Mahadim Tulsa. Ọ malitere ibi na UK na 1964, ma site na 1990s ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ, kewara oge ya n'etiti Queensland, Australia, na ụlọ ya na Essex, England.[2] Echiche Greer emeela ka esemokwu malite n'akwụkwọ mbụ ya, The Female Eunuch (1970), mere ka ọ bụrụ aha a ma ama. Akwụkwọ kacha ere ahịa n'ụwa niile na ederede na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ime [[Òtù ụmụ nwanyị]], ọ na-enye usoro nhazi nke echiche dịka ịbụ nwanyị na ịbụ nwanyị, na-arụ ụka na a manyere ụmụ nwanyị ka ha rụọ ọrụ nrubeisi na ọha mmadụ iji mezuo nrọ ụmụ nwoke banyere ihe ịbụ nwanyị gụnyere. [5] Ọrụ Greer na-esote lekwasịrị anya na akwụkwọ, ụmụ nwanyị, na gburugburu ebe obibi. O dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 20, gụnyere Sex and Destiny (1984), The Change (1991), The Whole Woman (1999), na The Boy (2003). Akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2013 White Beech: The Rainforest Years na-akọwa mbọ ọ na-agba iji weghachite mpaghara mmiri ozuzo na Numinbah Valley na Australia. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya na ime ihe ike, ọ bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ maka The Sunday Times, ''The Guardian'', The Daily Telegraph, The Spectator, The Independent, na The ''Oldie'', n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Buchanan7Jan2018">{{Cite web|author=Buchanan|first=Rachel|title=Why it's time to acknowledge Germaine Greer, journalist|url=https://theconversation.com/why-its-time-to-acknowledge-germaine-greer-journalist-88958|work=The Conversation|date=7 January 2018}}</ref> Greer bụ nnwere onwe (ma ọ bụ nke siri ike) karịa onye na-ahụ maka ịha nhata. [a] Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya abụghị ịha nhata na ụmụ nwoke, nke ọ na-ahụ dị ka mmetọ na "ịkwado ibi ndụ nke ụmụ nwoke na-enweghị nnwere onwe". "Nnapụta ụmụ nwanyị", ka o dere na The Whole Woman (1999), "ahụghị ikike nwanyị ahụ n'ihe gbasara nwoke n'ezie. "Ọ na-ekwu na nnwere onwe bụ maka ikwusi ike ọdịiche na "ịkwado ya dị ka ọnọdụ nke nkọwa onwe na mkpebi onwe onye". Ọ bụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị "ịkọwa ụkpụrụ nke ha, hazie ihe ndị ha ga-ebute ụzọ ma kpebie ọdịnihu nke ha". [b] === Melbourne === [[Faịlụ:Elwood_beach_and_Melbourne_skyline.jpg|thumb|Ụsọ mmiri Elwood A na-ahụ ihu igwe Ebe etiti obodo Melbourne n'ebe dị anya.]] A mụrụ Germaine Greer na 29 Jenụwarị 1939 na Melbourne n'ezinụlọ ndị Katọlik, okenye nke ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ sochiri nwa nwoke. Nna ya kpọrọ onwe ya Eric Reginald ("Reg") Greer; ọ gwara ya na a mụrụ ya na South Africa, mana ọ matara mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na a mụrụ Robert Hamilton King na Launceston, Tasmania.[10] Ọ mụtakwara na a kpọrọ ya Robert Henry Eric Ernest Hambert . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Greer|first=Germaine|date=1989|title=Daddy, We Hardly Knew You|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=62iHDwAAQBAJ&q=Daddy+we+hardly+knew+you|location=New York|publisher=Fawcett Columbine|isbn=0449905616}}</ref> Ya na nne ya, Margaret ("Peggy") May Lafrank, lụrụ na Machị 1937; Reg ghọrọ onye Katọlik tupu agbamakwụkwọ ahụ. Peggy bụ onye na-ere akwụkwọ akụkọ na Reg bụ onye na'ere akwụkwọ akụkọ.[13] [c] N'agbanyeghị ọzụzụ Katọlik ya na Mmegide ndị Juu nke nna ya, Greer kwenyesiri ike na nna ya bụ onye Juu na nzuzo. O kwenyere na nne nne ya bụ nwanyị onye Juu aha ya bụ Rachel Weiss, mana ọ kwetara na o nwere ike ịbụ na o mere nke a site na "oké ọchịchọ ịbụ onye Juu. " N'agbanyeghị na ọ maghị ma o nwere ndị nna nna ndị Juu ọ bụla, Greer "dị ka ọ bụ onye Juu" wee malite itinye aka na obodo ndị Juu. Ọ mụtara Yiddish, sonye n'òtù ihe nkiri ndị Juu, ma soro ndị Juu na-akpa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Greer|first=Germaine|date=1989|title=Daddy, We Hardly Knew You|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=62iHDwAAQBAJ&q=Daddy+we+hardly+knew+you|location=New York|publisher=Fawcett Columbine|isbn=0449905616}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ahụ biri na Elwood nke dị na Melbourne, na mbụ n'ụlọ a na-akwụ ụgwọ na Docker Street, nso osimiri, mgbe ahụ n'ụlọ ọzọ a na-agbazite na Esplanade.[16] Na Jenụwarị 1942 nna Greer sonyeere ndị agha nke abụọ nke Australian Imperial Force; mgbe ọ zụchara ọzụzụ na Royal Australian Air Force, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ciphers maka ndị agha British Royal Air Force na Egypt na [[Malta]]. Greer gara St Columba's Catholic Primary School na Elwood site na Febụwarị 1943 - ezinụlọ ahụ bi na 57 Ormond Road, Elwood - Sacred Heart Parish School, Sandringham, na Holy Redeemer School, Ripponlea sochiri ya.[18] Na 1952, Greer debanyere aha na Star of the Sea College na Gardenvale, ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Sisters of the Presentation of the Holy Virgin Mary na-agba. Ọ bụ ebe a ka Greer kwuru na a kpọbatara ya na nka na egwu. N'afọ ahụ, e gosipụtara ihe osise ya na ngalaba nke iri na anọ nke ihe ngosi nka ụmụaka na Tye's Gallery, nke Archbishọp Mannix meghere.[1] Akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kọwara ya dị ka "obere ihe na-eme mkpọtụ na onye na-enwe nsogbu nke nwere iwe na onye na-akparị onwe ya", ọ bụkwa ebe ahụ ka Greer bụ nkà na-arị elu; na mgbakwunye na Bekee, Greer gụrụ akwụkwọ na European ọmụmụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, na n'ule ikpeazụ ya, ọ nwetara akara kacha elu na steeti.[2][20] Greer lere anya azụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata dị ka "ihe ncheta na-adịte aka" ma kwuo na ọ bụ ike anụ ahụ na nke uche nke ndị mụrụ ya bụ ndị mere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-eme ihe ngosi.[2] Otu afọ mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Greer Brand, bụ ebe ọ na-agụcha akwụkwọ na Mahadum California, Berkeley, bụ onye nọn maka Ụka Katọlik.[22]. Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na-arụ ọrụ. Ya na nne ya nwere nzụlite siri ike, onye, dị ka Greer si kwuo, nwere ike inwe Asperger. N'afọ 2012, o kwuru na nwanne ya nwoke enweghị ike ịgbaghara ya maka "ịhapụ" ha, mana ya enwebeghị ike imere nwanne ya nwoke, "onye m na-akpọ onye ọzọ n'ụwa"[1]. [[Faịlụ:Old_Arts_Building._Parkville_Campus_of_University_of_Melbourne_(cropped).JPG|thumb|Ụlọ Old Arts, Mahadum MelbourneMahadum nke Melbourne]] Site na 1956 Greer gụrụ asụsụ Bekee na French na akwụkwọ na Mahadum Melbourne na agụmakwụkwọ nke Mahadum Onye Nkụzi, na-ebi n'ụlọ maka afọ abụọ mbụ na ego nke £ 8 kwa izu. 1.8 mita (6 ụkwụ) n'ogologo mgbe ọ dị afọ 16, ọ bụ onye dị ịrịba ama. "Onye ogologo, onye na-enweghị ụkwụ na onye na-eme ihe ọchị, ọ na-agagharị na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, na-ama na a na-ekwu ọtụtụ ihe banyere ya", dị ka onye nta akụkọ Peter Blazey, onye ya na Melbourne dịkọrọ ndụ. N'afọ mbụ ya, a gwọrọ Greer n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'oge na-adịghị anya maka ịda mbà n'obi.[26] Ọ gwara magazin ''Playboy'', n'ajụjụ ọnụ e bipụtara na 1972, na e dinara ya n'ike mgbe ọ nọ n'afọ nke abụọ na mahadum, ahụmahụ ọ kọwara n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ''The Guardian'' na Machị 1995. <ref name="Greer20March1995">{{Cite news|first=Germaine|author=Greer|date=20 March 1995|title=The refusal to be bowed by brutality|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Greer wepụrụ afọ ime mgbe mmekọrịta ya mebiri ma kọwaa oge ahụ dị ka "annus horribilis".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jeremy Isaacs 1995 interview with Germaine Greer|work=[[YouTube]]|date=24 May 2022|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R02LPPS5Lq0}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:(1)_Royal_George_Hotel.JPG|thumb|Royal George Hotel, Sydney, 2010]] Obere oge tupu ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Melbourne na 1959 na nke abụọ dị elu, ọ kwagara Sydney, ebe ọ sonyeere Sydney Push na ndị anarchist Sydney Libertarians. "[Ndị a kwuru banyere eziokwu na naanị eziokwu", ka o kwuru, "na-ekwusi ike na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe anyị kpughere n'ụbọchị ahụ bụ echiche, nke bụ otu okwu maka ụgha - ma ọ bụ ihe nzuzu, dịka ha na-akpọ ya. " Ha ga-ezukọ n'ime ụlọ azụ nke Royal George Hotel na Sussex Street.[30] Clive James so n'òtù ahụ n'oge ahụ. Otu n'ime ndị na-ede akụkọ ndụ Greer, Christine Wallace, dere na Greer "na-abanye na Royal George Hotel, n'ime ìgwè mmadụ na-ekwu onwe ha n'ime ụlọ na-esi ísì biya ochie ma jupụta na anwụrụ sịga, wee malite ịgbaso ụzọ ndụ Push, 'ịdọ aka ná ntị siri ike nke m manyere m ịmụta'". Greer echerela onwe ya dị ka onye anarchist n'amaghị ihe mere o ji dọta ya; site na Push, ọ matara akwụkwọ anarchist.[31] O nwere mmekọrịta dị mkpa n'òtù ahụ na Harry Hooton na Roelof Smilde, ha abụọ bụ ndị a ma ama.[32] Ya na Smilde bi n'otu ụlọ na Glebe Point Road, mana mmekọrịta ahụ adịteghị aka; dị ka Wallace si kwuo, echiche Push nke "ịhụnanya nweere onwe ya" gụnyere ịjụ nnwere onwe na ekworo, nke na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị maka ihu ọma ụmụ nwoke. Mgbe mmekọrịta ya na Smilde kwụsịrị, Greer debanyere aha na Mahadum Sydney iji mụọ Byron, ebe, Clive James dere, ọ ghọrọ "onye a ma ama maka ire ọjọọ ya. [34][35] Otu n'ime ndị enyi ya n'ebe ahụ, Arthur Dignam, kwuru na ọ "bụ naanị nwanyị anyị zutere n'oge ahụ nke nwere ike iji obi ike, n'ụzọ dị mfe ma na-atọ ọchị mee ka ndị ikom daa".[36] Ọ malitere itinye aka na ime ihe nkiri na Sydney ma mee Mother Courage na Mother Courage and Her Children n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1963.[37] N'afọ ahụ, e nyere ya MA nke mbụ maka edemede akpọrọ "The Development of Byron's Satiric Mode", wee were nhọpụta na Sydney dị ka onye nkuzi dị elu na Bekee, yana ọfịs dị n'akụkụ Stephen Knight na ụlọ Carslaw nke mahadum.[38] "O doro anya na ọ bụ ezigbo onye nkuzi", ka o kwuru. "Na otu n'ime ndị nkuzi kachasị mma - otu n'etiti mmadụ ole na ole nwere ike inye iwu na Wallace Lecture Theatre, ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ 600 ya. O nwere ụdị àgwà histrionic nke dị nnọọ ịrịba ama, gbakwunyere na ezigbo agụmakwụkwọ ya".[39] [[Faịlụ:Newnham_College,_Cambridge,_March_2008.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Newnham College, Cambridge]] MA meriri Greer a Commonwealth Scholarship, nke o ji kwado ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ na Mahadum Cambridge, rutere n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1964 na Newnham College, kọleji naanị ụmụ nwanyị.[40] [[Samuel Louis Goldberg|Sam Goldberg]], onye Leavisite, onye bụ Challis Chair of English Literature na Sydney kemgbe 1963 gbara ya ume ịpụ na Sydney.[41] Na mbido ịbanye na ọmụmụ BA na Cambridge - agụmakwụkwọ ya gaara enye ya ohere mezue ya n'ime afọ abụọ - Greer jisiri ike gbanwee mgbe oge mbụ ("site n'ike nke arụmụka", dị ka Clive James si kwuo) gaa na mmemme PhD iji mụọ [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], nke Anne Barton, onye a maara mgbe ahụ dị ka Anne Righter, lekọtara. O kwuru na ọ gbanwere n'ihi na ọ "chọtara na ha agaghị akụzi ihe ọ bụla".[her][43] Muriel Bradbrook, nwanyị mbụ bụ Prọfesọ nke Bekee na Cambridge, mere ka Greer mụọ Shakespeare; Bradbrook lekọtara PhD Barton.[44] [[File:Cambridge_News,_November_1964.jpg|thumb|Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: Hilary Walston, Germaine Greer na Sheila Buhr, na-esonyere Footlights, Cambridge News, November 1964 ]] Cambridge bụ ebe siri ike maka ụmụ nwanyị. Dị ka Christine Wallace si kwuo, otu nwa akwụkwọ Newnham kọwara di ya na-anata akwụkwọ oriri na 1966 site na Christ's College nke nyere ohere "Ndị inyom na-abanye naanị maka sherry".[46] Lisa Jardine zutere Greer na nri abalị na Newnham. Onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ rịọrọ ka a gbachie nkịtị maka okwu. "Ka ọgba aghara na-agbadata, otu onye nọgidere na-ekwu okwu, na-etinye onwe ya na mkparịta ụka ya iji chọpụta":<blockquote>Na tebụl ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Germaine ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na-akọwa na ọ gaghị enwe nnwere onwe maka ụmụ nwanyị, n'agbanyeghị etu ha gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma, ọ bụrụhaala na achọrọ anyị ka anyị tinye ara anyị n'ime brọsh ndị e wuru dị ka obere Vesuvius, abụọ a dụkọtara ọnụ, na-acha ọcha, nke na-enweghị ihe yiri ahụ nwanyị. N'afọ ofufo, ọ na-enwe obi erughị ala nke ndị isi afọ iri isii, ka o ji ike kwuo, bụ ihe nnọchianya jọgburu onwe ya nke mmegbu nwoke.</blockquote>Ozugbo ọ bịarutere, Greer nyochara (ya na Clive James, onye ọ maara site na Sydney Push) maka ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eme ihe nkiri, Footlights, n'ime ụlọ klọb ya na Falcon Yard n'elu ụlọ ahịa Mac Fisheries. Ha mere ihe osise nke ọ bụ Noël Coward na ya bụ Gertrude Lawrence.[48] Na-esonyere n'otu ụbọchị ahụ James na Russell Davies, Greer bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ a nabatara dị ka onye otu zuru oke, tinyere Sheila Buhr na Hilary Walston. <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="308" href="./Tim_Brooke-Taylor" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tim Brooke-Taylor">Tim Brooke-Taylor]],<nowiki><ref>Boston, Richard (3 June 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/jun/03/cambridge-footlights-comedy-university \"From the archive, 3 June 1983: Cambridge Footlights celebrate 100 years of comedy\"], ''The Guardian''.</ref></nowiki> and to <nowiki>[[Eric Idle]]</nowiki>, the Footlights president."}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="cite_ref-55" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref">[./Germaine_Greer#cite_note-55 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> The Cambridge News bu akụkọ banyere ya na Nọvemba 1964, na-ezo aka na ụmụ nwanyị dị ka "ụmụ agbọghọ atọ". Nzaghachi Greer maka nnabata ya bụ: "Ebe a na-eji ndị na-agba ọsọ na-awụli elu. Ị nwere ike ịnwe ya n'onwe gị. " O sonyere na revue ya nke 1965, My Girl Herbert, ya na Eric Idle (onye isi oche Footlights), John Cameron, Christie Davies na John Grillo.[53][50]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.footlights.org/past/1965|title=Cambridge Footlights: Year ending 1965|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104112941/http://www.footlights.org/past/1965|archivedate=4 January 2006}}</ref> Otu onye nkatọ chọpụtara "nwa agbọghọ Australia nke nwere ikike okike iji gosipụta olu ya".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Footlights at 120: A history of Footlights|url=http://www.footlights.org:80/history|publisher=Cambridge Footlights|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104103517/http://www.footlights.org/history|archivedate=4 January 2006|accessdate=26 August 2020}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ so na Footlights mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ gụnyere Tim Brooke-Taylor, John Cleese, Peter Cook na David Frost.[56] [[Faịlụ:Cmglee_Cambridge_Friar_House_from_The_Eagle.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Greer biri n'ọnụ ụlọ dị n'akụkụ Clive James na Friar House (ụlọ ọcha), Bene't Street, Cambridge.]]   Greer dechara Ph.D. na Calabria, Italy, bụ ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọkụ azụ n'ime obodo nwere olulu mmiri na ọkụ eletrik. Njem ahụ yiri nke enyi ya bụ́ Emilio, ma nwoke ahụ gosiri Greer akwụkwọ ya bụ nwoke na-asa ahụ́ n’olulu mmiri tupu chi ọbụbọ, na-eyikwa uwe ojii na akpụkpọ ụkwụ.[1] Enyere ya PhD na Mee 1968 maka edemede ya The Ethic of Love and Marriage in Shakespeare's Early Comedies. [59] Greer - onye na-asụ ma ọ bụ na-agụ Latin, Greek oge ochie, Italian, French, German, na Spanish [2] - dọtara mmasị dị iche iche nke European Renaissance comedies na-arụ ụka na Shakespeare na-emeso ihe ọchị na-enye ozi dị iche na akwụkwọ ndị Europe. [3] Ahụmahụ nke onwe ya ezughị iji kọwaa ihe omume ahụ. "Enyefere m ndụ m niile maka okike, na-eme ike m niile ime ihe ga-atọ ndị ọzọ ụtọ, m ga-agakwa n'ihu ruo mgbe m ruru n'elu, wee leghachi anya azụ ma nwee mmasị na naanị onwe m"[62]. Nwanyị ọnaozi ahụ na-adabere nke ukwuu na agụmakwụkwọ ''Shakespeare'' nke Greer, ọkachasị mgbe ọ na-atụle akụkọ ihe mere eme nke alụmdi na nwunye na mbedo. N'afọ 1986, Oxford University Press bipụtara akwụkwọ ya Shakespeare dị ka akụkụ nke usoro Past Masters, na 2007 Bloomsbury bipụtara ọmụmụ ya banyere Anne Hathaway, Shakespeare's Wife.[63] == Ọrụ mmalite na edemede == === Ozizi, alụmdi na nwunye na telivishọn === [[Faịlụ:Germaine_Greer,_June_1972_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Greer na June 1972]] Site na 1968 ruo 1972, Greer rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Mahadum Warwick na Coventry, ya na di mbụ ya na Leamington Spa nwere nwamba abụọ na kilogram 300. [1] [65] Na 1968 ọ mụrụ akwụkwọ mbụ ya, Paul, na mgbakwunye na ime ihe, dere akwụkwọ 300. [1] King's College London English, onye rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ewu ụlọ, n'ụlọ dị na Portobello Road, London, mgbe obere oge gasịrị na Paddington Register Office, na-eji mgbanaka sitere na ụlọ akụ. [2] [65] Du Feu alụọla nwunye wee mụọ ụmụ nwoke abụọ, gbara afọ 14 na 16, ya na di mbụ ya. [67] === ''Oz'' na Suck''Ịṅụ'' === [[Faịlụ:Oz_magazine,_issue_19,_early_1969.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Greer na mkpuchi nke magazin ''Oz'', mmalite 1969, ya na Vivian Stanshall nke Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah BandÒtù Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah]] Greer malitere ide kọlụm dị ka "Dr. G" maka magazin ''Oz'', nke Richard Neville, onye ọ zutere na oriri na Sydney.[74] E mechiri Australian ''Oz'' na 1963 mgbe ọnwa atọ gasịrị ma maa ndị nchịkọta akụkọ ikpe maka okwu rụrụ arụ, e mesịa gbanwee ha. Neville na onye nchịkọta akụkọ ya, Martin Sharp, kwagara London ma guzobe ''Oz'' n'ebe ahụ. Mgbe Neville zutere Greer ọzọ, ọ tụrụ aro ka o dee maka ya, nke dugara na edemede ya na mbipụta mbụ na 1967, "In Bed with the English".[75] Keith Morris sere ya foto ("Dr G, naanị onye na-eme ihe nkiri nwere PhD n'agbụ") maka mbipụta 19 na mbido 1969; ihe oyiyi ojii na-acha ọcha gụnyere otu n'ime ihe ndị ọ na-ese maka mkpuchi ya na Vivian Stanshall na nke ọzọ nke ọ na-eme ka ọ na-akpọ ụbọ .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Photographs|date=30 August 2017|url=https://digitised-collections.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/191793|publisher=Germaine Greer Archive, University of Melbourne|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003194325/https://digitised-collections.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/191793|archivedate=3 October 2018|author=Greer|first=Germaine}}</ref> Mbipụta July 1970, ''''Oz'' 29'', gosipụtara "Germaine Greer knits private parts", isiokwu sitere na Oz's Needlework Correspondent na aka na-akpụ akpụ Keep it Warm Cock Sock, "a snug corner for a chilly prick". Dị ka "Rose Blight", o dekwara kọlụm n'ubi maka Private Eye.[78] N'afọ 1969, Greer so guzobe magazin na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ nke dị na Amsterdam, Suck: The First European Sex Paper (1969-1974), ya na Bill Daley, Jim Haynes, William Levy, Heathcote Williams na Jean Shrimpton, ebumnuche ya bụ ịmepụta "ihe ọhụrụ na-akpụ agụụ mmekọahụ nke ga-eme ka ahụ nwoke na nke nwanyị ghara ịdị mma". Akụkọ na-ekwu na mbipụta mbụ ahụ bụ ihe na-akpasu iwe nke na Special Branch wakporo ọfịs ya na London na Arts Lab na Drury Lane ma mechie adreesị postbox ya.<ref name="suck">{{Cite book|title=Suck, the first European sex magazine|oclc=810282005}}</ref>[80] Dị ka Beatrice Faust si kwuo, Suck bipụtara "ihe omimi SM nke na-asọ ụmụ nwanyị asị", gụnyere ihe osise mkpuchi, maka mbipụta 7, nke nwoke na-ejide "nwaanyị na-eti mkpu na ụkwụ ya n'ikuku ka onye ọzọ dinara ya n'ike".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Faust|first=Beatrice|authorlink=Beatrice Faust|title=Grab-bag of Germaine ideas|work=The Age|date=20 December 1986|page=137}}</ref> Otu n'ime ndị na-ede akụkọ ndụ Greer, Elizabeth Kleinhenz, dere na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla na-emebi iwu maka Suck, gụnyere nkọwa nke mmetọ ụmụaka, mmekọahụ na anụmanụ.[80] Akụkụ Greer, "Sucky Fucky" nke "Earth Rose", gụnyere ndụmọdụ nye ụmụ nwanyị banyere otu esi elekọta akụkụ ahụ ha na otu ha kwesịrị isi detụ ihe ha na-eme n'ahụ ha.[82][83] O bipụtara aha enyi ya, onye ọ maara site n'oge ya na Sydney Push na onye o mechara nyefee The Female Eunuch: "Onye ọ bụla chọrọ inwe mmekọahụ n'ìgwè na New York ma nwee mmasị na ụmụ agbọghọ buru ibu, kpọtụrụ Lillian Roxon. " N'oge mmemme ihe nkiri Amsterdam nke afọ 1970 nke Suck haziri, ndị ọka ikpe, nke gụnyere Greer, nyere Bodil Joensen ihe nrite mbụ maka ihe nkiri nke nwanyị na ụmụ anụmanụ nwere mmekọahụ. [85] Suck weghachiri otu ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Greer (nke mbụ e bipụtara na ''Screw'', magazin ọzọ na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ), nke akpọrọ "Abụ m akwụna". &nbsp; N'otu oge ahụ ọ na-etinye aka na Suck, Greer gwara Robert Greenfield nke Rolling Stone na Jenụwarị 1971 na ọ bụ onye na-enwe mmasị na Redstockings, otu ụmụ nwanyị siri ike nke Ellen Willis na [[Shulamith Firestone]] guzobere na New York na Jenụwaị 1969. N'ịbụ onye ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị katọrọ maka itinye aka na Suck, na Mee 1971 ọ gwara onye na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ maka ''Screw'': Greer kewara na Suck na 1972 mgbe ọ bipụtara foto ya gba ọtọ na-edina ala na ụkwụ ya n'ubu ya na ihu ya na-ele anya n'etiti apata ụkwụ ya.<ref name="ifeminists">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifeminists.net/introduction/editorials/2004/1215cook.html|title=Encounters with Germaine Greer|first=Dana|author=Cook|date=15 December 2004|work=ifeminists.com}}</ref> E zigara foto ahụ na nghọta na a ga-ebipụta foto ndị gba ọtọ nke ndị nchịkọta akụkọ niile n'akwụkwọ gbasara mmemme ihe nkiri.[90] Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm, na-ebo ndị nchịkọta akụkọ ndị ọzọ ebubo na ha bụ "ndị na-emegide mgbanwe". <ref name="suck">{{Cite book|title=Suck, the first European sex magazine|oclc=810282005}}</ref> Greer mechara kwuo na ebumnuche ya n'ịbanye na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ bụ ịnwa ịdọpụ Suck na ihe nkiri na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ.[91] === Nwaanyị ọnaozi (1970) === {{Reflist|26em}} N'ịkọwa ihe mere o ji chọọ ide akwụkwọ ahụ, nkọwa ahụ gara n'ihu: "Nke mbụ, echere m na ọ bụ iji kwụọ ụgwọ mmehie m n'ịbụ nwanne nna Tom na mmekọahụ m. Anaghị m amasị ụmụ nwanyị. O yikarịrị ka m na-ekere òkè na nlelị niile na-enweghị mgbalị na amaghị ihe ndị ikom na-awụ ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ahụ, ọ kọwara 21 Eprel 1969 dị ka "ụbọchị akwụkwọ m malitere n'onwe ya, Janis Joplin na-abụ abụ n'ụtụtụ anyị na Albert Hall. "Stubo ụnyaahụ bụ Strumpet Voluntary - gịnị ka ọ ga-akụkọ anyị ga-eme ka ọ ga - anyị ga-agụ akwụkwọ Morning" <ref name="Bell31July1969">{{Cite news|author=Bell|first=Lynne|title=Doctor who refuses to be type-cast|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=31 July 1969|page=19}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị ahụ ga-emecha taa ka ọ ga[98] N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1970, o bipụtara otu edemede na ''Oz'', "The Slag-Heap Erupts", nke nyere echiche ya n'ọdịnihu, ya bụ na ụmụ nwanyị ga-ata ụta maka mmegbu nke ha. "Ndị ikom anaghị amasị ụmụ nwanyị n'ezie", ka o dere, "nke ahụ bụkwa n'ezie ihe mere ha anaghị eji ha eme ihe. Ụmụ nwanyị anaghị amasị ha n'ezie, ha onwe ha nwekwara ike ịdabere n'iji ụmụ nwoke mee ihe karịa ụmụ nwanyị. " Ọtụtụ ndị inyom Britain, gụnyere Angela Carter, Sheila Rowbotham na Michelene Wandor, jiri iwe zaghachi. [99][100] Wandor dere nzaghachi na ''Oz'', "Na njedebe nke Servile Penitude: Nzaghachi nye ike Germaine", na-ekwu na Greer na-ede banyere òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke ọ na-arụ ọrụ ọ bụla na nke ọ maghị ihe ọ bụla.[101] [[File:Female_Eunuch_cover.jpeg|thumb|Christine Wallace kpọrọ mkpuchi Paladin, nke John Holmes mepụtara, otu n'ime "ihe oyiyi a na-ahụ anya na mbipụta mgbe agha gasịrị".[102]]] nke na-eleghara anya"): [128] na oriri nke ndị editọ si ''Oz'' bịara, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tweedie|first=Jill|title=Goodbye love|work=The Guardian|date=28 September 1970|page=9}}; {{Cite news|author=Lyndon|first=Neil|authorlink=Neil Lyndon|title=Shooting down The Female Eunuch|url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/register/article/shooting-down-the-female-eunuch-d75bkm2t9jz|work=The Sunday Times|date=10 October 2010}}.</ref> MacGibbon & Kee bipụtara The Female Eunuch na UK na 12 Ọktoba 1970, raara ya nye Lillian Roxon na ụmụ nwanyị anọ ndị ọzọ.[103] Mbipụta mbụ nke 2 + 1⁄2 puku rere n'ụbọchị mbụ.<ref name="Byrne1986">{{Cite news|title=Germaine Greer on Marriage, Children And Society|url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/2016/1021/825887-germaine-greer-and-the-female-eunuch/|work=The Late Late Show|publisher=RTÉ|date=24 October 1986}}</ref> N'ikwu na ezinụlọ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ, ndị na-azụ ahịa, ndị na'ezinụlọ nuklia na-egbochi ma na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ ndị na-ere ahịa, akwụkwọ ahụ ghọrọ akwụkwọ kachasị mma na mba ụwa na ederede na-agbanwe agbanwe na òtù ụmụ nwanyị.[5] Dị ka Greer si kwuo, McGraw-Hill kwụrụ $ 29,000 maka ikike America na Bantam $ 135,000 maka akwụkwọ mpịakọta. Mbipụta Bantam kpọrọ Greer "Saucy feminist nke ọbụna ụmụ nwoke na-amasị", na-ehota magazin Life, na akwụkwọ "#1: okwu kachasị na nnwere onwe mmekọahụ".[107] Ọchịchọ dị ukwuu mgbe mbụ e bipụtara ya na a ga-ebipụtaghachi ya kwa ọnwa, ma ọ dịghị mgbe a kwụsịrị ibipụta ya.[108] Wallace dere banyere otu nwanyị nke fụchiri ya na akwụkwọ na-acha nchara nchara ma zoo ya n'okpuru akpụkpọ ụkwụ ya, n'ihi na di ya agaghị ekwe ka ọ gụọ ya.[109] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1998, ọ rere ihe karịrị otu nde na UK naanị. <ref name="McCann25Feb1998">{{Cite news|author=McCann|first=Paul|title=Greer paid pounds 1/2m for new 'Female Eunuch'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/greer-paid-pounds-12m-for-new-female-eunuch-1146787.html|work=The Independent|date=25 February 1998}}</ref>  Afọ 1970 bụ ihe dị mkpa maka feminism nke abụọ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị, ụmụ nwanyị 400 zutere na kọleji Ruskin, Oxford, maka ọgbakọ ntọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị Britain nke mbụ.[1] N'August, Kate Millett's Politics of Sexuality ka e bipụtara na New York;[2] na 26 August, Strike for Equality emume mere n'ofe United States; na na 31 August Millett Eserese Alice Neel dị na mkpuchi nke magazin Time, nke mgbe akwụkwọ ya rerela akwụkwọ 15,000 (ọ bụ ezie na December Time chere na nkwupụta ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwanyị nwere ike ime ka ndị mmadụ ghara ịnakwere ụmụ nwanyị).[3]. Septemba na Ọktọba hụrụ mbipụta nke Sisterhood Is Powerful, nke Robin Morgan deziri, na Shulamith Firestone's The Dialectic of Sex.[114] Na 6 Maachị 1971, yi uwe ndị nọn, Greer jiri ụmụ nwanyị 2,500 gafere etiti London na March nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị.[4] Ka ọ na-erule n’ọnwa ahụ, a sụgharịala akwụkwọ ahụ gaa n’asụsụ asatọ, ọ fọkwara obere ka erere mbipụta ya nke abụọ.[109] E bipụtara ya na United States site n'aka McGraw-Hill na 16 Eprel 1971.[5][6] Toast nke New York, Greer siri ọnwụ na-anọ na Chelsea Hotel, bụ ebe ndị ode akwụkwọ na ndị na-ese ihe na-agakarị, karịa na Algonquin Hotel ebe onye bipụtara ya debere ya akwụkwọ; A kwesịrị ịhazigharị akwụkwọ ya n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị chọrọ ịga.[7] Otu akwụkwọ nyocha akwụkwọ New York Times kọwara ya dị ka "[s] ix ụkwụ ogologo, na-enweghị ike ịma mma, nwere anya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na profaịlụ na-echetara Garbo." Akwụkwọ mpịakọta Paladin sochiri, ya na ihe osise mkpuchi nke onye Britain na-ese ihe John Holmes, nke René Magritte nwere mmetụta,na-egosi ahụ nwanyị dị ka uwe na-akwụnye na okporo ụzọ, aka na úkwù ọ bụla. Clive Hamilton weere ya dị ka "ma eleghị anya mkpuchi akwụkwọ kachasị echeta na nke na-akpata nchegbu e mepụtara". N'iji ahụ tụnyere "ụfọdụ fibreglass a tụbara na usoro mmepụta ihe", Christine Wallace dere na ụdị mbụ Holmes bụ nwanyị na-enweghị ihu, na-enweghị ara, nwanyị gba ọtọ, "n'ụzọ doro anya Germaine ... ntutu na-adaba n'ụdị afro-frizzed, n'úkwù dị omimi n'ime ụyọkọ ara ejiji, nke a na-eche na ọ bụ nke e bepụrụ na okike nke 'nwaanyị ọnaozi' dabere na nkwekọba na nkwonkwo aka".[102] Farrar, Straus <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Giroux bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ ọzọ n'afọ 2001 site n'aka Jennifer Baumgardner, onye isi nke atọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke usoro Feminist Classics nke onye na-ebipụta ya.[122] Dị ka Justyna Wlodarczyk si kwuo, Greer pụtara dị ka "onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ kachasị amasị nke atọ".[123]&nbsp;   The Female Eunuch na-enyocha otú ụwa nwoke na-achịkwa si emetụta mmetụta nke nwanyị banyere onwe ya, na otú echiche nke nwoke na nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ na-emebi echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke onwe, nnwere onwe, ike, na mmekọahụ. Ozi ya bụ na ụmụ nwanyị ga-eleba anya n'ime onwe ha maka nnwere onwe ha tupu ha enwee ike ịnwa ịgbanwe ụwa. N’usoro isiokwu e kewara gaa na nkebi ise—Ahụ, Mkpụrụ obi, Ịhụnanya, Ịkpọasị, na Mgbanwe—Greer na-enyocha echiche, akụkọ ifo, na nghọtahie ndị jikọtara ọnụ na-akpata mmegbu.[125] Ọ chịkọtara ozi akwụkwọ ahụ na 2018 dị ka "Mee ihe ị chọrọ ma hụ ihe ị na-eme n'anya ... Emela ya dị ka ịnyịnya ibu ma ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ka a na-emeso gị dị ka arse." [1] Wallace na-arụ ụka na nke a bụ ozi nke nnwere onwe, dabere na Sydney Push, kama nke sitere na ụmụ nwanyị oge ahụ.[127] Paragraf nke mbụ na-akọwa ọnọdụ akwụkwọ ahụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme ụmụ nwanyị (n'ihe odide mbụ, nkebi nke mbụ na-agụ: "Ruo ugbu a, mmegharị nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ntakịrị, ihe ùgwù na nke na-eleghara anya"): [128]   ''Onye ọnaozi'' ahụ ji: "Ndị inyom nwere ihe ùgwù ga-agba mbọ ma chọọ itinye gị na 'ọgụ' maka mgbanwe, mana mgbanwe bụ ihe na-agbadata. A ghaghị imebi usoro ochie, ọ bụghị nke ọhụrụ. Ụmụ nwanyị dị ilu ga-akpọ gị ka ị nupụ isi, mana ị nwere ọtụtụ ihe ị ga-eme. Gịnị ka ị ga-emekarị?"[130] [[Faịlụ:Germaine_Greer,_Amsterdam,_June_1972.jpg|thumb|Greer na Amsterdam, 6 June 1972, na njem akwụkwọ maka The Female Eunuch''Nwanyị Eunuch'']] Abụọ n'ime isiokwu nke akwụkwọ ahụ gosipụtara ụzọ maka Mmekọahụ na Ọdịnihu afọ iri na anọ ka e mesịrị, ya bụ na ezinụlọ nuklia bụ ọnọdụ ọjọọ maka ụmụ nwanyị na maka ịzụlite ụmụaka, nakwa na mmepụta nke Mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị site na ndị ọdịda anyanwụ na-eweda ala ma na-egbochi. A na-eme ụmụ nwanyị ka ha bụrụ ụmụ nwanyị site na nwata site n'ịkụziri ha iwu ndị na-achịkwa ha. Ka oge na-aga, mgbe ụmụ nwanyị na-anabata ụdị nwanyị toro eto, ha na-azụlite ihere banyere ahụ ha, ma na-efunahụ ikike ha na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ enweghị ike, ịnọpụ iche, mmekọahụ dị ala, na enweghị ọṅụ. "Dị ka anụ ọhịa", ka ọ gwara ''The New York Times'' na Machị 1971, "ndị a na-akpụ akpụ n'ọrụ ugbo iji mezuo ebumnuche ndị ọzọ nke nna ha ukwu - ka ha bụrụ abụba ma ọ bụ mee ka ha dị nro - ewepụla ụmụ nwanyị ikike ha ime ihe. " Akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwu na "[ndị] ụmụ nwanyị nwere obere ihe ọmụma banyere otú ụmụ nwoke si kpọrọ ha asị", ebe "[m] onwe ha amaghị omimi nke ịkpọasị ha. <ref name="weintraub22March1971">{{Cite news|first=Judith|author=Weintraub|date=March 22, 1971|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/05/09/specials/greer-shock.html|title=Germaine Greer&nbsp;– Opinions That May Shock the Faithful|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>[w] "Mmeghachi omume abụghị mgbanwe", ka o dere. "Ọ bụghị ihe ịrịba ama nke mgbanwe ebe ndị a na-emegbu emegbu na-eji omume nke ndị mmegbu eme ihe ma na-eme mmegbu n'onwe ha. Ọ bụghịkwa ihe ịrịbaanya nke mgbanwe mgbe ụmụ nwanyị ape ụmụ nwoke ... " Onye America na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Betty Friedan, onye dere The Feminine Mystique (1963), chọrọ ka ụmụ nwanyị "ịha nhata nke ohere n'ime ọnọdụ dị ugbu a, nnwere onwe ịbanye n'ụwa nke ọnyá na obi", ka o kwuru.[133][134]&nbsp;   Greer nọ na mmekọrịta n'oge ahụ na Tony Gourvish, onye njikwa nke otu egwu egwu Britain Family, nke malitere mgbe ọ na-ede The Female Eunuch. Kleinhenz dere na ha biri ọnụ ruo oge ụfọdụ, mana Greer mechara chee na ọ na-erigbu onye ama ya, mmetụta ọ na-etolite na ndị enyi ya, dị ka Kleinhenz si kwuo.[145] Na June 1971 ọ ghọrọ onye edemede maka London Sunday Times . Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, ọrụ mgbasa ozi ya kpọgara ya Vietnam, ebe o dere banyere "ụmụ agbọghọ na-agba akwụna" nke ndị agha America tụụrụ ime, na Bangladesh, ebe ọ gbara ụmụ nwanyị ndị ndị agha Pakistan dinara n'ike n'oge Agha Nnwere Onwe Bangladesh nke 1971.<ref name="Buchanan7Jan2018">{{Cite web|author=Buchanan|first=Rachel|title=Why it's time to acknowledge Germaine Greer, journalist|url=https://theconversation.com/why-its-time-to-acknowledge-germaine-greer-journalist-88958|work=The Conversation|date=7 January 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBuchanan2018">Buchanan, Rachel (7 January 2018). [https://theconversation.com/why-its-time-to-acknowledge-germaine-greer-journalist-88958 "Why it's time to acknowledge Germaine Greer, journalist"]. ''The Conversation''.</cite></ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1971, Greer, onye na-asụ Italian nke ọma, <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="651" href="./Tuscany" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tuscany">Tuscany-through-greers-eyes<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;title<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Tuscany through Greer's eyes<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;16 July 2020<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwDO4\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt432\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwDO8\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://library.unimelb.edu.au/asc/collections/highlights/collections/germainegreer/feature-images/tuscany-through-greers-eyes\" id=\"mwDPA\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Tuscany through Greer's eyes\"</a></nowiki>. 16 July 2020.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-150" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Germaine_Greer#cite_note-150 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> kwagara Cortona na Tuscany, ebe ọ gbazitere ''Il Palazzone'', ụlọ dị nso n'obodo ahụ. O mechara zụta ụlọ, ''Pianelli''.[147] Ọ gwara Richard Neville na ọ ga-anọpụ na England n'ihi iwu ụtụ isi ya.[148] Ọ nọrọ akụkụ nke oge okpomọkụ ahụ na Porto Cervo, ebe ezumike dị n'akụkụ osimiri, ya na Kenneth Tynan, onye nduzi nka nke Royal National Theatre, dị ka ndị ọbịa nke Michael White, onye na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri. Ìgwè ahụ na Princess Margaret, Lord Snowdon na Karim Aga Khan riri nri abalị n'otu mgbede. Greer ji obere akpa bịarute, tupu nri abalị ahụ, ọ chọpụtara na ikuku na-efe n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ efuru ntutu isi ya. Princess Margaret nọdụrụ Greer n'elu tebụl ejiji ya wee nọrọ nkeji ise na-asa ntutu isi ya. Isi ihe nke nleta maka Greer bụ ikwurịta ọrụ Tynan maka nsụgharị nke ''Lysistrata'' nke Aristophanes.[149]<ref name="Dean1Nov2013" /> Nke mbụ e mere na 411 BCE, egwuregwu ahụ na-enyocha mgbalị ụmụ nwanyị mere iji manye njedebe nke Agha Peloponnesian site n'ịga n'ihu na Mmekọahụ. Emeghị ọrụ ahụ; Greer na Tynan dara n'oge njem ahụ, Greer wee hapụ Porto Cervo na anya mmiri.[151] Ntinye ya nke egwuregwu ahụ nwetara ekele na 1999, mgbe Phil Willmott rụgharịrị ma mepụta ya dị ka Germaine Greer's Lysistrata: The Sex Strike . Greer akọwaala nnwere onwe ọ nwere n'ụlọ ya na Ịtali, nke na-enweghị ọkụ eletrik mgbe mbụ ọ kwagara ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://museumsandcollections.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/2803443/04_Buchanan-Greer-21.pdf|title='Here I let live, and am let live': Germaine Greer and Italy|first=Rachel|author=Buchanan|accessdate=3 March 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bi na Ịtali, Greer gbara Primo Levi, Luciano Pavarotti, na enyi ya na onye ọ hụrụ n'anya Federico Fellini ajụjụ ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2010/apr/11/germaine-greer-federico-fellini|title=Federico Fellini wanted to cast me in Casanova. We ended up in bed together &#124; Germaine Greer|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=11 April 2010}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1971, Nat Lehrman, onye so na kọmitii nchịkọta akụkọ ''Playboy'', gbara Greer ajụjụ ọnụ, onye si na United States gaa Ịtali iji gbaa ajụjụ ọnụ n'ụlọ ya. ''Playboy'' bipụtara isiokwu ahụ na Jenụwarị 1972: "Germaine Greer - a Candid Conversation with the Ballsy Author of The Female Eunuch". Ọ bụ n'oge ajụjụ ọnụ a ka o bu ụzọ kwurịta n'ihu ọha na [[Germaine Greer|e dinara ya n'ike]] n'afọ nke abụọ ya na Mahadum Melbourne.<ref name="Greer20March1995">{{Cite news|first=Germaine|author=Greer|date=20 March 1995|title=The refusal to be bowed by brutality|work=[[The Guardian]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">Greer, Germaine (20 March 1995). "The refusal to be bowed by brutality". ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref> N'ịbụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ọrụ mgbasa ozi ya, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa nkuzi ya na Warwick n'afọ ahụ.[157] Na Machị 1972, e jidere ya na New Zealand maka ikwu "bullshit" na "fuck" n'okwu n'oge njem, nke o kpachaara anya mee n'ihi na e jidere Tim Shadbolt (onye a ga-emecha bụrụ onye isi obodo Invercargill na 1993) n'oge na-adịbeghị anya maka otu ihe ahụ. Narị mmadụ isii gbakọtara n'èzí ụlọ ikpe ahụ, na-atụba jelly beans na àkwá na ndị uwe ojii. Mgbe ọ gbachitere onwe ya, a tọhapụrụ ya na 'bullshit' mana a mara ya ikpe maka 'fuck', Kleinhenz dere. N'ịbụ onye a mara ikpe ịga mkpọrọ, o kwuru na ya ga-akwụ ụgwọ kama, wee hapụ mba ahụ n'akwụghị ya.[158]&nbsp; Greer, onye dị afọ iri atọ na asaa n'oge ahụ, nwere mmekọrịta na 1976 na onye edemede [[Martin Amis]], onye dị n'afọ iri abụọ na isii n'oge a, nke a tụlere n'ihu ọha na 2015 mgbe ọ resịrị Mahadum Melbourne ihe ndekọ ya. N'ime ha, Margaret Simons chọpụtara akwụkwọ ozi 30,000 nke Greer malitere ide na 1 Machị 1976 mgbe ọ nọ na British Airways Monarch lounge na Heathrow Airport, wee gaa n'ihu n'oge njem nkuzi na United States, ọ bụ ezie na o doro anya na o ziteghị ya: "Ka kilomita na-agbakọta, achọtara m akwụkwọ ozi a siri ike ma sie ike ide. Ụdị m na-ada mbido dị ka ntụ. [160) A hapụrụ m akwụkwọ a na taxi ma ọ ga-efunahụ gị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụrụ na ị ga-eji ya.[160]&nbsp; [[Faịlụ:Mcfarlin_ice.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ McFarlin, Mahadum TulsaMahadum nke Tulsa]] Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ. N'afọ 1984 ọ gara [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]] iji kọọ banyere Ụnwụ nri 1983-1985 maka Daily Mail na ọzọ n'ọnwa Eprel 1985 maka The Observer. Maka nke ikpeazụ, o ji igwefoto Olympus na-akpaghị aka were foto wee gbaa kilomita 700 gaa Asosa, obodo nke Gọọmentị Etiopia na-ebugharị ndị mmadụ site na mpaghara ụnwụ nri. The Observer ebipụtaghị isiokwu abụọ 5,000 ọ nyere; n'echiche ya, ndị editọ ekwenyeghị n'echicha gọọmentị Mengistu. The New Worker bipụtara ha kama. Na Septemba 1985 ọ gara Etiopia ọzọ, n'oge a iji gosipụta ihe ngosi maka Channel 4 na UK.<ref name="Buchanan7Jan2018">{{Cite web|author=Buchanan|first=Rachel|title=Why it's time to acknowledge Germaine Greer, journalist|url=https://theconversation.com/why-its-time-to-acknowledge-germaine-greer-journalist-88958|work=The Conversation|date=7 January 2018}}</ref>&nbsp; Mmekọahụ na akara aka: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọmụmụ mmadụ (1984) gara n'ihu na nkatọ Greer banyere àgwà ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ, ọmụmụ, na ezinụlọ, yana itinye àgwà ndị ahụ n'ụwa ndị ọzọ. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya ọzọ gụnyere ezinụlọ nuklia, itinye aka gọọmentị na omume mmekọahụ, na ịzụ ahịa nke mmekọahụ na ahụ ụmụ nwanyị. O kwuru na nkwalite ọdịda anyanwụ nke igbochi ọmụmụ na Ụwa nke Atọ abụghị n'ụzọ dị ukwuu maka nchegbu maka ọdịmma mmadụ kama ọ bụ egwu ọdịnala na anyaụfụ nke ndị ọgaranya maka ọmụmụ nke ndị ogbenye. Omume mgbochi ọmụmụ emetọla site na mmalite ya, o dere, na-ezo aka na Marie Stopes na ndị ọzọ. Ọ dọrọ aka ná ntị megide ịkatọ ụdị ndụ na ụkpụrụ ezinụlọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. N'afọ 1984, Greer zụrụ The Mills, ụlọ ọrụ ugbo nke Georgia na ala dị hekta atọ na Great Chesterford, Essex, England, ebe ọ kụrụ osisi dị otu hekta, nke o kwuru na ọ mere ka ọ dị mpako karịa ihe ọ bụla ọzọ o mere, ma gbalịa idebe "dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-eto eto" dịka o nwere ike.<ref name="TheMills" /> Mills ka bụ ụlọ Greer maka akụkụ nke afọ mgbe o rere ya na 2018; <ref name="TheMills">Greer, Germaine (11 March 2018). [https://www.thetimes.com/life-style/wildlife-nature/article/germaine-greer-offers-advice-for-the-next-owner-of-her-essex-home-ckcfn9p2r "Germaine Greer offers advice for the next owner of her Essex home"]. ''The Sunday Times''.<br /><br />{{Cite web|title=The Mills|url=https://assets.savills.com/properties/GBCARSCAS150149/CAS150149_CAS15002037.PDF|publisher=Savills|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602004903/https://assets.savills.com/properties/GBCARSCAS150149/CAS150149_CAS15002037.PDF|archivedate=2 June 2018}}</ref> ka ọ na-erule afọ 2016, ọ na-anọ ọnwa anọ n'afọ na Australia na ndị ọzọ na UK. <ref name="Dugdale7Nov2016">{{Cite news|author=Dugdale|first=Lynda|title=Germaine Greer: Not about to change|url=https://www.intheblack.com/articles/2016/11/07/germaine-greer-not-about-to-change|work=Intheblack|date=7 November 2016}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Germaine_Greer_and_Lewis_Wolpert_on_After_Dark_on_30_May_1994.jpg|thumb|Mụ na [[Lewis Wolpert]] na Channel 4's After Dark, 1994]] E bipụtara akwụkwọ ya ''Shakespeare'' (isiokwu PhD ya) na 1986 site na Oxford University Press dị ka akụkụ nke usoro Past Masters. ''The Madwoman's Underclothes: Essays and Occasional Writings'', nchịkọta nke isiokwu ya e dere n'etiti 1968 na 1985, pụtakwara n'afọ ahụ. Na June 1988, ya na Harold Pinter, Antonia Fraser, Ian McEwan, Margaret Drabble, Salman Rushdie, David Hare na ndị ọzọ, ọ ghọrọ akụkụ nke "20th of June Group", nke kwadoro nnwere onwe obodo na England nke otu ahụ chere na a na-emebi; nke a bụ obere oge mgbe ewepụtara Akụkụ 28, nke gbochiri ụlọ akwụkwọ ịkụzi ndina ụdị onwe dị ka akụkụ dị mma nke ndụ ezinụlọ.[169] Ọ na-apụta mgbe niile na telivishọn na UK na Australia n'oge a, gụnyere na BBC's Have I Got News for You ọtụtụ ugboro site na 1990. N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1995, Andrew Neil gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ ogologo oge na ihe ngosi ajụjụ ọnụ ya bụ Is This Your Life? <ref>{{IMDb title|tt9800432|Is This Your Life?|(22 July 1995, Germaine Greer)}}</ref> N'afọ 1998, o dere otu ihe omume, "Make Love not War", maka usoro ihe omume telivishọn Cold War, n'afọ sochirinụ, ọ nọdụrụ maka foto gba ọtọ nke onye Australia na-ese foto Polly Borland. Ajụjụ ọnụ 1994 ya na Greer na The Big Issue, nke o kwuru na ya na onye ọ bụla dị njikere ịgbaso iwu ya ga-ebikọ ụlọ ya, a kọwara ya dị ka akwụkwọ ịkpọ òkù maka ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi, ma mee ka ndị nta akụkọ na ụgbọ elu na-efe ala jupụta ya. Otu n'ime ndị nta akụkọ ahụ, onye nta akụkọ Mail on Sunday, jisiri ike banye ma jiri ile ọbịa ya mee ihe ruo ụbọchị abụọ, nke gụnyere Greer ịsa uwe ya ma kụziere ya otu esi eme achịcha.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Germaine|author=Greer|date=7 February 1994|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/02/07/Greer-to-sue-journalist-who-posed-as-a-homeless-man/3897760597200/|title=Greer to sue journalist who posed as a homeless man}}</ref> Mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ bipụtara akwụkwọ mpịakọta peeji atọ, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ahụ chọpụtara na ikpe mara ya maka aghụghọ na-abụghị maka ọdịmma ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/newspaper-breached-code-1432513.html|title=Newspaper breached code|work=[[The Independent]]|date=30 March 1994}}</ref> Natalie Angier, na-ede na ''The New York Times'', kpọrọ The Change: Women, Ageing, and the Menopause (1991) "oké iwe, obi ụtọ, iwe iwe nke akwụkwọ ... nke na-akpali akpali nke dị nso ịbụ onye nwere ike ịbụ onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na The Female Eunuch". N'ime ya, Greer dere banyere akụkọ ifo banyere nsọpụrụ - ma ọ bụ dịka ọ na-ahọrọ ịkpọ ya "oge kachasị njọ".<ref>{{Cite news|first=Natalie|author=Angier|authorlink=Natalie Angier|date=October 11, 1992|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/05/09/specials/greer-change.html|title=The Transit of Woman|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> "Ịtụ egwu ụmụ nwanyị bụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ", o dere na The Age n'afọ 2002. "A na-atụ ụmụ nwanyị egwu iji ọgwụgwọ hormone dochie anya site na amụma ọjọọ nke ọkpụkpụ na-ada ada, ọrịa obi, enweghị agụụ mmekọahụ, ịda mbà n'obi, obi nkoropụ, ọrịa na ọnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ekwe ka okike gaa n'ihu. "Ọ na-ekwu na ịtụ ụmụ nwanyị egwu bụ "nnukwu azụmahịa ma baa uru dị ukwuu".<ref>{{Cite news|first=Germaine|author=Greer|date=13 July 2002|url=https://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/07/12/1026185109376.html|title=The Female Used|work=[[The Age]]}}</ref> E mezigharịrị akwụkwọ ahụ, gụnyere ozi ahụike, ma bipụtaghachi ya na 2018.&nbsp; === ''Slip-Shod Sibyls'' (1995) === N'afọ 2021, Greer laghachiri Australia iji ree ụlọ ya ma tinye onwe ya n'ụlọ nlekọta ndị agadi na Castlemaine, Victoria. Ọ nọrọ ọnwa iri wee pụọ n'ọnwa Eprel 2022 ka ya na nwanne ya nwoke biri. Ọ kọwara onwe ya dị ka "ọ bụghị onye ọrịa, kama ọ bụ onye mkpọrọ" n'ụlọ nlekọta ndị agadi. O kwuru na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ nlekọta karịa ụmụ nwoke ma kwuo na nlekọta ndị agadi bụ nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị na-akpali akpali.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-05|title=Females to the fore: The women at this year's Canberra Writers Festival|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7846103/females-to-the-fore-the-women-at-this-years-canberra-writers-festival/|accessdate=2022-09-09|work=The Canberra Times|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Overington|first=Caroline|date=1 July 2022|title=Germaine Greer's life as an aged-care 'inmate'|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/germaine-greer-life-as-an-agedcare-inmate/news-story/d8072017b7701420a65b498d275dd357|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703053353/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/germaine-greer-life-as-an-agedcare-inmate/news-story/d8072017b7701420a65b498d275dd357|archivedate=July 3, 2022|accessdate=August 10, 2024|work=The Australian}}</ref> == Ebe ndebe ihe ochie nke Germaine Greer == Greer rere ihe ndekọ ya na 2013 na Mahadum Melbourne . Ka ọ na-erule June 2018 ọ na-ekpuchi oge 1959-2010, na-ejupụta igbe nchekwa 487 na mita 82 nke oghere shelf . Mbufe nke ihe ncheta (150 faịlụ-cabinet drawers) site n'ụlọ Greer na England malitere na July 2014; mahadum mara ọkwa na ọ na-akpata nde $ 3 iji kwado ịzụta, mbupu, ụlọ, katalọgụ na digitization. Greer kwuru na a ga-enye onyinye ya maka ọrụ ebere ya, Friends of Gondwana Rainforest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=University to house Germaine Greer archive|url=http://www.campaign.unimelb.edu.au/news-and-events/2013-10-28-university-to-house-germaine-greer-archive|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109020158/http://www.campaign.unimelb.edu.au/news-and-events/2013-10-28-university-to-house-germaine-greer-archive|archivedate=9 November 2013|publisher=University of Melbourne|date=28 October 2013}}</ref> Kaadị ndepụta nke nwere ozi osisi ezinụlọ Greer, nke a chịkọtara mgbe ọ na-eme nchọpụta n'akwụkwọ ya Daddy, We Hardly Knew You, bụ nke State Library of Victoria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Index cards ca. 1990. [manuscript].|url=https://find.slv.vic.gov.au/discovery/fulldisplay?&context=L&vid=61SLV_INST:SLV&search_scope=slv_local&tab=searchProfile&docid=alma9916351273607636|accessdate=2025-04-30|work=find.slv.vic.gov.au|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==   == Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala == == Edensibia == === eIhe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i7xnj6054yygtazz5cvv6z0c5njfd39 672244 672211 2026-07-04T13:34:03Z Bigcee007 24507 Fixed reference error 672244 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Germaine Greer''' (/ɡrɪər/; amụrụ na 29 Jenụwarị 1939) bụ onye edemede Australia na onye ọgụgụ isi ọha na eze, nke a na-ewere dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi olu nke usoro ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ na ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke 20. N'ịbụ onye ọkachamara na akwụkwọ Bekee na nke ụmụ nwanyị, Greer enweela ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ na England na Mahadum Warwick na Newnham College, Cambridge, na United States na Mahadim Tulsa. Ọ malitere ibi na UK na 1964, ma site na 1990s ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ, kewara oge ya n'etiti Queensland, Australia, na ụlọ ya na Essex, England.[2] Echiche Greer emeela ka esemokwu malite n'akwụkwọ mbụ ya, The Female Eunuch (1970), mere ka ọ bụrụ aha a ma ama. Akwụkwọ kacha ere ahịa n'ụwa niile na ederede na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ime [[Òtù ụmụ nwanyị]], ọ na-enye usoro nhazi nke echiche dịka ịbụ nwanyị na ịbụ nwanyị, na-arụ ụka na a manyere ụmụ nwanyị ka ha rụọ ọrụ nrubeisi na ọha mmadụ iji mezuo nrọ ụmụ nwoke banyere ihe ịbụ nwanyị gụnyere. [5] Ọrụ Greer na-esote lekwasịrị anya na akwụkwọ, ụmụ nwanyị, na gburugburu ebe obibi. O dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 20, gụnyere Sex and Destiny (1984), The Change (1991), The Whole Woman (1999), na The Boy (2003). Akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2013 White Beech: The Rainforest Years na-akọwa mbọ ọ na-agba iji weghachite mpaghara mmiri ozuzo na Numinbah Valley na Australia. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya na ime ihe ike, ọ bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ maka The Sunday Times, ''The Guardian'', The Daily Telegraph, The Spectator, The Independent, na The ''Oldie'', n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Buchanan7Jan2018">{{Cite web|author=Buchanan|first=Rachel|title=Why it's time to acknowledge Germaine Greer, journalist|url=https://theconversation.com/why-its-time-to-acknowledge-germaine-greer-journalist-88958|work=The Conversation|date=7 January 2018}}</ref> Greer bụ nnwere onwe (ma ọ bụ nke siri ike) karịa onye na-ahụ maka ịha nhata. [a] Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya abụghị ịha nhata na ụmụ nwoke, nke ọ na-ahụ dị ka mmetọ na "ịkwado ibi ndụ nke ụmụ nwoke na-enweghị nnwere onwe". "Nnapụta ụmụ nwanyị", ka o dere na The Whole Woman (1999), "ahụghị ikike nwanyị ahụ n'ihe gbasara nwoke n'ezie. "Ọ na-ekwu na nnwere onwe bụ maka ikwusi ike ọdịiche na "ịkwado ya dị ka ọnọdụ nke nkọwa onwe na mkpebi onwe onye". Ọ bụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị "ịkọwa ụkpụrụ nke ha, hazie ihe ndị ha ga-ebute ụzọ ma kpebie ọdịnihu nke ha". [b] === Melbourne === [[Faịlụ:Elwood_beach_and_Melbourne_skyline.jpg|thumb|Ụsọ mmiri Elwood A na-ahụ ihu igwe Ebe etiti obodo Melbourne n'ebe dị anya.]] A mụrụ Germaine Greer na 29 Jenụwarị 1939 na Melbourne n'ezinụlọ ndị Katọlik, okenye nke ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ sochiri nwa nwoke. Nna ya kpọrọ onwe ya Eric Reginald ("Reg") Greer; ọ gwara ya na a mụrụ ya na South Africa, mana ọ matara mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na a mụrụ Robert Hamilton King na Launceston, Tasmania.[10] Ọ mụtakwara na a kpọrọ ya Robert Henry Eric Ernest Hambert . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Greer|first=Germaine|date=1989|title=Daddy, We Hardly Knew You|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=62iHDwAAQBAJ&q=Daddy+we+hardly+knew+you|location=New York|publisher=Fawcett Columbine|isbn=0449905616}}</ref> Ya na nne ya, Margaret ("Peggy") May Lafrank, lụrụ na Machị 1937; Reg ghọrọ onye Katọlik tupu agbamakwụkwọ ahụ. Peggy bụ onye na-ere akwụkwọ akụkọ na Reg bụ onye na'ere akwụkwọ akụkọ.[13] [c] N'agbanyeghị ọzụzụ Katọlik ya na Mmegide ndị Juu nke nna ya, Greer kwenyesiri ike na nna ya bụ onye Juu na nzuzo. O kwenyere na nne nne ya bụ nwanyị onye Juu aha ya bụ Rachel Weiss, mana ọ kwetara na o nwere ike ịbụ na o mere nke a site na "oké ọchịchọ ịbụ onye Juu. " N'agbanyeghị na ọ maghị ma o nwere ndị nna nna ndị Juu ọ bụla, Greer "dị ka ọ bụ onye Juu" wee malite itinye aka na obodo ndị Juu. Ọ mụtara Yiddish, sonye n'òtù ihe nkiri ndị Juu, ma soro ndị Juu na-akpa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Greer|first=Germaine|date=1989|title=Daddy, We Hardly Knew You|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=62iHDwAAQBAJ&q=Daddy+we+hardly+knew+you|location=New York|publisher=Fawcett Columbine|isbn=0449905616}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ahụ biri na Elwood nke dị na Melbourne, na mbụ n'ụlọ a na-akwụ ụgwọ na Docker Street, nso osimiri, mgbe ahụ n'ụlọ ọzọ a na-agbazite na Esplanade.[16] Na Jenụwarị 1942 nna Greer sonyeere ndị agha nke abụọ nke Australian Imperial Force; mgbe ọ zụchara ọzụzụ na Royal Australian Air Force, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ciphers maka ndị agha British Royal Air Force na Egypt na [[Malta]]. Greer gara St Columba's Catholic Primary School na Elwood site na Febụwarị 1943 - ezinụlọ ahụ bi na 57 Ormond Road, Elwood - Sacred Heart Parish School, Sandringham, na Holy Redeemer School, Ripponlea sochiri ya.[18] Na 1952, Greer debanyere aha na Star of the Sea College na Gardenvale, ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Sisters of the Presentation of the Holy Virgin Mary na-agba. Ọ bụ ebe a ka Greer kwuru na a kpọbatara ya na nka na egwu. N'afọ ahụ, e gosipụtara ihe osise ya na ngalaba nke iri na anọ nke ihe ngosi nka ụmụaka na Tye's Gallery, nke Archbishọp Mannix meghere.[1] Akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kọwara ya dị ka "obere ihe na-eme mkpọtụ na onye na-enwe nsogbu nke nwere iwe na onye na-akparị onwe ya", ọ bụkwa ebe ahụ ka Greer bụ nkà na-arị elu; na mgbakwunye na Bekee, Greer gụrụ akwụkwọ na European ọmụmụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, na n'ule ikpeazụ ya, ọ nwetara akara kacha elu na steeti.[2][20] Greer lere anya azụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata dị ka "ihe ncheta na-adịte aka" ma kwuo na ọ bụ ike anụ ahụ na nke uche nke ndị mụrụ ya bụ ndị mere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-eme ihe ngosi.[2] Otu afọ mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Greer Brand, bụ ebe ọ na-agụcha akwụkwọ na Mahadum California, Berkeley, bụ onye nọn maka Ụka Katọlik.[22]. Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na-arụ ọrụ. Ya na nne ya nwere nzụlite siri ike, onye, dị ka Greer si kwuo, nwere ike inwe Asperger. N'afọ 2012, o kwuru na nwanne ya nwoke enweghị ike ịgbaghara ya maka "ịhapụ" ha, mana ya enwebeghị ike imere nwanne ya nwoke, "onye m na-akpọ onye ọzọ n'ụwa"[1]. [[Faịlụ:Old_Arts_Building._Parkville_Campus_of_University_of_Melbourne_(cropped).JPG|thumb|Ụlọ Old Arts, Mahadum MelbourneMahadum nke Melbourne]] Site na 1956 Greer gụrụ asụsụ Bekee na French na akwụkwọ na Mahadum Melbourne na agụmakwụkwọ nke Mahadum Onye Nkụzi, na-ebi n'ụlọ maka afọ abụọ mbụ na ego nke £ 8 kwa izu. 1.8 mita (6 ụkwụ) n'ogologo mgbe ọ dị afọ 16, ọ bụ onye dị ịrịba ama. "Onye ogologo, onye na-enweghị ụkwụ na onye na-eme ihe ọchị, ọ na-agagharị na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, na-ama na a na-ekwu ọtụtụ ihe banyere ya", dị ka onye nta akụkọ Peter Blazey, onye ya na Melbourne dịkọrọ ndụ. N'afọ mbụ ya, a gwọrọ Greer n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'oge na-adịghị anya maka ịda mbà n'obi.[26] Ọ gwara magazin ''Playboy'', n'ajụjụ ọnụ e bipụtara na 1972, na e dinara ya n'ike mgbe ọ nọ n'afọ nke abụọ na mahadum, ahụmahụ ọ kọwara n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ''The Guardian'' na Machị 1995. <ref name="Greer20March1995">{{Cite news|first=Germaine|author=Greer|date=20 March 1995|title=The refusal to be bowed by brutality|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Greer wepụrụ afọ ime mgbe mmekọrịta ya mebiri ma kọwaa oge ahụ dị ka "annus horribilis".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jeremy Isaacs 1995 interview with Germaine Greer|work=[[YouTube]]|date=24 May 2022|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R02LPPS5Lq0}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:(1)_Royal_George_Hotel.JPG|thumb|Royal George Hotel, Sydney, 2010]] Obere oge tupu ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Melbourne na 1959 na nke abụọ dị elu, ọ kwagara Sydney, ebe ọ sonyeere Sydney Push na ndị anarchist Sydney Libertarians. "[Ndị a kwuru banyere eziokwu na naanị eziokwu", ka o kwuru, "na-ekwusi ike na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe anyị kpughere n'ụbọchị ahụ bụ echiche, nke bụ otu okwu maka ụgha - ma ọ bụ ihe nzuzu, dịka ha na-akpọ ya. " Ha ga-ezukọ n'ime ụlọ azụ nke Royal George Hotel na Sussex Street.[30] Clive James so n'òtù ahụ n'oge ahụ. Otu n'ime ndị na-ede akụkọ ndụ Greer, Christine Wallace, dere na Greer "na-abanye na Royal George Hotel, n'ime ìgwè mmadụ na-ekwu onwe ha n'ime ụlọ na-esi ísì biya ochie ma jupụta na anwụrụ sịga, wee malite ịgbaso ụzọ ndụ Push, 'ịdọ aka ná ntị siri ike nke m manyere m ịmụta'". Greer echerela onwe ya dị ka onye anarchist n'amaghị ihe mere o ji dọta ya; site na Push, ọ matara akwụkwọ anarchist.[31] O nwere mmekọrịta dị mkpa n'òtù ahụ na Harry Hooton na Roelof Smilde, ha abụọ bụ ndị a ma ama.[32] Ya na Smilde bi n'otu ụlọ na Glebe Point Road, mana mmekọrịta ahụ adịteghị aka; dị ka Wallace si kwuo, echiche Push nke "ịhụnanya nweere onwe ya" gụnyere ịjụ nnwere onwe na ekworo, nke na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị maka ihu ọma ụmụ nwoke. Mgbe mmekọrịta ya na Smilde kwụsịrị, Greer debanyere aha na Mahadum Sydney iji mụọ Byron, ebe, Clive James dere, ọ ghọrọ "onye a ma ama maka ire ọjọọ ya. [34][35] Otu n'ime ndị enyi ya n'ebe ahụ, Arthur Dignam, kwuru na ọ "bụ naanị nwanyị anyị zutere n'oge ahụ nke nwere ike iji obi ike, n'ụzọ dị mfe ma na-atọ ọchị mee ka ndị ikom daa".[36] Ọ malitere itinye aka na ime ihe nkiri na Sydney ma mee Mother Courage na Mother Courage and Her Children n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1963.[37] N'afọ ahụ, e nyere ya MA nke mbụ maka edemede akpọrọ "The Development of Byron's Satiric Mode", wee were nhọpụta na Sydney dị ka onye nkuzi dị elu na Bekee, yana ọfịs dị n'akụkụ Stephen Knight na ụlọ Carslaw nke mahadum.[38] "O doro anya na ọ bụ ezigbo onye nkuzi", ka o kwuru. "Na otu n'ime ndị nkuzi kachasị mma - otu n'etiti mmadụ ole na ole nwere ike inye iwu na Wallace Lecture Theatre, ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ 600 ya. O nwere ụdị àgwà histrionic nke dị nnọọ ịrịba ama, gbakwunyere na ezigbo agụmakwụkwọ ya".[39] [[Faịlụ:Newnham_College,_Cambridge,_March_2008.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Newnham College, Cambridge]] MA meriri Greer a Commonwealth Scholarship, nke o ji kwado ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ na Mahadum Cambridge, rutere n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1964 na Newnham College, kọleji naanị ụmụ nwanyị.[40] [[Samuel Louis Goldberg|Sam Goldberg]], onye Leavisite, onye bụ Challis Chair of English Literature na Sydney kemgbe 1963 gbara ya ume ịpụ na Sydney.[41] Na mbido ịbanye na ọmụmụ BA na Cambridge - agụmakwụkwọ ya gaara enye ya ohere mezue ya n'ime afọ abụọ - Greer jisiri ike gbanwee mgbe oge mbụ ("site n'ike nke arụmụka", dị ka Clive James si kwuo) gaa na mmemme PhD iji mụọ [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], nke Anne Barton, onye a maara mgbe ahụ dị ka Anne Righter, lekọtara. O kwuru na ọ gbanwere n'ihi na ọ "chọtara na ha agaghị akụzi ihe ọ bụla".[her][43] Muriel Bradbrook, nwanyị mbụ bụ Prọfesọ nke Bekee na Cambridge, mere ka Greer mụọ Shakespeare; Bradbrook lekọtara PhD Barton.[44] [[File:Cambridge_News,_November_1964.jpg|thumb|Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: Hilary Walston, Germaine Greer na Sheila Buhr, na-esonyere Footlights, Cambridge News, November 1964 ]] Cambridge bụ ebe siri ike maka ụmụ nwanyị. Dị ka Christine Wallace si kwuo, otu nwa akwụkwọ Newnham kọwara di ya na-anata akwụkwọ oriri na 1966 site na Christ's College nke nyere ohere "Ndị inyom na-abanye naanị maka sherry".[46] Lisa Jardine zutere Greer na nri abalị na Newnham. Onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ rịọrọ ka a gbachie nkịtị maka okwu. "Ka ọgba aghara na-agbadata, otu onye nọgidere na-ekwu okwu, na-etinye onwe ya na mkparịta ụka ya iji chọpụta":<blockquote>Na tebụl ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Germaine ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na-akọwa na ọ gaghị enwe nnwere onwe maka ụmụ nwanyị, n'agbanyeghị etu ha gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma, ọ bụrụhaala na achọrọ anyị ka anyị tinye ara anyị n'ime brọsh ndị e wuru dị ka obere Vesuvius, abụọ a dụkọtara ọnụ, na-acha ọcha, nke na-enweghị ihe yiri ahụ nwanyị. N'afọ ofufo, ọ na-enwe obi erughị ala nke ndị isi afọ iri isii, ka o ji ike kwuo, bụ ihe nnọchianya jọgburu onwe ya nke mmegbu nwoke.</blockquote>Ozugbo ọ bịarutere, Greer nyochara (ya na Clive James, onye ọ maara site na Sydney Push) maka ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eme ihe nkiri, Footlights, n'ime ụlọ klọb ya na Falcon Yard n'elu ụlọ ahịa Mac Fisheries. Ha mere ihe osise nke ọ bụ Noël Coward na ya bụ Gertrude Lawrence.[48] Na-esonyere n'otu ụbọchị ahụ James na Russell Davies, Greer bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ a nabatara dị ka onye otu zuru oke, tinyere Sheila Buhr na Hilary Walston. <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="308" href="./Tim_Brooke-Taylor" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tim Brooke-Taylor">Tim Brooke-Taylor]],<nowiki><ref>Boston, Richard (3 June 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/jun/03/cambridge-footlights-comedy-university \"From the archive, 3 June 1983: Cambridge Footlights celebrate 100 years of comedy\"], ''The Guardian''.</ref></nowiki> and to <nowiki>[[Eric Idle]]</nowiki>, the Footlights president."}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="cite_ref-55" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref">[./Germaine_Greer#cite_note-55 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> The Cambridge News bu akụkọ banyere ya na Nọvemba 1964, na-ezo aka na ụmụ nwanyị dị ka "ụmụ agbọghọ atọ". Nzaghachi Greer maka nnabata ya bụ: "Ebe a na-eji ndị na-agba ọsọ na-awụli elu. Ị nwere ike ịnwe ya n'onwe gị. " O sonyere na revue ya nke 1965, My Girl Herbert, ya na Eric Idle (onye isi oche Footlights), John Cameron, Christie Davies na John Grillo.[53][50]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.footlights.org/past/1965|title=Cambridge Footlights: Year ending 1965|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104112941/http://www.footlights.org/past/1965|archivedate=4 January 2006}}</ref> Otu onye nkatọ chọpụtara "nwa agbọghọ Australia nke nwere ikike okike iji gosipụta olu ya".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Footlights at 120: A history of Footlights|url=http://www.footlights.org:80/history|publisher=Cambridge Footlights|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104103517/http://www.footlights.org/history|archivedate=4 January 2006|accessdate=26 August 2020}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ so na Footlights mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ gụnyere Tim Brooke-Taylor, John Cleese, Peter Cook na David Frost.[56] [[Faịlụ:Cmglee_Cambridge_Friar_House_from_The_Eagle.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Greer biri n'ọnụ ụlọ dị n'akụkụ Clive James na Friar House (ụlọ ọcha), Bene't Street, Cambridge.]]   Greer dechara Ph.D. na Calabria, Italy, bụ ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọkụ azụ n'ime obodo nwere olulu mmiri na ọkụ eletrik. Njem ahụ yiri nke enyi ya bụ́ Emilio, ma nwoke ahụ gosiri Greer akwụkwọ ya bụ nwoke na-asa ahụ́ n’olulu mmiri tupu chi ọbụbọ, na-eyikwa uwe ojii na akpụkpọ ụkwụ.[1] Enyere ya PhD na Mee 1968 maka edemede ya The Ethic of Love and Marriage in Shakespeare's Early Comedies. [59] Greer - onye na-asụ ma ọ bụ na-agụ Latin, Greek oge ochie, Italian, French, German, na Spanish [2] - dọtara mmasị dị iche iche nke European Renaissance comedies na-arụ ụka na Shakespeare na-emeso ihe ọchị na-enye ozi dị iche na akwụkwọ ndị Europe. [3] Ahụmahụ nke onwe ya ezughị iji kọwaa ihe omume ahụ. "Enyefere m ndụ m niile maka okike, na-eme ike m niile ime ihe ga-atọ ndị ọzọ ụtọ, m ga-agakwa n'ihu ruo mgbe m ruru n'elu, wee leghachi anya azụ ma nwee mmasị na naanị onwe m"[62]. Nwanyị ọnaozi ahụ na-adabere nke ukwuu na agụmakwụkwọ ''Shakespeare'' nke Greer, ọkachasị mgbe ọ na-atụle akụkọ ihe mere eme nke alụmdi na nwunye na mbedo. N'afọ 1986, Oxford University Press bipụtara akwụkwọ ya Shakespeare dị ka akụkụ nke usoro Past Masters, na 2007 Bloomsbury bipụtara ọmụmụ ya banyere Anne Hathaway, Shakespeare's Wife.[63] == Ọrụ mmalite na edemede == === Ozizi, alụmdi na nwunye na telivishọn === [[Faịlụ:Germaine_Greer,_June_1972_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Greer na June 1972]] Site na 1968 ruo 1972, Greer rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Mahadum Warwick na Coventry, ya na di mbụ ya na Leamington Spa nwere nwamba abụọ na kilogram 300. [1] [65] Na 1968 ọ mụrụ akwụkwọ mbụ ya, Paul, na mgbakwunye na ime ihe, dere akwụkwọ 300. [1] King's College London English, onye rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ewu ụlọ, n'ụlọ dị na Portobello Road, London, mgbe obere oge gasịrị na Paddington Register Office, na-eji mgbanaka sitere na ụlọ akụ. [2] [65] Du Feu alụọla nwunye wee mụọ ụmụ nwoke abụọ, gbara afọ 14 na 16, ya na di mbụ ya. [67] === ''Oz'' na Suck''Ịṅụ'' === [[Faịlụ:Oz_magazine,_issue_19,_early_1969.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Greer na mkpuchi nke magazin ''Oz'', mmalite 1969, ya na Vivian Stanshall nke Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah BandÒtù Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah]] Greer malitere ide kọlụm dị ka "Dr. G" maka magazin ''Oz'', nke Richard Neville, onye ọ zutere na oriri na Sydney.[74] E mechiri Australian ''Oz'' na 1963 mgbe ọnwa atọ gasịrị ma maa ndị nchịkọta akụkọ ikpe maka okwu rụrụ arụ, e mesịa gbanwee ha. Neville na onye nchịkọta akụkọ ya, Martin Sharp, kwagara London ma guzobe ''Oz'' n'ebe ahụ. Mgbe Neville zutere Greer ọzọ, ọ tụrụ aro ka o dee maka ya, nke dugara na edemede ya na mbipụta mbụ na 1967, "In Bed with the English".[75] Keith Morris sere ya foto ("Dr G, naanị onye na-eme ihe nkiri nwere PhD n'agbụ") maka mbipụta 19 na mbido 1969; ihe oyiyi ojii na-acha ọcha gụnyere otu n'ime ihe ndị ọ na-ese maka mkpuchi ya na Vivian Stanshall na nke ọzọ nke ọ na-eme ka ọ na-akpọ ụbọ .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Photographs|date=30 August 2017|url=https://digitised-collections.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/191793|publisher=Germaine Greer Archive, University of Melbourne|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003194325/https://digitised-collections.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/191793|archivedate=3 October 2018|author=Greer|first=Germaine}}</ref> Mbipụta July 1970, ''''Oz'' 29'', gosipụtara "Germaine Greer knits private parts", isiokwu sitere na Oz's Needlework Correspondent na aka na-akpụ akpụ Keep it Warm Cock Sock, "a snug corner for a chilly prick". Dị ka "Rose Blight", o dekwara kọlụm n'ubi maka Private Eye.[78] N'afọ 1969, Greer so guzobe magazin na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ nke dị na Amsterdam, Suck: The First European Sex Paper (1969-1974), ya na Bill Daley, Jim Haynes, William Levy, Heathcote Williams na Jean Shrimpton, ebumnuche ya bụ ịmepụta "ihe ọhụrụ na-akpụ agụụ mmekọahụ nke ga-eme ka ahụ nwoke na nke nwanyị ghara ịdị mma". Akụkọ na-ekwu na mbipụta mbụ ahụ bụ ihe na-akpasu iwe nke na Special Branch wakporo ọfịs ya na London na Arts Lab na Drury Lane ma mechie adreesị postbox ya.<ref name="suck">{{Cite book|title=Suck, the first European sex magazine|oclc=810282005}}</ref>[80] Dị ka Beatrice Faust si kwuo, Suck bipụtara "ihe omimi SM nke na-asọ ụmụ nwanyị asị", gụnyere ihe osise mkpuchi, maka mbipụta 7, nke nwoke na-ejide "nwaanyị na-eti mkpu na ụkwụ ya n'ikuku ka onye ọzọ dinara ya n'ike".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Faust|first=Beatrice|authorlink=Beatrice Faust|title=Grab-bag of Germaine ideas|work=The Age|date=20 December 1986|page=137}}</ref> Otu n'ime ndị na-ede akụkọ ndụ Greer, Elizabeth Kleinhenz, dere na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla na-emebi iwu maka Suck, gụnyere nkọwa nke mmetọ ụmụaka, mmekọahụ na anụmanụ.[80] Akụkụ Greer, "Sucky Fucky" nke "Earth Rose", gụnyere ndụmọdụ nye ụmụ nwanyị banyere otu esi elekọta akụkụ ahụ ha na otu ha kwesịrị isi detụ ihe ha na-eme n'ahụ ha.[82][83] O bipụtara aha enyi ya, onye ọ maara site n'oge ya na Sydney Push na onye o mechara nyefee The Female Eunuch: "Onye ọ bụla chọrọ inwe mmekọahụ n'ìgwè na New York ma nwee mmasị na ụmụ agbọghọ buru ibu, kpọtụrụ Lillian Roxon. " N'oge mmemme ihe nkiri Amsterdam nke afọ 1970 nke Suck haziri, ndị ọka ikpe, nke gụnyere Greer, nyere Bodil Joensen ihe nrite mbụ maka ihe nkiri nke nwanyị na ụmụ anụmanụ nwere mmekọahụ. [85] Suck weghachiri otu ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Greer (nke mbụ e bipụtara na ''Screw'', magazin ọzọ na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ), nke akpọrọ "Abụ m akwụna". &nbsp; N'otu oge ahụ ọ na-etinye aka na Suck, Greer gwara Robert Greenfield nke Rolling Stone na Jenụwarị 1971 na ọ bụ onye na-enwe mmasị na Redstockings, otu ụmụ nwanyị siri ike nke Ellen Willis na [[Shulamith Firestone]] guzobere na New York na Jenụwaị 1969. N'ịbụ onye ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị katọrọ maka itinye aka na Suck, na Mee 1971 ọ gwara onye na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ maka ''Screw'': Greer kewara na Suck na 1972 mgbe ọ bipụtara foto ya gba ọtọ na-edina ala na ụkwụ ya n'ubu ya na ihu ya na-ele anya n'etiti apata ụkwụ ya.<ref name="ifeminists">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifeminists.net/introduction/editorials/2004/1215cook.html|title=Encounters with Germaine Greer|first=Dana|author=Cook|date=15 December 2004|work=ifeminists.com}}</ref> E zigara foto ahụ na nghọta na a ga-ebipụta foto ndị gba ọtọ nke ndị nchịkọta akụkọ niile n'akwụkwọ gbasara mmemme ihe nkiri.[90] Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm, na-ebo ndị nchịkọta akụkọ ndị ọzọ ebubo na ha bụ "ndị na-emegide mgbanwe". <ref name="suck">{{Cite book|title=Suck, the first European sex magazine|oclc=810282005}}</ref> Greer mechara kwuo na ebumnuche ya n'ịbanye na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ bụ ịnwa ịdọpụ Suck na ihe nkiri na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ.[91] === Nwaanyị ọnaozi (1970) === {{Reflist|26em}} N'ịkọwa ihe mere o ji chọọ ide akwụkwọ ahụ, nkọwa ahụ gara n'ihu: "Nke mbụ, echere m na ọ bụ iji kwụọ ụgwọ mmehie m n'ịbụ nwanne nna Tom na mmekọahụ m. Anaghị m amasị ụmụ nwanyị. O yikarịrị ka m na-ekere òkè na nlelị niile na-enweghị mgbalị na amaghị ihe ndị ikom na-awụ ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ahụ, ọ kọwara 21 Eprel 1969 dị ka "ụbọchị akwụkwọ m malitere n'onwe ya, Janis Joplin na-abụ abụ n'ụtụtụ anyị na Albert Hall. "Stubo ụnyaahụ bụ Strumpet Voluntary - gịnị ka ọ ga-akụkọ anyị ga-eme ka ọ ga - anyị ga-agụ akwụkwọ Morning" <ref name="Bell31July1969">{{Cite news|author=Bell|first=Lynne|title=Doctor who refuses to be type-cast|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=31 July 1969|page=19}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị ahụ ga-emecha taa ka ọ ga[98] N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1970, o bipụtara otu edemede na ''Oz'', "The Slag-Heap Erupts", nke nyere echiche ya n'ọdịnihu, ya bụ na ụmụ nwanyị ga-ata ụta maka mmegbu nke ha. "Ndị ikom anaghị amasị ụmụ nwanyị n'ezie", ka o dere, "nke ahụ bụkwa n'ezie ihe mere ha anaghị eji ha eme ihe. Ụmụ nwanyị anaghị amasị ha n'ezie, ha onwe ha nwekwara ike ịdabere n'iji ụmụ nwoke mee ihe karịa ụmụ nwanyị. " Ọtụtụ ndị inyom Britain, gụnyere Angela Carter, Sheila Rowbotham na Michelene Wandor, jiri iwe zaghachi. [99][100] Wandor dere nzaghachi na ''Oz'', "Na njedebe nke Servile Penitude: Nzaghachi nye ike Germaine", na-ekwu na Greer na-ede banyere òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke ọ na-arụ ọrụ ọ bụla na nke ọ maghị ihe ọ bụla.[101] [[File:Female_Eunuch_cover.jpeg|thumb|Christine Wallace kpọrọ mkpuchi Paladin, nke John Holmes mepụtara, otu n'ime "ihe oyiyi a na-ahụ anya na mbipụta mgbe agha gasịrị".[102]]] nke na-eleghara anya"): [128] na oriri nke ndị editọ si ''Oz'' bịara, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tweedie|first=Jill|title=Goodbye love|work=The Guardian|date=28 September 1970|page=9}}; {{Cite news|author=Lyndon|first=Neil|authorlink=Neil Lyndon|title=Shooting down The Female Eunuch|url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/register/article/shooting-down-the-female-eunuch-d75bkm2t9jz|work=The Sunday Times|date=10 October 2010}}.</ref> MacGibbon & Kee bipụtara The Female Eunuch na UK na 12 Ọktoba 1970, raara ya nye Lillian Roxon na ụmụ nwanyị anọ ndị ọzọ.[103] Mbipụta mbụ nke 2 + 1⁄2 puku rere n'ụbọchị mbụ.<ref name="Byrne1986">{{Cite news|title=Germaine Greer on Marriage, Children And Society|url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/2016/1021/825887-germaine-greer-and-the-female-eunuch/|work=The Late Late Show|publisher=RTÉ|date=24 October 1986}}</ref> N'ikwu na ezinụlọ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ, ndị na-azụ ahịa, ndị na'ezinụlọ nuklia na-egbochi ma na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ ndị na-ere ahịa, akwụkwọ ahụ ghọrọ akwụkwọ kachasị mma na mba ụwa na ederede na-agbanwe agbanwe na òtù ụmụ nwanyị.[5] Dị ka Greer si kwuo, McGraw-Hill kwụrụ $ 29,000 maka ikike America na Bantam $ 135,000 maka akwụkwọ mpịakọta. Mbipụta Bantam kpọrọ Greer "Saucy feminist nke ọbụna ụmụ nwoke na-amasị", na-ehota magazin Life, na akwụkwọ "#1: okwu kachasị na nnwere onwe mmekọahụ".[107] Ọchịchọ dị ukwuu mgbe mbụ e bipụtara ya na a ga-ebipụtaghachi ya kwa ọnwa, ma ọ dịghị mgbe a kwụsịrị ibipụta ya.[108] Wallace dere banyere otu nwanyị nke fụchiri ya na akwụkwọ na-acha nchara nchara ma zoo ya n'okpuru akpụkpọ ụkwụ ya, n'ihi na di ya agaghị ekwe ka ọ gụọ ya.[109] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1998, ọ rere ihe karịrị otu nde na UK naanị. <ref name="McCann25Feb1998">{{Cite news|author=McCann|first=Paul|title=Greer paid pounds 1/2m for new 'Female Eunuch'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/greer-paid-pounds-12m-for-new-female-eunuch-1146787.html|work=The Independent|date=25 February 1998}}</ref>  Afọ 1970 bụ ihe dị mkpa maka feminism nke abụọ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị, ụmụ nwanyị 400 zutere na kọleji Ruskin, Oxford, maka ọgbakọ ntọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị Britain nke mbụ.[1] N'August, Kate Millett's Politics of Sexuality ka e bipụtara na New York;[2] na 26 August, Strike for Equality emume mere n'ofe United States; na na 31 August Millett Eserese Alice Neel dị na mkpuchi nke magazin Time, nke mgbe akwụkwọ ya rerela akwụkwọ 15,000 (ọ bụ ezie na December Time chere na nkwupụta ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwanyị nwere ike ime ka ndị mmadụ ghara ịnakwere ụmụ nwanyị).[3]. Septemba na Ọktọba hụrụ mbipụta nke Sisterhood Is Powerful, nke Robin Morgan deziri, na Shulamith Firestone's The Dialectic of Sex.[114] Na 6 Maachị 1971, yi uwe ndị nọn, Greer jiri ụmụ nwanyị 2,500 gafere etiti London na March nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị.[4] Ka ọ na-erule n’ọnwa ahụ, a sụgharịala akwụkwọ ahụ gaa n’asụsụ asatọ, ọ fọkwara obere ka erere mbipụta ya nke abụọ.[109] E bipụtara ya na United States site n'aka McGraw-Hill na 16 Eprel 1971.[5][6] Toast nke New York, Greer siri ọnwụ na-anọ na Chelsea Hotel, bụ ebe ndị ode akwụkwọ na ndị na-ese ihe na-agakarị, karịa na Algonquin Hotel ebe onye bipụtara ya debere ya akwụkwọ; A kwesịrị ịhazigharị akwụkwọ ya n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị chọrọ ịga.[7] Otu akwụkwọ nyocha akwụkwọ New York Times kọwara ya dị ka "[s] ix ụkwụ ogologo, na-enweghị ike ịma mma, nwere anya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na profaịlụ na-echetara Garbo." Akwụkwọ mpịakọta Paladin sochiri, ya na ihe osise mkpuchi nke onye Britain na-ese ihe John Holmes, nke René Magritte nwere mmetụta,na-egosi ahụ nwanyị dị ka uwe na-akwụnye na okporo ụzọ, aka na úkwù ọ bụla. Clive Hamilton weere ya dị ka "ma eleghị anya mkpuchi akwụkwọ kachasị echeta na nke na-akpata nchegbu e mepụtara". N'iji ahụ tụnyere "ụfọdụ fibreglass a tụbara na usoro mmepụta ihe", Christine Wallace dere na ụdị mbụ Holmes bụ nwanyị na-enweghị ihu, na-enweghị ara, nwanyị gba ọtọ, "n'ụzọ doro anya Germaine ... ntutu na-adaba n'ụdị afro-frizzed, n'úkwù dị omimi n'ime ụyọkọ ara ejiji, nke a na-eche na ọ bụ nke e bepụrụ na okike nke 'nwaanyị ọnaozi' dabere na nkwekọba na nkwonkwo aka".[102] Farrar, Straus <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Giroux bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ ọzọ n'afọ 2001 site n'aka Jennifer Baumgardner, onye isi nke atọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke usoro Feminist Classics nke onye na-ebipụta ya.[122] Dị ka Justyna Wlodarczyk si kwuo, Greer pụtara dị ka "onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ kachasị amasị nke atọ".[123]&nbsp;   The Female Eunuch na-enyocha otú ụwa nwoke na-achịkwa si emetụta mmetụta nke nwanyị banyere onwe ya, na otú echiche nke nwoke na nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ na-emebi echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke onwe, nnwere onwe, ike, na mmekọahụ. Ozi ya bụ na ụmụ nwanyị ga-eleba anya n'ime onwe ha maka nnwere onwe ha tupu ha enwee ike ịnwa ịgbanwe ụwa. N’usoro isiokwu e kewara gaa na nkebi ise—Ahụ, Mkpụrụ obi, Ịhụnanya, Ịkpọasị, na Mgbanwe—Greer na-enyocha echiche, akụkọ ifo, na nghọtahie ndị jikọtara ọnụ na-akpata mmegbu.[125] Ọ chịkọtara ozi akwụkwọ ahụ na 2018 dị ka "Mee ihe ị chọrọ ma hụ ihe ị na-eme n'anya ... Emela ya dị ka ịnyịnya ibu ma ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ka a na-emeso gị dị ka arse." [1] Wallace na-arụ ụka na nke a bụ ozi nke nnwere onwe, dabere na Sydney Push, kama nke sitere na ụmụ nwanyị oge ahụ.[127] Paragraf nke mbụ na-akọwa ọnọdụ akwụkwọ ahụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme ụmụ nwanyị (n'ihe odide mbụ, nkebi nke mbụ na-agụ: "Ruo ugbu a, mmegharị nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ntakịrị, ihe ùgwù na nke na-eleghara anya"): [128]   ''Onye ọnaozi'' ahụ ji: "Ndị inyom nwere ihe ùgwù ga-agba mbọ ma chọọ itinye gị na 'ọgụ' maka mgbanwe, mana mgbanwe bụ ihe na-agbadata. A ghaghị imebi usoro ochie, ọ bụghị nke ọhụrụ. Ụmụ nwanyị dị ilu ga-akpọ gị ka ị nupụ isi, mana ị nwere ọtụtụ ihe ị ga-eme. Gịnị ka ị ga-emekarị?"[130] [[Faịlụ:Germaine_Greer,_Amsterdam,_June_1972.jpg|thumb|Greer na Amsterdam, 6 June 1972, na njem akwụkwọ maka The Female Eunuch''Nwanyị Eunuch'']] Abụọ n'ime isiokwu nke akwụkwọ ahụ gosipụtara ụzọ maka Mmekọahụ na Ọdịnihu afọ iri na anọ ka e mesịrị, ya bụ na ezinụlọ nuklia bụ ọnọdụ ọjọọ maka ụmụ nwanyị na maka ịzụlite ụmụaka, nakwa na mmepụta nke Mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị site na ndị ọdịda anyanwụ na-eweda ala ma na-egbochi. A na-eme ụmụ nwanyị ka ha bụrụ ụmụ nwanyị site na nwata site n'ịkụziri ha iwu ndị na-achịkwa ha. Ka oge na-aga, mgbe ụmụ nwanyị na-anabata ụdị nwanyị toro eto, ha na-azụlite ihere banyere ahụ ha, ma na-efunahụ ikike ha na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ enweghị ike, ịnọpụ iche, mmekọahụ dị ala, na enweghị ọṅụ. "Dị ka anụ ọhịa", ka ọ gwara ''The New York Times'' na Machị 1971, "ndị a na-akpụ akpụ n'ọrụ ugbo iji mezuo ebumnuche ndị ọzọ nke nna ha ukwu - ka ha bụrụ abụba ma ọ bụ mee ka ha dị nro - ewepụla ụmụ nwanyị ikike ha ime ihe. " Akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwu na "[ndị] ụmụ nwanyị nwere obere ihe ọmụma banyere otú ụmụ nwoke si kpọrọ ha asị", ebe "[m] onwe ha amaghị omimi nke ịkpọasị ha. <ref name="weintraub22March1971">{{Cite news|first=Judith|author=Weintraub|date=March 22, 1971|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/05/09/specials/greer-shock.html|title=Germaine Greer&nbsp;– Opinions That May Shock the Faithful|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>[w] "Mmeghachi omume abụghị mgbanwe", ka o dere. "Ọ bụghị ihe ịrịba ama nke mgbanwe ebe ndị a na-emegbu emegbu na-eji omume nke ndị mmegbu eme ihe ma na-eme mmegbu n'onwe ha. Ọ bụghịkwa ihe ịrịbaanya nke mgbanwe mgbe ụmụ nwanyị ape ụmụ nwoke ... " Onye America na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Betty Friedan, onye dere The Feminine Mystique (1963), chọrọ ka ụmụ nwanyị "ịha nhata nke ohere n'ime ọnọdụ dị ugbu a, nnwere onwe ịbanye n'ụwa nke ọnyá na obi", ka o kwuru.[133][134]&nbsp;   Greer nọ na mmekọrịta n'oge ahụ na Tony Gourvish, onye njikwa nke otu egwu egwu Britain Family, nke malitere mgbe ọ na-ede The Female Eunuch. Kleinhenz dere na ha biri ọnụ ruo oge ụfọdụ, mana Greer mechara chee na ọ na-erigbu onye ama ya, mmetụta ọ na-etolite na ndị enyi ya, dị ka Kleinhenz si kwuo.[145] Na June 1971 ọ ghọrọ onye edemede maka London Sunday Times . Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, ọrụ mgbasa ozi ya kpọgara ya Vietnam, ebe o dere banyere "ụmụ agbọghọ na-agba akwụna" nke ndị agha America tụụrụ ime, na Bangladesh, ebe ọ gbara ụmụ nwanyị ndị ndị agha Pakistan dinara n'ike n'oge Agha Nnwere Onwe Bangladesh nke 1971.<ref name="Buchanan7Jan2018">{{Cite web|author=Buchanan|first=Rachel|title=Why it's time to acknowledge Germaine Greer, journalist|url=https://theconversation.com/why-its-time-to-acknowledge-germaine-greer-journalist-88958|work=The Conversation|date=7 January 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBuchanan2018">Buchanan, Rachel (7 January 2018). [https://theconversation.com/why-its-time-to-acknowledge-germaine-greer-journalist-88958 "Why it's time to acknowledge Germaine Greer, journalist"]. ''The Conversation''.</cite></ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1971, Greer, onye na-asụ Italian nke ọma, <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="651" href="./Tuscany" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tuscany">Tuscany-through-greers-eyes<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;title<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Tuscany through Greer's eyes<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;16 July 2020<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwDO4\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt432\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwDO8\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://library.unimelb.edu.au/asc/collections/highlights/collections/germainegreer/feature-images/tuscany-through-greers-eyes\" id=\"mwDPA\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Tuscany through Greer's eyes\"</a></nowiki>. 16 July 2020.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-150" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Germaine_Greer#cite_note-150 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> kwagara Cortona na Tuscany, ebe ọ gbazitere ''Il Palazzone'', ụlọ dị nso n'obodo ahụ. O mechara zụta ụlọ, ''Pianelli''.[147] Ọ gwara Richard Neville na ọ ga-anọpụ na England n'ihi iwu ụtụ isi ya.[148] Ọ nọrọ akụkụ nke oge okpomọkụ ahụ na Porto Cervo, ebe ezumike dị n'akụkụ osimiri, ya na Kenneth Tynan, onye nduzi nka nke Royal National Theatre, dị ka ndị ọbịa nke Michael White, onye na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri. Ìgwè ahụ na Princess Margaret, Lord Snowdon na Karim Aga Khan riri nri abalị n'otu mgbede. Greer ji obere akpa bịarute, tupu nri abalị ahụ, ọ chọpụtara na ikuku na-efe n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ efuru ntutu isi ya. Princess Margaret nọdụrụ Greer n'elu tebụl ejiji ya wee nọrọ nkeji ise na-asa ntutu isi ya. Isi ihe nke nleta maka Greer bụ ikwurịta ọrụ Tynan maka nsụgharị nke ''Lysistrata'' nke Aristophanes.[149]<ref name="Dean1Nov2013" /> Nke mbụ e mere na 411 BCE, egwuregwu ahụ na-enyocha mgbalị ụmụ nwanyị mere iji manye njedebe nke Agha Peloponnesian site n'ịga n'ihu na Mmekọahụ. Emeghị ọrụ ahụ; Greer na Tynan dara n'oge njem ahụ, Greer wee hapụ Porto Cervo na anya mmiri.[151] Ntinye ya nke egwuregwu ahụ nwetara ekele na 1999, mgbe Phil Willmott rụgharịrị ma mepụta ya dị ka Germaine Greer's Lysistrata: The Sex Strike . Greer akọwaala nnwere onwe ọ nwere n'ụlọ ya na Ịtali, nke na-enweghị ọkụ eletrik mgbe mbụ ọ kwagara ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://museumsandcollections.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/2803443/04_Buchanan-Greer-21.pdf|title='Here I let live, and am let live': Germaine Greer and Italy|first=Rachel|author=Buchanan|accessdate=3 March 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bi na Ịtali, Greer gbara Primo Levi, Luciano Pavarotti, na enyi ya na onye ọ hụrụ n'anya Federico Fellini ajụjụ ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2010/apr/11/germaine-greer-federico-fellini|title=Federico Fellini wanted to cast me in Casanova. We ended up in bed together &#124; Germaine Greer|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=11 April 2010}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1971, Nat Lehrman, onye so na kọmitii nchịkọta akụkọ ''Playboy'', gbara Greer ajụjụ ọnụ, onye si na United States gaa Ịtali iji gbaa ajụjụ ọnụ n'ụlọ ya. ''Playboy'' bipụtara isiokwu ahụ na Jenụwarị 1972: "Germaine Greer - a Candid Conversation with the Ballsy Author of The Female Eunuch". Ọ bụ n'oge ajụjụ ọnụ a ka o bu ụzọ kwurịta n'ihu ọha na [[Germaine Greer|e dinara ya n'ike]] n'afọ nke abụọ ya na Mahadum Melbourne.<ref name="Greer20March1995">{{Cite news|first=Germaine|author=Greer|date=20 March 1995|title=The refusal to be bowed by brutality|work=[[The Guardian]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">Greer, Germaine (20 March 1995). "The refusal to be bowed by brutality". ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref> N'ịbụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ọrụ mgbasa ozi ya, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa nkuzi ya na Warwick n'afọ ahụ.[157] Na Machị 1972, e jidere ya na New Zealand maka ikwu "bullshit" na "fuck" n'okwu n'oge njem, nke o kpachaara anya mee n'ihi na e jidere Tim Shadbolt (onye a ga-emecha bụrụ onye isi obodo Invercargill na 1993) n'oge na-adịbeghị anya maka otu ihe ahụ. Narị mmadụ isii gbakọtara n'èzí ụlọ ikpe ahụ, na-atụba jelly beans na àkwá na ndị uwe ojii. Mgbe ọ gbachitere onwe ya, a tọhapụrụ ya na 'bullshit' mana a mara ya ikpe maka 'fuck', Kleinhenz dere. N'ịbụ onye a mara ikpe ịga mkpọrọ, o kwuru na ya ga-akwụ ụgwọ kama, wee hapụ mba ahụ n'akwụghị ya.[158]&nbsp; Greer, onye dị afọ iri atọ na asaa n'oge ahụ, nwere mmekọrịta na 1976 na onye edemede [[Martin Amis]], onye dị n'afọ iri abụọ na isii n'oge a, nke a tụlere n'ihu ọha na 2015 mgbe ọ resịrị Mahadum Melbourne ihe ndekọ ya. N'ime ha, Margaret Simons chọpụtara akwụkwọ ozi 30,000 nke Greer malitere ide na 1 Machị 1976 mgbe ọ nọ na British Airways Monarch lounge na Heathrow Airport, wee gaa n'ihu n'oge njem nkuzi na United States, ọ bụ ezie na o doro anya na o ziteghị ya: "Ka kilomita na-agbakọta, achọtara m akwụkwọ ozi a siri ike ma sie ike ide. Ụdị m na-ada mbido dị ka ntụ. [160) A hapụrụ m akwụkwọ a na taxi ma ọ ga-efunahụ gị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụrụ na ị ga-eji ya.[160]&nbsp; [[Faịlụ:Mcfarlin_ice.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ McFarlin, Mahadum TulsaMahadum nke Tulsa]] Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ. N'afọ 1984 ọ gara [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]] iji kọọ banyere Ụnwụ nri 1983-1985 maka Daily Mail na ọzọ n'ọnwa Eprel 1985 maka The Observer. Maka nke ikpeazụ, o ji igwefoto Olympus na-akpaghị aka were foto wee gbaa kilomita 700 gaa Asosa, obodo nke Gọọmentị Etiopia na-ebugharị ndị mmadụ site na mpaghara ụnwụ nri. The Observer ebipụtaghị isiokwu abụọ 5,000 ọ nyere; n'echiche ya, ndị editọ ekwenyeghị n'echicha gọọmentị Mengistu. The New Worker bipụtara ha kama. Na Septemba 1985 ọ gara Etiopia ọzọ, n'oge a iji gosipụta ihe ngosi maka Channel 4 na UK.<ref name=":0" />&nbsp; Mmekọahụ na akara aka: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọmụmụ mmadụ (1984) gara n'ihu na nkatọ Greer banyere àgwà ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ, ọmụmụ, na ezinụlọ, yana itinye àgwà ndị ahụ n'ụwa ndị ọzọ. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya ọzọ gụnyere ezinụlọ nuklia, itinye aka gọọmentị na omume mmekọahụ, na ịzụ ahịa nke mmekọahụ na ahụ ụmụ nwanyị. O kwuru na nkwalite ọdịda anyanwụ nke igbochi ọmụmụ na Ụwa nke Atọ abụghị n'ụzọ dị ukwuu maka nchegbu maka ọdịmma mmadụ kama ọ bụ egwu ọdịnala na anyaụfụ nke ndị ọgaranya maka ọmụmụ nke ndị ogbenye. Omume mgbochi ọmụmụ emetọla site na mmalite ya, o dere, na-ezo aka na Marie Stopes na ndị ọzọ. Ọ dọrọ aka ná ntị megide ịkatọ ụdị ndụ na ụkpụrụ ezinụlọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. N'afọ 1984, Greer zụrụ The Mills, ụlọ ọrụ ugbo nke Georgia na ala dị hekta atọ na Great Chesterford, Essex, England, ebe ọ kụrụ osisi dị otu hekta, nke o kwuru na ọ mere ka ọ dị mpako karịa ihe ọ bụla ọzọ o mere, ma gbalịa idebe "dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-eto eto" dịka o nwere ike.<ref name="TheMills" /> Mills ka bụ ụlọ Greer maka akụkụ nke afọ mgbe o rere ya na 2018; <ref name="TheMills">Greer, Germaine (11 March 2018). [https://www.thetimes.com/life-style/wildlife-nature/article/germaine-greer-offers-advice-for-the-next-owner-of-her-essex-home-ckcfn9p2r "Germaine Greer offers advice for the next owner of her Essex home"]. ''The Sunday Times''.<br /><br />{{Cite web|title=The Mills|url=https://assets.savills.com/properties/GBCARSCAS150149/CAS150149_CAS15002037.PDF|publisher=Savills|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602004903/https://assets.savills.com/properties/GBCARSCAS150149/CAS150149_CAS15002037.PDF|archivedate=2 June 2018}}</ref> ka ọ na-erule afọ 2016, ọ na-anọ ọnwa anọ n'afọ na Australia na ndị ọzọ na UK. <ref name="Dugdale7Nov2016">{{Cite news|author=Dugdale|first=Lynda|title=Germaine Greer: Not about to change|url=https://www.intheblack.com/articles/2016/11/07/germaine-greer-not-about-to-change|work=Intheblack|date=7 November 2016}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Germaine_Greer_and_Lewis_Wolpert_on_After_Dark_on_30_May_1994.jpg|thumb|Mụ na [[Lewis Wolpert]] na Channel 4's After Dark, 1994]] E bipụtara akwụkwọ ya ''Shakespeare'' (isiokwu PhD ya) na 1986 site na Oxford University Press dị ka akụkụ nke usoro Past Masters. ''The Madwoman's Underclothes: Essays and Occasional Writings'', nchịkọta nke isiokwu ya e dere n'etiti 1968 na 1985, pụtakwara n'afọ ahụ. Na June 1988, ya na Harold Pinter, Antonia Fraser, Ian McEwan, Margaret Drabble, Salman Rushdie, David Hare na ndị ọzọ, ọ ghọrọ akụkụ nke "20th of June Group", nke kwadoro nnwere onwe obodo na England nke otu ahụ chere na a na-emebi; nke a bụ obere oge mgbe ewepụtara Akụkụ 28, nke gbochiri ụlọ akwụkwọ ịkụzi ndina ụdị onwe dị ka akụkụ dị mma nke ndụ ezinụlọ.[169] Ọ na-apụta mgbe niile na telivishọn na UK na Australia n'oge a, gụnyere na BBC's Have I Got News for You ọtụtụ ugboro site na 1990. N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1995, Andrew Neil gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ ogologo oge na ihe ngosi ajụjụ ọnụ ya bụ Is This Your Life? <ref>{{IMDb title|tt9800432|Is This Your Life?|(22 July 1995, Germaine Greer)}}</ref> N'afọ 1998, o dere otu ihe omume, "Make Love not War", maka usoro ihe omume telivishọn Cold War, n'afọ sochirinụ, ọ nọdụrụ maka foto gba ọtọ nke onye Australia na-ese foto Polly Borland. Ajụjụ ọnụ 1994 ya na Greer na The Big Issue, nke o kwuru na ya na onye ọ bụla dị njikere ịgbaso iwu ya ga-ebikọ ụlọ ya, a kọwara ya dị ka akwụkwọ ịkpọ òkù maka ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi, ma mee ka ndị nta akụkọ na ụgbọ elu na-efe ala jupụta ya. Otu n'ime ndị nta akụkọ ahụ, onye nta akụkọ Mail on Sunday, jisiri ike banye ma jiri ile ọbịa ya mee ihe ruo ụbọchị abụọ, nke gụnyere Greer ịsa uwe ya ma kụziere ya otu esi eme achịcha.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Germaine|author=Greer|date=7 February 1994|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/02/07/Greer-to-sue-journalist-who-posed-as-a-homeless-man/3897760597200/|title=Greer to sue journalist who posed as a homeless man}}</ref> Mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ bipụtara akwụkwọ mpịakọta peeji atọ, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ahụ chọpụtara na ikpe mara ya maka aghụghọ na-abụghị maka ọdịmma ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/newspaper-breached-code-1432513.html|title=Newspaper breached code|work=[[The Independent]]|date=30 March 1994}}</ref> Natalie Angier, na-ede na ''The New York Times'', kpọrọ The Change: Women, Ageing, and the Menopause (1991) "oké iwe, obi ụtọ, iwe iwe nke akwụkwọ ... nke na-akpali akpali nke dị nso ịbụ onye nwere ike ịbụ onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na The Female Eunuch". N'ime ya, Greer dere banyere akụkọ ifo banyere nsọpụrụ - ma ọ bụ dịka ọ na-ahọrọ ịkpọ ya "oge kachasị njọ".<ref>{{Cite news|first=Natalie|author=Angier|authorlink=Natalie Angier|date=October 11, 1992|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/05/09/specials/greer-change.html|title=The Transit of Woman|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> "Ịtụ egwu ụmụ nwanyị bụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ", o dere na The Age n'afọ 2002. "A na-atụ ụmụ nwanyị egwu iji ọgwụgwọ hormone dochie anya site na amụma ọjọọ nke ọkpụkpụ na-ada ada, ọrịa obi, enweghị agụụ mmekọahụ, ịda mbà n'obi, obi nkoropụ, ọrịa na ọnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ekwe ka okike gaa n'ihu. "Ọ na-ekwu na ịtụ ụmụ nwanyị egwu bụ "nnukwu azụmahịa ma baa uru dị ukwuu".<ref>{{Cite news|first=Germaine|author=Greer|date=13 July 2002|url=https://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/07/12/1026185109376.html|title=The Female Used|work=[[The Age]]}}</ref> E mezigharịrị akwụkwọ ahụ, gụnyere ozi ahụike, ma bipụtaghachi ya na 2018.&nbsp; === ''Slip-Shod Sibyls'' (1995) === N'afọ 2021, Greer laghachiri Australia iji ree ụlọ ya ma tinye onwe ya n'ụlọ nlekọta ndị agadi na Castlemaine, Victoria. Ọ nọrọ ọnwa iri wee pụọ n'ọnwa Eprel 2022 ka ya na nwanne ya nwoke biri. Ọ kọwara onwe ya dị ka "ọ bụghị onye ọrịa, kama ọ bụ onye mkpọrọ" n'ụlọ nlekọta ndị agadi. O kwuru na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ nlekọta karịa ụmụ nwoke ma kwuo na nlekọta ndị agadi bụ nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị na-akpali akpali.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-05|title=Females to the fore: The women at this year's Canberra Writers Festival|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7846103/females-to-the-fore-the-women-at-this-years-canberra-writers-festival/|accessdate=2022-09-09|work=The Canberra Times|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Overington|first=Caroline|date=1 July 2022|title=Germaine Greer's life as an aged-care 'inmate'|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/germaine-greer-life-as-an-agedcare-inmate/news-story/d8072017b7701420a65b498d275dd357|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703053353/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/germaine-greer-life-as-an-agedcare-inmate/news-story/d8072017b7701420a65b498d275dd357|archivedate=July 3, 2022|accessdate=August 10, 2024|work=The Australian}}</ref> == Ebe ndebe ihe ochie nke Germaine Greer == Greer rere ihe ndekọ ya na 2013 na Mahadum Melbourne . Ka ọ na-erule June 2018 ọ na-ekpuchi oge 1959-2010, na-ejupụta igbe nchekwa 487 na mita 82 nke oghere shelf . Mbufe nke ihe ncheta (150 faịlụ-cabinet drawers) site n'ụlọ Greer na England malitere na July 2014; mahadum mara ọkwa na ọ na-akpata nde $ 3 iji kwado ịzụta, mbupu, ụlọ, katalọgụ na digitization. Greer kwuru na a ga-enye onyinye ya maka ọrụ ebere ya, Friends of Gondwana Rainforest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=University to house Germaine Greer archive|url=http://www.campaign.unimelb.edu.au/news-and-events/2013-10-28-university-to-house-germaine-greer-archive|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109020158/http://www.campaign.unimelb.edu.au/news-and-events/2013-10-28-university-to-house-germaine-greer-archive|archivedate=9 November 2013|publisher=University of Melbourne|date=28 October 2013}}</ref> Kaadị ndepụta nke nwere ozi osisi ezinụlọ Greer, nke a chịkọtara mgbe ọ na-eme nchọpụta n'akwụkwọ ya Daddy, We Hardly Knew You, bụ nke State Library of Victoria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Index cards ca. 1990. [manuscript].|url=https://find.slv.vic.gov.au/discovery/fulldisplay?&context=L&vid=61SLV_INST:SLV&search_scope=slv_local&tab=searchProfile&docid=alma9916351273607636|accessdate=2025-04-30|work=find.slv.vic.gov.au|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==   == Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala == == Edensibia == === eIhe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 53p5ddognsvqfb4a8uc9pv72ij9l0tq 672261 672244 2026-07-04T13:42:14Z Bigcee007 24507 672261 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Germaine Greer''' (/ɡrɪər/; amụrụ na 29 Jenụwarị 1939) bụ onye edemede Australia na onye ọgụgụ isi ọha na eze, nke a na-ewere dị ka otu n'ime ndị isi olu nke usoro ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ na ọkara ikpeazụ nke narị afọ nke 20. N'ịbụ onye ọkachamara na akwụkwọ Bekee na nke ụmụ nwanyị, Greer enweela ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ na England na Mahadum Warwick na Newnham College, Cambridge, na United States na Mahadim Tulsa. Ọ malitere ibi na UK na 1964, ma site na 1990s ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ, kewara oge ya n'etiti Queensland, Australia, na ụlọ ya na Essex, England.[2] Echiche Greer emeela ka esemokwu malite n'akwụkwọ mbụ ya, The Female Eunuch (1970), mere ka ọ bụrụ aha a ma ama. Akwụkwọ kacha ere ahịa n'ụwa niile na ederede na-agbanwe agbanwe n'ime [[Òtù ụmụ nwanyị]], ọ na-enye usoro nhazi nke echiche dịka ịbụ nwanyị na ịbụ nwanyị, na-arụ ụka na a manyere ụmụ nwanyị ka ha rụọ ọrụ nrubeisi na ọha mmadụ iji mezuo nrọ ụmụ nwoke banyere ihe ịbụ nwanyị gụnyere. [5] Ọrụ Greer na-esote lekwasịrị anya na akwụkwọ, ụmụ nwanyị, na gburugburu ebe obibi. O dere ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 20, gụnyere Sex and Destiny (1984), The Change (1991), The Whole Woman (1999), na The Boy (2003). Akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2013 White Beech: The Rainforest Years na-akọwa mbọ ọ na-agba iji weghachite mpaghara mmiri ozuzo na Numinbah Valley na Australia. Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya na ime ihe ike, ọ bụ onye na-ede akwụkwọ maka The Sunday Times, ''The Guardian'', The Daily Telegraph, The Spectator, The Independent, na The ''Oldie'', n'etiti ndị ọzọ.<ref name="Buchanan7Jan2018">{{Cite web|author=Buchanan|first=Rachel|title=Why it's time to acknowledge Germaine Greer, journalist|url=https://theconversation.com/why-its-time-to-acknowledge-germaine-greer-journalist-88958|work=The Conversation|date=7 January 2018}}</ref> Greer bụ nnwere onwe (ma ọ bụ nke siri ike) karịa onye na-ahụ maka ịha nhata. [a] Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya abụghị ịha nhata na ụmụ nwoke, nke ọ na-ahụ dị ka mmetọ na "ịkwado ibi ndụ nke ụmụ nwoke na-enweghị nnwere onwe". "Nnapụta ụmụ nwanyị", ka o dere na The Whole Woman (1999), "ahụghị ikike nwanyị ahụ n'ihe gbasara nwoke n'ezie. "Ọ na-ekwu na nnwere onwe bụ maka ikwusi ike ọdịiche na "ịkwado ya dị ka ọnọdụ nke nkọwa onwe na mkpebi onwe onye". Ọ bụ ọgụ maka nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị "ịkọwa ụkpụrụ nke ha, hazie ihe ndị ha ga-ebute ụzọ ma kpebie ọdịnihu nke ha". [b] === Melbourne === [[Faịlụ:Elwood_beach_and_Melbourne_skyline.jpg|thumb|Ụsọ mmiri Elwood A na-ahụ ihu igwe Ebe etiti obodo Melbourne n'ebe dị anya.]] A mụrụ Germaine Greer na 29 Jenụwarị 1939 na Melbourne n'ezinụlọ ndị Katọlik, okenye nke ụmụ agbọghọ abụọ sochiri nwa nwoke. Nna ya kpọrọ onwe ya Eric Reginald ("Reg") Greer; ọ gwara ya na a mụrụ ya na South Africa, mana ọ matara mgbe ọ nwụsịrị na a mụrụ Robert Hamilton King na Launceston, Tasmania.[10] Ọ mụtakwara na a kpọrọ ya Robert Henry Eric Ernest Hambert . <ref>{{Cite book|author=Greer|first=Germaine|date=1989|title=Daddy, We Hardly Knew You|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=62iHDwAAQBAJ&q=Daddy+we+hardly+knew+you|location=New York|publisher=Fawcett Columbine|isbn=0449905616}}</ref> Ya na nne ya, Margaret ("Peggy") May Lafrank, lụrụ na Machị 1937; Reg ghọrọ onye Katọlik tupu agbamakwụkwọ ahụ. Peggy bụ onye na-ere akwụkwọ akụkọ na Reg bụ onye na'ere akwụkwọ akụkọ.[13] [c] N'agbanyeghị ọzụzụ Katọlik ya na Mmegide ndị Juu nke nna ya, Greer kwenyesiri ike na nna ya bụ onye Juu na nzuzo. O kwenyere na nne nne ya bụ nwanyị onye Juu aha ya bụ Rachel Weiss, mana ọ kwetara na o nwere ike ịbụ na o mere nke a site na "oké ọchịchọ ịbụ onye Juu. " N'agbanyeghị na ọ maghị ma o nwere ndị nna nna ndị Juu ọ bụla, Greer "dị ka ọ bụ onye Juu" wee malite itinye aka na obodo ndị Juu. Ọ mụtara Yiddish, sonye n'òtù ihe nkiri ndị Juu, ma soro ndị Juu na-akpa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Greer|first=Germaine|date=1989|title=Daddy, We Hardly Knew You|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=62iHDwAAQBAJ&q=Daddy+we+hardly+knew+you|location=New York|publisher=Fawcett Columbine|isbn=0449905616}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ahụ biri na Elwood nke dị na Melbourne, na mbụ n'ụlọ a na-akwụ ụgwọ na Docker Street, nso osimiri, mgbe ahụ n'ụlọ ọzọ a na-agbazite na Esplanade.[16] Na Jenụwarị 1942 nna Greer sonyeere ndị agha nke abụọ nke Australian Imperial Force; mgbe ọ zụchara ọzụzụ na Royal Australian Air Force, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ciphers maka ndị agha British Royal Air Force na Egypt na [[Malta]]. Greer gara St Columba's Catholic Primary School na Elwood site na Febụwarị 1943 - ezinụlọ ahụ bi na 57 Ormond Road, Elwood - Sacred Heart Parish School, Sandringham, na Holy Redeemer School, Ripponlea sochiri ya.[18] Na 1952, Greer debanyere aha na Star of the Sea College na Gardenvale, ụlọ akwụkwọ nke Sisters of the Presentation of the Holy Virgin Mary na-agba. Ọ bụ ebe a ka Greer kwuru na a kpọbatara ya na nka na egwu. N'afọ ahụ, e gosipụtara ihe osise ya na ngalaba nke iri na anọ nke ihe ngosi nka ụmụaka na Tye's Gallery, nke Archbishọp Mannix meghere.[1] Akụkọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ kọwara ya dị ka "obere ihe na-eme mkpọtụ na onye na-enwe nsogbu nke nwere iwe na onye na-akparị onwe ya", ọ bụkwa ebe ahụ ka Greer bụ nkà na-arị elu; na mgbakwunye na Bekee, Greer gụrụ akwụkwọ na European ọmụmụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, na n'ule ikpeazụ ya, ọ nwetara akara kacha elu na steeti.[2][20] Greer lere anya azụ n'oge ọ bụ nwata dị ka "ihe ncheta na-adịte aka" ma kwuo na ọ bụ ike anụ ahụ na nke uche nke ndị mụrụ ya bụ ndị mere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-eme ihe ngosi.[2] Otu afọ mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Greer Brand, bụ ebe ọ na-agụcha akwụkwọ na Mahadum California, Berkeley, bụ onye nọn maka Ụka Katọlik.[22]. Ọ hapụrụ ụlọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na-arụ ọrụ. Ya na nne ya nwere nzụlite siri ike, onye, dị ka Greer si kwuo, nwere ike inwe Asperger. N'afọ 2012, o kwuru na nwanne ya nwoke enweghị ike ịgbaghara ya maka "ịhapụ" ha, mana ya enwebeghị ike imere nwanne ya nwoke, "onye m na-akpọ onye ọzọ n'ụwa"[1]. [[Faịlụ:Old_Arts_Building._Parkville_Campus_of_University_of_Melbourne_(cropped).JPG|thumb|Ụlọ Old Arts, Mahadum MelbourneMahadum nke Melbourne]] Site na 1956 Greer gụrụ asụsụ Bekee na French na akwụkwọ na Mahadum Melbourne na agụmakwụkwọ nke Mahadum Onye Nkụzi, na-ebi n'ụlọ maka afọ abụọ mbụ na ego nke £ 8 kwa izu. 1.8 mita (6 ụkwụ) n'ogologo mgbe ọ dị afọ 16, ọ bụ onye dị ịrịba ama. "Onye ogologo, onye na-enweghị ụkwụ na onye na-eme ihe ọchị, ọ na-agagharị na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ, na-ama na a na-ekwu ọtụtụ ihe banyere ya", dị ka onye nta akụkọ Peter Blazey, onye ya na Melbourne dịkọrọ ndụ. N'afọ mbụ ya, a gwọrọ Greer n'ụlọ ọgwụ n'oge na-adịghị anya maka ịda mbà n'obi.[26] Ọ gwara magazin ''Playboy'', n'ajụjụ ọnụ e bipụtara na 1972, na e dinara ya n'ike mgbe ọ nọ n'afọ nke abụọ na mahadum, ahụmahụ ọ kọwara n'ụzọ zuru ezu na ''The Guardian'' na Machị 1995. <ref name="Greer20March1995">{{Cite news|first=Germaine|author=Greer|date=20 March 1995|title=The refusal to be bowed by brutality|work=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, Greer wepụrụ afọ ime mgbe mmekọrịta ya mebiri ma kọwaa oge ahụ dị ka "annus horribilis".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jeremy Isaacs 1995 interview with Germaine Greer|work=[[YouTube]]|date=24 May 2022|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R02LPPS5Lq0}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:(1)_Royal_George_Hotel.JPG|thumb|Royal George Hotel, Sydney, 2010]] Obere oge tupu ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Melbourne na 1959 na nke abụọ dị elu, ọ kwagara Sydney, ebe ọ sonyeere Sydney Push na ndị anarchist Sydney Libertarians. "[Ndị a kwuru banyere eziokwu na naanị eziokwu", ka o kwuru, "na-ekwusi ike na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe anyị kpughere n'ụbọchị ahụ bụ echiche, nke bụ otu okwu maka ụgha - ma ọ bụ ihe nzuzu, dịka ha na-akpọ ya. " Ha ga-ezukọ n'ime ụlọ azụ nke Royal George Hotel na Sussex Street.[30] Clive James so n'òtù ahụ n'oge ahụ. Otu n'ime ndị na-ede akụkọ ndụ Greer, Christine Wallace, dere na Greer "na-abanye na Royal George Hotel, n'ime ìgwè mmadụ na-ekwu onwe ha n'ime ụlọ na-esi ísì biya ochie ma jupụta na anwụrụ sịga, wee malite ịgbaso ụzọ ndụ Push, 'ịdọ aka ná ntị siri ike nke m manyere m ịmụta'". Greer echerela onwe ya dị ka onye anarchist n'amaghị ihe mere o ji dọta ya; site na Push, ọ matara akwụkwọ anarchist.[31] O nwere mmekọrịta dị mkpa n'òtù ahụ na Harry Hooton na Roelof Smilde, ha abụọ bụ ndị a ma ama.[32] Ya na Smilde bi n'otu ụlọ na Glebe Point Road, mana mmekọrịta ahụ adịteghị aka; dị ka Wallace si kwuo, echiche Push nke "ịhụnanya nweere onwe ya" gụnyere ịjụ nnwere onwe na ekworo, nke na-arụ ọrụ n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị maka ihu ọma ụmụ nwoke. Mgbe mmekọrịta ya na Smilde kwụsịrị, Greer debanyere aha na Mahadum Sydney iji mụọ Byron, ebe, Clive James dere, ọ ghọrọ "onye a ma ama maka ire ọjọọ ya. [34][35] Otu n'ime ndị enyi ya n'ebe ahụ, Arthur Dignam, kwuru na ọ "bụ naanị nwanyị anyị zutere n'oge ahụ nke nwere ike iji obi ike, n'ụzọ dị mfe ma na-atọ ọchị mee ka ndị ikom daa".[36] Ọ malitere itinye aka na ime ihe nkiri na Sydney ma mee Mother Courage na Mother Courage and Her Children n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1963.[37] N'afọ ahụ, e nyere ya MA nke mbụ maka edemede akpọrọ "The Development of Byron's Satiric Mode", wee were nhọpụta na Sydney dị ka onye nkuzi dị elu na Bekee, yana ọfịs dị n'akụkụ Stephen Knight na ụlọ Carslaw nke mahadum.[38] "O doro anya na ọ bụ ezigbo onye nkuzi", ka o kwuru. "Na otu n'ime ndị nkuzi kachasị mma - otu n'etiti mmadụ ole na ole nwere ike inye iwu na Wallace Lecture Theatre, ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ 600 ya. O nwere ụdị àgwà histrionic nke dị nnọọ ịrịba ama, gbakwunyere na ezigbo agụmakwụkwọ ya".[39] [[Faịlụ:Newnham_College,_Cambridge,_March_2008.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Newnham College, Cambridge]] MA meriri Greer a Commonwealth Scholarship, nke o ji kwado ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ na Mahadum Cambridge, rutere n'ọnwa Ọktoba 1964 na Newnham College, kọleji naanị ụmụ nwanyị.[40] [[Samuel Louis Goldberg|Sam Goldberg]], onye Leavisite, onye bụ Challis Chair of English Literature na Sydney kemgbe 1963 gbara ya ume ịpụ na Sydney.[41] Na mbido ịbanye na ọmụmụ BA na Cambridge - agụmakwụkwọ ya gaara enye ya ohere mezue ya n'ime afọ abụọ - Greer jisiri ike gbanwee mgbe oge mbụ ("site n'ike nke arụmụka", dị ka Clive James si kwuo) gaa na mmemme PhD iji mụọ [[William Shakespeare|Shakespeare]], nke Anne Barton, onye a maara mgbe ahụ dị ka Anne Righter, lekọtara. O kwuru na ọ gbanwere n'ihi na ọ "chọtara na ha agaghị akụzi ihe ọ bụla".[her][43] Muriel Bradbrook, nwanyị mbụ bụ Prọfesọ nke Bekee na Cambridge, mere ka Greer mụọ Shakespeare; Bradbrook lekọtara PhD Barton.[44] [[File:Cambridge_News,_November_1964.jpg|thumb|Site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri: Hilary Walston, Germaine Greer na Sheila Buhr, na-esonyere Footlights, Cambridge News, November 1964 ]] Cambridge bụ ebe siri ike maka ụmụ nwanyị. Dị ka Christine Wallace si kwuo, otu nwa akwụkwọ Newnham kọwara di ya na-anata akwụkwọ oriri na 1966 site na Christ's College nke nyere ohere "Ndị inyom na-abanye naanị maka sherry".[46] Lisa Jardine zutere Greer na nri abalị na Newnham. Onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ rịọrọ ka a gbachie nkịtị maka okwu. "Ka ọgba aghara na-agbadata, otu onye nọgidere na-ekwu okwu, na-etinye onwe ya na mkparịta ụka ya iji chọpụta":<blockquote>Na tebụl ndị gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Germaine ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi na-akọwa na ọ gaghị enwe nnwere onwe maka ụmụ nwanyị, n'agbanyeghị etu ha gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma, ọ bụrụhaala na achọrọ anyị ka anyị tinye ara anyị n'ime brọsh ndị e wuru dị ka obere Vesuvius, abụọ a dụkọtara ọnụ, na-acha ọcha, nke na-enweghị ihe yiri ahụ nwanyị. N'afọ ofufo, ọ na-enwe obi erughị ala nke ndị isi afọ iri isii, ka o ji ike kwuo, bụ ihe nnọchianya jọgburu onwe ya nke mmegbu nwoke.</blockquote>Ozugbo ọ bịarutere, Greer nyochara (ya na Clive James, onye ọ maara site na Sydney Push) maka ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ akwụkwọ na-eme ihe nkiri, Footlights, n'ime ụlọ klọb ya na Falcon Yard n'elu ụlọ ahịa Mac Fisheries. Ha mere ihe osise nke ọ bụ Noël Coward na ya bụ Gertrude Lawrence.[48] Na-esonyere n'otu ụbọchị ahụ James na Russell Davies, Greer bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị mbụ a nabatara dị ka onye otu zuru oke, tinyere Sheila Buhr na Hilary Walston. <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="308" href="./Tim_Brooke-Taylor" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tim Brooke-Taylor">Tim Brooke-Taylor]],<nowiki><ref>Boston, Richard (3 June 2013). [https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2013/jun/03/cambridge-footlights-comedy-university \"From the archive, 3 June 1983: Cambridge Footlights celebrate 100 years of comedy\"], ''The Guardian''.</ref></nowiki> and to <nowiki>[[Eric Idle]]</nowiki>, the Footlights president."}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="cite_ref-55" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:Extension/ref">[./Germaine_Greer#cite_note-55 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> The Cambridge News bu akụkọ banyere ya na Nọvemba 1964, na-ezo aka na ụmụ nwanyị dị ka "ụmụ agbọghọ atọ". Nzaghachi Greer maka nnabata ya bụ: "Ebe a na-eji ndị na-agba ọsọ na-awụli elu. Ị nwere ike ịnwe ya n'onwe gị. " O sonyere na revue ya nke 1965, My Girl Herbert, ya na Eric Idle (onye isi oche Footlights), John Cameron, Christie Davies na John Grillo.[53][50]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.footlights.org/past/1965|title=Cambridge Footlights: Year ending 1965|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104112941/http://www.footlights.org/past/1965|archivedate=4 January 2006}}</ref> Otu onye nkatọ chọpụtara "nwa agbọghọ Australia nke nwere ikike okike iji gosipụta olu ya".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Footlights at 120: A history of Footlights|url=http://www.footlights.org:80/history|publisher=Cambridge Footlights|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060104103517/http://www.footlights.org/history|archivedate=4 January 2006|accessdate=26 August 2020}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ so na Footlights mgbe ọ nọ ebe ahụ gụnyere Tim Brooke-Taylor, John Cleese, Peter Cook na David Frost.[56] [[Faịlụ:Cmglee_Cambridge_Friar_House_from_The_Eagle.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Greer biri n'ọnụ ụlọ dị n'akụkụ Clive James na Friar House (ụlọ ọcha), Bene't Street, Cambridge.]]   Greer dechara Ph.D. na Calabria, Italy, bụ ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọkụ azụ n'ime obodo nwere olulu mmiri na ọkụ eletrik. Njem ahụ yiri nke enyi ya bụ́ Emilio, ma nwoke ahụ gosiri Greer akwụkwọ ya bụ nwoke na-asa ahụ́ n’olulu mmiri tupu chi ọbụbọ, na-eyikwa uwe ojii na akpụkpọ ụkwụ.[1] Enyere ya PhD na Mee 1968 maka edemede ya The Ethic of Love and Marriage in Shakespeare's Early Comedies. [59] Greer - onye na-asụ ma ọ bụ na-agụ Latin, Greek oge ochie, Italian, French, German, na Spanish [2] - dọtara mmasị dị iche iche nke European Renaissance comedies na-arụ ụka na Shakespeare na-emeso ihe ọchị na-enye ozi dị iche na akwụkwọ ndị Europe. [3] Ahụmahụ nke onwe ya ezughị iji kọwaa ihe omume ahụ. "Enyefere m ndụ m niile maka okike, na-eme ike m niile ime ihe ga-atọ ndị ọzọ ụtọ, m ga-agakwa n'ihu ruo mgbe m ruru n'elu, wee leghachi anya azụ ma nwee mmasị na naanị onwe m"[62]. Nwanyị ọnaozi ahụ na-adabere nke ukwuu na agụmakwụkwọ ''Shakespeare'' nke Greer, ọkachasị mgbe ọ na-atụle akụkọ ihe mere eme nke alụmdi na nwunye na mbedo. N'afọ 1986, Oxford University Press bipụtara akwụkwọ ya Shakespeare dị ka akụkụ nke usoro Past Masters, na 2007 Bloomsbury bipụtara ọmụmụ ya banyere Anne Hathaway, Shakespeare's Wife.[63] == Ọrụ mmalite na edemede == === Ozizi, alụmdi na nwunye na telivishọn === [[Faịlụ:Germaine_Greer,_June_1972_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Greer na June 1972]] Site na 1968 ruo 1972, Greer rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Mahadum Warwick na Coventry, ya na di mbụ ya na Leamington Spa nwere nwamba abụọ na kilogram 300. [1] [65] Na 1968 ọ mụrụ akwụkwọ mbụ ya, Paul, na mgbakwunye na ime ihe, dere akwụkwọ 300. [1] King's College London English, onye rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ewu ụlọ, n'ụlọ dị na Portobello Road, London, mgbe obere oge gasịrị na Paddington Register Office, na-eji mgbanaka sitere na ụlọ akụ. [2] [65] Du Feu alụọla nwunye wee mụọ ụmụ nwoke abụọ, gbara afọ 14 na 16, ya na di mbụ ya. [67] === ''Oz'' na Suck''Ịṅụ'' === [[Faịlụ:Oz_magazine,_issue_19,_early_1969.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Greer na mkpuchi nke magazin ''Oz'', mmalite 1969, ya na Vivian Stanshall nke Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah BandÒtù Bonzo Dog Doo-Dah]] Greer malitere ide kọlụm dị ka "Dr. G" maka magazin ''Oz'', nke Richard Neville, onye ọ zutere na oriri na Sydney.[74] E mechiri Australian ''Oz'' na 1963 mgbe ọnwa atọ gasịrị ma maa ndị nchịkọta akụkọ ikpe maka okwu rụrụ arụ, e mesịa gbanwee ha. Neville na onye nchịkọta akụkọ ya, Martin Sharp, kwagara London ma guzobe ''Oz'' n'ebe ahụ. Mgbe Neville zutere Greer ọzọ, ọ tụrụ aro ka o dee maka ya, nke dugara na edemede ya na mbipụta mbụ na 1967, "In Bed with the English".[75] Keith Morris sere ya foto ("Dr G, naanị onye na-eme ihe nkiri nwere PhD n'agbụ") maka mbipụta 19 na mbido 1969; ihe oyiyi ojii na-acha ọcha gụnyere otu n'ime ihe ndị ọ na-ese maka mkpuchi ya na Vivian Stanshall na nke ọzọ nke ọ na-eme ka ọ na-akpọ ụbọ .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Photographs|date=30 August 2017|url=https://digitised-collections.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/191793|publisher=Germaine Greer Archive, University of Melbourne|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003194325/https://digitised-collections.unimelb.edu.au/handle/11343/191793|archivedate=3 October 2018|author=Greer|first=Germaine}}</ref> Mbipụta July 1970, ''''Oz'' 29'', gosipụtara "Germaine Greer knits private parts", isiokwu sitere na Oz's Needlework Correspondent na aka na-akpụ akpụ Keep it Warm Cock Sock, "a snug corner for a chilly prick". Dị ka "Rose Blight", o dekwara kọlụm n'ubi maka Private Eye.[78] N'afọ 1969, Greer so guzobe magazin na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ nke dị na Amsterdam, Suck: The First European Sex Paper (1969-1974), ya na Bill Daley, Jim Haynes, William Levy, Heathcote Williams na Jean Shrimpton, ebumnuche ya bụ ịmepụta "ihe ọhụrụ na-akpụ agụụ mmekọahụ nke ga-eme ka ahụ nwoke na nke nwanyị ghara ịdị mma". Akụkọ na-ekwu na mbipụta mbụ ahụ bụ ihe na-akpasu iwe nke na Special Branch wakporo ọfịs ya na London na Arts Lab na Drury Lane ma mechie adreesị postbox ya.<ref name="suck">{{Cite book|title=Suck, the first European sex magazine|oclc=810282005}}</ref>[80] Dị ka Beatrice Faust si kwuo, Suck bipụtara "ihe omimi SM nke na-asọ ụmụ nwanyị asị", gụnyere ihe osise mkpuchi, maka mbipụta 7, nke nwoke na-ejide "nwaanyị na-eti mkpu na ụkwụ ya n'ikuku ka onye ọzọ dinara ya n'ike".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Faust|first=Beatrice|authorlink=Beatrice Faust|title=Grab-bag of Germaine ideas|work=The Age|date=20 December 1986|page=137}}</ref> Otu n'ime ndị na-ede akụkọ ndụ Greer, Elizabeth Kleinhenz, dere na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla na-emebi iwu maka Suck, gụnyere nkọwa nke mmetọ ụmụaka, mmekọahụ na anụmanụ.[80] Akụkụ Greer, "Sucky Fucky" nke "Earth Rose", gụnyere ndụmọdụ nye ụmụ nwanyị banyere otu esi elekọta akụkụ ahụ ha na otu ha kwesịrị isi detụ ihe ha na-eme n'ahụ ha.[82][83] O bipụtara aha enyi ya, onye ọ maara site n'oge ya na Sydney Push na onye o mechara nyefee The Female Eunuch: "Onye ọ bụla chọrọ inwe mmekọahụ n'ìgwè na New York ma nwee mmasị na ụmụ agbọghọ buru ibu, kpọtụrụ Lillian Roxon. " N'oge mmemme ihe nkiri Amsterdam nke afọ 1970 nke Suck haziri, ndị ọka ikpe, nke gụnyere Greer, nyere Bodil Joensen ihe nrite mbụ maka ihe nkiri nke nwanyị na ụmụ anụmanụ nwere mmekọahụ. [85] Suck weghachiri otu ajụjụ ọnụ ya na Greer (nke mbụ e bipụtara na ''Screw'', magazin ọzọ na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ), nke akpọrọ "Abụ m akwụna". &nbsp; N'otu oge ahụ ọ na-etinye aka na Suck, Greer gwara Robert Greenfield nke Rolling Stone na Jenụwarị 1971 na ọ bụ onye na-enwe mmasị na Redstockings, otu ụmụ nwanyị siri ike nke Ellen Willis na [[Shulamith Firestone]] guzobere na New York na Jenụwaị 1969. N'ịbụ onye ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị katọrọ maka itinye aka na Suck, na Mee 1971 ọ gwara onye na-agba ajụjụ ọnụ maka ''Screw'': Greer kewara na Suck na 1972 mgbe ọ bipụtara foto ya gba ọtọ na-edina ala na ụkwụ ya n'ubu ya na ihu ya na-ele anya n'etiti apata ụkwụ ya.<ref name="ifeminists">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ifeminists.net/introduction/editorials/2004/1215cook.html|title=Encounters with Germaine Greer|first=Dana|author=Cook|date=15 December 2004|work=ifeminists.com}}</ref> E zigara foto ahụ na nghọta na a ga-ebipụta foto ndị gba ọtọ nke ndị nchịkọta akụkọ niile n'akwụkwọ gbasara mmemme ihe nkiri.[90] Ọ gbara arụkwaghịm, na-ebo ndị nchịkọta akụkọ ndị ọzọ ebubo na ha bụ "ndị na-emegide mgbanwe". <ref name="suck">{{Cite book|title=Suck, the first European sex magazine|oclc=810282005}}</ref> Greer mechara kwuo na ebumnuche ya n'ịbanye na bọọdụ nchịkọta akụkọ bụ ịnwa ịdọpụ Suck na ihe nkiri na-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ.[91] === Nwaanyị ọnaozi (1970) === {{Reflist|26em}} N'ịkọwa ihe mere o ji chọọ ide akwụkwọ ahụ, nkọwa ahụ gara n'ihu: "Nke mbụ, echere m na ọ bụ iji kwụọ ụgwọ mmehie m n'ịbụ nwanne nna Tom na mmekọahụ m. Anaghị m amasị ụmụ nwanyị. O yikarịrị ka m na-ekere òkè na nlelị niile na-enweghị mgbalị na amaghị ihe ndị ikom na-awụ ụmụ nwanyị n'oge ahụ, ọ kọwara 21 Eprel 1969 dị ka "ụbọchị akwụkwọ m malitere n'onwe ya, Janis Joplin na-abụ abụ n'ụtụtụ anyị na Albert Hall. "Stubo ụnyaahụ bụ Strumpet Voluntary - gịnị ka ọ ga-akụkọ anyị ga-eme ka ọ ga - anyị ga-agụ akwụkwọ Morning" <ref name="Bell31July1969">{{Cite news|author=Bell|first=Lynne|title=Doctor who refuses to be type-cast|work=The Sydney Morning Herald|date=31 July 1969|page=19}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwanyị ahụ ga-emecha taa ka ọ ga[98] N'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1970, o bipụtara otu edemede na ''Oz'', "The Slag-Heap Erupts", nke nyere echiche ya n'ọdịnihu, ya bụ na ụmụ nwanyị ga-ata ụta maka mmegbu nke ha. "Ndị ikom anaghị amasị ụmụ nwanyị n'ezie", ka o dere, "nke ahụ bụkwa n'ezie ihe mere ha anaghị eji ha eme ihe. Ụmụ nwanyị anaghị amasị ha n'ezie, ha onwe ha nwekwara ike ịdabere n'iji ụmụ nwoke mee ihe karịa ụmụ nwanyị. " Ọtụtụ ndị inyom Britain, gụnyere Angela Carter, Sheila Rowbotham na Michelene Wandor, jiri iwe zaghachi. [99][100] Wandor dere nzaghachi na ''Oz'', "Na njedebe nke Servile Penitude: Nzaghachi nye ike Germaine", na-ekwu na Greer na-ede banyere òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke ọ na-arụ ọrụ ọ bụla na nke ọ maghị ihe ọ bụla.[101] [[File:Female_Eunuch_cover.jpeg|thumb|Christine Wallace kpọrọ mkpuchi Paladin, nke John Holmes mepụtara, otu n'ime "ihe oyiyi a na-ahụ anya na mbipụta mgbe agha gasịrị".[102]]] nke na-eleghara anya"): [128] na oriri nke ndị editọ si ''Oz'' bịara, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Tweedie|first=Jill|title=Goodbye love|work=The Guardian|date=28 September 1970|page=9}}; {{Cite news|author=Lyndon|first=Neil|authorlink=Neil Lyndon|title=Shooting down The Female Eunuch|url=https://www.thetimes.com/comment/register/article/shooting-down-the-female-eunuch-d75bkm2t9jz|work=The Sunday Times|date=10 October 2010}}.</ref> MacGibbon & Kee bipụtara The Female Eunuch na UK na 12 Ọktoba 1970, raara ya nye Lillian Roxon na ụmụ nwanyị anọ ndị ọzọ.[103] Mbipụta mbụ nke 2 + 1⁄2 puku rere n'ụbọchị mbụ.<ref name="Byrne1986">{{Cite news|title=Germaine Greer on Marriage, Children And Society|url=https://www.rte.ie/archives/2016/1021/825887-germaine-greer-and-the-female-eunuch/|work=The Late Late Show|publisher=RTÉ|date=24 October 1986}}</ref> N'ikwu na ezinụlọ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ, ndị na-azụ ahịa, ndị na'ezinụlọ nuklia na-egbochi ma na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ ndị na-ere ahịa, akwụkwọ ahụ ghọrọ akwụkwọ kachasị mma na mba ụwa na ederede na-agbanwe agbanwe na òtù ụmụ nwanyị.[5] Dị ka Greer si kwuo, McGraw-Hill kwụrụ $ 29,000 maka ikike America na Bantam $ 135,000 maka akwụkwọ mpịakọta. Mbipụta Bantam kpọrọ Greer "Saucy feminist nke ọbụna ụmụ nwoke na-amasị", na-ehota magazin Life, na akwụkwọ "#1: okwu kachasị na nnwere onwe mmekọahụ".[107] Ọchịchọ dị ukwuu mgbe mbụ e bipụtara ya na a ga-ebipụtaghachi ya kwa ọnwa, ma ọ dịghị mgbe a kwụsịrị ibipụta ya.[108] Wallace dere banyere otu nwanyị nke fụchiri ya na akwụkwọ na-acha nchara nchara ma zoo ya n'okpuru akpụkpọ ụkwụ ya, n'ihi na di ya agaghị ekwe ka ọ gụọ ya.[109] Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1998, ọ rere ihe karịrị otu nde na UK naanị. <ref name="McCann25Feb1998">{{Cite news|author=McCann|first=Paul|title=Greer paid pounds 1/2m for new 'Female Eunuch'|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/greer-paid-pounds-12m-for-new-female-eunuch-1146787.html|work=The Independent|date=25 February 1998}}</ref>  Afọ 1970 bụ ihe dị mkpa maka feminism nke abụọ. N'ọnwa Febụwarị, ụmụ nwanyị 400 zutere na kọleji Ruskin, Oxford, maka ọgbakọ ntọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị Britain nke mbụ.[1] N'August, Kate Millett's Politics of Sexuality ka e bipụtara na New York;[2] na 26 August, Strike for Equality emume mere n'ofe United States; na na 31 August Millett Eserese Alice Neel dị na mkpuchi nke magazin Time, nke mgbe akwụkwọ ya rerela akwụkwọ 15,000 (ọ bụ ezie na December Time chere na nkwupụta ọ na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwanyị nwere ike ime ka ndị mmadụ ghara ịnakwere ụmụ nwanyị).[3]. Septemba na Ọktọba hụrụ mbipụta nke Sisterhood Is Powerful, nke Robin Morgan deziri, na Shulamith Firestone's The Dialectic of Sex.[114] Na 6 Maachị 1971, yi uwe ndị nọn, Greer jiri ụmụ nwanyị 2,500 gafere etiti London na March nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị.[4] Ka ọ na-erule n’ọnwa ahụ, a sụgharịala akwụkwọ ahụ gaa n’asụsụ asatọ, ọ fọkwara obere ka erere mbipụta ya nke abụọ.[109] E bipụtara ya na United States site n'aka McGraw-Hill na 16 Eprel 1971.[5][6] Toast nke New York, Greer siri ọnwụ na-anọ na Chelsea Hotel, bụ ebe ndị ode akwụkwọ na ndị na-ese ihe na-agakarị, karịa na Algonquin Hotel ebe onye bipụtara ya debere ya akwụkwọ; A kwesịrị ịhazigharị akwụkwọ ya n'ihi na ọtụtụ ndị chọrọ ịga.[7] Otu akwụkwọ nyocha akwụkwọ New York Times kọwara ya dị ka "[s] ix ụkwụ ogologo, na-enweghị ike ịma mma, nwere anya na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na profaịlụ na-echetara Garbo." Akwụkwọ mpịakọta Paladin sochiri, ya na ihe osise mkpuchi nke onye Britain na-ese ihe John Holmes, nke René Magritte nwere mmetụta,na-egosi ahụ nwanyị dị ka uwe na-akwụnye na okporo ụzọ, aka na úkwù ọ bụla. Clive Hamilton weere ya dị ka "ma eleghị anya mkpuchi akwụkwọ kachasị echeta na nke na-akpata nchegbu e mepụtara". N'iji ahụ tụnyere "ụfọdụ fibreglass a tụbara na usoro mmepụta ihe", Christine Wallace dere na ụdị mbụ Holmes bụ nwanyị na-enweghị ihu, na-enweghị ara, nwanyị gba ọtọ, "n'ụzọ doro anya Germaine ... ntutu na-adaba n'ụdị afro-frizzed, n'úkwù dị omimi n'ime ụyọkọ ara ejiji, nke a na-eche na ọ bụ nke e bepụrụ na okike nke 'nwaanyị ọnaozi' dabere na nkwekọba na nkwonkwo aka".[102] Farrar, Straus <nowiki>&</nowiki>amp; Giroux bipụtara akwụkwọ ahụ ọzọ n'afọ 2001 site n'aka Jennifer Baumgardner, onye isi nke atọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke usoro Feminist Classics nke onye na-ebipụta ya.[122] Dị ka Justyna Wlodarczyk si kwuo, Greer pụtara dị ka "onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ kachasị amasị nke atọ".[123]&nbsp;   The Female Eunuch na-enyocha otú ụwa nwoke na-achịkwa si emetụta mmetụta nke nwanyị banyere onwe ya, na otú echiche nke nwoke na nwanyị na-enwe mmekọahụ na-emebi echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke onwe, nnwere onwe, ike, na mmekọahụ. Ozi ya bụ na ụmụ nwanyị ga-eleba anya n'ime onwe ha maka nnwere onwe ha tupu ha enwee ike ịnwa ịgbanwe ụwa. N’usoro isiokwu e kewara gaa na nkebi ise—Ahụ, Mkpụrụ obi, Ịhụnanya, Ịkpọasị, na Mgbanwe—Greer na-enyocha echiche, akụkọ ifo, na nghọtahie ndị jikọtara ọnụ na-akpata mmegbu.[125] Ọ chịkọtara ozi akwụkwọ ahụ na 2018 dị ka "Mee ihe ị chọrọ ma hụ ihe ị na-eme n'anya ... Emela ya dị ka ịnyịnya ibu ma ọ bụrụ na ịchọrọ ka a na-emeso gị dị ka arse." [1] Wallace na-arụ ụka na nke a bụ ozi nke nnwere onwe, dabere na Sydney Push, kama nke sitere na ụmụ nwanyị oge ahụ.[127] Paragraf nke mbụ na-akọwa ọnọdụ akwụkwọ ahụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme ụmụ nwanyị (n'ihe odide mbụ, nkebi nke mbụ na-agụ: "Ruo ugbu a, mmegharị nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị dị ntakịrị, ihe ùgwù na nke na-eleghara anya"): [128]   ''Onye ọnaozi'' ahụ ji: "Ndị inyom nwere ihe ùgwù ga-agba mbọ ma chọọ itinye gị na 'ọgụ' maka mgbanwe, mana mgbanwe bụ ihe na-agbadata. A ghaghị imebi usoro ochie, ọ bụghị nke ọhụrụ. Ụmụ nwanyị dị ilu ga-akpọ gị ka ị nupụ isi, mana ị nwere ọtụtụ ihe ị ga-eme. Gịnị ka ị ga-emekarị?"[130] [[Faịlụ:Germaine_Greer,_Amsterdam,_June_1972.jpg|thumb|Greer na Amsterdam, 6 June 1972, na njem akwụkwọ maka The Female Eunuch''Nwanyị Eunuch'']] Abụọ n'ime isiokwu nke akwụkwọ ahụ gosipụtara ụzọ maka Mmekọahụ na Ọdịnihu afọ iri na anọ ka e mesịrị, ya bụ na ezinụlọ nuklia bụ ọnọdụ ọjọọ maka ụmụ nwanyị na maka ịzụlite ụmụaka, nakwa na mmepụta nke Mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị site na ndị ọdịda anyanwụ na-eweda ala ma na-egbochi. A na-eme ụmụ nwanyị ka ha bụrụ ụmụ nwanyị site na nwata site n'ịkụziri ha iwu ndị na-achịkwa ha. Ka oge na-aga, mgbe ụmụ nwanyị na-anabata ụdị nwanyị toro eto, ha na-azụlite ihere banyere ahụ ha, ma na-efunahụ ikike ha na nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ihe si na ya pụta bụ enweghị ike, ịnọpụ iche, mmekọahụ dị ala, na enweghị ọṅụ. "Dị ka anụ ọhịa", ka ọ gwara ''The New York Times'' na Machị 1971, "ndị a na-akpụ akpụ n'ọrụ ugbo iji mezuo ebumnuche ndị ọzọ nke nna ha ukwu - ka ha bụrụ abụba ma ọ bụ mee ka ha dị nro - ewepụla ụmụ nwanyị ikike ha ime ihe. " Akwụkwọ ahụ na-ekwu na "[ndị] ụmụ nwanyị nwere obere ihe ọmụma banyere otú ụmụ nwoke si kpọrọ ha asị", ebe "[m] onwe ha amaghị omimi nke ịkpọasị ha. <ref name="weintraub22March1971">{{Cite news|first=Judith|author=Weintraub|date=March 22, 1971|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/05/09/specials/greer-shock.html|title=Germaine Greer&nbsp;– Opinions That May Shock the Faithful|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref>[w] "Mmeghachi omume abụghị mgbanwe", ka o dere. "Ọ bụghị ihe ịrịba ama nke mgbanwe ebe ndị a na-emegbu emegbu na-eji omume nke ndị mmegbu eme ihe ma na-eme mmegbu n'onwe ha. Ọ bụghịkwa ihe ịrịbaanya nke mgbanwe mgbe ụmụ nwanyị ape ụmụ nwoke ... " Onye America na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị Betty Friedan, onye dere The Feminine Mystique (1963), chọrọ ka ụmụ nwanyị "ịha nhata nke ohere n'ime ọnọdụ dị ugbu a, nnwere onwe ịbanye n'ụwa nke ọnyá na obi", ka o kwuru.[133][134]&nbsp;   Greer nọ na mmekọrịta n'oge ahụ na Tony Gourvish, onye njikwa nke otu egwu egwu Britain Family, nke malitere mgbe ọ na-ede The Female Eunuch. Kleinhenz dere na ha biri ọnụ ruo oge ụfọdụ, mana Greer mechara chee na ọ na-erigbu onye ama ya, mmetụta ọ na-etolite na ndị enyi ya, dị ka Kleinhenz si kwuo.[145] Na June 1971 ọ ghọrọ onye edemede maka London Sunday Times . Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, ọrụ mgbasa ozi ya kpọgara ya Vietnam, ebe o dere banyere "ụmụ agbọghọ na-agba akwụna" nke ndị agha America tụụrụ ime, na Bangladesh, ebe ọ gbara ụmụ nwanyị ndị ndị agha Pakistan dinara n'ike n'oge Agha Nnwere Onwe Bangladesh nke 1971.<ref name="Buchanan7Jan2018">{{Cite web|author=Buchanan|first=Rachel|title=Why it's time to acknowledge Germaine Greer, journalist|url=https://theconversation.com/why-its-time-to-acknowledge-germaine-greer-journalist-88958|work=The Conversation|date=7 January 2018}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBuchanan2018">Buchanan, Rachel (7 January 2018). [https://theconversation.com/why-its-time-to-acknowledge-germaine-greer-journalist-88958 "Why it's time to acknowledge Germaine Greer, journalist"]. ''The Conversation''.</cite></ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1971, Greer, onye na-asụ Italian nke ọma, <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="651" href="./Tuscany" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Tuscany">Tuscany-through-greers-eyes<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;title<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;Tuscany through Greer's eyes<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;date<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;16 July 2020<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwDO4\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt432\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwDO8\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://library.unimelb.edu.au/asc/collections/highlights/collections/germainegreer/feature-images/tuscany-through-greers-eyes\" id=\"mwDPA\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Tuscany through Greer's eyes\"</a></nowiki>. 16 July 2020.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-150" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Germaine_Greer#cite_note-150 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> kwagara Cortona na Tuscany, ebe ọ gbazitere ''Il Palazzone'', ụlọ dị nso n'obodo ahụ. O mechara zụta ụlọ, ''Pianelli''.[147] Ọ gwara Richard Neville na ọ ga-anọpụ na England n'ihi iwu ụtụ isi ya.[148] Ọ nọrọ akụkụ nke oge okpomọkụ ahụ na Porto Cervo, ebe ezumike dị n'akụkụ osimiri, ya na Kenneth Tynan, onye nduzi nka nke Royal National Theatre, dị ka ndị ọbịa nke Michael White, onye na-ahụ maka ihe nkiri. Ìgwè ahụ na Princess Margaret, Lord Snowdon na Karim Aga Khan riri nri abalị n'otu mgbede. Greer ji obere akpa bịarute, tupu nri abalị ahụ, ọ chọpụtara na ikuku na-efe n'ụgbọ mmiri ahụ efuru ntutu isi ya. Princess Margaret nọdụrụ Greer n'elu tebụl ejiji ya wee nọrọ nkeji ise na-asa ntutu isi ya. Isi ihe nke nleta maka Greer bụ ikwurịta ọrụ Tynan maka nsụgharị nke ''Lysistrata'' nke Aristophanes.[149]Nke mbụ e mere na 411 BCE, egwuregwu ahụ na-enyocha mgbalị ụmụ nwanyị mere iji manye njedebe nke Agha Peloponnesian site n'ịga n'ihu na Mmekọahụ. Emeghị ọrụ ahụ; Greer na Tynan dara n'oge njem ahụ, Greer wee hapụ Porto Cervo na anya mmiri.[151] Ntinye ya nke egwuregwu ahụ nwetara ekele na 1999, mgbe Phil Willmott rụgharịrị ma mepụta ya dị ka Germaine Greer's Lysistrata: The Sex Strike . Greer akọwaala nnwere onwe ọ nwere n'ụlọ ya na Ịtali, nke na-enweghị ọkụ eletrik mgbe mbụ ọ kwagara ebe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://museumsandcollections.unimelb.edu.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0006/2803443/04_Buchanan-Greer-21.pdf|title='Here I let live, and am let live': Germaine Greer and Italy|first=Rachel|author=Buchanan|accessdate=3 March 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ọ bi na Ịtali, Greer gbara Primo Levi, Luciano Pavarotti, na enyi ya na onye ọ hụrụ n'anya Federico Fellini ajụjụ ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2010/apr/11/germaine-greer-federico-fellini|title=Federico Fellini wanted to cast me in Casanova. We ended up in bed together &#124; Germaine Greer|work=[[TheGuardian.com]]|date=11 April 2010}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1971, Nat Lehrman, onye so na kọmitii nchịkọta akụkọ ''Playboy'', gbara Greer ajụjụ ọnụ, onye si na United States gaa Ịtali iji gbaa ajụjụ ọnụ n'ụlọ ya. ''Playboy'' bipụtara isiokwu ahụ na Jenụwarị 1972: "Germaine Greer - a Candid Conversation with the Ballsy Author of The Female Eunuch". Ọ bụ n'oge ajụjụ ọnụ a ka o bu ụzọ kwurịta n'ihu ọha na [[Germaine Greer|e dinara ya n'ike]] n'afọ nke abụọ ya na Mahadum Melbourne.<ref name="Greer20March1995">{{Cite news|first=Germaine|author=Greer|date=20 March 1995|title=The refusal to be bowed by brutality|work=[[The Guardian]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">Greer, Germaine (20 March 1995). "The refusal to be bowed by brutality". ''[[Onye nche|The Guardian]]''.</cite></ref> N'ịbụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ọrụ mgbasa ozi ya, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa nkuzi ya na Warwick n'afọ ahụ.[157] Na Machị 1972, e jidere ya na New Zealand maka ikwu "bullshit" na "fuck" n'okwu n'oge njem, nke o kpachaara anya mee n'ihi na e jidere Tim Shadbolt (onye a ga-emecha bụrụ onye isi obodo Invercargill na 1993) n'oge na-adịbeghị anya maka otu ihe ahụ. Narị mmadụ isii gbakọtara n'èzí ụlọ ikpe ahụ, na-atụba jelly beans na àkwá na ndị uwe ojii. Mgbe ọ gbachitere onwe ya, a tọhapụrụ ya na 'bullshit' mana a mara ya ikpe maka 'fuck', Kleinhenz dere. N'ịbụ onye a mara ikpe ịga mkpọrọ, o kwuru na ya ga-akwụ ụgwọ kama, wee hapụ mba ahụ n'akwụghị ya.[158]&nbsp; Greer, onye dị afọ iri atọ na asaa n'oge ahụ, nwere mmekọrịta na 1976 na onye edemede [[Martin Amis]], onye dị n'afọ iri abụọ na isii n'oge a, nke a tụlere n'ihu ọha na 2015 mgbe ọ resịrị Mahadum Melbourne ihe ndekọ ya. N'ime ha, Margaret Simons chọpụtara akwụkwọ ozi 30,000 nke Greer malitere ide na 1 Machị 1976 mgbe ọ nọ na British Airways Monarch lounge na Heathrow Airport, wee gaa n'ihu n'oge njem nkuzi na United States, ọ bụ ezie na o doro anya na o ziteghị ya: "Ka kilomita na-agbakọta, achọtara m akwụkwọ ozi a siri ike ma sie ike ide. Ụdị m na-ada mbido dị ka ntụ. [160) A hapụrụ m akwụkwọ a na taxi ma ọ ga-efunahụ gị ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụrụ na ị ga-eji ya.[160]&nbsp; [[Faịlụ:Mcfarlin_ice.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ McFarlin, Mahadum TulsaMahadum nke Tulsa]] Ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye nta akụkọ. N'afọ 1984 ọ gara [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]] iji kọọ banyere Ụnwụ nri 1983-1985 maka Daily Mail na ọzọ n'ọnwa Eprel 1985 maka The Observer. Maka nke ikpeazụ, o ji igwefoto Olympus na-akpaghị aka were foto wee gbaa kilomita 700 gaa Asosa, obodo nke Gọọmentị Etiopia na-ebugharị ndị mmadụ site na mpaghara ụnwụ nri. The Observer ebipụtaghị isiokwu abụọ 5,000 ọ nyere; n'echiche ya, ndị editọ ekwenyeghị n'echicha gọọmentị Mengistu. The New Worker bipụtara ha kama. Na Septemba 1985 ọ gara Etiopia ọzọ, n'oge a iji gosipụta ihe ngosi maka Channel 4 na UK. Mmekọahụ na akara aka: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọmụmụ mmadụ (1984) gara n'ihu na nkatọ Greer banyere àgwà ndị Ọdịda Anyanwụ n'ihe gbasara mmekọahụ, ọmụmụ, na ezinụlọ, yana itinye àgwà ndị ahụ n'ụwa ndị ọzọ. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya ọzọ gụnyere ezinụlọ nuklia, itinye aka gọọmentị na omume mmekọahụ, na ịzụ ahịa nke mmekọahụ na ahụ ụmụ nwanyị. O kwuru na nkwalite ọdịda anyanwụ nke igbochi ọmụmụ na Ụwa nke Atọ abụghị n'ụzọ dị ukwuu maka nchegbu maka ọdịmma mmadụ kama ọ bụ egwu ọdịnala na anyaụfụ nke ndị ọgaranya maka ọmụmụ nke ndị ogbenye. Omume mgbochi ọmụmụ emetọla site na mmalite ya, o dere, na-ezo aka na Marie Stopes na ndị ọzọ. Ọ dọrọ aka ná ntị megide ịkatọ ụdị ndụ na ụkpụrụ ezinụlọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe. N'afọ 1984, Greer zụrụ The Mills, ụlọ ọrụ ugbo nke Georgia na ala dị hekta atọ na Great Chesterford, Essex, England, ebe ọ kụrụ osisi dị otu hekta, nke o kwuru na ọ mere ka ọ dị mpako karịa ihe ọ bụla ọzọ o mere, ma gbalịa idebe "dị ka ebe mgbaba maka ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-eto eto" dịka o nwere ike.<ref name="TheMills" /> Mills ka bụ ụlọ Greer maka akụkụ nke afọ mgbe o rere ya na 2018; <ref name="TheMills">Greer, Germaine (11 March 2018). [https://www.thetimes.com/life-style/wildlife-nature/article/germaine-greer-offers-advice-for-the-next-owner-of-her-essex-home-ckcfn9p2r "Germaine Greer offers advice for the next owner of her Essex home"]. ''The Sunday Times''.<br /><br />{{Cite web|title=The Mills|url=https://assets.savills.com/properties/GBCARSCAS150149/CAS150149_CAS15002037.PDF|publisher=Savills|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180602004903/https://assets.savills.com/properties/GBCARSCAS150149/CAS150149_CAS15002037.PDF|archivedate=2 June 2018}}</ref> ka ọ na-erule afọ 2016, ọ na-anọ ọnwa anọ n'afọ na Australia na ndị ọzọ na UK. <ref name="Dugdale7Nov2016">{{Cite news|author=Dugdale|first=Lynda|title=Germaine Greer: Not about to change|url=https://www.intheblack.com/articles/2016/11/07/germaine-greer-not-about-to-change|work=Intheblack|date=7 November 2016}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Germaine_Greer_and_Lewis_Wolpert_on_After_Dark_on_30_May_1994.jpg|thumb|Mụ na [[Lewis Wolpert]] na Channel 4's After Dark, 1994]] E bipụtara akwụkwọ ya ''Shakespeare'' (isiokwu PhD ya) na 1986 site na Oxford University Press dị ka akụkụ nke usoro Past Masters. ''The Madwoman's Underclothes: Essays and Occasional Writings'', nchịkọta nke isiokwu ya e dere n'etiti 1968 na 1985, pụtakwara n'afọ ahụ. Na June 1988, ya na Harold Pinter, Antonia Fraser, Ian McEwan, Margaret Drabble, Salman Rushdie, David Hare na ndị ọzọ, ọ ghọrọ akụkụ nke "20th of June Group", nke kwadoro nnwere onwe obodo na England nke otu ahụ chere na a na-emebi; nke a bụ obere oge mgbe ewepụtara Akụkụ 28, nke gbochiri ụlọ akwụkwọ ịkụzi ndina ụdị onwe dị ka akụkụ dị mma nke ndụ ezinụlọ.[169] Ọ na-apụta mgbe niile na telivishọn na UK na Australia n'oge a, gụnyere na BBC's Have I Got News for You ọtụtụ ugboro site na 1990. N'abalị iri abụọ na abụọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 1995, Andrew Neil gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ ogologo oge na ihe ngosi ajụjụ ọnụ ya bụ Is This Your Life? <ref>{{IMDb title|tt9800432|Is This Your Life?|(22 July 1995, Germaine Greer)}}</ref> N'afọ 1998, o dere otu ihe omume, "Make Love not War", maka usoro ihe omume telivishọn Cold War, n'afọ sochirinụ, ọ nọdụrụ maka foto gba ọtọ nke onye Australia na-ese foto Polly Borland. Ajụjụ ọnụ 1994 ya na Greer na The Big Issue, nke o kwuru na ya na onye ọ bụla dị njikere ịgbaso iwu ya ga-ebikọ ụlọ ya, a kọwara ya dị ka akwụkwọ ịkpọ òkù maka ndị na-enweghị ebe obibi, ma mee ka ndị nta akụkọ na ụgbọ elu na-efe ala jupụta ya. Otu n'ime ndị nta akụkọ ahụ, onye nta akụkọ Mail on Sunday, jisiri ike banye ma jiri ile ọbịa ya mee ihe ruo ụbọchị abụọ, nke gụnyere Greer ịsa uwe ya ma kụziere ya otu esi eme achịcha.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Germaine|author=Greer|date=7 February 1994|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1994/02/07/Greer-to-sue-journalist-who-posed-as-a-homeless-man/3897760597200/|title=Greer to sue journalist who posed as a homeless man}}</ref> Mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ bipụtara akwụkwọ mpịakọta peeji atọ, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ahụ chọpụtara na ikpe mara ya maka aghụghọ na-abụghị maka ọdịmma ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/newspaper-breached-code-1432513.html|title=Newspaper breached code|work=[[The Independent]]|date=30 March 1994}}</ref> Natalie Angier, na-ede na ''The New York Times'', kpọrọ The Change: Women, Ageing, and the Menopause (1991) "oké iwe, obi ụtọ, iwe iwe nke akwụkwọ ... nke na-akpali akpali nke dị nso ịbụ onye nwere ike ịbụ onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na The Female Eunuch". N'ime ya, Greer dere banyere akụkọ ifo banyere nsọpụrụ - ma ọ bụ dịka ọ na-ahọrọ ịkpọ ya "oge kachasị njọ".<ref>{{Cite news|first=Natalie|author=Angier|authorlink=Natalie Angier|date=October 11, 1992|url=https://www.nytimes.com/books/99/05/09/specials/greer-change.html|title=The Transit of Woman|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> "Ịtụ egwu ụmụ nwanyị bụ ihe na-atọ ụtọ", o dere na The Age n'afọ 2002. "A na-atụ ụmụ nwanyị egwu iji ọgwụgwọ hormone dochie anya site na amụma ọjọọ nke ọkpụkpụ na-ada ada, ọrịa obi, enweghị agụụ mmekọahụ, ịda mbà n'obi, obi nkoropụ, ọrịa na ọnwụ ma ọ bụrụ na ha ekwe ka okike gaa n'ihu. "Ọ na-ekwu na ịtụ ụmụ nwanyị egwu bụ "nnukwu azụmahịa ma baa uru dị ukwuu".<ref>{{Cite news|first=Germaine|author=Greer|date=13 July 2002|url=https://www.theage.com.au/articles/2002/07/12/1026185109376.html|title=The Female Used|work=[[The Age]]}}</ref> E mezigharịrị akwụkwọ ahụ, gụnyere ozi ahụike, ma bipụtaghachi ya na 2018.&nbsp; === ''Slip-Shod Sibyls'' (1995) === N'afọ 2021, Greer laghachiri Australia iji ree ụlọ ya ma tinye onwe ya n'ụlọ nlekọta ndị agadi na Castlemaine, Victoria. Ọ nọrọ ọnwa iri wee pụọ n'ọnwa Eprel 2022 ka ya na nwanne ya nwoke biri. Ọ kọwara onwe ya dị ka "ọ bụghị onye ọrịa, kama ọ bụ onye mkpọrọ" n'ụlọ nlekọta ndị agadi. O kwuru na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ụlọ nlekọta karịa ụmụ nwoke ma kwuo na nlekọta ndị agadi bụ nsogbu ụmụ nwanyị na-akpali akpali.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-08-05|title=Females to the fore: The women at this year's Canberra Writers Festival|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/7846103/females-to-the-fore-the-women-at-this-years-canberra-writers-festival/|accessdate=2022-09-09|work=The Canberra Times|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Overington|first=Caroline|date=1 July 2022|title=Germaine Greer's life as an aged-care 'inmate'|url=https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/germaine-greer-life-as-an-agedcare-inmate/news-story/d8072017b7701420a65b498d275dd357|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220703053353/https://www.theaustralian.com.au/nation/germaine-greer-life-as-an-agedcare-inmate/news-story/d8072017b7701420a65b498d275dd357|archivedate=July 3, 2022|accessdate=August 10, 2024|work=The Australian}}</ref> == Ebe ndebe ihe ochie nke Germaine Greer == Greer rere ihe ndekọ ya na 2013 na Mahadum Melbourne . Ka ọ na-erule June 2018 ọ na-ekpuchi oge 1959-2010, na-ejupụta igbe nchekwa 487 na mita 82 nke oghere shelf . Mbufe nke ihe ncheta (150 faịlụ-cabinet drawers) site n'ụlọ Greer na England malitere na July 2014; mahadum mara ọkwa na ọ na-akpata nde $ 3 iji kwado ịzụta, mbupu, ụlọ, katalọgụ na digitization. Greer kwuru na a ga-enye onyinye ya maka ọrụ ebere ya, Friends of Gondwana Rainforest.<ref>{{Cite web|title=University to house Germaine Greer archive|url=http://www.campaign.unimelb.edu.au/news-and-events/2013-10-28-university-to-house-germaine-greer-archive|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109020158/http://www.campaign.unimelb.edu.au/news-and-events/2013-10-28-university-to-house-germaine-greer-archive|archivedate=9 November 2013|publisher=University of Melbourne|date=28 October 2013}}</ref> Kaadị ndepụta nke nwere ozi osisi ezinụlọ Greer, nke a chịkọtara mgbe ọ na-eme nchọpụta n'akwụkwọ ya Daddy, We Hardly Knew You, bụ nke State Library of Victoria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Index cards ca. 1990. [manuscript].|url=https://find.slv.vic.gov.au/discovery/fulldisplay?&context=L&vid=61SLV_INST:SLV&search_scope=slv_local&tab=searchProfile&docid=alma9916351273607636|accessdate=2025-04-30|work=find.slv.vic.gov.au|language=en}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==   == Ihe edeturu n'okpuru ala == == Edensibia == === eIhe ndị e dere n'akwụkwọ === [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rro07e9f4k3bzib16tlk2galodcycbi 0 74429 672239 620838 2026-07-04T13:29:42Z Goodymeraj 16207 672239 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michelle Marie Pfeiffer''' (/ˈfaɪfər/ FY-fər; amụrụ n'April 29, 1958) bụ onye America na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe. Otu n'ime kpakpando Hollywood kachasị ego n'oge 1980s na 1990s, arụmọrụ ya enwetawo ya otuto dị iche iche, gụnyere Golden Globe Award na British Academy Film Award, yana nhọpụta maka Academy Awards atọ na otu Primetime Emmy Award. Pfeiffer's acting career began in the late 1970s, with small roles in television and film. In 1982, she landed her first role in Grease 2, and received widespread acclaim for her performance as Elvira Hancock in 1983's Scarface. Success followed in The Witches of Eastwick (1987) and Tequila Sunrise (1988). For Married to the Mob (1988), Pfeiffer received the first of six Golden Globe Award nominations. She received consecutive Academy Award nominations, Best Supporting Actress for Dangerous Liaisons (1988) and Best Actress for The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989), and won a Golden Globe Award for the latter. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite 1990s, Pfeiffer bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri kacha akwụ ụgwọ n'ụwa. Ọ gbara Catwoman na Batman Returns (1992), wee nata nhọpụta Award Academy Award nke atọ maka Love Field (1992). Ọ gara n'ihu na-eme ihe nkiri na fim ndị ama ama n'ime afọ iri, gụnyere The Age of Innocence (1993) na Wolf (1994). Site na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ya, Via Rosa Productions, o mepụtara ma duzie ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, gụnyere Dangerous Minds (1995). N'afọ 2000, Pfeiffer kwụsịrị n'ọrụ ọ na-eme ka ọ na-ebute ezinụlọ ya ụzọ, na-apụta na nhọrọ ndị dị ka What Lies Beneath (2000), White Oleander (2002), Hairspray, na Stardust (ma 2007). Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị, Pfeiffer laghachiri n'ọkwa na 2017, na ọrụ na Where Is Kyra? , ''Nne!'' , na igbu ọchụ na Orient Express. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ natara nhọpụta mbụ ya na Primetime Emmy Award maka igosipụta Ruth Madoff na ihe nkiri telivishọn The Wizard of Lies . N'afọ 2020, ọ nwetara nhọpụta Golden Globe nke asatọ ya maka French Exit . Kemgbe afọ 2018, Pfeiffer gosipụtara Janet van Dyne na Marvel Cinematic Universe, malite na ''Ant-Man na Wasp''. N'afọ 2026, ọ malitere ịpụta na Stacy Clyburn na usoro Paramount+ The ''Madison'' . == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Michelle Marie Pfeiffer na Eprel 29, 1958, na Santa Ana, California, nwa Richard Pfeiffer, onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgwọ ikuku, na Donna Jean (née Taverna), onye na-elekọta ụlọ. O nwere nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya, Rick, na ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ ọ tọrọ, Dedee<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allrovi.com/name/dedee-pfeiffer-p56465|title=DeDee Pfeiffer – Movie and Film Biography and Filmography|work=AllRovi|publisher=Rovi Corporation|accessdate=June 11, 2011}}</ref> na Lori.<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800016613/bio|title=Michelle Pfeiffer biography|work=Yahoo Movies|publisher=Yahoo!|accessdate=April 27, 2011}}</ref> Nne na nna ya si [[North Dakota]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Egan|first=Tim|authorlink=Timothy Egan|date=August 6, 1995|title=Michelle Pfeiffer, Sensuous to Sensible|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/06/movies/michelle-pfeiffer-sensuous-to-sensible.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=February 4, 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Nna nna ya bụ onye German na nne nne ya bụ onye English, Welsh, French, Irish, na Dutch, ebe nna nna ya bụ nke Swiss-German-Italian na nne nne nne ya sitere na Swedish.<ref name="tcat">{{Cite web|title=Michelle Pfeiffer – Pfeiffer: 'I'm A Multi-Cultural Mutt'|work=Contact Music|date=February 1, 2008|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/pfeiffer-im-a-multi-cultural-mutt_1058208|accessdate=August 28, 2010|archivedate=September 27, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927220351/http://www.contactmusic.com/news/pfeiffer-im-a-multi-cultural-mutt_1058208}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Midway City, obodo ọzọ dị na Orange County nke dị kilomita iri na otu, ebe Pfeiffer nọrọ n'afọ ndị mbụ ya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUWTsTnOLDIC&q=michelle%20pfeiffer%20santa%20ana&pg=PA48|title=Orange County: Then & Now|first=Chris|author=Epting|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2011|accessdate=April 25, 2011|isbn=978-0-7385-8115-6}}</ref> &nbsp; Pfeiffer gara Fountain Valley High School, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1976. <ref name="Egan">{{Cite news|author=Egan|first=Tim|authorlink=Timothy Egan|date=August 6, 1995|title=Michelle Pfeiffer, Sensuous to Sensible|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/06/movies/michelle-pfeiffer-sensuous-to-sensible.html?pagewanted=4&src=pm|accessdate=July 16, 2011}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwa agbọghọ na-enyocha na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa Vons, wee gaa Golden West College ebe ọ bụ onye otu [[Alpha Delta Pi]] sorority.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAwx9lRs1gQC&q=michelle%20pfeiffer%20santa%20ana&pg=RA1-PA19|title=Glamorous Movie Stars of the Eighties Paper Dolls|first=Tom|author=Tierney|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|year=2002|isbn=978-0-486-42191-9}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwesịrị ọzụzụ dị mkpirikpi ka ọ bụrụ Onye na-ede akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ikpe, ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ime ihe nkiri. Pfeiffer meriri asọmpi ịma mma Miss Orange County na 1978 wee bụrụ onye nke isii na asọmpi Miss California n'otu afọ ahụ. Mgbe ọ pụtara na asọmpi ndị a, Pfeiffer nwetara onye nnọchi anya wee malite ịnwale maka ọrụ telivishọn na ihe nkiri. == Ọrụ == === Ná ngwụsị afọ 1970 na 1980 === [[Faịlụ:Michelle_Pfeiffer_-_Studio_Portrait_(1979).jpg|thumb|Pfeiffer na 1979]] Pfeiffer mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya na 1978, na ọrụ na fim Fantasy Island. [1] Ụbọchị nkịta na nwamba sochiri, Delta House , CHIPs , Enos na B.A.D. Nwamba , yana ihe nkiri CBS The Solitary Man (1979). [2] Pfeiffer pụtara na ihe nkiri The Hollywood Knights (1980), megide Tony Danza, dị ka ndị hụrụ n'anya n'akwụkwọ. O mechara nwee ọrụ nkwado na Falling in Love Again (1980) megidere Susannah York na Charlie Chan na Curse of the Dragọn Queen (1981), nke ọ bụla n'ime ha enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma ma ọ bụ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma. Ọ pụtara na mgbasa ozi maka ncha opera Lux, wee nweta ọrụ na Beverly Hills Playhouse, tupu ọ pụta na ihe nkiri telivishọn 1981 atọ - Callie na Son, megide Lindsay Wagner, The Children Nobody Wanted and Splendor in the Grass.[3][4] Pfeiffer mere mpụta ihe nkiri mbụ ya na Grease 2 (1982), [1] usoro nke Grease (1978).[2] N'iji obere kredit ole na ole na obere obere ọrụ, Pfeiffer dị afọ iri abụọ na atọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-achọsi ike mgbe etinyere ya maka ọrụ ahụ, mmegharị nke onye nduzi Patricia Birch kwuru na ọ meriri n'ihi na o "nwere ikike pụrụ iche inye anya ya ụfọdụ ikuku nke ike".[3] Ihe nkiri ahụ bụ ihe ịga nke ọma nke azụmahịa na nke dị oke egwu, mana a nabatara arụmọrụ Pfeiffer nke ọma.[4] Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times kọrọ, sị: "[T] onye bịara ọhụrụ na fim ahụ, Miss Pfeiffer jisiri ike dị ka onye ọhụrụ na onye ọrịa na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri. N'oge ahụ, m na-eme ihe nkiri, m nọ n'ihu m. "[2][5][6] Onye nduzi Brian De Palma, ebe ọ hụrụ Grease 2, jụrụ ịnwale Pfeiffer maka Scarface (1983), mana ọ kwụsịrị na Martin Bregman, onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri ahụ. A họpụtara ya dị ka nwunye ya bụ Elvira Hancock, onye cocaine riri ahụ.<ref name="talk">{{Cite web|title=Michelle Pfeiffer Biography|url=http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/michelle_pfeiffer_biog/4|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926071520/http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/michelle_pfeiffer_biog/4|archivedate=September 26, 2008|accessdate=October 23, 2008|work=[[TalkTalk Group|Talk Talk]]|publisher=Tiscali UK Limited trading|quote=Michelle, renowned as the most beautiful actress in the world ...}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ lere ihe nkiri ahụ anya dị ka ihe ike gabigara ókè, mana ọ ghọrọ ihe na-ewu ewu ma nweta nnukwu ofufe na-esote n'afọ ndị sochirinụ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oek-PyR-70UC&q=scarface%20violent&pg=PA162|title=New forms of consumption: consumers, culture, and commodification|first=Mark|author=Gottdiener|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-9570-6|date=2000}}</ref> Pfeiffer nwetara nyocha dị mma maka nkwado ya; Richard Corliss nke Time Magazine dere, "ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị mma: Michelle Pfeiffer ka mma ..." ebe Dominick Dunne, n'otu edemede maka Vanity Fair nke akpọrọ "Blonde Ambition", dere, "[ọ nọ n'ọnụ nke ịbụ onye ama ama. "N'okwu nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ọ na-ekpo ọkụ. "[s] [[Faịlụ:Michelle_Pfeiffer_01.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Pfeiffer na 1985]] Na-esote Scarface, ọ kpara Diana na John Landis' comedy Into the Night (1985), ya na Jeff Goldblum; Isabeau d'Anjou na Richard Donner's fantasy film ''Ladyhawke'' (1985), na Rutger Hauer na Matthew Broderick; Faith Healy na Alan Alda's Sweet Liberty (1986), ya na Michael Caine; na Brenda Landers na akụkụ nke 1950s sci-fi parody Amazon Women on the Moon (1987), nke niile, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ naanị obere ihe ịga nke ọma azụmahịa, nyeere aka iguzobe ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri. O mechara nweta nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ dị ka Sukie Ridgemont na 1987 nke akwụkwọ akụkọ John Updike The Witches of Eastwick, ya na Jack Nicholson, Cher, na [[Susan Sarandon]]. Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha dị mma ma nweta ihe karịrị $ 63.7 nde n'ime ụlọ, nke kwekọrọ na $ 181 nde na $ 2025, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=witchesofeastwick.htm|title=The Witches of Eastwick|work=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 27, 2011}}.</ref> [1] na-aghọ otu n'ime ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=All Michelle Pfeiffer Movies, Ranked By Tomatometer|url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/all-michelle-pfeiffer-movies-ranked/|accessdate=February 18, 2012|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref>[24]<ref name="Marx-2023">{{Cite web|author=Marx|first=Rebecca Flint|title=Michelle Pfeiffer – Biography by Rebecca Flint Marx|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p56469|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228064103/https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p56469|archivedate=February 28, 2023|accessdate=August 8, 2021|work=[[AllMovie]]}}</ref> N'ịja oge ha na-atọ ọchị, Roger Ebert dere na Pfeiffer na ụmụ nwanyị ya na ha na-arụkọ ọrụ "nwere oge dị mma na ọrụ ha", ebe onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri ''Los Angeles Times'' Sheila Benson kwuru na Pfeifer na-eme ka àgwà ya bụrụ "onye na-ekpo ọkụ, onye a na-apụghị iguzogide".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|date=June 12, 1987|title=The Witches of Eastwick|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-witches-of-eastwick-1987|accessdate=November 19, 2020|work=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Benson|first=Sheila|authorlink=Sheila Benson|date=June 12, 1987|title=Movie Review: 'Witches' Curse Goes to the Devil|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-06-12-ca-4000-story.html|accessdate=November 19, 2020|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; A tụbara Pfeiffer megide ụdị, dị ka nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke onye omekome e gburu egbu, na ihe nkiri Jonathan Demme nke Married to the Mob (1988), ya na Matthew Modine, Dean Stockwell na Mercedes Ruehl. Maka ọrụ Angela de Marco, o yi wig na-acha nchara nchara na ụda olu Brooklyn, <ref name="yahoo">{{Cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800016613/bio|title=Michelle Pfeiffer biography|work=Yahoo Movies|publisher=Yahoo!|accessdate=April 27, 2011}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800016613/bio "Michelle Pfeiffer biography"]. ''Yahoo Movies''. Yahoo!<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 27,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> ma nata nhọpụta Golden Globe Award mbụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na Motion Picture Musical ma ọ bụ Comedy, na-amalite afọ isii nke nhọpụta onye na-ese ihe nkiri kacha elu na Golden Globes. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.msn.com/celebrities/celebrity-awards-and-nominations/michelle-pfeiffer/?ipp=15&startingItem=31|title=Michelle Pfeiffer – awards and nominations|work=MSN Movies|publisher=Microsoft Corporation|accessdate=April 27, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923122344/http://movies.msn.com/celebrities/celebrity-awards-and-nominations/michelle-pfeiffer/?ipp=15&startingItem=31|archivedate=September 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/member/29761|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060521180439/http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/member/29761|archivedate=May 21, 2006|title=Michelle Pfeiffer|work=Golden Globe Awards|publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association|accessdate=July 11, 2011}}</ref> Pfeiffer pụtara dị ka onye na-ere nri Jo Ann Vallenari na ''Tequila Sunrise'' (1988) ya na Mel Gibson na Kurt Russell, mana ya na onye nduzi Robert Towne nwere esemokwu na nke onwe ya, onye mechara kọwaa ya dị ka onye "na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị sie ike" ya na ya rụtụrụla ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pfeiffertheface.com/M_1988_CT.htm|title=Tequila Sunrise: Michelle Pfeiffer|work=Pfeiffertheface.com|accessdate=October 23, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101171617/http://www.pfeiffertheface.com/M_1988_CT.htm|archivedate=November 1, 2008}}</ref> Na aro nke Demme, <ref name="thompson">{{Cite book|author=Thompson|first=Douglas|title=Pfeiffer: Beyond the Age of Innocence|publisher=Warner Futura|year=1995|isbn=978-0-7515-1030-0}}</ref> Pfeiffer sonyeere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke Stephen Frears's Dangerous Liaisons (1988), ya na Glenn Close na John Malkovich, na-eme Madame Marie de Tourvel, onye nwere omume ọma nke ịrata. Hal Hinson nke The Washington Post hụrụ ọrụ Pfeiffer dị ka "ihe doro anya na nke kachasị sie ike. Ọ dịghị ihe siri ike igwu egwu karịa omume ọma, Pfeiffer nwekwara ọgụgụ isi nke na-adịghị anwa anwa. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-egosipụta ya. Ịma mma ya, n'ihe banyere nke a, bụ nnukwu akụ, na ụzọ e si eji ya mee ka ọ yie akụkụ nke ime mmụọ ya". Ọ meriri BAFTA Award maka Best Actress in a Supporting Role <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/dangerousliaisonsrhinson_a0a8d4.htm|title=Dangerous Liaisons|work=The Washington Post|date=January 13, 1989|accessdate=October 23, 2008}}</ref> Ọ natara nhọpụta maka Academy Award maka Best Supporting Actress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/nominations/?year=1989|title=Past winners and nominees – Film nominations 1989|work=British Academy of Film and Television Arts|accessdate=April 28, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525123102/http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/nominations/?year=1989|archivedate=May 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989|title=61st Academy Awards winners|work=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|accessdate=April 28, 2011}}</ref> Pfeiffer then accepted the role of Susie Diamond, a hard-edged former call girl turned lounge singer, in ''The Fabulous Baker Boys'' (1989), which also starred Jeff Bridges and Beau Bridges as the eponymous Baker Boys. She underwent intense voice training for the role for four months, and performed all of her character's vocals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.totalfilm.com/features/150-greatest-movie-performances-of-all-time-1/146-michelle-pfeiffer-susie-diamond-the-fabulous-baker-boys-1989|title=150 Greatest movie performances of all time|work=TotalFilm.com|accessdate=April 28, 2011}}</ref> The film was a modest success, grossing $18.4&nbsp;million in the US and Canada (equivalent to $48&nbsp;million in 2025 dollars [24]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=fabulousbakerboys.htm|title=The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Future Publishing Limited|accessdate=April 28, 2011}}</ref> Her portrayal of Susie, however, drew unanimous acclaim from critics. Critic Roger Ebert compared her to Rita Hayworth in ''Gilda'' and to Marilyn Monroe in ''Some Like It Hot'', adding that the film was "one of the movies they will use as a document, years from now, when they begin to trace the steps by which Pfeiffer became a great star".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19891013/REVIEWS/910130303/1023|title=''The Fabulous Baker Boys''|first=Roger|author=Ebert|authorlink=Roger Ebert|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|accessdate=October 23, 2008|date=October 13, 1989}}</ref> During the 1989–1990 awards season, Pfeiffer won as Best Actress at the Golden Globes, the National Board of Review, the National Society of Film Critics, the New York Film Critics Circle, the Los Angeles Film Critics Association and the Chicago Film Critics Association. Pfeiffer's performance as Susie is considered to be the most critically acclaimed of her career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2015/02/the-roles-of-a-lifetime-michelle-pfeiffer.html|title=The Roles of a Lifetime: Michelle Pfeiffer|author=Gorman|first=Allison|date=February 2, 2015|work=Paste|accessdate=May 17, 2018|archivedate=November 27, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127064653/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2015/02/the-roles-of-a-lifetime-michelle-pfeiffer.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Haskell|first=Robert|date=February 7, 2019|title=Michelle Pfeiffer is Back (as if She Ever Left)|url=https://www.instyle.com/celebrity/michelle-pfeiffer-march-feature|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402173812/https://www.instyle.com/celebrity/michelle-pfeiffer-march-feature|archivedate=April 2, 2019|accessdate=February 17, 2019|work=[[InStyle]]|quote=The Fabulous Baker Boys — in which she gave her most widely lauded performance, as the lounge singer Susie Diamond}}</ref> The scene in which her character seductively performs "Makin' Whoopee" atop a grand piano is considered to be a memorable scene in modern cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nathan|first=Ian|date=January 1, 2020|title=The Fabulous Baker Boys Review|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/fabulous-baker-boys-review/|accessdate=June 2, 2021|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=West|first=Rachel|date=April 29, 2018|title=Michelle Pfeiffer's 10 Best Roles|url=https://etcanada.com/photos/321985/michelle-pfeiffers-10-best-roles/#image-321989|accessdate=June 2, 2021|work=[[Entertainment Tonight Canada]]|archivedate=April 6, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406160105/https://etcanada.com/photos/321985/michelle-pfeiffers-10-best-roles/#image-321989}}</ref><ref name="Graham-2010">{{Cite web|author=Graham|first=Jane|date=October 16, 2010|title=The Fabulous Baker Boys: No 24 best romantic film of all time|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/16/fabulous-baker-boys-romance-film|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010213505/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/16/fabulous-baker-boys-romance-film|archivedate=October 10, 2022|accessdate=June 2, 2021|work=[[The Guardian]]|quote=this is Pfeiffer's movie, the one that made her the biggest female film star in the world}}</ref><ref name="Barlow-2009">{{Cite web|date=June 29, 2009|title=Michelle Pfeiffer: ageless beauty|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/michelle-pfeiffer-ageless-beauty-20090629-d28b.html|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|quote=When Michelle Pfeiffer purred the words to while sprawled across a grand piano in 1989's s, the scene went down in history as one of cinema's sexiest moments.}}</ref> === Afọ ndị 1990 === [[Faịlụ:Michelle_Pfeiffer_1990.jpg|thumb|Pfeiffer na 63rd Academy Awards na 1990]] N'afọ 1990, Pfeiffer guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta Ihe nkiri nke ya, Via Rosa Productions, ya na onye mmekọ azụmahịa Kate Guinzburg, onye ọ zutere na setịpụ Sweet Liberty (1986). Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nọ n'okpuru nkwekọrịta foto na Touchstone Pictures, akara ihe nkiri nke Walt Disney Studios. N'afọ ahụ, Pfeiffer malitere inweta $ 1 nde kwa ihe nkiri, wee sonye na onye nchịkọta akwụkwọ Soviet Katya Orlova na ihe nkiri nke John le Carré's The Russia House, ya na Sean Connery, ọrụ nke chọrọ ka ọ nabata ụda olu Russian. Maka mgbalị ya, a kwụrụ ya ụgwọ site na nhọpụta Golden Globe maka Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/88799/the-russia-house#articles-reviews|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021152459/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/88799/The-Russia-House/#articles-reviews|archivedate=October 21, 2012|first=Richard|author=Smith|title=The Russia House|work=Turner Classic Movies|publisher=Time Warner Company|accessdate=April 28, 2011}}</ref> Pfeiffer wee nweta ọrụ nke onye na-ere nri mebiri emebi Frankie na Garry Marshall's ''Frankie na Johnny'' (1991), ihe nkiri nke Terrence McNally's Broadway play Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune, nke jikọtara ya na onye Scarface ya, Al Pacino. Ọtụtụ ndị lere ihe nkiri ahụ anya dị ka ihe na-ese okwu, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ewere Pfeiffer dị ka onye mara mma nke ukwuu iji mee ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ere nri " nkịtị"; Kathy Bates, Frankie mbụ na Broadway, gosikwara mmechuihu maka nhọrọ ndị na-emepụta ihe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/people/bc/1999/05/25/pfeiffer/index1.html|title=Salon Brilliant Careers #124; The dazzling versatility of Michelle Pfeiffer|work=Salon.com|accessdate=October 23, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208202439/http://www.salon.com/people/bc/1999/05/25/pfeiffer/index1.html|archivedate=February 8, 2007}}</ref> Pfeiffer n'onwe ya kwuru na ọ were ọrụ ahụ n'ihi na "ọ bụghị ihe ndị mmadụ ga-atụ anya ya". [her] A họpụtara Pfeiffer ọzọ maka onyinye Golden Globe maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma - Motion Picture Drama maka arụmọrụ ya.&nbsp; Pfeiffer were ọrụ Selina Kyle-Catwoman na ihe nkiri Tim Burton bụ Batman Returns (1992), n'ihu Michael Keaton na Danny DeVito, ''Mbụ'' Annette Bening hapụrụ n'ihi ime ya. Maka ọrụ ahụ, ọ zụrụ na martial arts na kickboxing. Pfeiffer nwetara otuto nkatọ maka ngosipụta ya, nke ndị nkatọ na ndị na-akwado ya na-akpọkarị arụmọrụ kachasị ukwuu nke Catwoman n'oge niile. <ref name="Erbland-2021">{{Cite web|author=Erbland|first=Kate|date=February 25, 2021|title='French Exit' Star Michelle Pfeiffer Explains the Secret to Her Eclectic Career|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2021/02/michelle-pfeiffer-french-exit-catwoman-1234618989/|accessdate=March 5, 2021|work=[[IndieWire]]|quote=Pfeiffer's Catwoman — long considered the gold standard cinematic version of the Bat-verse baddie}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/michelle-pfeiffer-catwoman-best-batman-returns-movie/|title=Batman: Why Michelle Pfeiffer Is The Best Catwoman|author=Cotter|first=Padraig|date=March 29, 2019|work=ScreenRant|accessdate=June 18, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/best-batman-movie-villains-catwoman-michelle-pfeiffer/|title=Michelle Pfeiffer's Catwoman Is Still Batman's Best Movie Villain|author=Melrose|first=Kevin|date=June 19, 2017|work=Comic Book Resources|accessdate=June 18, 2019|quote=it's Selina's story that imbues Batman Returns with a depth that lifts it above its predecessor, and establishes Pfeiffer's Catwoman as the Caped Crusader's most compelling movie villain of all time.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nerdist.com/article/michelle-pfeiffer-catwoman-whip/|title=Michelle Pfeiffer Shows Why She's Still The Best Catwoman|author=Diaz|first=Eric|date=April 2, 2019|work=Nerdist|accessdate=June 8, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Bastién|first=Angelica Jade|authorlink=Angelica Jade Bastién|date=June 26, 2017|title=25 Years Later, Michelle Pfeiffer's Catwoman Is Still the Best Superhero Movie Villain|url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/06/michelle-pfeiffer-catwoman-batman-returns-is-still-the-best-villain.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519203644/https://www.vulture.com/2017/06/michelle-pfeiffer-catwoman-batman-returns-is-still-the-best-villain.html|archivedate=May 19, 2023|accessdate=June 8, 2019|work=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]|quote=Pfeiffer's Catwoman is widely seen as the best cinematic take on the character}}</ref> Premiere kwuru, sị: "O doro anya na onye ọjọọ pụtara ìhè nke oge Tim Burton, Michelle Pfeiffer's deadly catten with a whip wetara mmekọahụ na franchise na-adịghị mma. Ọ na-ejikọta ọnụ, uwe akpụkpọ anụ ojii, dabere na eserese nke Burton, ka bụ ọdịdị kachasị mma nke onye ahụ. Michelle Pfeifer meriri Batman Returns' heavy-handed feminist dialogue to give a growling, grossing grossing performance. Batman Returnes a big box office.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Batman Returns at Box Office Mojo|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0103776/|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=IMDb Company|accessdate=February 19, 2021}}</ref>&nbsp; Ihe nkiri mbụ ụlọ ọrụ ya mepụtara bụ ihe nkiri onwe ya bụ Love Field, nke e wepụtara na 1992. Ndị na-enyocha ihe nkiri ahụ nabatara ihe nkiri ahụ na ''The New York Times'' chere na Pfeiffer "na-egosipụta ọzọ na ọ dị aghụghọ ma na-eju anya dịka ọ mara mma".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Maslin|first=Janet|authorlink=Janet Maslin|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/11/movies/review-film-michelle-pfeiffer-in-a-tale-of-a-1960-s-interracial-friendship.html|accessdate=February 15, 2024|title=Review/Film; Michelle Pfeiffer in a Tale of a 1960's Interracial Friendship|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 10, 1989}}</ref> N'ihi ngosipụta ya nke onye na-elekọta ụlọ na Dallas, Texas, ọ nwetara nhọpụta maka Academy Award maka Best Actress na Golden Globe maka Best Acpress - Drama ma merie Silver Bear maka Best Acress na 43rd Berlin International Film Festival.<ref name="lovef">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/work/love-field-30289/awards|title=Love Field – Awards|work=AllMovie|publisher=Rovi Company|accessdate=April 28, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Berlinale 1993">{{Cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1993/03_preistr_ger_1993/03_Preistraeger_1993.html|title=Berlinale: 1993 Prize Winners|accessdate=June 1, 2011|work=Berlinale.de|archivedate=October 15, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015120403/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1993/03_preistr_ger_1993/03_Preistraeger_1993.html}}</ref> Na ihe nkiri oge Martin Scorsese The Age of Innocence (1993), ihe nkiri nke Edith Wharton dere na 1920, Pfeiffer so Daniel Day-Lewis na Winona Ryder mee ihe nkiri, na-egosi Countess na New York City dị elu n'afọ 1870. Maka ọrụ ya, ọ natara Elvira Notari Prize na Venice Film Festival, na nhọpụta Golden Globe maka Best Actress - Motion Picture . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-06-14-ca-3168-story.html|title=Pfeiffer spices up award show|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=April 28, 2011|first=Jane|author=Galbraith|date=June 14, 1993}}</ref> N'afọ ahụ, e nyere ya onyinye Women in Film Los Angeles' Crystal Award . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-06-14-ca-3168-story.html|first=Jane|author=Galbraith|title=Pfeiffer spices up award show|work=Los Angeles Times|date=June 14, 1993|accessdate=July 3, 2011}}</ref> Mgbe e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ya, Via Rosa Productions, Pfeiffer hụrụ mmụba ọkachamara dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọgidere na-eme ihe n'ụzọ dị nro n'ime afọ iri, ya na onye ya na ya na-emepụta ihe nkiri Guinzburg nwere mmeri nke imepụta ihe nkiri azụ na azụ n'okpuru isi ha. Ya na Jack Nicholson gosipụtara na ihe nkiri egwu nke afọ 1994 Wolf, na-egosi mmasị na-enweghị isi nke onye edemede nke na-aghọ nwoke wolf n'abalị mgbe ihe e kere eke tara ya. A tọhapụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ na nnabata dị iche iche; <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/1053942-wolf/|title=Wolf Movie Reviews, Pictures|work=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=May 1, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522064754/http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/1053942-wolf/|archivedate=May 22, 2010}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' dere, sị: "A kwadoro ọrụ Ms. Pfeiffer, mana arụmọrụ ya bụ ọkachamara iji mee ka ọbụna diffidence na-adọrọ mmasị. " <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D02EFDE143DF934A25755C0A962958260|title=''Wolf'' (1994) Review/Film; Wolf Bites Man; Man Sheds His Civilized Coat|first=Janet|author=Maslin|authorlink=Janet Maslin|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 17, 1994|accessdate=May 1, 2011}}</ref> Wolf bụ ihe ịga nke ọma azụmahịa, na-enweta $ 65 nde (nke ya na $ 141 nde na 2025) na ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ nzọ nke ụlọ na $ 131 nde n'ụwa niile (nke ya bụ $ 285 nde).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wolf at Box Office Mojo|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=wolf.htm|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=IMDb Company|date=February 10, 2009|accessdate=July 3, 2011}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ụbọchị ọzọ Pfeiffer bụ nke onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye bụbu United States Marine LouAnne Johnson na ihe nkiri Dangerous Minds (1995), [1] nke ụlọ ọrụ ya. Ọ pọ dị ka agwa ya na vidiyo egwu maka egwu egwu, "Gangsta's Paradise" nke Coolio, gsan L.V.; egwu ahụ meri 1996 Grammy Award maka Best Rap Solo Performance, na vidiyo ahụ meri MTV Video Music Award maka Best Rap Video. [2] [3] Ọ bụ ebe ahụ na Dangerous Minds achọpụta na-ahụ mma, ọ bụ ihe ịga nke ọma n' ike, na-enweta nde $ 179.5 gburugburu ụwa[4] N'afọ 1996, Pfeiffer nke Sally Atwater na ihe nkiri Up Close & Personal, ya na Robert Redford, were ọrụ dị mkpa na ihe nkiri To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday, nke di ya David Kelley si na egwuregwu Michael Brady nke otu aha ahụ, ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi na-ama mee ihe dị ka onye na-ese ihe owuwu na George One Day na nwụrụ na romance, Clooney.[5][6][7] Ọrụ ya na-esote dị ka Rose Cook Lewis na mmegharị ihe nkiri nke Jane Smiley's Pulitzer Prize-emeri akwụkwọ akụkọ A Thousand Acres (1997) ya na Jessica Lange na Jennifer Jason Leigh; [1] dị ka Beth Kapadora na The Deep End of the Ocean (1998) dị ka nna tọọrọ ya; [2] dị ka Titania na Nrọ 9 na Nrọ 9 (1997) Kline, Rupert Everett na Stanley Tucci; [3] dị ka ihe nkiri Willis's Rob Re Jordan; [4] Otu puku Acres na The Deep End of the Ocean mekwara site na Via Rosa Productions. Pfeiffer gbara Tzippora, onye na-eje ozi mmiri nke Moses (nke Val Kilmer na-akpọ), na DreamWorks Animation's The Prince of Egypt (1998), ihe egwu dị n'ime Akwụkwọ Ọpụpụ.[5][6] O dekwara egwu "Mgbe Ikwere", nke onye dere Stephen Schwartz nwetara ihe nrite Academy Award for Best Original Song. [7] [8] A tọhapụrụ Onye isi ala Ijipt ka ọ nwee ọganihu azụmahịa, mana Kenneth Turan mere mkpesa na mmegharị ihe nkiri ahụ, nke tụbara Pfeiffer dị ka "onye agha na-eme ihe ike", ga-enwe nsogbu.[9] [10] === Afọ 2000 === Pfeiffer tụrụ egwu ịgbasa ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri ya, Via Rosa Productions, na 1999, wee banye ezumike nka ọkara iji nọrọkwu oge na ụmụ ya. Pfeiffer nyere di ya Guinzburg ihe nkiri ikpeazụ o mere n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ Via Rosa Productions. Ihe nkiri a bụ Mmehie mbụ (2001). Ezubere ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri ikpeazụ nke Pfeiffer, nke ọ na-arụ ọrụ na nwa oge. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ya mepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ, mana Angelina Jolie na Antonio Banderas hụrụ ya. Na What Lies Beneath (2000), ihe egwu Hitchcockian nke Robert Zemeckis duziri, Pfeiffer na Harrison Ford gosipụtara dị ka di na nwunye bara ọgaranya na-enwe ihe ijuanya nke na-ekpughe ihe nzuzo banyere oge gara aga. Ọ bụ ezie na nzaghachi dị oke egwu maka ihe nkiri ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya, ọ meghere n'elu ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ nzọ, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2000/WLIES.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104143934/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2000/WLIES.php|archivedate=November 4, 2007|title=What Lies Beneath|publisher=Nash Information Services, LLC|work=The Numbers.com|accessdate=October 24, 2008}}</ref> wee gaa n'ihu na-enweta nde $ 291 n'ụwa niile. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=whatliesbeneath.htm|title=What Lies Beneath (2000)|work=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=November 13, 2017}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, ọ nabatara ọrụ Rita Harrison, onye ọka iwu na-enyere nna nwere nkwarụ aka, na ihe nkiri I Am Sam (2001), ya na Sean Penn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allmovie.com/work/i-am-sam-257356|title=I Am Sam|work=AllMovie|accessdate=May 1, 2011}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ nwetara nde $ 97.8 n'ụwa niile, ndị nkatọ nyochara ihe nkiri ahụ n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma; Seattle Post-Intelligencer dere, sị: "Pfeiffer, nke doro anya na ọ na-egbochi ya site na clichés na-akwado ọrụ ya dị egwu, na-enye ya arụmọrụ ya kachasị mma, nke kachasị mma. " Ka ọ dị ugbu a, SF Gate kwuru, sị: 'N'otu ihe nkiri, ọ na-agbaji n'anya ka ọ na-ewepụ onwe ya banyere ndụ ya. 'O siri ike ịghara imebi ihe nkiri a dị njikere'onwe ya, na-eme ihe adị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=iamsam.htm|title=I Am Sam (2001)|work=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=November 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/i-am-sam/critic-reviews|title=I Am Sam|work=Metacritic|publisher=CBS Interactive Inc.|accessdate=May 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Axmaker|first=Sean|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/I-am-Sam-wallows-in-melodramatic-mush-1078320.php|title='I am Sam' wallows in melodramatic mush|work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|publisher=Hearst Communications Inc.|date=January 24, 2002|accessdate=May 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=LaSalle|first=Mick|url=http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Penn-plays-sad-Sam-He-s-full-of-integrity-as-2880088.php|title=Penn plays sad 'Sam' / He's full of integrity as retarded father|work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|date=January 25, 2002}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Pfeiffer weere ọrụ nke onye na-ese ihe, Ingrid Magnussen, na ihe nkiri White Oleander (2002), na-emegide Alison Lohman (na mpụta ihe nkiri ya), Renee Zellweger, na Robin Wright. Ihe nkiri a bụ ihe ịga nke ọma n'ahịa mgbe ewepụtara ya. Stephen Holden nke New York Times dere na "Ms. Pfeiffer, na-enye arụmọrụ ihuenyo kachasị dị mgbagwoju anya nke ọrụ ya, na-eme ka Olympian na-adọrọ adọrọ n'otu oge na-enweghị ike ịgbagha na ekwensu." [1] Kenneth Turan nke Los Angeles Times kọwara ya dị ka "ihe mara mma", na-eweta "ike na ọgụgụ isi na-enweghị mgbagha n'ọrụ ya dị ka nne na-achịkwa" yana "arụmọrụ na-akpali akpali, na-enweghị mgbagha". [2] Ọ natara onyinye nkwado kacha mma site na San Diego Film Critics Society na Kansas City Film Critics Circle, yana nhọpụta onye na-eme ihe nkiri Guild Award. N'afọ 2003, Pfeiffer nyere olu ya maka àgwà nke chi nwanyị nke ọgba aghara Eris na Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas, ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri nke gosipụtara Brad Pitt dị ka olu Sinbad the Sailor. Ọ na-agba mbọ ịchọta ihe ọjọọ nke onye ahụ. Na mbido, onye ahụ bụ "mmekọahụ nke ukwuu", mgbe ahụ ọ na-enweghị obi ụtọ. Mgbe edere ya nke atọ, Pfeiffer kpọrọ onye na-emepụta Jeffrey Katzenberg ma gwa ya "Ị maara, ị nwere ike ịchụ m n'ezie," mana o mesiri ya obi ike na nke a bụ naanị akụkụ nke usoro ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas Preview|url=https://ew.com/article/2003/04/25/sinbad-legend-seven-seas/|accessdate=January 18, 2014|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=April 25, 2003}}</ref> Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ, ọ kwụsịrị ime ihe nkiri afọ anọ, n'oge ahụ ọ nọ n'èzí n'anya ọha na eze iji nyefee oge maka di ya na ụmụ ya.<ref name="CBS News-2007">{{Cite web|date=October 4, 2007|title=Michelle Pfeiffer's Eternal Beauty|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/michelle-pfeiffers-eternal-beauty/|accessdate=March 26, 2021|work=[[CBS News]]|quote="Stardust" and her role this summer in the movie "Hairspray" mark a comeback for Pfeiffer after five years away from the big screen. She has proved she is still striking on camera and popular with audiences, putting her in a stronger position than ever as an actress.}}</ref> N'oge a, ọ jụrụ ọrụ White Witch na ihe nkiri fantasy The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (2005), nke gara Tilda Swinton.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/white-witch-shares-her-love-potion-with-two-men-bdnf0wcn0rr|title=White Witch shares her love potion with two men|publisher=Times Newspapers Ltd|work=The Sunday Times|date=February 17, 2008|accessdate=January 18, 2025}}</ref> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] i5r4jrj9acn9be0pri5lfamwigmjk01 672240 672239 2026-07-04T13:31:11Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672240 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michelle Marie Pfeiffer''' (/ˈfaɪfər/ FY-fər; amụrụ n'April 29, 1958) bụ onye America na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-emepụta ihe. Otu n'ime kpakpando Hollywood kachasị ego n'oge 1980s na 1990s, arụmọrụ ya enwetawo ya otuto dị iche iche, gụnyere Golden Globe Award na British Academy Film Award, yana nhọpụta maka Academy Awards atọ na otu Primetime Emmy Award. Pfeiffer's acting career began in the late 1970s, with small roles in television and film. In 1982, she landed her first role in Grease 2, and received widespread acclaim for her performance as Elvira Hancock in 1983's Scarface. Success followed in The Witches of Eastwick (1987) and Tequila Sunrise (1988). For Married to the Mob (1988), Pfeiffer received the first of six Golden Globe Award nominations. She received consecutive Academy Award nominations, Best Supporting Actress for Dangerous Liaisons (1988) and Best Actress for The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989), and won a Golden Globe Award for the latter. Ka ọ na-erule mmalite 1990s, Pfeiffer bụ otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri kacha akwụ ụgwọ n'ụwa. Ọ gbara Catwoman na Batman Returns (1992), wee nata nhọpụta Award Academy Award nke atọ maka Love Field (1992). Ọ gara n'ihu na-eme ihe nkiri na fim ndị ama ama n'ime afọ iri, gụnyere The Age of Innocence (1993) na Wolf (1994). Site na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ya, Via Rosa Productions, o mepụtara ma duzie ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, gụnyere Dangerous Minds (1995). N'afọ 2000, Pfeiffer kwụsịrị n'ọrụ ọ na-eme ka ọ na-ebute ezinụlọ ya ụzọ, na-apụta na nhọrọ ndị dị ka What Lies Beneath (2000), White Oleander (2002), Hairspray, na Stardust (ma 2007). Mgbe ọ kwụsịrị, Pfeiffer laghachiri n'ọkwa na 2017, na ọrụ na Where Is Kyra? , ''Nne!'' , na igbu ọchụ na Orient Express. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ natara nhọpụta mbụ ya na Primetime Emmy Award maka igosipụta Ruth Madoff na ihe nkiri telivishọn The Wizard of Lies . N'afọ 2020, ọ nwetara nhọpụta Golden Globe nke asatọ ya maka French Exit . Kemgbe afọ 2018, Pfeiffer gosipụtara Janet van Dyne na Marvel Cinematic Universe, malite na ''Ant-Man na Wasp''. N'afọ 2026, ọ malitere ịpụta na Stacy Clyburn na usoro Paramount+ The ''Madison'' . == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Michelle Marie Pfeiffer na Eprel 29, 1958, na Santa Ana, California, nwa Richard Pfeiffer, onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgwọ ikuku, na Donna Jean (née Taverna), onye na-elekọta ụlọ. O nwere nwanne nwoke tọrọ ya, Rick, na ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ ọ tọrọ, Dedee<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allrovi.com/name/dedee-pfeiffer-p56465|title=DeDee Pfeiffer – Movie and Film Biography and Filmography|work=AllRovi|publisher=Rovi Corporation|accessdate=June 11, 2011}}</ref> na Lori.<ref name="yahoo">{{Cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/contributor/1800016613/bio|title=Michelle Pfeiffer biography|work=Yahoo Movies|publisher=Yahoo!|accessdate=April 27, 2011}}</ref> Nne na nna ya si [[North Dakota]].<ref>{{Cite news|author=Egan|first=Tim|authorlink=Timothy Egan|date=August 6, 1995|title=Michelle Pfeiffer, Sensuous to Sensible|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/06/movies/michelle-pfeiffer-sensuous-to-sensible.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm|accessdate=February 4, 2014|work=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref> Nna nna ya bụ onye German na nne nne ya bụ onye English, Welsh, French, Irish, na Dutch, ebe nna nna ya bụ nke Swiss-German-Italian na nne nne nne ya sitere na Swedish.<ref name="tcat">{{Cite web|title=Michelle Pfeiffer – Pfeiffer: 'I'm A Multi-Cultural Mutt'|work=Contact Music|date=February 1, 2008|url=http://www.contactmusic.com/news.nsf/story/pfeiffer-im-a-multi-cultural-mutt_1058208|accessdate=August 28, 2010|archivedate=September 27, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927220351/http://www.contactmusic.com/news/pfeiffer-im-a-multi-cultural-mutt_1058208}}</ref> Ezinụlọ ahụ kwagara Midway City, obodo ọzọ dị na Orange County nke dị kilomita iri na otu, ebe Pfeiffer nọrọ n'afọ ndị mbụ ya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QUWTsTnOLDIC&q=michelle%20pfeiffer%20santa%20ana&pg=PA48|title=Orange County: Then & Now|first=Chris|author=Epting|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|year=2011|accessdate=April 25, 2011|isbn=978-0-7385-8115-6}}</ref> &nbsp; Pfeiffer gara Fountain Valley High School, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1976. <ref name="Egan">{{Cite news|author=Egan|first=Tim|authorlink=Timothy Egan|date=August 6, 1995|title=Michelle Pfeiffer, Sensuous to Sensible|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/06/movies/michelle-pfeiffer-sensuous-to-sensible.html?pagewanted=4&src=pm|accessdate=July 16, 2011}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka nwa agbọghọ na-enyocha na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa Vons, wee gaa Golden West College ebe ọ bụ onye otu [[Alpha Delta Pi]] sorority.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BAwx9lRs1gQC&q=michelle%20pfeiffer%20santa%20ana&pg=RA1-PA19|title=Glamorous Movie Stars of the Eighties Paper Dolls|first=Tom|author=Tierney|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|year=2002|isbn=978-0-486-42191-9}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwesịrị ọzụzụ dị mkpirikpi ka ọ bụrụ Onye na-ede akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ikpe, ọ gara n'ihu n'ọrụ ime ihe nkiri. Pfeiffer meriri asọmpi ịma mma Miss Orange County na 1978 wee bụrụ onye nke isii na asọmpi Miss California n'otu afọ ahụ. Mgbe ọ pụtara na asọmpi ndị a, Pfeiffer nwetara onye nnọchi anya wee malite ịnwale maka ọrụ telivishọn na ihe nkiri. == Ọrụ == === Ná ngwụsị afọ 1970 na 1980 === [[Faịlụ:Michelle_Pfeiffer_-_Studio_Portrait_(1979).jpg|thumb|Pfeiffer na 1979]] Pfeiffer mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya na 1978, na ọrụ na fim Fantasy Island. [1] Ụbọchị nkịta na nwamba sochiri, Delta House , CHIPs , Enos na B.A.D. Nwamba , yana ihe nkiri CBS The Solitary Man (1979). [2] Pfeiffer pụtara na ihe nkiri The Hollywood Knights (1980), megide Tony Danza, dị ka ndị hụrụ n'anya n'akwụkwọ. O mechara nwee ọrụ nkwado na Falling in Love Again (1980) megidere Susannah York na Charlie Chan na Curse of the Dragọn Queen (1981), nke ọ bụla n'ime ha enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma ma ọ bụ nwee ihe ịga nke ọma. Ọ pụtara na mgbasa ozi maka ncha opera Lux, wee nweta ọrụ na Beverly Hills Playhouse, tupu ọ pụta na ihe nkiri telivishọn 1981 atọ - Callie na Son, megide Lindsay Wagner, The Children Nobody Wanted and Splendor in the Grass.[3][4] Pfeiffer mere mpụta ihe nkiri mbụ ya na Grease 2 (1982), [1] usoro nke Grease (1978).[2] N'iji obere kredit ole na ole na obere obere ọrụ, Pfeiffer dị afọ iri abụọ na atọ bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri na-achọsi ike mgbe etinyere ya maka ọrụ ahụ, mmegharị nke onye nduzi Patricia Birch kwuru na ọ meriri n'ihi na o "nwere ikike pụrụ iche inye anya ya ụfọdụ ikuku nke ike".[3] Ihe nkiri ahụ bụ ihe ịga nke ọma nke azụmahịa na nke dị oke egwu, mana a nabatara arụmọrụ Pfeiffer nke ọma.[4] Akwụkwọ akụkọ New York Times kọrọ, sị: "[T] onye bịara ọhụrụ na fim ahụ, Miss Pfeiffer jisiri ike dị ka onye ọhụrụ na onye ọrịa na ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri. N'oge ahụ, m na-eme ihe nkiri, m nọ n'ihu m. "[2][5][6] Onye nduzi Brian De Palma, ebe ọ hụrụ Grease 2, jụrụ ịnwale Pfeiffer maka Scarface (1983), mana ọ kwụsịrị na Martin Bregman, onye na-emepụta ihe nkiri ahụ. A họpụtara ya dị ka nwunye ya bụ Elvira Hancock, onye cocaine riri ahụ.<ref name="talk">{{Cite web|title=Michelle Pfeiffer Biography|url=http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/michelle_pfeiffer_biog/4|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080926071520/http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/michelle_pfeiffer_biog/4|archivedate=September 26, 2008|accessdate=October 23, 2008|work=[[TalkTalk Group|Talk Talk]]|publisher=Tiscali UK Limited trading|quote=Michelle, renowned as the most beautiful actress in the world ...}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị nkatọ lere ihe nkiri ahụ anya dị ka ihe ike gabigara ókè, mana ọ ghọrọ ihe na-ewu ewu ma nweta nnukwu ofufe na-esote n'afọ ndị sochirinụ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Oek-PyR-70UC&q=scarface%20violent&pg=PA162|title=New forms of consumption: consumers, culture, and commodification|first=Mark|author=Gottdiener|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=978-0-8476-9570-6|date=2000}}</ref> Pfeiffer nwetara nyocha dị mma maka nkwado ya; Richard Corliss nke Time Magazine dere, "ọtụtụ n'ime ndị na-eme ihe nkiri dị mma: Michelle Pfeiffer ka mma ..." ebe Dominick Dunne, n'otu edemede maka Vanity Fair nke akpọrọ "Blonde Ambition", dere, "[ọ nọ n'ọnụ nke ịbụ onye ama ama. "N'okwu nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, ọ na-ekpo ọkụ. "[s] [[Faịlụ:Michelle_Pfeiffer_01.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Pfeiffer na 1985]] Na-esote Scarface, ọ kpara Diana na John Landis' comedy Into the Night (1985), ya na Jeff Goldblum; Isabeau d'Anjou na Richard Donner's fantasy film ''Ladyhawke'' (1985), na Rutger Hauer na Matthew Broderick; Faith Healy na Alan Alda's Sweet Liberty (1986), ya na Michael Caine; na Brenda Landers na akụkụ nke 1950s sci-fi parody Amazon Women on the Moon (1987), nke niile, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ naanị obere ihe ịga nke ọma azụmahịa, nyeere aka iguzobe ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri. O mechara nweta nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ dị ka Sukie Ridgemont na 1987 nke akwụkwọ akụkọ John Updike The Witches of Eastwick, ya na Jack Nicholson, Cher, na [[Susan Sarandon]]. Ihe nkiri ahụ nwetara nyocha dị mma ma nweta ihe karịrị $ 63.7 nde n'ime ụlọ, nke kwekọrọ na $ 181 nde na $ 2025, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=witchesofeastwick.htm|title=The Witches of Eastwick|work=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=April 27, 2011}}.</ref> [1] na-aghọ otu n'ime ihe ịga nke ọma mbụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=All Michelle Pfeiffer Movies, Ranked By Tomatometer|url=https://editorial.rottentomatoes.com/guide/all-michelle-pfeiffer-movies-ranked/|accessdate=February 18, 2012|work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]]}}</ref>[24]<ref name="Marx-2023">{{Cite web|author=Marx|first=Rebecca Flint|title=Michelle Pfeiffer – Biography by Rebecca Flint Marx|url=https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p56469|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228064103/https://www.allmovie.com/artist/p56469|archivedate=February 28, 2023|accessdate=August 8, 2021|work=[[AllMovie]]}}</ref> N'ịja oge ha na-atọ ọchị, Roger Ebert dere na Pfeiffer na ụmụ nwanyị ya na ha na-arụkọ ọrụ "nwere oge dị mma na ọrụ ha", ebe onye na-enyocha ihe nkiri ''Los Angeles Times'' Sheila Benson kwuru na Pfeifer na-eme ka àgwà ya bụrụ "onye na-ekpo ọkụ, onye a na-apụghị iguzogide".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ebert|first=Roger|authorlink=Roger Ebert|date=June 12, 1987|title=The Witches of Eastwick|url=https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/the-witches-of-eastwick-1987|accessdate=November 19, 2020|work=[[RogerEbert.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Benson|first=Sheila|authorlink=Sheila Benson|date=June 12, 1987|title=Movie Review: 'Witches' Curse Goes to the Devil|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-06-12-ca-4000-story.html|accessdate=November 19, 2020|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; A tụbara Pfeiffer megide ụdị, dị ka nwanyị di ya nwụrụ nke onye omekome e gburu egbu, na ihe nkiri Jonathan Demme nke Married to the Mob (1988), ya na Matthew Modine, Dean Stockwell na Mercedes Ruehl. Maka ọrụ Angela de Marco, o yi wig na-acha nchara nchara na ụda olu Brooklyn, <ref name="yahoo" /> ma nata nhọpụta Golden Globe Award mbụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na Motion Picture Musical ma ọ bụ Comedy, na-amalite afọ isii nke nhọpụta onye na-ese ihe nkiri kacha elu na Golden Globes. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://movies.msn.com/celebrities/celebrity-awards-and-nominations/michelle-pfeiffer/?ipp=15&startingItem=31|title=Michelle Pfeiffer – awards and nominations|work=MSN Movies|publisher=Microsoft Corporation|accessdate=April 27, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923122344/http://movies.msn.com/celebrities/celebrity-awards-and-nominations/michelle-pfeiffer/?ipp=15&startingItem=31|archivedate=September 23, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/member/29761|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060521180439/http://www.goldenglobes.org/browse/member/29761|archivedate=May 21, 2006|title=Michelle Pfeiffer|work=Golden Globe Awards|publisher=Hollywood Foreign Press Association|accessdate=July 11, 2011}}</ref> Pfeiffer pụtara dị ka onye na-ere nri Jo Ann Vallenari na ''Tequila Sunrise'' (1988) ya na Mel Gibson na Kurt Russell, mana ya na onye nduzi Robert Towne nwere esemokwu na nke onwe ya, onye mechara kọwaa ya dị ka onye "na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị sie ike" ya na ya rụtụrụla ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.pfeiffertheface.com/M_1988_CT.htm|title=Tequila Sunrise: Michelle Pfeiffer|work=Pfeiffertheface.com|accessdate=October 23, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081101171617/http://www.pfeiffertheface.com/M_1988_CT.htm|archivedate=November 1, 2008}}</ref> Na aro nke Demme, <ref name="thompson">{{Cite book|author=Thompson|first=Douglas|title=Pfeiffer: Beyond the Age of Innocence|publisher=Warner Futura|year=1995|isbn=978-0-7515-1030-0}}</ref> Pfeiffer sonyeere ndị na-eme ihe nkiri nke Stephen Frears's Dangerous Liaisons (1988), ya na Glenn Close na John Malkovich, na-eme Madame Marie de Tourvel, onye nwere omume ọma nke ịrata. Hal Hinson nke The Washington Post hụrụ ọrụ Pfeiffer dị ka "ihe doro anya na nke kachasị sie ike. Ọ dịghị ihe siri ike igwu egwu karịa omume ọma, Pfeiffer nwekwara ọgụgụ isi nke na-adịghị anwa anwa. Kama nke ahụ, ọ na-egosipụta ya. Ịma mma ya, n'ihe banyere nke a, bụ nnukwu akụ, na ụzọ e si eji ya mee ka ọ yie akụkụ nke ime mmụọ ya". Ọ meriri BAFTA Award maka Best Actress in a Supporting Role <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/videos/dangerousliaisonsrhinson_a0a8d4.htm|title=Dangerous Liaisons|work=The Washington Post|date=January 13, 1989|accessdate=October 23, 2008}}</ref> Ọ natara nhọpụta maka Academy Award maka Best Supporting Actress.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/nominations/?year=1989|title=Past winners and nominees – Film nominations 1989|work=British Academy of Film and Television Arts|accessdate=April 28, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525123102/http://www.bafta.org/awards/film/nominations/?year=1989|archivedate=May 25, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1989|title=61st Academy Awards winners|work=Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences|accessdate=April 28, 2011}}</ref> Pfeiffer then accepted the role of Susie Diamond, a hard-edged former call girl turned lounge singer, in ''The Fabulous Baker Boys'' (1989), which also starred Jeff Bridges and Beau Bridges as the eponymous Baker Boys. She underwent intense voice training for the role for four months, and performed all of her character's vocals.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.totalfilm.com/features/150-greatest-movie-performances-of-all-time-1/146-michelle-pfeiffer-susie-diamond-the-fabulous-baker-boys-1989|title=150 Greatest movie performances of all time|work=TotalFilm.com|accessdate=April 28, 2011}}</ref> The film was a modest success, grossing $18.4&nbsp;million in the US and Canada (equivalent to $48&nbsp;million in 2025 dollars [24]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=fabulousbakerboys.htm|title=The Fabulous Baker Boys (1989)|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=Future Publishing Limited|accessdate=April 28, 2011}}</ref> Her portrayal of Susie, however, drew unanimous acclaim from critics. Critic Roger Ebert compared her to Rita Hayworth in ''Gilda'' and to Marilyn Monroe in ''Some Like It Hot'', adding that the film was "one of the movies they will use as a document, years from now, when they begin to trace the steps by which Pfeiffer became a great star".<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19891013/REVIEWS/910130303/1023|title=''The Fabulous Baker Boys''|first=Roger|author=Ebert|authorlink=Roger Ebert|work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]]|accessdate=October 23, 2008|date=October 13, 1989}}</ref> During the 1989–1990 awards season, Pfeiffer won as Best Actress at the Golden Globes, the National Board of Review, the National Society of Film Critics, the New York Film Critics Circle, the Los Angeles Film Critics Association and the Chicago Film Critics Association. Pfeiffer's performance as Susie is considered to be the most critically acclaimed of her career.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2015/02/the-roles-of-a-lifetime-michelle-pfeiffer.html|title=The Roles of a Lifetime: Michelle Pfeiffer|author=Gorman|first=Allison|date=February 2, 2015|work=Paste|accessdate=May 17, 2018|archivedate=November 27, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181127064653/https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2015/02/the-roles-of-a-lifetime-michelle-pfeiffer.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Haskell|first=Robert|date=February 7, 2019|title=Michelle Pfeiffer is Back (as if She Ever Left)|url=https://www.instyle.com/celebrity/michelle-pfeiffer-march-feature|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402173812/https://www.instyle.com/celebrity/michelle-pfeiffer-march-feature|archivedate=April 2, 2019|accessdate=February 17, 2019|work=[[InStyle]]|quote=The Fabulous Baker Boys — in which she gave her most widely lauded performance, as the lounge singer Susie Diamond}}</ref> The scene in which her character seductively performs "Makin' Whoopee" atop a grand piano is considered to be a memorable scene in modern cinema.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Nathan|first=Ian|date=January 1, 2020|title=The Fabulous Baker Boys Review|url=https://www.empireonline.com/movies/reviews/fabulous-baker-boys-review/|accessdate=June 2, 2021|work=[[Empire (magazine)|Empire]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=West|first=Rachel|date=April 29, 2018|title=Michelle Pfeiffer's 10 Best Roles|url=https://etcanada.com/photos/321985/michelle-pfeiffers-10-best-roles/#image-321989|accessdate=June 2, 2021|work=[[Entertainment Tonight Canada]]|archivedate=April 6, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230406160105/https://etcanada.com/photos/321985/michelle-pfeiffers-10-best-roles/#image-321989}}</ref><ref name="Graham-2010">{{Cite web|author=Graham|first=Jane|date=October 16, 2010|title=The Fabulous Baker Boys: No 24 best romantic film of all time|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/16/fabulous-baker-boys-romance-film|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010213505/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2010/oct/16/fabulous-baker-boys-romance-film|archivedate=October 10, 2022|accessdate=June 2, 2021|work=[[The Guardian]]|quote=this is Pfeiffer's movie, the one that made her the biggest female film star in the world}}</ref><ref name="Barlow-2009">{{Cite web|date=June 29, 2009|title=Michelle Pfeiffer: ageless beauty|url=https://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/celebrity/michelle-pfeiffer-ageless-beauty-20090629-d28b.html|accessdate=June 22, 2021|work=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]]|quote=When Michelle Pfeiffer purred the words to while sprawled across a grand piano in 1989's s, the scene went down in history as one of cinema's sexiest moments.}}</ref> === Afọ ndị 1990 === [[Faịlụ:Michelle_Pfeiffer_1990.jpg|thumb|Pfeiffer na 63rd Academy Awards na 1990]] N'afọ 1990, Pfeiffer guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta Ihe nkiri nke ya, Via Rosa Productions, ya na onye mmekọ azụmahịa Kate Guinzburg, onye ọ zutere na setịpụ Sweet Liberty (1986). Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nọ n'okpuru nkwekọrịta foto na Touchstone Pictures, akara ihe nkiri nke Walt Disney Studios. N'afọ ahụ, Pfeiffer malitere inweta $ 1 nde kwa ihe nkiri, wee sonye na onye nchịkọta akwụkwọ Soviet Katya Orlova na ihe nkiri nke John le Carré's The Russia House, ya na Sean Connery, ọrụ nke chọrọ ka ọ nabata ụda olu Russian. Maka mgbalị ya, a kwụrụ ya ụgwọ site na nhọpụta Golden Globe maka Best Performance by an Actress in a Motion Picture - Drama . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/88799/the-russia-house#articles-reviews|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121021152459/http://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/88799/The-Russia-House/#articles-reviews|archivedate=October 21, 2012|first=Richard|author=Smith|title=The Russia House|work=Turner Classic Movies|publisher=Time Warner Company|accessdate=April 28, 2011}}</ref> Pfeiffer wee nweta ọrụ nke onye na-ere nri mebiri emebi Frankie na Garry Marshall's ''Frankie na Johnny'' (1991), ihe nkiri nke Terrence McNally's Broadway play Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune, nke jikọtara ya na onye Scarface ya, Al Pacino. Ọtụtụ ndị lere ihe nkiri ahụ anya dị ka ihe na-ese okwu, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ewere Pfeiffer dị ka onye mara mma nke ukwuu iji mee ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ere nri " nkịtị"; Kathy Bates, Frankie mbụ na Broadway, gosikwara mmechuihu maka nhọrọ ndị na-emepụta ihe. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/people/bc/1999/05/25/pfeiffer/index1.html|title=Salon Brilliant Careers #124; The dazzling versatility of Michelle Pfeiffer|work=Salon.com|accessdate=October 23, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208202439/http://www.salon.com/people/bc/1999/05/25/pfeiffer/index1.html|archivedate=February 8, 2007}}</ref> Pfeiffer n'onwe ya kwuru na ọ were ọrụ ahụ n'ihi na "ọ bụghị ihe ndị mmadụ ga-atụ anya ya". [her] A họpụtara Pfeiffer ọzọ maka onyinye Golden Globe maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma - Motion Picture Drama maka arụmọrụ ya.&nbsp; Pfeiffer were ọrụ Selina Kyle-Catwoman na ihe nkiri Tim Burton bụ Batman Returns (1992), n'ihu Michael Keaton na Danny DeVito, ''Mbụ'' Annette Bening hapụrụ n'ihi ime ya. Maka ọrụ ahụ, ọ zụrụ na martial arts na kickboxing. Pfeiffer nwetara otuto nkatọ maka ngosipụta ya, nke ndị nkatọ na ndị na-akwado ya na-akpọkarị arụmọrụ kachasị ukwuu nke Catwoman n'oge niile. <ref name="Erbland-2021">{{Cite web|author=Erbland|first=Kate|date=February 25, 2021|title='French Exit' Star Michelle Pfeiffer Explains the Secret to Her Eclectic Career|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2021/02/michelle-pfeiffer-french-exit-catwoman-1234618989/|accessdate=March 5, 2021|work=[[IndieWire]]|quote=Pfeiffer's Catwoman — long considered the gold standard cinematic version of the Bat-verse baddie}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://screenrant.com/michelle-pfeiffer-catwoman-best-batman-returns-movie/|title=Batman: Why Michelle Pfeiffer Is The Best Catwoman|author=Cotter|first=Padraig|date=March 29, 2019|work=ScreenRant|accessdate=June 18, 2019}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbr.com/best-batman-movie-villains-catwoman-michelle-pfeiffer/|title=Michelle Pfeiffer's Catwoman Is Still Batman's Best Movie Villain|author=Melrose|first=Kevin|date=June 19, 2017|work=Comic Book Resources|accessdate=June 18, 2019|quote=it's Selina's story that imbues Batman Returns with a depth that lifts it above its predecessor, and establishes Pfeiffer's Catwoman as the Caped Crusader's most compelling movie villain of all time.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nerdist.com/article/michelle-pfeiffer-catwoman-whip/|title=Michelle Pfeiffer Shows Why She's Still The Best Catwoman|author=Diaz|first=Eric|date=April 2, 2019|work=Nerdist|accessdate=June 8, 2019}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Bastién|first=Angelica Jade|authorlink=Angelica Jade Bastién|date=June 26, 2017|title=25 Years Later, Michelle Pfeiffer's Catwoman Is Still the Best Superhero Movie Villain|url=https://www.vulture.com/2017/06/michelle-pfeiffer-catwoman-batman-returns-is-still-the-best-villain.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519203644/https://www.vulture.com/2017/06/michelle-pfeiffer-catwoman-batman-returns-is-still-the-best-villain.html|archivedate=May 19, 2023|accessdate=June 8, 2019|work=[[Vulture (website)|Vulture]]|quote=Pfeiffer's Catwoman is widely seen as the best cinematic take on the character}}</ref> Premiere kwuru, sị: "O doro anya na onye ọjọọ pụtara ìhè nke oge Tim Burton, Michelle Pfeiffer's deadly catten with a whip wetara mmekọahụ na franchise na-adịghị mma. Ọ na-ejikọta ọnụ, uwe akpụkpọ anụ ojii, dabere na eserese nke Burton, ka bụ ọdịdị kachasị mma nke onye ahụ. Michelle Pfeifer meriri Batman Returns' heavy-handed feminist dialogue to give a growling, grossing grossing performance. Batman Returnes a big box office.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Batman Returns at Box Office Mojo|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/title/tt0103776/|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=IMDb Company|accessdate=February 19, 2021}}</ref>&nbsp; Ihe nkiri mbụ ụlọ ọrụ ya mepụtara bụ ihe nkiri onwe ya bụ Love Field, nke e wepụtara na 1992. Ndị na-enyocha ihe nkiri ahụ nabatara ihe nkiri ahụ na ''The New York Times'' chere na Pfeiffer "na-egosipụta ọzọ na ọ dị aghụghọ ma na-eju anya dịka ọ mara mma".<ref>{{Cite news|author=Maslin|first=Janet|authorlink=Janet Maslin|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/11/movies/review-film-michelle-pfeiffer-in-a-tale-of-a-1960-s-interracial-friendship.html|accessdate=February 15, 2024|title=Review/Film; Michelle Pfeiffer in a Tale of a 1960's Interracial Friendship|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=July 10, 1989}}</ref> N'ihi ngosipụta ya nke onye na-elekọta ụlọ na Dallas, Texas, ọ nwetara nhọpụta maka Academy Award maka Best Actress na Golden Globe maka Best Acpress - Drama ma merie Silver Bear maka Best Acress na 43rd Berlin International Film Festival.<ref name="lovef">{{Cite web|url=https://www.allmovie.com/work/love-field-30289/awards|title=Love Field – Awards|work=AllMovie|publisher=Rovi Company|accessdate=April 28, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Berlinale 1993">{{Cite web|url=http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1993/03_preistr_ger_1993/03_Preistraeger_1993.html|title=Berlinale: 1993 Prize Winners|accessdate=June 1, 2011|work=Berlinale.de|archivedate=October 15, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015120403/http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/1993/03_preistr_ger_1993/03_Preistraeger_1993.html}}</ref> Na ihe nkiri oge Martin Scorsese The Age of Innocence (1993), ihe nkiri nke Edith Wharton dere na 1920, Pfeiffer so Daniel Day-Lewis na Winona Ryder mee ihe nkiri, na-egosi Countess na New York City dị elu n'afọ 1870. Maka ọrụ ya, ọ natara Elvira Notari Prize na Venice Film Festival, na nhọpụta Golden Globe maka Best Actress - Motion Picture . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-06-14-ca-3168-story.html|title=Pfeiffer spices up award show|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=April 28, 2011|first=Jane|author=Galbraith|date=June 14, 1993}}</ref> N'afọ ahụ, e nyere ya onyinye Women in Film Los Angeles' Crystal Award . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-06-14-ca-3168-story.html|first=Jane|author=Galbraith|title=Pfeiffer spices up award show|work=Los Angeles Times|date=June 14, 1993|accessdate=July 3, 2011}}</ref> Mgbe e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ya, Via Rosa Productions, Pfeiffer hụrụ mmụba ọkachamara dị ka onye na-emepụta ihe. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọgidere na-eme ihe n'ụzọ dị nro n'ime afọ iri, ya na onye ya na ya na-emepụta ihe nkiri Guinzburg nwere mmeri nke imepụta ihe nkiri azụ na azụ n'okpuru isi ha. Ya na Jack Nicholson gosipụtara na ihe nkiri egwu nke afọ 1994 Wolf, na-egosi mmasị na-enweghị isi nke onye edemede nke na-aghọ nwoke wolf n'abalị mgbe ihe e kere eke tara ya. A tọhapụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ na nnabata dị iche iche; <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/1053942-wolf/|title=Wolf Movie Reviews, Pictures|work=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=May 1, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522064754/http://uk.rottentomatoes.com/m/1053942-wolf/|archivedate=May 22, 2010}}</ref> ''The New York Times'' dere, sị: "A kwadoro ọrụ Ms. Pfeiffer, mana arụmọrụ ya bụ ọkachamara iji mee ka ọbụna diffidence na-adọrọ mmasị. " <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9D02EFDE143DF934A25755C0A962958260|title=''Wolf'' (1994) Review/Film; Wolf Bites Man; Man Sheds His Civilized Coat|first=Janet|author=Maslin|authorlink=Janet Maslin|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=June 17, 1994|accessdate=May 1, 2011}}</ref> Wolf bụ ihe ịga nke ọma azụmahịa, na-enweta $ 65 nde (nke ya na $ 141 nde na 2025) na ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ nzọ nke ụlọ na $ 131 nde n'ụwa niile (nke ya bụ $ 285 nde).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wolf at Box Office Mojo|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=wolf.htm|work=Box Office Mojo|publisher=IMDb Company|date=February 10, 2009|accessdate=July 3, 2011}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; ụbọchị ọzọ Pfeiffer bụ nke onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ na onye bụbu United States Marine LouAnne Johnson na ihe nkiri Dangerous Minds (1995), [1] nke ụlọ ọrụ ya. Ọ pọ dị ka agwa ya na vidiyo egwu maka egwu egwu, "Gangsta's Paradise" nke Coolio, gsan L.V.; egwu ahụ meri 1996 Grammy Award maka Best Rap Solo Performance, na vidiyo ahụ meri MTV Video Music Award maka Best Rap Video. [2] [3] Ọ bụ ebe ahụ na Dangerous Minds achọpụta na-ahụ mma, ọ bụ ihe ịga nke ọma n' ike, na-enweta nde $ 179.5 gburugburu ụwa[4] N'afọ 1996, Pfeiffer nke Sally Atwater na ihe nkiri Up Close & Personal, ya na Robert Redford, were ọrụ dị mkpa na ihe nkiri To Gillian on Her 37th Birthday, nke di ya David Kelley si na egwuregwu Michael Brady nke otu aha ahụ, ma jee ozi dị ka onye isi na-ama mee ihe dị ka onye na-ese ihe owuwu na George One Day na nwụrụ na romance, Clooney.[5][6][7] Ọrụ ya na-esote dị ka Rose Cook Lewis na mmegharị ihe nkiri nke Jane Smiley's Pulitzer Prize-emeri akwụkwọ akụkọ A Thousand Acres (1997) ya na Jessica Lange na Jennifer Jason Leigh; [1] dị ka Beth Kapadora na The Deep End of the Ocean (1998) dị ka nna tọọrọ ya; [2] dị ka Titania na Nrọ 9 na Nrọ 9 (1997) Kline, Rupert Everett na Stanley Tucci; [3] dị ka ihe nkiri Willis's Rob Re Jordan; [4] Otu puku Acres na The Deep End of the Ocean mekwara site na Via Rosa Productions. Pfeiffer gbara Tzippora, onye na-eje ozi mmiri nke Moses (nke Val Kilmer na-akpọ), na DreamWorks Animation's The Prince of Egypt (1998), ihe egwu dị n'ime Akwụkwọ Ọpụpụ.[5][6] O dekwara egwu "Mgbe Ikwere", nke onye dere Stephen Schwartz nwetara ihe nrite Academy Award for Best Original Song. [7] [8] A tọhapụrụ Onye isi ala Ijipt ka ọ nwee ọganihu azụmahịa, mana Kenneth Turan mere mkpesa na mmegharị ihe nkiri ahụ, nke tụbara Pfeiffer dị ka "onye agha na-eme ihe ike", ga-enwe nsogbu.[9] [10] === Afọ 2000 === Pfeiffer tụrụ egwu ịgbasa ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri ya, Via Rosa Productions, na 1999, wee banye ezumike nka ọkara iji nọrọkwu oge na ụmụ ya. Pfeiffer nyere di ya Guinzburg ihe nkiri ikpeazụ o mere n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ Via Rosa Productions. Ihe nkiri a bụ Mmehie mbụ (2001). Ezubere ya ka ọ bụrụ ihe nkiri ikpeazụ nke Pfeiffer, nke ọ na-arụ ọrụ na nwa oge. Ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ya mepụtara ihe nkiri ahụ, mana Angelina Jolie na Antonio Banderas hụrụ ya. Na What Lies Beneath (2000), ihe egwu Hitchcockian nke Robert Zemeckis duziri, Pfeiffer na Harrison Ford gosipụtara dị ka di na nwunye bara ọgaranya na-enwe ihe ijuanya nke na-ekpughe ihe nzuzo banyere oge gara aga. Ọ bụ ezie na nzaghachi dị oke egwu maka ihe nkiri ahụ dị mgbagwoju anya, ọ meghere n'elu ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ nzọ, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2000/WLIES.php|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071104143934/http://www.the-numbers.com/movies/2000/WLIES.php|archivedate=November 4, 2007|title=What Lies Beneath|publisher=Nash Information Services, LLC|work=The Numbers.com|accessdate=October 24, 2008}}</ref> wee gaa n'ihu na-enweta nde $ 291 n'ụwa niile. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=whatliesbeneath.htm|title=What Lies Beneath (2000)|work=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=November 13, 2017}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ, ọ nabatara ọrụ Rita Harrison, onye ọka iwu na-enyere nna nwere nkwarụ aka, na ihe nkiri I Am Sam (2001), ya na Sean Penn.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allmovie.com/work/i-am-sam-257356|title=I Am Sam|work=AllMovie|accessdate=May 1, 2011}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị na ọ nwetara nde $ 97.8 n'ụwa niile, ndị nkatọ nyochara ihe nkiri ahụ n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma; Seattle Post-Intelligencer dere, sị: "Pfeiffer, nke doro anya na ọ na-egbochi ya site na clichés na-akwado ọrụ ya dị egwu, na-enye ya arụmọrụ ya kachasị mma, nke kachasị mma. " Ka ọ dị ugbu a, SF Gate kwuru, sị: 'N'otu ihe nkiri, ọ na-agbaji n'anya ka ọ na-ewepụ onwe ya banyere ndụ ya. 'O siri ike ịghara imebi ihe nkiri a dị njikere'onwe ya, na-eme ihe adị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=iamsam.htm|title=I Am Sam (2001)|work=Box Office Mojo|accessdate=November 13, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.metacritic.com/movie/i-am-sam/critic-reviews|title=I Am Sam|work=Metacritic|publisher=CBS Interactive Inc.|accessdate=May 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Axmaker|first=Sean|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/default/article/I-am-Sam-wallows-in-melodramatic-mush-1078320.php|title='I am Sam' wallows in melodramatic mush|work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|publisher=Hearst Communications Inc.|date=January 24, 2002|accessdate=May 1, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=LaSalle|first=Mick|url=http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Penn-plays-sad-Sam-He-s-full-of-integrity-as-2880088.php|title=Penn plays sad 'Sam' / He's full of integrity as retarded father|work=Seattle Post-Intelligencer|date=January 25, 2002}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Pfeiffer weere ọrụ nke onye na-ese ihe, Ingrid Magnussen, na ihe nkiri White Oleander (2002), na-emegide Alison Lohman (na mpụta ihe nkiri ya), Renee Zellweger, na Robin Wright. Ihe nkiri a bụ ihe ịga nke ọma n'ahịa mgbe ewepụtara ya. Stephen Holden nke New York Times dere na "Ms. Pfeiffer, na-enye arụmọrụ ihuenyo kachasị dị mgbagwoju anya nke ọrụ ya, na-eme ka Olympian na-adọrọ adọrọ n'otu oge na-enweghị ike ịgbagha na ekwensu." [1] Kenneth Turan nke Los Angeles Times kọwara ya dị ka "ihe mara mma", na-eweta "ike na ọgụgụ isi na-enweghị mgbagha n'ọrụ ya dị ka nne na-achịkwa" yana "arụmọrụ na-akpali akpali, na-enweghị mgbagha". [2] Ọ natara onyinye nkwado kacha mma site na San Diego Film Critics Society na Kansas City Film Critics Circle, yana nhọpụta onye na-eme ihe nkiri Guild Award. N'afọ 2003, Pfeiffer nyere olu ya maka àgwà nke chi nwanyị nke ọgba aghara Eris na Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas, ihe nkiri na-eme ihe nkiri nke gosipụtara Brad Pitt dị ka olu Sinbad the Sailor. Ọ na-agba mbọ ịchọta ihe ọjọọ nke onye ahụ. Na mbido, onye ahụ bụ "mmekọahụ nke ukwuu", mgbe ahụ ọ na-enweghị obi ụtọ. Mgbe edere ya nke atọ, Pfeiffer kpọrọ onye na-emepụta Jeffrey Katzenberg ma gwa ya "Ị maara, ị nwere ike ịchụ m n'ezie," mana o mesiri ya obi ike na nke a bụ naanị akụkụ nke usoro ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Sinbad: Legend of the Seven Seas Preview|url=https://ew.com/article/2003/04/25/sinbad-legend-seven-seas/|accessdate=January 18, 2014|work=Entertainment Weekly|date=April 25, 2003}}</ref> Mgbe a tọhapụrụ ihe nkiri ahụ, ọ kwụsịrị ime ihe nkiri afọ anọ, n'oge ahụ ọ nọ n'èzí n'anya ọha na eze iji nyefee oge maka di ya na ụmụ ya.<ref name="CBS News-2007">{{Cite web|date=October 4, 2007|title=Michelle Pfeiffer's Eternal Beauty|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/michelle-pfeiffers-eternal-beauty/|accessdate=March 26, 2021|work=[[CBS News]]|quote="Stardust" and her role this summer in the movie "Hairspray" mark a comeback for Pfeiffer after five years away from the big screen. She has proved she is still striking on camera and popular with audiences, putting her in a stronger position than ever as an actress.}}</ref> N'oge a, ọ jụrụ ọrụ White Witch na ihe nkiri fantasy The Chronicles of Narnia: The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe (2005), nke gara Tilda Swinton.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/white-witch-shares-her-love-potion-with-two-men-bdnf0wcn0rr|title=White Witch shares her love potion with two men|publisher=Times Newspapers Ltd|work=The Sunday Times|date=February 17, 2008|accessdate=January 18, 2025}}</ref> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] fs2sgeantyrlij9h1etldn7aego94ho 0 74476 672253 621052 2026-07-04T13:38:19Z 10kdollz 19775 672253 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="5" |Ihe omume mba ụwa nke Nnyocha Ahụike Ọrịa | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:IPP-SHR_Logo.png|250x250px]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |E guzobere ya | class="infobox-data" |2006 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |Ebe | class="infobox-data adr" |<div class="locality" style="display:inline">[./Brisbane,_&#x3C;div&#x20;class=][[Queensland]]</div>" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Brisbane, Queensland">Brisbane (Isi ụlọ ọrụ) , Queensland, <div class="country-name" style="display:inline">[[Australia]]</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-right:0.65em;" |[[Athletic nickname|Aha njirimara]] | class="infobox-data" |IPP-SHR |} International Program of Psycho-Social Health Research ('''IPP-SHR''') bụ mmemme nyocha nke Australia nke dabere na Queensland nke na-enyocha akụkụ ahụike uche na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site na nyocha na ịkọ akụkọ banyere ahụmịhe mmadụ nke ọrịa anụ ahụ na nke uche siri ike.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=ISSUU - IPP-SHR, CQUniversity|url=http://issuu.com/ipp-shr|work=issuu.com|accessdate=2015-10-14}}</ref> __TOC__ == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A/Pr Pam McGrath guzobere International Program for Psycho Social Health n'afọ 2006 <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.nhmrc.gov.au/_files_nhmrc/file/grants/dataset/2015/12d_nhmrc_end_of_grant_report_summaries_cancer_2004_to_2013.docx|title=NHMRC Research Achievements - SUMMARY|author=Faulkner|first=Matthew|date=13 January 2015|accessdate=14 January 2015|format=docx}}</ref> dị ka atụmatụ nyocha nke National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) na CQUniversity kwadoro.<ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 2011, International Program of Psycho-Social Health Research kwagara na Griffith Health Institute, Mahadum Griffith. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Mpaghara nyocha == IPP-SHR na-enyocha akụkụ ahụ ike nke psycho-social site n'ọtụtụ isiokwu gụnyere: nlekọta palliative; hematology / oncology; ahụike uche; nnukwu ogwu; bioethics; ahụike ime obodo na nke dịpụrụ adịpụ; Ahụ ike ụmụ amaala; ọnọdụ ime mmụọ; ọgwụgwọ ụmụaka; ọmụmụ ọmụmụ; na nlebanya nnyefe ọrụ.<ref name=":0" /> IPP-SHR na-ewepụtakwa akwụkwọ ụlọ ọrụ abụọ lekwasịrị anya gụnyere nyocha nkeji nkeji na pọdkastị kwa izu. == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} kjpqbwswotf4q0kefh4siu2so132v1r 0 74478 672282 621070 2026-07-04T13:48:36Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672282 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline;">Barbara Smith</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Barbara_Smith_Makers_(cropped).jpg|frameless|Smith in 2015]]<div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Smith na 2015</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |<span class="nowrap"> <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1946-11-16</span>)</span> Nọvemba 16, 1946 (afọ 79) <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (Ọ dị afọ 79) &nbsp;</span></span><br /><div class="birthplace">[[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], U.S.</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ọrụ | class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="hlist"> * Onye ọkà mmụta * onye edemede * onye na-eme ngagharị iwe </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Mmụta | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |Mount Holyoke College <span style="font-size: 85%;"> (BA) </span> Mahadum nke Pittsburgh <span style="font-size: 85%;"> (MA) </span> <br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Njem edemede | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |Ụmụ nwanyị ojii |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ndị ikwu | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |Beverly Smith (nwanne nwanyị) |} {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline;">Barbara Smith</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Barbara_Smith_Makers_(cropped).jpg|frameless|Smith in 2015]]<div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Smith na 2015</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |A mụrụ ya | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |<span class="nowrap"> <span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1946-11-16</span>)</span> Nọvemba 16, 1946 (afọ 79) <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (Ọ dị afọ 79) &nbsp;</span></span><br /><div class="birthplace">[[Cleveland]], [[Ohio]], U.S.</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ọrụ | class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="hlist"> * Onye ọkà mmụta * onye edemede * onye na-eme ngagharị iwe </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Mmụta | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |Mount Holyoke College <span style="font-size: 85%;"> (BA) </span> Mahadum nke Pittsburgh <span style="font-size: 85%;"> (MA) </span> <br /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Njem edemede | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |Ụmụ nwanyị ojii |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;" |Ndị ikwu | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;" |Beverly Smith (nwanne nwanyị) |} '''Barbara Smith''' (amụrụ na Nọvemba 16, 1946) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Ross|first=Loretta J.|date=May 7–8, 2003|title=Voices of Feminism Oral History Project: Barbara Smith|url=https://www.smith.edu/libraries/libs/ssc/vof/transcripts/Smith.pdf|accessdate=October 21, 2020|language=en-US}}</ref>[a] bụ onye America na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya bụ onye keere òkè dị mkpa na Black femism na United States. Kemgbe mmalite afọ 1970, ọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike dị ka onye ọkà mmụta, onye na-eme ihe ike, onye nkatọ, onye nkuzi, onye edemede, na onye na-ebipụta echiche Ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ọ kụzikwaara n'ọtụtụ kọleji na mahadum ruo afọ 25. Akwụkwọ edemede Smith, nyocha, isiokwu, akụkọ mkpirikpi na nkatọ akwụkwọ apụtala n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere ''The New York Times'' Book Review, The Black Scholar, ''Ms.'', Gay Community News, ''The Guardian'', The Village Voice, Conditions na The Nation. O nwere ejima, Beverly Smith, onye bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye edemede. == Oge ọ malitere == === Oge ọ bụ nwata === Barbara Smith na nwanne ya nwanyị ejima, Beverly, mụrụ na Nọvemba 16, 1946, na Cleveland, Ohio, nye Hilda Beall Smith.[1] A mụrụ ejima ahụ n'oge akabeghị aka ma gbasie mgba maka ọnwa ole na ole mbụ nke ndụ ha, ọ bụ ezie na Beverly gbalịsiri ike karị mgbe ọ na-arịa ọrịa. Nne ha rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye inyeaka nọọsụ ma mesịa bụrụ onye na-ere ahịa, ya mere nne nne ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-elekọta nwa n'oge ha bụ nwata, ebe nne ha na-enweta ego ahụ.[1] Na 1956, mgbe Barbara na Beverly dị afọ itoolu, nne ha nwụrụ n'ihi nkụchi obi metụtara ahụ ọkụ rheumatic n'oge ha bụ nwata.[2] Mgbe nne ha nwụsịrị, ụmụ agbọghọ ahụ gara n’ihu na-ebi n’ụlọ ezinaụlọ ha abụọ na nne nne ha, nwanne nne ha, nwanne nne ha, na ụmụnne ha. Ọ bụ ezie na ezinụlọ Smith enweghị ego, nne nne ya, ụmụnne nne ya, na nne ya niile gụrụ akwụkwọ nke ọma, ọkachasị maka ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii nwere na 1940s na 1950s. Nne nne ya na ụmụnne nne ya kụziri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ na South tupu ọ kwaga n'ebe ugwu, ọ bụ ezie na nne ya bụ naanị onye n'ezinụlọ ya natara diplọma kọleji, Bachelor's of Science na agụmakwụkwọ site na Mahadum Fort Valley State (nke bụ Fort Valley State College n'oge ahụ). Ezinụlọ Barbara niile bụ ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ na-arụsi ọrụ ike na-ekwusi ike na agụmakwụkwọ, n'ime na n'èzí ụlọ akwụkwọ. N'ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ndụ ya, Barbara nwere obere ihe ọmụma banyere nna ya, Gartrell Smith, onye kewara na Hilda tupu amụọ ejima ahụ. Dị ka nwa nwanne nne Barbara si kwuo, "Nne" Isabel, Hilda na Gartrell gbapụrụ mgbe nne na nna Hilda jụrụ ịlụ ọgụ ahụ. Hilda laghachiri Cleveland dị ime mgbe ya na Gartrell kewara. Barbara ahụtụbeghị nna ya ma ọ bụ hụ foto ya. Obere ihe ka a maara banyere ya ma e wezụga na ọ bụ onye agha n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ nakwa na Hilda na Gartrell zutere na Georgia, ebe Hilda gara kọleji. Ọ bụ ezie na Barbara na nwanne ya nwanyị tolitere n'ebe ugwu United States, ezinụlọ ya nọgidere na-enwe mgbọrọgwụ na omenala ndịda site na ime obodo Georgia. Ezinụlọ nne ya bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ nde ezinụlọ ndị Africa America sonyere na Nnukwu Migration na ọkara mbụ nke narị afọ nke 20 iji gbanahụ usoro agbụrụ na-emegbu emegbu na South ma melite ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ha. Barbara kọwara njirimara ya dị ka nke nwanyị ndịda ma kwado ahụmịhe ezinụlọ ya nwere oke mkpasasị agbụrụ na Georgia dị ka ihe na-akpali ọrụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Blain|first=Keisha N.|date=December 16, 2019|title=The Ms. Q&A: Barbara Smith Looks Back on a Lifetime of Black Feminist Struggle|url=https://msmagazine.com/2019/12/16/the-ms-qa-barbara-smith-looks-back-on-a-lifetime-of-black-feminist-struggle/|accessdate=October 22, 2020|work=MS.}}</ref> N'otu oge ahụ, ọ naghị ewepụ ndị ugwu n'oké ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na-edekọ ọtụtụ ihe omume nke mmegide Blackness nke ya na nwanne ya nwanyị nwere. N'otu ihe omume dị otú ahụ, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị wetara kuki ndị e mere n'ụlọ na klas French ha n'oge ọkọchị, nke nwanyị na-akpa ókè agbụrụ n'emeghị ihere kụziiri. Ọ dịghị onye ọ bụla n'ime ụmụaka ọcha nọ na klas ahụ riri kuki ọ bụla. N'agbanyeghị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ doro anya, ma Barbara ma Beverly mere nke ọma na agụmakwụkwọ. === Mmụta === Barbara Smith na nwanne ya nwanyị malitere agụmakwụkwọ elementrị ha na Bolton Elementary School wee kwaga Robert Fulton Elementary School n'oge klas nke mbụ. Smith na-ekwu na ọganihu agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya bụ n'ihi ogo dị elu nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze ọ gara. Ọ bụ ezie na a họpụtara ya na nwanne ya nwanyị maka ụlọ akwụkwọ pụrụ iche maka ndị nwere nkà mmụta na klas nke anọ, ezinụlọ ha kpebiri na ha agaghị agbanwe ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị ahụ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nne ha nwụsịrị. Barbara na Beverly gara Alexander Hamilton Jr. High School na mgbe e mesịrị John Adams High School. N'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Smith mere nke ọma na klas AP ma nweta akara dị elu na PSAT. Ntinye akara ya na akara ule ya mere ka ọ banye na Mount Holyoke College na 1965, mana, ike gwụrụ ya n'ihi ibu iro agbụrụ na kọleji ahụ, ọ gafere na New School for Social Research na New York City, ebe ọ gụrụ sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya otu afọ. Ọ laghachiri na Mount Holyoke maka afọ ikpeazụ ya wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1969. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mount Holyoke College na 1969, Smith gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Pittsburgh ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'afọ 1971. Na Pittsburgh, ọ malitere ịrụsi ọrụ ike na Women's movement na Gay Liberation movement.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Iovannone|first=Jeffrey J.|date=June 25, 2018|title=Barbara Smith: Mother of Black Feminism, Revolutionary Publisher|url=https://medium.com/queer-history-for-the-people/barbara-smith-mother-of-black-feminism-revolutionary-publisher-4189232e15b0|accessdate=October 22, 2020|work=Medium}}</ref> N'afọ 1981, Smith gụsịrị akwụkwọ niile ma e wezụga akwụkwọ edemede maka ọmụmụ doctoral ya na Mahadum Connecticut . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Anders|first=Tisa|date=June 25, 2012|title=Barbara Smith (1946– )|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/smith-barbara-1946/|accessdate=October 22, 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'oge ahụ, ọ bụ onye a ma ama, onye na-eme ihe maka Black, feminist, na nwoke idina nwoke. === Mgbalị ndị mbụ === N'ihi na ọ tolitere n'ime ọha mmadụ nke kewara ekewa, Smith zụlitere echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na nwata. Dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, ya na nwanne ya nwanyị sonyere na ngagharị iwe maka ikike obodo nke na-elekwasị anya na mwepụ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ. N'oge a, Smith bụ onye ọrụ afọ ofufo maka isi Cleveland nke Congress of Racial Equality (CORE). Ọ kọwara ogbugbu Bruce Klunder, onye na-eme ngagharị iwe na onye ozi, dị ka ihe na-akpali ya itinye aka na Cleveland. Ọ gara ọtụtụ okwu nke [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]], ma zute onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ Fannie Lou Hamer. N'afọ 1965, Smith gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mount Holyoke College, ebe ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ojii ole na ole. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ọ sonyeere Civil Actions Group, nke, n'etiti okwu ndị ọzọ, sonyere n'ịhazi megide Agha Vietnam. Ọ bụ ezie na Mount Holyoke enweghị isi nke Students for Democratic Society (SDS) na campus, Smith na ụmụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ nke Mount Holyoke nwere mmasị ma ṅomie mbọ nke otu ahụ. N'ime afọ ya na New School for Social Research, Smith gara Chicago wee sonye na ngagharị iwe na-eso Democratic National Convention. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mount Holyoke, Smith wepụrụ onwe ya n'ọrụ n'ihu, ebe ọ chere na njirimara ya dị ka nwanyị nọ n'òtù Black Nationalist. Ruo oge ụfọdụ, o chere na ọ nwere ike inyere aka ịkwalite ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ. Mana mgbe ọ gachara nzukọ nke National Black Feminist Organization (NBFO), ọ laghachiri n'ọkwa nke ime ihe ike wee malite iso ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ama ama na-acha ọbara ọbara rụkọọ ọrụ. Smith biri na Boston mgbe ọ natara MA na akwụkwọ na Mahadum Pittsburgh. Ọnọdụ ndị ọrụ nwanne ya nwanyị Beverly na Ms. Magazine nyere Beverly ohere inweta kọntaktị dị oke egwu, ma site na mbipụta ahụ, Barbara zutere Margaret Sloan, onye guzobere NBFO. N'ịbụ onye oku maka ịga nzukọ mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke NBFO na 1974, Smith sooro ụmụ nwanyị si n'ógbè Boston nwee mkparịta ụka iji guzobe isi NBFO nke Boston. N'afọ 1975, ya na Beverly na Demita Frazier, onye na-eme ihe ike na Chicago, Smith guzobere isi nke Boston NBFO. N'ihi enweghị ntụziaka sitere na nzukọ mba ahụ, isi Boston nwere ọdịdị onwe ya, na-ekpebi dị ka otu iji lekwasị anya n'ịkwalite nghọta na nhazi nke nyeere ndị ogbenye na ndị na-arụ ọrụ na Boston aka. == Mgbalị == === Osimiri Combahee === N'ịbụ ndị enweghị nkwurịta okwu sitere na nzukọ mba ahụ, kamakwa na-aghọta na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Boston dị oke egwu karịa nke NBFO, otu ahụ kpebiri ịpụ kpamkpam. A na-akpọ ya aha mgbe ọrụ agha gara nke ọma Harriet Tubman duziri n'oge Agha Obodo n'osimiri dị na South Carolina, Combahee River Collective gara ngwa ngwa dee akwụkwọ. The Combahee River Collective Statement na-akọwa ebumnuche nke otu ahụ, mana ọ na-akọwakwa ya dị ka otu ndị na-ahụ maka klas, na-ekwusi ike na ha nwere mmekọahụ. Ịmata ụmụ nwanyị na-edina nwanyị dị ka njirimara ziri ezi mere ka arụmụka dị n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ojii na nnukwu òtù ụmụ nwanyị sikwuo ike. Dị ka òtù na-elekọta ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze, mkpokọta ahụ kwusiri ike na njikọ nke agbụrụ, nwoke na nwanyị, heterosexist, na mmegbu klaasị na ndụ nke ndị America America na ndị inyom ndị ọzọ nwere agba. Dị ka òtù ndị ọzọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii n'oge ahụ, Combahee kwuru na "ọtụtụ n'ime nchegbu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, site na iwe na ndị ikom ojii maka mkpakọrịta nwoke na nwaanyị na-alụ nwanyị ọcha, na esemokwu dị n'ime ahụ maka agba akpụkpọ anụ, ọdịdị ntutu, na ọdịdị ihu, na ọdịiche dị n'etiti mmegharị nke ndị ọcha na ndị inyom ojii ... na-awakpo akụkọ ifo nke Black matriarch na stereotypical inyom na-arụ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ na omenala ndị dị otú ahụ." "ikike ịmụ nwa, idina mmadụ n'ike, mgbanwe ụlọ mkpọrọ, mmetọ nwoke na nwanyị, ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị, nlekọta ahụike, na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị ọcha."[2] A kpachapụrụ anya ahazi ya iji zere ndị isi na inye ndị òtù ikike nha anya; Smith zoro aka n'usoro a dị ka ihe dị mkpa iji hụ na nwanyị ojii dị ndụ "dị ka òtù na-enweghị isi."[3] Ndị òtù Combahee haziri ịlaghachi azụ iji kwurịta okwu n'ime Nkwupụta ahụ, ụzọ isi tinye Black Feminism n'ime echiche ụmụ nwanyị ojii, na nsogbu dị egwu na obodo nke ha.[4]. Mana nzukọ a tụfuru n'ike ka mkparịta ụka gbasara mmasị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị na ọganihu mmụta mere ka ụfọdụ ndị otu kewapụ. N'ihi esemokwu onye isi na esemokwu ndị mmadụ, ndị otu Combahee jụrụ. Nzukọ ikpeazụ bụ na February 1980.[5] === Tebụl kichin: Ụmụ nwanyị nke Color Press === Onye na-anụ ọkụ n'obi maka akwụkwọ na edemede America, Smith gara n'ihu na ọmụmụ Bekee n'oge agụmakwụkwọ ya. Mgbe akwụkwọ akụkọ James Baldwin bụ Go Tell It on the Mountain masịrị ya, o kpebiri ịghọ onye edemede si mba ọzọ, mana n'ihi mmasị ya na mmegharị ọha na eze n'afọ ndị 1960, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm maka ọmụmụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ. Ọ gara n'ihu na-amụ akwụkwọ na-agụsị akwụkwọ na-anwa ịchọ ndị edemede nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara, mana ọ nabatara eziokwu ahụ bụ na akwụkwọ edemede America anaghị agụnye ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ''Ms.'' edemede na [[Alice Walker]] ga-akụzi ihe ọmụmụ banyere ụmụ nwanyị ndị edemede Africa-America, Smith debanyere aha ma kwe nkwa ịkụziri ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-acha ọbara ọbara mgbe ọ bụla ọ kụziri. Ọ malitere ime nke a na Emerson College na 1973.<ref name="McGeeWestKunhardt interview">Smith, Barbara. Interview by Dyllan McGee, Betsy West, and Peter Kunhardt. [http://www.makers.com/barbara-smith/ MAKERS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107221222/https://www.makers.com/barbara-smith |date=November 7, 2017 }}, 2013. Web. February 26, 2009.</ref> Smith bụ onye ndu n'ime akwụkwọ nta akụkọ Women's Press, bụ nke chọrọ ịmepụta netwọk nke akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị, ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ nke ụmụ nwanyị mepụtara. Ọtụtụ ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị na 1970 bụ ndị ọcha etiti ma nwee ndị na-ege ntị nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ nọ n'etiti. Mgbe ya na enyi ya Audre Lorde gbasasịrị ndụmọdụ, Smith tọrọ ntọala Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press na 1980. N'adịghị ka ụlọ obibi akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ kewapụrụ iche, Smith bu n'obi na ndị na-ege ntị Kitchen Table bụ ndị niile nwere agba, gụnyere ụmụ nwoke.[1][2] N'ịbụ nke e guzobere na Boston, Kitchen Table kwagara New York na 1981. Na mmekorita ya na Lorde, Cherríe Moraga, [[Hattie Gossett]], Susan L. Yung, June Jọdan, na Gloria Anzaldúa, Smith bipụtara ọtụtụ mpempe akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ndị a nabatara na ọmụmụ agbụrụ, ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị, na mmemme ọmụmụ ndị isi ojii, dị ka ''Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology'', This Bridge Called My Back, Cuentos: Stories by Latinas, na I Am Your Sister: Black Women Organizing Across Sexualities. Smith kwuru na ihe nketa Kitchen Table dị na mbipụta nke oge a, dịka ụmụ nwanyị na-ede akwụkwọ dị ka Walker na Toni Morrison abanyela na akwụkwọ edemede America, yana imetụta ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị iji tinye intersectionality dị ka oghere nyocha. Smith gara n'ihu na-ede na iwepụta mkpokọta nke edemede ya, edemede na nyocha ya mgbe itinye aka ya na tebụl kichin kwụsịrị. Edere edemede ya "Toward a Black Feminist Criticism" (1977), nke e bipụtara na mbụ na magazin ọnọdụ, dị ka "nkwupụta doro anya nke mbụ nke nkatọ nwanyị ojii", [1] dị ka "dị mkpa", [2] na dị ka "mgbasa ala", [3] Smith ebipụtala nnukwu nchịkọta atọ na ụmụ nwanyị ojii: Ọnọdụ 5: The Black Women's Issue, na Lorraine 79); Ụmụnwaanyị niile na-acha ọcha, ndị ojii niile bụ ụmụ nwoke, ma ụfọdụ n'ime anyị nwere obi ike: Ọmụmụ Mahadum Scott nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii (1982, nke ya, Black Press, Black Press, mbipụta nke abụọ; Black Women's; American Edition, Black Press: Black Women). Smith achịkọtala ihe odide ya dị iche iche na Eziokwu nke Na-adịghị Ajọrọ: Edemede na Race, Gender, na Freedom (1998). === Ịbụ onye inyom === Barbara Smith enyewo aka dị ukwuu n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị n'ịgbasa ókèala nke echiche ụmụ nwanyị iji tinye mkparịta ụka gbasara agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, na klas. Smith bụ onye ọkà mmụta mbụ mepụtara okwu ahụ bụ " ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara", nke o ji kọwaa otu akụkụ nke njirimara, dị ka agbụrụ, okike, na mmekọahụ, si emepụta ụdị mmegbu pụrụ iche maka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị Black.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Chay|first=Deborah G.|date=1993|title=Rereading Barbara Smith: Black Feminist Criticism and the Category of Experience|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/469427|journal=New Literary History|volume=24|issue=3|pages=635–652|doi=10.2307/469427|issn=0028-6087}}</ref> O kwuru na òtù ụmụ nwanyị ga-amata njirimara dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụmụ nwanyị a na-akparaghị ókè ka ha bụrụ ndị na-agụnye n'ezie. Smith katọrọ ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ maka ilegharakarị anya na mgbe ụfọdụ na-akpachara anya na-ewepu ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ojii. O kwuru na ọ bụrụ na ụmụ nwanyị anaghị agụnye ụmụ nwanyị niile ọ bụghị ụmụ nwanyị dịka "ịdị elu nke ụmụ nwanyị".<ref>{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Sharon|title=Black feminism and intersectionality {{!}} International Socialist Review|url=https://isreview.org/issue/91/black-feminism-and-intersectionality|accessdate=October 22, 2020|work=isreview.org|language=en}}</ref> Echiche Smith banyere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara tọrọ ntọala maka ndị ọkà mmụta mechara, gụnyere Kimberlé Crenshaw, bụ ndị mepụtara echiche nke "intersectionality," okwu nke nwetara nnukwu ewu ewu na mmata n'ime afọ 20 gara aga.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberle|title=Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Policies|journal=University of Chicago Legal Forum|year=1989|issue=1|pages=139–167}}</ref> Na njikọ ya na ọrụ ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara, Smith mepụtara nkatọ Ụmụ nwanyị ojii. N'akwụkwọ ya "Toward a Black Feminist Criticism," Smith na-akọwa ọdịnala akwụkwọ nke ụmụ nwanyị Afro-descended na America, na-ekwusi ike na e leghaara ndị edemede nwanyị ojii anya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. Mgbe a na-eleghara ha anya n'ụzọ doro anya, a na-eme ka ha ghara ịdị mma ma wepụ ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke ụmụ nwanyị pụtara.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Barbara|title=Toward A Black Feminist Literary Criticism|journal=Conditions|date=October 1977|volume=1|issue=2|pages=25–44}}</ref> N'ihi na enweghi òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, e wepụrụ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na akwụkwọ ndị Africa America ma wepụ nyocha nke mmekọahụ ma ọ bụ okike, nke pụtara na ọrụ niile akọwapụtara "ndị inyom" n'oge ahụ metụtara ya naanị na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ọcha. Tinyere inye usoro echiche nke iji nyochaa akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii, Smith bụkwa ma eleghị anya ike kachasị emetụta n'ịkwalite ndị edemede dị ka [[Alice Walker]], Toni Morrison, Amy Tan, na ndị edemede nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-acha uhie uhie site na "Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press". Mmetụta Barbara Smith gbasaa na mmepe nke ụmụ nwanyị agbụrụ dị iche iche, usoro nke gbanwere ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ iji dozie mkpa ụmụ nwanyị si agbụrụ dịgasị iche iche na ọkwa dị iche iche. Dị ka Becky Thompson si kọwaa na "Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology of Second Wave Feminism," Smith katọrọ njirimara ụmụ nwanyị na-elekwasị anya na ndị ọcha, ndị nọ n'etiti, nke na-elegharakarị mmegbu dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na ndị a na-enweghị ego.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Thompson|first=Becky|date=2002|title=Multiracial Feminism: Recasting the Chronology of Second Wave Feminism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178747|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=28|issue=2|pages=337–360|doi=10.2307/3178747|issn=0046-3663}}</ref> Smith webatara echiche nke "otu oge nke mmegbu," na-agba ndị inyom ume ịmata otu agbụrụ, ọkwa, na okike si emekọrịta ihe iji mepụta ihe ịma aka pụrụ iche. Thompson na-ekwu na Smith so n'ime ndị isi na-akụzi ihe na-agbasawanye okwu ụmụ nwanyị site n'ịkwado ọrụ dị oke mkpa nke klas n'ịghọta mmegbu nwoke na nwanyị. Ọrụ Smith gosipụtara etu ọnọdụ akụ na ụba si jikọta agbụrụ na okike iji kpụzie ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị, ọkachasị nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-acha ọbara ọbara. Nnyocha a nyere aka na mgbanwe na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị n'oge 1970s na 1980s, na-agba ndị otu ahụ ume ka ha tụlee otu nchụpụ akụ na ụba si emetụta ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị nke ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị. Site n'itinye nyocha klas dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke echiche ụmụ nwanyị ojii, Smith nyere aka mepụta usoro nke gosipụtara n'ụzọ ziri ezi ahụmịhe nke ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ na ụmụ nwanyị na ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-akpali òtù ụmụ nwanyị ka ha bụrụ ụzọ zuru oke iji ghọta mmegbu. Dị ka nwanyị na-edina nwanyị, ụzọ Smith si eme ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị gafere agbụrụ na okike n'ime mmekọahụ. Ọ bụ onye ọkà mmụta mbụ chọpụtara otu Black lesbian feminist nke akwụkwọ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ kewara lesbianism na njirimara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'ime afọ ndị 1970, 1980, na afọ ndị 1990, Smith na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe omume ndị ruuru LGBT, mana enweghị mgbagwoju anya nke ihe omume ahụ, nke ọ chere na ọ na-agba gburugburu otu okwu dịka alụmdi na nwunye nwoke na nwoke na "omenala ndị a ma ama". Kemgbe ahụ, Smith ahọrọla ọtụtụ okwu LGBT nke na-ekwu maka mmegbu ndị a na-achụpụkarị na ọha mmadụ na-eche ihu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Barbara|date=June 19, 2019|title=Barbara Smith: Why I Left the Mainstream Queer Rights Movement (Published 2019)|language=en-US|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/06/19/us/barbara-smith-black-queer-rights.html|accessdate=October 22, 2020}}</ref> ==== Nkatọ ụmụ nwanyị na-akatọ nsogbu ụwa ==== Barbara Smith gbasaa ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ya na nsogbu ụwa, ọkachasị mmetụta nke agha nuklia na obodo ndị a na-akparaghị ókè. N'akwụkwọ edemede ya nke afọ 1983, "Fractious, Kicking, Messy, Free: Feminist Writers Confront the Nuclear Abyss," Smith kwuru na esemokwu nuklia ga-emetụta ndị otu na-adịghị ike, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị, n'ihi enweghị nhata.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Barbara|date=1983|title=''Fractious, Kicking, Messy, Free'':* Feminist Writers Confront the Nuclear Abyss|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/23016943|journal=New England Review and Bread Loaf Quarterly|volume=5|issue=4|pages=581–592|issn=0736-2579}}</ref> Ọ kwadoro nzaghachi ụmụ nwanyị nke na-ekwu maka egwu nuklia site n'echiche intersectional, na-ejikọta ya na ụdị mmegbu ndị ọzọ dị ka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ọdịiche akụ na ụba, na ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị. Ụzọ Smith si eme ihe kwusiri ike ime ihe n'ofe òtù ikpe ziri ezi, na-ele nkatọ ụmụ nwanyị anya dị ka ngwá ọrụ iji chee usoro ike zuru ụwa ọnụ ihu. Ọ gbara ndị edemede ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha nabata ụdị "na-adịghị mma" na "na-enweghị isi" nke nabatara mgbagwoju anya, na-emesi ike mkpebi ya maka ezigbo olu ụmụ nwanyị na-eguzogide egwu ụwa. == Ndụ e mesịrị == N'ịga n'ihu n'ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-ahazi obodo, a họpụtara Smith na Albany, New York Common Council (obodo kansụl) na 2005, na-anọchite anya Ward 4, ma họpụta ya ọzọ na 2009. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ n'oge a na David Kaczynski na New Yorkers for Alternatives to the Death Penalty na ngwọta ọhụrụ maka mpụ ime ihe ike. N'oge oge abụọ ọ nọrọ na kansụl obodo Albany, Smith na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'ihe gbasara mmepe ndị ntorobịa, mgbochi ime ihe ike, na ohere agụmakwụkwọ maka ndị ogbenye, ndị ka nta na ndị na-enweghị enyemaka. === Ihe ndị ọ rụzuru === * She donated her papers to the Lesbian Herstory Archives in Brooklyn, New York, and gave oral histories of her life to Columbia University and Smith College. She appeared in [[Marlon Riggs]]'s 1994 documentary ''Black Is...Black Ain't'' and the 2013 PBS and AOL documentary ''Makers: Women Who Make America''. On February 2, 2017, she made a speech at Claiming Williams, "an annual event where the campus community comes together to discuss issues of race, gender, identity, religion and community". Claiming Williams is "moral courage day" at Williams College.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://claiming.williams.edu/|title=February 2 is Claiming Williams Day 2017 – 'Moral Courage'|work=Claiming Williams|accessdate=May 15, 2017|language=en-US}}</ref> Smith said that "taking the high ground, being honest, and deciding to do something that is objectively frightening" are key components of moral courage.<ref name="WilliamsCollege">{{Citation|last=WilliamsCollege|title=Barbara Smith|date=February 7, 2017|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=er98FqzDmTs&t=1472s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/er98FqzDmTs |archive-date=December 21, 2021 |url-status=live|publisher=[[YouTube]]|access-date=May 15, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref> * Smith was a Fellow at Radcliffe College's Bunting Institute in 1996 and received a 1994 Stonewall Award for her activism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://news.harvard.edu/gazette/1996/05.30/37WomenNamedBun.html|title=Bunting Fellowship}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.now.org/organization/conference/1998/speakers.html#barbara|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023075135/http://www.now.org/organization/conference/1998/speakers.html#barbara|title=N.O.W. bio of Smith.|archivedate=October 23, 2008}}</ref> She received the Church Women United's Human Rights Award in 2000<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barbara Smith|url=http://www.albany.edu/writers-inst/webpages4/archives/smith_barbara.html|publisher=New York State Writers Institute|accessdate=April 26, 2012}}</ref> and was nominated for a Nobel Peace Prize in 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Barbara Smith '69 is one of 1,000 Peace Activists Nominated for Nobel Peace Prize|url=http://www.mtholyoke.edu/news/stories/5683236|publisher=Mount Holyoke College|accessdate=April 26, 2012|date=June 29, 2005|archivedate=May 14, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200514055732/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/media/barbara-smith-69-one-1000-peace-activists-nominated-nobel-peace-prize-0}}</ref> * In 2014, SUNY Press published [http://www.BarbaraSmithAintGonna.com ''Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me Around: Forty Years of Movement Building with Barbara Smith''], a reflective conversation through four decades of activism. Editors [http://alethiajonesphd.com/ Alethia Jones] and Virginia Eubanks worked with Smith to explore her life from her childhood to her recent work as an elected official. By combining hard-to-find historical documents with new unpublished interviews with fellow activists and scholars, the book uncovers the deep roots of today's “identity politics” and “intersectionality” and serves as a primer for practicing solidarity and resistance. It has a foreword by Robin D. G. Kelley. * On November 14, 2015, the Albany Public Library Foundation awarded Smith the title "LITERARY LEGEND", along with Albany native Gregory Maguire (author of ''Wicked: The Life and Times of the Wicked Witch of the West''). * Smith is an activist against Islamophobia. She established a website, "Stop Islamophobia",<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://stopislamophobia.com/|title=Capital District Coalition Against Islamophobia|work=Capital District Coalition Against Islamophobia|language=en-US|accessdate=May 15, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816010447/http://stopislamophobia.com/|archivedate=August 16, 2017}}</ref> to demonstrate support for immigrants and refugees. She created a "United States of All" decal and coordinated marches in November and December 2016. * Season 6, episode 3 of the podcast ''Making Gay History'', released in 2019, was about Smith.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radiopublic.com/making-gay-history-lgbtq-oral-hi-GqRA95/episodes|title=Making Gay History &#124; LGBTQ Oral Histories from the Archive}}</ref> * In February 2020, Smith endorsed Bernie Sanders for president in the Democratic Party primaries.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theroot.com/barbara-smith-who-helped-coin-the-term-identity-politi-1841419291|title=Barbara Smith, Who Helped Coin the Term 'Identity Politics,' Endorses Bernie Sanders|work=The Root|date=3 February 2020|language=en-us|accessdate=February 6, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/481864-sanders-touts-endorsement-of-pioneering-black-feminist-barbara-smith|title=Sanders touts endorsement of pioneering black feminist Barbara Smith|author=Budryk|first=Zack|date=February 6, 2020|work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]]|language=en|accessdate=February 6, 2020}}</ref> * In June 2020, in honor of the 50th anniversary of the first LGBTQ Pride parade, ''Queerty'' named her among the 50 heroes “leading the nation toward equality, acceptance, and dignity for all people”.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Queerty Pride50 2020 Honorees|url=https://www.queerty.com/pride50/|accessdate=June 30, 2020|work=Queerty|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Tracer|first=Daniel|date=June 26, 2020|title=Meet 6 Black trailblazers fighting racism: "I didn't come to play; I came to dismantle white supremacy."|url=https://www.queerty.com/meet-six-black-trailblazers-fighting-systemic-racism-didnt-come-play-came-dismantle-white-supremacy-20200626|accessdate=June 30, 2020|work=Queerty}}</ref> === Onyinye na mmata === * African American Policy Forum Harriet Tubman Lifetime Achievement Award (2017) <ref>{{Cite web|title=20th Anniversary Gala Honorees|url=https://aapf.org/20th-anniversary-gala-honorees|accessdate=October 22, 2020|work=AAPF|language=en-US|archivedate=October 26, 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026100746/https://aapf.org/20th-anniversary-gala-honorees}}</ref> * Lambda Literary Award: Publishing Professional Award <ref>{{Cite web|date=June 4, 2019|title=31st Annual Lambda Literary Award Winners Announced|url=https://www.lambdaliterary.org/2019/06/lambda-literary-awards-31st-winners/|accessdate=October 22, 2020|work=Lambda Literary|language=en}}</ref> * Alumnae Association of Mount Holyoke College Achievement Award <ref name=":3" /> * Onyinye Sesquicentennial nke Mount Holyoke College Alumnae Association <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Congress|first=The Library of|title=LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies (Library of Congress)|url=https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n88040014.html|accessdate=October 22, 2020|work=id.loc.gov}}</ref> * Ntinye aha maka Nobel Peace Prize (2005) <ref name=":3" /> * Fellow na Bunting Institute nke Radcliffe College <ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=June 8, 2012|title=Barbara Smith|url=https://www.mtholyoke.edu/175/gallery/barbara-smith|accessdate=October 22, 2020|work=Mount Holyoke College|language=en|archivedate=November 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129210228/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/175/gallery/barbara-smith}}</ref> * Onye ọkà mmụta bi na Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture (1995-1996) <ref name=":4" /> * Onyinye Ikike Ụmụ nwanyị nke Church United (2000) <ref name=":3" /> * Ihe nrite Stonewall maka Ọrụ nye ndị inyom na ndị nwoke idina nwoke (1994) <ref>{{Cite web|author=Anders|first=Tisa|date=June 25, 2012|title=Barbara Smith (1946– )|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/smith-barbara-1946/|accessdate=October 22, 2020|language=en-US}}</ref> * Ihe nrite David R Kessler maka ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na nwoke: CLAGS: The Center for LGBTQ Studies (1994) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Kessler Award – CLAGS: Center for LGBTQ Studies|url=http://clags.org/kessler-award/|accessdate=March 3, 2022|language=en-US|archivedate=April 14, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210414152052/https://clags.org/kessler-award/}}</ref> === Smith Care Circle === Dị ka mmadụ etinyela aka na "ndụ ọrụ na ọgụ", <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Combahee River Collective|date=January 1, 2019|title=A Black Feminist Statement|url=https://monthlyreviewarchives.org/index.php/mr/article/view/MR-070-08-2019-01_3|journal=Monthly Review|language=en|pages=29–36|doi=10.14452/MR-070-08-2019-01_3|issn=0027-0520}}</ref> Smith enweghị ike ịnweta ego ezumike nká ọdịnala. N'ịgbaso nlekọta nke ndị Black feminist ethos, e nwere Caring Circle Archived November 1, 2020, na Wayback Machine nke na-akwado Smith na ọrụ ya. Enwere ike inye onyinye kwa ọnwa. == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == * Betel, Lorraine, na Barbara Smith (ed.). Ọnọdụ: Ise, The Black Women's Issue 2, No. 2 (Autumn 1979). * Bulkin, Elly, Minnie Bruce Pratt, na Barbara Smith. Gị n'ọgụ: Echiche atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na Anti-Semitism na Racism. Ithaca, N.Y.: Firebrand Books, 1984, 1988. * Hull, Gloria T., Patricia Bell Scott, na Barbara Smith (ed.). ''Ụmụ nwanyị niile bụ ndị ọcha, ndị isi ojii niile bụ ụmụ nwoke, mana ụfọdụ n'ime anyị nwere obi ike: Black Women's Studies.'' New York: The Feminist Press na The City University of New York, 1982. * Jones, Alethia na Virginia Eubanks, ndị nchịkọta akụkọ. Mụ na Barbara Smith. Ain't Gonna Hapes Nobody Turn Me Around: Forty Years of Movement Building na Barbara Smith. Okwu mmalite nke Robin D. G. Kelley. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Mankiller, Wilma, Gwendolyn Mink, Marysa Navarro, Barbara Smith, na Gloria Steinem (ed.). Onye na-agụ akwụkwọ na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị US. Boston na New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1998. * Moraga, Cherrie na Smith, Barbara. "Lesbian Literature: A Third World Feminist Perspective" na Margaret Cruikshank, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, Lesbian Studies: Present and Future. Old Westbury, N.Y.: Feminist Press, 1982<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt8199s2fb/|title=Margaret Cruikshank papers, 1971–1982}}</ref> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Toward A Black Feminist Literary Criticism". Ọnọdụ. 1 (2): 25–44. E bipụtaghachiri ya, "Towards a Black Feminist Criticism". Onye nkuzi siri ike. 7: 20–27. 1978.<ref name="griffin">{{Cite journal|title=That the Mothers May Soar and the Daughters May Know Their Names: A Retrospective of Black Feminist Literary Criticism|first=Farah Jasmine|author=Griffin|journal=[[Signs (journal)|Signs]]|volume=32|issue=2|year=2007|pages=483–507|doi=10.1086/508377|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/508377}}</ref><ref name="lewis">{{Cite journal|title=Cultivating Black Lesbian Shamelessness: Alice Walker's ''The Color Purple''|first=Christopher S.|author=Lewis|journal=[[Rocky Mountain Review]]|volume=66|issue=2|year=2012|pages=158–175|doi=10.1353/rmr.2012.0027|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41763555}}</ref><ref name="durham">{{Cite journal|title=The Stage Hip-Hop Feminism Built: A New Directions Essay|first=Aisha|author=Durham|journal=[[Signs (journal)|Signs]]|volume=38|issue=3|year=2013|pages=721–737|doi=10.1086/668843|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/668843}}</ref>{{Cite journal|author=Smith|first=Barbara|title=Toward A Black Feminist Literary Criticism|journal=Conditions|date=October 1977|volume=1|issue=2|pages=25–44}}{{Cite journal|title=Towards a Black Feminist Criticism|journal=The Radical Teacher|volume=7|year=1978|pages=20–27}} * Smith, Barbara, na Beverly Smith. "N'ofe Tebụl Kitchen: Nkwurịta Okwu Nwanyị na Nwanne Nwanyị. " Na Cherríe Moraga na Gloria Anzaldúa (ed), Àkwà Mmiri a kpọrọ M Nkwurọ: Ihe odide nke Radical Women of Color. Watertown, Massachusetts: Persephone Press, 1981 * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ""Feisty Characters" na 'Other People's Causes": Memories of White Racism and U.S. Feminism. "N'ime Rachel Blau DuPlessis na Ann Snitow, eds, The Feminist Memoir Project: Voices from Women's Liberation. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology''. New York: Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press, 1983. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Ihe odide banyere agbụrụ, okike, na nnwere onwe: Eziokwu nke na-adịghị emerụ ahụ.'' New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1998. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] "Ebee ka nnwere onwe nwoke na nwanyị gafere? Ajụjụ ọnụ na Barbara Smith. " Na Amy Gluckman na Betsy Reed (eds), ''Homo Economics: Capitalism, Community, na Lesbian na Gay Life''. New York na London: Routledge, 1997. * Ụmụ nwanyị ojii * Ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị * [[Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị]] * Echiche agbụrụ dị oke egwu * Osimiri Combahee * Tebụl kichin: Ụmụ nwanyị nke Color Press * Intersectionality * Ndekọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị * Demita Frazier == Ihe edeturu == == Edensibia == {{Reflist|30em}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ajụjụ ọnụ: [https://americanarchive.org/catalog/cpb-aacip_529-fq9q23s57s Na Black America; Ms. Barbara Smith], February 1, 1999, KUT, American Archive of Public Broadcasting (WGBH na Library of Congress). * Dianca London Potts, "Barbara Smith Ka bụ Otu n'ime Olu Kasị Mkpa nke Feminism", ''Shondaland'', February 15, 2018. * [[Roxane Gay]], "Hear to Slay: Political Heartbreakers", ajụjụ ọnụ podcast, Luminary, October 27, 2020. * "Barbara Smith and Kitchen Table Women of Color Press" nke onye na-ede uri [[Terri L. Jewell]], [http://www.hotwirejournal.com/pdf/hw_v6_n2.pdf ''Hot Wire: The Journal of Women's Music and Culture'' (May 1990)] , peeji nke 20-22, 58. [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] svs71pk60uad2so3dxndp2jwc6pry2r 0 74491 672397 630936 2026-07-04T16:34:24Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672397 wikitext text/x-wiki   {| class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" role="navigation" style="border: 4px double #000000; border-spacing:0.2em 0;" | class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.2em;" |Isiokwu a bụ akụkụ nke [[:Category:Black Power|usoro]] na |- ! class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" |[[Black power|Ike ojii]] |- | class="sidebar-image" |[[File:BLM_Fist.svg|class=skin-invert|113x113px]] |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Akụkọ ihe mere eme</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> * [[Black Arts Movement|Òtù Black Arts]] * [[Black is beautiful|Ọcha mara mma]] * [[Black power movement|Mgbanwe nke ike ndị isi ojii]] * [[Black Power Revolution|Mgbanwe nke Ike Ojii]] * [[Kwanzaa]] * [[1968 Olympics Black Power salute|1968 Olympic Black Power salute]] * [[1972 Olympics Black Power salute|1972 Olympic Black Power salute]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Echiche</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> * [[African socialism|Ọchịchị Ọchịchịchị nke Afrịka]] * [[Africana womanism|Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị n'Afrịka]] * [[Afrocentrism]] * [[Anti-Americanism among African-Americans|Mmegide America]] * [[Black anarchism|Anarchism Black]] * [[Black feminism|Ụmụ nwanyị ojii]] * [[African-American leftism|Ndị isi ojii n'aka ekpe]] * [[Black nationalism|Ịhụ mba n'anya nke ndị isi ojii]] * [[Black pride|Mpako ojii]] * [[Black separatism|Nkewa nke ndị isi ojii]] * [[Black supremacy|Ịdị elu nke ndị isi ojii]] * [[Black theology|Nkà mmụta okpukpe ndị isi ojii]] * [[Intercommunalism|Mmekọrịta Obodo]] * [[Pan-Africanism]] * [[Garveyism]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Nzukọ</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> * [[African People's Socialist Party|Òtù Ndị Ọchịchị nke Ndị Africa]] * [[Assata's Daughters|Ụmụ nwanyị Assata]] * [[Black Guerrilla Family|Ezinụlọ Ndị Agha Ojii]] * [[Black Liberators|Ndị Nnwere Onwe ojii]] * [[Black Liberation Army|Ndị Black Liberation Army]] * [[Black Panther Militia|Ndị agha Black Panther]] * [[Black Panther Party|Òtù Black Panther]] * [[Black Radical Congress|Nzukọ Ndị Ojii]] * [[Black Revolutionary Assault Team|Ndị Black Revolutionary Assault Team]] * [[Black Riders Liberation Party]] * [[Black Women's Defense League|Njikọ Nchebe Ụmụ nwanyị ojii]] * [[British Black Panthers|Ndị Black Panthers nke Britain]] * [[Conscious Community|Obodo Na-amaghị Ama]] * [[Five-Percent Nation|Mba dị pasent ise]] * [[George Jackson Brigade|Ndị agha George Jackson]] * [[Huey P. Newton Gun Club]] * [[League of Revolutionary Black Workers|Njikọ nke Ndị Ọrụ Ojii Mgbanwe]] * [[Lowndes County Freedom Organization]] * [[May 19th Communist Organization|May 19th Òtù Kọmunist]] * [[MOVE (Philadelphia organization)|Ịgagharị]] * [[Nation of Islam|Mba Alakụba]] * [[National Joint Action Committee|Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Mba]] * [[New Black Panther Party|Òtù Black Panther Ọhụrụ]] * [[Republic of New Afrika|Republic nke New Afrika]] * [[Revolutionary Action Movement|Mgbanwe Ọchịchị]] * [[Revolutionary Black Panther Party|Òtù Black Panther nke Mgbanwe]] * [[Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee|SNCC]] * [[Symbionese Liberation Army|Ndị agha nnwere onwe Symbionese]] * [[US Organization|Òtù US]] * [[Weather Underground|Ọnọdụ ihu igwe n'okpuru ala]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ndị mmadụ</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> * [[Angela Davis]] * [[Assata Shakur]] * [[Donald DeFreeze]] * [[Elaine Brown]] * [[Eldridge Cleaver]] * [[Fay Bellamy Powell]] * [[Fred Hampton]] * [[George Jackson (activist)|George Jackson]] * [[Gloria Richardson]] * [[Hakim Jamal]] * [[Huey P. Newton]] * [[John Africa]] * [[Malcolm X]] * [[Marcus Garvey]] * [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]] * [[Maulana Karenga]] * [[Malik Zulu Shabazz]] * [[Michael X|Michael nke Iri]] * [[Max Stanford]] * [[Obi Egbuna]] * [[Robert F. Williams]] * [[Rosa Parks|Ogige ntụrụndụ Rosa]] * [[Stokely Carmichael]] * [[Wadsworth Jarrell]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ọrụ</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> * ''[[A Taste of Power|Mmasị nke Ike]]'' * ''[[Black Power: The Politics of Liberation|Ike ojii: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke nnwere onwe]]'' * ''[[Black Power and the American Myth|Ike Ojii na Akụkọ ifo nke America]]'' * [[Ten-Point Program (Black Panther Party)|Ihe Omume Iri]] * ''[[The Diary of Malcolm X|Akwụkwọ akụkọ Malcolm X]]'' * ''[[Revolutionary Suicide|Mgbanwe nke igbu onwe]]'' </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-content" |<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent; border-top:1px solid #000000; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Ihe ndị metụtara ya</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> * [[Anarchism]] * [[Black Lives Matter|Ndụ Ndị Ojii Dị Mkpa]] * [[Black Power (New Zealand gang)|Òtù Black Power]] * [[Black Power in the Caribbean|Ike Ojii na Caribbean]] * [[Black Power movement in Montreal|Ike Ojii na Montreal]] * [[Communism|Ọchịchị Kọmunist]] * [[Feminism|Ịbụ onye inyom]] * [[Hutu Power|Ike ndị Hutu]] * [[New Left|N'aka ekpe Ọhụrụ]] * [[Political hip hop|Hip hop ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị]] * [[Red Power movement|Mgbanwe nke Red Power]] * [[Socialism|Ọchịchị Ọchịchị]] * [[The Troubles|Nsogbu Ndị Dị na Ya]] * [[Civil rights movement|Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na United States]] * [[White supremacy|Ike ndị ọcha]] * [[Youth rights|Ikike ndị ntorobịa]] </div></div> |- | class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="text-align:center; font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #000000; border-bottom:1px solid #000000;" | * [[Portal:Politics|Portal ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị&#x20;]]<span class="nowrap">[[File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg|alt=icon|border|class=noviewer|15x15px]]</span> |- | class="sidebar-navbar" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Navbar/styles.css"></templatestyles> |} '''<big>Ihe omuma:</big>''' Dị ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii si kwuo, agbụrụ, okike, na ịkpa ókè klaasị bụ akụkụ nke otu usoro ọchịchị, nke Bell Hooks na-akpọ "onyeisi ọcha, onye isi ọchịchị"; n'ihi njikọ ha, ha na-ejikọta na-emepụta ihe karịrị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmekọahụ n'onwe ha. Ahụmahụ nke ịbụ Black, dị ka ozizi si kwuo, enweghị ike ịghọta n'ihe gbasara ịbụ Black ma ọ bụ nwanyị ma a ghaghị ịkọwa ya site na intersectionality, [1] okwu nke ọkà mmụta iwu bụ Kimberlé Crenshaw chepụtara na 1989. Echiche a kwekọrọ na echiche Deborah K. King nke "ọtụtụ ihe ize ndụ" nke na-azọrọ na ọ bụghị nanị na-eme ka njirimara, dị ka Crenphaw na-eduga n'ọtụtụ mmadụ, dị ka Crenphaw na-eduga n'ọtụtụ njirimara. ụdị mmegbu ka njọ megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[2] Echiche ndị a na-atụ aro na njirimara ọ bụla - ịbụ oji na ịbụ nwanyị - kwesịrị ịtụle ma n'onwe ya na maka mmetụta ha jikọtara ya, nke njirimara jikọtara ọnụ na-ewusi ibe ya ike, ma nwee ike iduga n'ụdị ahaghị nhata.[3][4]. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii na United States buru ụzọ jiri oghere nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii ghọta ka oke ndị ọcha na ndị nna ochie si kpakọrịta iji kpụzie ụfọdụ ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ndị na-eme oji na ndị nwere ọgụgụ isi hiwere otu dị ka National Association of Colored Women (NACW) na National Council of Negro Women (NCNW). [1] Ụmụ nwanyị ojii ghọrọ ndị a ma ama na 1960s, dịka ndị na-akwado ikike obodo chụpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ọkwá ọchịchị, ndị inyom na-elekwasịkwa anya n'ihe ha na-eme n'ihe metụtara ụmụ nwanyị etiti ọcha. Site na 1970s ruo 1980s, Black feminists hibere otu ndị kwuru gbasara ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na mba ojii, nnwere onwe nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke, na nwanyị nke abụọ. [2] Alice Walker, mgbịrịgba nko, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Angela Davis, na Patricia Hill Collins apụtala dị ka ndị isi agụmakwụkwọ na Black Feminism, ebe ụfọdụ ndị isi ojii a ma ama akwadola mkparịta ụka dị egwu banyere nwanyị ojii.[3][4] == Akụkọ mmalite == === Narị afọ nke 19 === Echiche ụmụ nwanyị ojii sitere n'ụdị mmegbu dị iche iche ụmụ nwanyị ojii chere ihu, malite n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na a kpọtara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Africa America na America dị ka ndị ohu. Mmegbu a abụghị naanị nke anụ ahụ. Dị ka Patricia Hill Collins na-eme ka o doo anya, mmegbu "na-akọwa ọnọdụ ọ bụla na-ezighị ezi ebe, n'usoro na ogologo oge, otu ìgwè na-egbochi otu ọzọ ịnweta ihe onwunwe nke ọha mmadụ. "N'iburu nke a n'uche, ụmụ nwanyị Africa-America na-enwekwa mmegbu nke echiche ọgụgụ isi ha iji chekwaa akụkọ kachasị (acha ọcha, nwoke). <ref>{{Cite book|title=Black Feminist Thought, 30th Anniversary Edition|url=https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003245650|publisher=Routledge|date=2022-03-17|location=New York|isbn=978-1-003-24565-0|first=Patricia Hill|author=Collins|doi=10.4324/9781003245650}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị ojii achọtala ịghọta ọnọdụ ha n'ime usoro mmegbu, mgbe ahụ, a na-egosipụta nke a na okwu a ma ama nke Sojourner Truth na 1851 Women's Convention na Akron, Ohio. Okwu eziokwu lekwasịrị anya na mmeso na-ezughị oke nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii, n'agbanyeghị ikike ha nwere ime otu ọrụ ahụ ma nagide otu ihe isi ike ahụ ụmụ nwoke. N'okwu ya, Sojourner Truth na-ekwu, "Enwere m ike dị ka nwoke ọ bụla, ma nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ukwuu dị ka nwoke niile. A kọwo m na-akọ ugbo ma na-ewepụta ma na-egbutu ma na-egbubi, ma nwoke ọ bụla nwere ike ime ihe karịrị nke ahụ? . . Enwere m ike iburu ihe dị ka nwoke onye ọ bụla. " Okwu a kpọtụrụ arụmụka maka ikike nhata nke agbụrụ na, na-emesi mkpa maka ịha nhata ike.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/3068311696|title=Sojourner truth: Part two: The speech and the sojourner truth legacy plaza by beth bartlett|author=Bartlett|first=beth|journal=Claremont|id={{ProQuest|3068311696}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Akwụkwọ A Voice from the South (1892), nke Anna Julia Cooper dere ka a na-ekwu na ọ bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ mbụ na-egosipụta echiche ụmụ nwanyị ojii.<ref name="Encyclopedia of feminist theories">{{Cite book|author=James|first=Stanlie M.|authorlink=Stanlie James|title=Encyclopedia of feminist theories|editor=Code|date=2003|origyear=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-13274-9|location=Abingdon and New York|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffe0000unse/page/54 54–56]|oclc=43060471|chapter=Black feminism(s)|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaoffe0000unse/page/54}}</ref> Onye edemede na onye na-eme ngagharị iwe nke oge Cooper, Frances Ellen Watkins Harper, tụrụ aro "ụfọdụ n'ime ajụjụ ndị kachasị mkpa gbasara agbụrụ, okike, na ọrụ nke Reconstruction na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu". Dị ka Harper si kwuo, ụmụ nwanyị ọcha chọrọ ikike ịtụ vootu maka agụmakwụkwọ, mana "ụmụ nwanyị ojii chọrọ ịtụ vootu, ọ bụghị dị ka ụdị agụmakwụkwọ. "<ref name="Hewitt2010">{{Cite book|title=No Permanent Waves: Recasting Histories of U.S. Feminism|author=Hewitt|first=Nancy|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0813547251|location=New Brunswick}}</ref> N'afọ 1890, Ida B. Wells, onye nta akụkọ na onye na-eme ngagharị iwe, ghọrọ onye a ma ama maka ịchọ eziokwu banyere igbu ndị isi ojii, isiokwu nke ọtụtụ ndị ọcha na-ezere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/ida-b-wells-barnett|title=Ida B. Wells-Barnett|work=National Women's History Museum|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-15}}</ref> === 1900 ruo 1960 === N'oge a na-esote ịgba ohu, ndị isi ojii nwere ọgụgụ isi na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, dị ka Sojourner Truth, Anna Julia Cooper, Ida B. Wells, Mary Church Terrell, na Frances Harper, setịpụrụ ụkpụrụ ndị ga-abụ ihe ndabere maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii.<ref name="Patricia">{{Cite book|title=Black feminist thought : knowledge, consciousness, and the politics of empowerment|author=Patricia|first=Hill Collins|isbn=978-0415964722|edition=[2nd ed.]|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|oclc=245597448|year=2009}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị ndị a rụzuru ihe ndị a na-anụtụbeghị maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, dị ka ikwu okwu ihu ọha, ịlụ ọgụ maka ikike ịtụ vootu, na inyere ndị chọrọ enyemaka aka mgbe Reconstruction gasịrị. Otú ọ dị, n'oge na-adịghị anya, esemokwu malitere n'etiti ndị ọcha na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, ọbụna ndị na-arụsi ọrụ ike na mwepụ, na ndị na-ahụkarị maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Suffrage bụ otu n'ime mpaghara mbụ nke nkewa n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ndị ojii. Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị dị ka otu nọ na-arị elu na njedebe 1800s na mmalite 1900s, ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ahapụkarị ma na-eleghara anya site n'aka ndị ọcha feminists nke mmegharị ahụ. Agbanyeghị, nke a akwụsịghị ndị nwanyị ojii, bụ ndị ga-emecha mepụta ụzọ ha dị iche iche ọgụ maka ihe kpatara ya. Site na nke a, National Association of Colored Women's Clubs (NACWC) tọrọ ntọala na 1904, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) tọrọ ntọala na 1909, na National Association of Wage Earners tọrọ ntọala na 1921. Ndị edemede ojii nke mmalite afọ 1900 ndị na-eme isiokwu gụnyere onye nkuzi na onye na-eme ihe ike Mary Church Terrell na [[Zora Neale Hurston]]. N'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya A Colored Woman in a White World (1940), Terrell kọrọ ahụmahụ ya na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Shaw|first=Esther Popel|date=January 1941|title=Mary Church Terrell and H. G. Wells, A Colored Woman in a White World|journal=The Journal of Negro History|volume=26|issue=1|pages=108–110|doi=10.2307/2715052|issn=0022-2992}}</ref> Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ọrụ Hurston bipụtara gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937) nke gosipụtara nwanyị siri ike na Janie Crawford . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/zora-hurston|title=Zora Neale Hurston|work=National Women's History Museum|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-15}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na afọ iri dị n'etiti Ndezigharị nke 19 na Iwu United States (1920) na 1960 adịghị ewere dị ka "efegharị" nke mmemme ụmụ nwanyị, ọ bụ oge dị mkpa karịsịa na mmepe nke ọrụ nwa nwanyị ojii.[1]. N'ime oge a, ndị inyom ojii ole na ole sonyeere ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kọmunist ma ọ bụ lekwasị anya na ọrụ otu. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị ha nile ka a kọwara dị ka ndị inyom, echiche ha gụnyere ọrụ bụ isi nke bụ isi n'echiche nke intersectionality - njikọ nke agbụrụ, okike, na klaasị. Na 1940, dịka ọmụmaatụ, Esther V. Cooper (née Esther Cooper Jackson) dere akwụkwọ edemede MA nke akpọrọ "The Negro Woman Domestic Worker in Relation to Trade Unionism" [2] Na 1949, Claudia Jones dere "Njedebe nke ileghara nsogbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii anya" anya.[3] Mgbalị ndị ọzọ ụmụ nwanyị na nhazi mere gburugburu ikpe dị iche iche nke ime ihe ike agbụrụ na mmekọahụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Esther Cooper na Rosa Parks haziri iji nyere Recy Taylor aka. N'afọ 1944, ndị otu dinara Taylor n'ike; Parks na Cooper nwara ime ka ndị ahụ kpụpụ ikpe ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance—A New History of the Civil Rights Movement|author=McGuire|first=Danielle|publisher=Random House|year=2010|isbn=978-0307389244|location=New York City|pages=3–48}}</ref> Ndị Black feminist activists lekwasịrị anya n'okwu ndị ọzọ yiri ya, dị ka njide 1949 na ikpe ọnwụ e nyere Rosa Lee Ingram, onye a na-eme ihe ike mmekọahụ. Ndị na-agbachitere Ingram gụnyere onye Black feminist a ma ama Mary Church Terrell, onye bụ octogenarian n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=To Stand and Fight: The Struggle for Civil Rights in Postwar New York City|author=Biondi|first=Martha|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780674019829|location=Cambridge|pages=198–199}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị ịmalite ngagharị iwe, ịhazi na ịkpata ego, ịgwa ndị obodo okwu, na ịtọhapụ atụmatụ, ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-elegharakarị ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ọkwa ọchịchị anya site n'aka ndị na-ahụ maka ikike obodo, bụ nke malitere n'ụzọ siri ike na 1950s.[1] Ọtụtụ mmemme, dị ka boycott ụgbọ ala Montgomery, gara nke ọma n'ihi ụmụ nwanyị na-agbasa okwu ahụ. N'oge boycott ụgbọ ala Montgomery, e mere akwụkwọ mpịakọta 35,000 ma nyefee ya mgbe e jidere Rosa Parks. Georgia Gilmore, mgbe a chụrụ ya n'ọrụ dị ka osi nri ma tinye ya n'ọrụ ndị ọzọ na Montgomery maka ntinye aka ya na boycott ahụ, haziri From Nowhere Club, otu ndị na-eme achịcha na nri iji kwado mgbalị ahụ.[2] == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Afọ 1960 na 1970 === ==== Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ ==== N'ime ọkara nke abụọ nke narị afọ nke iri abụọ, Black femism dị ka òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya sitere na mmetụta ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke enweghị afọ ojuju na ma òtù ikike obodo na òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke 1960s na 1970s. Otu n'ime nkwupụta ntọala nke Black-wing femism bụ "An Argument for Black Women's Liberation as a Revolutionary Force," nke Mary Ann Weathers dere ma bipụta ya na Febụwarị 1969 na magazin Cell 16 nke ụmụ nwanyị No More Fun and Games: A Journal of Female Liberation . Weathers na-ekwu na ya kwenyere na "a ga-ewere nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị dị ka atụmatụ maka njikọ aka na mgbanwe niile nke ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụ nwoke, na ụmụaka mejupụtara", mana ọ na-ekwu nde "[ndị inyom ga-amalite ihe a na-agagharị" n'ihi na:[w]   Tụkwasị na nke a, ndị na-ede egwu dị ka Nina Simone, kwadoro ikpe ziri ezi nke ndị isi ojii ma nwee mmetụta na Civil Rights Movement, site na egwu dị ka Mississippi Goddamn.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/1855945125|title="And I want you to walk down freedom's road": Rethinking resistance in the music of nina simone, 1958-1963|author=Tomlinson|first=Sarah|journal=Masters Abstracts International|id={{ProQuest|1855945125}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Abụ ya, nke a na-eme n'ụdị mkpesa, na-eme ka mmegbu agbụrụ na nke nwoke na nwanyị na-emegide n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2515594360|title=The protest music of nina simone and buffy sainte- marie: Trauma, gender-based violence, and minority feminisms|author=Skaller|first=Samantha|journal=Masters Abstracts International|id={{ProQuest|2515594360}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka Tammy Kernodle, na-ekwu na abụ ya na-ejikọta ya na ndị isi ojii na-alụ ọgụ karịa Civil Rights Movement, onyinye ya ka na-elekwasị anya na iguzogide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkwalite ikike maka ndị isi ojii. N'ozuzu, na-ekwupụta mkpa nke Civil Rights Movement.<ref name=":11" /> Ọbụghị naanị na otu ndọrọndọrọ ikike obodo lekwasịrị anya na mmegbu a na-emegbu ndị nwoke ojii, mana ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii chere oke ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị ihu na otu ndị nọbu n'ihu ọha, dị ka kọmitii nzukọ ụmụ akwụkwọ.[1]. N'ime mmegharị ahụ, ndị ikom nwere ọnọdụ dị ike. Ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị ojii achọghị ka mmegharị ahụ bụrụ ọgụ maka ikike ụmụ nwoke ojii naanị; ha chọrọ ịgụnye ikike ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[2] Enwere ike ịhụ nke a n'okwu e nyere na 1963 na National Council of Negro Women Convention, ebe Pauli Murray kwuru na "Nwanyị Negro enweghịzi ike iwepụ ma ọ bụ gbochie ọgụ megide mmekọahụ na ọgụ maka ikike obodo mana ọ ghaghị ịnọgide na-alụ ọgụ n'otu oge".[3] Murray gara n'ihu n'arụ ụka na ntinye nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na Civil Rights Movement bụ ihe dị mkpa maka ịga nke ọma nke Movement na ọganihu nke ọha mmadụ ọ nọchiri anya ya.[3] Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị ojii chere na ha kwesịrị inwe nzukọ nke ha n'ihi na iwe ndị na-ele ụmụ nwanyị ọcha dị iche na nke ha ma na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị ọcha.[4] N'afọ ndị 1960, Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Nhazi Ụmụ akwụkwọ (SNCC) na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma lekwasị anya n'inweta "usoro ikpe ziri ezi" site na usoro udo. Ọ bụ Ella Baker guzobere SNCC. Baker bụ onye otu National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) na Southern Christian Leadership Council (SCLC) . Mgbe Baker jere ozi dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke SCLC nke [[Martin Luther King, Jr.|Martin Luther King Jr.]], a kpughere ya na usoro nhazi nke nzukọ ahụ. Baker jụrụ ihe ọ hụrụ dị ka ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị n'ime NAACP na SCLC ma chọọ ịmalite nzukọ nke ya na usoro nhata, na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ohere ikwupụta mkpa ha.<ref name="Delaney">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theroot.com/dorothy-height-and-the-sexism-of-the-civil-rights-movem-1790879502|title=Dorothy Height and the Sexism of the Civil Rights Movement|author=Delaney|first=Paul|work=The Root|date=May 12, 2010|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://objectofhistory.org/objects/extendedtour/lunchcounter/?order=11#:~:text=We%20affirm%20the%20philosophical%20or,of%20justice%20permeated%20by%20love.|title=The Object of History &#124; Behind the Scenes with the Curators of the National Museum of American History}}</ref> N'afọ 1964, na nzaghachi SNNC na Waveland, Mississippi, ndị otu ahụ kwurịtara ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị ma kwuo maka ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị nke mere n'ime otu ahụ.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|author=Urban|first=Dennis J.|date=2002|title=The Women of SNCC: Struggle, Sexism, and the Emergence of Feminist Consciousness, 1960–66|journal=The International Social Science Review}}</ref> Otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị nọ na SNCC (ndị e mesịrị mara dị ka ndị White allies Mary King na Casey Hayden) mara ụzọ e si emeso ụmụ nwanyị mgbe ha wepụtara "SNCC Position Paper (Women in the Movement) ". Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ depụtara ihe omume iri na otu ebe a na-emeso ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị nọ n'okpuru ụmụ nwoke. Dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ si kwuo, ụmụ nwanyị nọ na SNCC enweghị ohere ịghọ ihu nke nzukọ ahụ, ndị isi, n'ihi na e kenyere ha ọrụ ndị ụkọchukwu na idebe ụlọ, ebe ụmụ nwoke na-etinye aka na mkpebi. Mgbe a họpụtara Stokely Carmichael ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nke SNCC na 1966, ọ tụgharịrị ụzọ nzukọ ahụ gaa na Black Power na Black nationalism.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://kinginstitute.stanford.edu/encyclopedia/carmichael-stokely|title=Carmichael, Stokely|date=2017-04-25|work=The Martin Luther King, Jr., Research and Education Institute|language=en|accessdate=2019-04-30}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwukarị na ụmụ nwanyị ojii nọ na SNCC nọ n'okpuru ọchịchị Carmichael, Carmichael họpụtara ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ka ha bụrụ ndị nduzi ọrụ n'oge ọ bụ onyeisi oche. Ka ọ na-erule ọkara ikpeazụ nke afọ 1960, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ọrụ SNCC karịa n'oge ọkara mbụ. N'agbanyeghị ọganihu ndị a, ndị ikom nọ n'ọkwá ndị isi SNCC n'oge niile ọ dị, nke mechiri na ọgba aghara n'ime afọ ole na ole mgbe Carmichael gbara arụkwaghịm n'òtù ahụ na 1967.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Better Day Coming: Blacks and Equality, 1890–2000|author=Fairclough|first=Adam|publisher=Penguin|year=2002}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Angela-Davis-Mar-28-2006.jpg|thumb|[[Angela Davis]] na-ekwu okwu na Mahadum Alberta na Machị 28, 2006]] Ihe nnọchianya na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke Black femism na ngwụcha afọ 60, njikọta nke aka elu nke Black Power, na ihe nnọchianya nke kpakpando maka Venus, gosipụtara njikọ nke echiche nke Black Power na militant femism. E nwere echiche ụfọdụ, dị ka "nkatọ gbasara Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, malite na ịgba ohu". N'agbanyeghị nke a, ụmụ nwanyị ojii nwere ihe mere ha ji bụrụ ndị nweere onwe ha na mba ojii, dị ka ụfọdụ ndị nkatọ si kwuo, n'ihi na ọ nwetara naanị niche n'ime usoro nwoke na nwanyị na nke nwoke nke mba ojii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aaihs.org/black-power-and-the-gendered-imaginary/|title=Black Power and the Gendered Imaginary – AAIHS|date=April 26, 2018|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-04-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Weibaum|first=Alys Eve|title=Gendering the General Strike: W.E.B. Du Bois's Black Reconstruction and Black Feminism's "Propaganda of History"|journal=South Atlantic Quarterly}}</ref> ==== Ugboro nke Abụọ nke Ụmụ nwanyị ==== Nzọụkwụ nke abụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị pụtara n'afọ ndị 1960, nke Betty Friedan duziri. Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii chere na ndị isi nke ngalaba ndị isi nke usoro ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ, nke na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị ịrụ ọrụ n'èzí ụlọ na mgbasawanye nke ikike ọmụmụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, inweta ike ịrụ ọrụ n'èzí ụlọ abụghị ihe ụmụ nwanyị ojii rụzuru ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii ga-arụ ọrụ n'ime na n'èstre ụlọ ruo ọtụtụ ọgbọ n'ihi ịda ogbenye.<ref name=":9">{{Cite web|author=Brenner|first=Mark|date=2006|title=Women and Class: What Has Happened in Forty Years?|url=http://monthlyreview.org/2006/07/01/women-and-class-what-has-happened-in-forty-years/|accessdate=August 13, 2015|work=Monthly Review}}</ref> Ebili nke abụọ nke ntọhapụ ụmụ nwanyị pụtara na 1960, nke Betty Friedan duziri, onye ọrụ ya bụ The Feminine Mystique lekwasịrị anya na "nsogbu a na-akpọghị aha" - na-ezo aka na enweghị ụmụ nwanyị enweghị ohere ọrụ. Ụmụnwaanyị ndị isi ojii chere na a na-akpapụ ha n'otu n'otu n'otu n'ime ọha mmadụ na-achị achị nke ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ, ebe ọ bụ na a hụghị inweta ọrụ n'èzí ụlọ dịka ihe ọ rụpụtara; ịbụ onye na-elekọta ụlọ bụ nsogbu nke etiti, na ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-arụ ọrụ n'ime na n'èzí ụlọ ruo ọtụtụ ọgbọ n'ihi ịda ogbenye. Frances Beale na-ede, sị, "Ọdịiche ọzọ dị mkpa bụ na nnwere onwe nke ndị inyom na-acha ọcha bụ isi na klas nke etiti. Ole na ole n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị a nwetara nsogbu akụ na ụba nke ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-atachi obi kwa ụbọchị. Ọ bụrụ na ha achọpụta ọrụ ụlọ na-eweda ala na enweghị ịhụnanya, ha nwere ike ịzụta nnwere onwe ha - na-emekarị site n'ịkwụ ụgwọ nwa agbọghọ ojii. [1] [2] Tụkwasị na nke a, dịka [[Angela Davis]] mechara dee, mgbe ụmụ nwanyị Afro-American na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha nọ n'okpuru ọtụtụ [[Iwepu afọ ime|ite ime]] na-enweghị isi ma nwee afọ ime na nzuzo, ụmụ nwanyị Aflo-American na-ata ahụhụ site na mmemme ịwa ahụ nke a na-etinyeghị na mkparịta ụka banyere ikpe ziri ezi nke ọmụmụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta Black Feminist dị ka Shirley Chisholm na Dorthy Roberts emeela ka a mara eziokwu ahụ bụ na ụmụ nwanyị Black na-emetụta n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị site na iwu ọmụmụ, ịmụ nwa, na ite ime. Tupu Roe v. Wade agafee na 1973, Chisholm bụ onye na-akwado ikike ịmụ nwa ma kwuo na "anyị ga-akwụsị ime ime iwu". N'afọ 1999, ọrụ Roberts lekwasịrị anya n'ịkatọ ihe a na-akpọ "ọrịa na-efe efe" nke mere ka ndị nne ojii dị ime bụrụ ndị omempụ ma tụọ ndị mkpọrọ - n'agbanyeghị eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị nne ọcha nwere ike, ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụghị karịa, itinye aka n'iji ọgwụ eme ihe mgbe ha dị ime. Ikpe ndị a mere ka a chịkwaa ikike ịmụ nwa dị ka ihe ọzọ na-anọchi anya ịtụ mkpọrọ, na ikpe ụmụ nwanyị ojii ikpe n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu karịa ndị ọcha ibe ha. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta gbaghaara nkwupụta nke "ọrịa na-efe efe" dịka achọtabeghị ihe akaebe nke ọnọdụ ahụike na-emebi emebi.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Shirley Chisholm in Her Own Words|url=https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520387003|publisher=University of California Press|date=2024-08-23|doi=10.1525/9780520387003|isbn=978-0-520-38700-3|editor=Fraser}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Killing the Black Body: Race, Reproduction, and the Meaning of Liberty|url=https://doi.org/10.1126/science.adj1265|journal=Science|date=2023-06-30|issn=0036-8075|pages=1329|volume=380|issue=6652|doi=10.1126/science.adj1265}}</ref> N'ime narị afọ nke iri abụọ, ''[[Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị|ụmụ nwanyị]]'' ojii gbanwere n'ụzọ dị iche na ụmụ nwanyị. Na ngwụcha afọ 1900, ndị edemede ọhụrụ dị ka [[Alice Walker]] nwere mmetụta n'ebe ahụ, ndị akwụkwọ ha mere ka a kpọọ ya femininism, nke mesiri ike oke mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-eche ihu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụmụ nwanyị ọcha ma, maka ya, gụnyere "ịdị n'otu nke ihe a kpọrọ mmadụ".<ref name="Patricia"/> ==== Ụmụ nwanyị ojii ==== Black lesbian feminism, as a political identity and movement, has emerged from a complex set of grievances related to race, gender, social status, and sexual orientation.[1] Black lesbian women have been marginalized within black-dominated organizations and have been marginalized not only in the second wave of feminism (as Betty Friedan, who resisted making women's rights a part of her political agenda, has demonstrated) but also within the feminist movement itself. Here, the problem is perhaps more than just race. Among white, middle-class feminists, the butch/femne form of sexuality, which is common among black and working-class women, has often been viewed as a subversion of masculinity.[2] N'ime afọ ndị 1970s, ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị mepụtara ngalaba nke ha nke ụmụ nwanyị na nzaghachi maka enweghị mmasị nke ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ iji nabata ebumnuche ha. Ha mepụtara atụmatụ agha, na-ama homophobia aka n'ụzọ sara mbara ma na-achọ ebe a na-akwanyere ùgwù n'ime ụmụ nwanyị. Ụfọdụ na-akwado ma na-anwale nkewa zuru oke na ụmụ nwoke dịka o kwere mee. Echiche ndị a nkewa na-eme ka ndị Black lesbian femists na-etinye aka na Black Power movements ma na-emekarị ka mmetụta ha nke nke iche iche site na otu ndị ọcha na-eduzi. Dị ka Anita Cornwell kwuru, "Mgbe ịgba égbè na-amalite, Black ọ bụla bụ egwuregwu ziri ezi. mgbọ anaghị enye nsogbu ma mụ na nwanyị ma ọ bụ nwoke na-ehi ụra".<ref name=":22">{{Cite web|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/lesbian-feminism|title=Lesbian Feminism – Dictionary definition of Lesbian Feminism {{!}} Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary|work=www.encyclopedia.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-04-19}}</ref> N'afọ 1970, oge dị mkpa maka ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị nwere nwanyị ojii mere na Mgbakọ Ọchịchị Ndị Ọchịchị Black Panther's Revolutionary na Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Ọtụtụ ndị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị ojii zutere otu ndị ọcha nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị gbasara ihe ha hụrụ dị ka ebumnuche kewapụrụ agbụrụ. Ka emechara mmemme a, ọtụtụ otu bidoro tinye ma hazie ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Black Lesbian. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na 1973, e hiwere National Black Feminist Organisation wee tinye atụmatụ ụmụ nwanyị.[1] Na 1975, e hiwere Combahee River Collective site na ahụmịhe na mmetụta nke mmekọahụ na mmegharị Black Power na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mmegharị nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị.[2]. Isi ihe ndị otu a lekwasịrị anya bụ ịgbagha ihe ha hụrụ dị ka usoro mmegbu nke jikọtara ọnụ na ime ka a mara usoro ndị a.[3] N'afọ 1978, e guzobere National Coalition of Black Lesbians and Gays.<ref name=":22"/> Na mgbakwunye na ọtụtụ òtù ndị lekwasịrị anya na ụmụ nwanyị Black, e nwere ọtụtụ ndị edemede nyere aka na mmegharị a, dị ka [[Audre Lorde]], [[Barbara Smith]], Pat Parker, June Jọdan, Darlene Pagano, Kate Rushin, [[Doris Davenport (poet)|Doris Davenport]], Cheryl Clarke, Margaret Sloan-Hunter, na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=This bridge called my back : writings by radical women of color|author=Moraga, Cherríe|isbn=9781438454399|edition=Fourth|publisher=State University of New York (SUNY) Press|location=Albany, NY|oclc=894128432|year=2015}}</ref> === Afọ 1980 na 1990 === ==== African Feminism na Black Feminist Thought ==== Ọ bụ ezie na ụmụ nwanyị ojii na Amerịka na-enweta ihe ngosi site na mmegharị dị ka Combahee River Collective, omenala ọgụgụ isi na ndị na-eme ihe ike na-apụta n'ofe Afrịka. Mgbalị ndị a na-ama usoro ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na ndị inyom ọdịda anyanwụ aka nke na-emekarị ka epistemologies nke Afrịka ghara ịdị. Site na ngwụcha afọ 1970 gaa n'ihu, Association of African Women for Research and Development (AAWORD) na Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN) ghọrọ isi ihe na-akọwapụta ụmụ nwanyị n'ìhè nke eziokwu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'Africa karịa usoro ndị si mba ọzọ. Ndị ọkà mmụta, gụnyere [[Amina Mama]], [[Filomina Clarice Steady|Filomina Chioma Steady]], na [[Molara Ogundipe|Molara Ogundipe-Leslie]], katọrọ mmeri nke Women-in-Development (WID), nke gosipụtara ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị na-anabata enyemaka na-enweghị isi, ma kama kpọọ maka nyocha ụmụ nwanyị dabere na ọnọdụ Afrịka. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Allan|first=Tuzyline Jita|date=1995|title=Review of Re-Creating Ourselves: African Women and Critical Transformations|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3820283|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=26|issue=2|pages=197–199|issn=0034-5210}}</ref> Mama kwusiri ike na agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị n'Africa ga-edozi nchụpụ na-aga n'ihu nke ụmụ nwanyị n"agbanyeghị ọtụtụ iri afọ nke iwu mmepe.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Mama|first=Amina|date=Sep 2011|title=What Does it Mean to Do Feminist Research in African Contexts?|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1057/fr.2011.22|journal=Feminist Review|language=en|volume=98|issue=1_suppl|pages=e4–e20|doi=10.1057/fr.2011.22|issn=0141-7789}}</ref> Steady kwuru na atụmatụ nyocha nke ụlọ ọrụ ụwa na-etinye na-emekarị ka sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Afrịka site na ihe ndị dị mkpa na Eurocentric. N'otu oge ahụ, echiche Ogundipe-Leslie nke Stiwanism (Social Transformation Including Women in Africa) jikọtara nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na iwu mba na-ewu ala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Allan|first=Tuzyline Jita|date=1995|title=Review of Re-Creating Ourselves: African Women and Critical Transformations|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3820283|journal=Research in African Literatures|volume=26|issue=2|pages=197–199|issn=0034-5210}}</ref> Echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke Africa enyochala otú akụkọ ihe mere eme na omume ncheta si emepụta ncheta. Site n'idozi oghere na ịgbachi nkịtị n'ihe ndekọ akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị na-eme nchọpụta na ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị n'Afrịka achọtala iweghachite ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị nke e wepụrụ na akụkọ gọọmentị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Trouillot|first=Michel-Rolph|title=Silencing the past: power and the production of history|date=2015|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-8053-5|location=Boston}}</ref> N'ihe ndekọ obodo, mmemme agụmakwụkwọ, na atụmatụ ihe ngosi nka, usoro ndị a na-emeso akwụkwọ dị ka ụdị ikpe ziri ezi na nlekọta otu, na-ekwusi ike na nlekọta mpaghara na ibu ọrụ omume iji nọchite anya akụkọ ihe mere eme ụmụ nwanyị n'ụzọ ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Awumbila|first=Mariama|date=2006|title=Gender equality and poverty in Ghana: implications for poverty reduction strategies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41148110|journal=GeoJournal|volume=67|issue=2|pages=149–161|doi=10.1007/s10708-007-9042-7|issn=0343-2521}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.8085387|title=Africa in Contemporary Perspective: A Textbook for Undergraduate Students|date=2013-12-29|publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers|isbn=978-9988-647-49-0|editor=Manuh|doi=10.2307/jj.8085387.13}}</ref> Ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a na ndị ọkà mmụta nọ na Ghana anọgidewo na-arụ ọrụ a site na idu ndú na ọchịchị ime obodo, agụmakwụkwọ, na omenala ọha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Prah|first=Mansah|date=1996|title=Women's Studies in Ghana|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40004542|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|volume=24|issue=1/2|pages=412–422|issn=0732-1562}}</ref> Omume ndị a na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị ghara ịbụ ndị na-emepe emepe kama dị ka ndị na-ekere òkè na ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịnihu akụkọ ihe mere eme ha. N'echiche a, ụmụ nwanyị Afrịka na-arụ ọrụ n'otu oge dị ka agụmakwụkwọ na dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme ọha, na-agbanwe ihe ndekọ ahụ site na ebe a na-ahapụ ya gaa na nke a na-ahụ anya na nlekọta. ==== Omenala hip-hop ==== Otu n'ime mmegharị kachasị emetụta maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii na 1980 na 1990 bụ egwu hip-hop. Ihe nkiri hip-hop New York bụ ndị nwoke rapper na-achị ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na-elekwasị anya na rappers dị ka Notorious B.I.G. na Sean "Diddy" Combs. Enwere ike ikwu na mpụta nke ụmụ nwanyị emcees na-agbasawanye ọnụnọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na egwu n'oge a; ndị nka na-ewu ewu na 1980 dị ka MC Lyte, Queen Latifah, na Salt-N-Pepa meghere ụzọ maka ndị na-ese nwanyị ojii. [1] N'ime 1980s na 1990s, e kewara ndị na-agụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii ụzọ anọ, na-ejikọtakarị ma ọ bụ na-ejikọta ọtụtụ aha. Ụdị ndị ahụ gụnyere "Nne Queen", onye maara ihe, Afro-centric, na nwa agbọghọ na-eme ihe ike; "Nwa agbọghọ Fly", nwa agbọghọ mara mma ma na-ekwu okwu nke nwere ụdị na àgwà dị iche iche; "Nwanne nwanyị nwere àgwà", nwa agbọghọ na-enupụ isi nke ukwuu nke na-agbagha echiche ndị nna ochie; na "Lesbian", nwa agbọghọ na-eme mgbanwe nke gbochiri echiche heteronormative.[1] Ọ bụ ezie na otu atọ mbụ pụtara na 80s, a naghị amata ụdị "Lesbian" ruo mgbe 90s, na-ewu ewu site na ntọhapụ nke abụ Queen Pen, "Enyi nwanyị;" ruo mgbe ahụ, e boro ndị na-ese hip-hop ebubo na ha bụ nwoke na nwanyị. Ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-eji ụdị ndị a, n'ụdị dị iche iche nke ihe oyiyi ha, iji dozie nsogbu ndị na-emetụta ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ịkwagide ókèala nke ụlọ ọrụ na-adịghị mma na nke mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị.[1] N'afọ ndị 1990, Lil'Kim, onye bịanyere aka na Biggie Smalls' Junior MAFIA. akara, mere ka a mara ozi ya.[1] O nwetara ihe oyiyi nke nnwere onwe na nkasi obi siri ike n'ime ahụ ya. Ọ gbara aka n'echiche ndị dị na hip-hop na ụmụ nwanyị nọ ebe ahụ iji merie ikike nwoke. N'ime omenala hip-hop, Lil'Kim gbara aka n'echiche bụ na ụmụ nwanyị ojii bụ ndị a na-apụghị imeri emeri n'ihi na "ihere adịghị eme ya igosipụta enweghị ntụkwasị obi na mgba ya".[2] Ọtụtụ ndị kwenyere na ụda hip-hop ọdịnala na-ajụ nkwupụta ihu ọha Lil'Kim na nkwupụta nke a na-ahụtụbeghị mbụ. Lil'Kim guzoro n'okwu ya ma ọ dịbeghị mgbe ọ rịọrọ mgbaghara maka onye ọ bụ. Faith Evans bụ nwanyị ọzọ na-ese ihe mebiri ihe mgbochi na ụwa hip-hop. Mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ 21, ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ na-ese ihe nke bịanyere aka na Bad Boy Records. Faith Evans nọrọ ihe karịrị afọ 20 na ụlọ ọrụ egwu na-alụ ọgụ megide ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị na nsogbu dị na ụlọ ọrụ ebe ụmụ nwoke bụ ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri.[1] Hip-hop feminism, nke Joan Morgan chepụtara na 1999, ka a na-ewere dị ka alaka nke nwanyị ojii.[1] Onye edemede Gwendolyn D. Pough na-akọwa hip-hop feminism dị ka "nabata omenala hip-hop" ma na-akwado megide ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị n'ime omenala. Ọ na-arụ ụka na hip-hop feminism nwere nna ochie na nwa nwanyị ojii na nke ọcha, na-ejikọta ọrụ na ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke obodo abụọ ahụ ma mee ka ha abụọ nyochaa ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, klaasị, na okike.[2]. Ndị edemede bụ ndị isi maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii dịka Joan Morgan, Denise Cooper, na ndị ọzọ sitere na Third Wave of Black femism jikọtara mmasị ha maka ọdịbendị hip-hop na ụmụ nwanyị ojii ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị, n'ikpeazụ na-eduga na mmalite nke ụmụ nwanyị hip-hop.<ref name=":13">{{Cite journal|author=Pough|first=Gwendolyn D.|date=2007|title=What It Do, Shorty?: Women, Hip-Hop, and a Feminist Agenda|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/blacwomegendfami.1.2.0078|journal=Black Women, Gender + Families|volume=1|issue=2|pages=78–99|issn=1935-2743}}</ref> Mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke afọ 1980 na 1990 nyere aka mepụta ụmụ nwanyị hip-hop. N'ụzọ doro anya, iwepụ mmemme ọdịmma na omume nkwenye, mpụta nke ọrịa AIDS, na mmụba nke ọdịiche agbụrụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe na-akpali ịmepụta ụdị ọhụrụ, dị iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii: ụmụ nwanyị hip-hop.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Stage Hip-Hop Feminism Built: A New Directions Essay|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/668843|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|date=March 2013|issn=0097-9740|pages=721–737|volume=38|issue=3|doi=10.1086/668843|first=Aisha|author=Durham}}</ref> Na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu, usoro dijitalụ ọhụrụ agbanweela ụmụ nwanyị ojii, na-emepụta ụzọ ọhụrụ maka ime ihe ike. Dị ka Catherine Steele kwuru n'akwụkwọ ya Digital Black Feminism (2021), ịntanetị na usoro mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta enyela ndị Black feminists ikike ịkwalite olu ha iji lekwasị anya na ndị ọzọ. Steele na-ekwu na oghere dijitalụ emeela "ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị" ebe ụmụ nwanyị ojii nwere ike ịbịakọta iji kwurịta ma kesaa ahụmịhe gbasara okwu gbasara ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ na okike. Mgbalị dijitalụ a emetụtala òtù ndị dị ka #SayHerName. A na-eji mkpọsa mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta #SayHerName, nke a malitere site na African American Policy Forum eme ihe iji bulie akụkọ banyere ụmụ nwanyị ojii bụ ndị ndị ndị uwe ojii na-emegbu, ebe a na-elegharakarị akụkọ ha anya na mgbasa ozi.<ref>{{Cite web|title=SAY HER NAME|url=https://www.aapf.org/sayhername|accessdate=2024-11-01|work=AAPF|language=en}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi, ụmụ nwanyị ojii dijitalụ aghọwokwa omume sara mbara nke akwụkwọ obodo na nchekwa nchekwa. Ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị Africa ekwusiwo ike etu teknụzụ dijitalụ nwere ike isi mee ka ụmụ nwanyị sonye na obodo ma chekwaa ncheta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.8085387|title=Africa in Contemporary Perspective: A Textbook for Undergraduate Students|date=2013-12-29|publisher=Sub-Saharan Publishers|isbn=978-9988-647-49-0|editor=Manuh|doi=10.2307/jj.8085387.13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Awumbila|first=Mariama|date=2006|title=Gender equality and poverty in Ghana: implications for poverty reduction strategies|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41148110|journal=GeoJournal|volume=67|issue=2|pages=149–161|doi=10.1007/s10708-007-9042-7|issn=0343-2521}}</ref> N'ofe Ghana na ọnọdụ ndị ọzọ dị n'Afrịka, òtù ụmụ nwanyị etinyela akụkọ, akụkọ ihe mere eme, na mgbasa ozi dijitalụ n'ime mmemme ndị na-edekọ ahụmahụ nke enweghị nhata na ntachi obi.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ofei-Aboagye|first=Esther|date=2004|title=Promoting Gender Sensitivity in Local Governance in Ghana|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4030020|journal=Development in Practice|volume=14|issue=6|pages=753–760|doi=10.1080/0961452042000283987|issn=0961-4524}}</ref> Ọrụ ndị a na-ejikọta ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị na akụkọ ihe mere eme ọha na eze site n'ịgbanwe ihe ndekọ nke ndụ kwa ụbọchị n'ihe onwunwe maka agụmakwụkwọ na nkwado. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> N'ozuzu, mmepe ndị a na-egosi etu ụmụ nwanyị ojii dijitalụ si arụ ọrụ ọ bụghị naanị dị ka usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kamakwa dị ka ebe nchekwa dị ndụ nke ncheta na nlekọta, na-ejikọta òtù ụmụ nwanyị ụwa na nke Afrịka site na ọrụ dijitalụ na akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'ịdabere n'ụzọ ndị a na-ahụ maka ihe ncheta na ihe ncheta, ikpo okwu n'ịntanetị na-aga n'ihu na-eje ozi dị ka oghere dị ike maka ime ihe na ime obodo. Iji hashtags na ọdịnaya mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta na nyiwe dijitalụ emeela ka mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị ojii gbasaa ma mee ka ha nwekwuo ike. N'ihi ya, nyiwe ndị dị ka "Black Twitter" emepụtala oghere ọhụrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ na ime ihe ike na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ojii, na-akwalite mgbanwe usoro.  ==== Ụmụ nwanyị ojii na mgbasa ozi ==== Digital age femism gụnyere iji Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, [[YouTube]], Tumblr, na ụdị mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta ndị ọzọ iji kwurịta Ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na ikpe ziri ezi. Dị ka NOW Toronto si kwuo, ịntanetị mepụtara omenala "ịkpọ oku", nke enwere ike ịkpọ oku nwoke na nwanyị ma ọ bụ misogyny ma maa ya aka ozugbo n'ụzọ dị mfe. Mgbasa ozi ọha na eze bụ ụgbọ ala maka ndị nwanyị ojii iji gosipụta ekele ma ọ bụ enweghị afọ ojuju ha na nnọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[1] Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Lizzo na-eji mgbasa ozi ọha, ọkachasị Instagram, iji kwalite ụdị ahụ dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ọ na-ekwukarị okwu megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na nkwụghachi azụ ọ na-enweta dị ka onye na-egwu egwu nwanyị ojii siri ike, gbakwunyere nha. O kwuru, sị: "M na-eme Black music, period ... M na-eme nke a maka nnukwu ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke ọdịnihu bụ ndị chọrọ ibi ndụ ha n'enweghị ikpe ma ọ bụ tinye n'ime igbe"[2]. Enweela oku maka "ikwado" omenala ndị ojii. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, foto foto Vogue Italia nke 2015 nke na-egosipụta ihe nlereanya Gigi Hadid nke yi uwe afro kpalitere azụ azụ na Twitter, Instagram na Facebook. Ụfọdụ ndị ọrụ ekwuola na ọ bụ nsogbu na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ maka onye na-abụghị onye ojii iyi uwe afro na tan adịgboroja iji nye ọdịdị Blackness mgbe magazin ejiji nwere ike were onye ojii were kama.[1]. Kearie Daniel dere na ndị ọcha na-eyi ụfọdụ edozi isi bụ isiokwu na-emetụ n'ahụ karịsịa na nwa nwanyị ojii n'ihi ụkpụrụ abụọ na mgbe ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na-eyi ntutu isi ojii, a na-ewere ha dị ka "trendy" ma ọ bụ "edgy", ebe a na-akpọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii "ghetto" na ọ bụghị ọkachamara.[2]. Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị ojii ekwupụtakwala mkpa ọ dị ịbawanye "nnochite anya" ụmụ nwanyị ojii na telivishọn na ihe nkiri. Dị ka ọmụmụ 2014 nke Mahadum Southern California si kwuo, n'ime ihe nkiri 100 kachasị elu nke afọ, "ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụzọ atọ n'ime ihe odide niile dị ọcha," ka NPR na-akọ, na nanị 17 n'ime ihe nkiri 100 ahụ gosipụtara ndị na-eme ihe nkiri ma ọ bụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri na-abụghị ndị ọcha. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na-adaba mgbe ị na-ele naanị ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị ndị ọcha, na-atụle naanị ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ọrụ ikwu okwu bụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, [1] dị ka otu nnyocha si kwuo. '''Ịgbaghara Ụmụ nwanyị''' Ụdị ọhụrụ nke nwa nwanyị ojii apụtala na mbipụta nke isiokwu bụ "Conjure Feminism: Toward a Genealogy" nke e bipụtara na mbipụta pụrụ iche na conjure feminism na Hypatia Journal na 2021. Echiche nwanyị na-agụnye ihe ọmụma ụmụ nwanyị ojii banyere ọnọdụ ime mmụọ Africa iji mee ka ndụ ha mara na US na ndị Africa n'ozuzu. Ndị ọkà mmụta nwanyị ojii bụ Kinitra Brooks, Kameelah Martin, na LaKisha Simmons kwadoro akụkọ Hypatia Journal's Women of Color ma dezie mbipụta pụrụ iche. Akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ na isiokwu nwanyị gụnyere Kameelah Martin's (2012) Conjuring Moments in African American books: Women, Spirit Work, and Other Other such Hoodoo na Envisioning Black Feminist Voodoo Aesthetics: Ime mmụọ Africa na American Cinema (2019); Onye na-agụ Lemonade (2019) nke Kinitra Brooks na Kameelah Martin deziri; na Patricia Coloma Peñate's The erotic dị ka ọmarịcha ezigbo paradigm: Hurston na Conjure Feminism (2023). ==== Ndụ Ndị Ojii Dị Mkpa ==== Ọ bụ Opal Tometi, [[Alicia Garza]], na Patrisse Kahn-Cullors guzobere òtù Black Lives Matter dị ka hashtag iji mee mkpọsa megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii megide ndị Africa America na United States.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blacklivesmatter.com/about/our-co-founders/|title=Black Lives Matter: Our Co-Founders|work=Black Lives Matter|date=7 July 2017|accessdate=October 8, 2018}}</ref> Omume ahụ nyere aka n'ime ka a maliteghachi ma nyochaa ọzọ òtù ụmụ nwanyị ojii.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Jackson|first=Sarah J.|date=2016-10-01|title=(Re)Imagining Intersectional Democracy from Black Feminism to Hashtag Activism|journal=Women's Studies in Communication|volume=39|issue=4|pages=375–379|doi=10.1080/07491409.2016.1226654|issn=0749-1409|url=https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1811&context=asc_papers}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọnwụ nke ndị ikom ojii keere òkè dị mkpa na Black Lives Matter movement, Rekia Boyd, Michelle Cusseaux, Tanisha Anderson, Shelly Frey, Yvette Smith, Eleanor Bumpurs, Sandra Bland, na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ ka ndị uwe ojii gburu ma ọ bụ wakpo ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Lindsey|first=Treva B.|title=A Love Letter to Black Feminism|journal=The Black Scholar|volume=45|issue=4|pages=1–6|doi=10.1080/00064246.2015.1080911|year=2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a katọrọ Black Lives Matter maka ọdịda ya ikwusa obi ọjọọ ndị uwe ojii na-eme ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ndị nwanyị ojii nọ na otu ahụ alụ ọgụ iji kpochapụ mmegbu nke usoro na-emerụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi.[1][2] Mgbalị ndị isi ojii na-agba na Black Lives Matter gụnyere ngagharị iwe megide ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dịka Bernie Sanders, Donald Trump, na Hillary Clinton, ma jiri hashtags dị ka #oscarssowhite na #sayhername na-agbagha agbụrụ na ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke nwoke na nwanyị.[3] Na mgbakwunye na ngagharị iwe ọdịnala, ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị ojii ahazila ihe ọmụmụ obodo, akụrụngwa ahụike uche, na nkuzi nkuzi iji kwado maka mgbanwe ụlọ ọrụ. Ndị a bụ mbọ mgbasa ozi na-akwalite oghere nkwado ma na-enye ngwaọrụ iji gboo nsogbu ndị inyom ojii chere ihu.[4] == ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na oghere dị nchebe == Enwere ike ịkọwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị ojii dị ka mmata na nghọta nke njirimara onwe onye na iji ma ahụmahụ onwe onye na nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nyere aka ịmepụta otu ndị nwere otu echiche na-achọ mgbanwe na usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ọha mmadụ.[1]. A pụkwara ịkọwa ya dị ka ịjụ usoro mmegbu nke na-emegbu otu ìgwè mmadụ, karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Odeakwụkwọ na-ahụ maka nwanyị ojii bụ Patricia Hill Collins kwenyere na ụmụ nwanyị ojii bụ "ndị ọzọ" n'ime ụlọ, ebe a na-ewere ụmụ nwanyị ojii dị iche na ndị a na-ewere dị ka ndị ọcha ma na-ekwu na ha na-achị ha.[1] Ha nwekwara nghọta dị iche iche banyere ahụhụ na mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[1] N'ihi na ndị inyom na-acha ọcha na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii n'okwu ha, ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ahụkarị onwe ha na-egosipụta ahụmahụ nke ịkpa ókè na inye ikike ndị ojii na ọha mmadụ.[1] N'iburu ahụmahụ dị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ọ dị mkpa ka Collins na-ekwu maka ma kọwapụta akụkọ onwe onye banyere mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[1] Ọchịchị njirimara na-emejuputa agbụrụ, klaasị, na okike dị ka ngalaba dị ka ụzọ isi wepụ ndị na-adịghị ewere akụkụ nke otu ndị na-achị achị.[1] Mmetụta ndị a nke agbụrụ, klaasị, na okike bụ ihe nwanyị Kimberlé Crenshaw kwenyere na ọ dị mkpa ka e jiri ya mee ihe, ọ bụghị dị ka ụzọ mmegbu, kama dị ka ụdị nke ike na ọdịmma onwe onye.[1] Ileghara ndịiche ndị a anya na-ebute nkewa n'etiti mmegharị mmekọrịta ọha na eze na mmegharị ndị ọzọ nke nwanyị, karịsịa n'ihe gbasara ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị ebe ụdị ime ihe ike jikọtara ya na ihe ndị dị ka agbụrụ na klaasị.[1]. Akụkụ ọzọ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara bụ esemokwu dị n'etiti otu na oghere mgbaba maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii.[1] Na 1970s, ịrị elu nke ịgụ na mmuta n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ojii kwalitere ide na agụmakwụkwọ ka ụzọ e si anụ olu ụmụ nwanyị.[1]. N'ihi ya, ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-achọ nkasi obi na ebe nchekwa nke nyere ha ohere ikwu okwu banyere mmegbu na ịkpa ókè, bụ nke na-akwalite ịdị n'otu na ụzọ ikpe ziri ezi.[1] Dị ka ndị nwanyị ojii na-akwado maka mkpochapụ ịkpa ókè n'ebe ọrụ, ụmụ nwanyị ojii chere ihe ịma aka ọhụrụ ihu na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara ma chọọ ebe nchekwa ọhụrụ iji kwupụta nchegbu ha.[1] Nke a bụ nnukwu arụmụka, ebe ndị mmadụ na-ahụ otu ndị a nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii dị ka ndị pụrụ iche na ndị a na-ekewaghị ekewa.[1] Ndị nọ n'ọchịchị, karịsịa ndị na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, hụrụ ebe ndị a dị nchebe dị ka ihe iyi egwu n'ihi na ha nọ n'ihu ọha na ya mere ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị elu na ndị dị ike na-apụghị iru.[1]. N'agbanyeghị ọganihu nke okwu ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ojii, ụfọdụ ụmụ nwoke anabataghị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ojii.[1] Ụfọdụ ndị ode akwụkwọ ojii, dị ka Kwame Anthony Appiah, na-akwado echiche nke isi ojii ma jụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị ka ụzọ nwere ike isi nweta ikpe ziri ezi. Maka ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara bụ ngwá ọrụ na-ewepụ omenala ojii na akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị ka hip hop na jazz, nke na-egbochi nghọta na ohere nke ndị ọzọ.[1] Agbanyeghị, onye edemede Jeffery A. Tucker kwenyere na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara na-eje ozi dị ka ntọala maka njirimara ojii nke a ga-emecha nweta ma ọ bụrụ na etinyere ya ma ghọta ya na ọha mmadụ.[1] == Nzukọ == E hiwere National Black Feminist Organization na 1973, ma gbasaa n'ihe dị ka afọ 1977. <ref>{{Cite web|title=National Black Feminist Organization collection|url=https://bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu/portal/view/?id=BMRC.UIC.NATL-BLK-FEMINISTS.xml|accessdate=2024-03-09|work=bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu}}</ref> Nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị a lekwasịrị anya na njikọ nke ọtụtụ ajọ mbunobi ndị inyom Africa America na-eche ihu; na-ekwu na ebumnuche ha bụ ịkọwa ọdịdị onwe ha dị ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii ma ghara ịjụ ụmụ nwanyị ọcha. E nwere isi na obodo ukwu, nzukọ ahụ lụrụ ọgụ maka mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma mee ka a mara banyere mmegbu a na-emeso obodo ha. N'afọ 1975, [[Barbara Smith]], Beverly Smith, Cheryl L. Clarke, Akasha Gloria Hull, na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe ike jikọtara ya na The Civil Rights Movement, Black nationalism, ma ọ bụ Black Panther Party guzobere, dị ka alaka nke National Black Feminist Organization, Combahee River Collective, otu ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. E hiwere National Black Feminist Organization na 1973, ma gbasaa n'ihe dị ka afọ 1977. <ref>{{Cite web|title=National Black Feminist Organization collection|url=https://bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu/portal/view/?id=BMRC.UIC.NATL-BLK-FEMINISTS.xml|accessdate=2024-03-09|work=bmrc.lib.uchicago.edu}}</ref> Nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị a lekwasịrị anya na njikọ nke ọtụtụ ajọ mbunobi ndị inyom Africa America na-eche ihu; na-ekwu na ebumnuche ha bụ ịkọwa ọdịdị onwe ha dị ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii ma ghara ịjụ ụmụ nwanyị ọcha. E nwere isi na obodo ukwu, nzukọ ahụ lụrụ ọgụ maka mmetụta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma mee ka a mara banyere mmegbu a na-emeso obodo ha. N'afọ 1975, [[Barbara Smith]], Beverly Smith, Cheryl L. Clarke, Akasha Gloria Hull, na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-eme ihe ike jikọtara ya na The Civil Rights Movement, Black nationalism, ma ọ bụ Black Panther Party guzobere, dị ka alaka nke National Black Feminist Organization, Combahee River Collective, otu ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị otu a nwere ọtụtụ ndị bụbu ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ n'ime The Civil Rights Movement, Anti-War movement, Labor Movement, na ndị ọzọ. Demita Frazier, onye guzobere Combahee River Collective, na-ekwu na ụmụ nwanyị ndị a sitere na òtù ndị ọzọ hụrụ onwe ha "na-emegide enweghị nyocha ụmụ nwanyị ma n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ a hapụrụ ha na-enwe mmetụta nkewa megide [onwe ha]. " Combahee Osimiri Collective kwuru na 1974 na nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị ''ojii'' na-eweta nnwere onwe maka ndị mmadụ niile, ebe ọ ga-achọ njedebe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị, na mmegbu nke klas. <ref name=":8">{{Cite web|title=Combahee River Collective: A Black Feminist Statement – 1974|url=http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Black-Feminist-Statement.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326010648/http://www.feministezine.com/feminist/modern/Black-Feminist-Statement.html|archivedate=March 26, 2016|accessdate=May 31, 2007}}</ref> N'ime ''Black Feminisms: Combahee River Collective Statement'' nke 1977, ha kwuru banyere otú ọ dị, "...ihe siri ike ike ike ikewapụ agbụrụ site na mmegbu mmekọahụ n'ihi na na na ndụ anyị [ndị isi ojii'], ha bụ ndị a na-ahụkarị n'otu oge".<ref name=":8" /> Combahee River Collective kwupụtara usoro mmegbu a na-ejikọta ọnụ nke dabeere na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị, heterosexism, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, na ịkpa oke agbụrụ bụ n'ihi enweghị ikike mmadụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii nyere ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọzọ, dị ka ụmụ nwanyị ọcha. Ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na-alụ ọgụ maka ụmụ nwanyị dị iche na ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-alụ maka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ebe ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na'ihi naanị ha chọrọ ịnagide otu ụdị mmegbu [sexism] na ọtụtụ ụdị mmegbu, dị ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ya mere, ndị inyom ojii nke Combahee River Collective bu n'uche maka mmegharị zuru oke karịa naanị ya n'ihi na, "Isi ihe isi ike n'ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anyị bụ na anyị anaghị anwa ịlụso mmegbu ọgụ n'otu ihu ma ọ bụ ọbụna abụọ, kama anyị na-agbalị ịlụso ọtụtụ mmegbu ọgụ. Anyị enweghị agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, ma ọ bụ ihe ùgwù nke ịdabere na ya, anyị enweghị ọbụna obere ohere ịnweta ihe onwunwe na ike nke otu n'ime ụdị ihe ùgwù ndị a nwere. "[2] Dị ka otu nzukọ, a na-akpọ ha ndị na-akpata nsogbu, ọtụtụ ndị kwuru na onye ọcha na-akpọ ụmụ nwanyị asị, na ha enweghị uche nke ha, nakwa na ha na-agbaso nzọụkwụ nwanyị ọcha. N'ime afọ ndị 1970 niile, Combahee River Collective na-ezukọ kwa izu iji kwurịta okwu dị iche iche gbasara ndị inyom ojii. Ha mekwara ezumike n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ niile site na 1977 ruo 1979 iji nyere aka "ịmepụta ụmụ nwanyị ojii" ma mepụta "nkewa echiche site na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha".<ref name="Breines, Wini 2002">Breines, Wini. 2002. "What's Love got to do with it? White Women, Black Women, and Feminism in the Movement Years". ''Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society'' 27: 1095–1133.</ref> Dị ka otu nzukọ, ha hibere ebe nchekwa ụmụ nwanyị a na-etigbu na mpaghara wee soro ndị na-eme ihe ike n'ofe obodo ahụ, ndị inyom na ndị nwoke, na ndị mmekọ nwoke na nwoke na nwanyị nwere mmasị, na-arụ ọrụ dị ịrịba ama na ikike ọmụmụ.[1] Combahee River Collective kwụsịrị ọrụ ya na 1980 ma na-echeta ugbu a maka ịmepụta nkwupụta Combahee Lake Collective, akwụkwọ dị ịrịba ama na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nwanyị ojii nke oge a na mmepe nke echiche nke njirimara. Nyere ihe ịga nke ọma nke Combahee River Collective n'ọgụ megide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na Boston, nzukọ a ghọrọ "akara ngosi" maka mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị ojii n'ọdịnihu.[2]. === National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO) === Ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii lụrụ ọgụ maka ikike ha na ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze na uru, ọtụtụ n'ime ha bụ ndị otu The National Welfare Rights Organization (NWRO). NWRO, nke e guzobere na 1966, bụ njikọ nke gụnyere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ọdịmma dị iche iche. Mgbe e kere ya, NWRO "na-anọchite anya nnukwu mgbalị mbụ iji wuo otu mba n'etiti ndị nne na-ahụ maka ọdịmma".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Reese|first=Ellen|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pnkrz|title=Backlash against Welfare Mothers: Past and Present|date=2005|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-24461-0|edition=1|doi=10.1525/j.ctt1pnkrz}}</ref> * National Association of Colored Women (NACW) * National Council of Negro Women (NCNW) == Akwụkwọ ndị isi ojii na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị == [[Michelle Cliff]] kwenyere na enwere ịga n'ihu "n'ọrụ edere nke ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Africa America, ... ị nwere ike ịdọrọ ahịrị site na Akụkọ ohu nke Linda Brent ruo ndụ Elizabeth Keckley, gaa na ''Anya Ha Na-ele Chineke'' (nke [[Zora Neale Hurston]]) ruo na Coming of Age na Mississippi (nke Toni Morrison), gaa na ndị na-eri nnu (nke Toni Cade Bambara) iji too abụ maka nwanyị di ya nwụrụ (nke [[Paule Marshall]])." Cliff kwetara na ụmụ nwanyị ndị a niile, site na-ekwu na ha, site na 'M na-arụ ọrụ megide akụkọ ha, * 1970, Black Woman's Manifesto, nke Third World Women's Alliance bipụtara, rụrụ ụka maka mmegbu pụrụ iche megide ụmụ nwanyị ojii. N'ịbụ nke Gayle Lynch, Eleanor Holmes Norton, Maxine Williams, Frances M. Beal, na [[Linda La Rue]] bịanyere aka na ya, nkwupụta ahụ, na-emegide ma ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na akụrụngwa, kwuru na "nwaanyị ojii ahụ na-achọ usoro ọhụrụ nke nkọwa ụmụ nwanyị na ịnakwere onwe ya nke nwa amaala, enyi, na onye nzuzo, ọ bụghị onye na-eme ihe ọjọọ matriarchal ma ọ bụ onye na-emepụta nwa ọhụrụ. Njikọ ọrụ ahụ na-akwado nkwenye nke nwoke na nwanyị, ọ bụ nwanyị, ọ bụla, ọ bụ onye Black B B B Bolded B B Bade ugbu a: On On On On, ọ bụ Black"<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Black Woman's Manifesto|journal=Duke Digital Collections}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=The Black Woman An Anthology.|author=Toni Cade Bambara|date=2010|publisher=Washington Square Press|isbn=9781451604498|oclc=1085178505}}</ref> * 1979, [[Barbara Smith]] na Lorraine Betel dezigharịrị mbipụta Autumn 1979 nke Conditions. ''Ọnọdụ'' 5 bụ "nchịkọta mbụ e kesara n'ọtụtụ ebe nke ederede Black feminist na US" * 1992, ndị Black femists kwadoro "mzaghachi dị ịrịba ama nke mba" na Anita Hill-Clarence Thomas Senate Hearings na 1991, na-akpọ mgbalị ha African American Women in Defense of Ourselves. * 1994, Evelyn Hammonds: "Black (W) holes and The Geometry of Black Female Sexuality" Evelyn Hammonds malitere edemede ya site n'ịtụgharị uche, dị ka onye Black lesbian na onye edemede feminist, na "omume na-adịghị mma nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke" nke na-emepụta nsogbu dị ka ọnụnọ nke ndị edemede nke agba, isiokwu ndị e dere banyere mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii nke na-enyocha agbụrụ na nnọchiteanya nke okike, na ngosipụta nke ahụmahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii (Hammonds, 127). Hammonds na-akọwa etu Whiteness si kọwaa "ụdị, njirimara, na ọnọdụ isiokwu" nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na nwoke ma dabere na ịnọgide na-enwe ma na-atụle ụkpụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ụmụ nwanyị ojii (Hammonds, 128). * 2000, Alice Walker: "N'ịchọ ogige nne anyị" Nkwupụta a nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na nchegbu Hammonds banyere ịhụ anya na ịnụ nke mmekọahụ Black queer, ebe ọ bụ na a na-ahụ mmekọahụ Black dị ka nke a na-adịghị ahụ anya ma ọ bụ na-adịghị ya, mgbe ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị Black na ndị edemede ga-eso dị ka ndị a na-apụghị ịhụ anya ugboro abụọ. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị edemede ndị ọzọ agbaghawo mmekọahụ ndị ọcha dị ka mmekọahụ iwu, Hammonds na-eme ka ntinye aka ya dị ka ịgafe ókè nke nkatọ a maara nke ọma. Iji mee ka ikike nke Whiteness n'ime echiche Queer mara ya aka n'ụzọ dị irè, Hammonds na-ebo ebubo na ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị enweghị nnukwu ọrụ nke iweghachite mmekọahụ ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii na mmekọahụ ha wee debanye aha dị ka mmekọrịta dị ugbu a na ike n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ngosipụta nke okike na mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii ghọrọ akụkụ nke echiche na-eme n'ime ọmụmụ Queer (Hammonds, 131). * 2000, na mmeghe ya na mbipụta 2000 nke 1983 Black feminist anthology Home Girls, onye na-akụzi ihe na onye edemede Barbara Smith kwuru echiche ya na "ruo taa ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii achọghị itinye 'ịkwado agbụrụ' ha n'ihe ize ndụ (dị ka ndị ikom ojii si kọwaa) iji dozie eziokwu nke ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị. " Smith kwukwara na "Ọbụna ole na ole dị njikere iwelite homophobia na heterosexism, nke nwere njikọ na mmegbu nwoke na nwanyị".<ref name="Smith, Barbara 2000">Smith, Barbara. ''Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology'', Rutgers University Press, 2000, {{ISBN|0-8135-2753-8}}, p. xiv.</ref> * 2011, Black Internationalist Feminism: Women Writers of the Black Left, 1945-1995 site na Cheryl Higashida na-ele ndị edemede nwanyị ojii na onyinye ha nyere na òtù ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Higashida|first=Cheryl|title=Black Internationalist Feminism Women Writers of the Black Left|date=14 Dec 2011|publisher=University of Illinois Press|isbn=9780252036507|pages=264|chapter=Women Writers of the Black Left, 1945-1995}}</ref> Higashida "na-egosi etu akwụkwọ si bụrụ oghere dị mkpa maka ịmụ ụmụ nwanyị Black Internationalist n'ihi na ndị edemede a nọ n'ihu n'iweta echiche na nsogbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii iji mee ka ha ghara ịdị mma na ịgbachi nkịtị. " N'ọrụ ya gụnyere ndị edemede dịka Rosa Guy, Lorraine Hansberry, Audre Lorde, na Maya Angelou. * 2014, On Intersectionality nke Kimberlé Crenshaw. Nchịkọta nke edemede na isiokwu ndị na-agbasawanye na ịkọwa echiche nke intersectionality.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|title=On Intersectionality|date=2017|publisher=The New Press|isbn=9781620972700}}</ref> Angela Davis, amụrụ na Jenụwarị 26, 1944, bụ onye a maara dị ka onye nkuzi, onye edemede, na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/3259436584|title=Black Feminist Resistance and the Authorial Power of the Presidents|author=Achelpohl|first=Milton|journal=Dissertation Abstracts International|id={{ProQuest|3259436584}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Site n'ihe odide ya, "Women, Race, & Class (1981)," ọ na-eweta echiche nke intersectionality, ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị nke e chepụtara n'oge ahụ, na mmetụta ya na ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Ndị nkatọ kwuru na ederede a enyeghị ozi zuru ezu banyere otu esi emeri ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị, na-akpata mmechuihu; Otú ọ dị, ọ ka na-agwa ndị na-agụ ya banyere nchụpụ nke ahụmịhe ndị isi ojii n'ime Women's Movement.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/147564104|title=Race Against History: WOMEN, RACE & CLASS. By Angela Y. Davis. Random House. 271 pp. $13.50|author=Laurent|first=Anne|work=The Washington Post|id={{ProQuest|147564104}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> O dekwara, "Nnwere Onwe bụ Mgbalị Na-aga n'ihu," nke na-atụle mkpa mwepụ ụlọ mkpọrọ na-ejikọta na ụmụ nwanyị na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Davis na-akọwa mkpa ọ dị ịbụ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike, onye na-eme ihe ike ruo ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Davis|first=Angela Y.|title=Freedom Is A Constant Struggle|date=2016|publisher=Haymarket Books|isbn=978-1608465644|edition=4th}}</ref> * "The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action" (okwu) (1977).<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lorde|first=Audre|date=1977|title=The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action|url=https://eprofiles.isucomm.iastate.edu/string/files/2019/01/The-Transformation-of-Silence-into-Language-and-Action.pdf}}</ref> Audre Lorde, onye ojii na-ede uri ụmụ nwanyị, chọpụtara na ọ na-arịa ọrịa kansa nke mere ka ọ tụgharịa uche na ịgbachi nkịtị ya, ịgbachi nkịtị nke mere ka o tụfuo onwe ya.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=The Rebellion Against Suffering Women's Silence: The Transformation of Despair into Language for a Pastorally Helpful Eschatology|journal=Religions|date=2025-09-18|issn=2077-1444|pages=1195|volume=16|issue=9|doi=10.3390/rel16091195|language=en|first=Marjolaine|author=Legros-Hoffner}}</ref> Site na uri ya, "The Transformation of Silence into Language and Action," ọ gbalịrị ịkụziri ụmụ nwanyị mkpa ọ dị ịnakwere njirimara gị, gụnyere mmekọahụ gị na mmegbu gị, site na olu.<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304739467|title=The rhetoric of silence as a tool of empowerment in the life and works of audre lorde|author=Warner|first=Jessica|journal=Masters Abstracts International|id={{ProQuest|304739467}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Nke a na-ekweta isiokwu nke ime ihe n'onwe ya, dịka Lorde na-akwado na mgbe anyị na ìgwè ndị dị iche iche na-ekwurịta okwu, anyị na-alụ ọgụ megide mmegbu. * "Ojiji nke Erotic: The Erotic dị ka Ike" (1978). Lorde dere na ịnye ịhụnanya na ike n'ime onwe anyị dị mkpa ebe ọ bụ na nke a ga-eme ka ndị mmadụ nwee ike iso ndị ọzọ jikọọ. Mgbe ahụ, nke a ga-eme ka ndị mmadụ dịrị n'otu ma lụso mmegbu ọgụ, dị ka mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-eche ihu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Lorde|first=Audre|date=1978|title=Uses of the Erotic: The Erotic as Power|url=https://www.centraleurasia.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/audre_lorde_cool-beans.pdf}}</ref> N'afọ 1972, "Welfare Is a Women's Issue" na Ms. Magazine. Johnnie Tillmon dere ahụmahụ ha dị ka nwanyị ojii na ọdịmma ma katọọ iwu ọdịmma na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ọdịmma ugbu a n'oge ahụ, na-ekwu maka Ronald Reagan na Aid to Dependent Children Program (ADC). <ref>{{Cite web|author=Tillmon|first=Johnnie|date=2021-03-25|title=Welfare Is a Women's Issue (Spring 1972)|url=https://msmagazine.com/2021/03/25/welfare-is-a-womens-issue-ms-magazine-spring-1972/|accessdate=2024-03-15|work=Ms. Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Ndị ọzọ na-akụzi ihe na ndị edemede nyere aka n'akwụkwọ nke Black femism gụnyere Moya Bailey na [[Trudy of Gradient Lair|Trudy nke Gradient Lair]], bụ ndị na-ede banyere mmegide Black na / ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ megide ụmụ nwanyị Black, nke a makwaara dị ka misogynoir, okwu nke Bailey chepụtara na 2008. N'afọ 2018, ụmụ nwanyị abụọ a dere edemede akpọrọ "On Misogynoir: Citation, erasure and plagiarism", nke na-ekwu maka ọrụ nke ndị Black femists na-abụkarị ndị a na-ehichapụ ma ọ bụ na-ehicha n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ edemede, na mgbe ụfọdụ na-ejikọta ya na mmegbu nwoke na nwanyị, ọkachasị maka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara.<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1080/14680777.2018.1447395|title=On misogynoir: citation, erasure, and plagiarism|journal=Feminist Media Studies|volume=18|issue=4|pages=762–768|date=2018|author=Bailey|first=Moya}}</ref> Misogynoir dabeere na ozizi nke intersectionality. Ndị Black na-eme ihe n'oge a, dị ka Feminista Jones, na-ekwu na "Misogynoir na-enye echiche agbụrụ nke na-enweghị isi na ụmụ nwanyị na-ejide" nakwa na "e nwere otu misogyny nke a na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị ojii ma na-emebi ụmụ nwanyị ojii". <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/oct/05/what-is-misogynoir|title=Misogynoir: where racism and sexism meet|author=Anyangwe|first=Eliza|date=2015-10-05|work=The Guardian|accessdate=2020-01-03|language=en-GB}}</ref> '''<big>Isiokwu ndị ọzọ na akwụkwọ Black Feminist:</big>''' * 1989, Kimberlé Crenshaw, Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Anti-Sracist Politics. A na-ewere akwụkwọ nzukọ iwu a dị ka ebe Kimberlé Crenshaw bụ onye mbụ mepụtara okwu intersectionality.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Crenshaw|first=Kimberlé|date=1989|title=Demarginalizing The Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics.|journal=University of Chicago Legal Forum}}</ref> * "Mow to Now: Black Feminism Resets the Chronology of the Founding of Modern Feminism" (2018) nke [[Carol Giardina]] na-enyocha ụmụ nwanyị ojii na itinye aka ha na nhazi nke March 1963 na Washington maka Ọrụ na Nnwere Onwe (MOW). A na-elekwasị anya n'otú nke a si bụrụ ihe dị mkpa na mgbanwe nke nhazi ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 1960. A maara ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe, gụnyere [[Dorothy Height]], Pauli Murray, na Anna Arnold Hedgeman. N'ịbụ ndị na-eche ndị ikom dị ike ihu site na chọọchị ahụ, ha guzobere ụdị mkpesa ụmụ nwanyị nke ha mechara jiri mee ihe iji mee ka e guzobe National Organization for Women na 1966. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Giardina|year=2018|title=MOW to NOW: Black Feminism Resets the Chronology of the Founding of Modern Feminism|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=44|issue=3|pages=736–765|doi=10.15767/feministstudies.44.3.0736}}</ref> * Ntinye aka nke Pat Parker na Black feminist movement gosipụtara n'ihe odide ya dị ka onye na-ede uri. Ọrụ ya kpaliri ndị ọzọ Black feminist poet dịka [[Hattie Gossett]]. * The Encyclopedia of African-American Women Writers (2007) na Encyclopedia of Feminist Literature (2006) depụtara Black Feminist Literatura. Ndị na-akatọ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na-ekwu na nkewa n'akụkụ agbụrụ ma ọ bụ okike na-eme ka ike nke ndị inyom na ndị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ghara ịdị ike.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Epstein|first=Barbara|date=May 2001|title=What Happened to the Women's Movement?|url=https://monthlyreview.org/2001/05/01/what-happened-to-the-womens-movement/|accessdate=August 12, 2015|work=Monthly Review}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * [[Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị]] * Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Africa na America na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị * Nwa agbọghọ ojii anwansi * Ọchịchị ndị isi ojii * Intersectionality * Misogyny na omenala hip hop ** ''Site na Black Power ruo Hip Hop: Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, Ịhụ mba n'anya, na Ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị n'anya'' ** ''ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmekọahụ ndị isi ojii: ndị Africa America, Mmekọahụ, na Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ Ọhụrụ'' * PaVEM * Nkwado ụmụ nwanyị na-esote ọchịchị ndị eze * Purplewashing * Ụmụ nwanyị nkewa * Ụmụ nwanyị nke Ụwa nke Atọ * Mmegbu okpukpu atọ == Edensibia == == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == === Akwụkwọ === * bell hooks, ọ bụghị m nwanyị? : Black Women and Feminism (1981) * [[Molara Ogundipe|Molara Ogundipe-Leslie]], Re-Creating Ourselves: African Women & Critical Transformations (1994) * {{Cite book|author=Muhs|first=Gabriella Gutiérrez y|title=Presumed Incompetent: The Intersections of Race and Class for Women in Academia|publisher=University Press of Colorado|location=Boulder, Colorado|year=2012|isbn=978-0-87421-922-7}} * [[Patricia Hill Collins]], Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment E debere na March 11, 2021, na Wayback Machine (1990) na Black Sexual Politics: African Americans, Gender, and the New Racism ([https://web.archive.org/web/20210311004316/https://b-ok.cc/book/849376/451e8a ebe a] E debere ya na March 11, 2021 na Wayback machine) (Routledge, 2005) * Third World Women's Alliance. ''[https://library.duke.edu/digitalcollections/wlmpc_wlmms01009/ Manifesto nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii]'' (1970) * ''Home Girls: A Black Feminist Anthology'' ([https://web.archive.org/web/20210311003433/https://b-ok.cc/book/3582079/135d12 ebe a] E debere ya na Wayback Machine). Tebụl Kitchen: Women of Color Press, 1983; Reed. 2000 * ''Àkwà mmiri a kpọrọ My Back: Ihe odide nke Radical Women of Color'', ([https://web.archive.org/web/20210311004311/https://b-ok.cc/book/2039470/5d152c ebe a] echekwara na Wayback Machine) nke Cherríe Moraga na Gloria E. Anzaldúa dezigharịrị (Persephone Press, 1981; 2nd edn 1984, Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press; [https://web.archive.org/web/20210311004313/https://b-ok.cc/book/3396968/ba7e89 sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Spanish] Archived March 11, 2021, na wayback Machine na 2002 site na Cherríe Moraga, Ana Castillo, na Norma Alarcón) === Isiokwu === * {{Cite journal|author=Benard|first=Akeia A.F.|title=Colonizing Black female bodies within patriarchal capitalism|journal=[[Sexualization, Media, & Society]]|volume=2|issue=4|pages=237462381668062|doi=10.1177/2374623816680622|date=October–December 2016}} * Chapman, Erin D. "A historiography of black feminist activism" History Compass (2019) https://doi.org/10.1111/hic3.12576 [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hic3.12576 abstract] * {{Cite journal|author=Harnois|first=Catherine E|title=Race, Gender and the Black women's Standpoint|journal=[[Sociological Forum]]|volume=25|issue=1|pages=68–85|doi=10.1111/j.1573-7861.2009.01157.x|date=2010}} * {{Cite book|title=Black Feminist Anthropology|editor=McClaurin|publisher=Rutgers University Press|year=2001}} * {{Cite journal|author=Springer|first=Kimberly|title=Third wave Black feminism?|journal=[[Signs (journal)|Signs]]|volume=27|issue=4|pages=1059–1082|doi=10.1086/339636|date=Summer 2002}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8dsuxj91ilar2c7p1321oxkugw5g1r3 0 74737 672608 628989 2026-07-05T09:56:14Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Darakhshan Andrabi | honorific_prefix = Dr. | image = | alt = | caption = | office1 = Chairperson of the Jammu and Kashmir Waqf Board | termstart1 = 16 March 2022 | termend1 = | predecessor1 = | successor1 = | office2 = [[Minister of State]] (rank) | termstart2 = 8 April 2022 | termend2 = | alongside2 = | birth_date = {{birth year and age|1974}} | birth_place = [[Jammu and Kashmir (state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], India | party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party]] | alma_mater = [[Guru Nanak Dev University]], Amritsar | occupation = Politician | website = }} '''Syed Darakhshan Andrabi''' <ref>{{Cite news|author=ایوب|first=انظر|title=ڈاکٹر سید درخشاں اندرابی نے عیدگاہ جموں کا دورہ کر کے نمازِ عید کی تیاریوں کا جائزہ لیا|work=Imarat|date=15 March 2026|url=https://theimarat.com/326/|language=ur|accessdate=17 March 2026}}</ref> (amụrụ n'afọ 1974), nke e dekwara dị ka '''Darakshan Andrabi''', bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị India si Jammu na Kashmir. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke [[Jammu and Kashmir Waqf Board|Jammu na Kashmir Waqf Board]], ọkwá ọ nọ na ya kemgbe Machị 2022, ma na-eje ozi na ọkwa nke Minista nke Steeti.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Government Order No.409-JK(GAD) of 2022|url=https://www.jkgad.nic.in/common/showOrder.aspx?actCode=O40571|date=8 April 2022|work=Jammu and Kashmir General Administration Department|accessdate=15 March 2026}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye Òtù Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) ma na-eje ozi na National Executive. Ọ bụkwa nwanyị mbụ na onye ndu BJP mbụ na-eduzi J&K Waqf Board.<ref name="gk2022">{{Cite news|title=Waqf Board chairperson Darakshan Andrabi granted MoS status|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|date=8 April 2022|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/kashmir/waqf-board-chairperson-darakshan-andrabi-granted-mos-status/|accessdate=15 March 2026}}</ref><ref name="myneta2014">{{Cite web|title=Darakhshan Andrabi(Bharatiya Janata Party(BJP)):Constituency- SONAWAR(SRINAGAR)|work=MyNeta|date=1 January 2012|url=https://www.myneta.info/jk2014/candidate.php?candidate_id=580|accessdate=15 March 2026}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Andrabi na 1974 na Jammu na Kashmir. Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Syed Ghulam Nabi Andrabi. O nwetara nzere Doctor of Philosophy na asụsụ Urdu na Mahadum Guru Nanak Dev, Amritsar, n'afọ 2008. <ref name="myneta2014" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Andrabi sonyeere ndị Socialist Democratic Party, nke ọ jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche, tupu ọ banye na Bharatiya Janata Party.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Senior BJP leader Dr Darakhshan Andrabi addressing a party meeting at Lasjin.|work=[[Daily Excelsior]]|date=29 April 2023|url=https://www.dailyexcelsior.com/senior-bjp-leader-dr-darakhshan-andrabi-addressing-a-party-meeting-at-lasjin/|accessdate=15 March 2026}}</ref> Na ntuli aka nke Jammu na Kashmir Legislative Assembly nke afọ 2014, ọ sonyeere ndị omeiwu Sonawar na Srinagar dị ka onye BJP. Mohammad Ashraf Mir nke Jammu &amp;amp; Kashmir People's Democratic Party meriri ya.<ref name="myneta2014" /><ref>{{Cite news|title=J&K CM Omar Abdullah wins from Beerwah, loses Sonawar seat|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=23 December 2014|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/specials/2014-assembly-elections/jammu-kashmir-news/jk-cm-omar-abdullah-wins-from-beerwah-loses-sonawar-seat/articleshow/45618716.cms?from=mdr|accessdate=15 March 2026}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu Central Waqf Council n'okpuru Gọọmentị India tupu nhọpụta ya na J&K Waqf Board. <ref name="gk22">{{Cite news|title=Darakhshan becomes 1st woman to head J&K Waqf Board|work=[[Greater Kashmir]]|date=16 March 2022|url=https://www.greaterkashmir.com/uncategorized/darakhshan-becomes-1st-woman-to-head-jk-waqf-board/|accessdate=15 March 2026}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye otu BJP National Executive . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Fazili|first=Ehsan|title=Darakhshan Andrabi - first woman to head Waqf Board proved her mettle|work=Awaz - The Voice|date=1 March 2026|url=https://www.awazthevoice.in/-news/darakhshan-andrabi-first-woman-to-head-waqf-board-proved-her-mettle-53058.html|accessdate=15 March 2026}}</ref> === Onye isi oche nke J&K Waqf Board === Na 16 Machị 2022, a họpụtara Andrabi dị ka Onye isi oche nke Jammu na Kashmir Waqf Board na nzukọ mbụ ya n'okpuru Central Waqf Act, 1995, nke emere na Hajj House na Jammu. E guzobere ụlọ ọrụ ahụ ọhụrụ ma họpụta ndị otu ya site na Ministry of Minority Affairs, Gọọmentị India.<ref name="gk22" /> Ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na onye ndu BJP mbụ iduzi bọọdụ ahụ. N'ikpeazụ, gọọmentị nyere ya ọkwa Minista nke Steeti. <ref name="gk2022" /> Dị ka onye isi oche, ọ na-ahụ maka mmezigharị na mmepe nke ọtụtụ ebe okpukperechi nke Board na-achịkwa, gụnyere ọrụ na Dargah Hazratbal na Srinagar. Na Septemba 2025, ọ ghọrọ onye ama ama na esemokwu ọha na eze maka idobe akara ngosi mba na akara nraranye nke ụlọ nsọ Hazratbal emezigharịrị, na-akpọ maka ndebanye aha FIR megide ndị na-emegide ma ọ bụ mebie ihe ncheta ahụ. Ndị otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gụnyere National Conference na Jammu & Kashmir People's Democratic Party katọrọ mkpebi ahụ, Omar Abdullah, onye isi ala Jammu na Kashmir kwuru na e bu n'obi mee ihe nnọchianya nke mba ahụ maka ebumnuche gọọmentị kama ịbụ ụlọ ọrụ okpukpe. === Ihe mere n'ụlọ nsọ Hazratbal (2025) === Na Septemba 2025, Waqf Board n'okpuru onye isi oche Andrabi rụnyere ihe ncheta nke nwere akara mba na ụlọ nsọ Hazratbal na Srinagar ka emezigharịrị ya. Nkwagharị ahụ kpataara ndị ndú ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe mba, bụ́ ndị kwuru na iji akara ahụ eme ihe n’ebe okpukpe adịghị mma. Ndị mmadụ na-amaghị ama mechakwara mebie ihe ncheta ahụ ma wepụ ya. Andrabi zara site na ịkpọ oku maka FIRs megide ndị jụrụ ma ọ bụ wepụrụ akara ahụ wee kọwaa omume ahụ dị ka ụdị agha. Onye isi ala Omar Abdullah na onye bụbu onye isi ala Mehbooba Mufti so na ndị ahụ katọrọ nwụnye akara ngosi ahụ n'ihu ọha.[1] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] k64ge393lch7ikpe97vdlnt6soqzair 0 74793 672544 629259 2026-07-04T22:27:50Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672544 wikitext text/x-wiki   Chief '''Chukwuma Bamidele Azikiwe''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Achalugo2009-Chukwuma Azikiwe.wav|Listen}} (February 1940 - iri nwere ike 2015) bụ onye nnọchi anya mba Naijiria na Onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ '''Owelle-Osowa-Anya''' nke abụọ nke [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]] na nwa mbụ nke [[Tribal chief|Onye isi]] ala [[Nnamdi Azikiwe]], onye mbụ nwere ọkwa onye isi.<ref name="chukwuma">{{Cite news|author=Vincent Ujumadu|title=Zik’s first son, Chukwuma, dies at 75|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/05/ziks-first-son-chukwuma-dies-at-75/|accessdate=18 September 2015|date=12 May 2015|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == Azikiwe gụrụ akwụkwọ na Ụlọ akwụkwọ Harvard ebe o sonyere na egwu na ubi (ịwụ elu sara mbara) wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1963. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Ụlọ akwụkwọ azụmahịa Harvard na 1964. Ọ gbara ọsọ n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma maka nhọpụta gọvanọ nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya Anambra Steeti na 1991. <ref name="chukwuma" /> Mgbe nna ya nwụsịrị na 1996, ọ nọchiri ya dị ka Owelle-Osowa-Anya nke abụọ nke Onitsha.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Obiano Commiserates with Azikiwe Family|url=http://sunnewsonline.com/new/obiano-commiserates-with-azikiwe-family/|accessdate=18 September 2015|date=12 May 2015|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Sons and Daughters of Independence Heroes|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/sons-and-daughters-of-independence-heroes/126327/|accessdate=18 September 2015|date=29 September 2012|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Azikiwe nwụrụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ Borommeo dị na Onitsha na iri nwere ike 2015 mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asaa na ise. A na-ekwu na ọ na-arịa ọrịa iku ume tupu ọnwụ ya.<ref name="chukwuma" /> Ọ bụ ezie na gọọmentị etiti Naijiria gosipụtara mmasị inye ya olili ozu steeti ebe ụfọdụ ndị Gọvanọ steeti Naijiria (Lagos, Anambra, Enugu, Oyo, na Kaduna steeti) haziri olili oyu n'oge ahụ, Gọọmentị steeti Anambra kwadoro olili oju ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2015-08-21|title=Buhari to make Zik’s mausoleum federal institute|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/buhari-to-make-ziks-mausoleum-federal-institute/|accessdate=2022-03-12|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Daily Post Staff|date=2015-09-10|title=Zik’s son’s burial: Governor Obiano, Obi of Onitsha dare Buhari|url=https://dailypost.ng/2015/09/10/ziks-sons-burial-governor-obiano-obi-of-onitsha-dare-buhari/|accessdate=2022-03-12|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibia == 56r1yrofny71bty7f9ghgvn791yq4qd 0 75030 672419 631301 2026-07-04T17:43:05Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672419 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Celestine Ware''' (a mụrụ ya dị ka '''Cellestine Ware''', ọ nwụrụ na Ọgọst 21, 2010) bụ onye ọgụ mgbanwe (radical) na onye na-akwado echiche na ọgụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị ojii. Onye otu New York Radical Feminists, o dere ''Woman Power: The Movement for Women's Liberation''.<ref name=":023">Henry, Astrid. ''Not My Mother’s Sister: Generational Conflict and Third-Wave Feminism''. Indiana University Press, 2004.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=CELESTINE WARE Obituary (2010) - New York, NY - New York Times|url=https://www.legacy.com/us/obituaries/nytimes/name/celestine-ware-obituary?id=27499402|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=Legacy.com}}</ref> == Ndụ mbido == A mụrụ Ware na Cleveland, Ohio, ma ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Radcliffe College n’afọ 1962.. == Otu ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụnwaanyị == N'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1960, Celestine Ware sonyeere ndị otu New York Radical Feminists .<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Douglas|first=carol anne|date=1986|title=Review of Woman Power: classic revisited The Movement for Women's Liberation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25794850|journal=Off Our Backs|volume=16|issue=2|pages=26|issn=0030-0071}}</ref> Ware so n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ojii ole na ole nọ n'òtù ndị na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị. NYRF mepụtara akwụkwọ ntuziaka, nke akpọrọ ''Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị nke Ego: Manifesto maka ụmụ nwanyi na-eme ihe ike nke N.Y.'', na afo 1970.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Douglas|first=carol anne|date=1986|title=Review of Woman Power: classic revisited The Movement for Women's Liberation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25794850|journal=Off Our Backs|volume=16|issue=2|pages=26|issn=0030-0071}}</ref> Nnabata akwụkwọ ntuziaka a dị mkpa iji nweta ndị otu. Akwụkwọ ntuziaka ahụ kọwara [[radical feminism]] dika echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ka ọha mmadụ si akwado ikike ụmụ nwoke n'ebe ụmụ nwanyị nọ. Isi akwụkwọ edemede ya bụ na, n'obodo niile, mpako ụmụ nwoke bụ isi ihe kpatara ịdị elu ụmụ nwoke karịa ụmụ nwanyị. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, o kwuputara na ebumnuche bụ isi nke mpako ụmụ nwoke bụ ịkwalite ịnya isi nke uche.<ref name=":4" /> Edemede ahụ kwupụtara na ụmụ nwanyị na-ebi n'usoro ikike nwoke nke na-eme ka mpako ụmụ nwoke sikwuo ike: "A na-akwụ anyị ụgwọ dịka otu anyị si arụ ọrụ ndị a nke ọma. Nkà anyị - ọrụ anyị - bụ ikike anyị nwere ịbụ nwanyị - ya bụ, ịdị nro, ịdị ụtọ, ịdị jụụ, ịdị adịghị ike, ịdị na-enye mgbe niile na ịdị na-adọrọ mmasị n’mmekọahụ."<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|title=Politics of the Ego: A Manifesto for N.Y. Radical Feminists|publisher=New York Radical Feminists|year=1970|location=United States|language=English}}</ref> N'oge nwata, ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekpebi njirimara ụmụ agbọghọ n'ọdịnihu dịka ndị na-elekọta ụlọ na ndị nne na-edo onwe ha n'okpuru, a na-egbochi mpako ha, ebe ụmụ nwoke nwere ohere ịnwale ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche ma “lụso ọgụ, mebie onwe ha n’ájà, bụrụ ndị ike, ma nwee ntụkwasị obi n’onwe ha. Ederede ahụ kwuru na n'ụlọ akwụkwọ, isiokwu ndị na-akụzi ikike na njikwa n'ụwa okike, dị ka sayensị na mgbakọ na mwepụ, na-elekwasị anya n'ebe ụmụ akwụkwọ nwoke nọ. O kwuru na ndị ndụmọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ na-akwado ụmụ agbọghọ nọọsụ, ebe a na-agba ụmụ nwoke ume inweta ọkwa mbụ na nke kachasị elu nke dọkịta.<ref name=":5" /> N'ihi ya, akwụkwọ ntuziaka ahụ kwusiri ike na a na-egbochi ụmụ nwanyị inwe ikike ime mkpebi ọ bụla; a machibidoro ụmụ nwanyị ime mkpebi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma wedata ha n'ọrụ enyemaka. Ihe owuwu ọha mmadụ, akwụkwọ ntuziaka ahụ kwuru, na-egbochi ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":5" /> == ''Ike Nwanyị: Mmegharị maka nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị'' == Akwụkwọ Ware nke akpọrọ ''Ike Nwanyị: Mmegharị maka nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị (''1970) bụ otu n'ime akwụkwọ mbụ dekọrọ mmegharị nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị na-apụta na mmegharị ikike nwanyị nke abụọ na United States. Akwụkwọ ya rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkọwa na ịkwalite radical feminism na Black Feminism. Otu n'ime ihe ndị bụ isi e ji dee akwụkwọ Ware bụ inye akụkọ a na-ahụ anya maka ngagharị iwe ahụ malitere site na 1967 ruo 1969.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Douglas|first=carol anne|date=1986|title=Review of Woman Power: classic revisited The Movement for Women's Liberation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25794850|journal=Off Our Backs|volume=16|issue=2|pages=26|issn=0030-0071}}</ref> O kọwara na ụmụ nwanyị na-edu mgbanwe n'obodo ukwu dị iche iche nke Amerịka, obere obodo nta, na ogige kọleji. Ọ chịkọtara ụmụ nwanyị ndị a dị ka "ndị inyom ọhụrụ," na-achọ ka e nwee nha anya zuru oke n’ihe gbasara mmekọrịta ọha, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na akụ na ụba.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|author=Ware|first=Cellestine|title=Woman Power: the Movement for Women's Liberation|publisher=Tower Publications|year=1970|language=English}}</ref> Ware kewara ngagharị nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị nke oge a n'ụzọ atọ: NOW, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe feminism; WLM, ma ọ bụ ngagharị nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, nke na-anọchite anya echiche feminist niile na-ezere mgbanwe; na ngagharị nnwere onwe feminism siri ike. Ware kọwapụtara okwu ahụ, "radical" dị ka "ihe na-agbanwe agbanwe," na-egosi na ngagharị nnwere onwe feminism siri ike bụ mgbanwe zuru oke. Ware kọwara otu esi emegide ntọala alụmdi na nwunye n'okpuru ngagharị nnwere onwe feminism siri ike, dịka echiche a na-akwado iwepụ alụmdi na nwunye.<ref name=":03">{{Citation|last=King|first=Katie|title=The situation of lesbianism as feminism's magical sign: Contests for meaning and the U.S. women's movement, 1968–1972 1|date=2022-11-01|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315074955-4|work=Feminst Critiques of Popular Culture|pages=65–91|access-date=2023-11-28|place=London|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315074955-4|isbn=978-1-315-07495-5|url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ware jikwa akwụkwọ ya kwalite ọnọdụ nke ndị New York Radical Feminists.<ref name=":03" /> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ kọwara na mmegharị Black Power, Marxist, na New Left bụ ihe ndị dị mkpa maka mmegharị nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, o kweghị na mmegharị ndị ahụ lebara anya nke ọma n'okpuru ụmụ nwanyị n'obodo. Akwụkwọ ahụ tinyere nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị dị ka mmegharị kachasị mgbanwe zuru oke n’ime ha niile. Ọ kọwara "feminism siri ike" dị ka "ịrụ ọrụ maka iwepụ ọchịchị na ịdị elu n'ime mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Nke a ga-eme ka mkpebi onwe onye bụrụ ihe kacha mma ma chọọ ọdịda nke ọha mmadụ dịka anyị si mara ya taa."<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|author=Ware|first=Cellestine|title=Woman Power: the Movement for Women's Liberation|publisher=Tower Publications|year=1970|language=English}}</ref> Ware rụrụ ụka na a na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị bụrụ ndị amaala nke abụọ na ndị na-edo onwe ha n'okpuru n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi. Ọ katọrọ ọrụ ọdịnala nke na-ejide ụmụ nwanyị naanị ịbụ ndị na-azụlite ezinụlọ na ndị na-elekọta ha. Ware kọwara otú feminists ọhụrụ si akwado nha anya n’ọha mmadụ ebe ọrụ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọ bụla mepere emepe nye onye ọ bụla ruru eru, n'agbanyeghị nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị, ma nwanyị na-achọ inweta ọrụ nke "onye na-eme achịcha" ma ọ bụ ọrụ nke "Onyeisiala.<ref name=":22">{{Cite book|author=Ware|first=Cellestine|title=Woman Power: the Movement for Women's Liberation|publisher=Tower Publications|year=1970|language=English}}</ref> Ọ rụrụ ụka na ọrụ gbasara mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị bụ njirimara a na-etinye n’usoro maka nwoke na nwanyị, nakwa na a ga-ekpochapụ ọrụ ndị a ma ọ bụ usoro dị elu iji wepụ ọchịchị ike n’ime mmekọrịta mmadụ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Douglas|first=carol anne|date=1986|title=Review of Woman Power: classic revisited The Movement for Women's Liberation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25794850|journal=Off Our Backs|volume=16|issue=2|pages=26|issn=0030-0071}}</ref> Akwụkwọ Ware katọkwara Whiteness dị na radical feminism. O kwuru na ngagharị nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, nke ndị New York Radical Feminists na ndị Redstockings gosipụtara, bụ "ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ọcha nwere naanị otu nwanne nwanyị ojii iji mee ka nzukọ ahụ nwee agba."<ref name=":0233">Henry, Astrid. ''Not My Mother’s Sister: Generational Conflict and Third-Wave Feminism''. Indiana University Press, 2004.</ref> Iji gbaa ume ịdị n'otu n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ndị ọcha na ngagharị nnwere onwe, Ware kwalitere echiche nke "ịmụlite uche." Echiche nke uche na-ezo aka n'ịmara ikpe na-ezighị ezi na enweghị nha anya ọha na eze na otu o si emetụta ụmụ nwanyị niile, n'agbanyeghị agbụrụ. Ọ kwadoro na ịmụlite uche na-enye ndị feminist ohere iwulite mmekọrịta chiri anya otu, mepụta ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, nchegbu kpọmkwem maka mmegbu nke ụlọ ọrụ, ma nye ụmụ nwanyị nkà ịghọta na ịmalite ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name=":12">King, Katie. ''Theory in Its Feminist Travels: Conversations in U.S. Women’s Movements''. Indiana University Press, 1994.</ref> Ware kwuru na ndị feminist ọcha enweghị mmasị n'ihe ndị metụtara ụmụ nwanyị ojii, dị ka ihe mgbochi ha nwere n'ịrụ ọrụ ọcha. N'ihi ya, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii rụrụ ọrụ dịka ndị nwe ụlọ, o kwukwara na ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị ga-agbanwe ọrụ ụlọ dị ka ọkwa ọkachamara nke na-enye ụgwọ ọrụ zuru oke maka ndụ, uru ndị agadi, mkpuchi ahụike, na nchekwa ọha. Ware chọrọ ilebara mkpa ezinụlọ ndị na-achị ụmụ nwanyị na ndị nne nanị ha na-azụ ụmụ, bụ́ ndị Ware kwuru na ha kwesịrị inwe ikike ọdịmma, gụnyere nlekọta ụmụaka oge niile nke obodo. Ọ gbakwara ndị otu ahụ ume ka ha leba anya n'ihe gbasara ndị nwunye na ụmụ nwanyị na-esoghị na ngalaba ọgụgụ isi obodo.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Douglas|first=carol anne|date=1986|title=Review of Woman Power: classic revisited The Movement for Women's Liberation|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25794850|journal=Off Our Backs|volume=16|issue=2|pages=26|issn=0030-0071}}</ref> == Ọchịchị ụmụnwaanyị ojii == Akwụkwọ Ware bụ́ ''Ike Nwanyị: Mmegharị maka nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị'' bụkwa otu n'ime akụkọ ndị mbụ e dere iji kọwaa mmegharị [[Ụmụ nwanyị na-eme ihe ike|ụmụ nwanyị ndị isi]] ojii.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Nachescu|first=Voichita|date=2009|title=Radical Feminism and the Nation: History and Space in the Political Imagination of Second-Wave Feminism.|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/41887617|journal=Journal for the Study of Radicalism|volume=3|issue=1|pages=29–59|doi=10.1353/jsr.0.0012}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFNachescu2009">Nachescu, Voichita (2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[http://www.jstor.org/stable/41887617 "Radical Feminism and the Nation: History and Space in the Political Imagination of Second-Wave Feminism"]</span>. ''Journal for the Study of Radicalism''. '''3''' (1): <span class="nowrap">29–</span>59. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/jsr.0.0012|10.1353/jsr.0.0012]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/41887617 41887617]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145149003 145149003].</cite></ref> E bipụtara isiakwụkwọ e degharịrị n'akwụkwọ bụ́ "Black Feminism" n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị inyom a ma ama ''bụ́ Notes From the Third Year.'' Ọ bụ ezie na akwụkwọ Ware bụ́ ''Ike Nwanyị'' kwadoro ndị otu feminist nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu dịka Elizabeth Cady Stanton na Susan B. Anthony dị ka ndị bu ụzọ maka echiche feminism siri ike nke afọ 1970s, o mere ka ọ pụta ìhè na ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na mwepu nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii n'oge ahụ na n'afọ 1960 na 1970 bụ isi nsogbu dị mkpa na mmegharị ahụ nakwa na nchegbu ụmụ nwanyị ọcha abụrụla ihe mbụ karịa nke ụmụ nwanyị agba ojii.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Simons|first=Margaret|date=Summer 1979|title=Racism and Feminism: A Schism in the Sisterhood|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3177603|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=5|issue=2|pages=384–401|doi=10.2307/3177603}}</ref> Ware mere "ụzọ bara uru" nke gbara ụmụ nwanyị ojii ume ka ha buru ụzọ tinye aka na mmegharị ahụ, ma tinye olu na ihe ha chọrọ n'ọrụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Táíwò|first=Olúfẹ́mi O|date=2022|title=The Point Is to Change It|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2g591sq.9|pages=114–121|publisher=Pluto Press|doi=10.2307/j.ctv2g591sq.9|isbn=9780745347851}}</ref> O kwenyere na ịmepụta ụwa ka mma chọrọ ma mgbalị bara uru na ịkwalite usoro mmụta omume na mmetụta uche dị iche iche.<ref name=":2" /> Ware tinyere aka nke ukwuu n'ịmalite ụzọ ịlụ nwanyị ojii dịka olu pụrụ iche na nke dị mkpa n'ime mmegharị nwanyị sara mbara. Site n'ịkọwapụta ọdịiche akụ na ụba dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị ojii na ụmụ nwanyị ọcha na ụmụ nwanyị agba ojii nwere ụdị mmegbu dị iche iche nke a chọrọ idozi, ọ kwadoro echiche nwanyị dabere na [[njikọ]] agbụrụ, okike, na klaasị.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Crow|first=Barbara A.|title=Radical Feminism|publisher=NYU Press}}</ref> Ware kwadoro nke ọma maka sayensị mmekọrịta ụmụ nwanyị, usoro ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị, na asụsụ na omenala ụmụ nwanyị, nke o kwenyere na ọ bụ onyinye kachasị ukwuu n'inweta nchọpụta onwe onye.<ref name=":2" /> N'ọnwa Mee nke afọ 1971, ọ gbara onye egwu ọdịnala Amerịka bụ [[Odetta]] ajụjụ ọnụ na [[Pacifica]] [[Radio]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Browse the American Women collection {{!}} Pacifica Radio Archives|url=https://www.pacificaradioarchives.org/browse_collections?field_pbcoregenre_tid=All&field_pbcoreidentifier_value=&title=&keys=celestine|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=www.pacificaradioarchives.org|language=en|archivedate=2023-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103131148/https://www.pacificaradioarchives.org/browse_collections?field_pbcoregenre_tid=All&field_pbcoreidentifier_value=&title=&keys=celestine}}</ref> == Ntụaka == 08cu1015eqk5srj0x2tysc2yr90wlca 0 75087 672553 654713 2026-07-04T22:48:00Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672553 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Clementine Mélois''' (amụrụ na 15 Jun 1980) bụ onye France na-ese ihe na onye edemede, nke a maara maka ọrụ nnwale na nke mkpaọchị nke na-ejikọta nka na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ. Onye bụ onye òtù Oulipo na-eme nnwale akwụkwọ kemgbe 2017, Mélois nwetara nlebara anya mbụ na Cent titres (2014), akwụkwọ nke ntụgharị n'ụzọ na-akpa ọchị nke aha akwụkwọ na ibé mkpuchi nke akwụkwọ ndị a ma ama. Ọrụ ya ndị sochirinụ gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ "achọtara" Sinon j'oublie (2017), nke a sụgharịrị dị ka Otherwise I Forget (2023), na Dehors, la tempête (2020), echiche na-abụghị akụkọ ifo banyere ịgụ ihe. N'afọ 2024, o bipụtara Alors c'est bien, akwụkwọ ncheta banyere ọnwụ nna ya nke natara ọtụtụ onyinye edemede. == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Mélois na 15 Jun 1980 na La Ferté-Milon, France.<ref name="GLV">{{Cite web|title=Clémentine Mélois|url=https://lara-vincy.com/Gallery/artists/clementine-melois|work=Galerie Lara Vincy|accessdate=22 April 2026|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Clermont">{{Cite news|author=Clermont|first=Thierry|title=Maudit Bic: Clémentine Mélois tire les couvertures à soi|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/livres/2014/12/18/03005-20141218ARTFIG00026--maudit-bic-clementine-melois-tire-les-couvertures-a-soi.php|accessdate=22 April 2026|work=Le Figaro|date=18 December 2014|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Cerf">{{Cite news|author=Cerf|first=Juliette|title=Clémentine Mélois, reine du pastiche|url=https://www.telerama.fr/livre/clementine-melois-reine-du-pastiche-6870245.php|accessdate=27 April 2026|work=Télérama|date=6 May 2021|language=fr}}</ref> Nne ya bụ onye nkuzi na onye na-ese foto, nna ya bụ onye na-akpụ ihe Bernard Mélois . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Clémentine Mélois : "J'ai voulu enterrer mon père comme un pharaon"|url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/la-20e-heure/la-20eme-heure-du-jeudi-05-septembre-2024-4387513|accessdate=1 May 2026|work=France Inter|date=5 September 2024|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Hélène Gaudy et Clémentine Mélois : hommage aux pères|url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceculture/podcasts/le-book-club/helene-gaudy-et-clementine-melois-hommage-aux-peres-4862508|accessdate=23 April 2026|work=France Culture|date=29 August 2024|language=fr}}</ref> Ọ gara kọleji na Villers-Cotterêts ma mesịa gụọ akwụkwọ na Beaux-Arts de Paris.<ref name="Clermont" /><ref name="Cerf" /> Mélois abụwori onye òtù edemede French na-eme nnwale Oulipo kemgbe 2017, ọrụ ya na-agụnye ma edemede ma nka ise ihe osise, karịsịa n'ụzọ na-atọ ọchị. <ref name="Limon">{{Cite news|author=Limon|first=Béatrice|title=A offrir pour son humour décalé : Clémentine Mélois "Alors c’est bien"|url=https://www.inventoire.com/un-livre-offrir-pour-son-humour-clementine-melois-alors-cest-bien/|accessdate=23 April 2026|work=L'Inventoire|date=18 December 2024|language=fr-FR}}</ref> <ref name="Mann">{{Cite news|author=Mannooretonil|first=Agnès|title=Dehors, la tempête de Clémentine Mélois|url=https://www.revue-etudes.com/critiques-de-livres/dehors-la-tempete-de-clementine-melois/22887|accessdate=28 April 2026|work=[[Études (journal)|Études]]|date=September 2020|language=fr}}</ref><ref name="Blog">{{Cite web|author=Bradford|first=Terry|title=Otherwise I Forget: A Novel by Clémentine Mélois|url=https://liverpooluniversitypress.blog/2023/12/04/otherwise-i-forget-a-novel-by-clementine-melois/|work=Liverpool University Press Blog|accessdate=27 April 2026|language=en|date=4 December 2023}}</ref> Ọ pụtala na ihe omume redio Des Papous dans la tête [fr] nke France Culture kwadoro.<ref name="Limon" /> A na-egosi ọrụ nka ya na Galerie Lara Vincy na Paris. <ref name="GLV" /><ref name="Cerf" /> == Akwụkwọ Ndị O Dere == E bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ Mélois, Cent titres, na 2014, nke onye dere okwu mbido ya bụ Jacques Roubaud. <ref name="Clermont" /><ref name="RF 30 Dec">{{Cite news|title=Clémentine Mélois - Emilie de Turckheim|url=https://www.radiofrance.fr/franceinter/podcasts/lire-avec/clementine-melois-emilie-de-turckheim-5392349|accessdate=22 April 2026|work=Radio France|date=30 December 2014|language=fr}}</ref> N'ọrụ a, ọ kọwagharịrị isiokwu na ihu mkpuchi nke akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị a ma ama na French n'ụzọ na-atọ ọchị.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Clémentine Mélois, des couvertures à découvrir - L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/litterature/clementine-melois-des-couvertures-a-decouvrir|accessdate=30 April 2026|work=l’Humanité|date=20 November 2014|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ihe aha akwụkwọ a pụtara n'asụsụ Bekee bụ "''Otu narị utu aha''", mana ọ bụkwa okwu mkparị na sans titre (''enweghị aha''). <ref name="Blog" /> N'afọ 2017, e bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya Sinon j'oublie; [[Terry Bradford]] mechara sụgharịa ya n'asụsụ Bekee ma bipụta ya dị ka Otherwise I Forget n'afọ 2023. Ọ bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ "achọtara", nke nwere foto nke ndepụta ịzụ ahịa achọtara nke Mélois chịkọtara yana ederede akụkọ ifo banyere onye edemede e chepụtara echepụta nke so ya.<ref name="Blog" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Klein|first=Paula|title=“Littérature poubelle”?: Productivité littéraire des “ écritures ordinaires ” et “ éphémères ” dans L’Herbier des villes de Georges Perec et d’Hervé Le Tellier et dans Sinon j’oublie de Clémentine Mélois|journal=Beyond the Waste: Literature and Social Sciences in Dialogue|date=November 2019|url=https://uca.hal.science/hal-03879009|accessdate=27 April 2026|language=fr}}</ref> Nnyocha maka France Info kwuru ụzọ o si jiri ihe ndị na-adịghị emerụ ahụ a na-ahụ kwa ụbọchị mepụta nka akwụkwọ, ma too ọrụ ahụ maka ime obi ụtọ na ịkpa ọchị.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Houot|first=Laurence|title="Sinon j'oublie" de Clémentine Mélois : ce que racontent vos listes de courses|url=https://www.franceinfo.fr/culture/livres/roman/sinon-j-oublie-de-clementine-melois-ce-que-racontent-vos-listes-de-courses_3328587.html|accessdate=30 April 2026|work=France Info|date=7 June 2017|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Dehors, la tempête, nke e bipụtara na 2020, bụ akwụkwọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo banyere ịhụnanya Mélois nwere maka ịgụ ihe. <ref name="Laurens">{{Cite news|author=Laurens|first=Camille|title=« Dehors, la tempête », de Clémentine Mélois : le feuilleton littéraire de Camille Laurens|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/critique-litteraire/article/2020/04/09/dehors-la-tempete-de-clementine-melois-le-feuilleton-litteraire-de-camille-laurens_6036110_5473203.html|accessdate=28 April 2026|work=Le Monde|date=9 April 2020|language=fr}}</ref> Nnyocha e mere na The French Review toro ọdịdị ntụrụndụ na nke dị mfe nke ọrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Ousselin|first=Edward|title=Dehors la tempête par Clémentine Mélois (review)|journal=The French Review|date=March 2021|volume=94|issue=3|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/783747|accessdate=28 April 2026}}</ref> Études kwuru na ọ na-atọ ọchị na ụzọ akwụkwọ ahụ si jikọta ịhụnanya o nwere n'akwụkwọ ọgụgụ yana ajụjụ gbasara ọdịdị ndị mmadụ, nkwenkwe na asụsụ nke oge a.<ref name="Mann" /> N'afọ 2024, Mélois bipụtara Alors c'est bien, akwụkwọ ncheta banyere ọnwụ nna ya n'afọ 2023. <ref name="Alors pub">{{Cite web|title=Alors c'est bien|url=https://www.gallimard.fr/catalogue/alors-c-est-bien/9782073075031|work=Gallimard|accessdate=23 April 2026}}</ref> Ọ natara ihe nrite Prix Méduse na 2024, nakwa ihe nrite Eugène Dabit [fr; de; it] na Prix Marianne n'afọ 2025. <ref name="Limon" /><ref name="Marianne">{{Cite news|title=Livre à Metz: le Prix Marianne attribué à Clémentine Mélois|url=https://www.republicain-lorrain.fr/culture-loisirs/2025/03/14/livre-a-metz-le-prix-marianne-attribue-a-clementine-melois|accessdate=23 April 2026|work=Le Républicain Lorrain|date=14 March 2025|language=FR-fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Buijtenhuijs|first=Adèle|title=Clémentine Mélois, lauréate du prix Eugène Dabit du roman populiste 2025|url=https://www.livreshebdo.fr/article/clementine-melois-laureate-du-prix-eugene-dabit-du-roman-populiste-2025|accessdate=30 April 2026|work=Livres Hebdo|date=3 April 2025|language=fr}}</ref> Nnyocha e mere na Le Monde kọwara ya dị ka otuto maka ndụ, nke a gwara n'ụzọ dị nro ma dị nwayọọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Houssin|first=Xavier|title=« Alors c’est bien », de Clémentine Mélois : restent les cœurs cachés|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2024/10/25/alors-c-est-bien-de-clementine-melois-restent-les-c-urs-caches_6359515_3260.html|accessdate=1 May 2026|work=Le Monde|date=25 October 2024}}</ref> Fabienne Pascaud, na-ede maka Télérama, nyere ọrụ ahụ akara kpakpando anọ, ma kwuo na Mélois jisiri ike tinye olu nna ya, site na itinye akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na akwụkwọ edemede ya n'ime ederede ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Pascaud|first=Fabienne|title=“Alors c’est bien” de Clémentine Mélois, la grâcieuse agonie d’un bricoleur de l’inutile|url=https://www.telerama.fr/livre/alors-c-est-bien-de-clementine-melois-la-gracieuse-agonie-d-un-bricoleur-de-l-inutile_cri-7034917.php|accessdate=1 May 2026|work=Télérama|date=13 October 2024|language=fr}}</ref> Mélois na-ede akwụkwọ ụmụaka nke onye mmekọ ya Rudy Spiessert na-eme eserese ndị dị na ya, gụnyere Les Chiens pirates na usoro ''Redio Banana''.<ref name="Cerf" /> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * Otu narị aha (Grasset, 2014) <ref name="Clermont" /> * Sinon j'oublie (2017), nke [[Terry Bradford]] sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Bekee ma bipụta ya dị ka Otherwise I Forget (Liverpool Press, 2023) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Otherwise I Forget|url=https://www.liverpooluniversitypress.co.uk/doi/book/10.3828/9781802078725|work=Liverpool University Press|accessdate=24 April 2026|language=en}}</ref> * Le roman-photo (Le Lombard, 2018), akwụkwọ akụkọ eserese; eserese na agba ya nke Mélois mere, ebe ederede ya sitere n'aka Jan Baetens * N'èzí, ''Oké Ifufe'' (Grasset, 2020) <ref name="Cerf" /> * ''Ọ dị mma maka otu ụbọchị nke ịdị mfe'' (Grasset, 2020) <ref name="Cerf" /> * ''Ya mere ọ dị mma'' (Gallimard, 2024) <ref name="Alors pub">{{Cite web|title=Alors c'est bien|url=https://www.gallimard.fr/catalogue/alors-c-est-bien/9782073075031|work=Gallimard|accessdate=23 April 2026}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] k7v1nnqd2h79zp1leeu9hluni7bx8o2 0 75092 672543 631548 2026-07-04T22:24:23Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672543 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Hedevig Christiane de Roepstorff''' (née Willemoes; 30 Nọvemba 1843 - 31 Ọgọst 1896) Ọ bụ onye ozi ala ọzọ na onye nchịkọta akụkọ Lutheran nke Denmark. <ref name="Green-Pedersen">{{Cite book|author=Green-Pedersen|first=Sv. E|editor=Larsen|title=Dansk Kvindebiografisk Leksikon|date=7 July 2011|publisher=[[KVINFO|LEX]]|location=Copenhagen, Denmark|url=https://biografiskleksikon.lex.dk/Frederik_Adolph_de_Roepstorff|accessdate=24 April 2026|language=da|chapter=Frederick Adolph de Roepstorff}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|title=Hedvig Christian Willemoes|journal=Census 1870, Copenhagen; Copenhagen; Kongensgade, Store|date=1870}}</ref> == Akụkọ ndụ == A mụrụ Hedevig Christiane Willemoes na abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1843 na Copenhagen na Niels Willemoes (1792-1860), onye na-ahụ maka ego, na Margrethe Magdalene Rostrup (1804-1880).<ref name="Green-Pedersen" /><ref name="Baptism">{{Cite journal|title=Hedevig Cristiane Willemoes [Baptismal record]|journal=Denmark, Select Baptisms, 1618–1923 [database on-line].}}</ref> Na abalị ise nke ọnwa Mee n'afọ 1844, e mere De Roepstorff baptizim na Holmen Parish .<ref name="Baptism" /> Na abalị iri na otu nke ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 1872, De Roepstorff lụrụ Frederik Adolph de Roepstorff, onye [[Nkà mmụta asụsụ|ọkà mmụta asụsụ]] na onye edemede, mgbe ọ nọ na ezumike n'ụlọ site na Nicobar Islands. <ref name="Green-Pedersen" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Frederick Adolph de Roepstorff and Hedvig Christiane Willemoes|journal=Counter-Ministerial Book 1812–1924; Frederiksberg Sogn; 1867–1873|date=1872|language=da}}</ref><ref name="Van Driem">{{Cite journal|author=Van Driem|first=George|title=The Shompen of Great Nicobar Island: New linguistic and genetic data, and the Austroasiatic homeland revisited|journal=[[Mother Tongue (journal)|Mother Tongue]]|date=2008|issue=XIII|url=https://www.isw.unibe.ch/ueber_uns/e41180/e523709/e546124/2008j_ger.pdf|accessdate=24 April 2026}}</ref> Di na nwunye ahụ mechara laghachi na Nicobar Islands ebe De Roepstorff rụrụ ọrụ maka ozi Ndị Kraịst nke agwaetiti ahụ.<ref name="Green-Pedersen" /> Mgbe e gbusịrị di ya na afọ 1883, De Roepstorff bipụtara ma dezie A Dictionary of the Nancowry Dialect of the Nicobarese Language na The Gospel of Matthew na Nicobarese, Nancowry dialect na afọ 1884.<ref name="Green-Pedersen" /><ref name="Van Driem" /> Na abalị iri atọ na otu nke ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1896 De Roepstorff nwụrụ na Frederiksberg, mgbe ọ dị afọ 52. <ref name="Green-Pedersen" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} 1fhmcogpogojia5f3p6g789o1xc4gvi 0 75097 672416 631554 2026-07-04T17:34:38Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672416 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Caroline Frances Ricketts''' (1813 - Jenụwarị 28, 1880) bụ onye Britain na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ. A mụrụ ya '''Caroline Frances Lukin''', nwa nwanyị mbụ nke Robert Lukin (nwa George Lukin) na Catherine Halifax (nwa Samuel Hallifax). N'afọ 1840, ọ lụrụ Rev. William Fell Ricketts, onye isi nke Kibworth. Ọ nwụrụ na 1844 ma ọ lụbeghị di ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Howard|first=Joseph Jackson|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Visitation_of_England_and_Wales/UI5oBY-2iUIC|title=Visitation of England and Wales|date=1899|publisher=Priv. print.|pages=34|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Author: Caroline Frances Ricketts|url=https://www.victorianresearch.org/atcl/show_author.php?aid=3504|accessdate=2026-04-20|work=www.victorianresearch.org}}</ref> N'afọ 1850 na 60, Ricketts bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ anọ. A nabatara ha nke ọma.<ref name=":0" /> Otú ọ dị, The ''Atenaeum'' kpọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya The Crawfords (1862) "nke nzuzu karịa nke na-adọrọ mmasị".<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/sim_athenaeum-uk_1862-06-21_1808|title=The Athenaeum 1862-06-21: Iss 1808|date=1862-06-21|publisher=New Statesman Ltd|others=Internet Archive|language=English}}</ref> Caroline Frances Lukin nwụrụ na abalị iri abụọ na asatọ nke ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 1880 na Putney . == Akwụkwọ == * ''Ule: ma ọ bụ, Ihe mmụta nke Ndụ. Usoro Akụkọ Ndị Dị n'Ụlọ''. 1 mpịakọta London: Ward na Lock, 1855.<ref name=":0" /> * ''N'okpuru Osisi Lim''. 1 mpịakọta London: L. Booth, 1857.<ref name=":0" /> * Colonel Repton's Daughters: Akụkọ nke Ndụ Kwa Ụbọchị. 1 mpịakọta London: L. Booth, 1860.<ref name=":0" /> * The Crawfords: Akụkọ. 1 mpịakọta London: L. Booth, 1862.<ref name=":0" /> == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} il73fin5d9c965w4bx9sjmi75etj1aa 0 75160 672375 631678 2026-07-04T15:31:26Z Bigcee007 24507 Fixed reference error 672375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = | image = Diputada-Gloria-Reyes.jpg | caption = Gloria Reyes in 2018 | office = [[Cabinet of the Dominican Republic|Minister of Women]] | term_start = 7 January 2026 | term_end = | president = [[Luis Abinader]] | predecessor = [[Mayra Jiménez]] | successor = | office1 = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies of the Dominican Republic]] | termstart1 = 16 August 2016 | termend1 = 16 August 2020 | birth_name = Gloria Roely Reyes Gómez | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|10|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Dominican Revolutionary Party]] (until 2014)<br>[[Modern Revolutionary Party]] | alma_mater = [[Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra]]<br>[[Complutense University of Madrid]]<br>[[University of Alcalá]]<br>[[Universidad Católica Santo Domingo]] | occupation = Politician }} '''Gloria Roely Reyes Gómez''' (amụrụ na ụbọchị ịrị na iteghete nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1986) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Dominican nke na-eje ozi dị ka onye Minista nke Ụmụ nwanyị nke Dominican Republic kemgbe afọ 2026. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu Chamber of Deputies n'etiti afọ 2016 na afọ 2020 ma duzie mmemme Progresando con Solidaridad (Supérate) n'etiti afọ 2020 na afọ 2026. Ọ bụkwa osote onye isi oche nke otu ndị Modern Revolutionary Party. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Reyes na ụbọchị ịrị na iteghete nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1986 na Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic . <ref name="nuevodiario">{{Cite news|title=Abinader designa a Gloria Reyes como ministra de la Mujer|url=https://elnuevodiario.com.do/abinader-designa-a-gloria-reyes-como-ministra-de-la-mujer/|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=El Nuevo Diario|date=6 January 2026|language=es}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref><ref name="diariolibre">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes asume como nueva ministra de la Mujer|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/politica/gobierno/2026/01/07/raquel-pena-juramenta-a-gloria-reyes-como-ministra-de-la-mujer/3397560|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Diario Libre]]|date=7 January 2026|language=es}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Nna ya bụ onye ndú nke otu ndị Dominican Revolutionary Party na afọ 1980s; ọ gbara ọsọ maka Chamber of Deputies nke otu Dominican Republic mana a họpụtaghị ya na primaries nke pati.<ref name="hoy">{{Cite news|author=Taveras|first=Gissel|title=La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso|url=https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]|date=11 August 2020|language=es}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> O nwere akara ugo mmụta na iwu site na mahadum Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra na akara ugo mmụta gụsịrị akwụkwọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na Mahadum Universidad Católica Santo Domingo, yana nzere masta na iwu mba ụwa site na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid na microfinance na mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site na Machịum Alcalá . Ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ ya gụnyere ọkachamara na nkwukọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mkpọsa ntuli aka, yana itinye aka na mmemme idu ndú na nchịkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na USAID, mmemme gbasara inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'Izrel, ụlọakwụkwọ FES New York Academy na afọ 2018, na oge ọzụzụ ndị ọzọ na obodo China na mpaghara obodo Latin America maka ịha nhata na ikike ụmụaka. == Ọrụ == Ntinye aka ya n'ọchịchị malitere mgbe ọ dị obere, mgbe ọ duru mkpọsa ndị ntorobịa nke otu ndị Dominican Revolutionary Party n'oge ntuli aka onyeisiala nke afọ 2012 ; ọ jere ozi dịka osote onyeisiala mba nke ndị ntorobịa otu Dominican Revolutionary nke PRD ma sonye na otu kọmitii ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Modern Revolutionary Party na afọ 2014. Na afọ 2016, Reyes natara ihe nrite Esquina Joven site n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Hoy'', na afọ 2018 o meriri ihe nrite National Youth Award, ma n'ọkwa ndị ndu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name="diariolibre2">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=Diario Libre|date=6 August 2020|language=es}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Reyes nwetara onye otu Chamber of Deputies na Ntuli aka nke afọ 2016 na-anọchite anya mpaghara Santo Domingo Province, na-aghọ onye kachasị nta a họpụtara dịka onye nnọchi anya Congress. <ref name="diariolibre2">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=Diario Libre|date=6 August 2020|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362 "Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad"] &#x5B;Gloria Reyes: from MP to leading Progresando con Solidaridad&#x5D;. ''Diario Libre'' (in Spanish). 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> <ref name="diariolibre">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes asume como nueva ministra de la Mujer|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/politica/gobierno/2026/01/07/raquel-pena-juramenta-a-gloria-reyes-como-ministra-de-la-mujer/3397560|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Diario Libre]]|date=7 January 2026|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.diariolibre.com/politica/gobierno/2026/01/07/raquel-pena-juramenta-a-gloria-reyes-como-ministra-de-la-mujer/3397560 "Gloria Reyes asume como nueva ministra de la Mujer"] &#x5B;Gloria Reyes takes office as the new Minister for Women&#x5D;. ''[[Diario Libre]]'' (in Spanish). 7 January 2026<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref><ref name="hoy">{{Cite news|author=Taveras|first=Gissel|title=La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso|url=https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]|date=11 August 2020|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTaveras2020">Taveras, Gissel (11 August 2020). [https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html "La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso"] &#x5B;The youngest woman ever elected to Congress&#x5D;. ''[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]'' (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> A ṅụrụ ya iyi na ụbọchị ịrị na isii nke ọnwa Ọgọst n'afọ 2016. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Alonso|first=Mercedes|title=Insuficiente cuota femenina en Dominicana, tras reelección presidencial|url=https://cimacnoticias.com.mx/2016/08/23/insuficiente-cuota-femenina-en-dominicana-tras-reeleccion-presidencial/|accessdate=7 April 2026|work={{ill|CIMAC|es}}|date=23 August 2016|language=ES}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 2016 na afọ 2017, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote ọnụ na-ekwuchitere otu Ndị omeiwu nke otu Modern Revolutionary Party. <ref name="nuevodiario" /> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2017, Reyes malitere mkparịta ụka banyere imezigharị Iwu Obodo iji kpochapụ alụmdi na nwunye ụmụaka, usoro nke Chamber of Deputies kwadoro mana ọ bụghị ndị Senate. <ref name="hoy" /><ref name="diariolibre" /> Nzọụkwụ ndị ọzọ ọ kwalitere dị ka onye omeiwu gụnyere atụmatụ iji gbaa ndị na-eto eto ume itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nguzobe nke ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na Iwu Òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Iwu Usoro Nhọrọ, arụmụka banyere iwu megide ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị, yana ite ime na ọrụ nkwado mpaghara ndị ọzọ.<ref name="hoy">{{Cite news|author=Taveras|first=Gissel|title=La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso|url=https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]|date=11 August 2020|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTaveras2020">Taveras, Gissel (11 August 2020). [https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html "La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso"] &#x5B;The youngest woman ever elected to Congress&#x5D;. ''[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]'' (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Oge ya gwụrụ n'ụbọchị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2020 mgbe a họpụtabeghị ya na Ntuli aka nke afọ 2020. <ref name="hoy" /><ref name="diariolibre2">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=Diario Libre|date=6 August 2020|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362 "Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad"] &#x5B;Gloria Reyes: from MP to leading Progresando con Solidaridad&#x5D;. ''Diario Libre'' (in Spanish). 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke otu Modern Revlutionary Party . <ref name="diariolibre2" /> Onye isi ala a họpụtara ọhụrụ bụ Luis Abinader kpọrọ Reyes onye isi oche nke ihe mmemme Progresando con Solidaridad (Supérate) na ụbọchị ịrị na isii nke ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 2020. <ref name="hoy">{{Cite news|author=Taveras|first=Gissel|title=La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso|url=https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]|date=11 August 2020|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTaveras2020">Taveras, Gissel (11 August 2020). [https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html "La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso"] &#x5B;The youngest woman ever elected to Congress&#x5D;. ''[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]'' (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref><ref name="diariolibre2">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=Diario Libre|date=6 August 2020|language=es}}</ref> Na 7 Jenụwarị afọ 2026, Osote Onye isi ala Raquel Peña ṅụrụ iyi dị ka Minista nke Ụmụ nwanyị na National Palace . <ref name="diariolibre">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes asume como nueva ministra de la Mujer|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/politica/gobierno/2026/01/07/raquel-pena-juramenta-a-gloria-reyes-como-ministra-de-la-mujer/3397560|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Diario Libre]]|date=7 January 2026|language=es}}</ref> N'okwu mmeghe ya, Reyes kwuru na ọ ga-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ onye bu ya ụzọ iji mee ka mmepe na nchebe nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị Dominican sie ike.<ref name="diariolibre" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, ọ sonyere n'egwuregwu dị iche iche, yana ime ihe ngosi na ihe nkiri.<ref name="hoy">{{Cite news|author=Taveras|first=Gissel|title=La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso|url=https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]|date=11 August 2020|language=es}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Eduardo Peña, onye ọ zutere site na mmemme ahụ. <ref name="hoy" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b1hejs3shajrj6qqtdp2licwsxxt7ud 672376 672375 2026-07-04T15:33:26Z Bigcee007 24507 Fixed reference error 672376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = | image = Diputada-Gloria-Reyes.jpg | caption = Gloria Reyes in 2018 | office = [[Cabinet of the Dominican Republic|Minister of Women]] | term_start = 7 January 2026 | term_end = | president = [[Luis Abinader]] | predecessor = [[Mayra Jiménez]] | successor = | office1 = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies of the Dominican Republic]] | termstart1 = 16 August 2016 | termend1 = 16 August 2020 | birth_name = Gloria Roely Reyes Gómez | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|10|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Dominican Revolutionary Party]] (until 2014)<br>[[Modern Revolutionary Party]] | alma_mater = [[Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra]]<br>[[Complutense University of Madrid]]<br>[[University of Alcalá]]<br>[[Universidad Católica Santo Domingo]] | occupation = Politician }} '''Gloria Roely Reyes Gómez''' (amụrụ na ụbọchị ịrị na iteghete nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1986) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Dominican nke na-eje ozi dị ka onye Minista nke Ụmụ nwanyị nke Dominican Republic kemgbe afọ 2026. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu Chamber of Deputies n'etiti afọ 2016 na afọ 2020 ma duzie mmemme Progresando con Solidaridad (Supérate) n'etiti afọ 2020 na afọ 2026. Ọ bụkwa osote onye isi oche nke otu ndị Modern Revolutionary Party. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Reyes na ụbọchị ịrị na iteghete nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1986 na Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic . <ref name="nuevodiario">{{Cite news|title=Abinader designa a Gloria Reyes como ministra de la Mujer|url=https://elnuevodiario.com.do/abinader-designa-a-gloria-reyes-como-ministra-de-la-mujer/|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=El Nuevo Diario|date=6 January 2026|language=es}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref><ref name="diariolibre">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes asume como nueva ministra de la Mujer|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/politica/gobierno/2026/01/07/raquel-pena-juramenta-a-gloria-reyes-como-ministra-de-la-mujer/3397560|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Diario Libre]]|date=7 January 2026|language=es}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Nna ya bụ onye ndú nke otu ndị Dominican Revolutionary Party na afọ 1980s; ọ gbara ọsọ maka Chamber of Deputies nke otu Dominican Republic mana a họpụtaghị ya na primaries nke pati.<ref name="hoy">{{Cite news|author=Taveras|first=Gissel|title=La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso|url=https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]|date=11 August 2020|language=es}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> O nwere akara ugo mmụta na iwu site na mahadum Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra na akara ugo mmụta gụsịrị akwụkwọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na Mahadum Universidad Católica Santo Domingo, yana nzere masta na iwu mba ụwa site na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid na microfinance na mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site na Machịum Alcalá . Ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ ya gụnyere ọkachamara na nkwukọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mkpọsa ntuli aka, yana itinye aka na mmemme idu ndú na nchịkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na USAID, mmemme gbasara inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'Izrel, ụlọakwụkwọ FES New York Academy na afọ 2018, na oge ọzụzụ ndị ọzọ na obodo China na mpaghara obodo Latin America maka ịha nhata na ikike ụmụaka. == Ọrụ == Ntinye aka ya n'ọchịchị malitere mgbe ọ dị obere, mgbe ọ duru mkpọsa ndị ntorobịa nke otu ndị Dominican Revolutionary Party n'oge ntuli aka onyeisiala nke afọ 2012 ; ọ jere ozi dịka osote onyeisiala mba nke ndị ntorobịa otu Dominican Revolutionary nke PRD ma sonye na otu kọmitii ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Modern Revolutionary Party na afọ 2014. Na afọ 2016, Reyes natara ihe nrite Esquina Joven site n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Hoy'', na afọ 2018 o meriri ihe nrite National Youth Award, ma n'ọkwa ndị ndu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name="diariolibre2">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=Diario Libre|date=6 August 2020|language=es}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Reyes nwetara onye otu Chamber of Deputies na Ntuli aka nke afọ 2016 na-anọchite anya mpaghara Santo Domingo Province, na-aghọ onye kachasị nta a họpụtara dịka onye nnọchi anya Congress. <ref name="diariolibre2">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=Diario Libre|date=6 August 2020|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362 "Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad"] &#x5B;Gloria Reyes: from MP to leading Progresando con Solidaridad&#x5D;. ''Diario Libre'' (in Spanish). 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> <ref name="hoy">{{Cite news|author=Taveras|first=Gissel|title=La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso|url=https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]|date=11 August 2020|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTaveras2020">Taveras, Gissel (11 August 2020). [https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html "La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso"] &#x5B;The youngest woman ever elected to Congress&#x5D;. ''[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]'' (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> A ṅụrụ ya iyi na ụbọchị ịrị na isii nke ọnwa Ọgọst n'afọ 2016. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Alonso|first=Mercedes|title=Insuficiente cuota femenina en Dominicana, tras reelección presidencial|url=https://cimacnoticias.com.mx/2016/08/23/insuficiente-cuota-femenina-en-dominicana-tras-reeleccion-presidencial/|accessdate=7 April 2026|work={{ill|CIMAC|es}}|date=23 August 2016|language=ES}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 2016 na afọ 2017, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote ọnụ na-ekwuchitere otu Ndị omeiwu nke otu Modern Revolutionary Party. <ref name="nuevodiario" /> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2017, Reyes malitere mkparịta ụka banyere imezigharị Iwu Obodo iji kpochapụ alụmdi na nwunye ụmụaka, usoro nke Chamber of Deputies kwadoro mana ọ bụghị ndị Senate. <ref name="hoy" /> Nzọụkwụ ndị ọzọ ọ kwalitere dị ka onye omeiwu gụnyere atụmatụ iji gbaa ndị na-eto eto ume itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nguzobe nke ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na Iwu Òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Iwu Usoro Nhọrọ, arụmụka banyere iwu megide ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị, yana ite ime na ọrụ nkwado mpaghara ndị ọzọ.<ref name="hoy">{{Cite news|author=Taveras|first=Gissel|title=La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso|url=https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]|date=11 August 2020|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTaveras2020">Taveras, Gissel (11 August 2020). [https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html "La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso"] &#x5B;The youngest woman ever elected to Congress&#x5D;. ''[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]'' (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Oge ya gwụrụ n'ụbọchị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2020 mgbe a họpụtabeghị ya na Ntuli aka nke afọ 2020. <ref name="hoy" /><ref name="diariolibre2">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=Diario Libre|date=6 August 2020|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362 "Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad"] &#x5B;Gloria Reyes: from MP to leading Progresando con Solidaridad&#x5D;. ''Diario Libre'' (in Spanish). 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke otu Modern Revlutionary Party . <ref name="diariolibre2" /> Onye isi ala a họpụtara ọhụrụ bụ Luis Abinader kpọrọ Reyes onye isi oche nke ihe mmemme Progresando con Solidaridad (Supérate) na ụbọchị ịrị na isii nke ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 2020. <ref name="hoy">{{Cite news|author=Taveras|first=Gissel|title=La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso|url=https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]|date=11 August 2020|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFTaveras2020">Taveras, Gissel (11 August 2020). [https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html "La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso"] &#x5B;The youngest woman ever elected to Congress&#x5D;. ''[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]'' (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref><ref name="diariolibre2">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=Diario Libre|date=6 August 2020|language=es}}</ref> Na 7 Jenụwarị afọ 2026, Osote Onye isi ala Raquel Peña ṅụrụ iyi dị ka Minista nke Ụmụ nwanyị na National Palace . N'okwu mmeghe ya, Reyes kwuru na ọ ga-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ onye bu ya ụzọ iji mee ka mmepe na nchebe nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị Dominican sie ike.<ref name="diariolibre" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, ọ sonyere n'egwuregwu dị iche iche, yana ime ihe ngosi na ihe nkiri.<ref name="hoy">{{Cite news|author=Taveras|first=Gissel|title=La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso|url=https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]|date=11 August 2020|language=es}}</ref> Ọ lụrụ Eduardo Peña, onye ọ zutere site na mmemme ahụ. <ref name="hoy" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1tpina3c11ado02ri7nrbc26anr22wa 672377 672376 2026-07-04T15:35:44Z Bigcee007 24507 Fixed reference error 672377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = | image = Diputada-Gloria-Reyes.jpg | caption = Gloria Reyes in 2018 | office = [[Cabinet of the Dominican Republic|Minister of Women]] | term_start = 7 January 2026 | term_end = | president = [[Luis Abinader]] | predecessor = [[Mayra Jiménez]] | successor = | office1 = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies of the Dominican Republic]] | termstart1 = 16 August 2016 | termend1 = 16 August 2020 | birth_name = Gloria Roely Reyes Gómez | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|10|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Dominican Revolutionary Party]] (until 2014)<br>[[Modern Revolutionary Party]] | alma_mater = [[Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra]]<br>[[Complutense University of Madrid]]<br>[[University of Alcalá]]<br>[[Universidad Católica Santo Domingo]] | occupation = Politician }} '''Gloria Roely Reyes Gómez''' (amụrụ na ụbọchị ịrị na iteghete nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1986) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Dominican nke na-eje ozi dị ka onye Minista nke Ụmụ nwanyị nke Dominican Republic kemgbe afọ 2026. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu Chamber of Deputies n'etiti afọ 2016 na afọ 2020 ma duzie mmemme Progresando con Solidaridad (Supérate) n'etiti afọ 2020 na afọ 2026. Ọ bụkwa osote onye isi oche nke otu ndị Modern Revolutionary Party. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Reyes na ụbọchị ịrị na iteghete nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1986 na Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic . <ref name="nuevodiario">{{Cite news|title=Abinader designa a Gloria Reyes como ministra de la Mujer|url=https://elnuevodiario.com.do/abinader-designa-a-gloria-reyes-como-ministra-de-la-mujer/|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=El Nuevo Diario|date=6 January 2026|language=es}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref><ref name="diariolibre">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes asume como nueva ministra de la Mujer|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/politica/gobierno/2026/01/07/raquel-pena-juramenta-a-gloria-reyes-como-ministra-de-la-mujer/3397560|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Diario Libre]]|date=7 January 2026|language=es}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Nna ya bụ onye ndú nke otu ndị Dominican Revolutionary Party na afọ 1980s; ọ gbara ọsọ maka Chamber of Deputies nke otu Dominican Republic mana a họpụtaghị ya na primaries nke pati.<ref name="hoy">{{Cite news|author=Taveras|first=Gissel|title=La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso|url=https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]|date=11 August 2020|language=es}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> O nwere akara ugo mmụta na iwu site na mahadum Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra na akara ugo mmụta gụsịrị akwụkwọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na Mahadum Universidad Católica Santo Domingo, yana nzere masta na iwu mba ụwa site na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid na microfinance na mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site na Machịum Alcalá . Ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ ya gụnyere ọkachamara na nkwukọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mkpọsa ntuli aka, yana itinye aka na mmemme idu ndú na nchịkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na USAID, mmemme gbasara inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'Izrel, ụlọakwụkwọ FES New York Academy na afọ 2018, na oge ọzụzụ ndị ọzọ na obodo China na mpaghara obodo Latin America maka ịha nhata na ikike ụmụaka. == Ọrụ == Ntinye aka ya n'ọchịchị malitere mgbe ọ dị obere, mgbe ọ duru mkpọsa ndị ntorobịa nke otu ndị Dominican Revolutionary Party n'oge ntuli aka onyeisiala nke afọ 2012 ; ọ jere ozi dịka osote onyeisiala mba nke ndị ntorobịa otu Dominican Revolutionary nke PRD ma sonye na otu kọmitii ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Modern Revolutionary Party na afọ 2014. Na afọ 2016, Reyes natara ihe nrite Esquina Joven site n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Hoy'', na afọ 2018 o meriri ihe nrite National Youth Award, ma n'ọkwa ndị ndu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name="diariolibre2">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=Diario Libre|date=6 August 2020|language=es}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Reyes nwetara onye otu Chamber of Deputies na Ntuli aka nke afọ 2016 na-anọchite anya mpaghara Santo Domingo Province, na-aghọ onye kachasị nta a họpụtara dịka onye nnọchi anya Congress. <ref name="diariolibre2">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=Diario Libre|date=6 August 2020|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362 "Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad"] &#x5B;Gloria Reyes: from MP to leading Progresando con Solidaridad&#x5D;. ''Diario Libre'' (in Spanish). 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> A ṅụrụ ya iyi na ụbọchị ịrị na isii nke ọnwa Ọgọst n'afọ 2016. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Alonso|first=Mercedes|title=Insuficiente cuota femenina en Dominicana, tras reelección presidencial|url=https://cimacnoticias.com.mx/2016/08/23/insuficiente-cuota-femenina-en-dominicana-tras-reeleccion-presidencial/|accessdate=7 April 2026|work={{ill|CIMAC|es}}|date=23 August 2016|language=ES}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 2016 na afọ 2017, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote ọnụ na-ekwuchitere otu Ndị omeiwu nke otu Modern Revolutionary Party. <ref name="nuevodiario" /> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2017, Reyes malitere mkparịta ụka banyere imezigharị Iwu Obodo iji kpochapụ alụmdi na nwunye ụmụaka, usoro nke Chamber of Deputies kwadoro mana ọ bụghị ndị Senate. Nzọụkwụ ndị ọzọ ọ kwalitere dị ka onye omeiwu gụnyere atụmatụ iji gbaa ndị na-eto eto ume itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nguzobe nke ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na Iwu Òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Iwu Usoro Nhọrọ, arụmụka banyere iwu megide ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị, yana ite ime na ọrụ nkwado mpaghara ndị ọzọ. Oge ya gwụrụ n'ụbọchị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2020 mgbe a họpụtabeghị ya na Ntuli aka nke afọ 2020. <ref name="diariolibre2">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=Diario Libre|date=6 August 2020|language=es}}<cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362 "Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad"] &#x5B;Gloria Reyes: from MP to leading Progresando con Solidaridad&#x5D;. ''Diario Libre'' (in Spanish). 6 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite> [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke otu Modern Revlutionary Party . <ref name="diariolibre2" /> Onye isi ala a họpụtara ọhụrụ bụ Luis Abinader kpọrọ Reyes onye isi oche nke ihe mmemme Progresando con Solidaridad (Supérate) na ụbọchị ịrị na isii nke ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 2020. <ref name="diariolibre2">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=Diario Libre|date=6 August 2020|language=es}}</ref> Na 7 Jenụwarị afọ 2026, Osote Onye isi ala Raquel Peña ṅụrụ iyi dị ka Minista nke Ụmụ nwanyị na National Palace . N'okwu mmeghe ya, Reyes kwuru na ọ ga-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ onye bu ya ụzọ iji mee ka mmepe na nchebe nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị Dominican sie ike.<ref name="diariolibre" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, ọ sonyere n'egwuregwu dị iche iche, yana ime ihe ngosi na ihe nkiri. Ọ lụrụ Eduardo Peña, onye ọ zutere site na mmemme ahụ. <ref name="hoy" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] jkbgkz5rvowyv5bxb7w3ir59v4gxn4f 672378 672377 2026-07-04T15:38:09Z Bigcee007 24507 Fixed reference error 672378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = | image = Diputada-Gloria-Reyes.jpg | caption = Gloria Reyes in 2018 | office = [[Cabinet of the Dominican Republic|Minister of Women]] | term_start = 7 January 2026 | term_end = | president = [[Luis Abinader]] | predecessor = [[Mayra Jiménez]] | successor = | office1 = Member of the [[Chamber of Deputies of the Dominican Republic]] | termstart1 = 16 August 2016 | termend1 = 16 August 2020 | birth_name = Gloria Roely Reyes Gómez | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|10|19|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Santo Domingo]], Dominican Republic | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Dominican Revolutionary Party]] (until 2014)<br>[[Modern Revolutionary Party]] | alma_mater = [[Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra]]<br>[[Complutense University of Madrid]]<br>[[University of Alcalá]]<br>[[Universidad Católica Santo Domingo]] | occupation = Politician }} '''Gloria Roely Reyes Gómez''' (amụrụ na ụbọchị ịrị na iteghete nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1986) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Dominican nke na-eje ozi dị ka onye Minista nke Ụmụ nwanyị nke Dominican Republic kemgbe afọ 2026. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye otu Chamber of Deputies n'etiti afọ 2016 na afọ 2020 ma duzie mmemme Progresando con Solidaridad (Supérate) n'etiti afọ 2020 na afọ 2026. Ọ bụkwa osote onye isi oche nke otu ndị Modern Revolutionary Party. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Reyes na ụbọchị ịrị na iteghete nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1986 na Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic . <ref name="nuevodiario">{{Cite news|title=Abinader designa a Gloria Reyes como ministra de la Mujer|url=https://elnuevodiario.com.do/abinader-designa-a-gloria-reyes-como-ministra-de-la-mujer/|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=El Nuevo Diario|date=6 January 2026|language=es}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref><ref name="diariolibre">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes asume como nueva ministra de la Mujer|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/politica/gobierno/2026/01/07/raquel-pena-juramenta-a-gloria-reyes-como-ministra-de-la-mujer/3397560|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Diario Libre]]|date=7 January 2026|language=es}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Nna ya bụ onye ndú nke otu ndị Dominican Revolutionary Party na afọ 1980s; ọ gbara ọsọ maka Chamber of Deputies nke otu Dominican Republic mana a họpụtaghị ya na primaries nke pati.<ref name="hoy">{{Cite news|author=Taveras|first=Gissel|title=La diputada más joven que llegó al Congreso|url=https://hoy.com.do/el-pais/la-diputada-mas-joven-que-llego-al-congreso_836177.html|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=[[Hoy (Dominican newspaper)|Hoy]]|date=11 August 2020|language=es}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> O nwere akara ugo mmụta na iwu site na mahadum Pontificia Universidad Católica Madre y Maestra na akara ugo mmụta gụsịrị akwụkwọ na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na Mahadum Universidad Católica Santo Domingo, yana nzere masta na iwu mba ụwa site na Mahadum Complutense nke Madrid na microfinance na mmepe mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya site na Machịum Alcalá . Ọmụmụ ihe ndị ọzọ ya gụnyere ọkachamara na nkwukọrịta ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mkpọsa ntuli aka, yana itinye aka na mmemme idu ndú na nchịkwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site na USAID, mmemme gbasara inye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'Izrel, ụlọakwụkwọ FES New York Academy na afọ 2018, na oge ọzụzụ ndị ọzọ na obodo China na mpaghara obodo Latin America maka ịha nhata na ikike ụmụaka. == Ọrụ == Ntinye aka ya n'ọchịchị malitere mgbe ọ dị obere, mgbe ọ duru mkpọsa ndị ntorobịa nke otu ndị Dominican Revolutionary Party n'oge ntuli aka onyeisiala nke afọ 2012 ; ọ jere ozi dịka osote onyeisiala mba nke ndị ntorobịa otu Dominican Revolutionary nke PRD ma sonye na otu kọmitii ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Modern Revolutionary Party na afọ 2014. Na afọ 2016, Reyes natara ihe nrite Esquina Joven site n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Hoy'', na afọ 2018 o meriri ihe nrite National Youth Award, ma n'ọkwa ndị ndu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref name="diariolibre2">{{Cite news|title=Gloria Reyes, de diputada a dirigir Progresando con Solidaridad|url=https://www.diariolibre.com/actualidad/politica/gloria-reyes-de-diputada-a-dirigir-progresando-con-solidaridad-AF20617362|accessdate=7 April 2026|work=Diario Libre|date=6 August 2020|language=es}} [[Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)]]</ref> Reyes nwetara onye otu Chamber of Deputies na Ntuli aka nke afọ 2016 na-anọchite anya mpaghara Santo Domingo Province, na-aghọ onye kachasị nta a họpụtara dịka onye nnọchi anya Congress. A ṅụrụ ya iyi na ụbọchị ịrị na isii nke ọnwa Ọgọst n'afọ 2016. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Alonso|first=Mercedes|title=Insuficiente cuota femenina en Dominicana, tras reelección presidencial|url=https://cimacnoticias.com.mx/2016/08/23/insuficiente-cuota-femenina-en-dominicana-tras-reeleccion-presidencial/|accessdate=7 April 2026|work={{ill|CIMAC|es}}|date=23 August 2016|language=ES}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 2016 na afọ 2017, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka osote ọnụ na-ekwuchitere otu Ndị omeiwu nke otu Modern Revolutionary Party. <ref name="nuevodiario" /> N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2017, Reyes malitere mkparịta ụka banyere imezigharị Iwu Obodo iji kpochapụ alụmdi na nwunye ụmụaka, usoro nke Chamber of Deputies kwadoro mana ọ bụghị ndị Senate. Nzọụkwụ ndị ọzọ ọ kwalitere dị ka onye omeiwu gụnyere atụmatụ iji gbaa ndị na-eto eto ume itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nguzobe nke ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na Iwu Òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Iwu Usoro Nhọrọ, arụmụka banyere iwu megide ime ihe ike dabere na nwoke na nwanyị, yana ite ime na ọrụ nkwado mpaghara ndị ọzọ. Oge ya gwụrụ n'ụbọchị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2020 mgbe a họpụtabeghị ya na Ntuli aka nke afọ 2020. Ọ bụ osote onye isi oche nke otu Modern Revlutionary Party . Onye isi ala a họpụtara ọhụrụ bụ Luis Abinader kpọrọ Reyes onye isi oche nke ihe mmemme Progresando con Solidaridad (Supérate) na ụbọchị ịrị na isii nke ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 2020. <ref name="diariolibre2" /> Na 7 Jenụwarị afọ 2026, Osote Onye isi ala Raquel Peña ṅụrụ iyi dị ka Minista nke Ụmụ nwanyị na National Palace . N'okwu mmeghe ya, Reyes kwuru na ọ ga-aga n'ihu n'ọrụ onye bu ya ụzọ iji mee ka mmepe na nchebe nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị Dominican sie ike.<ref name="diariolibre" /> == Ndụ onwe onye == Dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma, ọ sonyere n'egwuregwu dị iche iche, yana ime ihe ngosi na ihe nkiri. Ọ lụrụ Eduardo Peña, onye ọ zutere site na mmemme ahụ. <ref name="hoy" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 735ztoop3r3rlktz0rmul58bgub7zgx 0 75381 672546 632488 2026-07-04T22:32:22Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Njikọ mpụga */ 672546 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''William''' '''Paul Troost-Ekong''' MFR MON (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 1993) bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agbachitere ndị otu Qatar Stars League Al-Ahli . A mụrụ ya na Netherlands, ọ bụ onyeisi [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ Dutch na Naijiria, Troost-Ekong ruru eru maka Netherlands na Naijeria na mba ụwa. O mere nke mbụ ya maka Naịjirịa n'afọ 2015 ma kemgbe ahụ enwetala ihe karịrị 80 caps. == Ọrụ klọb == Troost-Ekong gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Hockerill Anglo-European College na Bishop's Stortford, na England. Ọ gbara bọọlụ na ọkwa ndị ntorobịa na England maka Fulham na Tottenham Hotspur, <ref name="scotsman">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896|title=Celtic eye Groningen defender William Troost-Ekong|date=12 March 2015|accessdate=28 July 2015|publisher=The Scotsman|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153036/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896}}</ref> Troost-Ekong malitere ọrụ ya dị elu na Netherlands na FC Groningen na FC Dordrecht. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vi.nl/spelers/carriere/william-troostekong.htm|title=Profile|accessdate=28 July 2015|language=nl|publisher=Voetbal International|archivedate=7 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707155156/http://www.vi.nl/spelers/carriere/william-troostekong.htm}}</ref> Mgbe ejikọtara ya na mba ofesi na Celtic n'etiti ndị ọzọ, <ref name="scotsman">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896|title=Celtic eye Groningen defender William Troost-Ekong|date=12 March 2015|accessdate=28 July 2015|publisher=The Scotsman|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153036/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896 "Celtic eye Groningen defender William Troost-Ekong"]. </cite></ref> ọ bịanyere aka na klọb Belgian KAA Gent na July 2015 ma gbazinye ya ozugbo na klọbu Norwegian FK Haugesund. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/33691115|title=Nigerian defender William Troost-Ekong joins Gent|date=28 July 2015|accessdate=28 July 2015|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|publisher=BBC Sport|archivedate=29 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729121200/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33691115}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị 2017, Troost-Ekong bịanyere aka na klọb Turkish Süper Lig Bursaspor . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bursaspor.org.tr/bs//haber?id=22822/07/07/2017/william_troost-ekong_ile_her_konuda_anlasma_saglandi|title=Bursaspor Kulübü Resmi İnternet Sitesi|language=tr|work=www.bursaspor.org.tr|accessdate=8 July 2017|archivedate=15 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214255/https://www.bursaspor.org.tr/bs//haber?id=22822%2F07%2F07%2F2017%2Fwilliam_troost-ekong_ile_her_konuda_anlasma_saglandi}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018, Troost-Ekong sonyeere klọb Udinese nke Serie A nke Ịtali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tuttomercatoweb.com/udinese/?action=read&idtmw=1146988|accessdate=17 August 2018|title=UFFICIALE: Udinese, ingaggiato Troost-Ekong|language=it}}</ref> N'oge izizi ya na Serie A, ọ pụtara 35 league ma debanye aha ugboro anọ, nyere Udinese aka ruo n'ọnọdụ nke iri na abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.completesports.com/troost-ekong-positive-on-udinese-future-after-escaping-relegation/|title=Troost-Ekong Positive On Udinese Future After Escaping Relegation|date=27 March 2019|accessdate=4 August 2019|work=[[Complete Sports]]}}</ref> N'oge ọzọ, Udinese mechara nke iri na atọ, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere akara abụọ ọzọ. N'agbanyeghị mkpọsa egwuregwu na-adịghị mma nke otu ahụ, Troost-Ekong malitere (ma kpọọ nkeji iri itoolu zuru ezu) na mmeri a na-agaghị echefu echefu megide AC Milan na Juventus n'oge abụọ ya na Le ''Zebrette''. Na 29 Septemba 2020, Troost-Ekong bịanyere aka na EFL Championship nke Watford na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta afọ ise. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mysportdab.com/2020/09/watford-sign-nigerian-footballer-troost-ekong-from-udinese/|title=Troost-Ekong Joins Watford|publisher=MySportDab|date=30 September 2020|accessdate=30 September 2020|archivedate=22 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022002539/https://www.mysportdab.com/2020/09/watford-sign-nigerian-footballer-troost-ekong-from-udinese/}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na mmeri 3-2 megide Coventry City na 7 Nọvemba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54758042|title=Watford 3–2 Coventry|publisher=BBC|date=7 November 2020|accessdate=7 November 2020|archivedate=7 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107124554/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54758042}}</ref> Na 24 Jenụwarị 2023, Troost-Ekong bịanyere aka na klọb Serie A Salernitana na mgbazinye ego na nhọrọ ịzụta na ngwụcha oge.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Adetunji|first=Joshua|date=24 January 2023|title=Troost-Ekong confirms Watford departure|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/64388018|accessdate=2023-01-24}}</ref> Na 4 Julaị 2023, ọ sonyeere klọb Super League Greece PAOK na nkwekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide maka mbufe n'efu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paokfc.gr/en/news/20230704-paiktis-tou-paok-o-william-troost-ekong/|title=William Troost-Ekong joins PAOK|date=4 July 2023}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, Troost-Ekong sonyeere klọb Al-Kholood nke Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=تروست القائد الدولي الثامن في "روشن"|url=https://arriyadiyah.com/847622}}</ref> Na 20 Jenụwarị 2026, Troost-Ekong sonyeere otu Qatar Stars League Al-Ahli na mbufe n'efu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=الأهلي يتعاقد مع المدافع النيجيري ويليام ايكونغ لموسم ونصف|url=https://alahlisc.qa/202526023}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == [[Faịlụ:William_troostekong-1439281002.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọzụzụ Troost-Ekong na [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na 2015]] A mụrụ Troost-Ekong na Netherlands n'aka nne Dutch, Eleanore Troost na nna Naijiria. O nwere ụmụnne abụọ, Emily na Everest. Mgbe ọ nọchitere anya Netherlands na ndị na-eto eto n'okpuru afọ 19 na ndị na'n'okpuru afọ 20, <ref name="scotsman">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896|title=Celtic eye Groningen defender William Troost-Ekong|date=12 March 2015|accessdate=28 July 2015|publisher=The Scotsman|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153036/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896 "Celtic eye Groningen defender William Troost-Ekong"]. </cite></ref> Troost-Ekong mechara họrọ ịnọchite anya [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]. O mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa maka Super Eagles na 13 June 2015, na-egwu nkeji 90 na egwuregwu AFCON na Chad. Ọ malitere ugboro atọ maka ndị otu okenye na 2016 tupu a họpụta ya maka ndị otu Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ na atọ na ndị otu ha dị iri atọ na ise maka Rio 2016 Summer Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36623763|title=Kelechi Iheanacho included in Nigeria's Olympics squad|date=24 June 2016|accessdate=25 June 2016|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|publisher=BBC Sport|archivedate=24 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024130341/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36623763}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya n'ime ndị otu iri abụọ na atọ nke Naijiria maka 2018 FIFA World Cup na Russia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Crawford|first=Stephen|title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad – Final 23-man lists|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb|work=Goal|accessdate=16 July 2019|date=4 June 2018|archivedate=15 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515135659/https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb}}</ref> A kpọrọ Troost-Ekong aha na ndị otu mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ nke mba ahụ maka 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigeria: Super Eagles' Team List for Afcon 2019|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201906120056.html|accessdate=21 July 2019|work=Vanguard (Nigeria)|publisher=All Africa|date=11 June 2019}}</ref> ebe o meriri na nkeji iri asatọ na itoolu megide South Africa iji zipụ ndị otu ya na ọkara ikpeazụ n'ụzọ na-aga n'ọkwa nke atọ. Ọ bụ onyeisi ndị Super Eagles na 2021 Africa Cup of Nations, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Afcon should '100% be more respected'|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/59908935|accessdate=2022-02-22}}</ref> ma kpọọ aha ya na asọmpi ahụ Technical Study Group's Best XI of the Group Stage, <ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-23|title=Moses, Troost-Ekong among Africa's Best 11 At AFCON|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/sport/moses-troost-ekong-among-africas-best-11-at-afcon/|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> na-emeri Guinea-Bissau.<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Troost-Ekong Game by Game Stats and Performance|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/matches/_/id/191507|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=ESPN|language=en|archivedate=22 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222170913/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/matches/_/id/191507}}</ref> Naịjirịa gara n'ihu bụrụ onye Tunisia kụrụ n'agba na-esote.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-23|title=Afcon last 16: Tunisia stun 10-man Nigeria after Burkina Faso beat Gabon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jan/23/burkina-faso-gabon-tunisia-nigeria-africa-cup-of-nations-match-report|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=The Guardian|language=en|archivedate=22 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222170918/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jan/23/burkina-faso-gabon-tunisia-nigeria-africa-cup-of-nations-match-report}}</ref> N'oge ntozu nke Iko Mbaụwa nke 2022 agba nke atọ, o meriri penariti n'asọmpi nke abụọ megide Ghana, bụ nke kwụsịrị na ọkpụ 1-1 na mmeri na iwu mgbaru ọsọ pụọ; ya mere, mba ya eruteghị asọmpi isi na Qatar. Na 29 Disemba 2023, a kpọrọ Troost-Ekong n'ime ndị otu nwoke iri abụọ na ise maka iko mba Afrịka nke 2023 na Ivory Coast. Ọ tụgharịrị penariti na mmeri 1–0 na asọmpi otu nke abụọ megide Ivory Coast. N'asọmpi nke ọkara nke ikpeazụ megide South Africa, ọ meriri penariti ọzọ iji nye ndị otu ya ụzọ n'ọkpụkpụ 1-1, tupu ọ gbaa akara n'oge agbapụ nke kwụsịrị na mmeri 4-2. O mechara nye goolu mbụ n'asọmpi ikpeazụ megide Ivory Coast nke kwụsịrị na mmeri 2–1. Ka o sina dị, o jisiri ike nweta ihe nrite onye ọkpụkpọ egwuregwu Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ise ọ gbara na Africa Cup of Nations setịpụrụ ndekọ ọhụrụ maka ọtụtụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke onye na-agbachitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke asọmpi ahụ, karịa akara Stephen Keshi nwere.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Oyebola|first=Mike|date=2024-02-12|title=AFCON 2023: Troost-Ekong makes history in Super Eagles' defeat to Cote d'Ivoire|url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/02/12/afcon-2023-troost-ekong-makes-history-in-super-eagles-defeat-to-cote-divoire/|accessdate=2024-02-17|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/3407|title=NEW RECORD IN AFRICA|publisher=IFFHS|date=13 February 2024}}</ref> Na 4 Disemba 2025, Troost-Ekong kwupụtara ezumike nká ya na bọọlụ mba ụwa na Naịjirịa, izu ole na ole tupu iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africa.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/47209158/super-eagles-captain-william-troost-ekong-retirement-afcon-blow-nigeria|title=Super Eagles captain William Troost-Ekong's retirement before AFCON is a blow for Nigeria|publisher=ESPN|date=5 December 2025}}</ref> William guzobere Troost-Ekong Foundation, otu na-enweghị uru nke ebumnuche ya bụ inye ndị ntorobịa Naijiria na Afrịka ike site na bọọlụ na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chima|first=Naomi|date=2024-07-20|title=Super Eagles captain, Troost-Ekong, unveils foundation with novelty match|url=https://punchng.com/super-eagles-captain-troost-ekong-unveils-foundation-with-novelty-match/|accessdate=2025-01-29|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ibeh|first=Ifeanyi|date=2024-05-21|title=Super Eagles captain Troost-Ekong launches foundation|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/super-eagles-captain-troost-ekong-launches-foundation/|accessdate=2025-01-29|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2025, AF Global Football malitere William Troost-Ekong Scholarship Award, asọmpi agụmakwụkwọ ndị ntorobịa na-agba ọsọ site na ikpo okwu aiScout nke na-enye ebe obibi ego zuru oke n'otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị isi ya na UK.<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Troost-Ekong Scholarship Award|url=https://www.afglobal.football/william-troost-ekong-award|accessdate=19 December 2025|work=AF Global Football}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {{updated|match played 9 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/william-ekong/218093/|title=W. Troost-Ekong|website=Soccerway|access-date=15 August 2021|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612065939/https://int.soccerway.com/players/william-ekong/218093/|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Groningen |2013–14 |Eredivisie |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Dordrecht (onye a gbazitere) |2013–14 |Nkewa nke Eerste |10 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1[c] |0 |11 |0 |- |2014–15 |Eredivisie |22 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !32 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 !34 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Haugesund (onye a gbazinyere) |2015 | rowspan="2" |Ndị Elite na-anọghị n'ọkwa |13 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |0 |- |2016 |24 |3 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !37 !3 !4 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !41 !4 |- |Gent |2016–17 |Belgian Pro League |8 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Bursaspor |2017–18 | rowspan="2" |Süper Lig |27 |2 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |2 |- |2018–19 |1 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !28 !3 !4 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !32 !3 |- | rowspan="3" |Udinese |2018–19 | rowspan="2" |Usoro A |35 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |35 |0 |- |2019–20 |30 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !65 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !66 !0 |- | rowspan="4" |Watford |2020–21 |Mmeri |32 |1 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |33 |1 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |17 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |0 |- |2022–23 |Mmeri |15 |1 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !64 !2 !3 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !68 !2 |- |Salernitana (onye a gbazitere) |2022–23 |Usoro A |9 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |PAOK |2023–24 | rowspan="2" |Njikọ Super Gris |10 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |12[d] |0 | colspan="2" | - |22 |0 |- |2024–25 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2[e] |1 | colspan="2" | - |2 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !10 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !14 !1 !0 !0 !24 !1 |- | rowspan="3" |Al-Kholood |2024–25 | rowspan="2" |Saudi Pro League |32 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |33 |2 |- |2025–26 |13 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !45 !2 !4 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !49 !2 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !300 !11 !17 !1 !1 !0 !14 !1 !1 !0 !333 !13 |}  1 me{{updated|match played 13 November 2025}}<ref name="NFT" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="11" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2015 |4 |0 |- |2016 |5 |0 |- |2017 |7[a] |0 |- |2018 |12 |1 |- |2019 |14 |1 |- |2020 |3 |0 |- |2021 |8 |0 |- |2022 |10 |2 |- |2023 |0 |0 |- |2024 |12 |3 |- |2025 |7 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !82 !8 |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> : ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe Troost-Ekong ọ bụla gasịrị.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke William Troost-Ekong gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |28 Mee 2018 |[[Adokiye Amiesimaka Stadium]], Port Harcourt, Nigeria | DR Congo | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |2 |10 Julaị 2019 |Cairo International Stadium, Cairo, Egypt | South Africa | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |2–1 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2019 |- | align="center" |3 |19 Jenụwarị 2022 |Roumdé Adjia Stadium, Garoua, Cameroon | Guinea-Bissau | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2021 |- | align="center" |4 |29 Machị 2022 |Moshood Abiola National Stadium, [[Abuja]], Nigeria | Ghana | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |2022 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |5 |18 Jenụwarị 2024 |Alassane Ouattara Stadium, Abidjan, Ivory Coast | Ivory Coast | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023 |- | align="center" |6 |7 Febụwarị 2024 |Stade de la Paix, Bouaké, Ivory Coast | South Africa | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1-1 (e.g.) |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023 |- | align="center" |7 |11 Febụwarị 2024 |Alassane Ouattara Stadium, Abidjan, Ivory Coast | Ivory Coast | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–2 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023 |- | align="center" |8 |10 Ọktoba 2025 |Peter Mokaba Stadium, Polokwane, South Africa | Lesotho | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''PAOK''' * Super League Greece: 2023-24<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/2335593/paok-4h4-kai-12-4-os-aoytsainter-apo-75-68-ekane-78-80|title=ΠΑΟΚ 4Χ4 και... 1, 2, 4 ως αουτσάιντερ: από 75–68 το έκανε 78–80!|work=Gazzetta|accessdate=19 May 2024|language=el|date=19 May 2024}}</ref> '''Naịjirịa U23''' * Ihe nrite ọla nchara nke Olimpik: 2016 '''Naịjirịa''' * Onye nke abụọ na Africa Cup of Nations: 2023; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=11 February 2024|title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=BBC Sport|archivedate=12 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212182429/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261}}</ref> nke atọ: 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/football/49022063|title=Africa Cup of Nations third-place play-off – Tunisia 0–1 Nigeria – Live – BBC Sport|publisher=BBC Sport|date=17 July 2019|accessdate=20 July 2019|archivedate=17 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717234341/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/football/49022063}}</ref> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * Onye egwuregwu nke asọmpi iko mba Afrịka: 2023<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|date=11 February 2024|title=TotalEnergies CAF AFCON Cote d'Ivoire 2023 Awards|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/totalenergies-caf-afcon-cote-d-ivoire-2023-awards/|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=CAF|language=|archivedate=12 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212210051/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/totalenergies-caf-afcon-cote-d-ivoire-2023-awards/}}</ref> * Africa Cup of Nations Team nke asọmpi ahụ: 2023 <ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2024|title=CAF TSG Group releases TotalEnergies CAF Africa Cup of Nation Cote d'Ivoire 2023 Best XI|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-tsg-group-releases-totalenergies-caf-africa-cup-of-nation-cote-d-ivoire-2023-best-xi/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214121627/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-tsg-group-releases-totalenergies-caf-africa-cup-of-nation-cote-d-ivoire-2023-best-xi/|archivedate=14 February 2024|accessdate=14 February 2024|work=CAF Online|publisher=Confederation of African Football}}</ref> '''Iwu''' * Onye otu Order of the Niger <ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-02-13|title=Afcon: Ivory Coast and Nigeria players get cash, villas and honours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68286543|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[w:|Al Ahli SC (Doha) squad]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bilju9xf6qrfbm7efeby8i5a8yd2644 672547 672546 2026-07-04T22:33:01Z Johnnybam 24488 672547 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''William''' '''Paul Troost-Ekong''' MFR MON (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 1993) bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agbachitere ndị otu Qatar Stars League Al-Ahli . A mụrụ ya na Netherlands, ọ bụ onyeisi [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ Dutch na Naijiria, Troost-Ekong ruru eru maka Netherlands na Naijeria na mba ụwa. O mere nke mbụ ya maka Naịjirịa n'afọ 2015 ma kemgbe ahụ enwetala ihe karịrị 80 caps. == Ọrụ klọb == Troost-Ekong gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Hockerill Anglo-European College na Bishop's Stortford, na England. Ọ gbara bọọlụ na ọkwa ndị ntorobịa na England maka Fulham na Tottenham Hotspur, <ref name="scotsman">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896|title=Celtic eye Groningen defender William Troost-Ekong|date=12 March 2015|accessdate=28 July 2015|publisher=The Scotsman|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153036/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896}}</ref> Troost-Ekong malitere ọrụ ya dị elu na Netherlands na FC Groningen na FC Dordrecht. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vi.nl/spelers/carriere/william-troostekong.htm|title=Profile|accessdate=28 July 2015|language=nl|publisher=Voetbal International|archivedate=7 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707155156/http://www.vi.nl/spelers/carriere/william-troostekong.htm}}</ref> Mgbe ejikọtara ya na mba ofesi na Celtic n'etiti ndị ọzọ, <ref name="scotsman" /> ọ bịanyere aka na klọb Belgian KAA Gent na July 2015 ma gbazinye ya ozugbo na klọbu Norwegian FK Haugesund. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/33691115|title=Nigerian defender William Troost-Ekong joins Gent|date=28 July 2015|accessdate=28 July 2015|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|publisher=BBC Sport|archivedate=29 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729121200/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33691115}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị 2017, Troost-Ekong bịanyere aka na klọb Turkish Süper Lig Bursaspor . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bursaspor.org.tr/bs//haber?id=22822/07/07/2017/william_troost-ekong_ile_her_konuda_anlasma_saglandi|title=Bursaspor Kulübü Resmi İnternet Sitesi|language=tr|work=www.bursaspor.org.tr|accessdate=8 July 2017|archivedate=15 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214255/https://www.bursaspor.org.tr/bs//haber?id=22822%2F07%2F07%2F2017%2Fwilliam_troost-ekong_ile_her_konuda_anlasma_saglandi}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018, Troost-Ekong sonyeere klọb Udinese nke Serie A nke Ịtali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tuttomercatoweb.com/udinese/?action=read&idtmw=1146988|accessdate=17 August 2018|title=UFFICIALE: Udinese, ingaggiato Troost-Ekong|language=it}}</ref> N'oge izizi ya na Serie A, ọ pụtara 35 league ma debanye aha ugboro anọ, nyere Udinese aka ruo n'ọnọdụ nke iri na abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.completesports.com/troost-ekong-positive-on-udinese-future-after-escaping-relegation/|title=Troost-Ekong Positive On Udinese Future After Escaping Relegation|date=27 March 2019|accessdate=4 August 2019|work=[[Complete Sports]]}}</ref> N'oge ọzọ, Udinese mechara nke iri na atọ, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere akara abụọ ọzọ. N'agbanyeghị mkpọsa egwuregwu na-adịghị mma nke otu ahụ, Troost-Ekong malitere (ma kpọọ nkeji iri itoolu zuru ezu) na mmeri a na-agaghị echefu echefu megide AC Milan na Juventus n'oge abụọ ya na Le ''Zebrette''. Na 29 Septemba 2020, Troost-Ekong bịanyere aka na EFL Championship nke Watford na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta afọ ise. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mysportdab.com/2020/09/watford-sign-nigerian-footballer-troost-ekong-from-udinese/|title=Troost-Ekong Joins Watford|publisher=MySportDab|date=30 September 2020|accessdate=30 September 2020|archivedate=22 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022002539/https://www.mysportdab.com/2020/09/watford-sign-nigerian-footballer-troost-ekong-from-udinese/}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na mmeri 3-2 megide Coventry City na 7 Nọvemba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54758042|title=Watford 3–2 Coventry|publisher=BBC|date=7 November 2020|accessdate=7 November 2020|archivedate=7 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107124554/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54758042}}</ref> Na 24 Jenụwarị 2023, Troost-Ekong bịanyere aka na klọb Serie A Salernitana na mgbazinye ego na nhọrọ ịzụta na ngwụcha oge.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Adetunji|first=Joshua|date=24 January 2023|title=Troost-Ekong confirms Watford departure|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/64388018|accessdate=2023-01-24}}</ref> Na 4 Julaị 2023, ọ sonyeere klọb Super League Greece PAOK na nkwekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide maka mbufe n'efu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paokfc.gr/en/news/20230704-paiktis-tou-paok-o-william-troost-ekong/|title=William Troost-Ekong joins PAOK|date=4 July 2023}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, Troost-Ekong sonyeere klọb Al-Kholood nke Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=تروست القائد الدولي الثامن في "روشن"|url=https://arriyadiyah.com/847622}}</ref> Na 20 Jenụwarị 2026, Troost-Ekong sonyeere otu Qatar Stars League Al-Ahli na mbufe n'efu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=الأهلي يتعاقد مع المدافع النيجيري ويليام ايكونغ لموسم ونصف|url=https://alahlisc.qa/202526023}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == [[Faịlụ:William_troostekong-1439281002.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọzụzụ Troost-Ekong na [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na 2015]] A mụrụ Troost-Ekong na Netherlands n'aka nne Dutch, Eleanore Troost na nna Naijiria. O nwere ụmụnne abụọ, Emily na Everest. Mgbe ọ nọchitere anya Netherlands na ndị na-eto eto n'okpuru afọ 19 na ndị na'n'okpuru afọ 20, <ref name="scotsman">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896|title=Celtic eye Groningen defender William Troost-Ekong|date=12 March 2015|accessdate=28 July 2015|publisher=The Scotsman|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153036/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896 "Celtic eye Groningen defender William Troost-Ekong"]. </cite></ref> Troost-Ekong mechara họrọ ịnọchite anya [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]. O mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa maka Super Eagles na 13 June 2015, na-egwu nkeji 90 na egwuregwu AFCON na Chad. Ọ malitere ugboro atọ maka ndị otu okenye na 2016 tupu a họpụta ya maka ndị otu Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ na atọ na ndị otu ha dị iri atọ na ise maka Rio 2016 Summer Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36623763|title=Kelechi Iheanacho included in Nigeria's Olympics squad|date=24 June 2016|accessdate=25 June 2016|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|publisher=BBC Sport|archivedate=24 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024130341/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36623763}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya n'ime ndị otu iri abụọ na atọ nke Naijiria maka 2018 FIFA World Cup na Russia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Crawford|first=Stephen|title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad – Final 23-man lists|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb|work=Goal|accessdate=16 July 2019|date=4 June 2018|archivedate=15 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515135659/https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb}}</ref> A kpọrọ Troost-Ekong aha na ndị otu mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ nke mba ahụ maka 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigeria: Super Eagles' Team List for Afcon 2019|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201906120056.html|accessdate=21 July 2019|work=Vanguard (Nigeria)|publisher=All Africa|date=11 June 2019}}</ref> ebe o meriri na nkeji iri asatọ na itoolu megide South Africa iji zipụ ndị otu ya na ọkara ikpeazụ n'ụzọ na-aga n'ọkwa nke atọ. Ọ bụ onyeisi ndị Super Eagles na 2021 Africa Cup of Nations, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Afcon should '100% be more respected'|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/59908935|accessdate=2022-02-22}}</ref> ma kpọọ aha ya na asọmpi ahụ Technical Study Group's Best XI of the Group Stage, <ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-23|title=Moses, Troost-Ekong among Africa's Best 11 At AFCON|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/sport/moses-troost-ekong-among-africas-best-11-at-afcon/|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> na-emeri Guinea-Bissau.<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Troost-Ekong Game by Game Stats and Performance|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/matches/_/id/191507|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=ESPN|language=en|archivedate=22 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222170913/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/matches/_/id/191507}}</ref> Naịjirịa gara n'ihu bụrụ onye Tunisia kụrụ n'agba na-esote.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-23|title=Afcon last 16: Tunisia stun 10-man Nigeria after Burkina Faso beat Gabon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jan/23/burkina-faso-gabon-tunisia-nigeria-africa-cup-of-nations-match-report|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=The Guardian|language=en|archivedate=22 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222170918/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jan/23/burkina-faso-gabon-tunisia-nigeria-africa-cup-of-nations-match-report}}</ref> N'oge ntozu nke Iko Mbaụwa nke 2022 agba nke atọ, o meriri penariti n'asọmpi nke abụọ megide Ghana, bụ nke kwụsịrị na ọkpụ 1-1 na mmeri na iwu mgbaru ọsọ pụọ; ya mere, mba ya eruteghị asọmpi isi na Qatar. Na 29 Disemba 2023, a kpọrọ Troost-Ekong n'ime ndị otu nwoke iri abụọ na ise maka iko mba Afrịka nke 2023 na Ivory Coast. Ọ tụgharịrị penariti na mmeri 1–0 na asọmpi otu nke abụọ megide Ivory Coast. N'asọmpi nke ọkara nke ikpeazụ megide South Africa, ọ meriri penariti ọzọ iji nye ndị otu ya ụzọ n'ọkpụkpụ 1-1, tupu ọ gbaa akara n'oge agbapụ nke kwụsịrị na mmeri 4-2. O mechara nye goolu mbụ n'asọmpi ikpeazụ megide Ivory Coast nke kwụsịrị na mmeri 2–1. Ka o sina dị, o jisiri ike nweta ihe nrite onye ọkpụkpọ egwuregwu Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ise ọ gbara na Africa Cup of Nations setịpụrụ ndekọ ọhụrụ maka ọtụtụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke onye na-agbachitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke asọmpi ahụ, karịa akara Stephen Keshi nwere.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Oyebola|first=Mike|date=2024-02-12|title=AFCON 2023: Troost-Ekong makes history in Super Eagles' defeat to Cote d'Ivoire|url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/02/12/afcon-2023-troost-ekong-makes-history-in-super-eagles-defeat-to-cote-divoire/|accessdate=2024-02-17|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/3407|title=NEW RECORD IN AFRICA|publisher=IFFHS|date=13 February 2024}}</ref> Na 4 Disemba 2025, Troost-Ekong kwupụtara ezumike nká ya na bọọlụ mba ụwa na Naịjirịa, izu ole na ole tupu iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africa.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/47209158/super-eagles-captain-william-troost-ekong-retirement-afcon-blow-nigeria|title=Super Eagles captain William Troost-Ekong's retirement before AFCON is a blow for Nigeria|publisher=ESPN|date=5 December 2025}}</ref> William guzobere Troost-Ekong Foundation, otu na-enweghị uru nke ebumnuche ya bụ inye ndị ntorobịa Naijiria na Afrịka ike site na bọọlụ na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chima|first=Naomi|date=2024-07-20|title=Super Eagles captain, Troost-Ekong, unveils foundation with novelty match|url=https://punchng.com/super-eagles-captain-troost-ekong-unveils-foundation-with-novelty-match/|accessdate=2025-01-29|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ibeh|first=Ifeanyi|date=2024-05-21|title=Super Eagles captain Troost-Ekong launches foundation|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/super-eagles-captain-troost-ekong-launches-foundation/|accessdate=2025-01-29|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2025, AF Global Football malitere William Troost-Ekong Scholarship Award, asọmpi agụmakwụkwọ ndị ntorobịa na-agba ọsọ site na ikpo okwu aiScout nke na-enye ebe obibi ego zuru oke n'otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị isi ya na UK.<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Troost-Ekong Scholarship Award|url=https://www.afglobal.football/william-troost-ekong-award|accessdate=19 December 2025|work=AF Global Football}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {{updated|match played 9 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/william-ekong/218093/|title=W. Troost-Ekong|website=Soccerway|access-date=15 August 2021|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612065939/https://int.soccerway.com/players/william-ekong/218093/|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Groningen |2013–14 |Eredivisie |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Dordrecht (onye a gbazitere) |2013–14 |Nkewa nke Eerste |10 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1[c] |0 |11 |0 |- |2014–15 |Eredivisie |22 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !32 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 !34 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Haugesund (onye a gbazinyere) |2015 | rowspan="2" |Ndị Elite na-anọghị n'ọkwa |13 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |0 |- |2016 |24 |3 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !37 !3 !4 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !41 !4 |- |Gent |2016–17 |Belgian Pro League |8 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Bursaspor |2017–18 | rowspan="2" |Süper Lig |27 |2 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |2 |- |2018–19 |1 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !28 !3 !4 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !32 !3 |- | rowspan="3" |Udinese |2018–19 | rowspan="2" |Usoro A |35 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |35 |0 |- |2019–20 |30 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !65 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !66 !0 |- | rowspan="4" |Watford |2020–21 |Mmeri |32 |1 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |33 |1 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |17 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |0 |- |2022–23 |Mmeri |15 |1 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !64 !2 !3 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !68 !2 |- |Salernitana (onye a gbazitere) |2022–23 |Usoro A |9 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |PAOK |2023–24 | rowspan="2" |Njikọ Super Gris |10 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |12[d] |0 | colspan="2" | - |22 |0 |- |2024–25 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2[e] |1 | colspan="2" | - |2 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !10 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !14 !1 !0 !0 !24 !1 |- | rowspan="3" |Al-Kholood |2024–25 | rowspan="2" |Saudi Pro League |32 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |33 |2 |- |2025–26 |13 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !45 !2 !4 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !49 !2 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !300 !11 !17 !1 !1 !0 !14 !1 !1 !0 !333 !13 |}  1 me{{updated|match played 13 November 2025}}<ref name="NFT" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="11" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2015 |4 |0 |- |2016 |5 |0 |- |2017 |7[a] |0 |- |2018 |12 |1 |- |2019 |14 |1 |- |2020 |3 |0 |- |2021 |8 |0 |- |2022 |10 |2 |- |2023 |0 |0 |- |2024 |12 |3 |- |2025 |7 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !82 !8 |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> : ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe Troost-Ekong ọ bụla gasịrị.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke William Troost-Ekong gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |28 Mee 2018 |[[Adokiye Amiesimaka Stadium]], Port Harcourt, Nigeria | DR Congo | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |2 |10 Julaị 2019 |Cairo International Stadium, Cairo, Egypt | South Africa | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |2–1 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2019 |- | align="center" |3 |19 Jenụwarị 2022 |Roumdé Adjia Stadium, Garoua, Cameroon | Guinea-Bissau | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2021 |- | align="center" |4 |29 Machị 2022 |Moshood Abiola National Stadium, [[Abuja]], Nigeria | Ghana | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |2022 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |5 |18 Jenụwarị 2024 |Alassane Ouattara Stadium, Abidjan, Ivory Coast | Ivory Coast | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023 |- | align="center" |6 |7 Febụwarị 2024 |Stade de la Paix, Bouaké, Ivory Coast | South Africa | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1-1 (e.g.) |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023 |- | align="center" |7 |11 Febụwarị 2024 |Alassane Ouattara Stadium, Abidjan, Ivory Coast | Ivory Coast | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–2 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023 |- | align="center" |8 |10 Ọktoba 2025 |Peter Mokaba Stadium, Polokwane, South Africa | Lesotho | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''PAOK''' * Super League Greece: 2023-24<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/2335593/paok-4h4-kai-12-4-os-aoytsainter-apo-75-68-ekane-78-80|title=ΠΑΟΚ 4Χ4 και... 1, 2, 4 ως αουτσάιντερ: από 75–68 το έκανε 78–80!|work=Gazzetta|accessdate=19 May 2024|language=el|date=19 May 2024}}</ref> '''Naịjirịa U23''' * Ihe nrite ọla nchara nke Olimpik: 2016 '''Naịjirịa''' * Onye nke abụọ na Africa Cup of Nations: 2023; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=11 February 2024|title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=BBC Sport|archivedate=12 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212182429/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261}}</ref> nke atọ: 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/football/49022063|title=Africa Cup of Nations third-place play-off – Tunisia 0–1 Nigeria – Live – BBC Sport|publisher=BBC Sport|date=17 July 2019|accessdate=20 July 2019|archivedate=17 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717234341/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/football/49022063}}</ref> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * Onye egwuregwu nke asọmpi iko mba Afrịka: 2023<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|date=11 February 2024|title=TotalEnergies CAF AFCON Cote d'Ivoire 2023 Awards|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/totalenergies-caf-afcon-cote-d-ivoire-2023-awards/|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=CAF|language=|archivedate=12 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212210051/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/totalenergies-caf-afcon-cote-d-ivoire-2023-awards/}}</ref> * Africa Cup of Nations Team nke asọmpi ahụ: 2023 <ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2024|title=CAF TSG Group releases TotalEnergies CAF Africa Cup of Nation Cote d'Ivoire 2023 Best XI|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-tsg-group-releases-totalenergies-caf-africa-cup-of-nation-cote-d-ivoire-2023-best-xi/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214121627/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-tsg-group-releases-totalenergies-caf-africa-cup-of-nation-cote-d-ivoire-2023-best-xi/|archivedate=14 February 2024|accessdate=14 February 2024|work=CAF Online|publisher=Confederation of African Football}}</ref> '''Iwu''' * Onye otu Order of the Niger <ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-02-13|title=Afcon: Ivory Coast and Nigeria players get cash, villas and honours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68286543|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[w:|Al Ahli SC (Doha) squad]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ci3usftwi3fz41gg7qsz9xm48caddyq 672548 672547 2026-07-04T22:34:21Z Johnnybam 24488 672548 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''William''' '''Paul Troost-Ekong''' MFR MON (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 1993) bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agbachitere ndị otu Qatar Stars League Al-Ahli . A mụrụ ya na Netherlands, ọ bụ onyeisi [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ Dutch na Naijiria, Troost-Ekong ruru eru maka Netherlands na Naijeria na mba ụwa. O mere nke mbụ ya maka Naịjirịa n'afọ 2015 ma kemgbe ahụ enwetala ihe karịrị 80 caps. == Ọrụ klọb == Troost-Ekong gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Hockerill Anglo-European College na Bishop's Stortford, na England. Ọ gbara bọọlụ na ọkwa ndị ntorobịa na England maka Fulham na Tottenham Hotspur, <ref name="scotsman">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896|title=Celtic eye Groningen defender William Troost-Ekong|date=12 March 2015|accessdate=28 July 2015|publisher=The Scotsman|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153036/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896}}</ref> Troost-Ekong malitere ọrụ ya dị elu na Netherlands na FC Groningen na FC Dordrecht. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vi.nl/spelers/carriere/william-troostekong.htm|title=Profile|accessdate=28 July 2015|language=nl|publisher=Voetbal International|archivedate=7 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707155156/http://www.vi.nl/spelers/carriere/william-troostekong.htm}}</ref> Mgbe ejikọtara ya na mba ofesi na Celtic n'etiti ndị ọzọ, ọ bịanyere aka na klọb Belgian KAA Gent na July 2015 ma gbazinye ya ozugbo na klọbu Norwegian FK Haugesund. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/33691115|title=Nigerian defender William Troost-Ekong joins Gent|date=28 July 2015|accessdate=28 July 2015|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|publisher=BBC Sport|archivedate=29 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729121200/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33691115}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị 2017, Troost-Ekong bịanyere aka na klọb Turkish Süper Lig Bursaspor . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bursaspor.org.tr/bs//haber?id=22822/07/07/2017/william_troost-ekong_ile_her_konuda_anlasma_saglandi|title=Bursaspor Kulübü Resmi İnternet Sitesi|language=tr|work=www.bursaspor.org.tr|accessdate=8 July 2017|archivedate=15 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214255/https://www.bursaspor.org.tr/bs//haber?id=22822%2F07%2F07%2F2017%2Fwilliam_troost-ekong_ile_her_konuda_anlasma_saglandi}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018, Troost-Ekong sonyeere klọb Udinese nke Serie A nke Ịtali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tuttomercatoweb.com/udinese/?action=read&idtmw=1146988|accessdate=17 August 2018|title=UFFICIALE: Udinese, ingaggiato Troost-Ekong|language=it}}</ref> N'oge izizi ya na Serie A, ọ pụtara 35 league ma debanye aha ugboro anọ, nyere Udinese aka ruo n'ọnọdụ nke iri na abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.completesports.com/troost-ekong-positive-on-udinese-future-after-escaping-relegation/|title=Troost-Ekong Positive On Udinese Future After Escaping Relegation|date=27 March 2019|accessdate=4 August 2019|work=[[Complete Sports]]}}</ref> N'oge ọzọ, Udinese mechara nke iri na atọ, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere akara abụọ ọzọ. N'agbanyeghị mkpọsa egwuregwu na-adịghị mma nke otu ahụ, Troost-Ekong malitere (ma kpọọ nkeji iri itoolu zuru ezu) na mmeri a na-agaghị echefu echefu megide AC Milan na Juventus n'oge abụọ ya na Le ''Zebrette''. Na 29 Septemba 2020, Troost-Ekong bịanyere aka na EFL Championship nke Watford na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta afọ ise. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mysportdab.com/2020/09/watford-sign-nigerian-footballer-troost-ekong-from-udinese/|title=Troost-Ekong Joins Watford|publisher=MySportDab|date=30 September 2020|accessdate=30 September 2020|archivedate=22 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022002539/https://www.mysportdab.com/2020/09/watford-sign-nigerian-footballer-troost-ekong-from-udinese/}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na mmeri 3-2 megide Coventry City na 7 Nọvemba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54758042|title=Watford 3–2 Coventry|publisher=BBC|date=7 November 2020|accessdate=7 November 2020|archivedate=7 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107124554/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54758042}}</ref> Na 24 Jenụwarị 2023, Troost-Ekong bịanyere aka na klọb Serie A Salernitana na mgbazinye ego na nhọrọ ịzụta na ngwụcha oge.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Adetunji|first=Joshua|date=24 January 2023|title=Troost-Ekong confirms Watford departure|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/64388018|accessdate=2023-01-24}}</ref> Na 4 Julaị 2023, ọ sonyeere klọb Super League Greece PAOK na nkwekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide maka mbufe n'efu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paokfc.gr/en/news/20230704-paiktis-tou-paok-o-william-troost-ekong/|title=William Troost-Ekong joins PAOK|date=4 July 2023}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, Troost-Ekong sonyeere klọb Al-Kholood nke Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=تروست القائد الدولي الثامن في "روشن"|url=https://arriyadiyah.com/847622}}</ref> Na 20 Jenụwarị 2026, Troost-Ekong sonyeere otu Qatar Stars League Al-Ahli na mbufe n'efu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=الأهلي يتعاقد مع المدافع النيجيري ويليام ايكونغ لموسم ونصف|url=https://alahlisc.qa/202526023}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == [[Faịlụ:William_troostekong-1439281002.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọzụzụ Troost-Ekong na [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na 2015]] A mụrụ Troost-Ekong na Netherlands n'aka nne Dutch, Eleanore Troost na nna Naijiria. O nwere ụmụnne abụọ, Emily na Everest. Mgbe ọ nọchitere anya Netherlands na ndị na-eto eto n'okpuru afọ 19 na ndị na'n'okpuru afọ 20, <ref name="scotsman" />Troost-Ekong mechara họrọ ịnọchite anya [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]. O mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa maka Super Eagles na 13 June 2015, na-egwu nkeji 90 na egwuregwu AFCON na Chad. Ọ malitere ugboro atọ maka ndị otu okenye na 2016 tupu a họpụta ya maka ndị otu Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ na atọ na ndị otu ha dị iri atọ na ise maka Rio 2016 Summer Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36623763|title=Kelechi Iheanacho included in Nigeria's Olympics squad|date=24 June 2016|accessdate=25 June 2016|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|publisher=BBC Sport|archivedate=24 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024130341/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36623763}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya n'ime ndị otu iri abụọ na atọ nke Naijiria maka 2018 FIFA World Cup na Russia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Crawford|first=Stephen|title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad – Final 23-man lists|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb|work=Goal|accessdate=16 July 2019|date=4 June 2018|archivedate=15 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515135659/https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb}}</ref> A kpọrọ Troost-Ekong aha na ndị otu mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ nke mba ahụ maka 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigeria: Super Eagles' Team List for Afcon 2019|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201906120056.html|accessdate=21 July 2019|work=Vanguard (Nigeria)|publisher=All Africa|date=11 June 2019}}</ref> ebe o meriri na nkeji iri asatọ na itoolu megide South Africa iji zipụ ndị otu ya na ọkara ikpeazụ n'ụzọ na-aga n'ọkwa nke atọ. Ọ bụ onyeisi ndị Super Eagles na 2021 Africa Cup of Nations, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Afcon should '100% be more respected'|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/59908935|accessdate=2022-02-22}}</ref> ma kpọọ aha ya na asọmpi ahụ Technical Study Group's Best XI of the Group Stage, <ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-23|title=Moses, Troost-Ekong among Africa's Best 11 At AFCON|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/sport/moses-troost-ekong-among-africas-best-11-at-afcon/|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> na-emeri Guinea-Bissau.<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Troost-Ekong Game by Game Stats and Performance|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/matches/_/id/191507|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=ESPN|language=en|archivedate=22 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222170913/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/matches/_/id/191507}}</ref> Naịjirịa gara n'ihu bụrụ onye Tunisia kụrụ n'agba na-esote.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-23|title=Afcon last 16: Tunisia stun 10-man Nigeria after Burkina Faso beat Gabon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jan/23/burkina-faso-gabon-tunisia-nigeria-africa-cup-of-nations-match-report|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=The Guardian|language=en|archivedate=22 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222170918/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jan/23/burkina-faso-gabon-tunisia-nigeria-africa-cup-of-nations-match-report}}</ref> N'oge ntozu nke Iko Mbaụwa nke 2022 agba nke atọ, o meriri penariti n'asọmpi nke abụọ megide Ghana, bụ nke kwụsịrị na ọkpụ 1-1 na mmeri na iwu mgbaru ọsọ pụọ; ya mere, mba ya eruteghị asọmpi isi na Qatar. Na 29 Disemba 2023, a kpọrọ Troost-Ekong n'ime ndị otu nwoke iri abụọ na ise maka iko mba Afrịka nke 2023 na Ivory Coast. Ọ tụgharịrị penariti na mmeri 1–0 na asọmpi otu nke abụọ megide Ivory Coast. N'asọmpi nke ọkara nke ikpeazụ megide South Africa, ọ meriri penariti ọzọ iji nye ndị otu ya ụzọ n'ọkpụkpụ 1-1, tupu ọ gbaa akara n'oge agbapụ nke kwụsịrị na mmeri 4-2. O mechara nye goolu mbụ n'asọmpi ikpeazụ megide Ivory Coast nke kwụsịrị na mmeri 2–1. Ka o sina dị, o jisiri ike nweta ihe nrite onye ọkpụkpọ egwuregwu Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ise ọ gbara na Africa Cup of Nations setịpụrụ ndekọ ọhụrụ maka ọtụtụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke onye na-agbachitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke asọmpi ahụ, karịa akara Stephen Keshi nwere.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Oyebola|first=Mike|date=2024-02-12|title=AFCON 2023: Troost-Ekong makes history in Super Eagles' defeat to Cote d'Ivoire|url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/02/12/afcon-2023-troost-ekong-makes-history-in-super-eagles-defeat-to-cote-divoire/|accessdate=2024-02-17|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/3407|title=NEW RECORD IN AFRICA|publisher=IFFHS|date=13 February 2024}}</ref> Na 4 Disemba 2025, Troost-Ekong kwupụtara ezumike nká ya na bọọlụ mba ụwa na Naịjirịa, izu ole na ole tupu iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africa.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/47209158/super-eagles-captain-william-troost-ekong-retirement-afcon-blow-nigeria|title=Super Eagles captain William Troost-Ekong's retirement before AFCON is a blow for Nigeria|publisher=ESPN|date=5 December 2025}}</ref> William guzobere Troost-Ekong Foundation, otu na-enweghị uru nke ebumnuche ya bụ inye ndị ntorobịa Naijiria na Afrịka ike site na bọọlụ na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chima|first=Naomi|date=2024-07-20|title=Super Eagles captain, Troost-Ekong, unveils foundation with novelty match|url=https://punchng.com/super-eagles-captain-troost-ekong-unveils-foundation-with-novelty-match/|accessdate=2025-01-29|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ibeh|first=Ifeanyi|date=2024-05-21|title=Super Eagles captain Troost-Ekong launches foundation|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/super-eagles-captain-troost-ekong-launches-foundation/|accessdate=2025-01-29|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2025, AF Global Football malitere William Troost-Ekong Scholarship Award, asọmpi agụmakwụkwọ ndị ntorobịa na-agba ọsọ site na ikpo okwu aiScout nke na-enye ebe obibi ego zuru oke n'otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị isi ya na UK.<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Troost-Ekong Scholarship Award|url=https://www.afglobal.football/william-troost-ekong-award|accessdate=19 December 2025|work=AF Global Football}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {{updated|match played 9 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/william-ekong/218093/|title=W. Troost-Ekong|website=Soccerway|access-date=15 August 2021|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612065939/https://int.soccerway.com/players/william-ekong/218093/|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Groningen |2013–14 |Eredivisie |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Dordrecht (onye a gbazitere) |2013–14 |Nkewa nke Eerste |10 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1[c] |0 |11 |0 |- |2014–15 |Eredivisie |22 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !32 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 !34 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Haugesund (onye a gbazinyere) |2015 | rowspan="2" |Ndị Elite na-anọghị n'ọkwa |13 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |0 |- |2016 |24 |3 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !37 !3 !4 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !41 !4 |- |Gent |2016–17 |Belgian Pro League |8 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Bursaspor |2017–18 | rowspan="2" |Süper Lig |27 |2 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |2 |- |2018–19 |1 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !28 !3 !4 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !32 !3 |- | rowspan="3" |Udinese |2018–19 | rowspan="2" |Usoro A |35 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |35 |0 |- |2019–20 |30 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !65 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !66 !0 |- | rowspan="4" |Watford |2020–21 |Mmeri |32 |1 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |33 |1 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |17 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |0 |- |2022–23 |Mmeri |15 |1 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !64 !2 !3 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !68 !2 |- |Salernitana (onye a gbazitere) |2022–23 |Usoro A |9 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |PAOK |2023–24 | rowspan="2" |Njikọ Super Gris |10 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |12[d] |0 | colspan="2" | - |22 |0 |- |2024–25 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2[e] |1 | colspan="2" | - |2 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !10 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !14 !1 !0 !0 !24 !1 |- | rowspan="3" |Al-Kholood |2024–25 | rowspan="2" |Saudi Pro League |32 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |33 |2 |- |2025–26 |13 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !45 !2 !4 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !49 !2 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !300 !11 !17 !1 !1 !0 !14 !1 !1 !0 !333 !13 |}  1 me{{updated|match played 13 November 2025}}<ref name="NFT" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="11" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2015 |4 |0 |- |2016 |5 |0 |- |2017 |7[a] |0 |- |2018 |12 |1 |- |2019 |14 |1 |- |2020 |3 |0 |- |2021 |8 |0 |- |2022 |10 |2 |- |2023 |0 |0 |- |2024 |12 |3 |- |2025 |7 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !82 !8 |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> : ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe Troost-Ekong ọ bụla gasịrị.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke William Troost-Ekong gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |28 Mee 2018 |[[Adokiye Amiesimaka Stadium]], Port Harcourt, Nigeria | DR Congo | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |2 |10 Julaị 2019 |Cairo International Stadium, Cairo, Egypt | South Africa | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |2–1 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2019 |- | align="center" |3 |19 Jenụwarị 2022 |Roumdé Adjia Stadium, Garoua, Cameroon | Guinea-Bissau | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2021 |- | align="center" |4 |29 Machị 2022 |Moshood Abiola National Stadium, [[Abuja]], Nigeria | Ghana | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |2022 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |5 |18 Jenụwarị 2024 |Alassane Ouattara Stadium, Abidjan, Ivory Coast | Ivory Coast | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023 |- | align="center" |6 |7 Febụwarị 2024 |Stade de la Paix, Bouaké, Ivory Coast | South Africa | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1-1 (e.g.) |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023 |- | align="center" |7 |11 Febụwarị 2024 |Alassane Ouattara Stadium, Abidjan, Ivory Coast | Ivory Coast | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–2 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023 |- | align="center" |8 |10 Ọktoba 2025 |Peter Mokaba Stadium, Polokwane, South Africa | Lesotho | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''PAOK''' * Super League Greece: 2023-24<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/2335593/paok-4h4-kai-12-4-os-aoytsainter-apo-75-68-ekane-78-80|title=ΠΑΟΚ 4Χ4 και... 1, 2, 4 ως αουτσάιντερ: από 75–68 το έκανε 78–80!|work=Gazzetta|accessdate=19 May 2024|language=el|date=19 May 2024}}</ref> '''Naịjirịa U23''' * Ihe nrite ọla nchara nke Olimpik: 2016 '''Naịjirịa''' * Onye nke abụọ na Africa Cup of Nations: 2023; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=11 February 2024|title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=BBC Sport|archivedate=12 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212182429/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261}}</ref> nke atọ: 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/football/49022063|title=Africa Cup of Nations third-place play-off – Tunisia 0–1 Nigeria – Live – BBC Sport|publisher=BBC Sport|date=17 July 2019|accessdate=20 July 2019|archivedate=17 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717234341/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/football/49022063}}</ref> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * Onye egwuregwu nke asọmpi iko mba Afrịka: 2023<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|date=11 February 2024|title=TotalEnergies CAF AFCON Cote d'Ivoire 2023 Awards|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/totalenergies-caf-afcon-cote-d-ivoire-2023-awards/|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=CAF|language=|archivedate=12 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212210051/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/totalenergies-caf-afcon-cote-d-ivoire-2023-awards/}}</ref> * Africa Cup of Nations Team nke asọmpi ahụ: 2023 <ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2024|title=CAF TSG Group releases TotalEnergies CAF Africa Cup of Nation Cote d'Ivoire 2023 Best XI|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-tsg-group-releases-totalenergies-caf-africa-cup-of-nation-cote-d-ivoire-2023-best-xi/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214121627/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-tsg-group-releases-totalenergies-caf-africa-cup-of-nation-cote-d-ivoire-2023-best-xi/|archivedate=14 February 2024|accessdate=14 February 2024|work=CAF Online|publisher=Confederation of African Football}}</ref> '''Iwu''' * Onye otu Order of the Niger <ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-02-13|title=Afcon: Ivory Coast and Nigeria players get cash, villas and honours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68286543|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[w:|Al Ahli SC (Doha) squad]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 6oww8f3m26aqoj47wnnn4lnd27z1mdw 672549 672548 2026-07-04T22:37:01Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ */ 672549 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''William''' '''Paul Troost-Ekong''' MFR MON (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 1993) bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agbachitere ndị otu Qatar Stars League Al-Ahli . A mụrụ ya na Netherlands, ọ bụ onyeisi [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. A mụrụ ya n'ezinụlọ Dutch na Naijiria, Troost-Ekong ruru eru maka Netherlands na Naijeria na mba ụwa. O mere nke mbụ ya maka Naịjirịa n'afọ 2015 ma kemgbe ahụ enwetala ihe karịrị 80 caps. == Ọrụ klọb == Troost-Ekong gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na Hockerill Anglo-European College na Bishop's Stortford, na England. Ọ gbara bọọlụ na ọkwa ndị ntorobịa na England maka Fulham na Tottenham Hotspur, <ref name="scotsman">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896|title=Celtic eye Groningen defender William Troost-Ekong|date=12 March 2015|accessdate=28 July 2015|publisher=The Scotsman|archivedate=24 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924153036/http://www.scotsman.com/sport/football/latest/celtic-eye-groningen-defender-william-troost-ekong-1-3716896}}</ref> Troost-Ekong malitere ọrụ ya dị elu na Netherlands na FC Groningen na FC Dordrecht. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vi.nl/spelers/carriere/william-troostekong.htm|title=Profile|accessdate=28 July 2015|language=nl|publisher=Voetbal International|archivedate=7 July 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140707155156/http://www.vi.nl/spelers/carriere/william-troostekong.htm}}</ref> Mgbe ejikọtara ya na mba ofesi na Celtic n'etiti ndị ọzọ, ọ bịanyere aka na klọb Belgian KAA Gent na July 2015 ma gbazinye ya ozugbo na klọbu Norwegian FK Haugesund. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/33691115|title=Nigerian defender William Troost-Ekong joins Gent|date=28 July 2015|accessdate=28 July 2015|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|publisher=BBC Sport|archivedate=29 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150729121200/http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/33691115}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị 2017, Troost-Ekong bịanyere aka na klọb Turkish Süper Lig Bursaspor . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bursaspor.org.tr/bs//haber?id=22822/07/07/2017/william_troost-ekong_ile_her_konuda_anlasma_saglandi|title=Bursaspor Kulübü Resmi İnternet Sitesi|language=tr|work=www.bursaspor.org.tr|accessdate=8 July 2017|archivedate=15 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180615214255/https://www.bursaspor.org.tr/bs//haber?id=22822%2F07%2F07%2F2017%2Fwilliam_troost-ekong_ile_her_konuda_anlasma_saglandi}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018, Troost-Ekong sonyeere klọb Udinese nke Serie A nke Ịtali.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://m.tuttomercatoweb.com/udinese/?action=read&idtmw=1146988|accessdate=17 August 2018|title=UFFICIALE: Udinese, ingaggiato Troost-Ekong|language=it}}</ref> N'oge izizi ya na Serie A, ọ pụtara 35 league ma debanye aha ugboro anọ, nyere Udinese aka ruo n'ọnọdụ nke iri na abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.completesports.com/troost-ekong-positive-on-udinese-future-after-escaping-relegation/|title=Troost-Ekong Positive On Udinese Future After Escaping Relegation|date=27 March 2019|accessdate=4 August 2019|work=[[Complete Sports]]}}</ref> N'oge ọzọ, Udinese mechara nke iri na atọ, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere akara abụọ ọzọ. N'agbanyeghị mkpọsa egwuregwu na-adịghị mma nke otu ahụ, Troost-Ekong malitere (ma kpọọ nkeji iri itoolu zuru ezu) na mmeri a na-agaghị echefu echefu megide AC Milan na Juventus n'oge abụọ ya na Le ''Zebrette''. Na 29 Septemba 2020, Troost-Ekong bịanyere aka na EFL Championship nke Watford na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta afọ ise. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mysportdab.com/2020/09/watford-sign-nigerian-footballer-troost-ekong-from-udinese/|title=Troost-Ekong Joins Watford|publisher=MySportDab|date=30 September 2020|accessdate=30 September 2020|archivedate=22 October 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022002539/https://www.mysportdab.com/2020/09/watford-sign-nigerian-footballer-troost-ekong-from-udinese/}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na mmeri 3-2 megide Coventry City na 7 Nọvemba 2020. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54758042|title=Watford 3–2 Coventry|publisher=BBC|date=7 November 2020|accessdate=7 November 2020|archivedate=7 November 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107124554/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/54758042}}</ref> Na 24 Jenụwarị 2023, Troost-Ekong bịanyere aka na klọb Serie A Salernitana na mgbazinye ego na nhọrọ ịzụta na ngwụcha oge.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Adetunji|first=Joshua|date=24 January 2023|title=Troost-Ekong confirms Watford departure|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/africa/64388018|accessdate=2023-01-24}}</ref> Na 4 Julaị 2023, ọ sonyeere klọb Super League Greece PAOK na nkwekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide maka mbufe n'efu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.paokfc.gr/en/news/20230704-paiktis-tou-paok-o-william-troost-ekong/|title=William Troost-Ekong joins PAOK|date=4 July 2023}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, Troost-Ekong sonyeere klọb Al-Kholood nke Saudi Arabia.<ref>{{Cite web|title=تروست القائد الدولي الثامن في "روشن"|url=https://arriyadiyah.com/847622}}</ref> Na 20 Jenụwarị 2026, Troost-Ekong sonyeere otu Qatar Stars League Al-Ahli na mbufe n'efu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=الأهلي يتعاقد مع المدافع النيجيري ويليام ايكونغ لموسم ونصف|url=https://alahlisc.qa/202526023}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == [[Faịlụ:William_troostekong-1439281002.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọzụzụ Troost-Ekong na [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na 2015]] A mụrụ Troost-Ekong na Netherlands n'aka nne Dutch, Eleanore Troost na nna Naijiria. O nwere ụmụnne abụọ, Emily na Everest. Mgbe ọ nọchitere anya Netherlands na ndị na-eto eto n'okpuru afọ 19 na ndị na'n'okpuru afọ 20, <ref name="scotsman" />Troost-Ekong mechara họrọ ịnọchite anya [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]. O mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa maka Super Eagles na 13 June 2015, na-egwu nkeji 90 na egwuregwu AFCON na Chad. Ọ malitere ugboro atọ maka ndị otu okenye na 2016 tupu a họpụta ya maka ndị otu Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ na atọ na ndị otu ha dị iri atọ na ise maka Rio 2016 Summer Olympics.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36623763|title=Kelechi Iheanacho included in Nigeria's Olympics squad|date=24 June 2016|accessdate=25 June 2016|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|publisher=BBC Sport|archivedate=24 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024130341/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36623763}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya n'ime ndị otu iri abụọ na atọ nke Naijiria maka 2018 FIFA World Cup na Russia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Crawford|first=Stephen|title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad – Final 23-man lists|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb|work=Goal|accessdate=16 July 2019|date=4 June 2018|archivedate=15 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180515135659/https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb}}</ref> A kpọrọ Troost-Ekong aha na ndị otu mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ nke mba ahụ maka 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Nigeria: Super Eagles' Team List for Afcon 2019|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201906120056.html|accessdate=21 July 2019|work=Vanguard (Nigeria)|publisher=All Africa|date=11 June 2019}}</ref> ebe o meriri na nkeji iri asatọ na itoolu megide South Africa iji zipụ ndị otu ya na ọkara ikpeazụ n'ụzọ na-aga n'ọkwa nke atọ. Ọ bụ onyeisi ndị Super Eagles na 2021 Africa Cup of Nations, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Afcon should '100% be more respected'|language=en-GB|work=BBC Sport|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/59908935|accessdate=2022-02-22}}</ref> ma kpọọ aha ya na asọmpi ahụ Technical Study Group's Best XI of the Group Stage, <ref>{{Cite news|date=2022-01-23|title=Moses, Troost-Ekong among Africa's Best 11 At AFCON|url=https://editor.guardian.ng/sport/moses-troost-ekong-among-africas-best-11-at-afcon/|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> na-emeri Guinea-Bissau.<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Troost-Ekong Game by Game Stats and Performance|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/matches/_/id/191507|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=ESPN|language=en|archivedate=22 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222170913/https://www.espn.co.uk/football/player/matches/_/id/191507}}</ref> Naịjirịa gara n'ihu bụrụ onye Tunisia kụrụ n'agba na-esote.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-23|title=Afcon last 16: Tunisia stun 10-man Nigeria after Burkina Faso beat Gabon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jan/23/burkina-faso-gabon-tunisia-nigeria-africa-cup-of-nations-match-report|accessdate=2022-02-22|work=The Guardian|language=en|archivedate=22 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222170918/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2022/jan/23/burkina-faso-gabon-tunisia-nigeria-africa-cup-of-nations-match-report}}</ref> N'oge ntozu nke Iko Mbaụwa nke 2022 agba nke atọ, o meriri penariti n'asọmpi nke abụọ megide Ghana, bụ nke kwụsịrị na ọkpụ 1-1 na mmeri na iwu mgbaru ọsọ pụọ; ya mere, mba ya eruteghị asọmpi isi na Qatar. Na 29 Disemba 2023, a kpọrọ Troost-Ekong n'ime ndị otu nwoke iri abụọ na ise maka iko mba Afrịka nke 2023 na Ivory Coast. Ọ tụgharịrị penariti na mmeri 1–0 na asọmpi otu nke abụọ megide Ivory Coast. N'asọmpi nke ọkara nke ikpeazụ megide South Africa, ọ meriri penariti ọzọ iji nye ndị otu ya ụzọ n'ọkpụkpụ 1-1, tupu ọ gbaa akara n'oge agbapụ nke kwụsịrị na mmeri 4-2. O mechara nye goolu mbụ n'asọmpi ikpeazụ megide Ivory Coast nke kwụsịrị na mmeri 2–1. Ka o sina dị, o jisiri ike nweta ihe nrite onye ọkpụkpọ egwuregwu Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ise ọ gbara na Africa Cup of Nations setịpụrụ ndekọ ọhụrụ maka ọtụtụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke onye na-agbachitere na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke asọmpi ahụ, karịa akara Stephen Keshi nwere.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Oyebola|first=Mike|date=2024-02-12|title=AFCON 2023: Troost-Ekong makes history in Super Eagles' defeat to Cote d'Ivoire|url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/02/12/afcon-2023-troost-ekong-makes-history-in-super-eagles-defeat-to-cote-divoire/|accessdate=2024-02-17|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/3407|title=NEW RECORD IN AFRICA|publisher=IFFHS|date=13 February 2024}}</ref> Na 4 Disemba 2025, Troost-Ekong kwupụtara ezumike nká ya na bọọlụ mba ụwa na Naịjirịa, izu ole na ole tupu iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://africa.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/47209158/super-eagles-captain-william-troost-ekong-retirement-afcon-blow-nigeria|title=Super Eagles captain William Troost-Ekong's retirement before AFCON is a blow for Nigeria|publisher=ESPN|date=5 December 2025}}</ref> William guzobere Troost-Ekong Foundation, otu na-enweghị uru nke ebumnuche ya bụ inye ndị ntorobịa Naijiria na Afrịka ike site na bọọlụ na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Chima|first=Naomi|date=2024-07-20|title=Super Eagles captain, Troost-Ekong, unveils foundation with novelty match|url=https://punchng.com/super-eagles-captain-troost-ekong-unveils-foundation-with-novelty-match/|accessdate=2025-01-29|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ibeh|first=Ifeanyi|date=2024-05-21|title=Super Eagles captain Troost-Ekong launches foundation|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/super-eagles-captain-troost-ekong-launches-foundation/|accessdate=2025-01-29|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2025, AF Global Football malitere William Troost-Ekong Scholarship Award, asọmpi agụmakwụkwọ ndị ntorobịa na-agba ọsọ site na ikpo okwu aiScout nke na-enye ebe obibi ego zuru oke n'otu n'ime ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị isi ya na UK.<ref>{{Cite web|title=William Troost-Ekong Scholarship Award|url=https://www.afglobal.football/william-troost-ekong-award|accessdate=19 December 2025|work=AF Global Football}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w:updated|match played 9 January 2026]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/william-ekong/218093/|title=W. Troost-Ekong|website=Soccerway|access-date=15 August 2021|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612065939/https://int.soccerway.com/players/william-ekong/218093/|url-status=live}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Groningen |2013–14 |Eredivisie |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Dordrecht (onye a gbazitere) |2013–14 |Nkewa nke Eerste |10 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1[c] |0 |11 |0 |- |2014–15 |Eredivisie |22 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !32 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 !34 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Haugesund (onye a gbazinyere) |2015 | rowspan="2" |Ndị Elite na-anọghị n'ọkwa |13 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |0 |- |2016 |24 |3 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !37 !3 !4 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !41 !4 |- |Gent |2016–17 |Belgian Pro League |8 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Bursaspor |2017–18 | rowspan="2" |Süper Lig |27 |2 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |2 |- |2018–19 |1 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !28 !3 !4 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !32 !3 |- | rowspan="3" |Udinese |2018–19 | rowspan="2" |Usoro A |35 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |35 |0 |- |2019–20 |30 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !65 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !66 !0 |- | rowspan="4" |Watford |2020–21 |Mmeri |32 |1 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |33 |1 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |17 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |0 |- |2022–23 |Mmeri |15 |1 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !64 !2 !3 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !68 !2 |- |Salernitana (onye a gbazitere) |2022–23 |Usoro A |9 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |PAOK |2023–24 | rowspan="2" |Njikọ Super Gris |10 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |12[d] |0 | colspan="2" | - |22 |0 |- |2024–25 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2[e] |1 | colspan="2" | - |2 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !10 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !14 !1 !0 !0 !24 !1 |- | rowspan="3" |Al-Kholood |2024–25 | rowspan="2" |Saudi Pro League |32 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |33 |2 |- |2025–26 |13 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !45 !2 !4 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !49 !2 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !300 !11 !17 !1 !1 !0 !14 !1 !1 !0 !333 !13 |}  1 me[[w:updated|match played 13 November 2025]]<ref name="NFT" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="11" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2015 |4 |0 |- |2016 |5 |0 |- |2017 |7[a] |0 |- |2018 |12 |1 |- |2019 |14 |1 |- |2020 |3 |0 |- |2021 |8 |0 |- |2022 |10 |2 |- |2023 |0 |0 |- |2024 |12 |3 |- |2025 |7 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !82 !8 |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> : ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe Troost-Ekong ọ bụla gasịrị.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke William Troost-Ekong gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |28 Mee 2018 |[[Adokiye Amiesimaka Stadium]], Port Harcourt, Nigeria | DR Congo | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |2 |10 Julaị 2019 |Cairo International Stadium, Cairo, Egypt | South Africa | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |2–1 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2019 |- | align="center" |3 |19 Jenụwarị 2022 |Roumdé Adjia Stadium, Garoua, Cameroon | Guinea-Bissau | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2021 |- | align="center" |4 |29 Machị 2022 |Moshood Abiola National Stadium, [[Abuja]], Nigeria | Ghana | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |2022 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |5 |18 Jenụwarị 2024 |Alassane Ouattara Stadium, Abidjan, Ivory Coast | Ivory Coast | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023 |- | align="center" |6 |7 Febụwarị 2024 |Stade de la Paix, Bouaké, Ivory Coast | South Africa | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1-1 (e.g.) |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023 |- | align="center" |7 |11 Febụwarị 2024 |Alassane Ouattara Stadium, Abidjan, Ivory Coast | Ivory Coast | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–2 |Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2023 |- | align="center" |8 |10 Ọktoba 2025 |Peter Mokaba Stadium, Polokwane, South Africa | Lesotho | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''PAOK''' * Super League Greece: 2023-24<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gazzetta.gr/football/superleague/2335593/paok-4h4-kai-12-4-os-aoytsainter-apo-75-68-ekane-78-80|title=ΠΑΟΚ 4Χ4 και... 1, 2, 4 ως αουτσάιντερ: από 75–68 το έκανε 78–80!|work=Gazzetta|accessdate=19 May 2024|language=el|date=19 May 2024}}</ref> '''Naịjirịa U23''' * Ihe nrite ọla nchara nke Olimpik: 2016 '''Naịjirịa''' * Onye nke abụọ na Africa Cup of Nations: 2023; <ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=11 February 2024|title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=BBC Sport|archivedate=12 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212182429/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261}}</ref> nke atọ: 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/football/49022063|title=Africa Cup of Nations third-place play-off – Tunisia 0–1 Nigeria – Live – BBC Sport|publisher=BBC Sport|date=17 July 2019|accessdate=20 July 2019|archivedate=17 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190717234341/https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/live/football/49022063}}</ref> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * Onye egwuregwu nke asọmpi iko mba Afrịka: 2023<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|date=11 February 2024|title=TotalEnergies CAF AFCON Cote d'Ivoire 2023 Awards|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/totalenergies-caf-afcon-cote-d-ivoire-2023-awards/|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=CAF|language=|archivedate=12 February 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240212210051/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/totalenergies-caf-afcon-cote-d-ivoire-2023-awards/}}</ref> * Africa Cup of Nations Team nke asọmpi ahụ: 2023 <ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2024|title=CAF TSG Group releases TotalEnergies CAF Africa Cup of Nation Cote d'Ivoire 2023 Best XI|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-tsg-group-releases-totalenergies-caf-africa-cup-of-nation-cote-d-ivoire-2023-best-xi/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214121627/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-tsg-group-releases-totalenergies-caf-africa-cup-of-nation-cote-d-ivoire-2023-best-xi/|archivedate=14 February 2024|accessdate=14 February 2024|work=CAF Online|publisher=Confederation of African Football}}</ref> '''Iwu''' * Onye otu Order of the Niger <ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-02-13|title=Afcon: Ivory Coast and Nigeria players get cash, villas and honours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68286543|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[w:|Al Ahli SC (Doha) squad]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] liya397doajs3t7gves9d15u579bi29 0 75383 672540 632490 2026-07-04T22:22:35Z Johnnybam 24488 672540 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ryan Fiyinfoluwa Alebiosu''' {{Audio|Ryan Alebiosu.ogg|Listen}} (amụrụ na 17 Disemba 2001) bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-azụ azụ aka nri maka otu EFL Championship Blackburn Rovers . A mụrụ ya n'England, ọ na-anọchite anya [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na mba ụwa. == Ọrụ klọb == Ọ bịanyere aka na mgbazinye ego maka otu EFL League One Crewe Alexandra na Jenụwarị 2022, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60175226|title=Crewe sign Alebiosu, Uwakwe & Agyei|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> wee mee nke mbụ ya zuru oke na mmeri 1-0 nke Crewe na Gillingham na 1 Febụwarị 2022. Ọ kwagara na Kilmarnock na July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/ryan-alebiosu-joins-kilmarnock-loan|title=Ryan Alebiosu joins Kilmarnock on loan|work=Arsenal.com}}</ref> Na Septemba 2023 ọ bịanyere aka na klọb Belgian Pro League Kortrijk . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/ryan-alebiosu-joins-kv-kortrijk-permanent-transfer-academy|title=Ryan Alebiosu joins KV Kortrijk in permanent deal|work=Arsenal.com}}</ref> N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2025, Alebiosu gara St Mirren.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=St Mirren F.C.|url=https://www.stmirren.com/all-news/5757-ryan-alebiosu-joins-on-loan-from-k-v-kortrijk|title=Ryan Alebiosu joins on loan from K.V. Kortrijk|date=3 February 2025|accessdate=6 February 2025}}</ref> Na 11 Julaị 2025, Alebiosu bịanyere aka na Blackburn Rovers nke asọmpi EFL na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ mbụ yana nhọrọ nke ọnwa iri na abụọ ọzọ. Na 25 Ọktoba 2025, Alebiosu gbara bọọlụ mbụ ya maka Blackburn Rovers, na mmeri 2–1 megide Southampton. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Alebiosu ruru eru ịnọchite anya England na [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na ọkwa mba ụwa, ebe a mụrụ ya na England na nne na nna Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria name Blackburn Rovers' Ryan Alebiosu in massive AFCON preliminary squad|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/47186176/nigeria-name-blackburn-rovers-ryan-alebiosu-massive-afcon-preliminary-squad|work=ESPN|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref> O nwetara paspọtụ Naijiria n'ihu 2025 Africa Cup of Nations, ma kpọọ aha ya na ndị otu ikpeazụ nke Naijiria 28 maka asọmpi ahụ, na-egosi na ọ bụ onye isi mbụ ya maka Super Eagles. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Passport Issue Solved – Blackburn Rovers Defender Gets All Clear To Represent Nigeria At The AFCON|url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2025/12/02/passport-issue-solved-blackburn-rovers-defender-get-all-clear-to-represent-nigeria-at-the-afcon/|work=OwnGoalNigeria|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=FULL LIST: Okoye, Boniface dropped as Nwabali, Onuachu make Eagles’ AFCON final squad|url=https://www.thecable.ng/full-list-okoye-boniface-dropped-as-nwabali-onuachu-make-eagles-afcon-final-squad/|work=[[TheCable]]|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref> N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2025, Alebiosu mere nke mbụ ya maka Naịjirịa, na-egwu egwuregwu zuru ezu n'egwuregwu ikpeazụ ha, mmeri 3-1 na Uganda, nke mere ka Naịjirịga nwee ọganihu na agba nke iri na isii.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uganda vs Nigeria: CAF Africa Cup of Nations stats & head-to-head|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/c2k4eqwpyw2t|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=30 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=AFCON 2025: Chelle lists Uzoho, Alebiosu, Onuachu vs Uganda|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/12/30/afcon-2025-chelle-lists-uzoho-alebiosu-onuachu-vs-uganda/|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|accessdate=30 December 2025}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb ===   {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! rowspan="2" |Nkewa ! colspan="2" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Arsenal U21s |2021–22 | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4[c] |0 |4 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Ngwá Agha |2021–22<ref name="SB2122" /> |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2022–23<ref name="SB2223" /> |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 |- |Crewe Alexandra (onye e ji ego mgbazinye) |2021–22<ref name="SB2122" /> |Njikọ nke Mbụ |6 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |6 |0 |- |Kilmarnock (onye a gbazinyere) |2022–23 |Onye isi ala Scotland |23 |0 |2 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |29 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |KV Kortrijk |2023–24 |Belgian Pro League |12 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |12 |0 |- |2024–25<ref name="SW" /> |Belgian Pro League |13 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !25 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !25 !0 |- |St Mirren (onye e ji ego mgbazinye) |2024–25 |Onye isi ala Scotland |13 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |14 |0 |- |Blackburn Rovers |2025–26 |Mmeri |39 |1 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |40 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !107 !1 !2 !0 !5 !0 !4 !0 !118 !1 |} {{updated|match played 30 December 2025}}<ref>{{NFT player|pid=102258|accessdate=28 January 2026}}</ref><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} === Mba Nile === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="1" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2025 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !1 !0 |} == Nsọpụrụ == * Africa Cup of Nations third place: 2025<ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=17 January 2026|title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=BBC Sport|language=}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] il3wd09zwxhv1w8a444ozxew2hf9ynt 672541 672540 2026-07-04T22:23:11Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Klọb */ 672541 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ryan Fiyinfoluwa Alebiosu''' {{Audio|Ryan Alebiosu.ogg|Listen}} (amụrụ na 17 Disemba 2001) bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-azụ azụ aka nri maka otu EFL Championship Blackburn Rovers . A mụrụ ya n'England, ọ na-anọchite anya [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na mba ụwa. == Ọrụ klọb == Ọ bịanyere aka na mgbazinye ego maka otu EFL League One Crewe Alexandra na Jenụwarị 2022, <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/60175226|title=Crewe sign Alebiosu, Uwakwe & Agyei|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> wee mee nke mbụ ya zuru oke na mmeri 1-0 nke Crewe na Gillingham na 1 Febụwarị 2022. Ọ kwagara na Kilmarnock na July 2022.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/ryan-alebiosu-joins-kilmarnock-loan|title=Ryan Alebiosu joins Kilmarnock on loan|work=Arsenal.com}}</ref> Na Septemba 2023 ọ bịanyere aka na klọb Belgian Pro League Kortrijk . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.arsenal.com/ryan-alebiosu-joins-kv-kortrijk-permanent-transfer-academy|title=Ryan Alebiosu joins KV Kortrijk in permanent deal|work=Arsenal.com}}</ref> N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2025, Alebiosu gara St Mirren.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=St Mirren F.C.|url=https://www.stmirren.com/all-news/5757-ryan-alebiosu-joins-on-loan-from-k-v-kortrijk|title=Ryan Alebiosu joins on loan from K.V. Kortrijk|date=3 February 2025|accessdate=6 February 2025}}</ref> Na 11 Julaị 2025, Alebiosu bịanyere aka na Blackburn Rovers nke asọmpi EFL na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ mbụ yana nhọrọ nke ọnwa iri na abụọ ọzọ. Na 25 Ọktoba 2025, Alebiosu gbara bọọlụ mbụ ya maka Blackburn Rovers, na mmeri 2–1 megide Southampton. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Alebiosu ruru eru ịnọchite anya England na [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na ọkwa mba ụwa, ebe a mụrụ ya na England na nne na nna Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria name Blackburn Rovers' Ryan Alebiosu in massive AFCON preliminary squad|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/story/_/id/47186176/nigeria-name-blackburn-rovers-ryan-alebiosu-massive-afcon-preliminary-squad|work=ESPN|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref> O nwetara paspọtụ Naijiria n'ihu 2025 Africa Cup of Nations, ma kpọọ aha ya na ndị otu ikpeazụ nke Naijiria 28 maka asọmpi ahụ, na-egosi na ọ bụ onye isi mbụ ya maka Super Eagles. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Passport Issue Solved – Blackburn Rovers Defender Gets All Clear To Represent Nigeria At The AFCON|url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2025/12/02/passport-issue-solved-blackburn-rovers-defender-get-all-clear-to-represent-nigeria-at-the-afcon/|work=OwnGoalNigeria|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=FULL LIST: Okoye, Boniface dropped as Nwabali, Onuachu make Eagles’ AFCON final squad|url=https://www.thecable.ng/full-list-okoye-boniface-dropped-as-nwabali-onuachu-make-eagles-afcon-final-squad/|work=[[TheCable]]|accessdate=12 December 2025}}</ref> N'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2025, Alebiosu mere nke mbụ ya maka Naịjirịa, na-egwu egwuregwu zuru ezu n'egwuregwu ikpeazụ ha, mmeri 3-1 na Uganda, nke mere ka Naịjirịga nwee ọganihu na agba nke iri na isii.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Uganda vs Nigeria: CAF Africa Cup of Nations stats & head-to-head|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/c2k4eqwpyw2t|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=30 December 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=AFCON 2025: Chelle lists Uzoho, Alebiosu, Onuachu vs Uganda|url=https://dailypost.ng/2025/12/30/afcon-2025-chelle-lists-uzoho-alebiosu-onuachu-vs-uganda/|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|accessdate=30 December 2025}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb ===   {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! rowspan="2" |Nkewa ! colspan="2" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Arsenal U21s |2021–22 | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4[c] |0 |4 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Ngwá Agha |2021–22<ref name="SB2122" /> |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2022–23<ref name="SB2223" /> |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 |- |Crewe Alexandra (onye e ji ego mgbazinye) |2021–22<ref name="SB2122" /> |Njikọ nke Mbụ |6 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |6 |0 |- |Kilmarnock (onye a gbazinyere) |2022–23 |Onye isi ala Scotland |23 |0 |2 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |29 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |KV Kortrijk |2023–24 |Belgian Pro League |12 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |12 |0 |- |2024–25<ref name="SW" /> |Belgian Pro League |13 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !25 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !25 !0 |- |St Mirren (onye e ji ego mgbazinye) |2024–25 |Onye isi ala Scotland |13 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |14 |0 |- |Blackburn Rovers |2025–26 |Mmeri |39 |1 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |40 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !107 !1 !2 !0 !5 !0 !4 !0 !118 !1 |} [[w:updated|match played 30 December 2025]]<ref>{{NFT player|pid=102258|accessdate=28 January 2026}}</ref><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} === Mba Nile === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="1" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2025 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !1 !0 |} == Nsọpụrụ == * Africa Cup of Nations third place: 2025<ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=17 January 2026|title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=BBC Sport|language=}}</ref> == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1c1dr4gk6d5yjvyzve8vi2jgvqop07b 0 75384 672538 632491 2026-07-04T22:21:09Z Johnnybam 24488 672538 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="Soccerway">{{Soccerway|temitayo-aina/274798|access-date=27 May 2025}}</ref>'''Temitayo Olufisayo Olaoluwa "Ola" Aina MON''' {{Audio|Yo-Temitayo_olaoluwa_aina.ogg|Listen}} (amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke 8 n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1996) bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agbachitere otu egwuregwu Premier League Nottingham Forest . A mụrụ ya n'England, ọ na-anọchite anya [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. Aina gara Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Campion ebe ọ na-egwu egwuregwu rugby union yana bọọlụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.com/sport/rugby-union/article/how-gallagher-prem-clubs-are-breaking-rugby-out-of-private-school-enclaves-m99bzjw2d|title=How Gallagher Prem clubs are breaking rugby out of private school enclaves|first=Charlie|author=Morgan|date=23 March 2026|work=The Times|accessdate=24 March 2026}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == === YtChelsea === ==== Ọrụ mmalite ==== Ola Aina bịanyere aka na Chelsea dị ka onye na-erubeghị afọ 11 wee mee ka ndị ntorobịa ya bụrụ nwata mbụ dị ka nwa akwụkwọ na oge 2012-13 wee malite na ụkwụ abụọ nke ọkara ikpeazụ na nke ikpeazụ nke FA Youth Cup. N'ọrụ ntorobịa ya, ọ nọchitekwara anya Chelsea n'okpuru-18s, n'okpuru-19 na ọkwa 21.[1] Na 19 July 2014, Aina mere egwuregwu mbụ ya na egwuregwu enyi na enyi na mbụ megide AFC Wimbledon, mgbe Todd Kane merụrụ ahụ. Aina malitere egwuregwu a ma dochie ya na ọkara oge maka Branislav Ivanović ka Chelsea gara n'ihu na-emeri 3–2. Tupu oge 2015-16, etinyere ya na njem nlegharị anya tupu oge, na-egwu egwuregwu atọ na International Champions Cup. Mgbe ọ masịrị onye njikwa Chelsea José Mourinho, Aina gụnyere n'òtù mbụ maka mkpọsa ahụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọrọ oge ọzụzụ oge fọdụrụnụ na ndị otu mbụ, ọ gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ ya na ndị n'okpuru-21 na ndị na-erughi 19. Na 23 Septemba 2015, Aina so na ndị otu egwuregwu ụbọchị egwuregwu megide Walsall na agba nke anọ nke Njikọ Njikọ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ onye nnọchi na-ejighị ya. N'ihi enweghị ohere nke otu mbụ, Aina jụrụ nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ n'agbanyeghị nkwekọrịta ya ugbu a na-agwụ na ngwụcha oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/arsenal-join-transfer-race-sign-7161465|title=Arsenal join transfer race to sign Chelsea's England Under-21 right-back Ola Aina|work=[[Daily Mirror]]|date=11 January 2016|accessdate=26 August 2016}}</ref> ==== Oge 2016-17 ==== Na 6 July 2016, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ ọhụrụ, na-ejedebe asịrị na ọ na-ahapụ akụkụ London.[1] Mgbe ha bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ, Aina so na ndị otu na-eme njem na Austria na United States. Ọ gara n'ihu na-egwu egwuregwu isii niile tupu oge egwuregwu. Na 23 Ọgọst 2016, onye njikwa Antonio Conte nyere Aina mpụta mbụ ọkachamara ya na mmeri 3–2 meriri Bristol Rovers na iko EFL, John Terry nọchiri ya na nkeji 77th.[2] Na 15 October 2016, o mere mpụta mbụ ya na Premier League na mmeri 3–0 meriri ndị mmeri na-achị Leicester City, nọchiri onye mgbaru ọsọ Victor Moses na nkeji 82nd ==== Ịgbazinye Hull City ==== N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2017, Chelsea kwupụtara na ha agbaala Aina n'aka ndị otu Championship Hull City.<ref>{{Cite news|title=First loan for Aina|url=http://www.chelseafc.com/news/latest-news/2017/07/aina-out-on-loan.html|publisher=Chelsea Official Site|date=11 July 2017|accessdate=11 July 2017}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya n'ụbọchị mmeghe nke oge ahụ, 5 Ọgọst 2017, na Aston Villa, na 1-1 draw.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/40760772|title=Aston Villa 1–1 Hull City|date=5 August 2017|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|accessdate=5 August 2017}}</ref> Ọ gbara naanị goolu na Mmeri 1-0 nke Blackburn Rovers na agba nke atọ Iko FA Cup na 6 Jenụwarị 2018. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/42519393|title=Blackburn Rovers 0–1 Hull City|date=6 January 2018|work=BBC Sport|publisher=BBC|accessdate=6 January 2018}}</ref> === Torino === N'abalị iri na anọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2018, Aina sonyeere otu egwuregwu Torino nke Ịtali n'ụgwọ oge niile mgbe ya na Chelsea bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=New contract and loan for Aina|url=https://www.chelseafc.com/en/news/2018/8/14/new-contract-and-loan-for-aina|publisher=Chelsea Official Site|date=14 August 2018|accessdate=14 August 2018}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya na Serie A ụbọchị ole na ole ka e mesịrị na mmeri Torino 0-1 n'ụbọchị mmeghe n'ụlọ na Rom, na-abịa dị ka onye na-anọchi anya onye na-agbachitere aka nri Lorenzo De Silvestri onye merụrụ ahụ mgbe naanị nkeji iri abụọ na ise gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.legaseriea.it/en/serie-a/match-report/2018-19/UNICO/UNI/1/TORROM|title=Fixtures and Results – Season 2018–19 – 1^ Match Day – Lega Serie A|work=legaseriea.it|accessdate=19 August 2018}}</ref> Aina gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Torino n'egwuregwu ya na Udinese na 2 Febụwarị 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/02/10/italy/serie-a/torino-fc/udinese-calcio/2863986/|title=Torino vs. Udinese 1–0|work=Soccerway|date=2 February 2019|accessdate=11 September 2020}}</ref> Aina mere 30 Serie A pụtara n'ihe bụ oge siri ike maka Il Toro, onye nke asaa na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye ruru eru na Europa League.<ref name="FulhamTransfer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2020/september/Ola-Aina-Joins-On-Loan|title=Ola Aina joins on loan|work=Fulham|date=11 September 2020}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2019, Torino mere ka Aina hapụ Chelsea kpamkpam maka ego a kọrọ na ọ bụ £ 9 nde.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-us/news/torino-confirm-ola-ainas-permanent-capture-from-chelsea/y7sah9lpkph61qdrg6v49dez6|title=Torino confirm Ola Aina's permanent capture from Chelsea|work=Goal (website)|date=10 June 2019|accessdate=11 September 2020}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-eme ihe mgbe niile n'oge nke abụọ ya na Turin, na-egwu ugboro 37 na asọmpi niile.<ref name="FulhamTransfer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2020/september/Ola-Aina-Joins-On-Loan|title=Ola Aina joins on loan|work=Fulham|date=11 September 2020}}</ref>&nbsp; ==== Oge 2020-21: Ịgbazinye Fulham ==== N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2020, Aina laghachiri na Premier League, na-etinye aka na Fulham na mgbazinye oge mbụ na nhọrọ iji mee ka nkwekọrịta ahụ bụrụ nke na-adịgide adịgide.<ref name="FulhamTransfer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2020/september/Ola-Aina-Joins-On-Loan|title=Ola Aina joins on loan|work=Fulham|date=11 September 2020}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Nọvemba, Aina gbara goolu mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ, na Premier League, na mmeri 2-0 n'ụlọ West Brom, na-agbapụ n'akụkụ aka ekpe nke elu site na mpụga ebe penalty.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/nov/02/fulham-west-bromwich-albion-premier-league-match-report|title=Fulham on the up after Ola Aina seals first win of season against West Brom|work=The Guardian|date=2 November 2020|accessdate=9 January 2021}}</ref> E mechara họrọ ọgbaghara ahụ dị ka ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ọnwa site na Premier League.<ref name="GOM">{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1931701#:~:text=%F0%9F%91%8F%20%22Absolutely%20outstanding%22%20%F0%9F%91%8F%20%40,the%20Month%20winner%20for%20November.&text=The%2024%2Dyear%2Dold%20is,the%20prize%20in%202018%2F19.|title=Aina earns Budweiser Goal of the Month award|publisher=Premier League|date=13 December 2020|accessdate=9 January 2021}}</ref> Aina ghọrọ onye egwuregwu Fulham nke atọ meriri ihe nrite Budweiser Goal of the Month, mgbe Jean Michaël Seri na André Schürrle meriri ihe nkiri ahụ na 2018-19.<ref name="GOM" /> === Ọhịa Nottingham === On 22 July 2023, following his release from Torino, Aina joined Nottingham Forest on a one-year contract.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/2023/july/22/forest-complete-aina-signing/|title=Forest complete Aina signing|date=22 July 2023|work=Nottingham Forest Football Club}}</ref> He made his debut for the club on 12 August in a 2–1 loss against Arsenal in the Premier League.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/66413654|title=Bukayo Saka's superb first-half strike helped Arsenal begin their Premier League campaign with a 2–1 win over Nottingham Forest on the opening weekend|work=BBC Sport|date=12 August 2023|accessdate=13 August 2023}}</ref> On 5 November, Aina scored his first goal for Forest in a 2–0 win over Aston Villa at the City Ground.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/forest-beat-villa-2-0-end-winless-run-2023-11-05/|title=Forest end winless run with 2–0 defeat of top-four chasing Villa|date=6 November 2023|work=Reuters}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2024, klọb ahụ kwupụtara na ha emeela nkwekọrịta otu afọ maka Aina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/2024/may/21/forest-trigger-aina-contract-extension/|title=Forest trigger Aina contract extension|publisher=Nottingham Forest F.C.|date=21 May 2024|accessdate=21 May 2024}}</ref> Goolu mbụ ya na Premier League nke oge 2024-25 maka Forest bịara n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ na mmeri 3-0 n'ụlọ megide West Ham na 2 Nọvemba nsonaazụ nke hụrụ Forest ka ọ bụrụ nke atọ na league.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/nov/02/nottingham-forest-west-ham-premier-league-match-report|title=Nottm Forest 3–0 West Ham: Nottingham Forest in dreamland as Wood helps sink 10-man West Ham|author=Unwin|first=Will|work=The Guardian|date=2 November 2024|accessdate=5 November 2024}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Aina nọchitere anya England n'n'n'n'okpuru afọ 19, n'okpuru 17, n'okpuru 18, n'okpuru 19 na England n'afọ 20. === Naịjirịa === [[Faịlụ:Ola_Aina-Nigeria.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Aina na-agbanye aha maka Naijiria n'ụbọchị a na-akọwaghị]] N'abalị iri abụọ na asatọ n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2017, e sere Aina na Chuba Akpom nke Arsenal mgbe ya na onye isi oche nke Nigeria Football Federation, Amaju Pinnick nwesịrị mkparịta ụka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4110/nigerians-abroad/2017/03/28/34076632/chelseas-ola-aina-brighton-and-hove-albions-chuba-akpom|title=Chelsea's Ola Aina, Brighton and Hove Albion's Chuba Akpom pledge allegiance to Nigeria|author=Oludare|first=Shina|date=28 March 2017|publisher=Goal Nigeria|accessdate=28 March 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee 2017, Aina kwere nkwa na ọ ga-aga Naịjirịa n'ọdịnihu mba ụwa ma nweta paspọtụ Naịjirị iji kwadebe iji gbanwee site na England gaa Naịjiria.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://dailypost.ng/2017/05/12/nff-confirms-ola-aina-joel-bazee-now-nigerian-passports-tammy-abraham-follow/|title=NFF confirms Ola Aina, Joel Bazee now have Nigerian passports, Tammy Abraham to follow|date=12 May 2017|accessdate=15 May 2017|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/05/nff-formally-applies-ainas-intl-switch/|title=NFF formally applies for Aina's int'l switch – Vanguard News|date=4 May 2017|accessdate=15 May 2017|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> N'otu ọnwa ahụ, a kpọrọ ya maka oge mbụ ka ọ gbaa bọọlụ maka Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espnfc.com/nigeria/story/3122106/chelseas-ola-aina-gets-nigeria-call|title=Chelsea's Ola Aina gets Nigeria call|date=8 May 2017|accessdate=17 May 2017}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya n'ime ndị otu iri atọ nke Naijiria maka 2018 FIFA World Cup na Russia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Adewoye|first=Gbenga|title='Maybe next time,' Ola Aina unruffled missing out in Nigeria World Cup Squad|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/maybe-next-time-ola-aina-unruffled-despite-missing-out-on/t9jhnhhv8jiv19gwt0puvhcn1|work=Goal (website)|accessdate=25 July 2019|date=6 June 2018}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ banyeghị na 23 ikpeazụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44346451|title=World Cup 2018: Arsenal's Iwobi in Nigeria's 23-man squad|date=3 June 2018|accessdate=20 August 2018|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> E mechara kpọghachi ya n'ime ndị otu ahụ ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa na iru eru nke ndị otu ahụ maka Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2019 nke e mere na Egypt. Ọ gbara egwuregwu mbụ ya na onye mbido asọmpi ahụ bụ Burundi, na-enyere naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke egwuregwu ahụ aka. == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="3" |Chelsea |2015–16 |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2016–17 |Njikọ Premier |3 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !3 !0 !1 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !6 !0 |- |Hull City (nke a gbazitere) |2017–18 |Mmeri |44 |0 |2 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |46 |1 |- |Torino (onye a gbazitere) |2018–19 |Usoro A |30 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |32 |1 |- | rowspan="4" |Torino |2019–20 |Usoro A |32 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3[c] |0 |37 |0 |- |2021–22 |Usoro A |21 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- |2022–23 |Usoro A |19 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |21 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Torino ngụkọta !102 !2 !8 !0 !0 !0 !3 !0 !113 !2 |- |Fulham (onye a gbazinyere) |2020–21 |Njikọ Premier |31 |2 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |33 |2 |- | rowspan="4" |Ọhịa Nottingham |2023–24 |Njikọ Premier |22 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |22 |1 |- |2024–25 |Njikọ Premier |35 |2 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |37 |2 |- |2025–26 |Njikọ Premier |18 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |8[d] |0 |26 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !75 !3 !2 !0 !0 !0 !8 !0 !85 !3 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !254 !7 !14 !1 !3 !0 !11 !0 !282 !8 |}    === Mba Nile === [[w:updated|match played 9 September 2025]]<ref name="nft">{{NFT|69100}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="9" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2017 |3 |0 |- |2018 |4 |0 |- |2019 |10 |0 |- |2020 |1 |0 |- |2021 |3 |0 |- |2022 |9 |0 |- |2023 |3 |0 |- |2024 |11 |0 |- |2025 |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !48 !0 |} Aina nwere nwanne nwoke, Jordan, onye na-egwuri egwu maka Fulham Academy . <ref>{{Cite web|first=Ethan|author=Georgiou|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2021/march/A-Bit-About-Jordan-Aina|title=A bit about: Jordan Aina|date=9 March 2021|publisher=Fulham F.C.|accessdate=9 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Player Departures|url=https://www.fulhamfc.com/news/2021/june/Player-Departures/|accessdate=4 July 2024|publisher=Fulham Football Club|date=3 June 2021}}</ref> '''Chelsea''' * Premier League: 2016-172016–17 * Barclays U21 Premier League: 2013-142013–14 * FA Youth Cup: 2013-14, 2014-152014–15 * UEFA Youth League: 2014-15, 2015-162015–16 '''Onye ọ bụla''' * Ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ọnwa Premier League: Nọvemba 2020 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1931701|title=Aina wins November Budweiser Goal of the Month award|publisher=Premier League|date=11 December 2020|accessdate=11 December 2020}}</ref> * Africa Cup of Nations Team nke asọmpi ahụ: 2023 <ref>{{Cite web|date=14 February 2024|title=CAF TSG Group releases TotalEnergies CAF Africa Cup of Nation Cote d'Ivoire 2023 Best XI|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-tsg-group-releases-totalenergies-caf-africa-cup-of-nation-cote-d-ivoire-2023-best-xi/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214121627/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-tsg-group-releases-totalenergies-caf-africa-cup-of-nation-cote-d-ivoire-2023-best-xi/|archivedate=14 February 2024|accessdate=14 February 2024|work=CAF Online|publisher=Confederation of African Football}}</ref> * Onye otu Order of the Niger <ref>{{Cite news|date=13 February 2024|title=Afcon: Ivory Coast and Nigeria players get cash, villas and honours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68286543|accessdate=24 February 2024|work=[[BBC News]]}}</ref>[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]] == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9dqgrbrgl3636nugkbaayos4tcftz6x 0 75385 672536 655274 2026-07-04T22:19:43Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ */ 672536 wikitext text/x-wiki Ụlọ akwụkwọ bọọlụ Simoiben nyochara Michael mgbe ọ na-agba bọọlụ n'okporo ámá [[Kaduna]].<ref name="sports">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sports247.ng/rising-star-emmanuel-michaels-inspirational-journey-from-streets-of-kaduna-to-flying-eagles-u-20/|title=Rising Star: Emmanuel Michael's Inspirational Journey From Streets Of Kaduna To Flying Eagles U-20|first=Lovette|author=Ochicha|date=16 February 2024|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=sports247.ng}}</ref> N'ịgbaso arụmọrụ dị egwu na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri na asaa nke Naịjirịa, ndị otu Danish na Spanish Midtjylland na Huesca nyochara ya, n'otu n'otu.<ref name="sports" /> Ndị Dutch na ndị France [[AFC Ajax|Ajax]] na AS Monaco bịakwutere ya, n'otu n'otu, na-akọ na nke ikpeazụ na-achọ ịbịanye aka na ya tupu ya eruo afọ iri na asatọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2022/12/28/like-endrick-monaco-pushing-to-sign-nigeria-u17-star-emmanuel-michael-before-he-turns-18/|title=Like Endrick - Monaco Pushing To Sign Nigeria U17 Star Emmanuel Michael Before He Turns 18|date=28 December 2022|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=owngoalnigeria.com}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị mmasị a, ọ sonyeere otu egwuregwu bọọlụ Nigeria Premier Football League Gombe United na nkwekọrịta mgbazinye ego otu afọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ckdmedia.ng/post/u17-afcon-star-emmanuel-micheal-joins-gombe-united|title=U17 AFCON Star, Emmanuel Michael Joins Gombe United|first=Oluwayemisi Afolabi|author=Adeyanju|date=2 October 2023|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=ckdmedia.ng|archivedate=9 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009205001/https://www.ckdmedia.ng/post/u17-afcon-star-emmanuel-micheal-joins-gombe-united}}</ref> N'otu ọnwa ahụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ Bekee ''The Guardian'' kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu kachasị mma amụrụ n'afọ 2006 n'ụwa niile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/ng-interactive/2023/oct/11/next-generation-2023-60-of-the-best-young-talents-in-world-football|title=Next Generation 2023: 60 of the best young talents in world football|first=Marcus|author=Christenson|date=11 October 2023|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=theguardian.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2023/10/12/nigeria-u17-star-emmanuel-michael-in-list-of-best-young-talents-in-the-world/|title=Nigeria U17 Star Emmanuel Michael In List Of Best Young Talents In The World|date=12 October 2023|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=owngoalnigeria.com}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, ọ sonyeere otu Austrian LASK, e kenyere ya na otu 'B' nke klọb ahụ, Juniors OÖ . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lask.at/de/m/news/lask-verpflichtet-emmanuel-michael-fuer-die-amateure|title=LASK signs Emmanuel Michael for the amateurs|date=9 August 2024|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=lask.at|language=de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/news/transfer-news/golden-eaglets-star-officially-joins-austrian-club/|title=Golden Eaglets Star Officially Joins Austrian Club|first=Kelechi|author=Abel|date=10 August 2024|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=footballinnigeria.com.ng}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == A kpọrọ ya na ndị otu Naijiria na-erubeghị afọ iri na asaa maka iru eru nke 2023 U-17 Africa Cup of Nations (nke a na-akpọ ''2022 WAFU-B U17''), Michael gbara na egwuregwu mmeghe, mmeri 4-2 megide Ghana. Ọ sochiri nke a site na mmeri 3-1 megide Ivory Coast, na-enweta ihe nrite Man of the Match atọ n'usoro.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2022/06/22/emmanuel-michael-tops-list-of-five-nigeria-u17-players-shining-bright-at-wafu-b-championship/|title=Emmanuel Michael tops List Of Five Nigeria U17 Players Shining Bright At WAFU B Championship|date=22 June 2022|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=owngoalnigeria.com}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye nyeere ndị otu ya aka imeri 2022 WAFU-B U17, ndị otu ya na-eto eto na Simoiben Football Academy mgbe ọ laghachiri Nigeria.[1] E mechara kpughe na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ hapụ asọmpi ahụ; ka ọ bịarutere n'oge n'ogige ọzụzụ, ndị nkuzi Naijiria chọrọ ka ewepụrụ ya n'òtù egwuregwu ahụ, mana ka e nwesịrị nzukọ n'etiti Onye isi oche nke Nigeria Football Federation, Ibrahim Musa Gusau na onye nwe Simoiben Football Academy, onye mba Nigeria bụ Moses Simon, eweghachiri ya. A kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ maka egwuregwu Afrịka nke afọ 2023, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.asaaseradio.com/nigeria-name-provisional-football-squad-for-13th-african-games/|title=Nigeria name provisional football squad for 13th African Games|first=Leroy|author=Hawkson|date=17 February 2024|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=asaaseradio.com}}</ref> mana ọ hapụrụ ndị otu ikpeazụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ n'ikiri ụkwụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/player-health-and-injuries/emmanuel-michaels-fitness-concerns-ahead-of-all-africa-games/|title=Emmanuel Michael's Fitness Concerns Ahead of All Africa Games|date=2 March 2024|accessdate=9 October 2024|work=footballinnigeria.com.ng|archivedate=9 October 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241009203459/https://www.footballinnigeria.com.ng/player-health-and-injuries/emmanuel-michaels-fitness-concerns-ahead-of-all-africa-games/}}</ref> == Ụdị egwuregwu == Ọkachamara ịgba bọọlụ, Michael kelere onye mba Naijiria Moses Simon maka inye ya akpụkpọ ụkwụ mgbe ọ gbasịrị bọọlụ n'efu na mmeri Nigeria meriri Ghana n'okpuru 17 na ntozu maka asọmpi 2023 Africa U-17.[3] Ọ gbatara bọọlụ n'efu abụọ ọzọ na mmeri 3–1 meriri Ivory Coast n'otu asọmpi ahụ. == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w:updated|22 March 2026]]<ref>{{Soccerway|emmanuel-michael/904828}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Simoiben |2023–24 | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- |Gombe United (onye a gbazinyere) |2023–24 |NPFL |6 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |6 |1 |- |Ndị na-eto eto OÖ |2024–25 |Central Regionalliga |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |LASK |2024–25 |Bundesliga nke Austria |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |2025–26 |Bundesliga nke Austria |7 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !8 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !10 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !16 !1 !2 !0 !0 !0 !18 !1 |}   == Nsọpụrụ == * Iko Austria: 2025-26<ref name="Pokal26">{{Cite news|title=Nach 61 Jahren: LASK bejubelt Titel im UNIQA ÖFB Cup|url=https://www.oefb.at/cup/News/Match-UNIQA-OeFB-Cup-Finale-26/|accessdate=2 May 2026|work=ÖFB|date=1 May 2026|language=de-AT}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{DEFAULTSORT:Michael, Emmanuel}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] irfqskd69vb9lbb40jy618wchgradj6 0 75390 672534 643950 2026-07-04T22:18:35Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ */ 672534 wikitext text/x-wiki ''' Ayotomiwa Sherif "Tom" Dele-Bashiru'''(amụrụ 17 Septemba 1999) bụ ọkaibe bọọlụ bụ onye na-egwu egwuregwu bọọlụ Gençlerbirliği na mbinye ego sitere na klọb asọmpi EFL Watford.[1]  Amụrụ na England, Dele-Bashiru na-anọchite anya Naịjirịa na mba ụwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=FC|first=Reading|title=TDB: "I'm excited to be back doing what I love!"|url=https://readingfc.co.uk//news/2021/august/TDB-I-m-excited-to-be-back-doing-what-I-love-/|accessdate=18 August 2021|work=Reading FC}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == Dele-Bashiru mere nke mbụ ya maka Manchester City na 19 Disemba 2017 na EFL Cup megide Leicester City, na-anọchi Phil Foden na nkeji nke 91 ma na-egwu na oge mgbakwunye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/19/england/league-cup/leicester-city-fc/manchester-city-football-club/2651666/|title=LEICESTER CITY VS. MANCHESTER CITY 1 - 1|work=uk.soccerway.com|date=19 December 2017|accessdate=19 December 2018}}</ref> Na 24 Julaị 2019, Dele-Bashiru sonyeere Watford na nkwekọrịta afọ isii mgbe nkwekọrịta ya na Manchester City gwụsịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watford sign ex-Man City midfielder Dele-Bashiru|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1292814|publisher=[[FA Premier League]]|accessdate=29 October 2020}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya na Watford wee gbaa goolu mmeghe na 3-3 draw megide Tranmere Rovers na agba nke atọ Iko FA Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50976090|title=Watford 3–3 Tranmere Rovers|publisher=BBC Sport|date=4 January 2020|accessdate=22 October 2020}}</ref> Na mbido mbụ ya na league, Dele-Bashiru merụrụ ahụ na ọkara mbụ megide Reading na 3 Ọktoba 2020. E gosipụtara na a ga-awa ya ahụ maka mmerụ ahụ n'ihu ya ma ọ ga-anọghị n'ọrụ ruo ihe dị ka ọnwa isii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.watfordfc.com/news/injury-news-dele-bashiru-set-for-surgery|title=Injury News: Dele-Bashiru Set For Surgery|publisher=watfordfc.com|date=5 October 2020|accessdate=22 October 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri ọzụzụ ma na-anọchite anya ''Hornets'' n'oge tupu oge okpomọkụ 2021, Dele-Bashiru sonyeere Reading na mgbazinye oge, iji nwetakwuo oge egwu ma weghachite ahụike ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=FC|first=Reading|title=TDB: "I'm excited to be back doing what I love!"|url=https://readingfc.co.uk//news/2021/august/TDB-I-m-excited-to-be-back-doing-what-I-love-/|accessdate=18 August 2021|work=Reading FC}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Reading mgbe ọ gbara goolu abụọ megide Peterborough United na 14 Septemba 2021 na mmeri 3-1.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58470836|title=Reading 3-1 Peterborough|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=14 September 2021|accessdate=15 September 2021}}</ref> Na 12 Septemba 2025, Dele-Bashiru sonyeere klọb Süper Lig Gençlerbirliği na mgbazinye oge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.watfordfc.com/news/2025/september/12/official--loan-move-for-dele-bashiru/|title=Official: Loan Move For Dele-Bashiru|work=www.watfordfc.com|date=12 September 2025|accessdate=13 September 2025}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Dele-Bashiru nọchitere anya Ndị otu England na-erubeghị afọ iri na isii, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mancity.com/teams/eds/midfielders/tom-dele-bashiru#profile-bio|title=Manchester City U18s Tom Dele-Bashiru profile|work=MCFC}}</ref> mana o ruru eru maka Naijiria. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu bọọlụ mba [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na-erubeghị afọ 20 na 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup na [[Poland]]. Dele-Bashiru gbara goolu nke atọ nke Naịjirịa na mmeri mbụ ha meriri Qatar, egwuregwu ahụ mechiri 4-0. Nwanne Dele-Bashiru nke obere Fisayo bịakwara na Manchester City tupu ọ banye Sheffield Wednesday.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53570429|title=Fisayo Dele-Bashiru: Manchester City midfielder joins Sheffield Wednesday for undisclosed fee|publisher=BBC|date=28 July 2020|accessdate=29 July 2020}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w:|updated|match played 18 April 2026]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko FA ! colspan="2" |Iko EFL ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="3" |Manchester City U21 |2017–18 | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3[a] |0 |3 |0 |- |2018–19 | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5[a] |1 |5 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !8 !1 !8 !1 |- | rowspan="3" |Manchester City |2017–18< <ref name="17/18">{{soccerbase season|107011|2017|accessdate=16 August 2020}}</ref> |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2018–19 <ref name="18/19">{{soccerbase season|107011|2018|accessdate=16 August 2020}}</ref> |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !0 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !1 !0 |- | rowspan="8" |Watford |2019–20 |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |2 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |1 |- |2020–21 |Mmeri |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- |2022–23 |Mmeri |6 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- |2023–24 |Mmeri |35 |2 |2 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |38 |3 |- |2024–25 |Mmeri |27 |4 |0 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |30 |4 |- |2025–26 <ref name="24/25">{{soccerbase season|107011|2024|accessdate=26 September 2020}}</ref> |Mmeri |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !71 !6 !4 !2 !6 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !81 !8 |- |Ịgụ Ihe (gbazinye ego) |2021–22 <ref name="21/22">{{soccerbase season|107011|2021|accessdate=26 September 2020}}</ref> |Mmeri |38 |4 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |39 |4 |- |Gençlerbirliği (onye a gbazinyere) |2025–26<ref name="24/25" /> |Süper Lig |25 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |25 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !134 !10 !5 !2 !7 !0 !0 !0 !8 !1 !154 !12 |}  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] npvakpb8ekw5i7i0mou2qingh4c4c5a 672535 672534 2026-07-04T22:19:08Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ */ 672535 wikitext text/x-wiki ''' Ayotomiwa Sherif "Tom" Dele-Bashiru'''(amụrụ 17 Septemba 1999) bụ ọkaibe bọọlụ bụ onye na-egwu egwuregwu bọọlụ Gençlerbirliği na mbinye ego sitere na klọb asọmpi EFL Watford.[1]  Amụrụ na England, Dele-Bashiru na-anọchite anya Naịjirịa na mba ụwa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=FC|first=Reading|title=TDB: "I'm excited to be back doing what I love!"|url=https://readingfc.co.uk//news/2021/august/TDB-I-m-excited-to-be-back-doing-what-I-love-/|accessdate=18 August 2021|work=Reading FC}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == Dele-Bashiru mere nke mbụ ya maka Manchester City na 19 Disemba 2017 na EFL Cup megide Leicester City, na-anọchi Phil Foden na nkeji nke 91 ma na-egwu na oge mgbakwunye.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2017/12/19/england/league-cup/leicester-city-fc/manchester-city-football-club/2651666/|title=LEICESTER CITY VS. MANCHESTER CITY 1 - 1|work=uk.soccerway.com|date=19 December 2017|accessdate=19 December 2018}}</ref> Na 24 Julaị 2019, Dele-Bashiru sonyeere Watford na nkwekọrịta afọ isii mgbe nkwekọrịta ya na Manchester City gwụsịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Watford sign ex-Man City midfielder Dele-Bashiru|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1292814|publisher=[[FA Premier League]]|accessdate=29 October 2020}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya na Watford wee gbaa goolu mmeghe na 3-3 draw megide Tranmere Rovers na agba nke atọ Iko FA Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50976090|title=Watford 3–3 Tranmere Rovers|publisher=BBC Sport|date=4 January 2020|accessdate=22 October 2020}}</ref> Na mbido mbụ ya na league, Dele-Bashiru merụrụ ahụ na ọkara mbụ megide Reading na 3 Ọktoba 2020. E gosipụtara na a ga-awa ya ahụ maka mmerụ ahụ n'ihu ya ma ọ ga-anọghị n'ọrụ ruo ihe dị ka ọnwa isii.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.watfordfc.com/news/injury-news-dele-bashiru-set-for-surgery|title=Injury News: Dele-Bashiru Set For Surgery|publisher=watfordfc.com|date=5 October 2020|accessdate=22 October 2020}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri ọzụzụ ma na-anọchite anya ''Hornets'' n'oge tupu oge okpomọkụ 2021, Dele-Bashiru sonyeere Reading na mgbazinye oge, iji nwetakwuo oge egwu ma weghachite ahụike ya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=FC|first=Reading|title=TDB: "I'm excited to be back doing what I love!"|url=https://readingfc.co.uk//news/2021/august/TDB-I-m-excited-to-be-back-doing-what-I-love-/|accessdate=18 August 2021|work=Reading FC}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Reading mgbe ọ gbara goolu abụọ megide Peterborough United na 14 Septemba 2021 na mmeri 3-1.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58470836|title=Reading 3-1 Peterborough|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=14 September 2021|accessdate=15 September 2021}}</ref> Na 12 Septemba 2025, Dele-Bashiru sonyeere klọb Süper Lig Gençlerbirliği na mgbazinye oge.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.watfordfc.com/news/2025/september/12/official--loan-move-for-dele-bashiru/|title=Official: Loan Move For Dele-Bashiru|work=www.watfordfc.com|date=12 September 2025|accessdate=13 September 2025}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Dele-Bashiru nọchitere anya Ndị otu England na-erubeghị afọ iri na isii, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mancity.com/teams/eds/midfielders/tom-dele-bashiru#profile-bio|title=Manchester City U18s Tom Dele-Bashiru profile|work=MCFC}}</ref> mana o ruru eru maka Naijiria. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu bọọlụ mba [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na-erubeghị afọ 20 na 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup na [[Poland]]. Dele-Bashiru gbara goolu nke atọ nke Naịjirịa na mmeri mbụ ha meriri Qatar, egwuregwu ahụ mechiri 4-0. Nwanne Dele-Bashiru nke obere Fisayo bịakwara na Manchester City tupu ọ banye Sheffield Wednesday.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/53570429|title=Fisayo Dele-Bashiru: Manchester City midfielder joins Sheffield Wednesday for undisclosed fee|publisher=BBC|date=28 July 2020|accessdate=29 July 2020}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w:updated|match played 18 April 2026]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko FA ! colspan="2" |Iko EFL ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="3" |Manchester City U21 |2017–18 | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3[a] |0 |3 |0 |- |2018–19 | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5[a] |1 |5 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !8 !1 !8 !1 |- | rowspan="3" |Manchester City |2017–18< <ref name="17/18">{{soccerbase season|107011|2017|accessdate=16 August 2020}}</ref> |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2018–19 <ref name="18/19">{{soccerbase season|107011|2018|accessdate=16 August 2020}}</ref> |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !0 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !1 !0 |- | rowspan="8" |Watford |2019–20 |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |2 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |1 |- |2020–21 |Mmeri |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- |2022–23 |Mmeri |6 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- |2023–24 |Mmeri |35 |2 |2 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |38 |3 |- |2024–25 |Mmeri |27 |4 |0 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |30 |4 |- |2025–26 <ref name="24/25">{{soccerbase season|107011|2024|accessdate=26 September 2020}}</ref> |Mmeri |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !71 !6 !4 !2 !6 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !81 !8 |- |Ịgụ Ihe (gbazinye ego) |2021–22 <ref name="21/22">{{soccerbase season|107011|2021|accessdate=26 September 2020}}</ref> |Mmeri |38 |4 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |39 |4 |- |Gençlerbirliği (onye a gbazinyere) |2025–26<ref name="24/25" /> |Süper Lig |25 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |25 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !134 !10 !5 !2 !7 !0 !0 !0 !8 !1 !154 !12 |}  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 466xaijodgeiw15llgzrbm54h0j8kex 0 75392 672527 632505 2026-07-04T22:08:45Z Johnnybam 24488 672527 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Mycobacterium''''' bụ ụdị nke ihe karịrị 190 ụdị nje bacteria Gram-positive na phylum Actinomycetota, nke e kenyere ezinụlọ nke ya, Mycobacteriaceae. Ụdị a gụnyere pathogens a maara na ha na-akpata ọrịa siri ike na anụ na-enye nwa ara, gụnyere ụkwara nta (''M. ụkwara nta'') na [[Ekpenta]] (''M. ekpenta'') na ụmụ mmadụ. Okwu Grik ''myco-'' pụtara 'fungus', na-ezo aka n'elu ihe ndị yiri ebu a. Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị a nwere mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ihe dị n'èzí nke jupụtara na lipid nke nwere oke mycolic acid, a na-eji acid-fast staining eme ihe iji mesie ike iguzogide acid, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ. <ref name="pmid32470138">{{Cite journal|date=May 2020|title=The thick waxy coat of mycobacteria, a protective layer against antibiotics and the host's immune system|journal=The Biochemical Journal|volume=477|issue=10|pages=1983–2006|doi=10.1042/BCJ20200194|pmid=32470138}}</ref><ref name="Pennington_2021">{{Cite journal|date=August 2021|title=Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease|journal=Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases|volume=24|doi=10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100244|pmid=34036184}}</ref> Ụdị Mycobacterial na-abụkarị aerobic, na-adịghị agagharị agagharị, ma nwee ike itolite na obere nri na-edozi ahụ. A na-ekewa ụdị ahụ dabere na mmepụta ihe na-acha odo odo nke ụdị ọ bụla na ọnụego uto.<ref name="Forbes_2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Mycobacteria|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=31|issue=2|pages=e00038–17|doi=10.1128/CMR.00038-17|pmid=29386234}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụdị Mycobacterium abụghị ndị na-ebute ọrịa, mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị ahụ na-enye aka n'ịgbanahụ nchebe.<ref name="Dulberger_2020">{{Cite journal|date=January 2020|title=The mycobacterial cell envelope – a moving target|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|volume=18|issue=1|pages=47–59|doi=10.1038/s41579-019-0273-7|pmid=31728063}}</ref> === Ọdịdị === [[Faịlụ:Model_of_the_Mycobacterial_Cell_Envelope.png|thumb|Ihe nlereanya nke ''Mycobacterium spp.'' envelopu mkpụrụ ndụ nwere usoro protein 3-D]] Mycobacteria bụ aerobic nwere 0.2-0.6 μm n'obosara na 1.0-10 μm ogologo. Ha na-abụkarị ndị na-adịghị agagharị agagharị, ma e wezụga ụdị ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Mycobacterium]''_marinum" id="mwSQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mycobacterium marinum">Mycobacterium marinum, nke egosila na ọ na-agagharị n'ime macrophages.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=November 2003|title=Mycobacterium marinum escapes from phagosomes and is propelled by actin-based motility|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=198|issue=9|pages=1361–1368|doi=10.1084/jem.20031072|pmid=14597736}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere capsules na ọtụtụ anaghị emepụta endospores. E gosipụtara na ''M. marinum'' na ma eleghị anya ''M. bovis'' na-agbagha; Otú ọ dị, nke a agbaghaala site na nyocha ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 2009|title=Sporulation in mycobacteria|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=106|issue=26|pages=10781–10786|doi=10.1073/pnas.0904104106|pmid=19541637}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2010|title=Do mycobacteria produce endospores?|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=107|issue=2|pages=878–881|doi=10.1073/pnas.0911299107|pmid=20080769}}</ref> Ihe dị iche nke ụdị Mycobacterium niile bụ mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ jupụtara na acid, hydrophobic, na mycolic acid nke e ji peptidoglycan na Arabic-galactan mee, yana ihe ndị a pụrụ iche na-enye ihe mgbaru ọsọ maka ọgwụ ụkwara nta ọhụrụ.<ref name="BhamidiS">{{Cite book|title=Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends|publisher=Caister Academic Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-904455-45-5|chapter=Mycobacterial Cell Wall Arabinogalactan}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Ọtụtụ ụdị ''Mycobacterium'' na-eto ngwa ngwa na obere ihe na-edozi ahụ, na-eji ammonia na / ma ọ bụ Amino acid dị ka isi iyi nitrogen na glycerol dị ka isi mmalite carbon na ọnụnọ nke nnu mineral. Okpomọkụ maka uto kachasị mma dịgasị iche n'etiti ụdị na ọnọdụ mgbasa ozi, site na 25 ruo 45 °C.<ref name="Forbes_2018" /> Enwere ike ịzụlite ọtụtụ ụdị ''Mycobacterium'', gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị dị mkpa, na agar ọbara.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2015|title=Current and past strategies for bacterial culture in clinical microbiology|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=28|issue=1|pages=208–236|doi=10.1128/CMR.00110-14|pmid=25567228}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ụdị na-eto nke nta nke nta n'ihi ogologo oge ọmụmụ, dị ka M. leprae na-achọ ụbọchị 12 kwa usoro nkewa ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkeji 20 maka ụfọdụ ụdị E. coli.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 1965|title=Mycobacterium leprae in Mice: Minimal Infectious Dose, Relationship Between Staining Quality and Infectivity, and Effect of Cortisone|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=89|issue=2|pages=365–372|doi=10.1128/jb.89.2.365-372.1965|pmid=14255702}}</ref> === Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi === Ọ bụ ezie na Mycobacterium tuberculosis na M. leprae bụ pathogenic, ọtụtụ mycobacteria anaghị akpata ọrịa ọ gwụla ma ha abanye na mmerụ ahụ nke ndị nwere akpa ume na / ma ọ bụ nsogbu ahụike, n'agbanyeghị na ha gbasara n'Ule mmiri na ala. Site na mmepụta biofilm, mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ na-eguzogide chlorine, na njikọ ya na amoebas, mycobacteria nwere ike ịlanarị nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi dịgasị iche iche. Mgbasa ozi agar eji eme ihe maka ọtụtụ nnwale mmiri anaghị akwado uto nke mycobacteria, na-enye ya ohere ka a ghara ịchọpụta ya na usoro obodo na ụlọ ọgwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=November 2005|title=Mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems: ecology and significance for human health|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|volume=29|issue=5|pages=911–934|doi=10.1016/j.femsre.2005.02.001|pmid=16219512}}</ref> === Genomics === Ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke mycobacteria sitere na ndị pere mpe (dịka na M. leprae) ruo ndị buru ibu, dị ka nke ahụ dị ka ''[[Mycobacterium vulneris|M. vulneris]],'' na-edepụta protein 6,653, buru ibu karịa ~ protein 6000 nke Eukaryotic yeast.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=May 2014|title=Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium vulneris DSM 45247T|journal=Genome Announcements|volume=2|issue=3|doi=10.1128/genomeA.00370-14|pmid=24812218}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe ọmụma nke protein !Ahụike !Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa protein |- |''M. intracellular'' |5,289<ref>{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000595205|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |- |<nowiki><i id="mwrA">Onye Colombia</i></nowiki> |5,084<ref>{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000250915|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |- |''M. ekpenta'' |1,603<ref name="uniprot_UP000000806">{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000000806|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |- |''M. ụkwara nta'' |3,995<ref name="uniprot_UP000000806" /> |- |''M. smegmatis'' |6,602<ref>{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000000757|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |- |''M. chelonae'' |4,948<ref>{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000317728|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |} == Mmetụta nke ọrịa == Mycobacterium ụkwara nta nwere ike ịnọgide na-ehi ụra na ụmụ mmadụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe mbụ ọrịa, ma reactivates n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị irè (dịka, immunosuppression, ịka nká, nutritional erughi). [1] A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa nwere ụkwara nta (TB). [2] M. ụkwara nta nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata ọrịa, nke nwere ike kewaa n'ime lipid na fatty acid metabolism, protein envelopu cell, macrophage inhibitors, protein kinases, proteases, metal-transporter proteins, na gene expression regulators. [3] Ọtụtụ ụdị dị ka "bovis" id="mw6Q" rel="mw:WikiLink" aha="Mycobacterium bovis">M. t. var. A na-ewere bovis (TB bovine) dị iche iche na ogige ụkwara nta nke M. ruo mgbe emechara jikọtara ya na ụdị ndị bụ isi na 2018. === Ekpenta === Ọganihu nke [[Ekpenta]] na-esite na ọrịa Mycobacterium leprae ma ọ bụ ''Mycobacterium lepromatosis'', nje bacteria abụọ nwere njikọ chiri anya. A na-akọ ihe dị ka mmadụ 200,000 ọhụrụ na-ebute ọrịa kwa afọ, a na-akọkwa 80% nke ndị ọhụrụ na Brazil, India, na Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2022|title=Pathogenicity and virulence of ''Mycobacterium leprae''|journal=Virulence|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1985–2011|doi=10.1080/21505594.2022.2141987|pmid=36326715}}</ref> M. leprae na-efe efe n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ macrophages na mkpụrụ ndụ Schwann dị na anụ ahụ akwara. === Ọrịa ụkwara nta ''Mycobacteria'' === [[Faịlụ:Three_Pathogenic_Mycobacteria.png|thumb|Orthologous protein ndị a hụrụ na ụdị ọ bụla (dabere na njirimara OMA). A na-ahụ protein pụrụ iche maka ụdị ọ bụla na mpaghara mpụga maka ụdị ọ ọ bụla.]] Nontuberculosis ''Mycobacteria'' (NTM), nke na-ewepu M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, na M. lepromatosis, nwere ike ibute ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. A na-akpọ nje bacteria ndị a "atypical mycobacteria. " Ọ bụ ezie na nnyefe nke onye na onye bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, a hụla nnyefe nke ''M. abscessus'' n'etiti ndị ọrịa nwere cystic fibrosis.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 12, 2019|title=Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infections {{!}} HAI {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/nontuberculous-mycobacteria.html|accessdate=April 28, 2023|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> Ọrịa anọ a hụrụ n'ime ụmụ mmadụ bụ ọrịa akpa ume na-adịghị ala ala, ọrịa na-agbasa n'ime ndị ọrịa na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ na anụ ahụ dị nro, na lymphadenitis elu. 80-90% nke ọrịa NTM e dekọrọ na-egosi dị ka ọrịa akpa ume.<ref name="To_2020">{{Cite journal|date=August 2020|title=General Overview of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Opportunistic Pathogens: ''Mycobacterium avium'' and ''Mycobacterium abscessus''|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=9|issue=8|doi=10.3390/jcm9082541|pmid=32781595}}</ref> ''M. abscessus'' bụ mycobacterium (RGM) na-eto ngwa ngwa, yana isi ihe na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume nke RGM. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ele ya anya dị ka ihe na-ebute ọrịa dịka NTM ndị ọzọ, nyocha nke ihe dị iche iche na-ebughị ọrịa (VFs) agbanweela echiche a na nke ezigbo pathogen. Nke a bụ n'ihi ọnụnọ nke mycobacterial VFs a maara na ndị ọzọ na-abụghị mycobactera VFs hụrụ na pathogens prokaryotic ndị ọzọ.<ref name="To_2020">{{Cite journal|date=August 2020|title=General Overview of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Opportunistic Pathogens: ''Mycobacterium avium'' and ''Mycobacterium abscessus''|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=9|issue=8|doi=10.3390/jcm9082541|pmid=32781595}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFToCaoYegiazaryanOwens2020">To K, Cao R, Yegiazaryan A, Owens J, Venketaraman V (August 2020). </cite></ref> Mycobacteria nwere mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ na peptidoglycan, Arabic-galactan, na mycolic acid; mycomembrane dị n'èzí nke mycolic acid; na capsule dị n'elu nke glucans na protein ndị a na-emepụta maka virulence. Ọ na-agbanwe ihe ndị a mgbe niile iji dịrị ndụ na gburugburu ebe nrụgide ma zere ihe nchebe nke onye na-elekọta ya. Ọdịdị mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ a na-eme ka elu nke yiri fungi, na-eduga n'iji prefix Greek ''myco-'' mee ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 1999|title=Mycobacteria: Health Advisory EPA-822-B-01-007|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/mycobacteria-report.pdf|accessdate=March 10, 2023|work=epa.gov|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}</ref> Ọdịdị a pụrụ iche na-eme ka penicillins ghara ịrụ ọrụ, kama ọ chọrọ ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ mgbochi nke isoniazid iji gbochie njikọ mycolic acid, rifampicin iji gbochie transcription, ethambutol iji gbochie njikọta arabinogalactan, na pyrazinamide iji gbochie coenzyme A.<ref name="Dulberger_2020">{{Cite journal|date=January 2020|title=The mycobacterial cell envelope – a moving target|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|volume=18|issue=1|pages=47–59|doi=10.1038/s41579-019-0273-7|pmid=31728063}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDulbergerRubinBoutte2020">Dulberger CL, Rubin EJ, Boutte CC (January 2020). </cite></ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe ọmụma banyere ọrịa ''Mycobacterial'' !Ahụike !Mgbaàmà Ndị A Na-ahụkarị Maka Ọrịa !Ọgwụgwọ ndị a ma ama !'''Ọnọdụ ndị a kọrọ (Mpaghara, Afọ) ''' |- |''M. ụkwara nta'' |Ike ọgwụgwụ, ibu ibu, ahụ ọkụ, hemoptysis, obi mgbu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 17, 2022|title=Fact Sheets {{!}} General {{!}} Tuberculosis: General Information {{!}} TB {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/general/tb.htm|accessdate=April 25, 2023|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> |isoniazid INH, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Diagnosing and Treating Tuberculosis|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/tuberculosis/treating-and-managing|accessdate=April 25, 2023|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref> |1.6 nde (Ụwa Ụwa, 2021) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2022|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2022|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> |- |''M. ekpenta'' ''M. ekpenta'' |Mgbanwe nke akpụkpọ ahụ, mmepe nke nodule, akpụkpọ ahụ kpọrọ nkụ, ọnwụ nke nku na / ma ọ bụ anya anya, nkụchi, ọbara n'imi, ahụ mkpọnwụ, nkwarụ, ihe mgbu akwara.<ref name="www.cdc.gov_2018">{{Cite web|date=October 22, 2018|title=Signs and Symptoms {{!}} Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/leprosy/symptoms/index.html|accessdate=April 25, 2023|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> |dapson, rifampicin, clofazimine.<ref name="www.cdc.gov_2018" /> |133,802 (Global, 2021) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Global leprosy (Hansen disease) update, 2021: moving towards interruption of transmission|url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/who-wer9736-429-450|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> |- |''M. avium'' complex |Akpụkpọ ahụ dị nro, mmepe nke ọsụsọ ma ọ bụ vesicles jupụtara na pus, ahụ ọkụ, oyi, mgbu uru ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=November 15, 2021|title=Mycobacterium abscessus in Healthcare Settings {{!}} HAI {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/mycobacterium.html|accessdate=April 27, 2023|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> |clarithromycin, azithromycina, amikacin, cefoxitin, imipenem.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 2020|title=Treatment for Mycobacterium abscessus complex-lung disease|journal=Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan Yi Zhi|volume=119|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S58–S66|doi=10.1016/j.jfma.2020.05.028|pmid=32527504}}</ref> |3000 (US, ''atụmatụ'' kwa afọ) |- |''M. abscessus'' complex |Ịkụ ụkwara, ọbara ọgbụgba, ahụ ọkụ, mmerụ ahụ n'ime oghere. <ref name="Huang_2010">{{Cite journal|date=October 2010|title=Clinical outcome of Mycobacterium abscessus infection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing|journal=Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi|volume=43|issue=5|pages=401–406|doi=10.1016/S1684-1182(10)60063-1|pmid=21075707}}</ref> |clarithromycin, amikacin, cefoxitin, imipenem. <ref name="Huang_2010" /> |A maghị ya |} == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == {{cladogram|title=Cladogram of Key Species|caption=|clades={{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%; |1={{clade |label1='''''Mycobacterium''''' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacteroides chelonae|M. chelonae]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium fortuitum|M. fortuitum]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium flavescens|M. flavescens]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium smegmatis|M. smegmatis]]'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium avium complex|M. avium]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium avium complex|M. intracellulare]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium kansasii|M. kansasii]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium scrofulaceum|M. scrofulaceum]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium malmoense|M. malmoense]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium szulgai|M. szulgai]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium marinum|M. marinum]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis|M. tuberculosis]]'' }} }} |2=''[[Mycobacterium gordonae|M. gordonae]]'' }} |2=''[[Mycobacterium simiae|M. simiae]]'' }} |2=''[[Mycobacterium xenopi|M. xenopi]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycolicibacter nonchromogenicus|M. nonchromogenicum]]'' |2=''[[Mycolicibacter terrae|M. terrae]]'' }} }} }} |label2=[[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]] |2=''[[Nocardia asteroides]]'' }} }}}}Mycobacteria ejirila ule phenotypic ekewa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị ka nhazi nke Runyon, nke na-enyocha ọnụego uto na mmepụta nke carotenoids odo / oroma. Otu I nwere scotochromogens (na-emepụta agba odo na nzaghachi nke ìhè), Group II nwere scotochromogens (na-emepụta agba nke anya na-ahụ anya), na ndị na-abụghị chromogens nke Group III na IV nwere agba odo / tan, n'agbanyeghị ìhè. Ụdị IV bụ mycobacteria "na-eto ngwa ngwa" ma e jiri ya tụnyere "na-eto ngwa ngwa" ụdị III n'ihi na ihe nlele ahụ na-eto eto ruo n'ogo a na-ahụ anya n'ihe na-erughị ụbọchị asaa. N'ihi na International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) na-amata ugbu a ụdị 195 Mycobacterium, usoro nhazi na njirimara ugbu a dabere na usoro DNA na phylogenetics. Ndị na-akpata ọrịa bụ isi bụ M. ụkwara nta complex (ụkwara nta), M. avium complex (Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection), M. leprae na M. lepromatosis (ekpenta), na M. abscessus (ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala). Microbiologist Enrico Tortoli ewuola osisi phylogenetic nke ụdị dị iche iche dabere na usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mbụ nke Rogall, et al. (1990), n'akụkụ osisi phylogentic ọhụrụ dabere na usoro Tortoli nke afọ 2017 nke 148 ''Mycobacterium'' species: <ref>{{Cite book|title=Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM)|date=January 10, 2019|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-814692-7|pages=1–10|language=en|chapter=Chapter 1 – The Taxonomy of the Genus Mycobacterium|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-814692-7.00001-2}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="360"> Faịlụ:Phylogentic_Tree_of_Slowly-Growing_Mycobacterium_Tortoli_2017.png|Phylogenetic tree of slowly-growing members of the Mycobacterium genus Faịlụ:Phylogentic_Tree_of_Rapidly-Growing_Mycobacterium_Tortoli_2017.png|Phylogenetic tree of rapidly-growing members of the ''Mycobacterium'' genus, alongside the M. terrae complex<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2017|title=The new phylogeny of the genus Mycobacterium: The old and the news|journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution|volume=56|pages=19–25|doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.013|pmid=29030295}}</ref> </gallery>Gupta et al. atụwo aro ịkewa ''Mycobacterium'' n'ime ụdị ise, dabere na nyocha nke ụdị 150 na ụdị a. N'ihi esemokwu banyere nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ dị mgbagwoju anya, ụdị niile a gbanwere aha ha anọgidewo na njirimara mbụ ha na ''Mycobacterium'' genus dị ka otu aha taxonomic: <ref name="Gupta2018">{{Cite journal|year=2018|title=Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomic Studies Robustly Support Division of the Genus ''Mycobacterium'' into an Emended Genus ''Mycobacterium'' and Four Novel Genera|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2018.00067|pmid=29497402}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 2019|title=Same meat, different gravy: ignore the new names of mycobacteria|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=54|issue=1|doi=10.1183/13993003.00795-2019|pmid=31296783}}</ref> * '''''Mycobacterium''''' nke dabeere na Tuberculosis-Simiae na-eto ngwa ngwa * ''Mycobacteroides'' dabere na ngwa ngwa na-eto eto Abscessus-Chelonae clade * ''Mycolicibacillus'' dabere na Slowly-Growing Triviale clade * ''Mycolicibacter'' nke dabeere na Slowly-Growing Terrae clade * ''Mycolicibacterium'' nke dabeere na Fortuitum-Vaccae na-eto ngwa ngwa Ụzọ abụọ a na-ahụkarị maka ịhụ nje bacteria ndị a ka ntụpọ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha anụnụ anụnụ bụ Ziehl-Neelsen ntụpọ na Kinyoun ntụpọ gbanwetụrụ. A na-eji ntụpọ fite mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ M. leprae dị ka pink-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ngwa ngwa gbanwetụrụ Auramine O Fluorescent ntụpọ nwere njikọ pụrụ iche maka mycobacteria ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto maka ịcha edo edo n'okirikiri gbara ọchịchịrị. Ụzọ ọhụrụ gụnyere Gomori-Methenamine Silver staining na Periodic Acid Schiff staining to merụrụ Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) mkpụrụ ndụ ojii na pink, n'otu n'otu. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ mycobacteria nwere ike iwe ihe ruru izu asatọ iji zụlite mpaghara ndị a na-ahụ anya site na ihe nlele a zụlitere, ọtụtụ ụdị dị mkpa ga-eto n'ime izu anọ mbụ, na-enye ndị dọkịta ohere ịtụle ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọgụgụ na-adịghị mma na-aga n'ihu gafere ọnwa mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=October 2015|title=Incubation time of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex sputum cultures in BACTEC MGIT 960: 4weeks of negative culture is enough for physicians to consider alternative diagnoses|journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease|volume=83|issue=2|pages=162–164|doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.07.002|pmid=26239846}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi uto gụnyere Löwenstein-Jensen medium na mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT).<gallery mode="packed" heights="170"> Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_Ziehl-Neelsen_stain_02.jpg|''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' on Ziehl-Neelsen stain Faịlụ:Slant_tubes_of_Löwenstein-Jensen_medium_with_control,_M_tuberculosis,_M_avium_and_M_gordonae.jpg|Slant tubes of Löwenstein-Jensen medium Faịlụ:Mycobacteria_Growth_Indicator_Tube_(MGIT)_samples_in_ultraviolet_light.jpg|MGIT samples emitting fluorescence in ultraviolet light </gallery> == Mycobacteriophages == Mycobacteria nwere ike ibute ọrịa site na mycobacteriophages, otu ụdị nje virus nwere oke maka ebumnuche ha. Site n'iwere igwe mkpụrụ ndụ nke mycobacteria iji mepụta phages ndị ọzọ, enwere ike iji nje ndị dị otú ahụ na ọgwụgwọ phage. Ọgwụ phage nwere ike inye ngwọta ọzọ maka ọgwụ nje, ọkachasị n'ọnọdụ ọrịa na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=September 17, 2019|title=Phage therapy as a renewed therapeutic approach to mycobacterial infections: a comprehensive review|journal=Infection and Drug Resistance|language=English|volume=12|pages=2943–2959|doi=10.2147/IDR.S218638|pmid=31571947}}</ref> Mycosides bụ glycolipids nke e kewapụrụ site na ụdị ''Mycobacterium'' na Mycoside A nke a na-ahụ na ụdị fotochromogenic, Mycoside B na ụdị ehi, na Mycosides C na ụdị nnụnụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 1960|title=Mycosides: a new class of type-specific glycolipids of Mycobacteria|journal=Nature|volume=186|issue=4728|pages=887–888|doi=10.1038/186887a0|pmid=13831939}}</ref> Ụdị dị iche iche nke Mycoside C nwere ihe ịga nke ọma dịgasị iche iche dị ka onye na-anabata iji mee ka mycobacteriophages ghara ịrụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 1972|title=Mycosides C: behavior as receptor site substance for mycobacteriophage D4|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=9|issue=6|pages=999–1003|doi=10.1128/jvi.9.6.999-1003.1972|pmid=4113889}}</ref> Mgbanwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-edepụta mycocerosic acid synthase na ''M. bovis'' na-egbochi mmepụta nke mycosides.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=May 1996|title=Targeted replacement of the mycocerosic acid synthase gene in Mycobacterium bovis BCG produces a mutant that lacks mycosides|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=93|issue=10|pages=4787–4792|doi=10.1073/pnas.93.10.4787|pmid=8643481}}</ref> <references group="note" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] h77d5lctggsi2yi86m334u0g1td947r 672529 672527 2026-07-04T22:11:27Z Johnnybam 24488 672529 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Mycobacterium''''' bụ ụdị nke ihe karịrị 190 ụdị nje bacteria Gram-positive na phylum Actinomycetota, nke e kenyere ezinụlọ nke ya, Mycobacteriaceae. Ụdị a gụnyere pathogens a maara na ha na-akpata ọrịa siri ike na anụ na-enye nwa ara, gụnyere ụkwara nta (''M. ụkwara nta'') na [[Ekpenta]] (''M. ekpenta'') na ụmụ mmadụ. Okwu Grik ''myco-'' pụtara 'fungus', na-ezo aka n'elu ihe ndị yiri ebu a. Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị a nwere mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ihe dị n'èzí nke jupụtara na lipid nke nwere oke mycolic acid, a na-eji acid-fast staining eme ihe iji mesie ike iguzogide acid, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ. <ref name="pmid32470138">{{Cite journal|date=May 2020|title=The thick waxy coat of mycobacteria, a protective layer against antibiotics and the host's immune system|journal=The Biochemical Journal|volume=477|issue=10|pages=1983–2006|doi=10.1042/BCJ20200194|pmid=32470138}}</ref><ref name="Pennington_2021">{{Cite journal|date=August 2021|title=Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease|journal=Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases|volume=24|doi=10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100244|pmid=34036184}}</ref> Ụdị Mycobacterial na-abụkarị aerobic, na-adịghị agagharị agagharị, ma nwee ike itolite na obere nri na-edozi ahụ. A na-ekewa ụdị ahụ dabere na mmepụta ihe na-acha odo odo nke ụdị ọ bụla na ọnụego uto.<ref name="Forbes_2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Mycobacteria|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=31|issue=2|pages=e00038–17|doi=10.1128/CMR.00038-17|pmid=29386234}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụdị Mycobacterium abụghị ndị na-ebute ọrịa, mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị ahụ na-enye aka n'ịgbanahụ nchebe.<ref name="Dulberger_2020">{{Cite journal|date=January 2020|title=The mycobacterial cell envelope – a moving target|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|volume=18|issue=1|pages=47–59|doi=10.1038/s41579-019-0273-7|pmid=31728063}}</ref> === Ọdịdị === [[Faịlụ:Model_of_the_Mycobacterial_Cell_Envelope.png|thumb|Ihe nlereanya nke ''Mycobacterium spp.'' envelopu mkpụrụ ndụ nwere usoro protein 3-D]] Mycobacteria bụ aerobic nwere 0.2-0.6 μm n'obosara na 1.0-10 μm ogologo. Ha na-abụkarị ndị na-adịghị agagharị agagharị, ma e wezụga ụdị ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Mycobacterium]''_marinum" id="mwSQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mycobacterium marinum">Mycobacterium marinum, nke egosila na ọ na-agagharị n'ime macrophages.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=November 2003|title=Mycobacterium marinum escapes from phagosomes and is propelled by actin-based motility|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=198|issue=9|pages=1361–1368|doi=10.1084/jem.20031072|pmid=14597736}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere capsules na ọtụtụ anaghị emepụta endospores. E gosipụtara na ''M. marinum'' na ma eleghị anya ''M. bovis'' na-agbagha; Otú ọ dị, nke a agbaghaala site na nyocha ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 2009|title=Sporulation in mycobacteria|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=106|issue=26|pages=10781–10786|doi=10.1073/pnas.0904104106|pmid=19541637}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2010|title=Do mycobacteria produce endospores?|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=107|issue=2|pages=878–881|doi=10.1073/pnas.0911299107|pmid=20080769}}</ref> Ihe dị iche nke ụdị Mycobacterium niile bụ mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ jupụtara na acid, hydrophobic, na mycolic acid nke e ji peptidoglycan na Arabic-galactan mee, yana ihe ndị a pụrụ iche na-enye ihe mgbaru ọsọ maka ọgwụ ụkwara nta ọhụrụ.<ref name="BhamidiS">{{Cite book|title=Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends|publisher=Caister Academic Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-904455-45-5|chapter=Mycobacterial Cell Wall Arabinogalactan}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Ọtụtụ ụdị ''Mycobacterium'' na-eto ngwa ngwa na obere ihe na-edozi ahụ, na-eji ammonia na / ma ọ bụ Amino acid dị ka isi iyi nitrogen na glycerol dị ka isi mmalite carbon na ọnụnọ nke nnu mineral. Okpomọkụ maka uto kachasị mma dịgasị iche n'etiti ụdị na ọnọdụ mgbasa ozi, site na 25 ruo 45 °C.<ref name="Forbes_2018" /> Enwere ike ịzụlite ọtụtụ ụdị ''Mycobacterium'', gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị dị mkpa, na agar ọbara.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2015|title=Current and past strategies for bacterial culture in clinical microbiology|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=28|issue=1|pages=208–236|doi=10.1128/CMR.00110-14|pmid=25567228}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ụdị na-eto nke nta nke nta n'ihi ogologo oge ọmụmụ, dị ka M. leprae na-achọ ụbọchị 12 kwa usoro nkewa ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkeji 20 maka ụfọdụ ụdị E. coli.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 1965|title=Mycobacterium leprae in Mice: Minimal Infectious Dose, Relationship Between Staining Quality and Infectivity, and Effect of Cortisone|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=89|issue=2|pages=365–372|doi=10.1128/jb.89.2.365-372.1965|pmid=14255702}}</ref> === Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi === Ọ bụ ezie na Mycobacterium tuberculosis na M. leprae bụ pathogenic, ọtụtụ mycobacteria anaghị akpata ọrịa ọ gwụla ma ha abanye na mmerụ ahụ nke ndị nwere akpa ume na / ma ọ bụ nsogbu ahụike, n'agbanyeghị na ha gbasara n'Ule mmiri na ala. Site na mmepụta biofilm, mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ na-eguzogide chlorine, na njikọ ya na amoebas, mycobacteria nwere ike ịlanarị nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi dịgasị iche iche. Mgbasa ozi agar eji eme ihe maka ọtụtụ nnwale mmiri anaghị akwado uto nke mycobacteria, na-enye ya ohere ka a ghara ịchọpụta ya na usoro obodo na ụlọ ọgwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=November 2005|title=Mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems: ecology and significance for human health|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|volume=29|issue=5|pages=911–934|doi=10.1016/j.femsre.2005.02.001|pmid=16219512}}</ref> === Genomics === Ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke mycobacteria sitere na ndị pere mpe (dịka na M. leprae) ruo ndị buru ibu, dị ka nke ahụ dị ka ''[[Mycobacterium vulneris|M. vulneris]],'' na-edepụta protein 6,653, buru ibu karịa ~ protein 6000 nke Eukaryotic yeast.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=May 2014|title=Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium vulneris DSM 45247T|journal=Genome Announcements|volume=2|issue=3|doi=10.1128/genomeA.00370-14|pmid=24812218}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe ọmụma nke protein !Ahụike !Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa protein |- |''M. intracellular'' |5,289<ref>{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000595205|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |- |<nowiki><i id="mwrA">Onye Colombia</i></nowiki> |5,084<ref>{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000250915|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |- |''M. ekpenta'' |1,603<ref name="uniprot_UP000000806">{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000000806|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |- |''M. ụkwara nta'' |3,995<ref name="uniprot_UP000000806" /> |- |''M. smegmatis'' |6,602<ref>{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000000757|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |- |''M. chelonae'' |4,948<ref>{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000317728|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |} == Mmetụta nke ọrịa == Mycobacterium ụkwara nta nwere ike ịnọgide na-ehi ụra na ụmụ mmadụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe mbụ ọrịa, ma reactivates n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị irè (dịka, immunosuppression, ịka nká, nutritional erughi). [1] A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa nwere ụkwara nta (TB). [2] M. ụkwara nta nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata ọrịa, nke nwere ike kewaa n'ime lipid na fatty acid metabolism, protein envelopu cell, macrophage inhibitors, protein kinases, proteases, metal-transporter proteins, na gene expression regulators. Ọtụtụ ụdị dị ka "bovis" id="mw6Q" rel="mw:WikiLink"aha="Mycobacterium bovis">M. t. var. A na-ewere bovis (TB bovine) dị iche iche na ogige ụkwara nta nke M. ruo mgbe emechara jikọtara ya na ụdị ndị bụ isi na 2018. === Ekpenta === Ọganihu nke [[Ekpenta]] na-esite na ọrịa Mycobacterium leprae ma ọ bụ ''Mycobacterium lepromatosis'', nje bacteria abụọ nwere njikọ chiri anya. A na-akọ ihe dị ka mmadụ 200,000 ọhụrụ na-ebute ọrịa kwa afọ, a na-akọkwa 80% nke ndị ọhụrụ na Brazil, India, na Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2022|title=Pathogenicity and virulence of ''Mycobacterium leprae''|journal=Virulence|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1985–2011|doi=10.1080/21505594.2022.2141987|pmid=36326715}}</ref> M. leprae na-efe efe n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ macrophages na mkpụrụ ndụ Schwann dị na anụ ahụ akwara. === Ọrịa ụkwara nta ''Mycobacteria'' === [[Faịlụ:Three_Pathogenic_Mycobacteria.png|thumb|Orthologous protein ndị a hụrụ na ụdị ọ bụla (dabere na njirimara OMA). A na-ahụ protein pụrụ iche maka ụdị ọ bụla na mpaghara mpụga maka ụdị ọ ọ bụla.]] Nontuberculosis ''Mycobacteria'' (NTM), nke na-ewepu M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, na M. lepromatosis, nwere ike ibute ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. A na-akpọ nje bacteria ndị a "atypical mycobacteria. " Ọ bụ ezie na nnyefe nke onye na onye bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, a hụla nnyefe nke ''M. abscessus'' n'etiti ndị ọrịa nwere cystic fibrosis.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 12, 2019|title=Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infections {{!}} HAI {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/nontuberculous-mycobacteria.html|accessdate=April 28, 2023|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> Ọrịa anọ a hụrụ n'ime ụmụ mmadụ bụ ọrịa akpa ume na-adịghị ala ala, ọrịa na-agbasa n'ime ndị ọrịa na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ na anụ ahụ dị nro, na lymphadenitis elu. 80-90% nke ọrịa NTM e dekọrọ na-egosi dị ka ọrịa akpa ume.<ref name="To_2020">{{Cite journal|date=August 2020|title=General Overview of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Opportunistic Pathogens: ''Mycobacterium avium'' and ''Mycobacterium abscessus''|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=9|issue=8|doi=10.3390/jcm9082541|pmid=32781595}}</ref> ''M. abscessus'' bụ mycobacterium (RGM) na-eto ngwa ngwa, yana isi ihe na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume nke RGM. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ele ya anya dị ka ihe na-ebute ọrịa dịka NTM ndị ọzọ, nyocha nke ihe dị iche iche na-ebughị ọrịa (VFs) agbanweela echiche a na nke ezigbo pathogen. Nke a bụ n'ihi ọnụnọ nke mycobacterial VFs a maara na ndị ọzọ na-abụghị mycobactera VFs hụrụ na pathogens prokaryotic ndị ọzọ.<ref name="To_2020">{{Cite journal|date=August 2020|title=General Overview of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Opportunistic Pathogens: ''Mycobacterium avium'' and ''Mycobacterium abscessus''|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=9|issue=8|doi=10.3390/jcm9082541|pmid=32781595}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFToCaoYegiazaryanOwens2020">To K, Cao R, Yegiazaryan A, Owens J, Venketaraman V (August 2020). </cite></ref> Mycobacteria nwere mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ na peptidoglycan, Arabic-galactan, na mycolic acid; mycomembrane dị n'èzí nke mycolic acid; na capsule dị n'elu nke glucans na protein ndị a na-emepụta maka virulence. Ọ na-agbanwe ihe ndị a mgbe niile iji dịrị ndụ na gburugburu ebe nrụgide ma zere ihe nchebe nke onye na-elekọta ya. Ọdịdị mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ a na-eme ka elu nke yiri fungi, na-eduga n'iji prefix Greek ''myco-'' mee ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 1999|title=Mycobacteria: Health Advisory EPA-822-B-01-007|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/mycobacteria-report.pdf|accessdate=March 10, 2023|work=epa.gov|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}</ref> Ọdịdị a pụrụ iche na-eme ka penicillins ghara ịrụ ọrụ, kama ọ chọrọ ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ mgbochi nke isoniazid iji gbochie njikọ mycolic acid, rifampicin iji gbochie transcription, ethambutol iji gbochie njikọta arabinogalactan, na pyrazinamide iji gbochie coenzyme A.<ref name="Dulberger_2020" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe ọmụma banyere ọrịa ''Mycobacterial'' !Ahụike !Mgbaàmà Ndị A Na-ahụkarị Maka Ọrịa !Ọgwụgwọ ndị a ma ama !'''Ọnọdụ ndị a kọrọ (Mpaghara, Afọ) ''' |- |''M. ụkwara nta'' |Ike ọgwụgwụ, ibu ibu, ahụ ọkụ, hemoptysis, obi mgbu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 17, 2022|title=Fact Sheets {{!}} General {{!}} Tuberculosis: General Information {{!}} TB {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/general/tb.htm|accessdate=April 25, 2023|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> |isoniazid INH, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Diagnosing and Treating Tuberculosis|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/tuberculosis/treating-and-managing|accessdate=April 25, 2023|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref> |1.6 nde (Ụwa Ụwa, 2021) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2022|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2022|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> |- |''M. ekpenta'' ''M. ekpenta'' |Mgbanwe nke akpụkpọ ahụ, mmepe nke nodule, akpụkpọ ahụ kpọrọ nkụ, ọnwụ nke nku na / ma ọ bụ anya anya, nkụchi, ọbara n'imi, ahụ mkpọnwụ, nkwarụ, ihe mgbu akwara.<ref name="www.cdc.gov_2018">{{Cite web|date=October 22, 2018|title=Signs and Symptoms {{!}} Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/leprosy/symptoms/index.html|accessdate=April 25, 2023|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> |dapson, rifampicin, clofazimine.<ref name="www.cdc.gov_2018" /> |133,802 (Global, 2021) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Global leprosy (Hansen disease) update, 2021: moving towards interruption of transmission|url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/who-wer9736-429-450|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> |- |''M. avium'' complex |Akpụkpọ ahụ dị nro, mmepe nke ọsụsọ ma ọ bụ vesicles jupụtara na pus, ahụ ọkụ, oyi, mgbu uru ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=November 15, 2021|title=Mycobacterium abscessus in Healthcare Settings {{!}} HAI {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/mycobacterium.html|accessdate=April 27, 2023|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> |clarithromycin, azithromycina, amikacin, cefoxitin, imipenem.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 2020|title=Treatment for Mycobacterium abscessus complex-lung disease|journal=Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan Yi Zhi|volume=119|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S58–S66|doi=10.1016/j.jfma.2020.05.028|pmid=32527504}}</ref> |3000 (US, ''atụmatụ'' kwa afọ) |- |''M. abscessus'' complex |Ịkụ ụkwara, ọbara ọgbụgba, ahụ ọkụ, mmerụ ahụ n'ime oghere. <ref name="Huang_2010">{{Cite journal|date=October 2010|title=Clinical outcome of Mycobacterium abscessus infection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing|journal=Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi|volume=43|issue=5|pages=401–406|doi=10.1016/S1684-1182(10)60063-1|pmid=21075707}}</ref> |clarithromycin, amikacin, cefoxitin, imipenem. <ref name="Huang_2010" /> |A maghị ya |} == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == {{cladogram|title=Cladogram of Key Species|caption=|clades={{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%; |1={{clade |label1='''''Mycobacterium''''' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacteroides chelonae|M. chelonae]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium fortuitum|M. fortuitum]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium flavescens|M. flavescens]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium smegmatis|M. smegmatis]]'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium avium complex|M. avium]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium avium complex|M. intracellulare]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium kansasii|M. kansasii]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium scrofulaceum|M. scrofulaceum]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium malmoense|M. malmoense]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium szulgai|M. szulgai]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium marinum|M. marinum]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis|M. tuberculosis]]'' }} }} |2=''[[Mycobacterium gordonae|M. gordonae]]'' }} |2=''[[Mycobacterium simiae|M. simiae]]'' }} |2=''[[Mycobacterium xenopi|M. xenopi]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycolicibacter nonchromogenicus|M. nonchromogenicum]]'' |2=''[[Mycolicibacter terrae|M. terrae]]'' }} }} }} |label2=[[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]] |2=''[[Nocardia asteroides]]'' }} }}}}Mycobacteria ejirila ule phenotypic ekewa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị ka nhazi nke Runyon, nke na-enyocha ọnụego uto na mmepụta nke carotenoids odo / oroma. Otu I nwere scotochromogens (na-emepụta agba odo na nzaghachi nke ìhè), Group II nwere scotochromogens (na-emepụta agba nke anya na-ahụ anya), na ndị na-abụghị chromogens nke Group III na IV nwere agba odo / tan, n'agbanyeghị ìhè. Ụdị IV bụ mycobacteria "na-eto ngwa ngwa" ma e jiri ya tụnyere "na-eto ngwa ngwa" ụdị III n'ihi na ihe nlele ahụ na-eto eto ruo n'ogo a na-ahụ anya n'ihe na-erughị ụbọchị asaa. N'ihi na International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) na-amata ugbu a ụdị 195 Mycobacterium, usoro nhazi na njirimara ugbu a dabere na usoro DNA na phylogenetics. Ndị na-akpata ọrịa bụ isi bụ M. ụkwara nta complex (ụkwara nta), M. avium complex (Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection), M. leprae na M. lepromatosis (ekpenta), na M. abscessus (ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala). Microbiologist Enrico Tortoli ewuola osisi phylogenetic nke ụdị dị iche iche dabere na usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mbụ nke Rogall, et al. (1990), n'akụkụ osisi phylogentic ọhụrụ dabere na usoro Tortoli nke afọ 2017 nke 148 ''Mycobacterium'' species: <ref>{{Cite book|title=Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM)|date=January 10, 2019|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-814692-7|pages=1–10|language=en|chapter=Chapter 1 – The Taxonomy of the Genus Mycobacterium|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-814692-7.00001-2}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="360"> Faịlụ:Phylogentic_Tree_of_Slowly-Growing_Mycobacterium_Tortoli_2017.png|Phylogenetic tree of slowly-growing members of the Mycobacterium genus Faịlụ:Phylogentic_Tree_of_Rapidly-Growing_Mycobacterium_Tortoli_2017.png|Phylogenetic tree of rapidly-growing members of the ''Mycobacterium'' genus, alongside the M. terrae complex<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2017|title=The new phylogeny of the genus Mycobacterium: The old and the news|journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution|volume=56|pages=19–25|doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.013|pmid=29030295}}</ref> </gallery>Gupta et al. atụwo aro ịkewa ''Mycobacterium'' n'ime ụdị ise, dabere na nyocha nke ụdị 150 na ụdị a. N'ihi esemokwu banyere nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ dị mgbagwoju anya, ụdị niile a gbanwere aha ha anọgidewo na njirimara mbụ ha na ''Mycobacterium'' genus dị ka otu aha taxonomic: <ref name="Gupta2018">{{Cite journal|year=2018|title=Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomic Studies Robustly Support Division of the Genus ''Mycobacterium'' into an Emended Genus ''Mycobacterium'' and Four Novel Genera|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2018.00067|pmid=29497402}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 2019|title=Same meat, different gravy: ignore the new names of mycobacteria|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=54|issue=1|doi=10.1183/13993003.00795-2019|pmid=31296783}}</ref> * '''''Mycobacterium''''' nke dabeere na Tuberculosis-Simiae na-eto ngwa ngwa * ''Mycobacteroides'' dabere na ngwa ngwa na-eto eto Abscessus-Chelonae clade * ''Mycolicibacillus'' dabere na Slowly-Growing Triviale clade * ''Mycolicibacter'' nke dabeere na Slowly-Growing Terrae clade * ''Mycolicibacterium'' nke dabeere na Fortuitum-Vaccae na-eto ngwa ngwa Ụzọ abụọ a na-ahụkarị maka ịhụ nje bacteria ndị a ka ntụpọ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha anụnụ anụnụ bụ Ziehl-Neelsen ntụpọ na Kinyoun ntụpọ gbanwetụrụ. A na-eji ntụpọ fite mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ M. leprae dị ka pink-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ngwa ngwa gbanwetụrụ Auramine O Fluorescent ntụpọ nwere njikọ pụrụ iche maka mycobacteria ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto maka ịcha edo edo n'okirikiri gbara ọchịchịrị. Ụzọ ọhụrụ gụnyere Gomori-Methenamine Silver staining na Periodic Acid Schiff staining to merụrụ Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) mkpụrụ ndụ ojii na pink, n'otu n'otu. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ mycobacteria nwere ike iwe ihe ruru izu asatọ iji zụlite mpaghara ndị a na-ahụ anya site na ihe nlele a zụlitere, ọtụtụ ụdị dị mkpa ga-eto n'ime izu anọ mbụ, na-enye ndị dọkịta ohere ịtụle ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọgụgụ na-adịghị mma na-aga n'ihu gafere ọnwa mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=October 2015|title=Incubation time of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex sputum cultures in BACTEC MGIT 960: 4weeks of negative culture is enough for physicians to consider alternative diagnoses|journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease|volume=83|issue=2|pages=162–164|doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.07.002|pmid=26239846}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi uto gụnyere Löwenstein-Jensen medium na mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT).<gallery mode="packed" heights="170"> Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_Ziehl-Neelsen_stain_02.jpg|''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' on Ziehl-Neelsen stain Faịlụ:Slant_tubes_of_Löwenstein-Jensen_medium_with_control,_M_tuberculosis,_M_avium_and_M_gordonae.jpg|Slant tubes of Löwenstein-Jensen medium Faịlụ:Mycobacteria_Growth_Indicator_Tube_(MGIT)_samples_in_ultraviolet_light.jpg|MGIT samples emitting fluorescence in ultraviolet light </gallery> == Mycobacteriophages == Mycobacteria nwere ike ibute ọrịa site na mycobacteriophages, otu ụdị nje virus nwere oke maka ebumnuche ha. Site n'iwere igwe mkpụrụ ndụ nke mycobacteria iji mepụta phages ndị ọzọ, enwere ike iji nje ndị dị otú ahụ na ọgwụgwọ phage. Ọgwụ phage nwere ike inye ngwọta ọzọ maka ọgwụ nje, ọkachasị n'ọnọdụ ọrịa na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=September 17, 2019|title=Phage therapy as a renewed therapeutic approach to mycobacterial infections: a comprehensive review|journal=Infection and Drug Resistance|language=English|volume=12|pages=2943–2959|doi=10.2147/IDR.S218638|pmid=31571947}}</ref> Mycosides bụ glycolipids nke e kewapụrụ site na ụdị ''Mycobacterium'' na Mycoside A nke a na-ahụ na ụdị fotochromogenic, Mycoside B na ụdị ehi, na Mycosides C na ụdị nnụnụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 1960|title=Mycosides: a new class of type-specific glycolipids of Mycobacteria|journal=Nature|volume=186|issue=4728|pages=887–888|doi=10.1038/186887a0|pmid=13831939}}</ref> Ụdị dị iche iche nke Mycoside C nwere ihe ịga nke ọma dịgasị iche iche dị ka onye na-anabata iji mee ka mycobacteriophages ghara ịrụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 1972|title=Mycosides C: behavior as receptor site substance for mycobacteriophage D4|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=9|issue=6|pages=999–1003|doi=10.1128/jvi.9.6.999-1003.1972|pmid=4113889}}</ref> Mgbanwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-edepụta mycocerosic acid synthase na ''M. bovis'' na-egbochi mmepụta nke mycosides.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=May 1996|title=Targeted replacement of the mycocerosic acid synthase gene in Mycobacterium bovis BCG produces a mutant that lacks mycosides|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=93|issue=10|pages=4787–4792|doi=10.1073/pnas.93.10.4787|pmid=8643481}}</ref> <references group="note" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1x006pe0uuv85ick9d41l5ohedrw8xs 672530 672529 2026-07-04T22:12:06Z Johnnybam 24488 672530 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Mycobacterium''''' bụ ụdị nke ihe karịrị 190 ụdị nje bacteria Gram-positive na phylum Actinomycetota, nke e kenyere ezinụlọ nke ya, Mycobacteriaceae. Ụdị a gụnyere pathogens a maara na ha na-akpata ọrịa siri ike na anụ na-enye nwa ara, gụnyere ụkwara nta (''M. ụkwara nta'') na [[Ekpenta]] (''M. ekpenta'') na ụmụ mmadụ. Okwu Grik ''myco-'' pụtara 'fungus', na-ezo aka n'elu ihe ndị yiri ebu a. Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị a nwere mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ihe dị n'èzí nke jupụtara na lipid nke nwere oke mycolic acid, a na-eji acid-fast staining eme ihe iji mesie ike iguzogide acid, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ. <ref name="pmid32470138">{{Cite journal|date=May 2020|title=The thick waxy coat of mycobacteria, a protective layer against antibiotics and the host's immune system|journal=The Biochemical Journal|volume=477|issue=10|pages=1983–2006|doi=10.1042/BCJ20200194|pmid=32470138}}</ref><ref name="Pennington_2021">{{Cite journal|date=August 2021|title=Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease|journal=Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases|volume=24|doi=10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100244|pmid=34036184}}</ref> Ụdị Mycobacterial na-abụkarị aerobic, na-adịghị agagharị agagharị, ma nwee ike itolite na obere nri na-edozi ahụ. A na-ekewa ụdị ahụ dabere na mmepụta ihe na-acha odo odo nke ụdị ọ bụla na ọnụego uto.<ref name="Forbes_2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Mycobacteria|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=31|issue=2|pages=e00038–17|doi=10.1128/CMR.00038-17|pmid=29386234}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụdị Mycobacterium abụghị ndị na-ebute ọrịa, mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị ahụ na-enye aka n'ịgbanahụ nchebe.<ref name="Dulberger_2020">{{Cite journal|date=January 2020|title=The mycobacterial cell envelope – a moving target|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|volume=18|issue=1|pages=47–59|doi=10.1038/s41579-019-0273-7|pmid=31728063}}</ref> === Ọdịdị === [[Faịlụ:Model_of_the_Mycobacterial_Cell_Envelope.png|thumb|Ihe nlereanya nke ''Mycobacterium spp.'' envelopu mkpụrụ ndụ nwere usoro protein 3-D]] Mycobacteria bụ aerobic nwere 0.2-0.6 μm n'obosara na 1.0-10 μm ogologo. Ha na-abụkarị ndị na-adịghị agagharị agagharị, ma e wezụga ụdị ''[./&#x3C;i&#x20;id= Mycobacterium]''_marinum" id="mwSQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Mycobacterium marinum">Mycobacterium marinum, nke egosila na ọ na-agagharị n'ime macrophages.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=November 2003|title=Mycobacterium marinum escapes from phagosomes and is propelled by actin-based motility|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=198|issue=9|pages=1361–1368|doi=10.1084/jem.20031072|pmid=14597736}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere capsules na ọtụtụ anaghị emepụta endospores. E gosipụtara na ''M. marinum'' na ma eleghị anya ''M. bovis'' na-agbagha; Otú ọ dị, nke a agbaghaala site na nyocha ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 2009|title=Sporulation in mycobacteria|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=106|issue=26|pages=10781–10786|doi=10.1073/pnas.0904104106|pmid=19541637}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2010|title=Do mycobacteria produce endospores?|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=107|issue=2|pages=878–881|doi=10.1073/pnas.0911299107|pmid=20080769}}</ref> Ihe dị iche nke ụdị Mycobacterium niile bụ mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ jupụtara na acid, hydrophobic, na mycolic acid nke e ji peptidoglycan na Arabic-galactan mee, yana ihe ndị a pụrụ iche na-enye ihe mgbaru ọsọ maka ọgwụ ụkwara nta ọhụrụ.<ref name="BhamidiS">{{Cite book|title=Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends|publisher=Caister Academic Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-904455-45-5|chapter=Mycobacterial Cell Wall Arabinogalactan}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Ọtụtụ ụdị ''Mycobacterium'' na-eto ngwa ngwa na obere ihe na-edozi ahụ, na-eji ammonia na / ma ọ bụ Amino acid dị ka isi iyi nitrogen na glycerol dị ka isi mmalite carbon na ọnụnọ nke nnu mineral. Okpomọkụ maka uto kachasị mma dịgasị iche n'etiti ụdị na ọnọdụ mgbasa ozi, site na 25 ruo 45 °C.<ref name="Forbes_2018" /> Enwere ike ịzụlite ọtụtụ ụdị ''Mycobacterium'', gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị dị mkpa, na agar ọbara.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2015|title=Current and past strategies for bacterial culture in clinical microbiology|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=28|issue=1|pages=208–236|doi=10.1128/CMR.00110-14|pmid=25567228}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ụdị na-eto nke nta nke nta n'ihi ogologo oge ọmụmụ, dị ka M. leprae na-achọ ụbọchị 12 kwa usoro nkewa ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkeji 20 maka ụfọdụ ụdị E. coli.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 1965|title=Mycobacterium leprae in Mice: Minimal Infectious Dose, Relationship Between Staining Quality and Infectivity, and Effect of Cortisone|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=89|issue=2|pages=365–372|doi=10.1128/jb.89.2.365-372.1965|pmid=14255702}}</ref> === Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi === Ọ bụ ezie na Mycobacterium tuberculosis na M. leprae bụ pathogenic, ọtụtụ mycobacteria anaghị akpata ọrịa ọ gwụla ma ha abanye na mmerụ ahụ nke ndị nwere akpa ume na / ma ọ bụ nsogbu ahụike, n'agbanyeghị na ha gbasara n'Ule mmiri na ala. Site na mmepụta biofilm, mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ na-eguzogide chlorine, na njikọ ya na amoebas, mycobacteria nwere ike ịlanarị nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi dịgasị iche iche. Mgbasa ozi agar eji eme ihe maka ọtụtụ nnwale mmiri anaghị akwado uto nke mycobacteria, na-enye ya ohere ka a ghara ịchọpụta ya na usoro obodo na ụlọ ọgwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=November 2005|title=Mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems: ecology and significance for human health|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|volume=29|issue=5|pages=911–934|doi=10.1016/j.femsre.2005.02.001|pmid=16219512}}</ref> === Genomics === Ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke mycobacteria sitere na ndị pere mpe (dịka na M. leprae) ruo ndị buru ibu, dị ka nke ahụ dị ka ''[[Mycobacterium vulneris|M. vulneris]],'' na-edepụta protein 6,653, buru ibu karịa ~ protein 6000 nke Eukaryotic yeast.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=May 2014|title=Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium vulneris DSM 45247T|journal=Genome Announcements|volume=2|issue=3|doi=10.1128/genomeA.00370-14|pmid=24812218}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe ọmụma nke protein !Ahụike !Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa protein |- |''M. intracellular'' |5,289<ref>{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000595205|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |- |<nowiki><i id="mwrA">Onye Colombia</i></nowiki> |5,084<ref>{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000250915|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |- |''M. ekpenta'' |1,603<ref name="uniprot_UP000000806">{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000000806|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |- |''M. ụkwara nta'' |3,995<ref name="uniprot_UP000000806" /> |- |''M. smegmatis'' |6,602<ref>{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000000757|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |- |''M. chelonae'' |4,948<ref>{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000317728|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |} == Mmetụta nke ọrịa == Mycobacterium ụkwara nta nwere ike ịnọgide na-ehi ụra na ụmụ mmadụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe mbụ ọrịa, ma reactivates n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị irè (dịka, immunosuppression, ịka nká, nutritional erughi). [1] A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa nwere ụkwara nta (TB). [2] M. ụkwara nta nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata ọrịa, nke nwere ike kewaa n'ime lipid na fatty acid metabolism, protein envelopu cell, macrophage inhibitors, protein kinases, proteases, metal-transporter proteins, na gene expression regulators. Ọtụtụ ụdị dị ka "bovis" id="mw6Q" rel="mw:WikiLink"aha="Mycobacterium bovis">M. t. var. A na-ewere bovis (TB bovine) dị iche iche na ogige ụkwara nta nke M. ruo mgbe emechara jikọtara ya na ụdị ndị bụ isi na 2018. === Ekpenta === Ọganihu nke [[Ekpenta]] na-esite na ọrịa Mycobacterium leprae ma ọ bụ ''Mycobacterium lepromatosis'', nje bacteria abụọ nwere njikọ chiri anya. A na-akọ ihe dị ka mmadụ 200,000 ọhụrụ na-ebute ọrịa kwa afọ, a na-akọkwa 80% nke ndị ọhụrụ na Brazil, India, na Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2022|title=Pathogenicity and virulence of ''Mycobacterium leprae''|journal=Virulence|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1985–2011|doi=10.1080/21505594.2022.2141987|pmid=36326715}}</ref> M. leprae na-efe efe n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ macrophages na mkpụrụ ndụ Schwann dị na anụ ahụ akwara. === Ọrịa ụkwara nta ''Mycobacteria'' === [[Faịlụ:Three_Pathogenic_Mycobacteria.png|thumb|Orthologous protein ndị a hụrụ na ụdị ọ bụla (dabere na njirimara OMA). A na-ahụ protein pụrụ iche maka ụdị ọ bụla na mpaghara mpụga maka ụdị ọ ọ bụla.]] Nontuberculosis ''Mycobacteria'' (NTM), nke na-ewepu M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, na M. lepromatosis, nwere ike ibute ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. A na-akpọ nje bacteria ndị a "atypical mycobacteria. " Ọ bụ ezie na nnyefe nke onye na onye bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, a hụla nnyefe nke ''M. abscessus'' n'etiti ndị ọrịa nwere cystic fibrosis.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 12, 2019|title=Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infections {{!}} HAI {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/nontuberculous-mycobacteria.html|accessdate=April 28, 2023|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> Ọrịa anọ a hụrụ n'ime ụmụ mmadụ bụ ọrịa akpa ume na-adịghị ala ala, ọrịa na-agbasa n'ime ndị ọrịa na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ na anụ ahụ dị nro, na lymphadenitis elu. 80-90% nke ọrịa NTM e dekọrọ na-egosi dị ka ọrịa akpa ume.<ref name="To_2020">{{Cite journal|date=August 2020|title=General Overview of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Opportunistic Pathogens: ''Mycobacterium avium'' and ''Mycobacterium abscessus''|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=9|issue=8|doi=10.3390/jcm9082541|pmid=32781595}}</ref> ''M. abscessus'' bụ mycobacterium (RGM) na-eto ngwa ngwa, yana isi ihe na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume nke RGM. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ele ya anya dị ka ihe na-ebute ọrịa dịka NTM ndị ọzọ, nyocha nke ihe dị iche iche na-ebughị ọrịa (VFs) agbanweela echiche a na nke ezigbo pathogen. Nke a bụ n'ihi ọnụnọ nke mycobacterial VFs a maara na ndị ọzọ na-abụghị mycobactera VFs hụrụ na pathogens prokaryotic ndị ọzọ.<ref name="To_2020" /> Mycobacteria nwere mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ na peptidoglycan, Arabic-galactan, na mycolic acid; mycomembrane dị n'èzí nke mycolic acid; na capsule dị n'elu nke glucans na protein ndị a na-emepụta maka virulence. Ọ na-agbanwe ihe ndị a mgbe niile iji dịrị ndụ na gburugburu ebe nrụgide ma zere ihe nchebe nke onye na-elekọta ya. Ọdịdị mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ a na-eme ka elu nke yiri fungi, na-eduga n'iji prefix Greek ''myco-'' mee ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 1999|title=Mycobacteria: Health Advisory EPA-822-B-01-007|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/mycobacteria-report.pdf|accessdate=March 10, 2023|work=epa.gov|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}</ref> Ọdịdị a pụrụ iche na-eme ka penicillins ghara ịrụ ọrụ, kama ọ chọrọ ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ mgbochi nke isoniazid iji gbochie njikọ mycolic acid, rifampicin iji gbochie transcription, ethambutol iji gbochie njikọta arabinogalactan, na pyrazinamide iji gbochie coenzyme A.<ref name="Dulberger_2020" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe ọmụma banyere ọrịa ''Mycobacterial'' !Ahụike !Mgbaàmà Ndị A Na-ahụkarị Maka Ọrịa !Ọgwụgwọ ndị a ma ama !'''Ọnọdụ ndị a kọrọ (Mpaghara, Afọ) ''' |- |''M. ụkwara nta'' |Ike ọgwụgwụ, ibu ibu, ahụ ọkụ, hemoptysis, obi mgbu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 17, 2022|title=Fact Sheets {{!}} General {{!}} Tuberculosis: General Information {{!}} TB {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/general/tb.htm|accessdate=April 25, 2023|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> |isoniazid INH, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Diagnosing and Treating Tuberculosis|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/tuberculosis/treating-and-managing|accessdate=April 25, 2023|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref> |1.6 nde (Ụwa Ụwa, 2021) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2022|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2022|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> |- |''M. ekpenta'' ''M. ekpenta'' |Mgbanwe nke akpụkpọ ahụ, mmepe nke nodule, akpụkpọ ahụ kpọrọ nkụ, ọnwụ nke nku na / ma ọ bụ anya anya, nkụchi, ọbara n'imi, ahụ mkpọnwụ, nkwarụ, ihe mgbu akwara.<ref name="www.cdc.gov_2018">{{Cite web|date=October 22, 2018|title=Signs and Symptoms {{!}} Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/leprosy/symptoms/index.html|accessdate=April 25, 2023|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> |dapson, rifampicin, clofazimine.<ref name="www.cdc.gov_2018" /> |133,802 (Global, 2021) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Global leprosy (Hansen disease) update, 2021: moving towards interruption of transmission|url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/who-wer9736-429-450|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> |- |''M. avium'' complex |Akpụkpọ ahụ dị nro, mmepe nke ọsụsọ ma ọ bụ vesicles jupụtara na pus, ahụ ọkụ, oyi, mgbu uru ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=November 15, 2021|title=Mycobacterium abscessus in Healthcare Settings {{!}} HAI {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/mycobacterium.html|accessdate=April 27, 2023|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> |clarithromycin, azithromycina, amikacin, cefoxitin, imipenem.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 2020|title=Treatment for Mycobacterium abscessus complex-lung disease|journal=Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan Yi Zhi|volume=119|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S58–S66|doi=10.1016/j.jfma.2020.05.028|pmid=32527504}}</ref> |3000 (US, ''atụmatụ'' kwa afọ) |- |''M. abscessus'' complex |Ịkụ ụkwara, ọbara ọgbụgba, ahụ ọkụ, mmerụ ahụ n'ime oghere. <ref name="Huang_2010">{{Cite journal|date=October 2010|title=Clinical outcome of Mycobacterium abscessus infection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing|journal=Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi|volume=43|issue=5|pages=401–406|doi=10.1016/S1684-1182(10)60063-1|pmid=21075707}}</ref> |clarithromycin, amikacin, cefoxitin, imipenem. <ref name="Huang_2010" /> |A maghị ya |} == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == {{cladogram|title=Cladogram of Key Species|caption=|clades={{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%; |1={{clade |label1='''''Mycobacterium''''' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacteroides chelonae|M. chelonae]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium fortuitum|M. fortuitum]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium flavescens|M. flavescens]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium smegmatis|M. smegmatis]]'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium avium complex|M. avium]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium avium complex|M. intracellulare]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium kansasii|M. kansasii]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium scrofulaceum|M. scrofulaceum]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium malmoense|M. malmoense]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium szulgai|M. szulgai]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium marinum|M. marinum]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis|M. tuberculosis]]'' }} }} |2=''[[Mycobacterium gordonae|M. gordonae]]'' }} |2=''[[Mycobacterium simiae|M. simiae]]'' }} |2=''[[Mycobacterium xenopi|M. xenopi]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycolicibacter nonchromogenicus|M. nonchromogenicum]]'' |2=''[[Mycolicibacter terrae|M. terrae]]'' }} }} }} |label2=[[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]] |2=''[[Nocardia asteroides]]'' }} }}}}Mycobacteria ejirila ule phenotypic ekewa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị ka nhazi nke Runyon, nke na-enyocha ọnụego uto na mmepụta nke carotenoids odo / oroma. Otu I nwere scotochromogens (na-emepụta agba odo na nzaghachi nke ìhè), Group II nwere scotochromogens (na-emepụta agba nke anya na-ahụ anya), na ndị na-abụghị chromogens nke Group III na IV nwere agba odo / tan, n'agbanyeghị ìhè. Ụdị IV bụ mycobacteria "na-eto ngwa ngwa" ma e jiri ya tụnyere "na-eto ngwa ngwa" ụdị III n'ihi na ihe nlele ahụ na-eto eto ruo n'ogo a na-ahụ anya n'ihe na-erughị ụbọchị asaa. N'ihi na International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) na-amata ugbu a ụdị 195 Mycobacterium, usoro nhazi na njirimara ugbu a dabere na usoro DNA na phylogenetics. Ndị na-akpata ọrịa bụ isi bụ M. ụkwara nta complex (ụkwara nta), M. avium complex (Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection), M. leprae na M. lepromatosis (ekpenta), na M. abscessus (ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala). Microbiologist Enrico Tortoli ewuola osisi phylogenetic nke ụdị dị iche iche dabere na usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mbụ nke Rogall, et al. (1990), n'akụkụ osisi phylogentic ọhụrụ dabere na usoro Tortoli nke afọ 2017 nke 148 ''Mycobacterium'' species: <ref>{{Cite book|title=Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM)|date=January 10, 2019|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-814692-7|pages=1–10|language=en|chapter=Chapter 1 – The Taxonomy of the Genus Mycobacterium|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-814692-7.00001-2}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="360"> Faịlụ:Phylogentic_Tree_of_Slowly-Growing_Mycobacterium_Tortoli_2017.png|Phylogenetic tree of slowly-growing members of the Mycobacterium genus Faịlụ:Phylogentic_Tree_of_Rapidly-Growing_Mycobacterium_Tortoli_2017.png|Phylogenetic tree of rapidly-growing members of the ''Mycobacterium'' genus, alongside the M. terrae complex<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2017|title=The new phylogeny of the genus Mycobacterium: The old and the news|journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution|volume=56|pages=19–25|doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.013|pmid=29030295}}</ref> </gallery>Gupta et al. atụwo aro ịkewa ''Mycobacterium'' n'ime ụdị ise, dabere na nyocha nke ụdị 150 na ụdị a. N'ihi esemokwu banyere nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ dị mgbagwoju anya, ụdị niile a gbanwere aha ha anọgidewo na njirimara mbụ ha na ''Mycobacterium'' genus dị ka otu aha taxonomic: <ref name="Gupta2018">{{Cite journal|year=2018|title=Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomic Studies Robustly Support Division of the Genus ''Mycobacterium'' into an Emended Genus ''Mycobacterium'' and Four Novel Genera|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2018.00067|pmid=29497402}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 2019|title=Same meat, different gravy: ignore the new names of mycobacteria|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=54|issue=1|doi=10.1183/13993003.00795-2019|pmid=31296783}}</ref> * '''''Mycobacterium''''' nke dabeere na Tuberculosis-Simiae na-eto ngwa ngwa * ''Mycobacteroides'' dabere na ngwa ngwa na-eto eto Abscessus-Chelonae clade * ''Mycolicibacillus'' dabere na Slowly-Growing Triviale clade * ''Mycolicibacter'' nke dabeere na Slowly-Growing Terrae clade * ''Mycolicibacterium'' nke dabeere na Fortuitum-Vaccae na-eto ngwa ngwa Ụzọ abụọ a na-ahụkarị maka ịhụ nje bacteria ndị a ka ntụpọ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha anụnụ anụnụ bụ Ziehl-Neelsen ntụpọ na Kinyoun ntụpọ gbanwetụrụ. A na-eji ntụpọ fite mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ M. leprae dị ka pink-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ngwa ngwa gbanwetụrụ Auramine O Fluorescent ntụpọ nwere njikọ pụrụ iche maka mycobacteria ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto maka ịcha edo edo n'okirikiri gbara ọchịchịrị. Ụzọ ọhụrụ gụnyere Gomori-Methenamine Silver staining na Periodic Acid Schiff staining to merụrụ Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) mkpụrụ ndụ ojii na pink, n'otu n'otu. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ mycobacteria nwere ike iwe ihe ruru izu asatọ iji zụlite mpaghara ndị a na-ahụ anya site na ihe nlele a zụlitere, ọtụtụ ụdị dị mkpa ga-eto n'ime izu anọ mbụ, na-enye ndị dọkịta ohere ịtụle ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọgụgụ na-adịghị mma na-aga n'ihu gafere ọnwa mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=October 2015|title=Incubation time of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex sputum cultures in BACTEC MGIT 960: 4weeks of negative culture is enough for physicians to consider alternative diagnoses|journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease|volume=83|issue=2|pages=162–164|doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.07.002|pmid=26239846}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi uto gụnyere Löwenstein-Jensen medium na mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT).<gallery mode="packed" heights="170"> Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_Ziehl-Neelsen_stain_02.jpg|''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' on Ziehl-Neelsen stain Faịlụ:Slant_tubes_of_Löwenstein-Jensen_medium_with_control,_M_tuberculosis,_M_avium_and_M_gordonae.jpg|Slant tubes of Löwenstein-Jensen medium Faịlụ:Mycobacteria_Growth_Indicator_Tube_(MGIT)_samples_in_ultraviolet_light.jpg|MGIT samples emitting fluorescence in ultraviolet light </gallery> == Mycobacteriophages == Mycobacteria nwere ike ibute ọrịa site na mycobacteriophages, otu ụdị nje virus nwere oke maka ebumnuche ha. Site n'iwere igwe mkpụrụ ndụ nke mycobacteria iji mepụta phages ndị ọzọ, enwere ike iji nje ndị dị otú ahụ na ọgwụgwọ phage. Ọgwụ phage nwere ike inye ngwọta ọzọ maka ọgwụ nje, ọkachasị n'ọnọdụ ọrịa na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=September 17, 2019|title=Phage therapy as a renewed therapeutic approach to mycobacterial infections: a comprehensive review|journal=Infection and Drug Resistance|language=English|volume=12|pages=2943–2959|doi=10.2147/IDR.S218638|pmid=31571947}}</ref> Mycosides bụ glycolipids nke e kewapụrụ site na ụdị ''Mycobacterium'' na Mycoside A nke a na-ahụ na ụdị fotochromogenic, Mycoside B na ụdị ehi, na Mycosides C na ụdị nnụnụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 1960|title=Mycosides: a new class of type-specific glycolipids of Mycobacteria|journal=Nature|volume=186|issue=4728|pages=887–888|doi=10.1038/186887a0|pmid=13831939}}</ref> Ụdị dị iche iche nke Mycoside C nwere ihe ịga nke ọma dịgasị iche iche dị ka onye na-anabata iji mee ka mycobacteriophages ghara ịrụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 1972|title=Mycosides C: behavior as receptor site substance for mycobacteriophage D4|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=9|issue=6|pages=999–1003|doi=10.1128/jvi.9.6.999-1003.1972|pmid=4113889}}</ref> Mgbanwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-edepụta mycocerosic acid synthase na ''M. bovis'' na-egbochi mmepụta nke mycosides.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=May 1996|title=Targeted replacement of the mycocerosic acid synthase gene in Mycobacterium bovis BCG produces a mutant that lacks mycosides|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=93|issue=10|pages=4787–4792|doi=10.1073/pnas.93.10.4787|pmid=8643481}}</ref> <references group="note" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rgoq2bsgbefimig1duxapwtaq9qp7tv 672533 672530 2026-07-04T22:17:14Z Johnnybam 24488 672533 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Mycobacterium''''' bụ ụdị nke ihe karịrị 190 ụdị nje bacteria Gram-positive na phylum Actinomycetota, nke e kenyere ezinụlọ nke ya, Mycobacteriaceae. Ụdị a gụnyere pathogens a maara na ha na-akpata ọrịa siri ike na anụ na-enye nwa ara, gụnyere ụkwara nta (''M. ụkwara nta'') na [[Ekpenta]] (''M. ekpenta'') na ụmụ mmadụ. Okwu Grik ''myco-'' pụtara 'fungus', na-ezo aka n'elu ihe ndị yiri ebu a. Ebe ọ bụ na ụdị a nwere mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ nwere ihe dị n'èzí nke jupụtara na lipid nke nwere oke mycolic acid, a na-eji acid-fast staining eme ihe iji mesie ike iguzogide acid, ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ndị ọzọ. <ref name="pmid32470138">{{Cite journal|date=May 2020|title=The thick waxy coat of mycobacteria, a protective layer against antibiotics and the host's immune system|journal=The Biochemical Journal|volume=477|issue=10|pages=1983–2006|doi=10.1042/BCJ20200194|pmid=32470138}}</ref><ref name="Pennington_2021">{{Cite journal|date=August 2021|title=Approach to the diagnosis and treatment of non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease|journal=Journal of Clinical Tuberculosis and Other Mycobacterial Diseases|volume=24|doi=10.1016/j.jctube.2021.100244|pmid=34036184}}</ref> Ụdị Mycobacterial na-abụkarị aerobic, na-adịghị agagharị agagharị, ma nwee ike itolite na obere nri na-edozi ahụ. A na-ekewa ụdị ahụ dabere na mmepụta ihe na-acha odo odo nke ụdị ọ bụla na ọnụego uto.<ref name="Forbes_2018">{{Cite journal|date=April 2018|title=Practical Guidance for Clinical Microbiology Laboratories: Mycobacteria|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=31|issue=2|pages=e00038–17|doi=10.1128/CMR.00038-17|pmid=29386234}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ ụdị Mycobacterium abụghị ndị na-ebute ọrịa, mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ dị mgbagwoju anya nke ụdị ahụ na-enye aka n'ịgbanahụ nchebe.<ref name="Dulberger_2020">{{Cite journal|date=January 2020|title=The mycobacterial cell envelope – a moving target|journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology|volume=18|issue=1|pages=47–59|doi=10.1038/s41579-019-0273-7|pmid=31728063}}</ref> === Ọdịdị === [[Faịlụ:Model_of_the_Mycobacterial_Cell_Envelope.png|thumb|Ihe nlereanya nke ''Mycobacterium spp.'' envelopu mkpụrụ ndụ nwere usoro protein 3-D]] Mycobacteria bụ aerobic nwere 0.2-0.6 μm n'obosara na 1.0-10 μm ogologo. Ha na-abụkarị ndị na-adịghị agagharị agagharị, ma e wezụga ụdị Mycobacterium marinum, nke egosila na ọ na-agagharị n'ime macrophages.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=November 2003|title=Mycobacterium marinum escapes from phagosomes and is propelled by actin-based motility|journal=The Journal of Experimental Medicine|volume=198|issue=9|pages=1361–1368|doi=10.1084/jem.20031072|pmid=14597736}}</ref> Mycobacteria nwere capsules na ọtụtụ anaghị emepụta endospores. E gosipụtara na ''M. marinum'' na ma eleghị anya ''M. bovis'' na-agbagha; Otú ọ dị, nke a agbaghaala site na nyocha ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 2009|title=Sporulation in mycobacteria|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=106|issue=26|pages=10781–10786|doi=10.1073/pnas.0904104106|pmid=19541637}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2010|title=Do mycobacteria produce endospores?|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=107|issue=2|pages=878–881|doi=10.1073/pnas.0911299107|pmid=20080769}}</ref> Ihe dị iche nke ụdị Mycobacterium niile bụ mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ jupụtara na acid, hydrophobic, na mycolic acid nke e ji peptidoglycan na Arabic-galactan mee, yana ihe ndị a pụrụ iche na-enye ihe mgbaru ọsọ maka ọgwụ ụkwara nta ọhụrụ.<ref name="BhamidiS">{{Cite book|title=Bacterial Polysaccharides: Current Innovations and Future Trends|publisher=Caister Academic Press|year=2009|isbn=978-1-904455-45-5|chapter=Mycobacterial Cell Wall Arabinogalactan}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Ọtụtụ ụdị ''Mycobacterium'' na-eto ngwa ngwa na obere ihe na-edozi ahụ, na-eji ammonia na / ma ọ bụ Amino acid dị ka isi iyi nitrogen na glycerol dị ka isi mmalite carbon na ọnụnọ nke nnu mineral. Okpomọkụ maka uto kachasị mma dịgasị iche n'etiti ụdị na ọnọdụ mgbasa ozi, site na 25 ruo 45 °C.<ref name="Forbes_2018" /> Enwere ike ịzụlite ọtụtụ ụdị ''Mycobacterium'', gụnyere ọtụtụ ụdị dị mkpa, na agar ọbara.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=January 2015|title=Current and past strategies for bacterial culture in clinical microbiology|journal=Clinical Microbiology Reviews|volume=28|issue=1|pages=208–236|doi=10.1128/CMR.00110-14|pmid=25567228}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ụfọdụ ụdị na-eto nke nta nke nta n'ihi ogologo oge ọmụmụ, dị ka M. leprae na-achọ ụbọchị 12 kwa usoro nkewa ma e jiri ya tụnyere nkeji 20 maka ụfọdụ ụdị E. coli.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=February 1965|title=Mycobacterium leprae in Mice: Minimal Infectious Dose, Relationship Between Staining Quality and Infectivity, and Effect of Cortisone|journal=Journal of Bacteriology|volume=89|issue=2|pages=365–372|doi=10.1128/jb.89.2.365-372.1965|pmid=14255702}}</ref> === Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi === Ọ bụ ezie na Mycobacterium tuberculosis na M. leprae bụ pathogenic, ọtụtụ mycobacteria anaghị akpata ọrịa ọ gwụla ma ha abanye na mmerụ ahụ nke ndị nwere akpa ume na / ma ọ bụ nsogbu ahụike, n'agbanyeghị na ha gbasara n'Ule mmiri na ala. Site na mmepụta biofilm, mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ na-eguzogide chlorine, na njikọ ya na amoebas, mycobacteria nwere ike ịlanarị nrụgide gburugburu ebe obibi dịgasị iche iche. Mgbasa ozi agar eji eme ihe maka ọtụtụ nnwale mmiri anaghị akwado uto nke mycobacteria, na-enye ya ohere ka a ghara ịchọpụta ya na usoro obodo na ụlọ ọgwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=November 2005|title=Mycobacteria in drinking water distribution systems: ecology and significance for human health|journal=FEMS Microbiology Reviews|volume=29|issue=5|pages=911–934|doi=10.1016/j.femsre.2005.02.001|pmid=16219512}}</ref> === Genomics === Ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa nke mycobacteria sitere na ndị pere mpe (dịka na M. leprae) ruo ndị buru ibu, dị ka nke ahụ dị ka ''[[Mycobacterium vulneris|M. vulneris]],'' na-edepụta protein 6,653, buru ibu karịa ~ protein 6000 nke Eukaryotic yeast.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=May 2014|title=Draft Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium vulneris DSM 45247T|journal=Genome Announcements|volume=2|issue=3|doi=10.1128/genomeA.00370-14|pmid=24812218}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe ọmụma nke protein !Ahụike !Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa protein |- |''M. intracellular'' |5,289<ref>{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000595205|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |- |<nowiki><i id="mwrA">Onye Colombia</i></nowiki> |5,084<ref>{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000250915|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |- |''M. ekpenta'' |1,603<ref name="uniprot_UP000000806">{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000000806|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |- |''M. ụkwara nta'' |3,995<ref name="uniprot_UP000000806" /> |- |''M. smegmatis'' |6,602<ref>{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000000757|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |- |''M. chelonae'' |4,948<ref>{{Cite web|title=UniProt|url=https://www.uniprot.org/proteomes/UP000317728|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.uniprot.org}}</ref> |} == Mmetụta nke ọrịa == Mycobacterium ụkwara nta nwere ike ịnọgide na-ehi ụra na ụmụ mmadụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ mgbe mbụ ọrịa, ma reactivates n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị na-eme ka ọ ghara ịdị irè (dịka, immunosuppression, ịka nká, nutritional erughi). [1] A na-eme atụmatụ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa nwere ụkwara nta (TB). [2] M. ụkwara nta nwere ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata ọrịa, nke nwere ike kewaa n'ime lipid na fatty acid metabolism, protein envelopu cell, macrophage inhibitors, protein kinases, proteases, metal-transporter proteins, na gene expression regulators. Ọtụtụ ụdị dị ka "bovis" Mycobacterium bovis M. t. var. A na-ewere bovis (TB bovine) dị iche iche na ogige ụkwara nta nke M. ruo mgbe emechara jikọtara ya na ụdị ndị bụ isi na 2018. === Ekpenta === Ọganihu nke [[Ekpenta]] na-esite na ọrịa Mycobacterium leprae ma ọ bụ ''Mycobacterium lepromatosis'', nje bacteria abụọ nwere njikọ chiri anya. A na-akọ ihe dị ka mmadụ 200,000 ọhụrụ na-ebute ọrịa kwa afọ, a na-akọkwa 80% nke ndị ọhụrụ na Brazil, India, na Indonesia.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2022|title=Pathogenicity and virulence of ''Mycobacterium leprae''|journal=Virulence|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1985–2011|doi=10.1080/21505594.2022.2141987|pmid=36326715}}</ref> M. leprae na-efe efe n'ime akpụkpọ ahụ macrophages na mkpụrụ ndụ Schwann dị na anụ ahụ akwara. === Ọrịa ụkwara nta ''Mycobacteria'' === [[Faịlụ:Three_Pathogenic_Mycobacteria.png|thumb|Orthologous protein ndị a hụrụ na ụdị ọ bụla (dabere na njirimara OMA). A na-ahụ protein pụrụ iche maka ụdị ọ bụla na mpaghara mpụga maka ụdị ọ ọ bụla.]] Nontuberculosis ''Mycobacteria'' (NTM), nke na-ewepu M. tuberculosis, M. leprae, na M. lepromatosis, nwere ike ibute ụmụ anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara. A na-akpọ nje bacteria ndị a "atypical mycobacteria. " Ọ bụ ezie na nnyefe nke onye na onye bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe, a hụla nnyefe nke ''M. abscessus'' n'etiti ndị ọrịa nwere cystic fibrosis.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 12, 2019|title=Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Infections {{!}} HAI {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/nontuberculous-mycobacteria.html|accessdate=April 28, 2023|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> Ọrịa anọ a hụrụ n'ime ụmụ mmadụ bụ ọrịa akpa ume na-adịghị ala ala, ọrịa na-agbasa n'ime ndị ọrịa na-enweghị ike ịlụso ọrịa ọgụ, ọrịa akpụkpọ ahụ na anụ ahụ dị nro, na lymphadenitis elu. 80-90% nke ọrịa NTM e dekọrọ na-egosi dị ka ọrịa akpa ume.<ref name="To_2020">{{Cite journal|date=August 2020|title=General Overview of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Opportunistic Pathogens: ''Mycobacterium avium'' and ''Mycobacterium abscessus''|journal=Journal of Clinical Medicine|volume=9|issue=8|doi=10.3390/jcm9082541|pmid=32781595}}</ref> ''M. abscessus'' bụ mycobacterium (RGM) na-eto ngwa ngwa, yana isi ihe na-akpata ọrịa akpa ume nke RGM. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ele ya anya dị ka ihe na-ebute ọrịa dịka NTM ndị ọzọ, nyocha nke ihe dị iche iche na-ebughị ọrịa (VFs) agbanweela echiche a na nke ezigbo pathogen. Nke a bụ n'ihi ọnụnọ nke mycobacterial VFs a maara na ndị ọzọ na-abụghị mycobactera VFs hụrụ na pathogens prokaryotic ndị ọzọ.<ref name="To_2020" /> Mycobacteria nwere mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ na peptidoglycan, Arabic-galactan, na mycolic acid; mycomembrane dị n'èzí nke mycolic acid; na capsule dị n'elu nke glucans na protein ndị a na-emepụta maka virulence. Ọ na-agbanwe ihe ndị a mgbe niile iji dịrị ndụ na gburugburu ebe nrụgide ma zere ihe nchebe nke onye na-elekọta ya. Ọdịdị mgbidi mkpụrụ ndụ a na-eme ka elu nke yiri fungi, na-eduga n'iji prefix Greek ''myco-'' mee ihe.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 1999|title=Mycobacteria: Health Advisory EPA-822-B-01-007|url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-10/documents/mycobacteria-report.pdf|accessdate=March 10, 2023|work=epa.gov|publisher=US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}</ref> Ọdịdị a pụrụ iche na-eme ka penicillins ghara ịrụ ọrụ, kama ọ chọrọ ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ mgbochi nke isoniazid iji gbochie njikọ mycolic acid, rifampicin iji gbochie transcription, ethambutol iji gbochie njikọta arabinogalactan, na pyrazinamide iji gbochie coenzyme A.<ref name="Dulberger_2020" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe ọmụma banyere ọrịa ''Mycobacterial'' !Ahụike !Mgbaàmà Ndị A Na-ahụkarị Maka Ọrịa !Ọgwụgwọ ndị a ma ama !'''Ọnọdụ ndị a kọrọ (Mpaghara, Afọ) ''' |- |''M. ụkwara nta'' |Ike ọgwụgwụ, ibu ibu, ahụ ọkụ, hemoptysis, obi mgbu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=August 17, 2022|title=Fact Sheets {{!}} General {{!}} Tuberculosis: General Information {{!}} TB {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/tb/publications/factsheets/general/tb.htm|accessdate=April 25, 2023|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> |isoniazid INH, rifampin, pyrazinamide, ethambutol. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Diagnosing and Treating Tuberculosis|url=https://www.lung.org/lung-health-diseases/lung-disease-lookup/tuberculosis/treating-and-managing|accessdate=April 25, 2023|work=American Lung Association|language=en}}</ref> |1.6 nde (Ụwa Ụwa, 2021) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Global Tuberculosis Report 2022|url=https://www.who.int/teams/global-tuberculosis-programme/tb-reports/global-tuberculosis-report-2022|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> |- |''M. ekpenta'' ''M. ekpenta'' |Mgbanwe nke akpụkpọ ahụ, mmepe nke nodule, akpụkpọ ahụ kpọrọ nkụ, ọnwụ nke nku na / ma ọ bụ anya anya, nkụchi, ọbara n'imi, ahụ mkpọnwụ, nkwarụ, ihe mgbu akwara.<ref name="www.cdc.gov_2018">{{Cite web|date=October 22, 2018|title=Signs and Symptoms {{!}} Hansen's Disease (Leprosy) {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/leprosy/symptoms/index.html|accessdate=April 25, 2023|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> |dapson, rifampicin, clofazimine.<ref name="www.cdc.gov_2018" /> |133,802 (Global, 2021) <ref>{{Cite web|title=Global leprosy (Hansen disease) update, 2021: moving towards interruption of transmission|url=https://www.who.int/publications-detail-redirect/who-wer9736-429-450|accessdate=May 7, 2023|work=www.who.int|language=en}}</ref> |- |''M. avium'' complex |Akpụkpọ ahụ dị nro, mmepe nke ọsụsọ ma ọ bụ vesicles jupụtara na pus, ahụ ọkụ, oyi, mgbu uru ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=November 15, 2021|title=Mycobacterium abscessus in Healthcare Settings {{!}} HAI {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/hai/organisms/mycobacterium.html|accessdate=April 27, 2023|work=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> |clarithromycin, azithromycina, amikacin, cefoxitin, imipenem.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 2020|title=Treatment for Mycobacterium abscessus complex-lung disease|journal=Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan Yi Zhi|volume=119|issue=Suppl 1|pages=S58–S66|doi=10.1016/j.jfma.2020.05.028|pmid=32527504}}</ref> |3000 (US, ''atụmatụ'' kwa afọ) |- |''M. abscessus'' complex |Ịkụ ụkwara, ọbara ọgbụgba, ahụ ọkụ, mmerụ ahụ n'ime oghere. <ref name="Huang_2010">{{Cite journal|date=October 2010|title=Clinical outcome of Mycobacterium abscessus infection and antimicrobial susceptibility testing|journal=Journal of Microbiology, Immunology, and Infection = Wei Mian Yu Gan Ran Za Zhi|volume=43|issue=5|pages=401–406|doi=10.1016/S1684-1182(10)60063-1|pmid=21075707}}</ref> |clarithromycin, amikacin, cefoxitin, imipenem. <ref name="Huang_2010" /> |A maghị ya |} == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == {{cladogram|title=Cladogram of Key Species|caption=|clades={{clade| style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%; |1={{clade |label1='''''Mycobacterium''''' |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacteroides chelonae|M. chelonae]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium fortuitum|M. fortuitum]]'' |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium flavescens|M. flavescens]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium smegmatis|M. smegmatis]]'' }} }} }} |2={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium avium complex|M. avium]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium avium complex|M. intracellulare]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium kansasii|M. kansasii]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium scrofulaceum|M. scrofulaceum]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium malmoense|M. malmoense]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium szulgai|M. szulgai]]'' }} }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycobacterium marinum|M. marinum]]'' |2=''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis|M. tuberculosis]]'' }} }} |2=''[[Mycobacterium gordonae|M. gordonae]]'' }} |2=''[[Mycobacterium simiae|M. simiae]]'' }} |2=''[[Mycobacterium xenopi|M. xenopi]]'' }} |2={{clade |1=''[[Mycolicibacter nonchromogenicus|M. nonchromogenicum]]'' |2=''[[Mycolicibacter terrae|M. terrae]]'' }} }} }} |label2=[[Outgroup (cladistics)|outgroup]] |2=''[[Nocardia asteroides]]'' }} }}}}Mycobacteria ejirila ule phenotypic ekewa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, dị ka nhazi nke Runyon, nke na-enyocha ọnụego uto na mmepụta nke carotenoids odo / oroma. Otu I nwere scotochromogens (na-emepụta agba odo na nzaghachi nke ìhè), Group II nwere scotochromogens (na-emepụta agba nke anya na-ahụ anya), na ndị na-abụghị chromogens nke Group III na IV nwere agba odo / tan, n'agbanyeghị ìhè. Ụdị IV bụ mycobacteria "na-eto ngwa ngwa" ma e jiri ya tụnyere "na-eto ngwa ngwa" ụdị III n'ihi na ihe nlele ahụ na-eto eto ruo n'ogo a na-ahụ anya n'ihe na-erughị ụbọchị asaa. N'ihi na International Code of Nomenclature of Prokaryotes (ICNP) na-amata ugbu a ụdị 195 Mycobacterium, usoro nhazi na njirimara ugbu a dabere na usoro DNA na phylogenetics. Ndị na-akpata ọrịa bụ isi bụ M. ụkwara nta complex (ụkwara nta), M. avium complex (Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare infection), M. leprae na M. lepromatosis (ekpenta), na M. abscessus (ọrịa na-adịghị ala ala). Microbiologist Enrico Tortoli ewuola osisi phylogenetic nke ụdị dị iche iche dabere na usoro mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa mbụ nke Rogall, et al. (1990), n'akụkụ osisi phylogentic ọhụrụ dabere na usoro Tortoli nke afọ 2017 nke 148 ''Mycobacterium'' species: <ref>{{Cite book|title=Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM)|date=January 10, 2019|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-814692-7|pages=1–10|language=en|chapter=Chapter 1 – The Taxonomy of the Genus Mycobacterium|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-814692-7.00001-2}}</ref><gallery mode="packed" heights="360"> Faịlụ:Phylogentic_Tree_of_Slowly-Growing_Mycobacterium_Tortoli_2017.png|Phylogenetic tree of slowly-growing members of the Mycobacterium genus Faịlụ:Phylogentic_Tree_of_Rapidly-Growing_Mycobacterium_Tortoli_2017.png|Phylogenetic tree of rapidly-growing members of the ''Mycobacterium'' genus, alongside the M. terrae complex<ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2017|title=The new phylogeny of the genus Mycobacterium: The old and the news|journal=Infection, Genetics and Evolution|volume=56|pages=19–25|doi=10.1016/j.meegid.2017.10.013|pmid=29030295}}</ref> </gallery>Gupta et al. atụwo aro ịkewa ''Mycobacterium'' n'ime ụdị ise, dabere na nyocha nke ụdị 150 na ụdị a. N'ihi esemokwu banyere nchọpụta na ọgwụgwọ dị mgbagwoju anya, ụdị niile a gbanwere aha ha anọgidewo na njirimara mbụ ha na ''Mycobacterium'' genus dị ka otu aha taxonomic: <ref name="Gupta2018">{{Cite journal|year=2018|title=Phylogenomics and Comparative Genomic Studies Robustly Support Division of the Genus ''Mycobacterium'' into an Emended Genus ''Mycobacterium'' and Four Novel Genera|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2018.00067|pmid=29497402}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=July 2019|title=Same meat, different gravy: ignore the new names of mycobacteria|journal=The European Respiratory Journal|volume=54|issue=1|doi=10.1183/13993003.00795-2019|pmid=31296783}}</ref> * '''''Mycobacterium''''' nke dabeere na Tuberculosis-Simiae na-eto ngwa ngwa * ''Mycobacteroides'' dabere na ngwa ngwa na-eto eto Abscessus-Chelonae clade * ''Mycolicibacillus'' dabere na Slowly-Growing Triviale clade * ''Mycolicibacter'' nke dabeere na Slowly-Growing Terrae clade * ''Mycolicibacterium'' nke dabeere na Fortuitum-Vaccae na-eto ngwa ngwa Ụzọ abụọ a na-ahụkarị maka ịhụ nje bacteria ndị a ka ntụpọ na-acha uhie uhie na-acha anụnụ anụnụ bụ Ziehl-Neelsen ntụpọ na Kinyoun ntụpọ gbanwetụrụ. A na-eji ntụpọ fite mee ka mkpụrụ ndụ M. leprae dị ka pink-acha anụnụ anụnụ. Ngwa ngwa gbanwetụrụ Auramine O Fluorescent ntụpọ nwere njikọ pụrụ iche maka mycobacteria ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-eto maka ịcha edo edo n'okirikiri gbara ọchịchịrị. Ụzọ ọhụrụ gụnyere Gomori-Methenamine Silver staining na Periodic Acid Schiff staining to merụrụ Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) mkpụrụ ndụ ojii na pink, n'otu n'otu. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ mycobacteria nwere ike iwe ihe ruru izu asatọ iji zụlite mpaghara ndị a na-ahụ anya site na ihe nlele a zụlitere, ọtụtụ ụdị dị mkpa ga-eto n'ime izu anọ mbụ, na-enye ndị dọkịta ohere ịtụle ihe ndị ọzọ kpatara ya ma ọ bụrụ na ọgụgụ na-adịghị mma na-aga n'ihu gafere ọnwa mbụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=October 2015|title=Incubation time of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex sputum cultures in BACTEC MGIT 960: 4weeks of negative culture is enough for physicians to consider alternative diagnoses|journal=Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease|volume=83|issue=2|pages=162–164|doi=10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2015.07.002|pmid=26239846}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi uto gụnyere Löwenstein-Jensen medium na mycobacteria growth indicator tube (MGIT).<gallery mode="packed" heights="170"> Faịlụ:Mycobacterium_tuberculosis_Ziehl-Neelsen_stain_02.jpg|''Mycobacterium tuberculosis'' on Ziehl-Neelsen stain Faịlụ:Slant_tubes_of_Löwenstein-Jensen_medium_with_control,_M_tuberculosis,_M_avium_and_M_gordonae.jpg|Slant tubes of Löwenstein-Jensen medium Faịlụ:Mycobacteria_Growth_Indicator_Tube_(MGIT)_samples_in_ultraviolet_light.jpg|MGIT samples emitting fluorescence in ultraviolet light </gallery> == Mycobacteriophages == Mycobacteria nwere ike ibute ọrịa site na mycobacteriophages, otu ụdị nje virus nwere oke maka ebumnuche ha. Site n'iwere igwe mkpụrụ ndụ nke mycobacteria iji mepụta phages ndị ọzọ, enwere ike iji nje ndị dị otú ahụ na ọgwụgwọ phage. Ọgwụ phage nwere ike inye ngwọta ọzọ maka ọgwụ nje, ọkachasị n'ọnọdụ ọrịa na-eguzogide ọtụtụ ọgwụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=September 17, 2019|title=Phage therapy as a renewed therapeutic approach to mycobacterial infections: a comprehensive review|journal=Infection and Drug Resistance|language=English|volume=12|pages=2943–2959|doi=10.2147/IDR.S218638|pmid=31571947}}</ref> Mycosides bụ glycolipids nke e kewapụrụ site na ụdị ''Mycobacterium'' na Mycoside A nke a na-ahụ na ụdị fotochromogenic, Mycoside B na ụdị ehi, na Mycosides C na ụdị nnụnụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 1960|title=Mycosides: a new class of type-specific glycolipids of Mycobacteria|journal=Nature|volume=186|issue=4728|pages=887–888|doi=10.1038/186887a0|pmid=13831939}}</ref> Ụdị dị iche iche nke Mycoside C nwere ihe ịga nke ọma dịgasị iche iche dị ka onye na-anabata iji mee ka mycobacteriophages ghara ịrụ ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=June 1972|title=Mycosides C: behavior as receptor site substance for mycobacteriophage D4|journal=Journal of Virology|volume=9|issue=6|pages=999–1003|doi=10.1128/jvi.9.6.999-1003.1972|pmid=4113889}}</ref> Mgbanwe nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na-edepụta mycocerosic acid synthase na ''M. bovis'' na-egbochi mmepụta nke mycosides.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=May 1996|title=Targeted replacement of the mycocerosic acid synthase gene in Mycobacterium bovis BCG produces a mutant that lacks mycosides|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=93|issue=10|pages=4787–4792|doi=10.1073/pnas.93.10.4787|pmid=8643481}}</ref> <references group="note" /> == Edensibia == {{Reflist|2}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9ulpt4kodgcl4fuzhi0skljw4txo7u7 0 75402 672567 632535 2026-07-04T23:12:26Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672567 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Maryse Condé''' (née '''Marise Liliane Appoline Boucolon'''; 11 Febụwarị 1934 – 2 Eprel 2024) bụ onye edemede akụkọ, onye nkatọ, na onye na-ede egwuregwu na French si ngalaba French Overseas na mpaghara Guadeloupe. Ọ bụkwa onye gụrụ akwụkwọ, onye ọrụ nkuzi ya kpọgara ya na West Africa na North America, yana Caribbean na Europe. Dịka onye edemede, Condé kacha mara amara maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ Ségou (1984–1985).. Ihe odide Condé na-enyocha ndị Afrịka bi na mba ọzọ nke sitere na [[Caribbean]]" id="mwJQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Slavery in the Caribbean">Ịgba ohu na ọchịchị ndị na-achị Caribbean. A sụgharịrị akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, nke e dere na French, n'asụsụ Bekee, German, Dutch, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, na Japanese.<ref name=":0" /> O ritere ihe nrite dị iche iche, dị ka Grand Prix Littéraire de la Femme (1986), Prix de l'Académie française (1988), Prix Carbet de la Caraïbe (1997) na New Academy Prize in Literature (2018) maka ọrụ ya. A na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-asọ mpi maka onyinye Nobel na edemede. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ ya na Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe, na 11 Febụwarị 1934, <ref>{{Cite web|author=Eaton|first=Kalenda|title=Maryse Condé (1937– ) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/|work=blackpast.org|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 October 2007|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402185254/https://www.blackpast.org/global-african-history/people-global-african-history/conde-maryse-1937/}}</ref>ọ bụ nwa ikpeazụ n'ime ụmụ asatọ. Ndị mụrụ ya so n'ime ndị nkuzi ojii mbụ na Guadeloupe. Nne ya, Jeanne Quidal (onye si Marie-Galante, agwaetiti nke a na-ahụkarị n'ide ihe Condé).<ref name="Barbara Lewis interview" /> Nna ya, Auguste Boucolon - onye bụbu onye nkuzi - guzobere obere ụlọ akụ "La Caisse Coopérative des prêts", nke e mechara kpọwa "La Banque Antillaise".<ref name=":4" /> Nna Condé, Auguste Boucolon, nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ site na alụmdi na nwunye mbụ ya: Serge na Albert. Ụmụnne nwanyị atọ nke Condé bụ Ena, Jeanne, na Gillette, ụmụnne ya bụ Auguste, Jean, René, na Guy.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClarkCecile_Daheny1989">Clark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). "'I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé". ''[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]'' (38): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>133. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2931145|10.2307/2931145]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2492 0161-2492]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2931145 2931145].</cite></ref> A mụrụ Condé afọ iri na otu mgbe Guy nwụsịrị, mgbe nne ya dị afọ iri anọ na atọ, nna ya dịkwa afọ iri isii na atọ. Condé kọwara onwe ya dị ka "nwatakịrị a na-emebi emebi", nke o kwuru na ọ bụ n'ihi afọ ndụ nne na nna ya, yana oge dị n'etiti ya na ụmụnne ya.<ref name=":4" /> Condé malitere ide ihe mgbe ọ dị obere. Tupu ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ, o dere otu ihe nkiri, otu onye. E dere egwuregwu ahụ dị ka onyinye maka ụbọchị ọmụmụ nne ya. <ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClarkCecile_Daheny1989">Clark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). "'I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé". ''[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]'' (38): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>133. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2931145|10.2307/2931145]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2492 0161-2492]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2931145 2931145].</cite></ref> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, Condé gara Lycée Fénelon site na 1953 ruo 1955, a chụpụrụ ya mgbe afọ abụọ gachara. Ọ gara n'ihu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle) na Paris. N'oge ọ gara, ya na ndị ọzọ West Indians, Condé guzobere klọb Luis-Carlos Prestes.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClarkCecile_Daheny1989">Clark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). "'I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé". ''[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]'' (38): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>133. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2931145|10.2307/2931145]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2492 0161-2492]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2931145 2931145].</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == N'afọ 1958, Condé gara mmemme na Paris nke Les Nègres/The Blacks nke Jean Genet, ebe ọ zutere onye na-eme ihe nkiri [[Guinea]] Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClarkCecile_Daheny1989">Clark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). "'I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé". ''[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]'' (38): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>133. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2931145|10.2307/2931145]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2492 0161-2492]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2931145 2931145].</cite></ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 1958, ọ lụrụ Mamadou Condé.<ref name=":4" /> Ha mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ tupu ha kewaa na 1969 (Condé enweela otu nwa site n'aka onye nta akụkọ Haiti bụ Jean Dominique). Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 1959, mmekọrịta di na nwunye ahụ adịlarị njọ, Condé kpebiri ịga naanị ya na [[Côte d'Ivoire|Ivory Coast]], ebe ọ kụziri ihe otu afọ na Bingerville.<ref name=":4" /> N'oge ọ laghachiri Guinea maka ezumike, ọ ghọrọ onye maara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị site n'aka otu ndị enyi Marxist, ndị ga-emetụta ya ịkwaga [[Ghana]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè A.|date=1989|title='I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé|journal=[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]|issue=38|pages=87–133|doi=10.2307/2931145|issn=0161-2492}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFClarkCecile_Daheny1989">Clark, VèVè A.; Cecile Daheny (1989). "'I Have Made Peace With My Island': An Interview with Maryse Condé". ''[[Callaloo (journal)|Callaloo]]'' (38): <span class="nowrap">87–</span>133. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/2931145|10.2307/2931145]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-2492 0161-2492]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/2931145 2931145].</cite></ref> Ọ bụ oge ọgba aghara mana ọ bụ oge mmepe ka o mechara dee akụkọ ya n'akwụkwọ ya nke afọ 2012 bụ́ La Vie sans fards (Gịnị Bụ Afrịka Nye M? Akụkụ Akwụkwọ Akụkọ Ndụ Eziokwu), dịka ọ dị na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Afrịka nọọrọ onwe ha n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, o so ndị dịka Malcolm X, Che Guevara, Julius Nyerere na Maya Angelou kparịta ụka.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.seagullbooks.org/what-is-africa-to-me/|title=What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography|publisher=Seagull Books|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 1960 na 1972, ọ kụziri na Guinea, Ghana na [[Senegal]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde "Maryse Condé | Columbia | French"]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Mgbe ọ nọ na Ghana, o dezigharịrị nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ edemede ndị Afrịka na-asụ French, Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française (Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps">{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1|title=Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403181325/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/166128/Cond%C3%A9,%20Maryse.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bịara nwee nkụda mmụọ na ọ bụ "onye akaebe nke ọtụtụ ihe na-emegiderịta onwe ya", na ebubo a na-ebo ya maka ọrụ a na-enyo enyo mere ka a chụpụ Condé na Ghana.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/06/books/maryse-conde-books.html|title=Maryse Condé, at Home in the World|work=The New York Times|first=Anderson|author=Tepper|date=6 March 2023|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị West Africa, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na London dị ka onye na-emepụta BBC ruo afọ abụọ.<ref name="Cain">{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/02/maryse-conde-guadelopean-grand-storyteller-dies-aged-90|title=Maryse Condé, Guadeloupean 'grand storyteller' dies aged 90|first=Sian|author=Cain|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Mgbe ahụ na 1973, ọ laghachiri Paris ma kụzie akwụkwọ Francophone na Paris VII (Jussieu), X (Nanterre) , na Ill (Sorbonne Nouvelle). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde "Maryse Condé | Columbia | French"]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 1975, ọ gụsịrị M.A. na Ph.D. ya na Sorbonne Nouvelle na Paris na akwụkwọ ntụnyere, na-enyocha stereotypes ojii na Akwụkwọ Caribbean. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name="CV">{{Cite web|url=https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891|title=Curriculum Vitae {{!}} Maryse Condé|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402190337/https://www.um.es/documents/1097748/27061168/4.+CV+Candidata+propuesta_+Maryse+COND%C3%89.pdf/c3d700d3-8f44-974c-fc8b-6e6e8f638ed8?t=1635251169891}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye dere akwụkwọ nkatọ nke gụnyere Le profil d'une oeuvre (Hatier, 1978), La Civilisation du Bossale (L'Harmattan, 1978), na La Parole des femmes (L'Rarmattan, 1979). <ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> N'afọ 1981, ya na Condé gbara alụkwaghịm, ebe ha kewara kemgbe. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ lụrụ Richard Philcox, Onye Bekee na onye ntụgharị asụsụ Bekee nke ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Conversing on Paper: Richard Philcox on the Living Art of Translation – Asymptote Blog|url=https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/|accessdate=4 April 2024|language=en|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404115346/https://www.asymptotejournal.com/blog/2020/06/01/conversing-on-paper-richard-philcox-on-the-living-art-of-translation/}}</ref> O bipụtaghị akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon,'', ruo mgbe ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 40, n'ihi na " enweghị obi ike na ma ghara anwa igosi ederede na ụwa dị n'èzí. " <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/12/books/maryse-conde-alternative-lobel-literature.html|title=Maryse Condé Wins an Alternative to the Literature Nobel in a Scandal-Plagued Year|author=Quinn|first=Annalisa|date=12 October 2018|work=The New York Times|accessdate=16 March 2019|language=en-US}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ, Une saison à Rihata, na 1981; Otú ọ dị, Condé agaghị abụ onye a ma ama dị ka onye edemede Caribbean nke oge a ruo mgbe e bipụtara akwụkwọ edemede ya nke atọ, ''Ségou'' (1984). <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde "Maryse Condé | Columbia | French"]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref>[she][her] N'ịgbaso ihe ịga nke ọma nke ''Ségou'', na 1985, e nyere Condé agụmakwụkwọ Fulbright na United States iji kụzie "Akwụkwọ na Ọdịbendị nke Caribbean" na Occidental College, [[Los Angeles]] (September 1985-May 1986). <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fulbrightscholars.org/node/1246516|title=Literature and Culture of the Caribbean|work=Fulbright Scholar Program|accessdate=10 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1987, ọ bụ onye edemede Rockefeller Foundation Bellagio, e nyekwara ya Guggenheim Foundation Fellowship.<ref name="CV" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/|title=Maryse Condé|work=www.gf.org|publisher=John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=2 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002041301/https://www.gf.org/fellows/maryse-conde/}}</ref> N'afọ 1991, e mere egwuregwu ya The Hills of Massabielle na New York na Ubu Repertory Theater . <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Barbara Lewis interview">{{Cite journal|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299141|title=No Silence: An Interview with Maryse Condé|first=Barbara|author=Lewis|journal=Callaloo|volume=18|date=Summer 1995|pages=543–550|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0093|accessdate=14 April 2024}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLewis1995">Lewis, Barbara (Summer 1995). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299141 "No Silence: An Interview with Maryse Condé"]</span>. ''Callaloo''. '''18''' (3) (Maryse Condé: A Special Issue&nbsp;ed.): <span class="nowrap">543–</span>550. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/cal.1995.0093|10.1353/cal.1995.0093]]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299141 3299141]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20191122225809/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299141 Archived] from the original on 22 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite></ref> A gụnyere ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ 1992 Daughters of Africa, nke [[Margaret Busby]] dezigharịrị.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.librarything.com/work/271737|title=Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present|date=1994|editor=Busby|publisher=[[LibraryThing]]|isbn=978-0-345-38268-9|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> N'afọ 1995, Condé ghọrọ prọfesọ nke akwụkwọ French na Francophone na Mahadum Columbia dị na New York City, ebe o mechara bụrụ prọfesụ emerita. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/04/maryse-conde-an-english-author-can-reach-the-heart-of-a-caribbean-child|title=Interview {{!}} Maryse Condé: 'An English author can reach the heart of a Caribbean child'|first=Anita|author=Sethi|authorlink=Anita Sethi|work=The Guardian|date=4 July 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> Condé kụziri na mahadum dị iche iche, gụnyere Mahadum California, Berkeley; UCLA, Sorbonne, Mahadum Virginia, na Mahadum Nanterre. Ọ lara ezumike nká na nkuzi n'afọ 2005.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde "Maryse Condé | Columbia | French"]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ isiokwu nke ihe nkiri akụkọ 2011 Maryse Condé, une voix singulière, nke Jérôme Sesquin duziri, nke na-akọ akụkọ ndụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/|title=Film: U.S. Premiere of 'Maryse Condé, une voix singulière'|work=Repeating Islands|date=29 January 2012|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=3 February 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135437/https://repeatingislands.com/2012/01/29/film-u-s-premiere-of-maryse-conde-une-voix-singuliere/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo|title=Maryse Condé : Une voix singulière|date=15 June 2013|publisher=Ile en île|accessdate=10 April 2024|archivedate=15 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240415174729/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hAb8RyzR9uo}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, e meghere Collège Maryse-Condé na agwaetiti La Désirade iji sọpụrụ ya. <ref name="CV" /> == Ọnwụ == Condé nwụrụ na Apt, Vaucluse, ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ France, na 2 Eprel 2024, mgbe ọ dị afọ 90. <ref name="Humanite">{{Cite news|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, grande dame de la littérature et de la pensée anticoloniale – L'Humanité|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/maryse-conde/mort-de-maryse-conde-grande-dame-de-la-litterature-et-de-la-pensee-anticoloniale|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=humanite.fr|date=3 September 2021|language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref name="Marivat 2024">{{Cite news|author=Marivat|first=Gladys|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé est morte|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2024/04/02/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-est-morte_6225557_3382.html|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=Le Monde.fr|date=2 April 2024|language=fr}}</ref> == Ihe odide ya pụtara == Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na-enyocha okwu agbụrụ, okike, na omenala n'ọtụtụ oge na ebe akụkọ ihe mere eme dị iche iche, gụnyere ikpe ndị amoosu Salem na I, Tituba: Amoosu Ojii nke Salem (1986); Alaeze Ukwu Bambara nke Mali nke narị afọ nke 19 na Ségou (1984–1985); na owuwu nke Panama Canal nke narị afọ nke 20 na mmetụta ya na mmụba nke ndị West Indian etiti na Tree of Life (1987). Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na-achọpụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ndị Africa na ndị si mba ọzọ bịa, karịsịa ndị Caribbean. Dị ka Louise Hardwick si kwuo, "Cosmopolitan na ọdịdị, akwụkwọ Condé na-ekwu maka mgbagwoju anya nke ụwa zuru ụwa ọnụ n'olu doro anya. Ọ jụrụ mgbalị iji mee ka ụdị ya dị, ma ọ bụ akara na-akọwa ya dị ka onye edemede French ma ọ bụ Creole, " a na-ekwukarị ya ka ọ na-ekwu: "M na-ede na Maryse Condé".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2024/apr/12/maryse-conde-obituary|title=Maryse Condé obituary|work=The Guardian|date=12 April 2024|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.londonreviewbookshop.co.uk/blog/2020/november/for-a-writer-there-is-no-mother-tongue-he-forges-his-own-language-according-to-his-or-her-needs-a-q-a-with-maryse-conde|title='For a writer there is no mother tongue: he forges his own language according to his or her needs': A Q&A with Maryse Condé|work=[[London Review Bookshop]]|date=25 August 2020|accessdate=14 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/|title=Lost Paradise: A Brief Interview with Maryse Condé|first=George|author=Salis|work=The Collidescope|date=27 December 2022|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602214215/https://thecollidescope.com/2022/12/27/lost-paradise-a-brief-interview-with-maryse-conde/}}</ref> E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ ya, ''Heremakhonon'' (n'[[Asụsụ Maninka|Asụsụ Malinke]], aha ahụ pụtara "ichere maka obi ụtọ"), <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276|title=Maryse Condé: Author who won 'alternative Nobel Literature Prize' dies at 90|first=Ian|author=Youngs|publisher=BBC News|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=6 April 2024|archivedate=4 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240404205039/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-68712276}}</ref> na 1976. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé {{!}} Columbia {{!}} French|work=french.columbia.edu|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=20 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde "Maryse Condé | Columbia | French"]. ''french.columbia.edu''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170620201945/https://french.columbia.edu/content/maryse-conde Archived] from the original on 20 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Ọ bụ ihe na-ese okwu nke ukwuu nke na e wepụrụ ya na shelf mgbe ọnwa isii gasịrị n'ihi nkatọ ya banyere ihe ịga nke ọma nke ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'Africa.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/|title=Giving Voice to Guadeloupe|author=Condé|first=Maryse|date=6 February 2019|work=The New York Review of Books|language=en|accessdate=16 March 2019|archivedate=6 February 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190206151501/https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2019/02/06/giving-voice-to-guadeloupe/}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ ahụ yiri ndụ nke Condé n'oge mbụ ọ nọrọ na Guinea, a na-edekwa ya dị ka akụkọ onye mbụ, o kwusiri ike na ọ bụghị akụkọ ndụ onwe onye. Akwụkwọ ahụ bụ akụkọ, dị ka ọ kọwara ya, nke "'anti-moi', onye na-edoghị anya nke ọchụchọ maka njirimara na mmalite ya bụ ụdị nnupụisi nke omume rụrụ arụ. "<ref name=":3">Lionnet, F. (1989). [https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 "Happiness Deferred: Maryse Condé's ''Heremakhonon'' and the Failure of Enunciation"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220621134617/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctt207g5zp.12 |date=21 June 2022 }}. In ''Autobiographical Voices: Race, Gender, Self-Portraiture'' (pp. 167–190). Ithaca; London: Cornell University Press.</ref> Condé nọpụrụ iche nke ukwuu site n'ọtụtụ mmegharị akwụkwọ Caribbean, dịka Négritude na Creolité, ma na-elekwasịkarị anya n'isiokwu ndị nwere nchegbu siri ike gbasara ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Dịka onye na-akwado ikike ọchịchị n'ọrụ ya nakwa ná ndụ ya, Condé kwetara, sị: "Enweghị m ike ide ihe ọ bụla... ọ gwụla ma ọ nwere ihe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụfọdụ. Enweghị m ihe ọzọ m ga-enye nke ka dị mkpa. " Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke afọ 1995 bụ Windward Heights bụ reworking nke Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1847), nke Condé gụrụ na mbụ mgbe ọ dị afọ 14. Ọ dịla anya ọ chọrọ ịmepụta ọrụ nke ya gburugburu ya, dị ka omume "nkwanye ùgwù". A na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé na Guadeloupe, a na-egosikwa agbụrụ na ọdịbendị dị ka nsogbu na-ekewa ndị mmadụ. N'ịtụgharị uche n'otú o si nweta ihe ndabere Caribbean ya n'ide akwụkwọ a, o kwuru, sị:<blockquote>"Ịbụ akụkụ nke ọtụtụ ụwa - akụkụ nke ụwa Afrịka n'ihi ndị ohu Afrịka, akụkụ nke ụwa Europe n'ihi agụmakwụkwọ Europe - bụ ụdị echiche abụọ. Ị nwere ike iji nke ahụ n'ụzọ nke gị ma nye ahịrịokwu ihe ọzọ. Obi dị m ụtọ mgbe m na-arụ ọrụ ahụ, n'ihi na ọ bụ egwuregwu, ụdị egwuregwu rụrụ arụ ma na-atọ ụtọ. "    </blockquote>Ihe odide ndị Condé mechara dee gụnyere Tales From the Heart: True Stories From My Childhood (1999), nchịkọta edemede banyere oge ọ bụ nwata, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1|title=''Tales from the Heart'' by Maryse Condé|work=Voices from the Gaps|publisher=University of Minnesota|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409235143/https://conservancy.umn.edu/bitstream/handle/11299/167828/Review%20Tales%20from%20the%20Heart.pdf;sequence=1}}</ref> na Victoire (2006), akụkọ ndụ nke nne nne ya n'oge ndị isi ojii nke Guadeloupe kwupụtara ikike ha maka agụmakwụkwọ na ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. <ref>{{Cite journal|journal=Nottingham French Studies|url=https://www.euppublishing.com/doi/abs/10.3366/nfs.2014.0094?journalCode=nfs|title=Maryse Condé's ''Victoire:'' Thinking Back through Her Mothers|date=2014|volume=53|issue=3|doi=10.3366/nfs.2014.0094|author=Green|first=Mary Jean|pages=297–313|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> Who Slashed Celanire's Throat (2000) sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke ezigbo akụkọ ma jiri ngwakọta nke Ime Anwansi na nrọ efu na akwụkwọ akụkọ banyere nwanyị chọrọ ịchọpụta eziokwu nke oge gara aga ma bọọ ọbọ maka nkwarụ ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hurstonwright.org/books/who-slashed-celanires-throat/|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat|publisher=[[Hurston/Wright Foundation]]}}</ref> Nsụgharị nke afọ 2017 nke Richard Philcox nke Condé dere bụ What Is Africa to Me? Fragments of a True-to-Life Autobiography, Noo Saro-Wiwa kọwara ya na nyocha maka The Times Literary Supplement dị ka "ihe na-atọ ụtọ ma na-atọ ọchị mgbe ụfọdụ banyere afọ iri na abụọ onye edemede ahụ nọrọ n'Africa n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1950 na 60s. ... ma site na njedebe akwụkwọ ahụ, onye edemede ahụ kwetara na ọ ka maghị ihe Afrịka pụtara nye ya - nkwenye obi ike n'ụwa nke na-achọ akụkọ ndị a kapịrị ọnụ. " N'afọ 2018, e nyere Condé New Academy Prize in Literature, nke e guzobere dị ka ihe ọzọ na Nobel Prize in Literation (nke a na-ewere ya dịka onye ọkacha mmasị mana enyeghị ya n'afọ ahụ, n'ihi mmetọ mmekọahụ n'etiti kọmitii onyinye), <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/04/02/books/maryse-conde-dead.html|title=Maryse Condé, 'Grande Dame' of Francophone Literature, Dies at 90|first=Clay|author=Risen|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2 April 2024|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> na ndị ọka ikpe na-eto Condé dị ka "onye na-akọ akụkọ ukwu nke edemede ya bụ nke akwụkwọ ụwa, na-akọwa mbibi nke ọchịchị na ọgba aghara postcolonial n'asụsụ nke ziri ezi ma na-awụ akpata oyi n'ahụ. N'afọ 2022, a kwanyeere ya ugwu dị ka otu n'ime ndị edemede 12 nke Royal Society of Literature International, n'akụkụ Anne Carson, [[Tsitsi Dangarembga]], Cornelia Funke, Mary Gaitskill, Faïza Guène, Saidiya Hartman, Kim Hyesoon, Yōko Ogawa, Raja Shehadeh, Juan Gabriel Vásquez na Samar Yazbek.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130|title=Twelve Writers Appointed in the Second Year of the RSL International Writers Programme|work=[[Broadway World]]|first=Stephi|author=Wild|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403203559/https://www.broadwayworld.com/westend/article/Twelve-Writers-Appointed-in-the-Second-Year-of-the-RSL-International-Writers-Programme-20221130}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ Condé nke afọ 2023, The Gospel According to the New World, edepụtara maka International Booker Prize ma, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86, ọ bụ onye edemede kacha okenye e depụtara maka ihe nrite ahụ.<ref name="shaffi">{{Cite web|url=https://theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache|title=International Booker prize announces longlist to celebrate 'ambition and panache'|date=14 March 2023|accessdate=14 March 2023|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314091040/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/mar/14/international-booker-prize-announces-longlist-to-celebrate-ambition-and-panache}}</ref> E ji okwu gwa di ya na onye ntụgharị okwu bụ́ Richard Philcox ka o mepụta akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na o nwere nsogbu akwara ozi nke mere ka o siere ya ike ikwu okwu na ịhụ ihe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/ap-french-caribbean-new-england-new-world-b2522180.html|title=Maryse Condé, prolific 'grande dame' of Caribbean literature, dead at age 90|first=Hillel|author=Italie|work=[[The Independent]]|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref> Ha abụọ bụ ndị otu onye edemede-onye ntụgharị nke nwunye na di mbụ a ga-edepụta ogologo oge, ma mesịa depụta, <ref name="shaffi" /> maka onyinye ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB|title=See who's on the 2023 International Booker Prize shortlist|publisher=[[Southbank Centre]]|date=18 April 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=24 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230524063903/https://www.southbankcentre.co.uk/blog/articles/international-booker-prize-shortlist-2023?gclid=Cj0KCQjwyLGjBhDKARIsAFRNgW9hj2-7zRCXVlYs3c5PIfd69Yrb2KPtfthBvHtMuH9uc6HKoYMPUzUaAlfmEALw_wcB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde|title=Maryse Condé|accessdate=14 March 2023|work=thebookerprizes.com|date=11 February 1934|archivedate=14 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314151037/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/authors/maryse-conde}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/may/22/international-booker-prize-2023-cheon-myeong-kwan-gauz-eva-baltasar-georgi-gospodinov-guadalupe-nettel-maryse-conde#:~:text=Maryse%20Cond%C3%A9%2C%20who%20was%20born,will%20be%20her%20final%20novel.|title=The 2023 International Booker prize shortlist – review|first=John|author=Self|work=[[The Observer]]|date=22 May 2023|accessdate=24 May 2023}}</ref> === Ebe ndebe ihe ochie === A na-edebe ihe ndekọ akwụkwọ Maryse Condé (akwụkwọ Maryse Condés, 1979-2012) na Ọ́bá Akwụkwọ Mahadum Columbia . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary|title=Maryse Condé papers, 1979–2012|work=Archival Collections|publisher=Columbia University Libraries|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=22 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622122933/https://findingaids.library.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879/summary}}</ref> == Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ == === Akwụkwọ akụkọ === {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |'''Original publication''' ! colspan="5" |'''English publication''' |- ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Translator ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Publisher ! scope="col" |Notes/References |- |''Hérémakhonon'' |1976 |''Heremakhonon'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1982 |Three Continents Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Hérémakhonon|date=1982|publisher=Three Continents Press|location=Washington, D.C.|isbn=9780894102325|oclc=8646556|edition=1st English language}}</ref> |- |''Une saison à Rihata'' |1981 |''A Season in Rihata'' |1988 |Heinemann |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=A Season in Rihata|date=1988|publisher=Heinemann Educational|isbn=978-0-435-98832-6|oclc=8106613884|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_IFcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |''Ségou: les murailles de terre''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earthen Wall") | rowspan="3" |1984 | rowspan="3" |''Segu'' | rowspan="3" |Barbara Bray |1987 |Viking Press | rowspan="3" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Segu|date=1987|publisher=Viking|location=New York, N.Y|isbn=978-0-670-80728-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1zZIAAAAYAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Segu|year=1996|publisher=Penguin Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-14-025949-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AhbIMpWGgFQC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1988 |Ballantine Books |- |1998 |Penguin Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Ségou: la terre en miettes''<br /><br />(lit: "Segu: The Earth in Pieces") | rowspan="2" |1985 | rowspan="2" |''The Children of Segu'' | rowspan="2" |Linda Coverdale |1989 |Viking Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1989|publisher=Viking|isbn=978-0-670-82981-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TjdIAAAAYAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Children of Segu|date=1990|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-36634-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bbLpAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1990 |Ballantine Books |- | rowspan="2" |''Moi, Tituba, Sorcière…Noire de Salem'' | rowspan="2" |1986 | rowspan="2" |''I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1992, <br /><br />2009 |University of Virginia Press | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, black witch of Salem|date=2009|publisher=Univ. of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=9780813927671|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nLxAPgAACAAJ|edition=1st paperback|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=I, Tituba, Black Witch of Salem|date=1994|publisher=Ballantine Books|isbn=978-0-345-38420-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uPBhEIKP7kC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |1994 |Ballantine Books |- |''La Vie scélérate [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Wicked Life") |1987 |''Tree of Life: A Novel of the Caribbean'' |Victoria Reiter |1992 |Ballantine Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tree of Life|date=1992|publisher=Ballantine Books|location=New York|isbn=978-0-345-36074-8|edition=1st American|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cYJcAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Tree of Life by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=9 April 2024|date=31 August 1992|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409040752/https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-345-36074-8}}</ref> |- |''Traversée de la mangrove'' |1989 |''Crossing the Mangrove'' | rowspan="2" |Richard Philcox |1995 |Anchor Books |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Crossing the Mangrove|date=1995|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-385-47633-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RZRkAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Self|first=John|title=Crossing the Mangrove by Maryse Condé – a village united by a vagabond|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2021/sep/26/crossing-the-mangrove-by-maryse-conde-a-village-united-by-a-vagabond|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=The Observer|date=26 September 2021}}</ref><ref name="Moudileno & Higginson">{{Cite journal|author=Moudileno|first=Lydie|title=Portrait of the Artist as Dreamer: Maryse Condé's 'Traversée de la Mangrove' and 'Les Derniers Rois Mages'|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=626–640|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0104|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299149|accessdate=9 April 2024|issn=0161-2492}}</ref> |- |''Les Derniers rois mages''<br /><br />(lit: "The Last Magi") |1992 |''The Last of the African Kings'' |1997 |University of Nebraska Press |<ref name="Moudileno & Higginson" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=The Last of the African Kings|year=1997|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|isbn=978-0-8032-1489-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wTNLR8PX9asC|accessdate=9 April 2024|language=en}}</ref> |- |''La Colonie du nouveau monde''<br /><br />(lit: "The New World Colony") |1993 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La colonie du nouveau monde: roman|date=1993|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-05903-6|oclc=29239656|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uFWgQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''La Migration des cœurs [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "The Migration of Hearts") |1995 |''Windward Heights'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |1998 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Windward Heights|date=1998|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-161-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d017kQEACAAJ|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Tepper|first=Anderson|title=Windward Heights|url=https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/books/99/09/05/bib/990905.rv103554.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=5 September 1999}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Wolff|first=Rebecca|authorlink=Rebecca Wolff|title=Maryse Condé|url=http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|work=[[Bomb (magazine)|BOMB Magazine]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151223085419/http://bombmagazine.org/article/2248/|archivedate=23 December 2015|format=web.archive.org|date=Summer 1999}}</ref> |- |''Desirada'' |1997 |''Desirada'' |2000 |Soho Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Desirada: roman|date=1997|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=9782221084663|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xeh-zwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schwerdtner|first=Karin|title=Wandering, Women and Writing: Maryse Condé's Desirada|journal=Dalhousie French Studies|date=2005|volume=73|pages=129–137|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40837654|issn=0711-8813|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Célanire cou-coupé [fr]''<br /><br />(lit: "Slashed-Throat Célanire") |2000 |''Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?'' |2004 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Célanire cou-coupé: roman fantastique|date=2000|publisher=R. Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-221-08629-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zBGSQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?: A Fantastical Tale|date=2004|publisher=Atria Books|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-7434-8260-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qz1lAAAAMAAJ|oclc=254224954|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Bailey Nurse|first=Donna|title=Unkindest Cut|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/entertainment/books/2004/09/26/unkindest-cut/20f98b7b-f5cd-44e8-9baf-9fe4f327c005/|accessdate=9 April 2024|work=Washington Post|date=25 September 2004}}</ref> |- |''La Belle créole''<br /><br />(lit: "The Beautiful Créole") |2001 |''The Belle Créole'' |Nicole Simek |2020 |University of Virginia Press |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La belle créole: roman|date=2001|publisher=Mercure de France|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-7152-1810-9|oclc=47597710|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3VZwQgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Belle Créole|date=2020|publisher=University of Virginia Press|location=Charlottesville|isbn=978-0-8139-4423-4|oclc=1126348970|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XRy1DwAAQBAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''Histoire de la femme cannibale [fr]'' |2003 |''The Story of the Cannibal Woman'' |Richard Philcox |2007 |Atria Publishing Group |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Story of the Cannibal Woman|date=2008|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-7432-7129-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2HEyAYo7iQC|accessdate=8 April 2024|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Maryse|first=Condé|title=Excerpt: 'The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel'|url=https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=8 April 2024|date=4 June 2007|quote=The Story of the Cannibal Woman: A Novel, Copyright 2007, by Maryse Conde. Reprinted by permission of Atria Books, an imprint of Simon & Schuster Inc.|archivedate=8 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408221012/https://www.npr.org/2007/06/04/10333672/excerpt-the-story-of-the-cannibal-woman-a-novel}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Schmidt|first=Elizabeth|title=Magical Thinking|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/15/books/review/Schmidt.t.html|accessdate=8 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=15 April 2007}}</ref> |- |''Les Belles ténébreuses''<br /><br />(lit: "The Dark Beauties") |2008 | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} | {{N/A}} |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Les belles ténébreuses: roman|date=2008|publisher=Mercure de France|isbn=978-2-7152-2832-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A6tpAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> |- |''En attendant la montée des eaux [fr]'' |2010 |''Waiting for the Waters to Rise'' | rowspan="3" |Richard Philcox |2021 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Waiting for the Waters to Rise|date=2021|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-64286-073-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gNyWzQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Iglesias|first=Gabino|title=Having A Conversation With Loss And Grief In 'Waiting For The Waters To Rise'|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise|publisher=[[NPR]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 August 2021|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407053430/https://www.npr.org/2021/08/05/1023895103/book-review-waiting-for-the-waters-to-rise}}</ref> |- |''Le Fabuleux et triste destin d'Ivan et d'Ivana'' |2017 |''The Wondrous and Tragic Life <br /><br />of Ivan and Ivana'' |2020 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana|date=2020|publisher=World Editions|isbn=978-1-912987-09-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KcoYzAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jaggi|first=Maya|title=The Wondrous and Tragic Life of Ivan and Ivana by Maryse Condé review – a scurrilous picaresque|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2020/jul/16/the-wondrous-and-tragic-life-of-ivan-and-ivana-by-maryse-conde-review-a-scurrilous-picaresque|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The Guardian|date=16 July 2020}}</ref> |- |''L'Évangile du nouveau monde'' |2021 |''The Gospel According to the New World'' |2023 |World Editions |<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World by undefined|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|date=14 October 2022|accessdate=7 April 2024|archivedate=21 November 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221121135148/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781642861181}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=The Gospel According to the New World: Shortlisted for the International Booker Prize 2023|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world|work=thebookerprizes.com|publisher=The Booker Prizes|accessdate=7 April 2024|language=en|date=7 March 2023|archivedate=25 September 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925130237/https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/the-gospel-according-to-the-new-world}}</ref> |} === Egwuregwu === * An Tan Révolisyion, <ref name="Makward1995">{{Cite journal|author=Makward|first=Christiane P.|title=Reading Maryse Conde's Theatre|journal=[[Callaloo (literary magazine)|Callaloo]]|date=Summer 1995|volume=18|issue=3|pages=681–689|doi=10.1353/cal.1995.0094|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3299153|accessdate=8 April 2024}}</ref> nke e bipụtara na 1991, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1989 <ref>{{Cite book|author=Makward|first=Christiane|title=Petite histoire de An Tan Révolisyon, elle court, elle court la Liberté|url=https://www.cairn.info/sans-fards-melanges-en-l-honneur-de-maryse-conde--9791095177029-page-135.htm|date=2024|publisher=Presses universitaires des Antilles|isbn=979-10-95177-02-9|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Comédie d'Amour, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1993 <ref>{{Cite web|title=Maryse Condé|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/|work=Île en île|date=17 November 1998|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=28 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/}}</ref><ref name="Kazaconde">{{Cite web|title=Biographie & bibliographie|url=https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/|work=Kazaconde|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409165832/https://kazaconde.org/biographie-maryse-conde/}}</ref> * Dieu nous l'a donné, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1972, nke mbụ e mere na Paris na 1973 * La Mort d'Oluwémi d'Ajumako, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1973, nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na [[Gabon]] * Le Morne de Massabielle, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke mbụ e mere na 1974 na Puteaux, France, e mechara mee ya na Bekee na New York dị ka The Hills of Massabielle na Ubu Repertory Theater (1991) <ref name="CV" /> * Les Sept voyages de Ti-Noël (nke ya na José Jernidier jikọrọ aka dee), nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe na 1987 <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Clark|first=VèVè|title='Je Me Suis Réconciliée Avec Mon Île': Une Interview de Maryse Condé|journal=Callaloo|issue=38}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=José Jernidier|url=https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles|title=Analyse dramaturgique et mise en jeu de textes dramatiques de langue et culture créole et autres textes composites français/créoles|work=chantiersnomades.com|date=2024|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=9 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409201316/https://www.chantiersnomades.com/guadeloupe-2023/analyse-dramaturgique-et-mise-en-jeu-de-textes-dramatiques-de-langue-et-culture-cr%C3%A9ole-et-autres-textes-composites-fran%C3%A7ais%2Fcr%C3%A9oles}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=José Jernidier|url=https://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/|work=Île en île|date=3 January 2021|accessdate=9 April 2024|archivedate=1 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230601085752/http://ile-en-ile.org/jernidier/}}</ref> * Pension les Alizés, <ref name="Makward1995" /> nke e bipụtara na 1988, nke mbụ e mere na Guadeloupe ma mesịa mee na New York dị ka Tropical Breeze Hotel (1995) <ref>{{Cite news|author=Bruckner|first=D. J. R.|title=In Performance; Theater|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1995/02/22/theater/in-performance-theater-892495.html|accessdate=7 April 2024|work=The New York Times|date=22 February 1995}}</ref> * ''''Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ'''' (2007). Dị ka Ụmụnne Abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Play : Comme deux frères|url=https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html|work=Siyaj at UVa Caribbean Theater Company at the University of Virginia|publisher=Dept. of French Language and Literature, University of Virginia|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=2009|archivedate=7 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240407054940/https://collab.its.virginia.edu/access/content/group/1360099f-5c41-4e51-8af1-48bb77a42efb/site%20web/commedeuxfreres.html}}</ref> === Nkatọ na akụkọ ifo ndị ọzọ === * "Ndị edemede nwanyị atọ n'Africa nke oge a: [[Flora Nwapa]], Ama Ata Aidoo na [[Grace Emily Akinyi Ogot|Grace Ogot]]" (1972), Presence Africaine, 82:132-143.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Three Female Writers in Modern Africa : Flora Nwapa, Ama Ata Aidoo and Grace Ogot|journal=[[Présence Africaine]]|date=1972|issue=82|pages=132–143|doi=10.3917/presa.082.0132|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24350338|issn=0032-7638|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Akụkọ banyere otu ọrụ, Hatier, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /> * Mmepeanya nke Bossale: Echiche banyere akwụkwọ a na-ekwu n'ọnụ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, Paris: L'Harmattan, 1978<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi">{{Cite web|author=Mekkawi|first=Mohamed|url=http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|title=Maryse Condé: Novelist, Playwright, Critic, Teacher: An Introductory Bio-bibliography|publisher=Howard University Libraries|date=1990|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm|accessdate=11 April 2024|archivedate=31 March 2013}}</ref> * ''Okwu ụmụ nwanyị: Essai sur des romancières des Antilles de langue française.'' , Paris: L'Harmattan, 1979<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="Mekkawi" /> * Ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé (1993). ''Mkparịta ụka na Maryse Condé'' (1996). Ajụjụ ọnụ na Françoise Pfaff. Nsụgharị Bekee gụnyere isi ọhụrụ dabere na ajụjụ ọnụ 1994. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Entretiens avec Maryse Condé: suivis d'une bibliographie complète|date=1993|publisher=Editions Karthala|isbn=978-2-86537-435-9|oclc=30739196|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64JcAAAAMAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condä|first=Maryse|title=Conversations with Maryse Condä|date=1 January 1996|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|location=Lincoln|isbn=978-0-8032-3713-1|oclc=34243864|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=64LQXH9dTnYC|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Pfaff|first=Françoise|title=Nouveaux entretiens avec Maryse Condé: écrivain et témoin de son temps|date=2016|publisher=Éditions Karthala|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-8111-1707-8|oclc=960463375|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Gk9vgAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "The Role of the Writer" (1993), World Literature Today, 67 (4): 697-699.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Role of the Writer|journal=[[World Literature Today]]|date=1993|volume=67|issue=4|pages=697–699|doi=10.2307/40149563|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40149563|issn=0196-3570|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Obi na-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá: ihe ncheta nke nwata m (1999). Akụkọ sitere n'obi: Akụkọ Ezi Akụkọ sitere na nwata m, trans. Richard Philcox (2001). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Le coeur à rire et à pleurer: contes vrais de mon enfance|date=1999|publisher=Laffont|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-266-09868-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ugA-HQAACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Tales from the Heart: True Stories from My Childhood|date=2001|publisher=Soho|isbn=978-1-56947-264-4|oclc=46422017|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t35cAAAAMAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * "Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer" (2000), ''Yale French Studies'' 97: 151.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Conde|first=Maryse|title=Order, Disorder, Freedom, and the West Indian Writer|journal=[[Yale French Studies]]|date=2000|issue=97|pages=151–165|doi=10.2307/2903218|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2903218|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * ''Mmeri, ụtọ na okwu'' (2006). ''Mmeri: Nne M'', trans. Richard Philcox (2006). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother|year=2010|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-1-4391-0058-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h8t2ktvTuHQC|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Victoire: My Mother's Mother by Maryse Conde|url=https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761|work=www.publishersweekly.com|publisher=[[Publishers Weekly]]|accessdate=7 April 2024|date=5 October 2009|archivedate=5 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230405005814/https://www.publishersweekly.com/9781416592761}}</ref> * La Vie sans fards (2012). Gịnị bụ Africa nye m? Iberibe nke True-to-Life Autobiography, trans. Richard Philcox (2017). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=La vie sans fards|date=2012|publisher=Le Grand livre du mois|isbn=978-2-286-09075-3|oclc=826769208|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlhrmAEACAAJ|language=fr|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=What Is Africa to Me?: Fragments of a True-to-life Autobiography|date=2017|publisher=Seagull Books|isbn=978-0-85742-376-4|oclc=964730164|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EE6ODAEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * The Journey of a Caribbean Writer (2013). Nchịkọta nke edemede, trans. Richard Philcox.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=The Journey of a Caribbean Writer|date=2014|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London New York Calcutta|isbn=978-0-85742-097-8|oclc=846745180|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ta2PMQEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> * Mets na ihe ịtụnanya (2015). N'ime Morsels na Marvels, trans. Richard Philcox (2015). <ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Mets et merveilles|date=2015|publisher=JC Lattès|location=Paris|isbn=9782709644792|oclc=907643787|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n7VGrgEACAAJ|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Condé|first=Maryse|title=Of Morsels and Marvels|date=2020|publisher=Seagull Books|location=London; New York|isbn=978-0-85742-693-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Lh2wwEACAAJ|language=en|accessdate=9 April 2024}}</ref> === Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ === * Anthologie de la littérature africaine d'expression française. Ghana Institute of Languages, 1966.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /<ref name="CV" /> * ''Abụ Ndị Caribbean''. Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * Ebe ndị Rom si Caribbean Paris: Nathan, 1977.<ref name="Voices from the Gaps" /><ref name="CV" /> * ''Akara olu maka Guy Tirolien'' (onye na-enyekwa aka). Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1990.<ref name="CV" /> * Caliban's Legacy, mbipụta pụrụ iche nke ''Callaloo'' na akwụkwọ nke Guadeloupe na Martinique, 1992. <ref name="CV" /> * L'Heritage de Caliban (onye nchịkọta akụkọ), edemede na akwụkwọ Francophone Caribbean. Pointe-à-Pitre: Jasor Editions, 1992.<ref name="CV" /> * ''Chee echiche nke Creole''. Paris: mbipụta Karthala, 1995.<ref name="CV" /> == Onyinye na nsọpụrụ == * 1986: Nnukwu Ihe Nrite Akwụkwọ nke Nwaanyị<ref>{{Cite book|author=Carruggi|first=Noëlle|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UT4CBVBfPB8C&pg=PA17|title=Maryse Condé: rébellion et transgressions|date=2010|publisher=Karthala Editions|isbn=978-2-8111-0362-0|pages=17|language=fr|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html|title=Auteur: Maryse Condé -|work=Guadeloupe le Guide|accessdate=14 April 2024|archivedate=2 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240402202749/https://www.guadeloupe-leguide.fr/auteur-maryse-conde-5.html}}</ref> * 1987: Prix de l'Académie française (La vie scélérate) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Mort de Maryse Condé, plusieurs vies de combat|first=Muriel|author=Steinmetz|url=https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[L'Humanité]]|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403092909/https://www.humanite.fr/culture-et-savoir/deces/mort-de-maryse-conde-plusieurs-vies-de-combat}}</ref> * 1988: Liberatur Prize (''Ségou'') <ref>{{Cite web|date=3 April 2024|title=Guadeloupe's Maryse Condé remembered as a fearless explorer of the complexities of Caribbean history and identity|url=https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Global Voices|first=Janine|author=Mendes-Franco|language=en|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403232752/https://globalvoices.org/2024/04/03/guadeloupes-maryse-conde-remembered-as-a-fearless-explorer-of-the-complexities-of-caribbean-history-and-identity/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Forsdick|first=Charles|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vm5vEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA43|title=Postcolonial Thought in the French Speaking World|date=2022|publisher=Liverpool University Press|isbn=978-1-80207-934-0|pages=43|language=en|accessdate=7 April 2024}}</ref> * 1993: Ihe nrite Puterbaugh <ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé, prolific Guadeloupean writer, dies aged 90|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/en/obituaries/article/2024/04/02/maryse-conde-prolific-guadeloupean-writer-dies-aged-90_6667137_15.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=[[Le Monde]]|first=Gladys|author=Marivat|language=en}}</ref> * 1997: Prix Carbet de la Caraibe (Desirada) * 1999: Marguerite Yourcenar Prize (Obi ị ga-achị ọchị ma na-ebe ákwá) <ref name=":2">[https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1 "Author Profile: Maryse Condé"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220219221020/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40158493?seq=1|jstor=40158493 |date=19 February 2022 }}. ''World Literature Today'' (September–December 2004), 78 (3/4), p. 27.</ref> * 1999: Lifetime Achievement Award site na mmemme Africana Studies nke Mahadum New York <ref name=":2" /> * 2001: Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres site na Gọọmentị France <ref name=":2" /> * 2005: Hurston/Wright Legacy Award (Who Slashed Celanire's Throat?) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/2005/11/02/writers-conde-de-veaux-win-hurstonwright-prizes/e2d706ed-4f46-431d-9abf-475129c4ccf2/|title=Writers Conde, De Veaux Win Hurston/Wright Prizes|work=[[Washington Post]]|date=1 November 2005}}</ref> * 2007: Prix Tropiques de l'Agence française de développement (Victoire, les saveurs et les mots) <ref>{{Cite web|date=2 April 2024|title=Maryse Condé : mort d'une autrice à l'oeuvre humaniste et universelle {{!}} TV5Monde – Informations|url=https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366|author=Terriennes|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=information.tv5monde.com|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://information.tv5monde.com/terriennes/maryse-conde-mort-dune-autrice-loeuvre-humaniste-et-universelle-2716366}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2007|title=La semaine (du 14 au 20 avril)|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/|work=[[Jeune Afrique]]|accessdate=3 April 2024|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233612/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/81463/archives-thematique/la-semaine-du-14-au-20-avril/}}</ref> * 2008: Ihe nrite nke nka Afro-Caribbean maka Les Belles Ténèbres. Paris <ref name="CV" /> * 2009: Ihe nrite nke Afro-Caribbean Arts for Lifetime Achievement. Paris <ref name="CV" /><ref name="Île en île">[https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ Maryse Condé] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231028193033/https://ile-en-ile.org/conde/ |date=28 October 2023 }} at Île en île.</ref> * 2010: Grand prix du roman métis (Ka ọ na-echere ịrị elu nke mmiri) <ref>{{Cite web|date=15 December 2010|title=Maryse Condé, Grand prix du roman métis|url=https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Bibliobs|language=fr|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/romans/20101107.BIB5931/maryse-conde-grand-prix-du-roman-metis.html}}</ref> * 2018: New Academy Prize in Literature <ref name=":5" /> * 2020: PEN Translates award for Waiting for the Waters to Rise <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/|title=Nineteen PEN Translates awards go to titles from fifteen countries and thirteen languages|work=[[English PEN]]|date=10 June 2020|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=29 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200829215207/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/nineteen-pen-translates-awards-go-to-titles-from-fifteen-countries-and-thirteen-languages/}}</ref> * 2021: Ihe nrite ụwa Cino Del Duca<ref>{{Cite web|date=3 June 2021|title=L'écrivaine guadeloupéenne Maryse Condé reçoit le prix de la Fondation Cino del Duca pour son oeuvre 'portée sur l'humanisme'|first=Lauriane|author=Nembrot|url=https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html|accessdate=3 April 2024|work=Outre-mer la 1ère|language=fr-FR|archivedate=3 April 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403233613/https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/l-ecrivaine-guadeloupeenne-maryse-conde-recoit-le-prix-de-la-fondation-cino-del-duca-pour-son-oeuvre-portee-sur-l-humanisme-1025176.html}}</ref> * 2021: PEN Translates award from English PEN for The Gospel According to the New World <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/|title=PEN Translates awards announced|work=English PEN|date=21 December 2021|accessdate=24 May 2023|archivedate=5 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605194631/https://www.englishpen.org/posts/news/pen-translates-awards-announced-3/}}</ref> * 2022: Royal Society of Literature International Writer <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2022/nov/30/tsitsi-dangarembga-royal-society-of-literature-international-writers-award|title=Tsitsi Dangarembga, Anne Carson and Mary Gaitskill honoured by Royal Society of Literature|first=Sarah|author=Shaffi|work=The Guardian|date=30 November 2022|accessdate=3 April 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/|title=RSL International Writers|date=3 September 2023|publisher=Royal Society of Literature|accessdate=3 December 2023|archivedate=20 January 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240120181559/https://rsliterature.org/rsl-international-writers/}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Akwụkwọ Caribbean * Akwụkwọ ndị e dere mgbe ha nwụsịrị * Ọchịchịrị == Edemsibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Lee, Vanessa, ụmụ nwanyị anọ Caribbean na-ede ihe nkiri: Ina Césaire, Maryse Condé, Gerty Dambury na Suzanne Dracius (Palgrave Macmillan, 2021). * Perisic, Alexandra Mgbagwoju anya: Immigration, Neoliberalism, na Atlantic (na Maryse Condé, Roberto Bolaño, Giannina Braschi, Caryl Phillips), 2019. * Small, Audrey H., [https://theconversation.com/five-books-by-maryse-conde-to-introduce-you-to-the-award-winning-guadeloupian-writer-228443 "Akwụkwọ ise nke Maryse Condé iji mee ka ị mata onye edemede Guadeloupian meriri ihe nrite"], The Conversation, 26 Eprel 2024. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://findingaids.cul.columbia.edu/ead/nnc-rb/ldpd_10258879 Ịchọta enyemaka maka akwụkwọ Maryse Condé na Mahadum Columbia]. Rare Book & Manuscript Library. * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Onye edemede French Guadeloupe Maryse Condé na-agụ site na ọrụ ya na Recording Laboratory], 24 Septemba 1999 (Library of Congress). * Works by Maryse CondénaỌ́bá Akwụkwọ mepere emepe * Mekkawi, Mohamed [https://web.archive.org/web/20130331160341/http://www.howard.edu/library/assist/guides/conde.htm "Maryse Condé: Onye edemede, onye na-ede egwuregwu, onye nkatọ, onye nkuzi: Akụkọ ndụ"]. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Libraries, 1990 (rev. 1992). * Petri Liukkonen. "Maryse Condé". Akwụkwọ na ndị edemede. * [http://fr.calameo.com/read/00429924444e06fb891de Nkwupụta nke Maryse Condé Fund nke Médiathèque Caribbean (laméca), akwụkwọ ndị sitere na ọbá akwụkwọ onwe onye nke Maryse condé] * [http://www.webguinee.net/bibliotheque/literature/maryse-conde/index.html webGuinée - Maryse Condé] * [https://www.loc.gov/item/99470347/ Maryse Condé dekọrọ maka Archive of Literature site na Hispanic Division na Library of Congress, Washington, D.D.], na 24 Septemba 1999. * {{IMDb name|2268887}} * Maryse Condédiski naDiscogs * Mason Street, [https://thethornfieldreview.org/2017/07/31/an-interview-with-maryse-conde/ "N'ajụjụ ọnụ na Maryse Condé"], The Thornfield Review, 31 Julaị 2017. * Leïla Slimani (nke Kim Willsher sụgharịrị), "'An extraordinary role model': Maryse Condé remembered by Leïlalimani", ''The Guardian'', 3 April 2024. {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Conde, Maryse}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] n3x5xv55zffu0vc7vwur1ntze7mhyyt 0 75416 672523 637941 2026-07-04T22:06:00Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Mba Nile */ 672523 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christantus Ugonna Uche''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Christantus Ugonna Uche.wav|Listen}} (born 19 May 2003) is a Nigerian professional [[Footbọl|footballer]] who plays as a forward for Premier League club Crystal Palace, on loan from La Liga club Getafe, and the [[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria national team]]. === Moralo === Usman malitere ọrụ aka ya na Nigeria na Ranchers Bees na Kaduna. Mgbe otu afọ gachara, ọ hapụrụ ịbanye na Taraba, bụ onye o mechara nyere aka n'inwe nkwalite na Nigeria Premier League. Ka e mesịrị, a họpụtara Usman kaptain nke otu ahụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi ndị ọgbọ kacha nta na asọmpi ahụ. Uche mere egwuregwu mbụ ya maka Moralo na 8 Jenụwarị 2023, na-abịa dị ka onye na-anọchi anya ọkara nke abụọ na mmeri 4-1 Tercera Federación n'ụlọ na Villafranca.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navalmoral.hoy.es/deportes/goleada-moralo-indulgente-20230108221450-nt.html|title=Goleada del Moralo a un indulgente Villafranca, 4–1|publisher=Hoy|language=es|date=8 January 2023|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> O mechara guzobe onwe ya dị ka onye mbido oge niile, ebe ọ bụ na ndị otu ya enweghị nkwalite na play-offs. Na 15 Julaị 2023, Uche bịanyere aka na Primera Federación n'akụkụ Ceuta, a na-ebu ụzọ kenye ya na B-team, mana ọ na-eme tupu oge ezumike na ndị isi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceutadeportiva.com/2023/07/el-ceuta-incorpora-a-su-filial-al-mediocentro-nigeriano-uche-ex-del-moralo/|title=El Ceuta incorpora a su filial al joven mediocentro nigeriano Uche, ex del Moralo|publisher=Ceuta Deportiva|language=es|date=15 July 2023|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> otu B dị, ọ pụtaghị maka B, ma guzobe onwe ya dị ka otu isi na ''Caballas''; na Jenụwarị 2024, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Spanish Mundo Deportivo kọrọ na ọ bụ onye Real Betis lekwasịrị anya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/betis/20240118/1002172641/betis-fija-uche-pivote-nigeriano-ceuta.html|title=El Betis se fija en Uche, pivote nigeriano del Ceuta|publisher=[[Mundo Deportivo]]|language=es|date=18 January 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> Na 21 Febụwarị 2024, a kọrọ na Uche kwenyere na nkwekọrịta ya na Getafe nke La Liga, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://as.com/futbol/primera/el-mediocentro-nigeriano-uche-jugara-en-el-getafe-la-proxima-temporada-n/|title=El Getafe ficha al mediocentro nigeriano Uche|publisher=[[Diario AS]]|language=es|date=21 February 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> na onye njikwa Ceuta José Juan Romero kwupụtara mbufe ahụ ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceutatv.com/articulo/deportes/jose-juan-romero-confirma-fichaje-uche-getafe-temporadas/20240223114746172999.html|title=José Juan Romero confirma el fichaje de Uche con el Getafe por "cuatro temporadas"|publisher=Ceuta Televisión|language=es|date=23 February 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> Klọb abụọ ahụ kwupụtara na ha ga-agafe na 13 June, ebe onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Madrid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adceutafc.com/gracias-uche/|title=Gracias, Uche|publisher=AD Ceuta FC|language=es|date=13 June 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getafecf.com/noticias/comunicado-oficial-or-christantus-uche|title=Comunicado oficial {{!}} Christantus Uche|publisher=Getafe CF|language=es|date=13 June 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> Uche mere nke mbụ ya - na nke kachasị elu - na 15 Ọgọstụ 2024, malite dị ka onye na-aga n'ihu ma na-emeri onye na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye na-agba ọsọ na 1-1 na-agafe na Athletic Bilbao. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/primera-division/cronica/2024/08/15/66be1254ca474168378b45d3.html|title=Nico no es suficiente|publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|language=es|date=15 August 2024|accessdate=15 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/getafe/2024/08/15/66be6111ca474176368b45a8.html|title=Christantus Uche, la primera revelación de LaLiga: de los campos de tierra de Nigeria a marcar en San Mamés en dos años|publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|language=es|date=15 August 2024|accessdate=15 August 2024}}</ref> === Obí Crystal === Na 1 Septemba 2025, Uche bịanyere aka na klọb Premier League Crystal Palace na mgbazinye ruo June 2026, na ibu ọrụ ịzụta ihe dị ka £ 17.3 nde.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cpfc.co.uk/news/announcement/christantus-uche-joins-crystal-palace/|title=Christantus Uche joins Crystal Palace|publisher=Crystal Palace F.C.|date=1 September 2025|accessdate=1 September 2025}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == A kpọrọ Uche ka ọ bụrụ onye otu mba Naijiria maka asọmpi enyi na enyi nke 2025 Unity Cup na Mee 2025. O nyere penalty mmeri megide Jamaica iji merie asọmpi Super Eagles.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 May 2025|title=Nigeria are Unity Cup kings!|url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/sport/football/2025/05/31/nigeria-are-unity-cup-kings/|accessdate=31 May 2025|work=www.voice-online.co.uk}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {{Crystal Palace F.C. squad}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Moralo B |2022–23 |Njikọ nke Atọ |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- |Moralo |2022–23 |Njikọ nke Atọ |11 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3[c] |0 |14 |0 |- |Ceuta |2023–24 |Njikọ Mbụ |34 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2[d] |0 |36 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Getafe |2024–25 |[[La Liga|Njikọ ahụ]] |33 |4 |5 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |39 |4 |- |[[2025–26 Getafe CF season|2025–26]] |Njikọ ahụ |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !36 !5 !5 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !41 !5 |- |Crystal Palace (onye a gbazitere) |2025–26 |Njikọ Premier |14 |0 |1 |0 |3 |0 |4[e] |2 | colspan="2" | - |22 |2 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !101 !5 !6 !0 !3 !0 !4 !2 !5 !0 !119 !7 |} {{updated|match played 9 September 2025}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} === Mba Nile === [[w:|Crystal Palace F.C. squad]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2025 |3 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !3 !0 |} == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ezepmsdzoizh6c3u3o2wy4kgzucg069 672524 672523 2026-07-04T22:06:49Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ */ 672524 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christantus Ugonna Uche''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Christantus Ugonna Uche.wav|Listen}} (born 19 May 2003) is a Nigerian professional [[Footbọl|footballer]] who plays as a forward for Premier League club Crystal Palace, on loan from La Liga club Getafe, and the [[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria national team]]. === Moralo === Usman malitere ọrụ aka ya na Nigeria na Ranchers Bees na Kaduna. Mgbe otu afọ gachara, ọ hapụrụ ịbanye na Taraba, bụ onye o mechara nyere aka n'inwe nkwalite na Nigeria Premier League. Ka e mesịrị, a họpụtara Usman kaptain nke otu ahụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi ndị ọgbọ kacha nta na asọmpi ahụ. Uche mere egwuregwu mbụ ya maka Moralo na 8 Jenụwarị 2023, na-abịa dị ka onye na-anọchi anya ọkara nke abụọ na mmeri 4-1 Tercera Federación n'ụlọ na Villafranca.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navalmoral.hoy.es/deportes/goleada-moralo-indulgente-20230108221450-nt.html|title=Goleada del Moralo a un indulgente Villafranca, 4–1|publisher=Hoy|language=es|date=8 January 2023|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> O mechara guzobe onwe ya dị ka onye mbido oge niile, ebe ọ bụ na ndị otu ya enweghị nkwalite na play-offs. Na 15 Julaị 2023, Uche bịanyere aka na Primera Federación n'akụkụ Ceuta, a na-ebu ụzọ kenye ya na B-team, mana ọ na-eme tupu oge ezumike na ndị isi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceutadeportiva.com/2023/07/el-ceuta-incorpora-a-su-filial-al-mediocentro-nigeriano-uche-ex-del-moralo/|title=El Ceuta incorpora a su filial al joven mediocentro nigeriano Uche, ex del Moralo|publisher=Ceuta Deportiva|language=es|date=15 July 2023|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> otu B dị, ọ pụtaghị maka B, ma guzobe onwe ya dị ka otu isi na ''Caballas''; na Jenụwarị 2024, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Spanish Mundo Deportivo kọrọ na ọ bụ onye Real Betis lekwasịrị anya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/betis/20240118/1002172641/betis-fija-uche-pivote-nigeriano-ceuta.html|title=El Betis se fija en Uche, pivote nigeriano del Ceuta|publisher=[[Mundo Deportivo]]|language=es|date=18 January 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> Na 21 Febụwarị 2024, a kọrọ na Uche kwenyere na nkwekọrịta ya na Getafe nke La Liga, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://as.com/futbol/primera/el-mediocentro-nigeriano-uche-jugara-en-el-getafe-la-proxima-temporada-n/|title=El Getafe ficha al mediocentro nigeriano Uche|publisher=[[Diario AS]]|language=es|date=21 February 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> na onye njikwa Ceuta José Juan Romero kwupụtara mbufe ahụ ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceutatv.com/articulo/deportes/jose-juan-romero-confirma-fichaje-uche-getafe-temporadas/20240223114746172999.html|title=José Juan Romero confirma el fichaje de Uche con el Getafe por "cuatro temporadas"|publisher=Ceuta Televisión|language=es|date=23 February 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> Klọb abụọ ahụ kwupụtara na ha ga-agafe na 13 June, ebe onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Madrid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adceutafc.com/gracias-uche/|title=Gracias, Uche|publisher=AD Ceuta FC|language=es|date=13 June 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getafecf.com/noticias/comunicado-oficial-or-christantus-uche|title=Comunicado oficial {{!}} Christantus Uche|publisher=Getafe CF|language=es|date=13 June 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> Uche mere nke mbụ ya - na nke kachasị elu - na 15 Ọgọstụ 2024, malite dị ka onye na-aga n'ihu ma na-emeri onye na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye na-agba ọsọ na 1-1 na-agafe na Athletic Bilbao. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/primera-division/cronica/2024/08/15/66be1254ca474168378b45d3.html|title=Nico no es suficiente|publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|language=es|date=15 August 2024|accessdate=15 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/getafe/2024/08/15/66be6111ca474176368b45a8.html|title=Christantus Uche, la primera revelación de LaLiga: de los campos de tierra de Nigeria a marcar en San Mamés en dos años|publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|language=es|date=15 August 2024|accessdate=15 August 2024}}</ref> === Obí Crystal === Na 1 Septemba 2025, Uche bịanyere aka na klọb Premier League Crystal Palace na mgbazinye ruo June 2026, na ibu ọrụ ịzụta ihe dị ka £ 17.3 nde.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cpfc.co.uk/news/announcement/christantus-uche-joins-crystal-palace/|title=Christantus Uche joins Crystal Palace|publisher=Crystal Palace F.C.|date=1 September 2025|accessdate=1 September 2025}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == A kpọrọ Uche ka ọ bụrụ onye otu mba Naijiria maka asọmpi enyi na enyi nke 2025 Unity Cup na Mee 2025. O nyere penalty mmeri megide Jamaica iji merie asọmpi Super Eagles.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 May 2025|title=Nigeria are Unity Cup kings!|url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/sport/football/2025/05/31/nigeria-are-unity-cup-kings/|accessdate=31 May 2025|work=www.voice-online.co.uk}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w:Crystal Palace F.C. squad]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Moralo B |2022–23 |Njikọ nke Atọ |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- |Moralo |2022–23 |Njikọ nke Atọ |11 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3[c] |0 |14 |0 |- |Ceuta |2023–24 |Njikọ Mbụ |34 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2[d] |0 |36 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Getafe |2024–25 |[[La Liga|Njikọ ahụ]] |33 |4 |5 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |39 |4 |- |[[2025–26 Getafe CF season|2025–26]] |Njikọ ahụ |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !36 !5 !5 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !41 !5 |- |Crystal Palace (onye a gbazitere) |2025–26 |Njikọ Premier |14 |0 |1 |0 |3 |0 |4[e] |2 | colspan="2" | - |22 |2 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !101 !5 !6 !0 !3 !0 !4 !2 !5 !0 !119 !7 |} {{updated|match played 9 September 2025}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} === Mba Nile === [[w:|Crystal Palace F.C. squad]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2025 |3 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !3 !0 |} == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] l2yanepn7cau3xitjq7iupjnf7qkmy1 672525 672524 2026-07-04T22:07:44Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ */ 672525 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Christantus Ugonna Uche''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Christantus Ugonna Uche.wav|Listen}} (born 19 May 2003) is a Nigerian professional [[Footbọl|footballer]] who plays as a forward for Premier League club Crystal Palace, on loan from La Liga club Getafe, and the [[Nigeria national football team|Nigeria national team]]. === Moralo === Usman malitere ọrụ aka ya na Nigeria na Ranchers Bees na Kaduna. Mgbe otu afọ gachara, ọ hapụrụ ịbanye na Taraba, bụ onye o mechara nyere aka n'inwe nkwalite na Nigeria Premier League. Ka e mesịrị, a họpụtara Usman kaptain nke otu ahụ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asatọ, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ onyeisi ndị ọgbọ kacha nta na asọmpi ahụ. Uche mere egwuregwu mbụ ya maka Moralo na 8 Jenụwarị 2023, na-abịa dị ka onye na-anọchi anya ọkara nke abụọ na mmeri 4-1 Tercera Federación n'ụlọ na Villafranca.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://navalmoral.hoy.es/deportes/goleada-moralo-indulgente-20230108221450-nt.html|title=Goleada del Moralo a un indulgente Villafranca, 4–1|publisher=Hoy|language=es|date=8 January 2023|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> O mechara guzobe onwe ya dị ka onye mbido oge niile, ebe ọ bụ na ndị otu ya enweghị nkwalite na play-offs. Na 15 Julaị 2023, Uche bịanyere aka na Primera Federación n'akụkụ Ceuta, a na-ebu ụzọ kenye ya na B-team, mana ọ na-eme tupu oge ezumike na ndị isi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceutadeportiva.com/2023/07/el-ceuta-incorpora-a-su-filial-al-mediocentro-nigeriano-uche-ex-del-moralo/|title=El Ceuta incorpora a su filial al joven mediocentro nigeriano Uche, ex del Moralo|publisher=Ceuta Deportiva|language=es|date=15 July 2023|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> otu B dị, ọ pụtaghị maka B, ma guzobe onwe ya dị ka otu isi na ''Caballas''; na Jenụwarị 2024, ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Spanish Mundo Deportivo kọrọ na ọ bụ onye Real Betis lekwasịrị anya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/futbol/betis/20240118/1002172641/betis-fija-uche-pivote-nigeriano-ceuta.html|title=El Betis se fija en Uche, pivote nigeriano del Ceuta|publisher=[[Mundo Deportivo]]|language=es|date=18 January 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> Na 21 Febụwarị 2024, a kọrọ na Uche kwenyere na nkwekọrịta ya na Getafe nke La Liga, <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://as.com/futbol/primera/el-mediocentro-nigeriano-uche-jugara-en-el-getafe-la-proxima-temporada-n/|title=El Getafe ficha al mediocentro nigeriano Uche|publisher=[[Diario AS]]|language=es|date=21 February 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> na onye njikwa Ceuta José Juan Romero kwupụtara mbufe ahụ ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ceutatv.com/articulo/deportes/jose-juan-romero-confirma-fichaje-uche-getafe-temporadas/20240223114746172999.html|title=José Juan Romero confirma el fichaje de Uche con el Getafe por "cuatro temporadas"|publisher=Ceuta Televisión|language=es|date=23 February 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> Klọb abụọ ahụ kwupụtara na ha ga-agafe na 13 June, ebe onye ọkpụkpọ ahụ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ na ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nke Madrid.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://adceutafc.com/gracias-uche/|title=Gracias, Uche|publisher=AD Ceuta FC|language=es|date=13 June 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getafecf.com/noticias/comunicado-oficial-or-christantus-uche|title=Comunicado oficial {{!}} Christantus Uche|publisher=Getafe CF|language=es|date=13 June 2024|accessdate=15 June 2024}}</ref> Uche mere nke mbụ ya - na nke kachasị elu - na 15 Ọgọstụ 2024, malite dị ka onye na-aga n'ihu ma na-emeri onye na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye na-agba ọsọ na 1-1 na-agafe na Athletic Bilbao. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/primera-division/cronica/2024/08/15/66be1254ca474168378b45d3.html|title=Nico no es suficiente|publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|language=es|date=15 August 2024|accessdate=15 August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.marca.com/futbol/getafe/2024/08/15/66be6111ca474176368b45a8.html|title=Christantus Uche, la primera revelación de LaLiga: de los campos de tierra de Nigeria a marcar en San Mamés en dos años|publisher=[[Marca (newspaper)|Marca]]|language=es|date=15 August 2024|accessdate=15 August 2024}}</ref> === Obí Crystal === Na 1 Septemba 2025, Uche bịanyere aka na klọb Premier League Crystal Palace na mgbazinye ruo June 2026, na ibu ọrụ ịzụta ihe dị ka £ 17.3 nde.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cpfc.co.uk/news/announcement/christantus-uche-joins-crystal-palace/|title=Christantus Uche joins Crystal Palace|publisher=Crystal Palace F.C.|date=1 September 2025|accessdate=1 September 2025}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == A kpọrọ Uche ka ọ bụrụ onye otu mba Naijiria maka asọmpi enyi na enyi nke 2025 Unity Cup na Mee 2025. O nyere penalty mmeri megide Jamaica iji merie asọmpi Super Eagles.<ref>{{Cite web|date=31 May 2025|title=Nigeria are Unity Cup kings!|url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/sport/football/2025/05/31/nigeria-are-unity-cup-kings/|accessdate=31 May 2025|work=www.voice-online.co.uk}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w:Crystal Palace F.C. squad]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Moralo B |2022–23 |Njikọ nke Atọ |6 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- |Moralo |2022–23 |Njikọ nke Atọ |11 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3[c] |0 |14 |0 |- |Ceuta |2023–24 |Njikọ Mbụ |34 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2[d] |0 |36 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Getafe |2024–25 |[[La Liga|Njikọ ahụ]] |33 |4 |5 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |39 |4 |- |[[2025–26 Getafe CF season|2025–26]] |Njikọ ahụ |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !36 !5 !5 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !41 !5 |- |Crystal Palace (onye a gbazitere) |2025–26 |Njikọ Premier |14 |0 |1 |0 |3 |0 |4[e] |2 | colspan="2" | - |22 |2 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !101 !5 !6 !0 !3 !0 !4 !2 !5 !0 !119 !7 |} [[w:updated|match played 9 September 2025]]<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} === Mba Nile === [[w:|Crystal Palace F.C. squad]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2025 |3 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !3 !0 |} == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] c6ckaxyyzypqsegsv1427poz40zc2lx 0 75424 672520 637945 2026-07-04T22:04:33Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Klọb */ 672520 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yira Collins Sor''' (amụrụ na 24 Julaị 2000) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere Genk na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. == Ọrụ klọb == Sor malitere ọrụ ya na Family Love Academy nke dị na Port Harcourt, tupu ọ kwaga 36 Lion na Lagos. Na Febụwarị 2021, Sor bịanyere aka na klọb Czech First League Baník Ostrava . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ckdmedia.ng/post/36-lion-product-collins-yira-sor-has-joined-slavia-praha-on-a-five-year-deal-from-banik-ostrava|title=36 Lion product Collins Yira Sor has joined Slavia Praha on a five-year-deal from Banik Ostrava|publisher=CKD Media|date=23 January 2022|accessdate=5 February 2022|archivedate=14 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114174057/https://www.ckdmedia.ng/post/36-lion-product-collins-yira-sor-has-joined-slavia-praha-on-a-five-year-deal-from-banik-ostrava}}</ref> Na 21 Jenụwarị 2022, mgbe ihe mgbaru ọsọ atọ na enyemaka ise gasịrị na ọkara mbụ nke oge 2021-22, Slavia Prague kwupụtara mbinye aka nke Sor na nkwekọrịta ruo Disemba 2026, ya na Czech Ubong Ekpai ibe ya gbaziri Baník Ostrava dịka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta ahụ. Na 24 Febrụwarị 2022, Sor gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Slavia Prague, gbara okpukpu abụọ na 3–2 UEFA Europa Conference League meriri Fenerbahçe. Sor meriri goolu abụọ ọzọ n'agba nke 16 nke ụkwụ mbụ nke asọmpi ahụ megide LASK. Na 28 Disemba 2022, klọb Belgian Genk kwupụtara mbinye aka Sor na nkwekọrịta ruo n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2027. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.krcgenk.be/nl/nieuws/4931/yira-sor-22-tekent-overeenkomst-tot-2027|title=Yira Sor (22) tekent overeenkomst tot 2027|date=28 December 2022|accessdate=30 December 2022|publisher=K.R.C. Genk|language=nl}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Sor pụtara ugboro abụọ maka ndị na-erubeghị afọ 20 nke Naịjirịa na 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup na Poland. <ref name="Slavia">{{Cite web|url=https://en.slavia.cz/clanek.asp?id=The-new-Yira-is-here-957|title=The new Yira is here!|date=21 January 2022|accessdate=5 February 2022|publisher=SK Slavia Praha}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === [[w:|updated|match played 22 March 2026]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="3" |Baník Ostrava |2020–21 |Njikọ Mbụ nke Czech |9 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |10 |0 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ Mbụ nke Czech |16 |3 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !25 !3 !4 !1 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !29 !4 |- | rowspan="3" |Slavia Prague |2021–22 |Njikọ Mbụ nke Czech |10 |1 |1 |0 |6[b] |6 | colspan="2" | - |17 |7 |- |2022–23 |Njikọ Mbụ nke Czech |3 |0 |1 |0 |5[b] |2 | colspan="2" | - |9 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !13 !1 !2 !0 !11 !8 ! colspan="2" |- !26 !9 |- | rowspan="5" |Genk |2022–23 |Belgian Pro League |20 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |21 |2 |- |2023–24 |Belgian Pro League |20 |6 |2 |1 |9[c] |0 | colspan="2" | - |31 |7 |- |2024–25 |Belgian Pro League |24 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |24 |2 |- |2025–26 |Belgian Pro League |24 |3 |2 |0 |13[d] |2 | colspan="2" | - |39 |5 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !78 !13 !5 !1 !22 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !105 !16 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !126 !17 !11 !2 !33 !10 !0 !0 !170 !29 |}   == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] puxoojf6thyaho60u4ls7b0ejwmo12e 672521 672520 2026-07-04T22:04:55Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Klọb */ 672521 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yira Collins Sor''' (amụrụ na 24 Julaị 2000) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere Genk na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. == Ọrụ klọb == Sor malitere ọrụ ya na Family Love Academy nke dị na Port Harcourt, tupu ọ kwaga 36 Lion na Lagos. Na Febụwarị 2021, Sor bịanyere aka na klọb Czech First League Baník Ostrava . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ckdmedia.ng/post/36-lion-product-collins-yira-sor-has-joined-slavia-praha-on-a-five-year-deal-from-banik-ostrava|title=36 Lion product Collins Yira Sor has joined Slavia Praha on a five-year-deal from Banik Ostrava|publisher=CKD Media|date=23 January 2022|accessdate=5 February 2022|archivedate=14 January 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230114174057/https://www.ckdmedia.ng/post/36-lion-product-collins-yira-sor-has-joined-slavia-praha-on-a-five-year-deal-from-banik-ostrava}}</ref> Na 21 Jenụwarị 2022, mgbe ihe mgbaru ọsọ atọ na enyemaka ise gasịrị na ọkara mbụ nke oge 2021-22, Slavia Prague kwupụtara mbinye aka nke Sor na nkwekọrịta ruo Disemba 2026, ya na Czech Ubong Ekpai ibe ya gbaziri Baník Ostrava dịka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta ahụ. Na 24 Febrụwarị 2022, Sor gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Slavia Prague, gbara okpukpu abụọ na 3–2 UEFA Europa Conference League meriri Fenerbahçe. Sor meriri goolu abụọ ọzọ n'agba nke 16 nke ụkwụ mbụ nke asọmpi ahụ megide LASK. Na 28 Disemba 2022, klọb Belgian Genk kwupụtara mbinye aka Sor na nkwekọrịta ruo n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2027. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.krcgenk.be/nl/nieuws/4931/yira-sor-22-tekent-overeenkomst-tot-2027|title=Yira Sor (22) tekent overeenkomst tot 2027|date=28 December 2022|accessdate=30 December 2022|publisher=K.R.C. Genk|language=nl}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Sor pụtara ugboro abụọ maka ndị na-erubeghị afọ 20 nke Naịjirịa na 2019 FIFA U-20 World Cup na Poland. <ref name="Slavia">{{Cite web|url=https://en.slavia.cz/clanek.asp?id=The-new-Yira-is-here-957|title=The new Yira is here!|date=21 January 2022|accessdate=5 February 2022|publisher=SK Slavia Praha}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === [[w:updated|match played 22 March 2026]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="3" |Baník Ostrava |2020–21 |Njikọ Mbụ nke Czech |9 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |10 |0 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ Mbụ nke Czech |16 |3 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !25 !3 !4 !1 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !29 !4 |- | rowspan="3" |Slavia Prague |2021–22 |Njikọ Mbụ nke Czech |10 |1 |1 |0 |6[b] |6 | colspan="2" | - |17 |7 |- |2022–23 |Njikọ Mbụ nke Czech |3 |0 |1 |0 |5[b] |2 | colspan="2" | - |9 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !13 !1 !2 !0 !11 !8 ! colspan="2" |- !26 !9 |- | rowspan="5" |Genk |2022–23 |Belgian Pro League |20 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |21 |2 |- |2023–24 |Belgian Pro League |20 |6 |2 |1 |9[c] |0 | colspan="2" | - |31 |7 |- |2024–25 |Belgian Pro League |24 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |24 |2 |- |2025–26 |Belgian Pro League |24 |3 |2 |0 |13[d] |2 | colspan="2" | - |39 |5 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !78 !13 !5 !1 !22 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !105 !16 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !126 !17 !11 !2 !33 !10 !0 !0 !170 !29 |}   == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 61mseejt7elvdqrzn45h4453afco403 0 75425 672518 637946 2026-07-04T22:03:42Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Njikọ mpụga */ 672518 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Salim Fago Lawal''' (amụrụ na Jenụwarị 15, 2003) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ maka otu egwuregwu Czech First League Viktoria Plzeň na otu mba Naijiria. == Ọrụ klọb == Na 1 Ọgọst 2023, Lawal bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya na klọb HNL Istra 1961 ruo 2026. [1] [2] O mere mpụta mbụ ya na 6 Ọgọst 2023 megide Rijeka. Na 17 June 2025, ọ gbatịpụrụ nkwekọrịta ya na Istra 1961 ruo 2028. Na 27 Jenụwarị 2026, Lawal bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya na klọb Czech First League Viktoria Plzeň ruo 2029.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Keňo|first=Jan|date=27 January 2026|accessdate=27 January 2026|title=Velká posila pro Plzeň, z chorvatské ligy přichází Salim Fago Lawal|url=https://www.fotbalzpravy.cz/rubriky/cesko/plzen/velka-posila-pro-plzen-z-chorvatske-ligy-prichazi-salim-fago-lawal_3828.html|work=FotbalZprávy.cz|language=cs|publisher=GTO Solutions}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == A kpọrọ Lawal na mbụ na [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] maka iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2025 na 11 Disemba 2025. <ref>{{Cite web|date=11 December 2025|title=Nigeria name star-packed AFCON squad as Osimhen and Lookman lead Super Eagles challenge|url=https://www.cafonline.com/afcon2025/news/nigeria-name-star-packed-afcon-squad-as-osimhen-and-lookman-lead-super-eagles-challenge/|work=cafonline.com}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya na mba [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na 16 Disemba 2025 na egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Ijipt. <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Soccerway|url=https://www.soccerway.com/match/egypt-bejDn7NN/nigeria-EBE2Xb3l/|title=Egypt - Nıgeria|date=16 December 2025}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == * Ebe nke atọ nke Africa Cup of Nations: 2025<ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=17 January 2026|title=Afcon 2025: Egypt 0-0 Nigeria (2-4 pens) - Super Eagles finish third|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/live/cpqyvje5de8t|accessdate=20 January 2026|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[w:|FC Viktoria Plzeň squad]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] djbyfxdztypagm0suj77p3yltqif9ef 0 75426 672516 637947 2026-07-04T22:02:50Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Njikọ mpụga */ 672516 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Chukwubuikem Ikwuemesi''' (amuru 5 Ọgọst 2001) bu onye okacha amara n'egwuregwu bọọlụ Naijiria nke na-egwu egwu n'ihu maka ụlọ ọgbakọ Belgian Pro League OH Leuven. == Ọrụ klọb == Ikwuemesi bụ ihe ntorobịa sitere na klọb Naijiria Olive Charles Academy na Giant Brillars. Ọ malitere ọrụ agadi ya na mbinye ego na Austrian 2. Liga club Vorwärts Steyr na 31 August 2021. Na 31 December 2021, mbinye ego ya na Vorwärts Steyr kwụsịrị n'ihi nsogbu ego. Mgbe ọ laghachiri obere oge na Nigeria, ọ kwagara na Krško nke Slovenian Second League, bụ ebe o meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ 4 na egwuregwu 11. Na 2 Julaị 2022, ọ bịanyere aka na akụkụ Slovenian PrvaLiga Celje na nkwekọrịta afọ 3. Na 18 Ọgọst 2023, ọ gafere na ụlọ ọgbakọ Serie A nke Salernitana na nkwekọrịta ruo 2027. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Ikwuemesi bụ onye ntorobịa mba ụwa maka Naijiria, ebe a kpọrọ ya na Naịjirịa U20s na 2020 maka asọmpi WAFU B Cup of Nations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2020/12/01/how-little-known-chukwubuikem-ikwuemesi-became-nigeria-u20-first-choice-striker-ahead-of-peter-olawale/|title=How Little Known Chukwubuikem Ikwuemesi Became Nigeria U20 First Choice Striker Ahead Of Peter Olawale - OwnGoal Nigeria|date=1 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scorenigeria.com.ng/5-flying-eagles-to-shine-at-u20-afcon-qualifiers/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204093332/https://scorenigeria.com.ng/5-flying-eagles-to-shine-at-u20-afcon-qualifiers/|archivedate=4 December 2020|title=5 Flying Eagles to shine at U20 AFCON qualifiers – Score Nigeria}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[w:Oud-Heverlee Leuven squad]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 1tqv2xdyytgh1a8xblo8jl7bqb09j5r 672517 672516 2026-07-04T22:03:03Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Njikọ mpụga */ 672517 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Chukwubuikem Ikwuemesi''' (amuru 5 Ọgọst 2001) bu onye okacha amara n'egwuregwu bọọlụ Naijiria nke na-egwu egwu n'ihu maka ụlọ ọgbakọ Belgian Pro League OH Leuven. == Ọrụ klọb == Ikwuemesi bụ ihe ntorobịa sitere na klọb Naijiria Olive Charles Academy na Giant Brillars. Ọ malitere ọrụ agadi ya na mbinye ego na Austrian 2. Liga club Vorwärts Steyr na 31 August 2021. Na 31 December 2021, mbinye ego ya na Vorwärts Steyr kwụsịrị n'ihi nsogbu ego. Mgbe ọ laghachiri obere oge na Nigeria, ọ kwagara na Krško nke Slovenian Second League, bụ ebe o meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ 4 na egwuregwu 11. Na 2 Julaị 2022, ọ bịanyere aka na akụkụ Slovenian PrvaLiga Celje na nkwekọrịta afọ 3. Na 18 Ọgọst 2023, ọ gafere na ụlọ ọgbakọ Serie A nke Salernitana na nkwekọrịta ruo 2027. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Ikwuemesi bụ onye ntorobịa mba ụwa maka Naijiria, ebe a kpọrọ ya na Naịjirịa U20s na 2020 maka asọmpi WAFU B Cup of Nations.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2020/12/01/how-little-known-chukwubuikem-ikwuemesi-became-nigeria-u20-first-choice-striker-ahead-of-peter-olawale/|title=How Little Known Chukwubuikem Ikwuemesi Became Nigeria U20 First Choice Striker Ahead Of Peter Olawale - OwnGoal Nigeria|date=1 December 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://scorenigeria.com.ng/5-flying-eagles-to-shine-at-u20-afcon-qualifiers/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201204093332/https://scorenigeria.com.ng/5-flying-eagles-to-shine-at-u20-afcon-qualifiers/|archivedate=4 December 2020|title=5 Flying Eagles to shine at U20 AFCON qualifiers – Score Nigeria}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[w:|Oud-Heverlee Leuven squad]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7em71tddpe87j547g1bqu026e8izq5c 0 75427 672512 656595 2026-07-04T22:01:01Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Njikọ mpụga */ 672512 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nathan Adewale Temitayo Tella''' (amụrụ na 5 Julaị 1999)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nathan Tella|url=https://www.arsenal.com/historic/players/nathan-tella|accessdate=1 March 2022|publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-eme egwuregwu n'aka nri ma ọ bụ onye na'ihu maka klọb Bundesliga Bayer Leverkusen . A mụrụ ya n'England, ọ na-egwuri egwu maka otu egwuregwu mba Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 January 2022|title=Southampton's Nathan Tella expresses desire to play for Nigeria|url=https://punchng.com/southamptons-nathan-tella-expresses-desire-to-play-for-nigeria/|accessdate=1 March 2022|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == === Ọrụ mmalite === Tella grew up in Stevenage, Hertfordshire and was educated at Edwinstree Middle School and then Freman College, both in the town of Buntingford. He left following his GCSE exams in 2015. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> After ten years with Arsenal, Tella spent time on trial at Reading<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getreading.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/reading-fc-transfers-arsenal-winger-12564572|title=Reading FC transfers: Arsenal winger on trial with Royals|work=getreading.co.uk|date=6 February 2017|accessdate=23 June 2020}}</ref> and Norwich City, before joining Southampton in April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 April 2017|title=Saints sign youngster Tella|url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2017-04-21/announcement-signing-southampton-nathan-tella|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427210456/https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2017-04-21/announcement-signing-southampton-nathan-tella|archivedate=27 April 2017|accessdate=23 June 2020|publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}</ref> === Southampton === Na Julaị 2019, ọ gbatịpụrụ nkwekọrịta ya na klọb ahụ maka otu afọ ọzọ, tupu ọ bịanye aka n'akwụkwọ mgbakwunye afọ atọ ọzọ na July 2020. Na 19 June 2020, Tella mere mpụta mbụ ya dị ka onye nnọchi na mmeri 3 – 0 megide Norwich City. Na 11 Febrụwarị 2021, o nyere onyinye mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya site n'inye aka na goolu Stuart Armstrong na mmeri agba nke ise nke FA 2–0 megide Wolverhampton Wanderers. Na 23 Febụwarị, Tella mere Premier League nke mbụ ya na mmeri 3–0 meriri Leeds United.[5] Na 15 Mee, Tella meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ Premier League mbụ ya na mmeri 3–1 megide Fulham. Na 6 Jenụwarị 2022, Tella bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ afọ atọ na ọkara na Southampton.<ref>{{Cite web|author=House|first=Alfie|date=6 January 2022|title=Nathan Tella signs brand-new contract with Southampton|url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/19829959.nathan-tella-signs-brand-new-contract-southampton/|accessdate=7 January 2022|work=Southern Daily Echo}}</ref> ==== Burnley (onye a gbazinyere) ==== N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2022, Tella sonyeere Burnley na mgbazinye oge.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 August 2022|title=Tella relishing Clarets move|url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/content/tella-relishing-clarets-loan-move|accessdate=11 August 2022|work=Burnley FC}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2023, ọ gbara hat-trick mbụ na mmeri 3-0 na Preston North End, mmeri nke iri n'usoro nke otu ya, ma otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị gbaa hat-tric nke abụọ na mmeri 3-1 na Hull City. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64520687|title=Burnley 3–0 Preston North End|publisher=BBC Sport|date=11 February 2023|accessdate=11 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 March 2023|title=Hull City 1–3 Burnley|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64884200|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> === Bayer Leverkusen === N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, klọb Bundesliga Bayer Leverkusen kwupụtara mbinye aka nke Tella na nkwekọrịta afọ ise, <ref>{{Cite web|date=27 August 2023|title=New winger for the Werkself: Bayer 04 sign Nathan Tella|url=https://www.bayer04.de/en-us/news/bayer04/new-winger-for-the-werkself-bayer-04-sign-nathan-tella|accessdate=2023-08-31|publisher=Bayer 04 Leverkusen|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=27 August 2023|title=Tella departs for Bayer Leverkusen|url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/en/news/article/tella-departs-for-bayer-leverkusen|accessdate=27 August 2023|work=Southampton FC}}</ref> maka ego a kọrọ na ọ bụ £ 20 nde. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-08-27|title=Forward Tella joins Bayer Leverkusen from Southampton|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/forward-tella-joins-bayer-leverkusen-southampton-2023-08-27/|accessdate=2023-08-31}}</ref> Ọ pụtara nke mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 2 Septemba 2023 na mmeri 5-1 megide Darmstadt 98, na-anọchi Jeremie Frimpong na nkeji nke 72.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bayer Leverkusen 5–1 SV Darmstadt 98|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/match/_/gameId/677603|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=ESPN}}</ref> N'abalị ise n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2023, Tella gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Bayer Leverkusen na mmeri 1-2 megide Molde na Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 October 2023|title=2–1 in Molde – early double whammy paves the way|url=https://www.bayer04.de/en-us/news/europa-league/2-1-in-molde-early-double-whammy-paves-the-way|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=Bayer Leverkusen FC}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2023, onye isi nchịkwa [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]], José Peseiro kpọrọ Tella maka asọmpi FIFA World Cup nke 2026 megide Lesotho na Zimbabwe. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Oguntimehin|first=Ayomide|title=Peseiro hands Bayer Leverkusen's Nathan Tella a debut Super Eagles call-up|url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/11/peseiro-hands-bayer-leverkusens-nathan-tella-a-debut-super-eagles-call-up.html|accessdate=10 November 2023|work=Socceret.ng|date=10 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ogunseyin|first=Oluyemi|title=2026 World Cup Qualifiers: Nathan Tella gets first Eagles call-up, Musa, Troost-Ekong dropped|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/2026-world-cup-qualifiers-nathan-tella-gets-first-eagles-call-up-musa-troost-ekong-dropped/|accessdate=10 November 2023|date=10 November 2023|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ ya n'England, Tella bụ onye Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=21682|title=Promising Arsenal Winger Nathan Tella Eager To Play For Nigeria Ahead Of England :: All Nigeria Soccer - The Complete Nigerian Football Portal|work=www.allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Abayomi|first=Tosin|date=16 January 2022|title='Sorting out my passport' - Southampton's Nathan Tella ready to dump England for 'dream' Super Eagles|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/sports-gist/southamptons-nathan-tella-ready-to-dump-england-for-dream-super-eagles/t8nvng7|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {{updated|match played 2 May 2026}}<ref name=SWAY>{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/nathan-tella/376599/|title=Nathan Tella|website=Soccerway|access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="4" |Southampton U23 |2017–18 | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2[c] |0 |2 |0 |- |2018–19 | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3[c] |0 |3 |0 |- |2020–21<ref name="sb2020" /> | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1[c] |0 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !6 !0 !6 !0 |- | rowspan="5" |Southampton |2019–20 |Njikọ Premier |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2020–21 |Njikọ Premier |18 |1 |3 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |22 |1 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |14 |0 |1 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |1 |- |2023–24 |Mmeri |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !36 !2 !4 !0 !4 !1 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !44 !3 |- |Burnley (onye a gbazinyere) |2022–23 |Mmeri |39 |17 |5 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |45 |19 |- | rowspan="4" |Bayer Leverkusen |2023–24 |Bundesliga |24 |5 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11[d] |1 | colspan="2" | - |39 |6 |- |2024–25 |Bundesliga |27 |2 |5 |1 | colspan="2" | - |7[e] |1 |1[f] |0 |40 |4 |- |2025–26 |Bundesliga |17 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2[e] |0 | colspan="2" | - |21 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !68 !8 !11 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !20 !2 !1 !0 !100 !11 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !143 !27 !20 !3 !5 !1 !20 !2 !7 !0 !195 !33 |}   === Mba Nile === {{updated|match played 31 May 2025}}<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|93025|access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="2" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2023 |1 |0 |- |2025 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !2 !0 |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''Burnley''' * EFL Championship: 2022-23<ref>{{Cite news|author=Long|first=Dan|date=25 April 2023|title=Blackburn Rovers 0–1 Burnley: Vincent Kompany's Clarets clinch Championship title after Manuel Benson stunner|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12040/12866055/blackburn-rovers-0-1-burnley-vincent-kompanys-clarets-clinch-championship-title-after-manuel-benson-stunner|accessdate=25 April 2023|work=Sky Sports}}</ref> '''Bayer Leverkusen''' * Bundesliga: 2023-24<ref>{{Cite news|author=Whelan|first=Padraig|date=14 April 2024|title=Bayer Leverkusen crowned German champions for first time|url=https://onefootball.com/en/news/bayer-leverkusen-crowned-german-champions-for-first-time-39348923|accessdate=14 April 2024|work=OneFootball}}</ref> * DFB-Pokal: 2023-242023–24 * DFL-Supercup: 2024<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 August 2024|title=Bayer Leverkusen battle back to beat VfB Stuttgart on penalties in Supercup|url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/bayer-leverkusen-vfb-stuttgart-supercup-preview-live-blog-report-alonso-28479|accessdate=17 August 2024|publisher=Bundesliga}}</ref> * Onye egwuregwu nke ọnwa nke PFA Championship: Machị 2023<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 April 2023|title=The winner of the PFA Vertu Motors Championship Fans' Player of the Month - March|url=https://www.90min.com/posts/the-winner-of-the-pfa-vertu-motors-championship-fans-player-of-the-month-march-2023|accessdate=30 May 2023|work=90min.com}}</ref> * EFL Championship Team nke Oge: 2022-23 <ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2023|title=EFL Team of the Season line-ups revealed|url=https://www.efl.com/news/2023/april/efl-team-of-the-season-line-ups-revealed/|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=English Football League}}</ref> * PFA Team of the Year: 2022-23 Championship <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66650723|title=Erling Haaland: Manchester City forward wins PFA men's Player of the Year award|publisher=BBC Sport|date=29 August 2023|accessdate=29 August 2023}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[w:|Bayer 04 Leverkusen squad]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 2xbxrxux3hj4scebytn3kraqu5s2r5v 672513 672512 2026-07-04T22:01:39Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Mba Nile */ 672513 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nathan Adewale Temitayo Tella''' (amụrụ na 5 Julaị 1999)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nathan Tella|url=https://www.arsenal.com/historic/players/nathan-tella|accessdate=1 March 2022|publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-eme egwuregwu n'aka nri ma ọ bụ onye na'ihu maka klọb Bundesliga Bayer Leverkusen . A mụrụ ya n'England, ọ na-egwuri egwu maka otu egwuregwu mba Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 January 2022|title=Southampton's Nathan Tella expresses desire to play for Nigeria|url=https://punchng.com/southamptons-nathan-tella-expresses-desire-to-play-for-nigeria/|accessdate=1 March 2022|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == === Ọrụ mmalite === Tella grew up in Stevenage, Hertfordshire and was educated at Edwinstree Middle School and then Freman College, both in the town of Buntingford. He left following his GCSE exams in 2015. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> After ten years with Arsenal, Tella spent time on trial at Reading<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getreading.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/reading-fc-transfers-arsenal-winger-12564572|title=Reading FC transfers: Arsenal winger on trial with Royals|work=getreading.co.uk|date=6 February 2017|accessdate=23 June 2020}}</ref> and Norwich City, before joining Southampton in April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 April 2017|title=Saints sign youngster Tella|url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2017-04-21/announcement-signing-southampton-nathan-tella|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427210456/https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2017-04-21/announcement-signing-southampton-nathan-tella|archivedate=27 April 2017|accessdate=23 June 2020|publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}</ref> === Southampton === Na Julaị 2019, ọ gbatịpụrụ nkwekọrịta ya na klọb ahụ maka otu afọ ọzọ, tupu ọ bịanye aka n'akwụkwọ mgbakwunye afọ atọ ọzọ na July 2020. Na 19 June 2020, Tella mere mpụta mbụ ya dị ka onye nnọchi na mmeri 3 – 0 megide Norwich City. Na 11 Febrụwarị 2021, o nyere onyinye mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya site n'inye aka na goolu Stuart Armstrong na mmeri agba nke ise nke FA 2–0 megide Wolverhampton Wanderers. Na 23 Febụwarị, Tella mere Premier League nke mbụ ya na mmeri 3–0 meriri Leeds United.[5] Na 15 Mee, Tella meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ Premier League mbụ ya na mmeri 3–1 megide Fulham. Na 6 Jenụwarị 2022, Tella bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ afọ atọ na ọkara na Southampton.<ref>{{Cite web|author=House|first=Alfie|date=6 January 2022|title=Nathan Tella signs brand-new contract with Southampton|url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/19829959.nathan-tella-signs-brand-new-contract-southampton/|accessdate=7 January 2022|work=Southern Daily Echo}}</ref> ==== Burnley (onye a gbazinyere) ==== N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2022, Tella sonyeere Burnley na mgbazinye oge.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 August 2022|title=Tella relishing Clarets move|url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/content/tella-relishing-clarets-loan-move|accessdate=11 August 2022|work=Burnley FC}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2023, ọ gbara hat-trick mbụ na mmeri 3-0 na Preston North End, mmeri nke iri n'usoro nke otu ya, ma otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị gbaa hat-tric nke abụọ na mmeri 3-1 na Hull City. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64520687|title=Burnley 3–0 Preston North End|publisher=BBC Sport|date=11 February 2023|accessdate=11 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 March 2023|title=Hull City 1–3 Burnley|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64884200|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> === Bayer Leverkusen === N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, klọb Bundesliga Bayer Leverkusen kwupụtara mbinye aka nke Tella na nkwekọrịta afọ ise, <ref>{{Cite web|date=27 August 2023|title=New winger for the Werkself: Bayer 04 sign Nathan Tella|url=https://www.bayer04.de/en-us/news/bayer04/new-winger-for-the-werkself-bayer-04-sign-nathan-tella|accessdate=2023-08-31|publisher=Bayer 04 Leverkusen|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=27 August 2023|title=Tella departs for Bayer Leverkusen|url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/en/news/article/tella-departs-for-bayer-leverkusen|accessdate=27 August 2023|work=Southampton FC}}</ref> maka ego a kọrọ na ọ bụ £ 20 nde. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-08-27|title=Forward Tella joins Bayer Leverkusen from Southampton|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/forward-tella-joins-bayer-leverkusen-southampton-2023-08-27/|accessdate=2023-08-31}}</ref> Ọ pụtara nke mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 2 Septemba 2023 na mmeri 5-1 megide Darmstadt 98, na-anọchi Jeremie Frimpong na nkeji nke 72.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bayer Leverkusen 5–1 SV Darmstadt 98|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/match/_/gameId/677603|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=ESPN}}</ref> N'abalị ise n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2023, Tella gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Bayer Leverkusen na mmeri 1-2 megide Molde na Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 October 2023|title=2–1 in Molde – early double whammy paves the way|url=https://www.bayer04.de/en-us/news/europa-league/2-1-in-molde-early-double-whammy-paves-the-way|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=Bayer Leverkusen FC}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2023, onye isi nchịkwa [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]], José Peseiro kpọrọ Tella maka asọmpi FIFA World Cup nke 2026 megide Lesotho na Zimbabwe. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Oguntimehin|first=Ayomide|title=Peseiro hands Bayer Leverkusen's Nathan Tella a debut Super Eagles call-up|url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/11/peseiro-hands-bayer-leverkusens-nathan-tella-a-debut-super-eagles-call-up.html|accessdate=10 November 2023|work=Socceret.ng|date=10 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ogunseyin|first=Oluyemi|title=2026 World Cup Qualifiers: Nathan Tella gets first Eagles call-up, Musa, Troost-Ekong dropped|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/2026-world-cup-qualifiers-nathan-tella-gets-first-eagles-call-up-musa-troost-ekong-dropped/|accessdate=10 November 2023|date=10 November 2023|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ ya n'England, Tella bụ onye Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=21682|title=Promising Arsenal Winger Nathan Tella Eager To Play For Nigeria Ahead Of England :: All Nigeria Soccer - The Complete Nigerian Football Portal|work=www.allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Abayomi|first=Tosin|date=16 January 2022|title='Sorting out my passport' - Southampton's Nathan Tella ready to dump England for 'dream' Super Eagles|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/sports-gist/southamptons-nathan-tella-ready-to-dump-england-for-dream-super-eagles/t8nvng7|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {{updated|match played 2 May 2026}}<ref name=SWAY>{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/nathan-tella/376599/|title=Nathan Tella|website=Soccerway|access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="4" |Southampton U23 |2017–18 | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2[c] |0 |2 |0 |- |2018–19 | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3[c] |0 |3 |0 |- |2020–21<ref name="sb2020" /> | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1[c] |0 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !6 !0 !6 !0 |- | rowspan="5" |Southampton |2019–20 |Njikọ Premier |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2020–21 |Njikọ Premier |18 |1 |3 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |22 |1 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |14 |0 |1 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |1 |- |2023–24 |Mmeri |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !36 !2 !4 !0 !4 !1 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !44 !3 |- |Burnley (onye a gbazinyere) |2022–23 |Mmeri |39 |17 |5 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |45 |19 |- | rowspan="4" |Bayer Leverkusen |2023–24 |Bundesliga |24 |5 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11[d] |1 | colspan="2" | - |39 |6 |- |2024–25 |Bundesliga |27 |2 |5 |1 | colspan="2" | - |7[e] |1 |1[f] |0 |40 |4 |- |2025–26 |Bundesliga |17 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2[e] |0 | colspan="2" | - |21 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !68 !8 !11 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !20 !2 !1 !0 !100 !11 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !143 !27 !20 !3 !5 !1 !20 !2 !7 !0 !195 !33 |}   === Mba Nile === [[w:updated|match played 31 May 2025]]<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|93025|access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="2" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2023 |1 |0 |- |2025 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !2 !0 |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''Burnley''' * EFL Championship: 2022-23<ref>{{Cite news|author=Long|first=Dan|date=25 April 2023|title=Blackburn Rovers 0–1 Burnley: Vincent Kompany's Clarets clinch Championship title after Manuel Benson stunner|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12040/12866055/blackburn-rovers-0-1-burnley-vincent-kompanys-clarets-clinch-championship-title-after-manuel-benson-stunner|accessdate=25 April 2023|work=Sky Sports}}</ref> '''Bayer Leverkusen''' * Bundesliga: 2023-24<ref>{{Cite news|author=Whelan|first=Padraig|date=14 April 2024|title=Bayer Leverkusen crowned German champions for first time|url=https://onefootball.com/en/news/bayer-leverkusen-crowned-german-champions-for-first-time-39348923|accessdate=14 April 2024|work=OneFootball}}</ref> * DFB-Pokal: 2023-242023–24 * DFL-Supercup: 2024<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 August 2024|title=Bayer Leverkusen battle back to beat VfB Stuttgart on penalties in Supercup|url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/bayer-leverkusen-vfb-stuttgart-supercup-preview-live-blog-report-alonso-28479|accessdate=17 August 2024|publisher=Bundesliga}}</ref> * Onye egwuregwu nke ọnwa nke PFA Championship: Machị 2023<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 April 2023|title=The winner of the PFA Vertu Motors Championship Fans' Player of the Month - March|url=https://www.90min.com/posts/the-winner-of-the-pfa-vertu-motors-championship-fans-player-of-the-month-march-2023|accessdate=30 May 2023|work=90min.com}}</ref> * EFL Championship Team nke Oge: 2022-23 <ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2023|title=EFL Team of the Season line-ups revealed|url=https://www.efl.com/news/2023/april/efl-team-of-the-season-line-ups-revealed/|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=English Football League}}</ref> * PFA Team of the Year: 2022-23 Championship <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66650723|title=Erling Haaland: Manchester City forward wins PFA men's Player of the Year award|publisher=BBC Sport|date=29 August 2023|accessdate=29 August 2023}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[w:|Bayer 04 Leverkusen squad]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] i28ri7ykkqi3cwpmve8ys1aak69a49f 672514 672513 2026-07-04T22:02:09Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ */ 672514 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nathan Adewale Temitayo Tella''' (amụrụ na 5 Julaị 1999)<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nathan Tella|url=https://www.arsenal.com/historic/players/nathan-tella|accessdate=1 March 2022|publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-eme egwuregwu n'aka nri ma ọ bụ onye na'ihu maka klọb Bundesliga Bayer Leverkusen . A mụrụ ya n'England, ọ na-egwuri egwu maka otu egwuregwu mba Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|date=14 January 2022|title=Southampton's Nathan Tella expresses desire to play for Nigeria|url=https://punchng.com/southamptons-nathan-tella-expresses-desire-to-play-for-nigeria/|accessdate=1 March 2022|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == === Ọrụ mmalite === Tella grew up in Stevenage, Hertfordshire and was educated at Edwinstree Middle School and then Freman College, both in the town of Buntingford. He left following his GCSE exams in 2015. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2020)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> After ten years with Arsenal, Tella spent time on trial at Reading<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.getreading.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/reading-fc-transfers-arsenal-winger-12564572|title=Reading FC transfers: Arsenal winger on trial with Royals|work=getreading.co.uk|date=6 February 2017|accessdate=23 June 2020}}</ref> and Norwich City, before joining Southampton in April 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 April 2017|title=Saints sign youngster Tella|url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2017-04-21/announcement-signing-southampton-nathan-tella|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170427210456/https://www.southamptonfc.com/news/2017-04-21/announcement-signing-southampton-nathan-tella|archivedate=27 April 2017|accessdate=23 June 2020|publisher=[[Southampton F.C.]]}}</ref> === Southampton === Na Julaị 2019, ọ gbatịpụrụ nkwekọrịta ya na klọb ahụ maka otu afọ ọzọ, tupu ọ bịanye aka n'akwụkwọ mgbakwunye afọ atọ ọzọ na July 2020. Na 19 June 2020, Tella mere mpụta mbụ ya dị ka onye nnọchi na mmeri 3 – 0 megide Norwich City. Na 11 Febrụwarị 2021, o nyere onyinye mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya site n'inye aka na goolu Stuart Armstrong na mmeri agba nke ise nke FA 2–0 megide Wolverhampton Wanderers. Na 23 Febụwarị, Tella mere Premier League nke mbụ ya na mmeri 3–0 meriri Leeds United.[5] Na 15 Mee, Tella meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ Premier League mbụ ya na mmeri 3–1 megide Fulham. Na 6 Jenụwarị 2022, Tella bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ afọ atọ na ọkara na Southampton.<ref>{{Cite web|author=House|first=Alfie|date=6 January 2022|title=Nathan Tella signs brand-new contract with Southampton|url=https://www.dailyecho.co.uk/sport/19829959.nathan-tella-signs-brand-new-contract-southampton/|accessdate=7 January 2022|work=Southern Daily Echo}}</ref> ==== Burnley (onye a gbazinyere) ==== N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2022, Tella sonyeere Burnley na mgbazinye oge.<ref>{{Cite web|date=11 August 2022|title=Tella relishing Clarets move|url=https://www.burnleyfootballclub.com/content/tella-relishing-clarets-loan-move|accessdate=11 August 2022|work=Burnley FC}}</ref> N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2023, ọ gbara hat-trick mbụ na mmeri 3-0 na Preston North End, mmeri nke iri n'usoro nke otu ya, ma otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị gbaa hat-tric nke abụọ na mmeri 3-1 na Hull City. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64520687|title=Burnley 3–0 Preston North End|publisher=BBC Sport|date=11 February 2023|accessdate=11 February 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 March 2023|title=Hull City 1–3 Burnley|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/64884200|publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> === Bayer Leverkusen === N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, klọb Bundesliga Bayer Leverkusen kwupụtara mbinye aka nke Tella na nkwekọrịta afọ ise, <ref>{{Cite web|date=27 August 2023|title=New winger for the Werkself: Bayer 04 sign Nathan Tella|url=https://www.bayer04.de/en-us/news/bayer04/new-winger-for-the-werkself-bayer-04-sign-nathan-tella|accessdate=2023-08-31|publisher=Bayer 04 Leverkusen|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=27 August 2023|title=Tella departs for Bayer Leverkusen|url=https://www.southamptonfc.com/en/news/article/tella-departs-for-bayer-leverkusen|accessdate=27 August 2023|work=Southampton FC}}</ref> maka ego a kọrọ na ọ bụ £ 20 nde. <ref>{{Cite news|date=2023-08-27|title=Forward Tella joins Bayer Leverkusen from Southampton|language=en|work=[[Reuters]]|url=https://www.reuters.com/sports/soccer/forward-tella-joins-bayer-leverkusen-southampton-2023-08-27/|accessdate=2023-08-31}}</ref> Ọ pụtara nke mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 2 Septemba 2023 na mmeri 5-1 megide Darmstadt 98, na-anọchi Jeremie Frimpong na nkeji nke 72.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bayer Leverkusen 5–1 SV Darmstadt 98|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/match/_/gameId/677603|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=ESPN}}</ref> N'abalị ise n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2023, Tella gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Bayer Leverkusen na mmeri 1-2 megide Molde na Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web|date=5 October 2023|title=2–1 in Molde – early double whammy paves the way|url=https://www.bayer04.de/en-us/news/europa-league/2-1-in-molde-early-double-whammy-paves-the-way|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=Bayer Leverkusen FC}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'abalị iri n'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2023, onye isi nchịkwa [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]], José Peseiro kpọrọ Tella maka asọmpi FIFA World Cup nke 2026 megide Lesotho na Zimbabwe. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Oguntimehin|first=Ayomide|title=Peseiro hands Bayer Leverkusen's Nathan Tella a debut Super Eagles call-up|url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/11/peseiro-hands-bayer-leverkusens-nathan-tella-a-debut-super-eagles-call-up.html|accessdate=10 November 2023|work=Socceret.ng|date=10 November 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Ogunseyin|first=Oluyemi|title=2026 World Cup Qualifiers: Nathan Tella gets first Eagles call-up, Musa, Troost-Ekong dropped|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/2026-world-cup-qualifiers-nathan-tella-gets-first-eagles-call-up-musa-troost-ekong-dropped/|accessdate=10 November 2023|date=10 November 2023|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ ya n'England, Tella bụ onye Naijiria.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=21682|title=Promising Arsenal Winger Nathan Tella Eager To Play For Nigeria Ahead Of England :: All Nigeria Soccer - The Complete Nigerian Football Portal|work=www.allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Abayomi|first=Tosin|date=16 January 2022|title='Sorting out my passport' - Southampton's Nathan Tella ready to dump England for 'dream' Super Eagles|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/sports-gist/southamptons-nathan-tella-ready-to-dump-england-for-dream-super-eagles/t8nvng7|accessdate=2 April 2024|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w:updated|match played 2 May 2026]]<ref name=SWAY>{{cite web|url= https://int.soccerway.com/players/nathan-tella/376599/|title=Nathan Tella|website=Soccerway|access-date=2 April 2024}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="4" |Southampton U23 |2017–18 | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2[c] |0 |2 |0 |- |2018–19 | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3[c] |0 |3 |0 |- |2020–21<ref name="sb2020" /> | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1[c] |0 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !6 !0 !6 !0 |- | rowspan="5" |Southampton |2019–20 |Njikọ Premier |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2020–21 |Njikọ Premier |18 |1 |3 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |22 |1 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |14 |0 |1 |0 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |1 |- |2023–24 |Mmeri |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |3 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !36 !2 !4 !0 !4 !1 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !44 !3 |- |Burnley (onye a gbazinyere) |2022–23 |Mmeri |39 |17 |5 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |45 |19 |- | rowspan="4" |Bayer Leverkusen |2023–24 |Bundesliga |24 |5 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |11[d] |1 | colspan="2" | - |39 |6 |- |2024–25 |Bundesliga |27 |2 |5 |1 | colspan="2" | - |7[e] |1 |1[f] |0 |40 |4 |- |2025–26 |Bundesliga |17 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2[e] |0 | colspan="2" | - |21 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !68 !8 !11 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !20 !2 !1 !0 !100 !11 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !143 !27 !20 !3 !5 !1 !20 !2 !7 !0 !195 !33 |}   === Mba Nile === [[w:updated|match played 31 May 2025]]<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player|93025|access-date=19 November 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="2" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2023 |1 |0 |- |2025 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !2 !0 |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''Burnley''' * EFL Championship: 2022-23<ref>{{Cite news|author=Long|first=Dan|date=25 April 2023|title=Blackburn Rovers 0–1 Burnley: Vincent Kompany's Clarets clinch Championship title after Manuel Benson stunner|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12040/12866055/blackburn-rovers-0-1-burnley-vincent-kompanys-clarets-clinch-championship-title-after-manuel-benson-stunner|accessdate=25 April 2023|work=Sky Sports}}</ref> '''Bayer Leverkusen''' * Bundesliga: 2023-24<ref>{{Cite news|author=Whelan|first=Padraig|date=14 April 2024|title=Bayer Leverkusen crowned German champions for first time|url=https://onefootball.com/en/news/bayer-leverkusen-crowned-german-champions-for-first-time-39348923|accessdate=14 April 2024|work=OneFootball}}</ref> * DFB-Pokal: 2023-242023–24 * DFL-Supercup: 2024<ref>{{Cite news|date=17 August 2024|title=Bayer Leverkusen battle back to beat VfB Stuttgart on penalties in Supercup|url=https://www.bundesliga.com/en/bundesliga/news/bayer-leverkusen-vfb-stuttgart-supercup-preview-live-blog-report-alonso-28479|accessdate=17 August 2024|publisher=Bundesliga}}</ref> * Onye egwuregwu nke ọnwa nke PFA Championship: Machị 2023<ref>{{Cite web|date=18 April 2023|title=The winner of the PFA Vertu Motors Championship Fans' Player of the Month - March|url=https://www.90min.com/posts/the-winner-of-the-pfa-vertu-motors-championship-fans-player-of-the-month-march-2023|accessdate=30 May 2023|work=90min.com}}</ref> * EFL Championship Team nke Oge: 2022-23 <ref>{{Cite web|date=23 April 2023|title=EFL Team of the Season line-ups revealed|url=https://www.efl.com/news/2023/april/efl-team-of-the-season-line-ups-revealed/|accessdate=24 April 2023|work=English Football League}}</ref> * PFA Team of the Year: 2022-23 Championship <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/66650723|title=Erling Haaland: Manchester City forward wins PFA men's Player of the Year award|publisher=BBC Sport|date=29 August 2023|accessdate=29 August 2023}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[w:|Bayer 04 Leverkusen squad]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ejfc965r7xyt8r1m02v51ecxedkjsrx 0 75428 672510 638387 2026-07-04T21:59:35Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Mba Nile */ 672510 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olakunle Junior Olusegun''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2002) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agbachitere ndị otu Russia bụ Pari Nizhny Novgorod na mgbazinye site na Krasnodar, na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. == Ọrụ klọb == N’ọnwa Ọgọọst 2021, klọb bọọlụ Bulgaria, Botev Plovdiv zụtara ikike Olusegun ma kpọga ya ozugbo n’ọrụ mgbazinye na klọb Russia, FC Krasnodar-2 maka oge egwuregwu 2021–22. O mere nke mbụ ya na Russian Football National League maka Krasnodar-2 na 29 Ọgọstụ 2021 na egwuregwu megide Baltika Kaliningrad . <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/08/29/russia/1-division/baltika-kaliningrad/krasnodar-ii/3516705/|title=Baltika vs. Krasnodar II 2 - 1|date=29 August 2021}}</ref> N' April 2022, a kwalitere Olusegun ka ọ bụrụ onye njikwa otu Krasnodar wee mee mpụta mbụ ya na Premier League nke Russia na 3rd nke Eprel 2022 na egwuregwu megide Dynamo Moscow. Na 14 June 2022, Olusegun gafere na FC Krasnodar na-adịgide adịgide ma bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ na klọb ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=tele-sport.ru|url=https://tele-sport.ru/football/russia/rpl/tlspnews_krasnodar-vykupil-trekh-nigeriitsev|title="Краснодар" выкупил трех нигерийцев|date=14 June 2022|language=ru|accessdate=11 May 2026|archivedate=5 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205092333/https://tele-sport.ru/football/russia/rpl/tlspnews_krasnodar-vykupil-trekh-nigeriitsev}}</ref> Na 5 Machị 2024, Olusegun gbatịkwuru nkwekọrịta ya na Krasnodar ruo 30 June 2028. <ref>{{Cite web|title=КРАСНОДАР ПЕРЕПОДПИСАЛ КОНТРАКТ С ОЛАКУНЛЕ ОЛУСЕГУНОМ|url=https://fckrasnodar.ru/team/news/object/?object_id=146362|work=fckrasnodar.ru/|publisher=FC Krasnodar|accessdate=26 March 2024|language=Russian|date=5 March 2024}}</ref> Na 23 Julaị 2025, Pari Nizhny Novgorod gbazinyere Olusegun.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=FC Pari Nizhny Novgorod|url=https://fcnn.ru/news/38761|title="Пари НН" арендовал Оланкунле Олусегуна|date=23 July 2025|accessdate=24 July 2025|language=ru}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Olusegun nọchitere anya Naijiria na 2019 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations, ebe ọ gbara goolu megide Angola, na 2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup, ebe ọ nyere goolu na agba nke 16 1-3 ha meriri [[Netherlands]].<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/11/06/world/u17-world-cup/nigeria-under-17/netherlands-under-17/3070689/|title=Nigeria U-17 vs. Netherlands U-17 1 - 3|date=6 November 2019}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya maka [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba dị elu]] na 6 June 2025 na egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Russia. == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {{updated|match played 26 April 2026}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko[a] ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="3" |Fremad Amager |2020–21 |Ngalaba nke 1 nke Denmark |31 |7 |3 |2 | colspan="2" | - |34 |9 |- |2021–22 |Ngalaba nke 1 nke Denmark |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !34 !7 !3 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !37 !9 |- |Krasnodar-2 |2021–22 |Njikọ Mbụ nke Russia |19 |6 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |6 |- |Krasnodar (onye a gbazinyere) |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier nke Russia |9 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Krasnodar |2022–23 |Njikọ Premier nke Russia |24 |5 |8 |1 | colspan="2" | - |32 |6 |- |2023–24 |Njikọ Premier nke Russia |27 |3 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |31 |3 |- |2024–25 |Njikọ Premier nke Russia |19 |2 |8 |1 |1[b] |0 |28 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !70 !10 !20 !2 !1 !0 !91 !12 |- |Pari Nizhny Novgorod (ụgwọ) |2025–26 |Njikọ Premier nke Russia |24 |5 |5 |0 | colspan="2" | - |29 |5 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !156 !28 !28 !4 !1 !0 !185 !32 |}   === Mba Nile === [[w:updated|match played 14 October 2025]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="1" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2025 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !2 !0 |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''Krasnodar''' * Russian Premier League: 2024-25<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Russian Premier League|url=https://premierliga.ru/news/rfpl/news_32141.html|title=«Краснодар» впервые стал чемпионом Мир РПЛ!|date=24 May 2025|accessdate=24 May 2025|language=ru|archivedate=24 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524161018/https://premierliga.ru/news/rfpl/news_32141.html}}</ref> == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mez4s7qnkcjjxa8unld0vo26bqehjod 672511 672510 2026-07-04T21:59:56Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Klọb */ 672511 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Olakunle Junior Olusegun''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 2002) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agbachitere ndị otu Russia bụ Pari Nizhny Novgorod na mgbazinye site na Krasnodar, na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. == Ọrụ klọb == N’ọnwa Ọgọọst 2021, klọb bọọlụ Bulgaria, Botev Plovdiv zụtara ikike Olusegun ma kpọga ya ozugbo n’ọrụ mgbazinye na klọb Russia, FC Krasnodar-2 maka oge egwuregwu 2021–22. O mere nke mbụ ya na Russian Football National League maka Krasnodar-2 na 29 Ọgọstụ 2021 na egwuregwu megide Baltika Kaliningrad . <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/08/29/russia/1-division/baltika-kaliningrad/krasnodar-ii/3516705/|title=Baltika vs. Krasnodar II 2 - 1|date=29 August 2021}}</ref> N' April 2022, a kwalitere Olusegun ka ọ bụrụ onye njikwa otu Krasnodar wee mee mpụta mbụ ya na Premier League nke Russia na 3rd nke Eprel 2022 na egwuregwu megide Dynamo Moscow. Na 14 June 2022, Olusegun gafere na FC Krasnodar na-adịgide adịgide ma bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ na klọb ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=tele-sport.ru|url=https://tele-sport.ru/football/russia/rpl/tlspnews_krasnodar-vykupil-trekh-nigeriitsev|title="Краснодар" выкупил трех нигерийцев|date=14 June 2022|language=ru|accessdate=11 May 2026|archivedate=5 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231205092333/https://tele-sport.ru/football/russia/rpl/tlspnews_krasnodar-vykupil-trekh-nigeriitsev}}</ref> Na 5 Machị 2024, Olusegun gbatịkwuru nkwekọrịta ya na Krasnodar ruo 30 June 2028. <ref>{{Cite web|title=КРАСНОДАР ПЕРЕПОДПИСАЛ КОНТРАКТ С ОЛАКУНЛЕ ОЛУСЕГУНОМ|url=https://fckrasnodar.ru/team/news/object/?object_id=146362|work=fckrasnodar.ru/|publisher=FC Krasnodar|accessdate=26 March 2024|language=Russian|date=5 March 2024}}</ref> Na 23 Julaị 2025, Pari Nizhny Novgorod gbazinyere Olusegun.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=FC Pari Nizhny Novgorod|url=https://fcnn.ru/news/38761|title="Пари НН" арендовал Оланкунле Олусегуна|date=23 July 2025|accessdate=24 July 2025|language=ru}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Olusegun nọchitere anya Naijiria na 2019 Africa U-17 Cup of Nations, ebe ọ gbara goolu megide Angola, na 2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup, ebe ọ nyere goolu na agba nke 16 1-3 ha meriri [[Netherlands]].<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2019/11/06/world/u17-world-cup/nigeria-under-17/netherlands-under-17/3070689/|title=Nigeria U-17 vs. Netherlands U-17 1 - 3|date=6 November 2019}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya maka [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba dị elu]] na 6 June 2025 na egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Russia. == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === [[w:updated|match played 26 April 2026]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko[a] ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="3" |Fremad Amager |2020–21 |Ngalaba nke 1 nke Denmark |31 |7 |3 |2 | colspan="2" | - |34 |9 |- |2021–22 |Ngalaba nke 1 nke Denmark |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !34 !7 !3 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !37 !9 |- |Krasnodar-2 |2021–22 |Njikọ Mbụ nke Russia |19 |6 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |6 |- |Krasnodar (onye a gbazinyere) |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier nke Russia |9 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Krasnodar |2022–23 |Njikọ Premier nke Russia |24 |5 |8 |1 | colspan="2" | - |32 |6 |- |2023–24 |Njikọ Premier nke Russia |27 |3 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |31 |3 |- |2024–25 |Njikọ Premier nke Russia |19 |2 |8 |1 |1[b] |0 |28 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !70 !10 !20 !2 !1 !0 !91 !12 |- |Pari Nizhny Novgorod (ụgwọ) |2025–26 |Njikọ Premier nke Russia |24 |5 |5 |0 | colspan="2" | - |29 |5 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !156 !28 !28 !4 !1 !0 !185 !32 |}   === Mba Nile === [[w:updated|match played 14 October 2025]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="1" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2025 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !2 !0 |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''Krasnodar''' * Russian Premier League: 2024-25<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Russian Premier League|url=https://premierliga.ru/news/rfpl/news_32141.html|title=«Краснодар» впервые стал чемпионом Мир РПЛ!|date=24 May 2025|accessdate=24 May 2025|language=ru|archivedate=24 May 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250524161018/https://premierliga.ru/news/rfpl/news_32141.html}}</ref> == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] khak5lgq7sgh41eyz5bw9khxarze70l 0 75429 672509 637950 2026-07-04T21:56:33Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Mba Nile */ 672509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kelechi Promise Iheanacho''' MON ({{Audio|Ig-kelechi promise iheanacho.ogg|listen}}; [[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|Igbo]]: ''Ịheanachọ''; <ref name="cheapgoals.com">{{Cite web|title=Why Leicester City striker Kelechi Iheanacho has dots under his name|url=https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/leicester-city-striker-kelechi-iheanacho-1184269|date=8 February 2018|accessdate=27 February 2025|work=Leicester Mercury|publisher=Reach plc}}</ref> amụrụ n'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1996) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ maka klọb Scottish Premiership Celtic na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. Iheanacho malitere ọrụ ya dị elu na Manchester City n'oge Oge 2015-16, na-emeri iko bọọlụ . <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.starafrica.com/football/iheanacho-in-citys-first-team-squad-next-season.html|title=Iheanacho in City's first team squad next season|work=Star Africa}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2488104-why-kelechi-iheanacho-will-be-the-next-star-to-come-through-man-citys-academy|title=Why Kelechi Iheanacho Will Be the Next Star to Come Through Man City's Academy|first=Rob|author=Pollard|work=Bleacher Report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4110/nigerians-abroad/2015/05/23/12011122/kelechi-iheanacho-scores-brace-in-manchester-united-u21|title=Kelechi Iheanacho scores brace in Manchester United U21 defeat|date=23 May 2015|work=Goal.com}}</ref> Ọ kwagara Leicester City na 2017 maka ego a kọrọ na ọ bụ £ 25 nde, ego kachasị ukwuu maka onye ọkpụkpọ Naijiria n'oge ahụ na nke abụọ kachasị maka onye ọgba bọọlụ Afrịka mgbe onye Ijipt Mohamed Salah gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 August 2017|title=Iheanacho completes Foxes move – sources|url=https://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/_/id/37528428/kelechi-iheanacho-completes-25-million-leicester-switch-sources|accessdate=23 October 2023|work=ESPN}}</ref> Iheanacho nyere aka na ihe ịga nke ọma nke Leicester City na 2020-21 FA Cup, na-agba goolu anọ dị elu gafee mbipụta ahụ ka klọb ahụ meriri iko ahụ na nke mbụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Peach|first=Simon|date=18 April 2021|title=Kelechi Iheanacho ends Leicester's 52-year wait for a place in the FA Cup final|url=https://www.irishexaminer.com/sport/soccer/arid-40269314.html|accessdate=25 October 2023|publisher=Irish Examiner}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Burt|first=Jason|date=18 April 2021|title=Kelechi Iheanacho strike sends Leicester City into the FA Cup Final at Southampton's expense|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2021/04/18/leicester-city-vs-southampton-fa-cup-semi-final-live-score-latest/|accessdate=25 October 2023}}</ref> O mekwara naanị goolu egwuregwu ahụ site na penalty ebe Leicester welitere 2021 FA Community Shield. Na mba ụwa, Iheanacho nọchitere anya ndị otu Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ iri na asaa na 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup, a na-akpọ ya onye egwuregwu kachasị mma na asọmpi ahụ ma mechie dị ka onye nke abụọ kachasị elu ka ọ na-eduga otu ahụ na ndekọ nke anọ ha.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Inyang|first=Ifreke|date=8 November 2013|title=U-17 World Cup: Iheanacho wins Golden Ball, Silver Boot awards, Alampasu receives Golden Glove|url=https://dailypost.ng/2013/11/08/u-17-world-cup-iheanacho-wins-golden-ball-silver-shoe-awards-alampasu-receives-golden-glove/|accessdate=23 October 2023|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]}}</ref> A ga-etinye ya na ndị otu Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ 20 maka 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup, <ref>{{Cite news|author=Leadership Newspaper|date=29 May 2015|title=U-20 World Cup Beginning of Great Things For Iheanacho – Father|url=http://leadership.ng/sports/436808/u-20-world-cup-beginning-of-great-things-for-iheanacho-father|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> tupu ya emee nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa n'ikpeazụ n'otu afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kelechi Iheanacho arrive in New Zealand for U20 World Cup|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/11242/nigeria-u20/2015/05/26/12100202/kelechi-iheanacho-arrives-new-zealand-for-u20-world-cup|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150529063102/http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/11242/nigeria-u20/2015/05/26/12100202/kelechi-iheanacho-arrives-new-zealand-for-u20-world-cup|archivedate=29 May 2015|work=Goal.com}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, ọ nọchitere anya mba ahụ na 2018 FIFA World Cup, yana [[Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2021|2021]] na 2023 Africa Cup of Nations, na-emecha dị ka onye nke abụọ na asọmpi ikpeazụ. A họpụtara Iheanacho dị ka onye kacha nwee ọganihu n'Afrịka ugboro abụọ na 2013 na 2016 ma kpọọ ya dịka onye nọchiri anya 2016 CAF Team of the Year. == Ọrụ klọb == === Manchester City === ==== Ọrụ mmalite ==== [[Faịlụ:Kelechi_Iheanacho_24-02-15_02.jpg|thumb|Iheanacho na Manchester City na 2015]] Iheanacho sonyeere Manchester City Academy na 10 Jenụwarị 2015. Tupu oge 2014-15, City gara United States na njem nlegharị anya tupu oge, na ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụghị onye ọkpụkpọ obodo, ọ sonyeere ndị otu ahụ. Ọ gbara wee gba bọọlụ na egwuregwu mbụ nke njegharị ahụ, mmeri 4–1 megide Sporting Kansas City, wee merie AC Milan ọzọ na mmeri 5–1. Ka emechara njem ahụ, Manchester City haziri ka Iheanacho soro ndị ọrụ Columbus zụọ ọzụzụ ruo etiti ọnwa Ọktoba. Oge igbu oge n'inweta ikike ịrụ ọrụ pụtara na Iheanacho enweghị ike igwu egwu na England ruo n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2015. O mere nke mbụ ya n'okpuru afọ iri na itoolu na egwuregwu UEFA Youth League megide Schalke 04, mana o merụrụ ahụ mgbe naanị nkeji iri na otu gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.sl10.ng/news/articles/Category/nigeria-players-abroad/manchester-city-striker-kelechi-iheanacho-starts-individual-training-after-injury-lay-off/206755|title=Manchester City Striker Kelechi Iheanacho Starts Individual Training|work=SL10|date=14 April 2015|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gbakere, ọ malitere ịnọchite anya Manchester City na ndị ntorobịa na ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ na otu na akụkụ ikpeazụ nke oge ahụ. Ọ gbara bọọlụ na FA Youth Cup final, ebe ọ gbara bọọli, mana ọ kwụsịrị n'akụkụ na-emeri mgbe Chelsea meriri 5-2.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2015/apr/27/chelsea-fa-youth-cup-manchester-city|title=Chelsea retain FA Youth Cup with victory against Manchester City|work=The Guardian|date=27 April 2015|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref> N'izu na-esote, ọ gbara naanị goolu ka Manchester City meriri Porto na ngwụcha nke 2014-15 Premier League International Cup.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Match-reports/2015/May/City-EDS-v-Porto-International-Premier-League-Cup-final-match-report-5167|title=Manchester City EDS v Porto: International Premier League Cup match report|publisher=Manchester City F.C.|accessdate=3 July 2015|archivedate=10 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510231617/http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Match-reports/2015/May/City-EDS-v-Porto-International-Premier-League-Cup-final-match-report-5167}}</ref> ==== Oge 2015-16 ==== N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2015, a gụnyere Iheanacho na ndị otu njem nleta nke City na Australia. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Tour-2015/2015/Official-Manchester-City-Tour-2015-squad-list/1436520345|title=Man City News – Manchester City FC Transfers, Injury Updates, Match reports and Interviews|publisher=Manchester City F.C.|accessdate=16 July 2015|archivedate=15 July 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715122441/http://www.mcfc.co.uk/News/Tour-2015/2015/Official-Manchester-City-Tour-2015-squad-list/1436520345}}</ref> Na njem ahụ, o setịpụrụ goolu mbụ maka Raheem Sterling ma gbaa goolu nke abụọ na mmeri megide Rom na 2015 International Champions Cup. O guzobekwara Sterling maka goolu nke anọ na mmeri 8-1 nke City megide Ndị otu mba Vietnam. N'egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke City, megide VfB Stuttgart, ọ bịara dị ka onye nnọchi anya, na-agba goolu na mmeri 4-2. N'ihi ọmarịcha oge ya tupu oge, e buliri Iheanacho n'ọkwa na Manchester City senior squad.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Roma vs. Manchester City – 21 July 2015 – Soccerway|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2015/07/21/world/international-champions-cup/as-roma/manchester-city-football-club/2032769/|work=Soccerway|publisher=Perform Group|accessdate=21 April 2016}}</ref> Na 10 Ọgọst 2015, Iheanacho so na ndị otu egwuregwu mbụ maka asọmpi ahụ, n'agbanyeghị na ọ nọgidere bụrụ onye nnọchi ejighi ya na mmeri 3–0 meriri West Bromwich Albion na egwuregwu Premier League mbụ ha nke oge. Ụbọchị iri na itoolu ka e mesịrị, o mere mpụta mbụ asọmpi ya, dochie Raheem Sterling maka nkeji ikpeazụ nke 2-0 meriri Watford na City of Manchester Stadium. O meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ asọmpi mbụ ya na 12 Septemba, dochie Wilfried Bony na nkeji ikpeazụ nke otu egwuregwu gara Crystal Palace wee nweta naanị ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke egwuregwu ahụ. Iheanacho gbara goolu mbụ ya na 30 Jenụwarị 2016 megide Aston Villa na agba nke anọ Iko FA Cup, na-emekwa goolu nke anọ nke City, nke Raheem Sterling gbara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/35389138|work=BBC Sport|title=Aston Villa 0–4 Man City|date=30 January 2016|accessdate=30 January 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa sochirinụ, e tinyere ya na ndị otu UEFA Champions League nke City na ego nke Samir Nasri merụrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Radamel Falcao: Chelsea striker dropped from Champions League squad|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/35488481|accessdate=4 February 2016|work=BBC Sport|date=3 February 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị, Iheanacho gbara Tottenham Hotspur na mmeri 2-1 n'ụlọ maka City.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manchester City 1–2 Tottenham Hotspur|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/35515153|accessdate=1 May 2016|work=BBC Sport|date=14 February 2016}}</ref> Iheanacho gbagoro ọzọ na 23 Eprel 2016, gbatara Stoke City ugboro abụọ na mmeri 4-0. Ọ gbasoro nke a site n'ịmepụta nnọchi anya na Njikọ Njikọ na 26 April 2016. Ụbọchị ise ka e mesịrị, na 1 May 2016, ọ meriri ọzọ, ọ bụ ezie na 4-2 meriri Southampton. Iheanacho ji ihe mgbaru ọsọ asatọ Premier League mechaa oge 2015-16 wee nwee ihe mgbaru ọsọ kachasị elu kwa nkeji nke onye ọkpụkpọ ọ bụla, na-eri ihe mgbaru ọsọ otu nkeji kwa nkeji 93.9. [5] N'asọmpi niile, o meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ iri na anọ wee nye aka ise site na ngosi 35, n'agbanyeghị na ọ malitere naanị iri na otu n'ime egwuregwu ndị a. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya pụtakwara na ọ gụchara oge dị ka onye nke atọ kachasị elu City. ==== Oge 2016-17 ==== Na 10 Septemba 2016, Iheanacho malitere na Manchester derby. Ọ dekọtara enyemaka maka mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya nke oge na mmeri 2–1 maka City. Ụbọchị anọ ka e mesịrị, Iheanacho si n'oche bench nweta goolu ikpeazụ na mmeri City 4-0 Champions League meriri Borussia Mönchengladbach. Nke a bụ goolu mbụ ya na Europe maka Manchester City. Ụbọchị atọ ka mmeri 4–0 gasịrị, Iheanacho nwetara goolu nke abụọ, ma nye aka na nke atọ, na egwuregwu City megide AFC Bournemouth. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ weere ọkwa Premier League ya na 10, na-enye ya ohere ịbanye na ndepụta ndị egwu na-adịghị ahụkebe nke meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ 10 Premier League tupu afọ 20. Ndepụta a gụnyere ndị egwuregwu dịka Wayne Rooney, Ryan Giggs, Nicolas Anelka, Michael Owen na Romelu Lukaku. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2016, a họpụtara Iheanacho maka onyinye FIFA Golden Boy, nke onye na-agba bọọlụ n'etiti Bayern Munich bụ Renato Sanches mechara merie.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iheanacho, Iwobi Nominated For Golden Boy Award|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2016/09/29/iheanacho-iwobi-nominated-for-golden-boy-award/|work=Channels Television|date=29 September 2016|accessdate=11 May 2020}}</ref> Ndị meriri n'oge gara aga gụnyere ndị otu Raheem Sterling na Sergio Agüero. Goolu ọzọ Iheanacho ga-abịa na Champions League, megide Celtic, na 1-1 draw n'ụlọ na 6 Disemba 2016. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/38202631|title=Manchester City 1–1 Celtic|work=BBC Sport|date=6 December 2016|accessdate=6 December 2016}}</ref> Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ikpeazụ Iheanacho nke oge ahụ, na ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke ikpeazụ maka City, bịara megide Huddersfield na mmeri 5-1 Iko FA Cup nke ise, nke Iheanacho gbara goolu ikpeazụ nke egwuregwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/39035253|title=Manchester City 5–1 Huddersfield Town|work=BBC Sport|date=1 March 2017|accessdate=19 February 2019}}</ref> === Obodo Leicester === Iheanacho bịanyere aka na klọb Premier League Leicester City na nkwekọrịta afọ ise na 3 Ọgọst 2017, <ref>{{Cite news|title=Leicester City Sign Striker Kelechi Iheanacho|url=https://www.lcfc.com/news/444855/leicester-city-sign-striker-kelechi-iheanacho/press-release|publisher=Leicester City F.C.|date=3 August 2017|accessdate=3 August 2017}}</ref> maka ego nde £ 25. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Udoh|first=Colin|title=Kelechi Iheanacho completes £25&nbsp;million Leicester switch – sources|date=2 August 2017|url=http://www.espn.co.uk/football/story/3170320/kelechi-iheanacho-completes-25-million-leicester-switch-sources|publisher=[[ESPN]]|accessdate=3 August 2017}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na mmeri 4-3 na Arsenal na 11 Ọgọst 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/40822513|title=Arsenal 4–3 Leicester City|date=11 August 2017|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=6 September 2017}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Leicester na EFL Cup tie megide Leeds United na 24 Ọktoba 2017.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41647094|title=Leicester 3–1 Leeds|work=BBC Sport|date=24 October 2017|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref> Na 16 Jenụwarị 2018, Iheanacho ghọrọ onye ọkpụkpọ mbụ na bọọlụ bọọlụ Bekee ka e nyere goolu n'ihi onye na-enyere onye na-ekpe ikpe aka na vidiyo, dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri ahụ weere na e wepụrụ onye ọkpịsị ya n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi maka goolu nke abụọ ya. Goolu ahụ bụ nke abụọ Iheanacho meriri Fleetwood Town na 2-0 na FA Cup Third Round replay.<ref>{{Cite web|first=Dom|author=Farrel|title=First VAR Goal in English Football Scored By Kelechi Iheanacho|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/first-var-goal-in-english-football-scored-by-kelechi/6361k4yblize1vs58pz0gjvew|publisher=goal.com|date=16 January 2018|accessdate=16 January 2018}}</ref>&nbsp; Iheanacho anọghị na nhọrọ mbụ na-amalite iri na otu na mmalite nke oge ahụ, ọ bụ naanị abụọ n'ime egwuregwu 21 mbụ nke Leicester. Otú ọ dị, ọtụtụ mmerụ ahụ na ndị isi egwuregwu pụtara na Iheanacho nwetara egwuregwu dị ogologo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lastwordonsports.com/football/2021/02/28/leicester-city-in-injury-crisis|title=Leicester City in Injury Crisis|work=LastWordOnSports|date=28 February 2021}}</ref> Iheanacho wee gaa n'ihu na-agba goolu iri na abụọ n'egwuregwu iri na asọmpi niile n'oge Machị na Eprel. Iheanacho gbara goolu mbụ ya na Premier League na mmeri 5-0 megide Sheffield United na 14 Machị 2021. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/mar/14/leicester-sheffield-united-premier-league-match-report|title=Kelechi Iheanacho hits hat-trick as Leicester thrash sorry Sheffield United|work=The Guardian|date=14 March 2021}}</ref> Otu izu mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Iheanacho meriri Manchester United 3-1 na nkeji iri na ise Iko FA Cup, na-eziga klọb ahụ na ọkara ikpeazụ nke asọmpi ahụ na nke mbụ kemgbe 1981-82. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://talksport.com/football/fa-cup/853202/leicester-dump-manchester-united-out-fa-cup-kelechi-iheanacho-double/|title=Leicester dump Manchester United out of FA Cup to reach first semi-final since 1982 as 'on fire' Kelechi Iheanacho scores double|work=Talk Sport|date=21 March 2021|accessdate=21 March 2021}}</ref> Ihe abụọ ahụ bụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke asatọ na nke itoolu Iheanacho na egwuregwu itoolu ikpeazụ ya na asọmpi niile.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/fa-league-cups/kelechi-iheanacho-leicester-fa-cup-manchester-united-b1820297.html|title=Kelechi Iheanacho brace sends Leicester to Wembley after win over listless Manchester United|work=Independent|date=21 March 2021|accessdate=21 March 2021}}</ref> Iheanacho meriri ihe nrite Premier League Player of the Month na Machị 2021 mgbe ọ gbasịrị goolu ise n'egwuregwu atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11712/12263414/kelechi-iheanacho-leicester-city-striker-wins-premier-league-player-of-the-month-award-for-march|title=Kelechi Iheanacho: Leicester City striker wins Premier League Player of the Month award for March|work=Sky Sports}}</ref> Na 3 Eprel, Iheanacho bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ ọhụrụ na Leicester, na-edebe ya na klọb ahụ ruo mgbe ọ dịkarịa ala 2024. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lcfc.com/news/2081886/kelechi-iheanacho-pens-new-leicester-city-contract|title=Kelechi Iheanacho Pens New Leicester City Contract|publisher=Leicester City FC|date=3 April 2021|accessdate=3 April 2021}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Eprel, Iheanacho gbara naanị goolu na mmeri 1-0 meriri Southampton na Ọkara ikpeazụ nke FA Cup na Wembley Stadium. Mmeri ahụ mere ka Foxes gaa na nke mbụ ha na FA Cup kemgbe 1969.<ref>{{Cite news|author=McNulty|first=Phil|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/56725449|title=Leicester City 1-0 Southampton: Kelechi Iheanacho earns Foxes first FA Cup final spot since 1969|work=BBC Sport|date=18 April 2021|accessdate=18 April 2021}}</ref> ==== Oge 2021-22 ==== Iheanacho na Leicester malitere Oge 2021-22 na 2021 FA Community Shield megide Manchester City. Iheanacho nọchiri anya ya n'oge nkeji nke iri asaa na itoolu wee gbaa goolu mmeri, penalty nke nkeji nke iri asatọ na itoolu megide klọb mbụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/58036460|title=Community Shield: Leicester City 1-0 Manchester City - Kelechi Iheanacho penalty seals silverware|work=BBC Sport|date=6 August 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Iheanacho punishes wasteful City to win Community Shield for Leicester|date=7 August 2021|work=[[The Guardian]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220802201426/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/aug/07/leicester-manchester-city-community-shield-match-report|archivedate=2 August 2022|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/aug/07/leicester-manchester-city-community-shield-match-report}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/report/_/gameId/603200|title=Leicester 1-0 Man City (Aug 7, 2021) Game Analysis|work=ESPN}}</ref> ==== Oge 2022-23 ==== Iheanacho natara ihe nrite Leicester's Player of the Year mgbe oge nke mere ka klọb ahụ si na Premier League.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Iheanacho & Leitzig Earn Player Of The Season Recognition|url=https://www.lcfc.com/news/3515826/iheanacho--leitzig-earn-player-of-the-season-recognition|accessdate=31 May 2023|work=Leicester City Football Club|date=31 May 2023}}</ref> ==== Oge 2023-24 ==== Iheanacho gbara goolu isii n'egwuregwu iri abụọ na isii na asọmpi niile, ebe klọb ya jisiri ike nweta aha EFL Championship, na-enweta nkwalite laghachi na Premier League. Na 7 June 2024, Leicester kwupụtara na Iheanacho agaghị abịanye aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ na klọb ahụ ma a ga-ahapụ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Tanner|first=Rob|date=7 June 2024|title=Kelechi Iheanacho released by Leicester as Jannik Vestergaard signs new three-year deal|url=https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5549086/2024/06/07/kelechi-iheanacho-contract-leicester-vestergaard/|work=The New York Times|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608164412/https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/5549086/2024/06/07/kelechi-iheanacho-contract-leicester-vestergaard/|archivedate=8 June 2024|accessdate=31 July 2024}}</ref> N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2024, Iheanacho sonyeere klọb ndị Spen bụ Seville n'efu mgbe nkwekọrịta ya na Leicester City gwụsịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iheanacho signs on a two-year deal|url=https://sevillafc.es/en/actual/news/kelechi-iheanacho-new-signing|publisher=[[Sevilla FC]]|accessdate=31 July 2024|date=31 July 2024|archivedate=31 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731170304/https://sevillafc.es/en/actual/news/kelechi-iheanacho-new-signing}}</ref> N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2025, klọb ahụ kwetara ịkwụsị nkwekọrịta ya site na nkwekọrịta ha abụọ, mgbe ọ gbasịrị goolu atọ n'egwuregwu iri na otu na asọmpi niile n'oge ọ nọ na Spain.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/25433757.celtic-race-sign-iheanacho-amid-key-uefa-deadline/|title=Celtic in race against time to sign Kelechi Iheanacho amid key UEFA deadline|date=2 September 2025|work=The Herald}}</ref> Na 3 Febụwarị 2025, Iheanacho kwagara na klọb Championship Middlesbrough na mgbazinye ruo na ngwụcha oge. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mfc.co.uk/news/2025/february/03/kelechi-iheanacho-joins-on-loan/|title=Kelechi Iheanacho Joins On Loan|publisher=Middlesbrough F.C.|date=3 February 2025}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu 1 n'egwuregwu 15 n'oge ọ na-agbazinye ego na klọb ahụ. === Ndị Celt === Na 2 Septemba 2025, Iheanacho bịanyere aka na Celtic nke Scottish Premiership na nkwekọrịta otu afọ, na klọb ahụ nwere nhọrọ maka afọ ọzọ. Ọbịbịa ya pụtara na ya na onye bụbu onye njikwa ya na Leicester City Brendan Rodgers nakwa onye bụbu enyi ya bụ Kasper Schmeichel ga-ezute.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.celticfc.com/news/2025/september/02/welcome-to-celtic--kelechi-iheanacho/|title=Welcome to Celtic, Kelechi Iheanacho|first=Celtic|author=FC|date=2 September 2025|work=Celtic FC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/cd7y7w300weo|title=Celtic sign striker Kelechi Iheanacho on one-year deal|date=2 September 2025|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Iheanacho mere nke mbụ ya maka Celtic megide Kilmarnock na 14 Septemba, na-abịa dị ka onye na-anọchi anya ma na-agba penalty na nkeji ikpeazụ iji merie egwuregwu ahụ 2-1 .<ref>{{Cite web|author=Idessane|first=Kheredine|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/live/cpd9ng282p9t|title=Kilmarnock 1–2 Celtic|work=BBC Sport|date=14 September 2025}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Kelechi_Iheanacho-Nigeria_(2).jpg|thumb|Iheanacho na [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na 2017]] Iheanacho nọchitere anya Naijiria na ọkwa ndị ntorobịa site na ndị na-erubeghị afọ iri na atọ.<ref name="kickoff">{{Cite web|url=http://www.kickoff.com/news/38250/the-players-representing-the-golden-eaglets-of-nigeria-|title=The players representing the Golden Eaglets of Nigeria|work=Kick Off magazine|accessdate=21 June 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150621170142/http://www.kickoff.com/news/38250/the-players-representing-the-golden-eaglets-of-nigeria-|archivedate=21 June 2015}}</ref> Ahụmahụ mbụ ya nke nnukwu asọmpi mba ụwa bụ 2013 African U-17 Championship na Morocco. Maka Iheanacho, ihe kachasị mkpa bụ hat-trick na mmeri megide Botswana. Ọ raara ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya nye nne ya, onye nwụrụ ọnwa abụọ tupu asọmpi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/african-youth-championships/news/130421/Iheanacho_dedicates_hattrick_to_late_mum|title=Iheanacho dedicates hat-trick to late mum|work=Super Sport|date=21 April 2013|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref> Naịjirịa ruru na ngwụcha nke asọmpi ahụ, ebe Ivory Coast meriri ha na penalties.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/19700453|title=2013 African U-17 Championship|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref> Iheanacho rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup, ebe ọ meriri Golden Ball award maka onye ọkpụkpọ nke asọmpi ahụ. <ref name="fifa">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/u17worldcu/uae2013/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150721112316/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/u17worldcu/uae2013/|archivedate=21 July 2015|title=Golden Eaglets soar to fourth crown|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref> Naịjirịa meriri asọmpi ahụ, nke Iheanacho gbara ugboro isii, gụnyere otu ugboro na nke ikpeazụ, ma nye aka asaa.<ref name="fifa" /><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/24874527|title=Nigeria win Under-17 World Cup|work=BBC Sport|date=8 November 2013|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref> Na mbido asọmpi asọmpi mba Afrịka nke afọ 2014, Iheanacho zụrụ [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu Naịjirịa]] dị elu mana a tọhapụrụ ya n'òtù ahụ iji gaa England iji sonye na Manchester City.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11679/9077596/kelechi-iheanacho-is-set-for-a-move-to-england-according-to-stephen-keshi|title=Kelechi Iheanacho is set for a move to England according to Stephen Keshi|work=Sky Sports|date=17 December 2013|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu Naịjirịa maka 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup na New Zealand, ma gosipụta na egwuregwu abụọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=372542/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131022052722/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/statisticsandrecords/players/player=372542/index.html|archivedate=22 October 2013|title=Kelechi Iheanacho|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref> Naịjirịa họpụtara ya maka ndị otu 35 ha maka 2016 Summer Olympics, mana o nweghị ike ịbanye na 18 ikpeazụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/36623763|title=Kelechi Iheanacho included in Nigeria's Olympics squad|date=24 June 2016|accessdate=25 June 2016|author=Oluwashina Okeleji|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> === Onye Ukwu === Iheanacho mere nke mbụ ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya na 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifying match megide Eswatini nke Naịjirịa meriri 0-0.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.supersport.com/football/super-eagles/news/151113/Swaziland_hold_Eagles_to_00_draw|title=eSwatini hold Eagles to a draw|work=supersport.com/|accessdate=25 April 2016}}</ref> Mmalite mbụ ya maka ndị otu okenye bụ na 25 Machị 2016, 1-1 draw na Egypt na 2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualifying match. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/match/nigeria-vs-egypt/2038209/report|title=Nigeria 1 – 1 Egypt Match report – 3/25/16 Africa Cup of Nations Qualification|work=Goal|accessdate=27 March 2016}}</ref> Iheanacho bụ onye Naịjirịa họọrọ n'egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Mali na Luxembourg na Mee 2016. Ọ gbara bọọlụ n'egwuregwu abụọ ahụ, na-enye aka megide Luxembourg.<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/match/luxembourg-vs-nigeria/2231289/report|title=Luxembourg 1 – 3 Nigeria Match report – 5/31/16 Friendlies|work=Goal}}</ref><ref name="premiumtimesng.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/204203-iheanacho-scores-super-eagles-beat-mali-france.html|title=Iheanacho scores as Super Eagles beat Mali in France – Premium Times Nigeria|date=27 May 2016|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> Ọrụ ya n'egwuregwu enyi na enyi kpaliri ntụkwasị obi ọzọ n'ime ndị na-agba bọọlụ na mba ahụ ma kpọọ ya ka ọ mee asọmpi mbụ ya megide Ijipt na usoro asọmpi Iko Mba Afrịka ebe o nyere Oghenekaro Etebo aka n'egwú ụlọ.<ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/match/nigeria-vs-egypt/2038209/report|title=Nigeria 1 – 1 Egypt Match report – 3/25/16 Africa Cup of Nations Qualification|work=Goal}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị mgbanwe e mere na ndị nkuzi n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2016, ọ gosipụtara onwe ya ọzọ dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu kachasị mkpa n'òtù ahụ mgbe ọ gbara goolu abụọ magburu onwe ya n'egwuregwu abụọ ya na Tanzania na Uyo na Zambia na Ndola, n'oge asọmpi AFCON na 2018 World Cup. <ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/match/nigeria-vs-tanzania/2038215|title=Nigeria 1 – 0 Tanzania Match report – 9/3/16 Africa Cup of Nations Qualification|work=Goal|date=3 September 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/report/_/gameId/464099|title=Zambia 1–2 South Africa|publisher=ESPN|date=9 October 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya n'ime ndị otu iri abụọ na atọ nke Naijiria maka iko mba ụwa nke afọ 2018 na Russia. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb|title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad - Final 23-man lists &#124; Goal.com|work=Goal|date=4 June 2018}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na ise n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2021, onye na-azụ ndị nkuzi bụ [[Augustine Eguavoen|Austin Eguavoen]] depụtara Iheanacho na ndị otu mmadụ iri abụọ na asatọ nke 2021 Africa Cup of Nations . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Football|first=CAF-Confedération Africaine du|title=Eguavoen announces Nigeria final TotalEnergies AFCON squad|url=https://www.cafonline.com/total-africa-cup-of-nations/news/eguavoen-announces-nigeria-final-totalenergies-afcon-squad|accessdate=11 January 2022|work=CAFOnline.com}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu mbụ nke Naijiria na asọmpi ahụ na nkeji nke 30 nke mmeri egwuregwu mbụ ha meriri Egypt.<ref>{{Cite news|date=11 January 2022|title=[LIVE] Nigeria vs Egypt: Iheanacho's goal puts impressive Super Eagles ahead at half time|url=https://punchng.com/nigeria-vs-egypt-iheanachos-goal-puts-impressive-super-eagles-ahead-at-half-time/|accessdate=11 January 2022|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2023, a kpọrọ ya maka asọmpi iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2023 na Ivory Coast.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenff.com/peseiro-names-25-players-as-super-eagles-seek-fourth-afcon-title-in-cote-divoire/|title=Peseiro names 25 players as Super Eagles seek fourth AFCON title in Cote d'Ivoire|publisher=[[Nigeria Football Federation]]|first=Ayodele|author=Olu Ibidapo|date=29 December 2023|accessdate=30 December 2023|archivedate=30 December 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230173003/https://www.thenff.com/peseiro-names-25-players-as-super-eagles-seek-fourth-afcon-title-in-cote-divoire/}}</ref> N'egwuregwu ọkara ikpeazụ megide South Africa, Iheanacho, na-apụta n'elu bench, nwetara penalty mmeri na mmeri 4-2 n'oge ọgụ na-esote 1-1 draw, nke mere ka mba ya ruo na nke ikpeazụ. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-07|title=Nigerians celebrate tense Africa Cup semi-final win|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240207-nigerians-celebrate-tense-africa-cup-semi-final-win|accessdate=2024-02-12|work=France 24|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/sport/20240207-nigeria-beat-south-africa-in-penalty-shootout-thriller-to-reach-afcon-final|title=Nigeria beat South Africa to reach AFCON final in penalty shootout thriller|publisher=France 24|date=7 February 2024}}</ref> == Profaịlụ onye ọkpụkpọ == A maara Iheanacho dị ka Onye Ukwu n'obodo ya Naịjirịa, a maara ya maka ọhụụ ya, dribbling, ọsọ, njedebe na egwuregwu. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Sport|first=Telegraph|date=25 April 2016|title=That stat that shows Kelechi Iheanacho is Europe's most prolific goal-scorer|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/football/2016/04/25/kelechi-iheanacho-is-europes-most-prolific-goal-scorer/|accessdate=22 October 2023}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=10 Things You Need to Know About Manchester City Prodigy Kelechi Iheanacho|url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/2151150-10-things-you-need-to-know-about-manchester-city-prodigy-kelechi-iheanacho|accessdate=2023-10-22|work=Bleacher Report|language=en}}</ref><ref name="bbc.com">{{Cite web|date=2021-04-26|title=How has Iheanacho become so prolific?|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/56896457|accessdate=2023-10-22|work=BBC Sport|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye na-agba ọsọ, ọ nwere ike igwu egwu n'ebe ọ bụla na nke atọ ikpeazụ, ndị ọkachamara na-akọwa ya dịka otu n'ime ndị na-agba bọọlụ kachasị mma na England. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-10|title=Iheanacho Plays Better When Deployed As Second Striker – Colleague|url=https://megasportsarena.com/iheanacho-plays-better-when-deployed-as-second-striker-colleague/|accessdate=2023-10-22|work=Megasports|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Alderman|first=Thomas Bradley|date=2021-10-07|title=Leicester boss explains how in-form Kelechi Iheanacho will be used|url=https://foxesofleicester.com/2021/10/07/leicester-city-form-kelechi-iheanacho/|accessdate=2023-10-22|work=Foxes of Leicester|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thecable.ng/linekar-says-iheanacho-bags-talent/|title=Lineker says Iheanacho has 'bags of talent'|date=2016-05-16|work=[[TheCable]]}}</ref> [5]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-19|title=Iheanacho, Kanu & Nigerian strikers who made history in the Premier League {{!}} Goal.com Nigeria|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/lists/iheanacho-kanu--nigerian-strikers-who-made-history-in-the-premier-league/1gake6t63jal1eldin9yv89m1|accessdate=2023-10-25|work=www.goal.com|language=en-NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-26|title=Iheanacho Enters Premier League Record Book As Best Striker - Opta Confirms - OwnGoal Nigeria|url=https://owngoalnigeria.com/2016/12/26/iheanacho-enters-premier-league-record-book-as-best-striker-opta-confirms/|accessdate=2023-10-22|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="thecable.ng">{{Cite news|date=2016-10-27|title=CONFIRMED: Iheanacho is deadliest striker in Europe!|url=https://www.thecable.ng/confirmed-iheanacho-deadliest-striker-europe|accessdate=2023-10-22|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Sports|first=Pulse|date=2023-02-27|title=Kelechi Iheanacho and Erling Haaland headline the Top 10 most prolific forwards of the 2022/23 season|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/kelechi-iheanacho-and-erling-haaland-headline-the-top-10-most-prolific-forwards-of-the-202223-season-2023022717342260026|accessdate=2023-10-25|work=Pulse Sports Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> === Nnakwere === Iheanacho bu ụzọ bụrụ onye a ma ama na 2013 ka FIFA U-17 World Cup gasịrị dị ka onye na-ebuso agha ọgụ. Manuel Pellegrini akọwapụtala ya dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ dị mkpa na onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike. Onye njikwa ya, Brendan Rodgers kọwara ya dị ka onye na-enweghị atụ, onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike, na onye nwere nkà na-enweghị ego, na N'ajụjụ ọnụ BBC na Sky Sports. Iko FA kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu ojii kacha ama ama na akụkọ ntolite asọmpi ahụ. BBC na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ kọwara ya dị ka "onye na-egbu egbu kacha egbu na Europe", na a na-ewere ya dị ka onye na-agba ọsọ kachasị na Premier League ebe ọ na-eto ọsọ ọsọ ya n'ịgba ihe mgbaru ọsọ. Ndị na-agba egwu Britain mbụ na ndị ọkachamara egwuregwu, Gary Lineker na Alan Shearer, kọwara ya dị ka "akpa talent" na onye ọkpụkpọ nwere nnukwu ọsọ ọsọ na ikike dị ukwuu. Onye njikwa ya, Craig Shakespeare kwusara ya dị ka onye nwere nkà dị ukwuu nke gosipụtara nnukwu nkwa na ọkwa ọ bụla ọ na-egwu. Onye otu ya, Isaac Success kọwara ya dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ kachasị mma ya na ya rụtụrụla n'ọrụ ya dum. Dị ka nke 2015–2016, Iheanacho pụtara dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ nwere ihe mgbaru ọsọ kacha mma-kwa-nkeji ndekọ na Premier League akụkọ ihe mere eme na ugbu a bụ nanị African mere otú ahụ, na a kpọsara Premier League na Europe "Kasị Prolific Goal Scorer" site The Telegraph, Sky Sports na dị iche iche ndị ọzọ mgbasa ozi outlet. Onye bụbu onye bekee Ballon d'Or bụ onye nhọpụta na ọkachamara bụ Rio Ferdinand kọwara ya, na-ekwu na Sports Extra; 'Kelechi ugbua bụ onye Naịjirịa kacha agba bọọlụ n'EPL n'afọ a, maka na ọ na-agba bọọlụ, ọ bụ onye na-agba bọọlụ'. Ndị na-eto eto bọọlụ Naịjirịa na-elekarị Iheanacho anya dị ka ihe nlereanya. Ọ na-asọpụrụ Kaka, Wayne Rooney, Didier Drogba na Leo Messi, ma kọwaa Ronaldinho na Sergio Aguero dị ka mkpali ya, nakwa Jamie Vardy bụ onye ndị ọkachamara kọwara dị ka onye na-emegide ya. Mana ọ jụrụ nke a wee kpọọ ya dị ka akụkọ akụkọ na ihe mkpali maka ya ịghọ onye ọkpụkpọ ka mma.[10] O gosikwara mmasị ya iṅomi onye na-agba egwu Jay-Jay Okocha na onye na-aga n'ihu Nwankwo Kanu na Premier League ma ha abụọ ekwupụtala Iheanacho dị ka onye ọkpụkpọ egwu na otu n'ime ndị na-agba ọsọ kacha mma n'ụwa. === Ihe mgbaru ọsọ === Mgbe ọ gbasịrị goolu, akara ngosi ihe nkiri Iheanacho na-agbadata n'ikpere ya ma jiri aka abụọ na-atụ aka elu, nke onye mgba kachasị amasị ya bụ Bryan Danielson kpaliri.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-10-04|title=Happy Birthday Kelechi Iheanacho: Facts you might not know about Leicester City star|work=Goal.com Nigeria|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/lists/happy-birthday-kelechi-iheanacho-facts-you-might-not-know-about-leicester-city-star/blt489a16c1271a4504|accessdate=2023-10-23|language=en-NG}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Wrestler, Bryan inspired my goal dance|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/wrestler-bryan-inspired-goal-dance/|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=20 October 2013}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, onye mgba ahụ kwetara na ọ bụ ya mgbe o nyere aka na mmeri Naijiria meriri Mexico, na-agba goolu anọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=YES! Bryan gets a big kick out of soccer star's celebration|url=https://www.wwe.com/shows/raw/2013-10-21/daniel-bryan-yes-chant-reaches-fifa-soccer-player|accessdate=2023-10-23|work=WWE|language=en}}</ref> Iheanacho si n'agbụrụ [[Ndị Ìgbò|Igbo]] nke Naijiria.<ref name="cheapgoals.com">{{Cite web|title=Why Leicester City striker Kelechi Iheanacho has dots under his name|url=https://www.leicestermercury.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/leicester-city-striker-kelechi-iheanacho-1184269|date=8 February 2018|accessdate=27 February 2025|work=Leicester Mercury|publisher=Reach plc}}</ref> Ọ bụ Onye Kraịst.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Doering|first=Joshua|date=7 April 2021|title=EPL Player of the Month Kelechi Iheanacho giving glory to God|url=https://sportsspectrum.com/sport/soccer/2021/04/07/kelechi-iheanacho-giving-glory-god/|accessdate=16 April 2023|work=Sports Spectrum}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb ===   {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="3" |Manchester City |2015–16 |Njikọ Premier |26 |8 |3 |4 |2 |2 |4[c] |0 | colspan="2" | - |35 |14 |- |2016–17 |Njikọ Premier |20 |4 |3 |1 |2 |0 |4[c] |2 | colspan="2" | - |29 |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !46 !12 !6 !5 !4 !2 !8 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !64 !21 |- | rowspan="8" |Obodo Leicester |2017–18 |Njikọ Premier |21 |3 |5 |4 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |8 |- |2018–19 |Njikọ Premier |30 |1 |1 |0 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |35 |2 |- |2019–20 |Njikọ Premier |20 |5 |2 |1 |4 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |26 |10 |- |2020–21 |Njikọ Premier |25 |12 |6 |4 |1 |0 |7[d] |3 | colspan="2" | - |39 |19 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |26 |4 |1 |1 |3 |1 |12[e] |1 |1[f] |1 |43 |8 |- |2022–23 |Njikọ Premier |28 |5 |3 |3 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |35 |8 |- |2023–24 |Mmeri |23 |5 |1 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |26 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !173 !35 !19 !13 !20 !8 !19 !4 !1 !1 !232 !61 |- |Seville |2024–25 |[[La Liga|Njikọ ahụ]] |9 |0 |2 |3 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |3 |- |Middlesbrough (onye a gbazinyere) |2024–25<ref name="KI2425" /> |Mmeri |15 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |1 |- |Ndị Celt |2025–26 |Onye isi ala Scotland |11 |4 |1 |2 |2 |0 |7[d] |1 | colspan="2" | - |21 |7 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !254 !52 !28 !23 !26 !10 !34 !7 !1 !1 !343 !93 |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />  === Mba Nile === [[w:updated|match played 31 May 2025]]<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player |id=61313 |name=Kelechi Iheanacho |access-date=1 May 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="10" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2015 |1 |0 |- |2016 |6 |4 |- |2017 |6[a] |3 |- |2018 |11 |0 |- |2020 |4 |1 |- |2021 |9 |2 |- |2022 |6 |1 |- |2023 |6 |3 |- |2024 |7 |0 |- |2025 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !58 !14 |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />[[w:updated|match played 31 May 2025]] :''Nigeria score listed first, score column and indicates score after each Iheanacho goal.''<ref name="NFT"/> {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Kelechi Iheanacho gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |27 Mee 2016 |Stade Robert Diochon, Rouen, France | Mali | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |2 |31 Mee 2016 |Egwuregwu Josy Barthel, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg | Luxembourg | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |3–1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |3 |3 Septemba 2016 |Akwa Ibom Stadium, [[Uyo]], Nigeria | Tanzania | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2017 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |- | align="center" |4 |9 Ọktoba 2016 |Levy Mwanawasa Stadium, Ndola, Zambia | Zambia | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–1 |2018 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |5 |23 Machị 2017 |The Hive Stadium, [[London]], England | Senegal | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |6 |1 June 2017 |[[Stade Municipal de Saint-Leu-la-Forêt|Stade Municipal nke Saint-Leu-la-Forêt]], Paris, France | Togo | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |3–0 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |7 |1 Septemba 2017 |Akwa Ibom Stadium, Uyo, Nigeria | Cameroon | align="center" |4–0 | align="center" |4–0 |2018 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |8 |14 Nọvemba 2017 |Krasnodar Stadium, Krasnodar, Russia | Argentina | align="center" |1–2 | align="center" |4–2 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |9 |13 Ọktoba 2020 |Jacques Lemans Arena, Sankt Veit an der Glan, Austria | Tunisia | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |10 | rowspan="2" |3 Septemba 2021 | rowspan="2" |Teslim Balogun Stadium, Lagos, Nigeria | rowspan="2" | Liberia | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |2–0 | rowspan="2" |2022 FIFA World Cup iru eru |- | align="center" |11 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |12 |11 Jenụwarị 2022 |Roumdé Adjia Stadium, Garoua, Cameroon | Egypt | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |[[Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2021]] |- | align="center" |13 |18 June 2023 |Samuel Kanyon Doe Sports Complex, Monrovia, Liberia | Sierra Leone | align="center" |3–2 | align="center" |3–2 |Ntinye aka nke iko mba Afrịka nke afọ 2023 |- | align="center" |14 |13 Ọktoba 2023 |[[Portimão]]" id="mwBWQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Estádio Municipal de Portimão">Estádio Municipal de Portimão, Portimão | Saudi Arabia | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |2–2 |Ndị nwere omume enyi |- | align="center" |15 |19 Nọvemba 2023 |Ogige Egwuregwu Huye, Butare, Rwanda | Zimbabwe | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–1 |2026 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Nsọpụrụ == '''Manchester City''' * Iko Njikọ bọọlụ: 2015-16<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35624164|title=Liverpool 1–1 Manchester City|first=Phil|author=McNulty|work=BBC Sport|date=28 February 2016|accessdate=27 April 2019}}</ref> '''Obodo Leicester''' * Iko FA: 2020-21<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/57055571|title=Chelsea 0–1 Leicester City|first=Phil|author=McNulty|work=BBC Sport|date=15 May 2021|accessdate=15 May 2021}}</ref> * FA Community Shield: 2021<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/58036460|title=Leicester City 1–0 Manchester City|first=Shamoon|author=Hafez|work=BBC Sport|date=7 August 2021|accessdate=8 August 2021}}</ref> * EFL Championship: 2023-24<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.soccerbase.com/tournaments/tournament.sd?tourn_id=2040|title=Championship: 2023/24: Current table|work=Soccerbase|publisher=Centurycomm|accessdate=5 May 2024}}</ref> '''Naịjirịa U17''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2013<ref name="fifa">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/u17worldcu/uae2013/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150721112316/http://www.fifa.com/tournaments/archive/u17worldcu/uae2013/|archivedate=21 July 2015|title=Golden Eaglets soar to fourth crown|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=20 June 2015}}</ref> '''Naịjirịa''' * Onye nke abụọ na Iko Mba Afrịka: 2023<ref>{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Rob|date=11 February 2024|title=Nigeria 1–2 Ivory Coast|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/68196261|accessdate=12 February 2024|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup Golden Ball: 2013<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/archive/uae2013/awards/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331162703/http://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/archive/uae2013/awards/index.html|archivedate=31 March 2016|title=FIFA U-17 World Cup UAE 2013 – Awards|publisher=FIFA|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref> * FIFA U-17 World Cup Silver Shoe: 2013<ref>{{Cite news|title=FIFA U-17 World Cup 2013 - News - Accolades for Iheanacho and Nigeria|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/news/accolades-for-iheanacho-and-nigeria-2221120|accessdate=24 May 2020|work=FIFA.com}}</ref> * CAF Kasị Mma nke Afọ: 2013, 2016 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-us/cafawards/previouseditions/2013.aspx|title=CAF – CAF Awards – Previous Editions – 2013|publisher=CAFOnline|accessdate=22 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafonline.com/en-US/NewsCenter/News/NewsDetails?id=JjXA1yebDNx8I52tgKCOlg%3d%3d|title=CAF – CAF Awards – Previous Editions – 2016|publisher=CAFOnline|accessdate=7 January 2017}}</ref> * CAF Team of the Year: 2016 (dị ka onye nnọchi anya) <ref name="auto" /> * CAF U-17 African Championship Silver Shoe: 2013<ref>{{Cite news|title=Kelechi Iheanacho wins UAE 2013 Golden Boot|url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/4622/africa/2013/11/09/4394550/kelechi-iheanacho-wins-2013-fifa-u17-world-cup-golden-ball|work=Goal.com|accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> * Onye Egwuregwu nke Ọnwa nke Premier League: Machị 2021 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/2080124|title=Iheanacho wins EA SPORTS Player of the Month award|publisher=Premier League|date=2 April 2021|accessdate=2 April 2021}}</ref> * Onye egwuregwu nke afọ nke Leicester City: 2022-23 <ref>{{Cite news|date=31 May 2023|title=Iheanacho & Leitzig Earn Player Of The Season Recognition|work=Leicester City Football Club|url=https://www.lcfc.com/news/3515826/iheanacho--leitzig-earn-player-of-the-season-recognition|accessdate=22 July 2023}}</ref> '''Iwu''' * Onye otu Order of the Niger <ref>{{Cite news|date=2024-02-13|title=Afcon: Ivory Coast and Nigeria players get cash, villas and honours|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-68286543|accessdate=2024-02-24|work=[[BBC News]]|language=en-GB}}</ref>[[Faịlụ:Order_of_the_Niger_civil_division_ribbon.svg|60x60px]] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 20o0fldmi5bu6vkdzaod0exr16masi3 0 75446 672508 632659 2026-07-04T21:51:18Z Johnnybam 24488 672508 wikitext text/x-wiki  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Odion Jude Ighalo''' (amụrụ na 16 June 1989) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-aga n'ihu. Mbụ ọ malitere ọrụ ya na klọb ndị Naijiria Prime na [[Bridge F.C.|Julius Berger]], Ighalo kwagara na klọbu Norwegian Lyn na 2007. Otu afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, klọb Ịtali Udinese bịanyere aka na ya, na-etinye ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ na klọb Spain Granada. N'afọ 2014, ọ bịanyere aka na klọb Championship Watford ma bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa na nkwalite klọb ahụ na Premier League na oge 2014-15. Na Jenụwarị 2017, Ighalo sonyeere klọb Chinese Super League Changchun Yatai maka £ 20 nde, tupu ọ kwaga Shanghai Shenhua. Na Jenụwarị 2020, Ighalo laghachiri na Premier League, sonye na Manchester United na mgbazinye ego, na mbido ruo na ngwụcha oge 2019-20; a gbatịkwuru mgbazinye ahụ ruo Jenụwarụwarị 2021.&nbsp; Ighalo mere nke mbụ ya maka [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]] na Machị 2015 megide Uganda. Ọ nọchitere anya mba ahụ na 2018 World Cup ma bụrụ onye kacha gbaa goolu na 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign. O mechara duru Naijiria gaa n'ọkwa nke atọ na 2019 Africa Cup of Nations, ebe ọ gwụchara na asọmpi Team of the Tournament ma bụrụ onye kacha gbaa goolu.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ighalo Emerges AFCON 2019 Top Scorer With Five Goals|url=https://www.completesports.com/ighalo-emerges-afcon-2019-top-scorer-with-five-goals/|author=Ezekute|first=Nnamdi|date=19 July 2019|work=[[Complete Sports]]|accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == === Ọrụ mmalite === A Mbụ ya ma zụlite ya na [[Ajegunle]], Lagos, Ighalo na Prime na [[Bridge F.C.|Julius Berger]] gbara bọọlụ na mba ya, ebe onye ọrụ FIFA bụ Marcelo Houseman chọpụtara ya bụ onye tụrụ aro ka ọ gaa Atta Aneke, Lyn nke Norway mechara kpee ya ikpe. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Odion Ighalo Stats|url=https://fbref.com/en/players/03622183/Odion-Ighalo|accessdate=18 May 2021|work=FBref.com}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya na Tippeligaen na 16 Septemba 2007 mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ 18, na-emeri 2-0 n'ụlọ megide Viking. Ọ gbara goolu isii n'egwuregwu iri na atọ n'afọ nke abụọ ya iji nyere ndị otu ya aka iru n'ọkwa nke asaa, ma mesịa mee ka klọb ndị ọzọ nọ na mba ahụ nwee mmasị, ebe Brann kọọrọ Lyn na Norwegian Football Federation maka ikpe na-ezighị ezi na usoro mkparịta ụka ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lyn.no/index.aspx?id=2377616|title=Lyn, Brann og Odion Ighalo|publisher=FC Lyn|language=no|date=30 July 2008|accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> Na 30 Julaị 2008, Ighalo bịanyere aka na Udinese na Ịtali, na-aga n'akụkụ onye otu ya Jo Inge Berget ma kweta nkwekọrịta afọ ise.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lyn.no/index.aspx?id=2377620|title=Blir trist å forlate Lyn|publisher=FC Lyn|language=no|date=30 July 2008|accessdate=15 January 2010}}</ref> Ọ pụtara obere na Serie A n'Oge izizi ya, na-emeri Cagliari na 6-2 n'ụlọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/it/news/2/serie-a/2009/05/31/1296724/udinese-cagliari-6-2-quagliarella-saluta-nella-festa-del|title=Udinese-Cagliari 6–2: Quagliarella saluta nella festa del goal|work=Goal.com|language=it|date=31 May 2009|accessdate=13 November 2013}}</ref> Anọ n'ime ise ọ pụtara na league bịara dị ka onye na-anọchi anya.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Odion Ighalo must do what it takes to extend Manchester United stay|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/odion-ighalo-must-do-what-it-takes-to-extend-manchester/w0eh5ekc5b2p1xuxre8hercbp|accessdate=21 June 2022|work=Goal.com}}</ref> A gbazitere Ighalo Granada n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2009, dịka akụkụ nke nkwekọrịta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti Udinese na ndị Spain. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.granadacf.es/gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=291&catid=2913|title=Apuesta de futuro por el Granada CF|publisher=Granada CF|language=es|date=10 July 2009|accessdate=17 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113033644/http://www.granadacf.es/gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=291&catid=291|archivedate=13 November 2013}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.granadacf.es/gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=300:pistoletazo-de-salida&catid=34:ultimas-noticias&Itemid=59|title=Pistoletazo de salida al Granada C.F. 2009/2010|publisher=Granada CF|language=es|date=23 July 2009|accessdate=20 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090729051407/http://www.granadacf.es/gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=300%3Apistoletazo-de-salida&catid=34%3Aultimas-noticias&Itemid=59|archivedate=29 July 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.granadacf.es/gr/index.php?view=article&catid=34%3Aultimas-noticias&id=338%3Aodion-ighalo&option=com_content&Itemid=59|title=Odion Ighalo, nuevo jugador del Granada C.F.|publisher=Granada CF|language=es|date=22 August 2009|accessdate=22 August 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826133014/http://www.granadacf.es/gr/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=338%3Aodion-ighalo&catid=34%3Aultimas-noticias&Itemid=59|archivedate=26 August 2009}}</ref> Ọ gbara bọọlụ ugboro iri na asaa n'afọ mbụ ya (gụnyere egwuregwu) na ise n'afọ nke abụọ, ebe oge abụọ ahụ kwụsịrị na nkwalite; nke a na-agbakọta ya na obere oge mgbazinye na Ịtali, na Cesena.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ideal.es/jaen/20100516/deportes/granada-cf/granada-medio-palmo-ascenso-201005162103.html|title=El Granada, a medio palmo del ascenso|work=Ideal|language=es|date=16 May 2010|accessdate=13 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.marca.com/marcador/futbol/2010_11/promocion_ascenso/final/vuelta/elc_gda/indexCronica.html|title=Granada, en Primera 35 años después|work=Marca|language=es|date=18 June 2011|accessdate=13 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://deportes.elpais.com/deportes/2011/06/19/actualidad/1308468115_850215.html|title=Ighalo, el goleador oportuno|work=El País|language=es|date=19 June 2011|accessdate=13 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tuttomercatoweb.com/serie-a/ufficiale-ighalo-al-cesena-218786|title=Ufficiale: Ighalo al Cesena|publisher=Tutto Mercato Web|language=it|date=16 July 2010|accessdate=13 November 2013}}</ref> Ighalo gara n'ihu na-egwuri egwu na Granada n'afọ ndị sochirinụ, nke ka bụ nke klọb Udine.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.marca.com/2012/08/31/futbol/equipos/granada/1346411243.html|title=Ighalo vuelve cedido a Granada|work=Marca|language=es|date=31 August 2012|accessdate=13 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.ideal.es/agencias/20130824/deportes/futbol/ighalo-jugara-granada-quinta-campana_201308241353.html|title=Ighalo jugará en el Granada su quinta campaña consecutiva cedido por {{sic |nolink=y|Udinense}}|work=Ideal|language=es|date=24 August 2013|accessdate=13 November 2013}}</ref> Ọ gbara bọọlụ mbụ ya na La Liga n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2011, malite ma gbaa nkeji iri itoolu zuru ezu na mmeri 0-1 n'ụlọ na Real Betis.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.elpais.com/articulo/deportes/Ruben/Castro/hace/justicia/elpepudep/20110828elpepudep_1/Tes|title=Rubén Castro hace justicia|work=El País|language=es|date=28 August 2011|accessdate=13 November 2013}}</ref> === Watford === [[Faịlụ:Odion_Ighalo_20140802.jpg|thumb|Ighalo na-ekpo ọkụ maka Watford na 2014]] Ighalo sonyeere Watford na nkwekọrịta mgbazinye oge site na Udinese, na 29 Julaị 2014. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.watfordobserver.co.uk/sport/11373606.UPDATED__Ighalo_completes_Watford_move/?ref=mrs|title=Udinese striker Odion Ighalo agrees one-year loan switch to Watford|work=Watford Observer|date=29 July 2014|accessdate=30 July 2014}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya maka klọb ndị England na agba nke mbụ nke League Cup na Stevenage na 12 Ọgọstụ, wee gbaa goolu mbụ ya na Championship megide Brentford na 30 Septemba site na ịpị bọọlụ n'ụlọ mgbe David Button zọpụtara penalty mbụ ya, na Mmeri 2-1 n'ụlọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/28652554|title=Stevenage 0–1 Watford|work=BBC Sport|date=12 August 2014|accessdate=2 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/29320618|title=Watford 2–1 Brentford|work=BBC Sport|date=30 September 2014|accessdate=2 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.watfordfc.com/teams/first-team/odion-ighalo|title=Odion Ighalo|publisher=Watford F.C.|accessdate=29 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129003545/https://www.watfordfc.com/teams/first-team/odion-ighalo|archivedate=29 January 2017}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2014, Watford kwụsịrị ịgbazinye ego Ighalo ma bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide n'otu ụbọchị ahụ Udinese tọhapụrụ ya na nkwekọ ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/141024-odion-ighalo-watford-fc-permanent-transfer-2037957.aspx|title=Official: Ighalo signs permanent deal|publisher=Watford F.C.|date=24 October 2014|accessdate=24 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141024201857/http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/141024-odion-ighalo-watford-fc-permanent-transfer-2037957.aspx|archivedate=24 October 2014}}</ref> Mgbe ọnwa atọ gachara, ọ gbara goolu anọ na ọkara nke abụọ ma bụrụ onye a họpụtara dịka onye egwuregwu ahụ na 7-2 n'ụlọ Blackpool, onye butere 0-2 na ọkara oge; ọ butere ọnụ ọgụgụ league ya ruo 14 na 10 Febụwarị 2015, mgbe ọ gbasịrị aka iji nyere ndị otu ya aka ịbịa site n'azụ na Brentford iji merie ya 2-1 - nke abụọ ya bịara site na isi mmerụ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/30860531|title=Watford 7–2 Blackpool|work=BBC Sport|date=24 January 2015|accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/31105995|title=Brentford 1–2 Blackpool|work=BBC Sport|date=10 February 2015|accessdate=12 February 2015}}</ref>&nbsp; Ighalo mere mbụ Njikọ Njikọ ya na 8 August 2015, dochie José Manuel Jurado 16 nkeji oge ma tinye ndị ọbịa ahụ n'ihu 2-1 na 2-2 sere na Everton imeghe oge. O meriri ugboro abụọ na mmeri 2-0 n'ụlọ megide West Ham United na 31 October, na-ewere ọnụọgụ ya ruo ihe mgbaru ọsọ asaa maka oge ahụ wee bụrụ onye kachasị na asọmpi ahụ mgbe nanị egwuregwu iri na otu gasịrị. Na 20 Disemba, Ighalo meriri na mmeri nke anọ Watford nwetara na nso nso a, mmeri 3–0 meriri Liverpool. Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ise ya mere ka ọ bụrụ ihe nrite Premier League nke ọnwa Disemba, onye njikwa Quique Sánchez Flores na-enweta ihe nrite ahụ. Ighalo mebiri nkeji 599 nke onwe ya na 13 Machị 2016, site na goolu na mmeri 2-1 megide ndị na-ejide Arsenal na nkeji iri na ise Iko FA Cup, na-etinye Hornets n'ime anọ ikpeazụ maka oge mbụ n'ime afọ itoolu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/35738604|title=Arsenal 1–2 Watford|work=BBC Sport|author=Jennings|first=Patrick|date=13 March 2016|accessdate=13 March 2016}}</ref> N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ ise ọhụrụ mana, n'afọ sochirinụ, ọ gbara naanị otu goolu league ma ọ chọtabeghị net n'egwuregwu iri na ise ikpeazụ ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/37059579|title=Odion Ighalo: Nigerian striker 'honoured' by new Watford deal|work=BBC Sport|date=12 August 2016|accessdate=14 August 2016}}</ref><ref name="Yatai">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/38796667|title=Odion Ighalo: Watford striker joins Changchun Yatai for £20m|work=BBC Sport|date=31 January 2017|accessdate=31 January 2017}}</ref> === Changchun Yatai === Na 31 Jenụwarị 2017, Ighalo sonyeere klọb Chinese Super League Changchun Yatai maka £ 20 nde. <ref name="Yatai" />Ọ nọ n'ọkwa nke abụọ na chaatị ịgba goolu n'oge nke abụọ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ na otu, mana ndị otu ya merụrụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/ighalos-club-chanchung-yatai-suffers-relegation-in-china/y27wt4t|title=Ighalo's club Chanchung Yatai suffers relegation in China|author=Abayomi|first=Tosin|date=11 November 2018|accessdate=2 March 2019|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/46646423|title=Nigeria's Odion Ighalo does not plan on playing in second division|work=BBC Sport|author=Okeleji|first=Oluwashina|date=21 December 2018|accessdate=2 March 2019}}</ref>&nbsp; === Shanghai Shenhua === Ighalo gafere na Shanghai Shenhua na 14 Febụwarị 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sports.sina.com.cn/china/j/2019-02-14/doc-ihqfskcp5045888.shtml|publisher=Sina Corp|language=zh|date=14 February 2019|accessdate=15 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47237760|title=Odion Ighalo: Nigeria striker 'excited' to reunite with Quique Sanchez Flores in China|work=BBC Sport|author=Okeleji|first=Oluwashina|date=14 February 2019|accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị, o kwuru na ọ jụrụ ịkwaga Barcelona n'ọnwa gara aga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/47733498|title=Odion Ighalo: Why I turned down Barcelona move|work=BBC Sport|author=Okeleji|first=Oluwashina|date=29 March 2019|accessdate=1 April 2019}}</ref> N'ọnwa Machị 2020, Shenhua nyere ya nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta karịrị £ 400,000 kwa izu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.skysports.com/transfer/news/12691/11963891/man-utd-loanee-odion-ighalo-offered-400k-a-week-deal-by-shanghai-shenhua|title=Man Utd loanee Odion Ighalo offered £400k-a-week deal by Shanghai Shenhua|publisher=Sky|work=Sky Sports|first=Dharmesh|author=Sheth|date=26 March 2020|accessdate=27 March 2020}}</ref> ==== Ịgbazinye Manchester United ==== Na 31 Jenụwarị 2020, Ighalo laghachiri na Premier League, sonye na Manchester United na mgbazinye ruo na ngwụcha oge. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51335993|title=Odion Ighalo: Manchester United sign Nigeria striker on loan until end of season|work=BBC Sport|author=Stone|first=Simon|date=31 January 2020|accessdate=31 January 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=United complete loan move for Nigerian striker Ighalo|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/man-utd-and-shanghai-shenhua-reach-agreement-for-odion-ighalo-loan|work=ManUtd.com|publisher=Manchester United|date=1 February 2020|accessdate=1 February 2020}}</ref> N'ime nke a, ọ ghọrọ onye egwuregwu Naijiria mbụ, na onye Afrịka nke asaa, sonyeere klọb ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/manchester-united-african-players-before-odion-ighalo|title=Manchester United African players before Odion Ighalo|work=ManUtd.com|publisher=Manchester United|accessdate=11 February 2020}}</ref> Mgbe e gosipụtara ọpụpụ ahụ, Ighalo kpughere na ọ kwụsịrị ụgwọ iji mee ka ọpụpụ ya mee, na-akpọ ya " nrọ" ịbanye na klọb ahụ ọ kwadoro kemgbe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2020/feb/05/odion-ighalo-reveals-he-took-pay-cut-to-make-dream-manchester-united-move|title=Odion Ighalo reveals he took pay cut to make 'dream' Manchester United move|date=5 February 2020|work=The Guardian|accessdate=11 February 2020}}</ref> Ọ họọrọ iyi uwe elu nke ọnụọgụ 25, nke onye egwuregwu Africa mbụ na nke kachasị ogologo oge nke United, Quinton Fortune nke South Africa, yibu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/odion-ighalo-explains-choice-of-shirt-number-at-man-utd|title=Odion Ighalo explains choice of shirt number at Man Utd|work=ManUtd.com|publisher=Manchester United|accessdate=11 February 2020}}</ref> Amachibidoro ọnụnọ ndị otu egwuregwu ya ka ọ bụrụ ọrụ nchekwa n'ihi nchegbu na-aga n'ihu gbasara ntiwapụ COVID-19 na China. Mgbe o mechara ihe ngosi atọ, Ighalo mere egwuregwu mbụ ya maka United na ụkwụ nke abụọ nke Europa League megide Club Brugge na 27 February. Ọ gbara bọọlụ mbụ ya maka United, nke mbụ ya na asọmpi European, ka ndị ọbịa ahụ meriri 5–0.Otu izu ka e mesịrị, o mere mpụta mbụ ya maka ọgbakọ ahụ ka United meriri Derby County 3–0 na iko FA.[4] N'asọmpi ikpeazụ nke United tupu ọrịa COVID-19, Ighalo meriri ọkara volley ka ọ gbachara goolu na 5–0 meriri LASK; Akpọrọ ya aha United's Goal of the Month maka March. Site na nkwụsịtụ bọọlụ n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19 na mgbazinye ego Ighalo ga-agwụ na ngwụcha Mee, United kwupụtara na ha ekwekọrịtala ịgbatị nkwekọrịta mgbazinye ego nke Ighalo ruo 30 Jenụwarị 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Adam|author=Bostock|title=Confirmed: United extend Ighalo loan deal|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/man-utd-extend-odion-ighalo-loan-from-shanghai-greenland-shenhua|work=ManUtd.com|publisher=Manchester United|date=1 June 2020|accessdate=27 January 2021}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 2021, Ighalo biputere ozi ekele na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta, tupu ọ pụọ na United na ngwụcha ọnwa ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Odion Ighalo: Manchester United loanee bids emotional farewell|url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11667/12199947/odion-ighalo-manchester-united-loanee-bids-emotional-farewell|work=Sky Sports|date=26 January 2021|accessdate=27 January 2021}}</ref> United kwupụtara ọpụpụ Ighalo n'ụbọchị na-esote.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ighalo loan period ends|url=https://www.manutd.com/en/news/detail/odion-ighalo-bids-farewell-to-man-utd-after-loan-period-ends|work=ManUtd.com|publisher=Manchester United|date=27 January 2021|accessdate=27 January 2021}}</ref> === Al Shabab === Na 4 Febụwarị 2021, Ighalo sonyeere klọb Saudi Professional League Al Shabab na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ na ọkara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/odion-ighalo-ex-manchester-united-striker-joins-al-shabab/s9kyxdmx0isf1tb9am0g5uuz5|accessdate=4 February 2021|title=Odion Ighalo: Ex-Manchester United striker joins Al Shabab from Shanghai Shenhua}}</ref> === Al-Hilal === Na 29 Jenụwarị 2022, ọ bịanyere aka na klọb Saudi Al-Hilal . <ref>{{Cite web|author=McAuley|first=John|url=https://www.thenationalnews.com/sport/football/2022/01/30/al-hilal-recruit-former-manchester-united-striker-odion-ighalo-from-title-rivals-al-shabab/|title=Al Hilal recruit former Manchester United striker Odion Ighalo from title rivals Al Shabab|publisher=The National News|date=30 January 2022}}</ref> Ọ gwụchara oge mbụ ya dị ka onye kacha gbaa goolu na league.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Alao|first=Seyi|url=https://www.brila.net/ighalo-happy-with-successful-season-with-al-hilal/|title=Ighalo happy with successful season with Al Hilal|publisher=brila.net|date=30 June 2022}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2023, ọ gbara goolu anọ na mmeri 7-0 meriri Al-Duhail na ọkara ikpeazụ nke Champions League.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gulf-times.com/article/656306/sports/hilal-thrash-duhail-to-reach-afc-champions-league-final|title=Hilal thrash Duhail to reach AFC Champions league final|publisher=Gulf Times|date=26 February 2023}}</ref> === Al-Wehda === N'abalị iri na ise n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, Ighalo sonyeere Al-Wehda n'efu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=الوحدة.. ثالث محطات إيجالو في الدوري السعودي|url=https://arriyadiyah.com/815633}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Odion_Ighalo.jpg|thumb|261x261px|Ighalo na-egwuri egwu maka [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na 2018 World CupIko Mbaụwa nke 2018]] Na 24 Maachị 2015, mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ na-adịghị mma maka Watford, onye njikwa ọhụrụ Nigeria Daniel Amokachi họpụtara Ighalo na nke mbụ, onye nke ikpeazụ kwuru, sị, "Enwere m obi ụtọ n'ihi na ọ bụ nrọ m igwu egwu maka obodo m". Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị, malite na 0–1 enyi na enyi meriri Uganda. A kpọrọ Ighalo aha na mbụ dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu atọ karịrị afọ n'ime otu Naịjirịa maka asọmpi Olimpik nke afọ 2016, mana o mechara ghara ịga Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.completesportsnigeria.com/siasia-picks-mikel-ighalo-akpeyi-olympics/|title=EXCLUSIVE: Siasia picks Mikel, Ighalo, Akpeyi for Olympics; Iwobi doubtful|publisher=Complete Sports|date=27 May 2016|accessdate=6 June 2016|archivedate=31 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160531151722/http://www.completesportsnigeria.com/siasia-picks-mikel-ighalo-akpeyi-olympics/}}</ref> N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya n'ime ndị otu mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ maka mbipụta FIFA World Cup na-abịanụ na Russia, na-apụta nke mbụ ya na asọmpi ahụ site n'ịgba nkeji iri asaa na atọ na mmeri 0-2 megide Croatia; <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/nigeria/story/3516588/nigeria-super-eagles-drop-ola-ainamikel-agu-from-world-cup-squad|title=Super Eagles drop Aina, Agu from World Cup squad|publisher=ESPN|date=3 June 2018|accessdate=4 June 2018}}</ref> n'ọnwa Ọktoba, ọ kpughere na ezinụlọ ya nwetara egwu ọnwụ mgbe ọ na-emeghị akara na asọmpiەکە.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/44422185|title=Croatia 2–0 Nigeria|work=BBC Sport|author=Whalley|first=Mike|date=16 June 2018|accessdate=17 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/45928562|title=Odion Ighalo: 'Threat to family not enough to make me quit'|work=BBC Sport|author=Okeleji|first=Oluwashina|date=20 October 2018|accessdate=25 October 2018}}</ref> Ighalo gbara goolu asaa na 2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification campaign, nke onye ọ bụla na-egwu egwuregwu, iji nyere Naịjirịa aka iru eru maka asọmpi ikpeazụ na Egypt n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/extra-time-nigerias-odion-ighalo-celebrates-afcon/155dw6uqnaxly1jbu0o8x399zc|title=EXTRA TIME: Nigeria's Odion Ighalo celebrates Afcon goalscoring feat|work=Goal.com|author=Taiwo|first=Taiye|date=25 March 2019|accessdate=26 March 2019}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na ndị otu Gernot Rohr, na-ekere òkè na egwuregwu niile ma chọta net megide Burundi na mpaghara otu (1-0), <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/06/09/breaking-afcon-2019-rohr-announces-final-super-eagles-23-man-squad-full-list/|title=AFCON 2019: Rohr announces final Super Eagles 23-man squad (Full list)|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|author=Inyang|first=Ifreke|date=9 June 2019|accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> Cameroon na agba nke 16 (3-2 mmeri), <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-super-eagles-beat-burundi-1-0/|title=UPDATED: Odion Ighalo snatches Nigeria winner against stubborn Burundi|work=[[The Punch]]|date=22 June 2019|accessdate=1 July 2019}}</ref> Algeria na ọkara ikpeazụ (1-2 ọnwụ) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-algeria-knock-nigeria-out-of-2019-afcon/|title=BREAKING: Algeria knock Nigeria out of 2019 AFCON|work=[[The Punch]]|date=14 July 2019|accessdate=14 July 2019}}</ref> na Tunisia na nke atọ (1-0).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-nigeria-beat-cameroon-3-2-qualify-for-quarter-finals/|title=UPDATED: Nigeria beat Cameroon 3–2, qualify for quarter-finals|work=[[The Punch]]|date=6 July 2019|accessdate=6 July 2019}}</ref><ref name="ACN">{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-nigeria-beat-tunisia-win-bronze/|title=BREAKING: Nigeria beat Tunisia, win bronze|work=[[The Punch]]|date=17 July 2019|accessdate=17 July 2019}}</ref> Na ngwụcha asọmpi ahụ, ọ kwupụtara ezumike nká ya na mba ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190720-cup-nations-golden-boot-ighalo-retires-international-football|title=Cup of Nations Golden Boot Ighalo retires from international football|publisher=France 24|date=20 July 2019|accessdate=10 September 2019}}</ref> A kpọghachiri Ighalo na ndị otu Naịjirịa maka [[Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2021]] mana klọb ya, Al Shabab, gbochiri ya isonye.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Damola|author=Ogungbe|title=Breaking: Cyril Dessers to replace Odion Ighalo in Super Eagles squad for AFCON 2021|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/cyril-dessers-to-replace-odion-ighalo-in-super-eagles-squad-for-afcon-2021/g44x82q|date=5 January 2022|accessdate=6 January 2022|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> Ighalo bụ Onye Kraịst na-anụ ọkụ n'obi, <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://xtheline.co.uk/interview-watford-striker-jude-ighalo-talks-goals-and-god-with-cross-the-line/|title=Interview: Watford striker, Jude Ighalo talks goals and God with Cross The Line|publisher=Cross The Line|author=Baines|first=Ollie|date=1 October 2015|accessdate=28 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002114356/http://xtheline.co.uk/interview-watford-striker-jude-ighalo-talks-goals-and-god-with-cross-the-line/|archivedate=2 October 2016}}</ref> onye na-enyekarị akụkụ nke ụgwọ ọrụ ya maka òtù ọrụ ebere Naijiria iji nyere ụmụaka dara ogbenye, ụlọ akwụkwọ na ndị inyom di ha nwụrụ aka n'okpuru akara ịda ogbenye. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/news/watfords-odion-ighalo-discusses-heart-6647585|title=Watford's Odion Ighalo discusses his heart of Gold and hopes of reuniting with Arsenal's Alexis Sanchez|work=Daily Mirror|author=Walters|first=Mike|date=16 October 2015|accessdate=1 December 2015}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-akwado Manchester United ogologo oge.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/51383589|title=Odion Ighalo: Manchester United striker took pay cut to make loan deal happen|work=BBC Sport|date=5 February 2020|accessdate=10 February 2020}}</ref> Ighalo nwere ụmụ atọ, ụmụ nwoke abụọ na otu nwa nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Jeremiah|first=Abass|date=31 August 2020|title=Odion Ighalo's children Show Support By Rocking New Manchester United Jerseys|url=https://ab-tc.com/odion-ighalos-children-show-support-by-rocking-new-manchester-united-jerseys/|accessdate=2 December 2020|work=ABTC}}</ref> Na 22 June 2021, a kpughere ya dị ka onye nnọchi anya National Principal's Cup na Abuja site na Ministry of Youth and Sports Development, Sunday Dare.<ref>{{Cite news|date=22 June 2021|title=FG names Ighalo National Principal's Cup ambassador|url=https://punchng.com/fg-names-ighalo-national-principals-cup-ambassador/|accessdate=22 June 2021|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> N'afọ 2016, ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọkàiwu ọha na eze nke Granada, Spain, boro Ighalo ebubo, ya na mmadụ 94 ndị ọzọ (gụnyere onye na-agba bọọlụ Diego Buonanotte), na ha sonyere na atụmatụ nrụrụ aka nke metụtara ule ịkwọ ụgbọala edere ede. Atụmatụ ahụ gụnyere ịchịkwa ule iji hụ na ndị metụtara gafere ule edere ede. == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==   {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ[b] ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Mbụ |2005 |Njikọ Mba Naịjirịa |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- |[[Bridge F.C.|Julius Berger]] |2006<ref name="NFT" /> |Njikọ Mba Naịjirịa |10 |5 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |10 |5 |- | rowspan="3" |Lyn |2007<ref name="NFT" /> | rowspan="2" |Tippeligaen |7 |3 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7 |3 |- |2008<ref name="NFT" /> |13 |6 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |13 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !20 !9 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !20 !9 |- |Udinese |2008–09<ref name="NFT" /> |Usoro A |6 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |1 |- |Granada (onye a gbazinyere) |2009–10<ref name="NFT" /> |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |26 |16 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2[c] |1 |28 |17 |- |Cesena (onye a gbazinyere) |2010–11<ref name="Soccerway">{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/odion-jude-ighalo/20010/|title=O. Ighalo: Summary|work=Soccerway|publisher=DAZN Group|accessdate=27 February 2020}}</ref> |Usoro A |3 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- | rowspan="5" |Granada (onye a gbazinyere) |2010–11<ref name="Soccerway" /> |Nkewa nke Abụọ |21 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4 |1 |25 |5 |- |2011–12<ref name="Soccerway" /> | rowspan="3" |[[La Liga|Njikọ ahụ]] |30 |6 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |6 |- |2012–13<ref name="Soccerway" /> |28 |5 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |30 |6 |- |2013–14<ref name="Soccerway" /> |16 |2 |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |4 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !95 !17 !5 !3 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !4 !1 !104 !21 |- | rowspan="4" |Watford |2014–15<ref name="Soccerway" /> |Mmeri |35 |20 |1 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |38 |20 |- |2015–16<ref name="Soccerway" /> | rowspan="2" |Njikọ Premier |37 |15 |5 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |42 |17 |- |2016–17<ref name="Soccerway" /> |18 |1 |1 |0 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |20 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !90 !37 !7 !2 !3 !1 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !100 !40 |- | rowspan="3" |Changchun Yatai |2017<ref name="Soccerway" /> | rowspan="2" |Njikọ Super China |27 |15 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |27 |15 |- |2018<ref name="Soccerway" /> |28 |21 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |21 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !55 !36 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !55 !36 |- |Shanghai Shenhua |2019<ref name="Soccerway" /> |Njikọ Super China |17 |10 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |10 |- | rowspan="3" |Manchester United (ụgwọ) |2019–20 | rowspan="2" |Njikọ Premier |11 |0 |3 |3 | colspan="2" | - |5[e] |2 | colspan="2" | - |19 |5 |- |2020–21 |1 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |1[f] |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !12 !0 !3 !3 !2 !0 !6 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !23 !5 |- | rowspan="3" |Al Shabab |2020–21<ref name="Soccerway" /> | rowspan="2" |Saudi Pro League |13 |9 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |13 |9 |- |2021–22 |18 |12 |1 |1 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |19 |13 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !31 !21 !1 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !0 !0 !0 !0 !32 !22 |- | rowspan="3" |Al-Hilal |2021–22<ref name="Soccerway" /> | rowspan="2" |Saudi Pro League |13 |12 |3 |2 | colspan="2" | - |4[g] |2 |2[h] |1 |22 |17 |- |2022–23<ref name="Soccerway" /> |27 |19 |4 |2 | colspan="2" | - |3[g] |5 |4[h] |0 |38 |26 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !40 !31 !7 !4 ! colspan="2" |- !8 !7 !5 !1 !58 !42 |- | rowspan="3" |Al-Wehda |2023–24<ref name="Soccerway" /> | rowspan="2" |Saudi Pro League |31 |15 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1[i] |0 |34 |16 |- |2024–25<ref name="Soccerway" /> |32 |6 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |34 |7 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !63 !21 !4 !2 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !1 !0 !68 !23 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !473 !204 !30 !15 !5 !1 !14 !9 !12 !3 !533 !232 |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> === Mba Nile === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="7" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2015 |7 |2 |- |2016 |5 |1 |- |2017 |3 |1 |- |2018 |10 |6 |- |2019 |10 |6 |- |2021 |1 |0 |- |2022 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !37 !16 |} ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+List of international goals scored by Odion Ighalo ! scope="col" |No. ! scope="col" |Date ! scope="col" |Venue ! scope="col" |Cap ! scope="col" |Opponent ! scope="col" |Score ! scope="col" |Result ! scope="col" |Competition |- | align="center" |1 |13 June 2015 |[[Ahmadu Bello Stadium|Ahmadu Bello]], Kaduna, Nigeria | align="center" |3 | Chad | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 |2017 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- | align="center" |2 |11 October 2015 |Edmond Machtens, Brussels, Belgium | align="center" |5 | Cameroon | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |3–0 |Friendly |- | align="center" |3 |31 May 2016 |Josy Barthel, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg | align="center" |11 | Luxembourg | align="center" |3–1 | align="center" |3–1 |Friendly |- | align="center" |4 |1 September 2017 |Godswill Akpabio, Uyo, Nigeria | align="center" |13 | Cameroon | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |4–0 |2018 FIFA World Cup qualification |- | align="center" |5 |8 September 2018 |Stade Linité, Victoria, Seychelles | align="center" |23 | Seychelles | align="center" |3–0 | align="center" |3–0 |2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- | align="center" |6 | rowspan="3" |13 October 2018 | rowspan="3" |[[Ahmadu Bello Stadium|Ahmadu Bello]], Kaduna, Nigeria | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |24 | rowspan="3" | Libya | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center" |4–0 | rowspan="3" |2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- | align="center" |7 | align="center" |2–0 |- | align="center" |8 | align="center" |3–0 |- | align="center" |9 | rowspan="2" |16 October 2018 | rowspan="2" |Taïeb Mhiri, Sfax, Tunisia | rowspan="2" align="center" |25 | rowspan="2" | Libya | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–2 | rowspan="2" |2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- | align="center" |10 | align="center" |3–2 |- | align="center" |11 |22 March 2019 |Stephen Keshi, Asaba, Nigeria | align="center" |26 | Seychelles | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |3–1 |2019 Africa Cup of Nations qualification |- | align="center" |12 |22 June 2019 |Alexandria Stadium, Alexandria, Egypt | align="center" |29 | Burundi | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2019 Africa Cup of Nations |- | align="center" |13 | rowspan="2" |6 July 2019 | rowspan="2" |Alexandria Stadium, Alexandria, Egypt | rowspan="2" align="center" |32 | rowspan="2" | Cameroon | align="center" |1–0 | rowspan="2" align="center" |3–2 | rowspan="2" |2019 Africa Cup of Nations |- | align="center" |14 | align="center" |2–2 |- | align="center" |15 |14 July 2019 |International Stadium, Cairo, Egypt | align="center" |34 | Algeria | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |1–2 |2019 Africa Cup of Nations |- | align="center" |16 |17 July 2019 |Al Salam Stadium, Cairo, Egypt | align="center" |35 | Tunisia | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–0 |2019 Africa Cup of Nations |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''Watford''' * Onye nke abụọ na asọmpi bọọlụ: 2014-15<ref>{{Cite book|editor=Anderson|title=Sky Sports Football Yearbook 2015–2016|year=2015|publisher=Headline Publishing Group|location=London|isbn=978-1-4722-2416-3|pages=370–371}}</ref> * Iko FA nke China: 2019<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://sports.sina.com.cn/china/cfacup/2019-12-06/doc-iihnzhfz4146419.shtml|title=申花打破足协杯先主后客夺冠魔咒 并终结尴尬纪录|publisher=Sina Corp|date=6 December 2019|accessdate=6 December 2019|language=zh}}</ref> * Saudi Pro League: 2021-222021–22 * Iko Eze: 2022-232022–23 * Onye nke abụọ na AFC Champions League: 2022<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/sports/2023/05/06/soccer/acl-final-urawa-alhilal-game2/|title=Urawa beats Al Hilal to capture third Asian Champions League title|publisher=The Japan Times|date=6 May 2023|accessdate=7 February 2024}}</ref> * Onye nke abụọ na FIFA Club World Cup: 2022 <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sharma|first=Rohan|date=11 January 2023|title=Real Madrid vs Al-Hilal 5–3: Club World Cup 2022 – as it happened|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/2/11/real-madrid-face-al-hilal-for-fifa-club-world-cup-title|accessdate=13 January 2023|work=Aljazeera|language=}}</ref> * Ebe nke atọ nke Africa Cup of Nations: 2019<ref name="ACN">{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/breaking-nigeria-beat-tunisia-win-bronze/|title=BREAKING: Nigeria beat Tunisia, win bronze|work=[[The Punch]]|date=17 July 2019|accessdate=17 July 2019}}</ref> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * Onye Egwuregwu nke Ọnwa nke Premier League: Disemba 2015<ref name="PremProfile">{{Cite web|url=https://www.premierleague.com/players/10957/Odion-Ighalo/overview|title=Odion Ighalo: Overview|publisher=Premier League|accessdate=21 February 2020}}</ref> * Africa Cup of Nations Team nke asọmpi ahụ: 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=640947323067891|title=The Total AFCON 2019 Best XI|publisher=Confédération Africaine de Football|date=20 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Eludini|first=Tunde|date=20 July 2013|title=AFCON 2019: Ighalo wins top scorer award, makes Best XI|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/341920-afcon-2019-ighalo-wins-top-scorer-award-makes-best-xi.html|accessdate=24 January 2023|work=[[Premium Times]]|language=}}</ref> * Africa Cup of Nations Golden Boot: 2019 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/odion-ighalo-wins-africa-cup-of-nations-golden-boot/18k43zxox856p15dy9llhoz1lm|title=Odion Ighalo wins Africa Cup of Nations Golden Boot|publisher=Goal|date=20 July 2019|accessdate=19 February 2020}}</ref> * Onye egwuregwu Saudi Pro League nke ọnwa: Eprel & Mee 2021, Machị 2022 <ref>{{Cite web|title=كاريلي أفضل مدرب في أبريل ومايو.. وإيغالو وغروهي والنجعي ينتزعون النجومية|url=https://www.spl.com.sa/ar/node/3815|language=ar|accessdate=3 November 2021|archivedate=3 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603000404/https://www.spl.com.sa/ar/node/3815}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=سباق الاتحاد والهلال يقودهما إلى جوائز مارس|url=https://spl.sa/ar/news/4109}}</ref> * Saudi Pro League Team of the Year: 2021-22, 2022-23 <ref>{{Cite news|author=Oyebola|first=Mike|date=2022-07-15|title=Ighalo makes Saudi Pro League Team of the Season|url=https://dailypost.ng/2022/07/15/ighalo-makes-saudi-pro-league-team-of-the-season/|accessdate=2023-01-03|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cazin.net/sport/nakon-sto-je-ostao-bez-titule-za-cristiana-ronalda-iz-saudijske-arabije-stigao-jos-jedan|title=Nakon što je ostao bez titule, za Cristiana Ronalda iz Saudijske Arabije stigao još jedan udarac|work=Cazin.net|date=2023-06-09|accessdate=2025-06-07}}</ref> * Onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ na Saudi Pro League: 2021-222021–22 == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 9pnmyot4nltgtdg4luu8thv6m8p4rzn 0 75449 672507 632663 2026-07-04T21:49:45Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ */ 672507 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Benjamin Tanimu''' (amụrụ na 24 Julaị 2002) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere Botola Pro club Maghreb nke Fez na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. == Ọrụ klọb == Amụrụ na Benin City, Tanimu malitere ọrụ ya n'obodo ya na Bendel Insurance na 2018. Mgbe oge asaa gachara, ọ bịanyere aka na mpaghara Tanzania Premier League Ihebe FC, emesịa mara dị ka Singida Black Stars, na February 2024. Na 2 Septemba 2024, Tanimu sonyeere EFL League One club Crawley Town na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ maka ego ijeri TZS 2.3 (~ £ 630,000 GBP), isonye na klọb n'ime izu nke ịkwaga. Na 19 Ọktoba 2024, o mere mpụta mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ dị ka onye nnọchi na mmeri 4–1 meriri Reading Na 4 Julaị 2025, Tanimu sonyeere klọb Moroccan Maghreb nke Fez maka ego a na-akọwaghị.<ref>{{Cite web|date=4 July 2025|title=TANIMU MOVES TO MOROCCO|url=https://x.com/crawleytown/status/1941030759382634792|accessdate=4 July 2025|work=Crawley Town FC on X}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == A kpọrọ Tanimu ka ọ bịa n'òtù egwuregwu mba Naijiria na nke mbụ ya n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2024 maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Ghana na Mali.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Adewale|first=Abiodun|date=11 March 2024|title=Tanimu ready to serve after first Eagles call up|url=https://punchng.com/tanimu-ready-to-serve-after-first-eagles-call-up/|accessdate=30 August 2024|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Akindele|first=Rotimi|date=10 March 2024|title=Super Eagles: Rising Star Benjamin Tanimu joins the fold|url=https://www.afrik-foot.com/en-ng/super-eagles-rising-star-benjamin-tanimu|accessdate=30 August 2024|work=afrik-foot.com}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya maka Naijiria na 22 Machị, malite na mmeri 2-1 megide Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Abiola|first=Raphael|date=22 March 2024|title=Finidi Goerge Rates Tanimu's Performance in Nigeria's Win Over Ghana in Morocco|url=https://sportsbrief.com/football/61654-finidi-george-rates-benjamin-tanimus-performance-nigerias-win-ghana-morocco/|accessdate=30 August 2024|work=sportsbrief.com}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="7" |Bendel Insurance |2018 |Njikọ Mba Naịjirịa | colspan="10" |''Enweghị data dị ugbu a'' |- |2019 |Njikọ Ndị Ọkachamara Naịjirịa |15 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |15 |0 |- |2019–20 |Njikọ Mba Naịjirịa | colspan="10" |''Enweghị data dị ugbu a'' |- |2020–21 |Njikọ Mba Naịjirịa | colspan="10" |''Enweghị data dị ugbu a'' |- |2021–22 |Njikọ Mba Naịjirịa | colspan="10" |''Enweghị data dị ugbu a'' |- |2022–23 |Njikọ Ndị Ọkachamara Naịjirịa |21 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |21 |0 |- |2023–24 |Njikọ Premier nke Nigeria |19 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4[b] |0 |23 |2 |- |Ihefu |2023–24 |Njikọ Premier nke Tanzania |11 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |11 |0 |- |Obodo Crawley |2024–25 |Njikọ nke Mbụ |7 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |1[c] |0 |10 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !73 !2 !2 !0 !0 !0 !5 !0 !80 !2 |}  [[w:updated|match played 10 June 2024]]<ref name="NFT">{{NFT player |id=94339 |name=Benjamin Tanimu |access-date=11 June 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2024 |3 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !3 !0 |} == Nsọpụrụ == * Njikọ Mba Naịjirịa: 2021-22 * Iko Mba Naịjirịa: 2023 <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8f5k0l3ucin9i2cd6ocjsrt6w05aqdk 0 75454 672505 637956 2026-07-04T21:46:42Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */ 672505 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isiaka Olawale''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Isiaka Olawale.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 11 Nọvemba 1983) bụ onye egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] Naijiria. Ọ na-egwuri egwu ugbu a maka Dolphins F.C.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1324:-kwara-united-dolphins-aim-high-as-league-begins&catid=24:sports-news&Itemid=112|title=Kwara United, Dolphins aim high as league begins|accessdate=23 September 2009|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Na 25 January 2012, mgbe mkparịta ụka dị ogologo gasịrị, Dolphins na Kwara United mesịrị kwenye na ego maka ịnyefe onye ọkpọ egwuregwu, Isiaka Olawale, na ndị mmeri nke otu.[1] Olawale bido wee nye goolu mbụ ya n'ụkwụ nke abụọ nke asọmpi CAF [[w:|Champions League nke afọ 2012 ]]megide [[w:|CD Elá Nguema]] == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Ọ gbara bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Naịjirịa na otu egwuregwu bekee mba Naịjarịa. == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] aigkprpe0z8ks3hnrp8jgknyaso9hc9 672506 672505 2026-07-04T21:48:46Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Akụkọ ihe mere eme */ 672506 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isiaka Olawale''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Isiaka Olawale.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 11 Nọvemba 1983) bụ onye egwuregwu [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] Naijiria. Ọ na-egwuri egwu ugbu a maka Dolphins F.C.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://sunday.dailytrust.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1324:-kwara-united-dolphins-aim-high-as-league-begins&catid=24:sports-news&Itemid=112|title=Kwara United, Dolphins aim high as league begins|accessdate=23 September 2009|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Na 25 January 2012, mgbe mkparịta ụka dị ogologo gasịrị, Dolphins na Kwara United mesịrị kwenye na ego maka ịnyefe onye ọkpọ egwuregwu, Isiaka Olawale, na ndị mmeri nke otu.[1] Olawale bido wee nye goolu mbụ ya n'ụkwụ nke abụọ nke asọmpi CAF Champions League nke afọ 2012 megide CD Elá Nguema == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Ọ gbara bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Naịjirịa na otu egwuregwu bekee mba Naịjarịa. == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3q8t6l176ynh05qvsfqwe72u6eubev1 0 75456 672494 632673 2026-07-04T21:30:04Z Johnnybam 24488 672494 wikitext text/x-wiki N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2015, ọ sonyeere klọb Moroccan Raja Casablanca . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionafrica.com/nigerias-michael-babatunde-joins-raja-casablanca/|title=Nigeria's Michael Babatunde joins Raja Casablanca|work=Television Africa|date=}}</ref> Na 31 Mee 2016, Babatunde sonyeere Qatar SC na Qatar Stars League . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36417827|title=Babatunde joins relegated Qatar SC|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, Babatunde laghachiri Morocco iji sonye na Wydad AC . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/michael-babatunde-seals-wydad-casablanca-move/1xojwe9n05iu515h9w6yqpqyju|title=Michael Babatunde seals Wydad Casablanca move|work=Goal.com|date=6 February 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Babatunde bụ onye egwuregwu mba Naijiria na-agba egwu ugboro ugboro, na-agbara Nigeria egwu na iko mba ụwa nke 2013 na asọmpi Iko Mbaụwa nke 2014 na Brazil. == Nsọpụrụ == '''Qatar SC''' * Nkewa nke Abụọ nke Qatar: 2016-17 * Botola: 2018-192018–19 * Onye nke abụọ na CAF Champions League: 2018-192018–19 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4v0x0kjx894kphdxy6cpt9lpe1jih9c 672495 672494 2026-07-04T21:32:47Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Njikọ mpụga */ 672495 wikitext text/x-wiki N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2015, ọ sonyeere klọb Moroccan Raja Casablanca . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionafrica.com/nigerias-michael-babatunde-joins-raja-casablanca/|title=Nigeria's Michael Babatunde joins Raja Casablanca|work=Television Africa|date=}}</ref> Na 31 Mee 2016, Babatunde sonyeere Qatar SC na Qatar Stars League . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36417827|title=Babatunde joins relegated Qatar SC|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, Babatunde laghachiri Morocco iji sonye na Wydad AC . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/michael-babatunde-seals-wydad-casablanca-move/1xojwe9n05iu515h9w6yqpqyju|title=Michael Babatunde seals Wydad Casablanca move|work=Goal.com|date=6 February 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Babatunde bụ onye egwuregwu mba Naijiria na-agba egwu ugboro ugboro, na-agbara Nigeria egwu na iko mba ụwa nke 2013 na asọmpi Iko Mbaụwa nke 2014 na Brazil. == Nsọpụrụ == '''Qatar SC''' * Nkewa nke Abụọ nke Qatar: 2016-17 * Botola: 2018-192018–19 * Onye nke abụọ na CAF Champions League: 2018-192018–19 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[w:Nigeria squad 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup]] [[w:Nigeria squad 2014 FIFA World Cup]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] cqbdqmuqac2vkkhmeib2asp6p3vwsic 672496 672495 2026-07-04T21:33:37Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Njikọ mpụga */ 672496 wikitext text/x-wiki N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2015, ọ sonyeere klọb Moroccan Raja Casablanca . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionafrica.com/nigerias-michael-babatunde-joins-raja-casablanca/|title=Nigeria's Michael Babatunde joins Raja Casablanca|work=Television Africa|date=}}</ref> Na 31 Mee 2016, Babatunde sonyeere Qatar SC na Qatar Stars League . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36417827|title=Babatunde joins relegated Qatar SC|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, Babatunde laghachiri Morocco iji sonye na Wydad AC . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/michael-babatunde-seals-wydad-casablanca-move/1xojwe9n05iu515h9w6yqpqyju|title=Michael Babatunde seals Wydad Casablanca move|work=Goal.com|date=6 February 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Babatunde bụ onye egwuregwu mba Naijiria na-agba egwu ugboro ugboro, na-agbara Nigeria egwu na iko mba ụwa nke 2013 na asọmpi Iko Mbaụwa nke 2014 na Brazil. == Nsọpụrụ == '''Qatar SC''' * Nkewa nke Abụọ nke Qatar: 2016-17 * Botola: 2018-192018–19 * Onye nke abụọ na CAF Champions League: 2018-192018–19 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[w:|Nigeria squad 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup]] [[w:|Nigeria squad 2014 FIFA World Cup]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bneu62uizr65f4tk4cxudxmvndc77um 672497 672496 2026-07-04T21:35:02Z Johnnybam 24488 672497 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Babatunde'''(N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2015) ọ sonyeere klọb Moroccan Raja Casablanca . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionafrica.com/nigerias-michael-babatunde-joins-raja-casablanca/|title=Nigeria's Michael Babatunde joins Raja Casablanca|work=Television Africa|date=}}</ref> Na 31 Mee 2016, Babatunde sonyeere Qatar SC na Qatar Stars League . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36417827|title=Babatunde joins relegated Qatar SC|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, Babatunde laghachiri Morocco iji sonye na Wydad AC . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/michael-babatunde-seals-wydad-casablanca-move/1xojwe9n05iu515h9w6yqpqyju|title=Michael Babatunde seals Wydad Casablanca move|work=Goal.com|date=6 February 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Babatunde bụ onye egwuregwu mba Naijiria na-agba egwu ugboro ugboro, na-agbara Nigeria egwu na iko mba ụwa nke 2013 na asọmpi Iko Mbaụwa nke 2014 na Brazil. == Nsọpụrụ == '''Qatar SC''' * Nkewa nke Abụọ nke Qatar: 2016-17 * Botola: 2018-192018–19 * Onye nke abụọ na CAF Champions League: 2018-192018–19 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[w:|Nigeria squad 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup]] [[w:|Nigeria squad 2014 FIFA World Cup]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kyw8tfn6r63eko87x8ltin5d36zd3wv 672498 672497 2026-07-04T21:35:34Z Johnnybam 24488 672498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Babatunde''' (N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2015) ọ sonyeere klọb Moroccan Raja Casablanca . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionafrica.com/nigerias-michael-babatunde-joins-raja-casablanca/|title=Nigeria's Michael Babatunde joins Raja Casablanca|work=Television Africa|date=}}</ref> Na 31 Mee 2016, Babatunde sonyeere Qatar SC na Qatar Stars League . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36417827|title=Babatunde joins relegated Qatar SC|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, Babatunde laghachiri Morocco iji sonye na Wydad AC . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/michael-babatunde-seals-wydad-casablanca-move/1xojwe9n05iu515h9w6yqpqyju|title=Michael Babatunde seals Wydad Casablanca move|work=Goal.com|date=6 February 2018}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Babatunde bụ onye egwuregwu mba Naijiria na-agba egwu ugboro ugboro, na-agbara Nigeria egwu na iko mba ụwa nke 2013 na asọmpi Iko Mbaụwa nke 2014 na Brazil. == Nsọpụrụ == '''Qatar SC''' * Nkewa nke Abụọ nke Qatar: 2016-17 * Botola: 2018-192018–19 * Onye nke abụọ na CAF Champions League: 2018-192018–19 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[w:|Nigeria squad 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup]] [[w:|Nigeria squad 2014 FIFA World Cup]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8unjtcxdjmddtkdydw9g76fno5bwqnc 672503 672498 2026-07-04T21:44:02Z Johnnybam 24488 672503 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michael Babatunde''' (onye a mụrụ n'ụbọchị iri abụọ na anọ nke ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1992) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ si Naịjirịa nke na-agba bọọlụ n'ọnọdụ onye na-agba n'etiti ọgbọ egwuregwu (midfielder).<ref name="soccerway">{{Soccerway|179904}}</ref> ==Ọrụ klọb == N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2015 ọ sonyeere klọb Moroccan Raja Casablanca . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.televisionafrica.com/nigerias-michael-babatunde-joins-raja-casablanca/|title=Nigeria's Michael Babatunde joins Raja Casablanca|work=Television Africa|date=}}</ref> Na 31 Mee 2016, Babatunde sonyeere Qatar SC na Qatar Stars League . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36417827|title=Babatunde joins relegated Qatar SC|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> N'afọ 2018, Babatunde laghachiri Morocco iji sonye na Wydad AC . {{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/michael-babatunde-seals-wydad-casablanca-move/1xojwe9n05iu515h9w6yqpqyju|title=Michael Babatunde seals Wydad Casablanca move|work=Goal.com|date=6 February 2018}} == Ọrụ mba ụwa== Babatunde bụ onye egwuregwu mba Naijiria na-agba egwu ugboro ugboro, na-agbara Nigeria egwu na iko mba ụwa nke 2013 na asọmpi Iko Mbaụwa nke 2014 na Brazil. == Nsọpụrụ == '''Qatar SC''' * Nkewa nke Abụọ nke Qatar: 2016-17 * Botola: 2018-192018–19 * Onye nke abụọ na CAF Champions League: 2018-192018–19 == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[w:|Nigeria squad 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup]] [[w:|Nigeria squad 2014 FIFA World Cup]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] camx3vmri9cn7595c7z8boj6mlk82ld 0 75466 672493 654168 2026-07-04T21:29:10Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Klọb */ 672493 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Denis Nya''' {{Audio|Ig-Denis Nya.ogg|listen}} (amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1996) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agbachitere otu NPFL, Akwa United.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/npfl-final-games-crucial-says-akwas-nya/|title=NPFL: Final games crucial, says Akwa’s Nya|work=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/dennis-nya-not-surprised-by-akwa-united-league-resurgence/1bbrzye656vz11nkfs4c4uahhm|title=Dennis Nya not surprised by Akwa United league resurgence {{!}} Goal.com|work=www.goal.com|language=en|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ ya na [[Calabar]], Naịjirịa, Nya bụ nwa amaala nke Ini Local Government Area nke Akwa Ibom State. == Ọrụ klọb == Nya malitere ọrụ bọọlụ ya na 2011 n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ntorobịa dị na Calabar na ọgbakọ ọgbakọ mba Naijiria, Canaan United, nke onye bụbu onye egwuregwu Super Eagles, John Okon Ene na-achị. Mgbe ọ nọ na Canaan United, ọ nọchitere anya Cross River State na asọmpi egwuregwu ụmụ nwoke na Lagos 2012 National Sports Festival wee nweta ọlaọcha. Ọ sonyeere Ekiti United, otu ndị otu Naijiria National League n'oge 2013–14 Nigeria National League iji kwalite mmepe ya. Ọ gbatịkwara ọnụnọ ya na Ekiti United F.C. ruo na njedebe nke oge 2014-15. Na mmalite nke oge 2015–16, Nya bịanyere aka na Lobi Stars nke Nigeria. Na oge mbụ ya na ụlọ ịgba egwu Makurdi, ọ gbara na 2016 Benue State FA Cup ikpeazụ megide Dreams FC. N'afọ sochirinụ, o si ebe ahụ gbata goolu mbụ ya iji nyere Lobi Stars aka imeri Akwa United 2–1, n'agba nke iri na isii n'asọmpi Aper Aku. N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2017, Nya mechara si Lobi Stars gaa Akwa United ma ndị isi klọb kpughere ya na ndị egwuregwu ọhụrụ 15 na Godswill Akpabio International Stadium na Satọdee, 6 Jenụwarị 2018.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://234football.com/2018/01/06/akwa-united-present-new-signings/|title=Akwa United present new signings|work=234football.com|accessdate=21 April 2019}}</ref> Nya gbara bọọlụ na nke mbụ ya maka Akwa United n'ụbọchị mmeghe nke oge NPFL nke 2017-18 megide Enugu Rangers na [[Uyo]], iji hụ na Promise Keepers dere mmeri 2-0 na Enugu Rangors - mmeri mbụ ha na Flying Antelopes n'ime oge atọ. Ọ gbara goolu nke abụọ nke egwuregwu ahụ nkeji iri abụọ na ọkara nke abụọ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/kester-nya-ayagwa-in-dream-debut-for-clubs.html/|title=Kester, Nya and Ayagwa in dream debut for clubs|accessdate=21 April 2019|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref> Nya gbara goolu nke abụọ ya n'oge ahụ na Confluence Stadium na [[Lokoja]], dịka Akwa United meriri Niger Tornadoes 2-1 .<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.completesports.com/npfl-champions-plateau-go-top-akwa-stun-tornadoes-mfm-rangers-kwara-win/|title=NPFL: Champions Plateau Go Top, Akwa Stun Tornadoes; MFM, Rangers, Kwara Win - Complete Sports Nigeria|author=Usenekong|first=Gold|date=24 January 2018|work=[[Complete Sports]]|language=en-US|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sportlineng.com/2018/01/25/akwa-utd-defeat-host-niger-tornadoes-lokoja/|title=Akwa United defeat host Niger Tornadoes in Lokoja|work=Sportlineng.com|accessdate=21 April 2019}}</ref> Nya gbara goolu nke atọ ya na 2017-18 Nigeria Professional Football League maka Akwa United na mmeri 2-1 n'ụlọ [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]] na egwuregwu a haziri ahazi na Godswill Akpabio International Stadium. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/dennis-nya-not-surprised-by-akwa-united-league-resurgence/1bbrzye656vz11nkfs4c4uahhm|title=Dennis Nya not surprised by Akwa United league resurgence {{!}} Goal.com|work=www.goal.com|language=en|accessdate=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.completesports.com/npfl-akwa-united-outscore-enyimba-in-uyo/amp/|title=NPFL: Akwa United outscore Enyimba in Uyo|accessdate=27 January 2019|work=[[Complete Sports]]}}</ref> During Akwa United's 2018 CAF Confederation Cup campaign, Nya played all six games and scored a goal for the 2015 and 2017 Aiteo Cup winner, before they were eliminated by Al-Hilal Club of Sudan in the Round of 32. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Na Wednesday, 29 May 2019, Nya [[Dana Air|Mmiri Dana]] Air Akwa United Player maka ọnwa Eprel, na-esote arụmọrụ ya dị ịrịba ama maka Promise Keepers na mmeri NPFL n'ụlọ 2018-19 megide Gombe United na Kano Pillars na mmeri 3-0 na Plateau United.<ref name="Esther Egbe">{{Cite news|url=https://nationaldailyng.com/akwa-united-defender-wins-dana-air-player-of-the-month/|title=Akwa United defender wins Dana Air Player of the Month|accessdate=6 June 2019|work=National Daily}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Nya gara n'ihu site na nyocha nke Onye nkuzi Manu Garba mere maka ndị egwuregwu na-erubeghị afọ iri na asaa na U. J. Esuene Stadium na Calabar, mgbe Morocco 2013 CAF Under-17 Championship na July 2013. Ọ gbara bọọlụ maka ndị otu na-erubeghị afọ iri na asaa na mmeri 1-0 ha meriri ndị otu Akwa United na egwuregwu nkwadebe nke World Cup na Uzo Township Stadium na Wednesday, 28 August 2013. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.futaa.com/ng/article/69012/veteran-coach-counsels-golden-eagletsa-coaches|title=Veteran coach counsels Golden Eaglets|work=Futaa.com|accessdate=21 April 2019}}</ref> N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2013, a kpọrọ aha ya na ndị otu Golden Eaglets nke mmadụ iri abụọ na otu maka UAE 2013 FIFA Under-17 World Cup, mana ọ pụtaghị na egwuregwu ọ bụla, ka ndị otu ahụ gara n'ihu iji nweta aha nke anọ ha.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4093/nigerian-football/2013/10/03/4308805/nigeria-announce-21-man-squad-for-fifa-u17-world-cup|title=Veteran coach counsels Golden Eaglets|work=Goal.com|accessdate=21 April 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/24874527|title=Nigeria win Under-17 World Cup|work=BBC.com|accessdate=21 April 2019}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === ''Ihe mgbaru ọsọ ọkachamara''[[w:Updated|24 April 2019]] {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:80%;" !Mba !Ụbọchị !Ebe a na-anọ !Ìgwè !Onye mmegide !Ihe ruru !Nsonaazụ !Ịsọ mpi |- |1. |30 Machị 2017 |Aper Aku Stadium, [[Makurdi]], Nigeria[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] |Kpakpando Lobi |Akwa United | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |2–1 |2016-17 NPFL Ụbọchị 16 |- |2. |14 Jenụwarị 2018 |Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, [[Uyo]], Nigeria[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] |Akwa United |[[Rangers International F.C.|Ndị Enugu Rangers]] | align="center" |2–0 | align="center" |2–0 |2017-18 NPFL Egwuregwu 1 |- |3. |25 Jenụwarị 2018 |Confluence Stadium, [[Lokoja]], Nigeria[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] |Akwa United |Oké Ifufe Naịjirịa | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |2017-18 NPFL Egwuregwu ụbọchị 4 |- |4. |18 Eprel 2018 |Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, [[Uyo]], Nigeria[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] |Akwa United |Klọb Al-Hilal | align="center" |1–1 | align="center" |3–1 |2018 CAF Confederation Cup, Round nke 32 |- |5. |30 Mee 2018 |Godswill Akpabio International Stadium, [[Uyo]], Nigeria[[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] |Akwa United |[[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]] | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |2–1 |2017-18 NPFL Egwuregwu ụbọchị 20 |} == Nsọpụrụ == === Mba Nile === * '''FIFA U-17 World Cup''' ** UAE 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup :: '''Onye mmeri''' Naịjirịa U-17 === Mba === * '''Ememme Egwuregwu Mba''' ** Lagos 2012 National Sports Festival ihe omume bọọlụ ụmụ nwoke :: '''Ndị na-agba ọsọ''' Cross River State[[Ȯra Cross River|Steeti Cross River]] === Onye ọ bụla === ** Dana Air / Akwa United Player of the Month :: '''Onye mmeri''' Eprel 2019 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] qrtlbczhv2me0ahbogq5mmqmjgx8hxc 0 75490 672492 638392 2026-07-04T21:26:44Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ */ 672492 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omar Rekik''' (Arabic; amụrụ na 20 Disemba 2001) bụ [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-azụ azụ maka klọb PrvaLiga nke Slovenia bụ Maribor . A mụrụ ya na Netherlands, ọ na-anọchite anya otu mba Tunisia. == Oge ọ malitere == Born in Helmond, Netherlands<ref name=":3" /> to a Tunisian father and a Dutch mother,<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=Jerbi|first=Rania|date=27 May 2021|title=Equipe nationale –Tunisie: Omar Rekik officiellement " Aigle de Carthage "|url=https://africafootunited.com/equipe-nationale-tunisie-omar-rekik-officiellement-aigle-de-carthage/|accessdate=16 June 2021|work=Africa Foot United|language=fr-FR|archivedate=12 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210612225042/https://africafootunited.com/equipe-nationale-tunisie-omar-rekik-officiellement-aigle-de-carthage/}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Jerbi|first=Rania|date=31 May 2021|title=Tunisie: Karim Rekik sur les traces de son frère Omar ?|url=https://africafootunited.com/tunisie-karim-rekik-sur-les-traces-de-son-frere-omar/|accessdate=15 June 2021|work=Africa Foot United|language=fr-FR|archivedate=23 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623092749/https://africafootunited.com/tunisie-karim-rekik-sur-les-traces-de-son-frere-omar/}}</ref> Rekik was part of several big European clubs during his youth career, following his brother Karim from Feyenoord to Manchester City, then PSV and Marseille, before joining Hertha Berlin in 2017.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=18 October 2018|title=Omar Rekik: talento tunisino classe 2001|url=https://www.worldfootballscouting.com/scheda-giocatore/omar-rekik-talento-tunisino-classe-2001/|accessdate=15 June 2021|work=World Football Scouting|language=it-IT}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|author=Rault|first=Mathieu|date=19 November 2020|title=Arsenal veut l'ancien Marseillais Omar Rekik|url=https://www.footmercato.net/a9202567754292505247-arsenal-veut-lancien-marseillais-omar-rekik|accessdate=15 June 2021|work=Foot Mercato|language=fr}}</ref> However, their careers eventually split during the 2020–21 season, as Omar was transferred from the Bundesliga side to Arsenal in January 2021,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Omar Rekik signs professional contract|url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/omar-rekik-signs-professional-contract|accessdate=15 June 2021|work=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=7 January 2021|title=Arsenal sign Omar Rekik|url=https://www.besoccer.com/new/arsenal-sign-omar-rekik-936923|accessdate=15 June 2021|work=BeSoccer|archivedate=24 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200910/https://www.besoccer.com/new/arsenal-sign-omar-rekik-936923}}</ref> while Karim joined Spanish side Sevilla a few months earlier.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> == Ọrụ klọb == Na 31 Jenụwarị 2023, Rekik sonyeere Wigan Athletic nke asọmpi EFL na mbinye ego ruo na njedebe nke oge. Na 1 Septemba 2023, ọ laghachiri na Wigan Athletic nke EFL League One na nkwekọrịta mbinye ego obere oge ruo Jenụwarị 2024. N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2024, Rekik kwagara na mgbazinye ego ọhụrụ na Servette na Switzerland, yana nhọrọ ịzụta. <ref>{{Cite web|work=Servette FC|url=https://servettefc.ch/omar-rekik-rejoint-les-grenat/|title=Omar Rekik rejoint les Grenat|date=2 February 2024|accessdate=3 February 2024|language=fr}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Ọ bụ ezie na nwanne ya nwoke bụ Karim bụ onye isi ndị otu mba Netherlands, a họpụtara Omar nke mbụ maka ndị egwuregwu Tunisia n'okpuru-21 na October 2018, mgbe ọ dị nanị afọ 16, [1] tupu ọ banye na Netherlands n'okpuru-18 otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị. Rekik mechara kpebie isonyere Ndị otu mba Tunisia na Mee 2021, ebe Mondher Kebaier họpụtara ya na ndị egwuregwu ndị ọzọ na-eto eto dịka Hannibal Mejbri.<ref name=":4"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=30 May 2021|title=Cérémonie de présentation des deux néo-internationaux, Hannibal Mejbri et Omar Rekik|url=https://www.mosaiquefm.net/fr/video/602996/ceremonie-de-presentation-des-deux-neo-internationaux-hannibal-mejbri-et-omar-rekik|accessdate=16 June 2021|work=[[Mosaïque FM]]|language=fr}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa na 15 June 2021, Mali dị ka onye na-agba bọọlụ n'etiti na mmeri enyi na enyi 1-0 megide Mali.<ref>{{Cite web|date=15 June 2021|title=Amical: Formation rentrante de la Tunisie face au Mali|url=https://www.kawarji.com/actu-66449-amical-formation-rentrante-de-la-tunisie-face-au-mali.html|accessdate=15 June 2021|work=kawarji.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=15 June 2021|title=Amical, Tunisie –Mali : La victoire et c'est tout pour les Aigles de Carthage {{!}} Africa Foot United|url=https://africafootunited.com/amical-tunisie-mali-la-victoire-et-cest-tout-pour-les-aigles-de-carthage/|accessdate=15 June 2021|work=africafootunited.com|language=fr-FR|archivedate=1 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801141842/https://africafootunited.com/amical-tunisie-mali-la-victoire-et-cest-tout-pour-les-aigles-de-carthage/}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w:updated|22 January 2024]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Hertha BSC nke Abụọ |2020–21 |Regionalliga Nordost |8 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |1 |- | rowspan="4" |Ngwá Agha |2020–21 |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- |2022–23 |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !0 !0 !0 !0 |- |Arsenal U23 |2021–22 | colspan="3" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2[a] |0 |2 |0 |- |Sparta Rotterdam (onye a gbazitere) |2022–23 |Eredivisie |6 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |6 |0 |- |Wigan Athletic (nke a gbazinyere) |2022–23 |Mmeri |11 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |0 |- |Wigan Athletic (nke a gbazinyere) |2023–24 |Njikọ nke Mbụ |10 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2[a] |0 |14 |0 |- |Ihe a na-ejere ozi |2023–24 |Njikọ Super Switzerland |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !35 !1 !2 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !4 !0 !41 !1 |} == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mia35q3e5224lfcpvv2pb1wpv0zs8el 0 75492 672490 637964 2026-07-04T21:20:49Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ */ 672490 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Macauley Chrisantus''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1990) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke ikpeazụ ya gbara bọọlụ dị ka onye na-agbachitere Lynx. == Ọrụ == A mụrụ ya na [[Abuja]], Chrisantus sonyeere Hamburger SV na 2007 site na Abuja,<ref name="skysports">{{Cite news|title=Hamburg beat Prem giants to starlet|url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_2880151,00.html|work=[[Sky Sports]]|date=13 November 2007|accessdate=12 June 2009}}</ref> mgbe ọ dọtara onyinye site na ọtụtụ nnukwu klọb Europe, ma eleghị anya n'ihi enyemaka ya na mmeri nke World Junior Cup nke Naịjirịa n'afọ ahụ dị ka onye kacha gbaa goolu na onye nke abụọ kacha mma na asọmpi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Offers pour in for Chrisantus|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/7000947.stm|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=18 September 2007|accessdate=12 June 2009|first=Ibrahim|author=Sannie}}</ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2009, a gbazinyere ya Karlsruher SC maka oge 2009-10, mana na 15 Eprel 2010, KSC gbatịkwuru nkwekọrịta mgbazinye maka afọ ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kicker.de/chrisantus-bleibt-badener-523692/artikel|title=Chrisantus bleibt Badener|language=de|publisher=[[Kicker (magazine)|Kicker]]|accessdate=7 August 2011|date=15 April 2010}}</ref> Na 21 Julaị 2014, Chrisantus bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na otu Turkish Süper Lig Sivasspor mgbe afọ abụọ ya gara nke ọma na Las Palmas na Spain. Na Jenụwarị 2015, Chrisantus bịanyere aka na ụlọ ọgbakọ Greek AEK Athens na nkwekọrịta ọnwa 18 yana nhọrọ nke afọ abụọ ọzọ dabere na arụmọrụ. Na 4 October 2015, na agba nke isii nke Greek Super League na nkeji asatọ fọdụrụ, o meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya na mmeri megide Atromitos mgbe ọ bịarutere dị ka onye nnọchi. Mgbe ejikọtara ya na nkwupụta nwere ike ịhapụ ya na Jenụwarị, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ na njedebe nke oge, ka nkwekọrịta ya agwụla. Na 6 Julaị 2016, Chrisantus bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta otu afọ na Reus Deportiu, laghachi Spain afọ abụọ mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Las Palmas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cfreusdeportiu.com/2016/07/06/macauley-chrisantus-aterra-divendres-a-lestadi/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160713082859/http://cfreusdeportiu.com/2016/07/06/macauley-chrisantus-aterra-divendres-a-lestadi/|archivedate=13 July 2016|title=Macauley Chrisantus aterra dijous a l'Estadi|publisher=CF Reus Deportiu|language=ca|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=7 July 2016}}</ref> Na 12 Septemba 2017 ọ laghachiri na Super League wee sonye n'akụkụ ọhụrụ a na-akwalite Lamia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Lamia/epishmo-sth-lamia-ntakol-kai-krisantoys.4841474.html|title=Επίσημο: Στη Λαμία Ντακόλ και Κρισάντους|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=11 September 2017|accessdate=12 December 2017|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143121/http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Lamia/epishmo-sth-lamia-ntakol-kai-krisantoys.4841474.html}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, na 12 Disemba 2017, mgbe ọ gbasịrị naanị egwuregwu abụọ, ọ gbasara nkwekọrịta ya na klọb ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Lamia/telos-o-krisantoys-ap-th-lamia.4982733.html|title=Τέλος ο Κρισάντους απ' τη Λαμία|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=12 December 2017|accessdate=12 December 2017|archivedate=15 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215060912/http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Lamia/telos-o-krisantoys-ap-th-lamia.4982733.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Chrisantus nọchitere anya Naịjirịa U17, ọ bụkwa onye kacha gbaa goolu na 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup na Korea na goolu asaa, e nyekwara ya Adidas Silver Ball. O ji ụkwụ aka nri ya gbaa goolu asaa niile.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Careers after Korea|url=https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=1005792.html|publisher=[[FIFA]]|date=28 January 2009|accessdate=12 June 2009}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w|updated|match played 15 January 2018]]<ref>{{cite web |title=M. Chrisantus |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/macauley-chrisantus/39464/ |work=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko Mba ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Hamburg nke Abụọ |2007–08 |Regionalliga Nord |12 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |12 |4 |- | rowspan="3" |Karlsruher SC (onye a gbazinyere) |2009–10 | rowspan="2" |2. Bundesliga |25 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |26 |3 |- |2010–11 |22 |8 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |22 |8 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !47 !11 !1 !0 !0 !0 !48 !11 |- |FSV Frankfurt (ụgwọ) |2011–12 |2. Bundesliga |26 |8 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |27 |8 |- | rowspan="3" |Las Palmas |2012–13 | rowspan="2" |Nkewa nke Abụọ |42 |12 |5 |1 | colspan="2" | - |47 |13 |- |2013–14 |25 |8 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - |28 |9 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !67 !20 !8 !2 !0 !0 !75 !22 |- |Sivasspor |2014–15 |Süper Lig |8 |1 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |12 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |AEK Athens |2014–15 |Njikọ bọọlụ |16 |6 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |17 |6 |- |2015–16 |Njikọ Super Gris |8 |1 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |10 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !24 !7 !3 !1 !0 !0 !27 !8 |- |Reus Deportiu |2016–17 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |9 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- |Lamia |2017–18 |Njikọ Super Gris |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !193 !51 !19 !3 !0 !0 !212 !54 |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''AEK Athens''' * Njikọ bọọlụ: 2014-15 South Group2014-15 Ndịda * Iko mba Gris: 2015-162015–16 '''Naịjirịa U17''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2007 '''Onye ọ bụla''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup Golden Shoe: 2007 * FIFA U-17 World Cup Silver Ball: 2007 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ewoeirq0d3vtrkyomqt1to6hrkgqdcl 672491 672490 2026-07-04T21:21:34Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ */ 672491 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Macauley Chrisantus''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1990) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke ikpeazụ ya gbara bọọlụ dị ka onye na-agbachitere Lynx. == Ọrụ == A mụrụ ya na [[Abuja]], Chrisantus sonyeere Hamburger SV na 2007 site na Abuja,<ref name="skysports">{{Cite news|title=Hamburg beat Prem giants to starlet|url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11661_2880151,00.html|work=[[Sky Sports]]|date=13 November 2007|accessdate=12 June 2009}}</ref> mgbe ọ dọtara onyinye site na ọtụtụ nnukwu klọb Europe, ma eleghị anya n'ihi enyemaka ya na mmeri nke World Junior Cup nke Naịjirịa n'afọ ahụ dị ka onye kacha gbaa goolu na onye nke abụọ kacha mma na asọmpi ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Offers pour in for Chrisantus|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/7000947.stm|work=[[BBC Sport]]|date=18 September 2007|accessdate=12 June 2009|first=Ibrahim|author=Sannie}}</ref> N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2009, a gbazinyere ya Karlsruher SC maka oge 2009-10, mana na 15 Eprel 2010, KSC gbatịkwuru nkwekọrịta mgbazinye maka afọ ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kicker.de/chrisantus-bleibt-badener-523692/artikel|title=Chrisantus bleibt Badener|language=de|publisher=[[Kicker (magazine)|Kicker]]|accessdate=7 August 2011|date=15 April 2010}}</ref> Na 21 Julaị 2014, Chrisantus bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na otu Turkish Süper Lig Sivasspor mgbe afọ abụọ ya gara nke ọma na Las Palmas na Spain. Na Jenụwarị 2015, Chrisantus bịanyere aka na ụlọ ọgbakọ Greek AEK Athens na nkwekọrịta ọnwa 18 yana nhọrọ nke afọ abụọ ọzọ dabere na arụmọrụ. Na 4 October 2015, na agba nke isii nke Greek Super League na nkeji asatọ fọdụrụ, o meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ mbụ ya na mmeri megide Atromitos mgbe ọ bịarutere dị ka onye nnọchi. Mgbe ejikọtara ya na nkwupụta nwere ike ịhapụ ya na Jenụwarị, ọ hapụrụ ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ na njedebe nke oge, ka nkwekọrịta ya agwụla. Na 6 Julaị 2016, Chrisantus bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta otu afọ na Reus Deportiu, laghachi Spain afọ abụọ mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Las Palmas.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://cfreusdeportiu.com/2016/07/06/macauley-chrisantus-aterra-divendres-a-lestadi/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160713082859/http://cfreusdeportiu.com/2016/07/06/macauley-chrisantus-aterra-divendres-a-lestadi/|archivedate=13 July 2016|title=Macauley Chrisantus aterra dijous a l'Estadi|publisher=CF Reus Deportiu|language=ca|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=7 July 2016}}</ref> Na 12 Septemba 2017 ọ laghachiri na Super League wee sonye n'akụkụ ọhụrụ a na-akwalite Lamia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Lamia/epishmo-sth-lamia-ntakol-kai-krisantoys.4841474.html|title=Επίσημο: Στη Λαμία Ντακόλ και Κρισάντους|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=11 September 2017|accessdate=12 December 2017|archivedate=12 June 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143121/http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Lamia/epishmo-sth-lamia-ntakol-kai-krisantoys.4841474.html}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, na 12 Disemba 2017, mgbe ọ gbasịrị naanị egwuregwu abụọ, ọ gbasara nkwekọrịta ya na klọb ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Lamia/telos-o-krisantoys-ap-th-lamia.4982733.html|title=Τέλος ο Κρισάντους απ' τη Λαμία|publisher=www.sport24.gr|date=12 December 2017|accessdate=12 December 2017|archivedate=15 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171215060912/http://www.sport24.gr/football/omades/Lamia/telos-o-krisantoys-ap-th-lamia.4982733.html}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Chrisantus nọchitere anya Naịjirịa U17, ọ bụkwa onye kacha gbaa goolu na 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup na Korea na goolu asaa, e nyekwara ya Adidas Silver Ball. O ji ụkwụ aka nri ya gbaa goolu asaa niile.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Careers after Korea|url=https://www.fifa.com/newscentre/news/newsid=1005792.html|publisher=[[FIFA]]|date=28 January 2009|accessdate=12 June 2009}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w:updated|match played 15 January 2018]] <ref>{{cite web |title=M. Chrisantus |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/macauley-chrisantus/39464/ |work=Soccerway |publisher=Perform Group |access-date=16 January 2018}}</ref>}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko Mba ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Hamburg nke Abụọ |2007–08 |Regionalliga Nord |12 |4 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |12 |4 |- | rowspan="3" |Karlsruher SC (onye a gbazinyere) |2009–10 | rowspan="2" |2. Bundesliga |25 |3 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |26 |3 |- |2010–11 |22 |8 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |22 |8 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !47 !11 !1 !0 !0 !0 !48 !11 |- |FSV Frankfurt (ụgwọ) |2011–12 |2. Bundesliga |26 |8 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |27 |8 |- | rowspan="3" |Las Palmas |2012–13 | rowspan="2" |Nkewa nke Abụọ |42 |12 |5 |1 | colspan="2" | - |47 |13 |- |2013–14 |25 |8 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - |28 |9 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !67 !20 !8 !2 !0 !0 !75 !22 |- |Sivasspor |2014–15 |Süper Lig |8 |1 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |12 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |AEK Athens |2014–15 |Njikọ bọọlụ |16 |6 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |17 |6 |- |2015–16 |Njikọ Super Gris |8 |1 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |10 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !24 !7 !3 !1 !0 !0 !27 !8 |- |Reus Deportiu |2016–17 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |9 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- |Lamia |2017–18 |Njikọ Super Gris |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !193 !51 !19 !3 !0 !0 !212 !54 |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''AEK Athens''' * Njikọ bọọlụ: 2014-15 South Group2014-15 Ndịda * Iko mba Gris: 2015-162015–16 '''Naịjirịa U17''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2007 '''Onye ọ bụla''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup Golden Shoe: 2007 * FIFA U-17 World Cup Silver Ball: 2007 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tcvcqage3lxzi0c0wr3m9stmhjchlri 0 75495 672483 632770 2026-07-04T21:14:04Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Klọb */ 672483 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ugochukwu John Ogu''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1988) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka onye na-agbachitere etiti maka klọb Israel Maccabi Jaffa . == Ọrụ klọb == === Ọrụ mmalite === Ogu malitere ịgba bọọlụ na ngalaba ndị ntorobịa nke [[Dakkada|Akwa Starlets]], Akwa United na Flying Sports Academy. N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2006, ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị elu na Slovenia mgbe ya na Drava Ptuj bịanyere aka na PrvaLiga nke Slovenia. N'ime afọ anọ ọ nọrọ, Ogu gbara goolu asatọ n'egwuregwu 97. === Na Portugal === N'oge okpomọkụ nke 2010, Ogu kwagara Atlético Clube de Portugal, bụ nke na-egwuri egwu na Terceira Divisão na Portugal. Mgbe ọnwa isii gachara, ọ kwagara Spain gbara agbata obi wee bịanye aka na Almería, mana ọ na-egwuri egwu naanị na Almería B nke ngalaba nke atọ. Na Nọvemba 2011 Ogu laghachiri na Portugal wee sonye na Leiria, mana na njedebe nke oge ahụ, otu ahụ dabara na ngalaba nke abụọ. In July 2012, Ogu moved to Académica from Primeira Liga. Ogu scored his first goal in the third round of the Portuguese Cup against [[AD Ponte da Barca|Ponte da Barca]]. He scored his first league goal against Vitória de Setúbal in a decisive win that ensured the team remain in the top division. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> All in all, Ogu played two years at Académica and scored one goal in 27 league appearances. === Hapoel Be'er Sheva === Na oge 2014–15, Ogu rutere Israel na na 2 Septemba 2014 mere mpụta mbụ ya na Hapoel Be'er Sheva na 0–0 sere megide Maccabi Petah Tikva na iko Toto. Na 7 Septemba, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ na Hapoel Be'er Sheva. Ụbọchị ise ka e mesịrị, o mere mpụta mbụ ya na Premier League nke Israel mgbe o meghere otu megide Beitar Jerusalem na Vasermil Stadium na na 29 Nọvemba gbatara goolu mbụ ya na Hapoel Be'er Sheva na 4–0 n'ụlọ ha meriri Maccabi Netanya. Na oge mbụ nke otu, na na njedebe nke oge ruru ikpeazụ nke Israel State Cup, na-efunahụ Maccabi Tel Aviv. N'afọ 2015-16, ya na Hapoel Be'er Sheva gbara asọmpi na UEFA Europa League ma gbaa goolu megide FC Thun site na Swiss Super League, mana e wepụrụ ndị otu ahụ na egwuregwu abụọ ahụ. Ka oge na-aga, ọ gbara goolu anọ ma nyere aka ise, ọ bụ akụkụ nke mmeri nke otu ahụ na State Championship ma soro na ndị na-achọ ịbụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke oge ahụ. Na-abanye na oge 2016–17, a họọrọ Ogu na webụsaịtị egwuregwu Walla dị ka ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ 1 na Israel site na ndị nta akụkọ egwuregwu 60 na ndị ọkachamara. Na 11 Ọgọst 2016, Ogu meriri Israel Super Cup na Hapoel Be'er Sheva mgbe ọ meriri 4–2 megide Maccabi Haifa. Ka oge na-aga, ọ zutere otu ndị na-eru eru UEFA Champions League wee ruo n'ọsọ egwuregwu nke e wepụrụ ya megide Celtic, n'ihi ya wee daa na UEFA Europa League ogbo. Na 28 Disemba, Ogu na Hapoel Be'er Sheva meriri iko Toto ka ha nwesịrị 4–1 meriri Ironi Kiryat Shmona na egwuregwu ikpeazụ. Na 29 Eprel 2017, Ogu meriri goolu mmeri na egwuregwu asọmpi megide Maccabi Tel Aviv na-enyere Hapoel Be'er Sheva aka imeri asọmpi egwuregwu nke ugboro abụọ n'usoro. === Al-Adalah === Na Jenụwarị 2020, Ogu bịanyere aka na Al-Adalah na nkwekọrịta ọnwa isii. Ọ hapụrụ klọb ahụ mgbe ọ pụtara ugboro asaa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adewoye|first=Gbenga|title=Ogu: Nigeria midfielder's emotional farewell message as Covid-19 ends Al-Adalah career|url=https://www.goal.com/en-cm/news/ogu-nigeria-midfielders-emotional-farewell-message-as-covid/16lp5c9gfxqdfznris6uppqgm|work=goal.com|accessdate=31 March 2021|date=10 September 2020}}</ref> Na 2 Febụwarị 2022, Ogu laghachiri Israel iji sonye na klọb ọhụrụ a na-akwalite H. Nof HaGalil ruo na ngwụcha oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Iyanda|first=Niyi|date=23 January 2022|title=Nigerian midfielder John Ogu returns to Israel, joins Hapoel Nof Hagalil|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/super-eagles/john-ogu-joins-israeli-side-hapoel-nof-hagalil/w8yrgb1|accessdate=3 February 2022|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en}}</ref> === Maccabi Jaffa === == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2013, a kpọrọ Ogu ka ọ gaa n'[[Nigeria national football team|Akụkụ mba Naijiria]] maka asọmpi FIFA World Cup nke afọ 2014. Ọ malitere megide Kenya na 1-1 draw, ebe e ji ya dochie anya onye merụrụ ahụ [[Victor Moses]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria VS Kenya|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=258334/match=300180952/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420082753/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=258334/match=300180952/index.html|archivedate=20 April 2014|work=Fifa.com|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Mee, Ogu gbara goolu mba ụwa mbụ ya megide Mexico n'Egwuregwu enyi na enyi nke mere na Reliant Stadium na Houston. Na 9 June, onye nkuzi Naijiria [[Stephen Keshi]] họọrọ Ogu dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu 23 sonyere na 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria to take new-look squad to Confederations Cup|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/22827902|work=BBC|date=9 June 2013|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2015, a kpọrọ ya na ndị egwuregwu iri abụọ na asaa ndị ọzọ maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Bolivia na South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogu Happy To Be Recalled To Nigeria Set-Up|url=http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/super-eagles/john-ogu-celebrates-super-eagles-recall/204311|work=SoccerLaduma|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya na ndị otu iri atọ nke Naijiria maka 2018 FIFA World Cup na Russia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Crawford|first=Stephen|title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad - Final 23-man lists|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb|work=Goal|accessdate=16 July 2019|date=4 June 2018}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na ndị otu mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ na AFCON 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201906120056.html|title=Nigeria: Super Eagles' Team List for Afcon 2019|date=12 June 2019|work=allAfrica.com|language=en|accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref> === Klọb === [[w:Updated|1 July 2023]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta ! rowspan="2" |  |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |Drava Ptuj |2006–07 | rowspan="4" |PrvaLiga nke Slovenia |16 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |<ref name="drava">{{Cite web|title=30 John Ugochukwu Ogu|url=https://www.prvaliga.si/tekmovanja/?action=igralecStat&id_igralca=75954|work=Prva liga Telekom Slovenije|accessdate=16 July 2019|language=sl}}</ref> |- |2007–08 |27 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |2 |<ref name="drava" /> |- |2008–09 |25 |4 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |26 |4 |<ref name="drava" /> |- |2009–10 |29 |2 |2 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |3 |<ref name="drava" /> |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !97 !8 !4 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !101 !9 !- |- |Atletico CP |2010–11 |Asọmpi nke Portugal |0 |0 |1 |0 | | | | | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | |- | rowspan="3" |Almería B |2010–11 |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |  |- |2011–12 |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |  |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !- |- |Leiria |2011–12 |Njikọ Mbụ |17 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |3 |<ref name="sw" /> |- | rowspan="3" |Nkà mmụta |2012–13 | rowspan="2" |Njikọ Mbụ |20 |1 |2 |0 |3 |0 |5 |0 |1 |0 |31 |1 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2013–14 |7 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |<ref name="sw" /> |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !27 !1 !3 !0 !3 !0 !5 !0 !1 !0 !39 !1 !- |- | rowspan="6" |Hapoel Be'er Sheva |2014–15 | rowspan="5" |Njikọ Premier nke Israel |34 |4 |6 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |41 |4 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2015–16 |34 |4 |3 |0 |5 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |44 |5 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2016–17 |30 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |13 |1 |1[a] |0 |44 |2 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2017–18 |29 |3 |2 |0 |4 |0 |10 |1 |1[a] |0 |46 |4 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2018–19 |24 |1 |2 |0 |1 |0 |5 |2 |1[a] |0 |33 |3 |<ref name="sw" /> |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !151 !13 !13 !0 !11 !0 !30 !5 !3 !0 !208 !18 !- |- |Al-Adalah |2019–20 |Njikọ ndị ọkachamara nke Saudi |7 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |Hapoel Nof HaGalil |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier nke Israel |9 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |Maccabi Jaffa |2022–23 |Njikọ Leumit |34 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | - | - |34 |1 |<ref name="sw" /> |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !342 !26 !22 !1 !14 !0 !35 !5 !4 !0 !417 !32 !- |}   === Mba Nile === {{Updated|16 July 2019}}<ref name="nft">{{NFT|51922<!-- /John_Ogu -->}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="8" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2013 |10 |0 |- |2014 |0 |0 |- |2015 |2 |0 |- |2016 |0 |0 |- |2017 |3 |1 |- |2018 |7 |0 |- |2019 |3 |0 |- !Ngụkọta !25 !1 |} {{Updated|1 June 201}}<ref name="nft"/> :''Scores and results list Nigeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ogu goal.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke John Ogu gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |10 Nọvemba 2017 |Ámá Egwuregwu Mohamed Hamlaoui, Constantine, Algeria | Algeria | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |2018 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} * Israel Premier League: 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-182017–18 * Israel Super Cup: 2016, 2017 * Iko Toto: 2016-172016–17 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7sn8slijrrxpeurso0eenrg8pavy5er 672484 672483 2026-07-04T21:14:31Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Mba Nile */ 672484 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ugochukwu John Ogu''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1988) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka onye na-agbachitere etiti maka klọb Israel Maccabi Jaffa . == Ọrụ klọb == === Ọrụ mmalite === Ogu malitere ịgba bọọlụ na ngalaba ndị ntorobịa nke [[Dakkada|Akwa Starlets]], Akwa United na Flying Sports Academy. N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2006, ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị elu na Slovenia mgbe ya na Drava Ptuj bịanyere aka na PrvaLiga nke Slovenia. N'ime afọ anọ ọ nọrọ, Ogu gbara goolu asatọ n'egwuregwu 97. === Na Portugal === N'oge okpomọkụ nke 2010, Ogu kwagara Atlético Clube de Portugal, bụ nke na-egwuri egwu na Terceira Divisão na Portugal. Mgbe ọnwa isii gachara, ọ kwagara Spain gbara agbata obi wee bịanye aka na Almería, mana ọ na-egwuri egwu naanị na Almería B nke ngalaba nke atọ. Na Nọvemba 2011 Ogu laghachiri na Portugal wee sonye na Leiria, mana na njedebe nke oge ahụ, otu ahụ dabara na ngalaba nke abụọ. In July 2012, Ogu moved to Académica from Primeira Liga. Ogu scored his first goal in the third round of the Portuguese Cup against [[AD Ponte da Barca|Ponte da Barca]]. He scored his first league goal against Vitória de Setúbal in a decisive win that ensured the team remain in the top division. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> All in all, Ogu played two years at Académica and scored one goal in 27 league appearances. === Hapoel Be'er Sheva === Na oge 2014–15, Ogu rutere Israel na na 2 Septemba 2014 mere mpụta mbụ ya na Hapoel Be'er Sheva na 0–0 sere megide Maccabi Petah Tikva na iko Toto. Na 7 Septemba, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ na Hapoel Be'er Sheva. Ụbọchị ise ka e mesịrị, o mere mpụta mbụ ya na Premier League nke Israel mgbe o meghere otu megide Beitar Jerusalem na Vasermil Stadium na na 29 Nọvemba gbatara goolu mbụ ya na Hapoel Be'er Sheva na 4–0 n'ụlọ ha meriri Maccabi Netanya. Na oge mbụ nke otu, na na njedebe nke oge ruru ikpeazụ nke Israel State Cup, na-efunahụ Maccabi Tel Aviv. N'afọ 2015-16, ya na Hapoel Be'er Sheva gbara asọmpi na UEFA Europa League ma gbaa goolu megide FC Thun site na Swiss Super League, mana e wepụrụ ndị otu ahụ na egwuregwu abụọ ahụ. Ka oge na-aga, ọ gbara goolu anọ ma nyere aka ise, ọ bụ akụkụ nke mmeri nke otu ahụ na State Championship ma soro na ndị na-achọ ịbụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke oge ahụ. Na-abanye na oge 2016–17, a họọrọ Ogu na webụsaịtị egwuregwu Walla dị ka ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ 1 na Israel site na ndị nta akụkọ egwuregwu 60 na ndị ọkachamara. Na 11 Ọgọst 2016, Ogu meriri Israel Super Cup na Hapoel Be'er Sheva mgbe ọ meriri 4–2 megide Maccabi Haifa. Ka oge na-aga, ọ zutere otu ndị na-eru eru UEFA Champions League wee ruo n'ọsọ egwuregwu nke e wepụrụ ya megide Celtic, n'ihi ya wee daa na UEFA Europa League ogbo. Na 28 Disemba, Ogu na Hapoel Be'er Sheva meriri iko Toto ka ha nwesịrị 4–1 meriri Ironi Kiryat Shmona na egwuregwu ikpeazụ. Na 29 Eprel 2017, Ogu meriri goolu mmeri na egwuregwu asọmpi megide Maccabi Tel Aviv na-enyere Hapoel Be'er Sheva aka imeri asọmpi egwuregwu nke ugboro abụọ n'usoro. === Al-Adalah === Na Jenụwarị 2020, Ogu bịanyere aka na Al-Adalah na nkwekọrịta ọnwa isii. Ọ hapụrụ klọb ahụ mgbe ọ pụtara ugboro asaa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adewoye|first=Gbenga|title=Ogu: Nigeria midfielder's emotional farewell message as Covid-19 ends Al-Adalah career|url=https://www.goal.com/en-cm/news/ogu-nigeria-midfielders-emotional-farewell-message-as-covid/16lp5c9gfxqdfznris6uppqgm|work=goal.com|accessdate=31 March 2021|date=10 September 2020}}</ref> Na 2 Febụwarị 2022, Ogu laghachiri Israel iji sonye na klọb ọhụrụ a na-akwalite H. Nof HaGalil ruo na ngwụcha oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Iyanda|first=Niyi|date=23 January 2022|title=Nigerian midfielder John Ogu returns to Israel, joins Hapoel Nof Hagalil|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/super-eagles/john-ogu-joins-israeli-side-hapoel-nof-hagalil/w8yrgb1|accessdate=3 February 2022|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en}}</ref> === Maccabi Jaffa === == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2013, a kpọrọ Ogu ka ọ gaa n'[[Nigeria national football team|Akụkụ mba Naijiria]] maka asọmpi FIFA World Cup nke afọ 2014. Ọ malitere megide Kenya na 1-1 draw, ebe e ji ya dochie anya onye merụrụ ahụ [[Victor Moses]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria VS Kenya|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=258334/match=300180952/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420082753/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=258334/match=300180952/index.html|archivedate=20 April 2014|work=Fifa.com|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Mee, Ogu gbara goolu mba ụwa mbụ ya megide Mexico n'Egwuregwu enyi na enyi nke mere na Reliant Stadium na Houston. Na 9 June, onye nkuzi Naijiria [[Stephen Keshi]] họọrọ Ogu dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu 23 sonyere na 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria to take new-look squad to Confederations Cup|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/22827902|work=BBC|date=9 June 2013|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2015, a kpọrọ ya na ndị egwuregwu iri abụọ na asaa ndị ọzọ maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Bolivia na South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogu Happy To Be Recalled To Nigeria Set-Up|url=http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/super-eagles/john-ogu-celebrates-super-eagles-recall/204311|work=SoccerLaduma|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya na ndị otu iri atọ nke Naijiria maka 2018 FIFA World Cup na Russia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Crawford|first=Stephen|title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad - Final 23-man lists|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb|work=Goal|accessdate=16 July 2019|date=4 June 2018}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na ndị otu mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ na AFCON 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201906120056.html|title=Nigeria: Super Eagles' Team List for Afcon 2019|date=12 June 2019|work=allAfrica.com|language=en|accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref> === Klọb === [[w:Updated|1 July 2023]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta ! rowspan="2" |  |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |Drava Ptuj |2006–07 | rowspan="4" |PrvaLiga nke Slovenia |16 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |<ref name="drava">{{Cite web|title=30 John Ugochukwu Ogu|url=https://www.prvaliga.si/tekmovanja/?action=igralecStat&id_igralca=75954|work=Prva liga Telekom Slovenije|accessdate=16 July 2019|language=sl}}</ref> |- |2007–08 |27 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |2 |<ref name="drava" /> |- |2008–09 |25 |4 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |26 |4 |<ref name="drava" /> |- |2009–10 |29 |2 |2 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |3 |<ref name="drava" /> |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !97 !8 !4 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !101 !9 !- |- |Atletico CP |2010–11 |Asọmpi nke Portugal |0 |0 |1 |0 | | | | | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | |- | rowspan="3" |Almería B |2010–11 |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |  |- |2011–12 |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |  |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !- |- |Leiria |2011–12 |Njikọ Mbụ |17 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |3 |<ref name="sw" /> |- | rowspan="3" |Nkà mmụta |2012–13 | rowspan="2" |Njikọ Mbụ |20 |1 |2 |0 |3 |0 |5 |0 |1 |0 |31 |1 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2013–14 |7 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |<ref name="sw" /> |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !27 !1 !3 !0 !3 !0 !5 !0 !1 !0 !39 !1 !- |- | rowspan="6" |Hapoel Be'er Sheva |2014–15 | rowspan="5" |Njikọ Premier nke Israel |34 |4 |6 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |41 |4 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2015–16 |34 |4 |3 |0 |5 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |44 |5 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2016–17 |30 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |13 |1 |1[a] |0 |44 |2 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2017–18 |29 |3 |2 |0 |4 |0 |10 |1 |1[a] |0 |46 |4 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2018–19 |24 |1 |2 |0 |1 |0 |5 |2 |1[a] |0 |33 |3 |<ref name="sw" /> |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !151 !13 !13 !0 !11 !0 !30 !5 !3 !0 !208 !18 !- |- |Al-Adalah |2019–20 |Njikọ ndị ọkachamara nke Saudi |7 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |Hapoel Nof HaGalil |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier nke Israel |9 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |Maccabi Jaffa |2022–23 |Njikọ Leumit |34 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | - | - |34 |1 |<ref name="sw" /> |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !342 !26 !22 !1 !14 !0 !35 !5 !4 !0 !417 !32 !- |}   === Mba Nile === [[w:Updated|16 July 2019]]<ref name="nft">{{NFT|51922<!-- /John_Ogu -->}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="8" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2013 |10 |0 |- |2014 |0 |0 |- |2015 |2 |0 |- |2016 |0 |0 |- |2017 |3 |1 |- |2018 |7 |0 |- |2019 |3 |0 |- !Ngụkọta !25 !1 |} {{Updated|1 June 201}}<ref name="nft"/> :''Scores and results list Nigeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ogu goal.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke John Ogu gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |10 Nọvemba 2017 |Ámá Egwuregwu Mohamed Hamlaoui, Constantine, Algeria | Algeria | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |2018 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} * Israel Premier League: 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-182017–18 * Israel Super Cup: 2016, 2017 * Iko Toto: 2016-172016–17 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] alkzny9a9v8afvpej0963h2gmsi8ovn 672485 672484 2026-07-04T21:15:35Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Mba Nile */ 672485 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ugochukwu John Ogu''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1988) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka onye na-agbachitere etiti maka klọb Israel Maccabi Jaffa . == Ọrụ klọb == === Ọrụ mmalite === Ogu malitere ịgba bọọlụ na ngalaba ndị ntorobịa nke [[Dakkada|Akwa Starlets]], Akwa United na Flying Sports Academy. N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2006, ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị elu na Slovenia mgbe ya na Drava Ptuj bịanyere aka na PrvaLiga nke Slovenia. N'ime afọ anọ ọ nọrọ, Ogu gbara goolu asatọ n'egwuregwu 97. === Na Portugal === N'oge okpomọkụ nke 2010, Ogu kwagara Atlético Clube de Portugal, bụ nke na-egwuri egwu na Terceira Divisão na Portugal. Mgbe ọnwa isii gachara, ọ kwagara Spain gbara agbata obi wee bịanye aka na Almería, mana ọ na-egwuri egwu naanị na Almería B nke ngalaba nke atọ. Na Nọvemba 2011 Ogu laghachiri na Portugal wee sonye na Leiria, mana na njedebe nke oge ahụ, otu ahụ dabara na ngalaba nke abụọ. In July 2012, Ogu moved to Académica from Primeira Liga. Ogu scored his first goal in the third round of the Portuguese Cup against [[AD Ponte da Barca|Ponte da Barca]]. He scored his first league goal against Vitória de Setúbal in a decisive win that ensured the team remain in the top division. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> All in all, Ogu played two years at Académica and scored one goal in 27 league appearances. === Hapoel Be'er Sheva === Na oge 2014–15, Ogu rutere Israel na na 2 Septemba 2014 mere mpụta mbụ ya na Hapoel Be'er Sheva na 0–0 sere megide Maccabi Petah Tikva na iko Toto. Na 7 Septemba, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ na Hapoel Be'er Sheva. Ụbọchị ise ka e mesịrị, o mere mpụta mbụ ya na Premier League nke Israel mgbe o meghere otu megide Beitar Jerusalem na Vasermil Stadium na na 29 Nọvemba gbatara goolu mbụ ya na Hapoel Be'er Sheva na 4–0 n'ụlọ ha meriri Maccabi Netanya. Na oge mbụ nke otu, na na njedebe nke oge ruru ikpeazụ nke Israel State Cup, na-efunahụ Maccabi Tel Aviv. N'afọ 2015-16, ya na Hapoel Be'er Sheva gbara asọmpi na UEFA Europa League ma gbaa goolu megide FC Thun site na Swiss Super League, mana e wepụrụ ndị otu ahụ na egwuregwu abụọ ahụ. Ka oge na-aga, ọ gbara goolu anọ ma nyere aka ise, ọ bụ akụkụ nke mmeri nke otu ahụ na State Championship ma soro na ndị na-achọ ịbụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke oge ahụ. Na-abanye na oge 2016–17, a họọrọ Ogu na webụsaịtị egwuregwu Walla dị ka ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ 1 na Israel site na ndị nta akụkọ egwuregwu 60 na ndị ọkachamara. Na 11 Ọgọst 2016, Ogu meriri Israel Super Cup na Hapoel Be'er Sheva mgbe ọ meriri 4–2 megide Maccabi Haifa. Ka oge na-aga, ọ zutere otu ndị na-eru eru UEFA Champions League wee ruo n'ọsọ egwuregwu nke e wepụrụ ya megide Celtic, n'ihi ya wee daa na UEFA Europa League ogbo. Na 28 Disemba, Ogu na Hapoel Be'er Sheva meriri iko Toto ka ha nwesịrị 4–1 meriri Ironi Kiryat Shmona na egwuregwu ikpeazụ. Na 29 Eprel 2017, Ogu meriri goolu mmeri na egwuregwu asọmpi megide Maccabi Tel Aviv na-enyere Hapoel Be'er Sheva aka imeri asọmpi egwuregwu nke ugboro abụọ n'usoro. === Al-Adalah === Na Jenụwarị 2020, Ogu bịanyere aka na Al-Adalah na nkwekọrịta ọnwa isii. Ọ hapụrụ klọb ahụ mgbe ọ pụtara ugboro asaa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adewoye|first=Gbenga|title=Ogu: Nigeria midfielder's emotional farewell message as Covid-19 ends Al-Adalah career|url=https://www.goal.com/en-cm/news/ogu-nigeria-midfielders-emotional-farewell-message-as-covid/16lp5c9gfxqdfznris6uppqgm|work=goal.com|accessdate=31 March 2021|date=10 September 2020}}</ref> Na 2 Febụwarị 2022, Ogu laghachiri Israel iji sonye na klọb ọhụrụ a na-akwalite H. Nof HaGalil ruo na ngwụcha oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Iyanda|first=Niyi|date=23 January 2022|title=Nigerian midfielder John Ogu returns to Israel, joins Hapoel Nof Hagalil|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/super-eagles/john-ogu-joins-israeli-side-hapoel-nof-hagalil/w8yrgb1|accessdate=3 February 2022|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en}}</ref> === Maccabi Jaffa === == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2013, a kpọrọ Ogu ka ọ gaa n'[[Nigeria national football team|Akụkụ mba Naijiria]] maka asọmpi FIFA World Cup nke afọ 2014. Ọ malitere megide Kenya na 1-1 draw, ebe e ji ya dochie anya onye merụrụ ahụ [[Victor Moses]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria VS Kenya|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=258334/match=300180952/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420082753/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=258334/match=300180952/index.html|archivedate=20 April 2014|work=Fifa.com|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Mee, Ogu gbara goolu mba ụwa mbụ ya megide Mexico n'Egwuregwu enyi na enyi nke mere na Reliant Stadium na Houston. Na 9 June, onye nkuzi Naijiria [[Stephen Keshi]] họọrọ Ogu dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu 23 sonyere na 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria to take new-look squad to Confederations Cup|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/22827902|work=BBC|date=9 June 2013|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2015, a kpọrọ ya na ndị egwuregwu iri abụọ na asaa ndị ọzọ maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Bolivia na South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogu Happy To Be Recalled To Nigeria Set-Up|url=http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/super-eagles/john-ogu-celebrates-super-eagles-recall/204311|work=SoccerLaduma|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya na ndị otu iri atọ nke Naijiria maka 2018 FIFA World Cup na Russia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Crawford|first=Stephen|title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad - Final 23-man lists|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb|work=Goal|accessdate=16 July 2019|date=4 June 2018}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na ndị otu mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ na AFCON 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201906120056.html|title=Nigeria: Super Eagles' Team List for Afcon 2019|date=12 June 2019|work=allAfrica.com|language=en|accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref> === Klọb === [[w:Updated|1 July 2023]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta ! rowspan="2" |  |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |Drava Ptuj |2006–07 | rowspan="4" |PrvaLiga nke Slovenia |16 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |<ref name="drava">{{Cite web|title=30 John Ugochukwu Ogu|url=https://www.prvaliga.si/tekmovanja/?action=igralecStat&id_igralca=75954|work=Prva liga Telekom Slovenije|accessdate=16 July 2019|language=sl}}</ref> |- |2007–08 |27 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |2 |<ref name="drava" /> |- |2008–09 |25 |4 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |26 |4 |<ref name="drava" /> |- |2009–10 |29 |2 |2 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |3 |<ref name="drava" /> |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !97 !8 !4 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !101 !9 !- |- |Atletico CP |2010–11 |Asọmpi nke Portugal |0 |0 |1 |0 | | | | | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | |- | rowspan="3" |Almería B |2010–11 |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |  |- |2011–12 |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |  |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !- |- |Leiria |2011–12 |Njikọ Mbụ |17 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |3 |<ref name="sw" /> |- | rowspan="3" |Nkà mmụta |2012–13 | rowspan="2" |Njikọ Mbụ |20 |1 |2 |0 |3 |0 |5 |0 |1 |0 |31 |1 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2013–14 |7 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |<ref name="sw" /> |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !27 !1 !3 !0 !3 !0 !5 !0 !1 !0 !39 !1 !- |- | rowspan="6" |Hapoel Be'er Sheva |2014–15 | rowspan="5" |Njikọ Premier nke Israel |34 |4 |6 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |41 |4 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2015–16 |34 |4 |3 |0 |5 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |44 |5 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2016–17 |30 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |13 |1 |1[a] |0 |44 |2 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2017–18 |29 |3 |2 |0 |4 |0 |10 |1 |1[a] |0 |46 |4 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2018–19 |24 |1 |2 |0 |1 |0 |5 |2 |1[a] |0 |33 |3 |<ref name="sw" /> |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !151 !13 !13 !0 !11 !0 !30 !5 !3 !0 !208 !18 !- |- |Al-Adalah |2019–20 |Njikọ ndị ọkachamara nke Saudi |7 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |Hapoel Nof HaGalil |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier nke Israel |9 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |Maccabi Jaffa |2022–23 |Njikọ Leumit |34 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | - | - |34 |1 |<ref name="sw" /> |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !342 !26 !22 !1 !14 !0 !35 !5 !4 !0 !417 !32 !- |}   === Mba Nile === [[w:Updated|16 July 2019]]<ref name="nft">{{NFT|51922<!-- /John_Ogu -->}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="8" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2013 |10 |0 |- |2014 |0 |0 |- |2015 |2 |0 |- |2016 |0 |0 |- |2017 |3 |1 |- |2018 |7 |0 |- |2019 |3 |0 |- !Ngụkọta !25 !1 |} [[w:Updated|1 June 201]]<ref name="nft"/> :''Scores and results list Nigeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ogu goal.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke John Ogu gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |10 Nọvemba 2017 |Ámá Egwuregwu Mohamed Hamlaoui, Constantine, Algeria | Algeria | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |2018 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} * Israel Premier League: 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-182017–18 * Israel Super Cup: 2016, 2017 * Iko Toto: 2016-172016–17 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] iu0xiz8c9ybemze4izbdnefd4pxqbxw 672486 672485 2026-07-04T21:16:02Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Na Portugal */ 672486 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ugochukwu John Ogu''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri abụọ n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1988) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ n'oge na-adịbeghị anya dị ka onye na-agbachitere etiti maka klọb Israel Maccabi Jaffa . == Ọrụ klọb == === Ọrụ mmalite === Ogu malitere ịgba bọọlụ na ngalaba ndị ntorobịa nke [[Dakkada|Akwa Starlets]], Akwa United na Flying Sports Academy. N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2006, ọ malitere ọrụ ya dị elu na Slovenia mgbe ya na Drava Ptuj bịanyere aka na PrvaLiga nke Slovenia. N'ime afọ anọ ọ nọrọ, Ogu gbara goolu asatọ n'egwuregwu 97. === Na Portugal === N'oge okpomọkụ nke 2010, Ogu kwagara Atlético Clube de Portugal, bụ nke na-egwuri egwu na Terceira Divisão na Portugal. Mgbe ọnwa isii gachara, ọ kwagara Spain gbara agbata obi wee bịanye aka na Almería, mana ọ na-egwuri egwu naanị na Almería B nke ngalaba nke atọ. Na Nọvemba 2011 Ogu laghachiri na Portugal wee sonye na Leiria, mana na njedebe nke oge ahụ, otu ahụ dabara na ngalaba nke abụọ. In July 2012, Ogu moved to Académica from Primeira Liga. Ogu scored his first goal in the third round of the Portuguese Cup against [[w:|AD Ponte da Barca|Ponte da Barca]]. He scored his first league goal against Vitória de Setúbal in a decisive win that ensured the team remain in the top division. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2025)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> All in all, Ogu played two years at Académica and scored one goal in 27 league appearances. === Hapoel Be'er Sheva === Na oge 2014–15, Ogu rutere Israel na na 2 Septemba 2014 mere mpụta mbụ ya na Hapoel Be'er Sheva na 0–0 sere megide Maccabi Petah Tikva na iko Toto. Na 7 Septemba, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ anọ na Hapoel Be'er Sheva. Ụbọchị ise ka e mesịrị, o mere mpụta mbụ ya na Premier League nke Israel mgbe o meghere otu megide Beitar Jerusalem na Vasermil Stadium na na 29 Nọvemba gbatara goolu mbụ ya na Hapoel Be'er Sheva na 4–0 n'ụlọ ha meriri Maccabi Netanya. Na oge mbụ nke otu, na na njedebe nke oge ruru ikpeazụ nke Israel State Cup, na-efunahụ Maccabi Tel Aviv. N'afọ 2015-16, ya na Hapoel Be'er Sheva gbara asọmpi na UEFA Europa League ma gbaa goolu megide FC Thun site na Swiss Super League, mana e wepụrụ ndị otu ahụ na egwuregwu abụọ ahụ. Ka oge na-aga, ọ gbara goolu anọ ma nyere aka ise, ọ bụ akụkụ nke mmeri nke otu ahụ na State Championship ma soro na ndị na-achọ ịbụ onye na-agba bọọlụ nke oge ahụ. Na-abanye na oge 2016–17, a họọrọ Ogu na webụsaịtị egwuregwu Walla dị ka ndị egwuregwu bọọlụ 1 na Israel site na ndị nta akụkọ egwuregwu 60 na ndị ọkachamara. Na 11 Ọgọst 2016, Ogu meriri Israel Super Cup na Hapoel Be'er Sheva mgbe ọ meriri 4–2 megide Maccabi Haifa. Ka oge na-aga, ọ zutere otu ndị na-eru eru UEFA Champions League wee ruo n'ọsọ egwuregwu nke e wepụrụ ya megide Celtic, n'ihi ya wee daa na UEFA Europa League ogbo. Na 28 Disemba, Ogu na Hapoel Be'er Sheva meriri iko Toto ka ha nwesịrị 4–1 meriri Ironi Kiryat Shmona na egwuregwu ikpeazụ. Na 29 Eprel 2017, Ogu meriri goolu mmeri na egwuregwu asọmpi megide Maccabi Tel Aviv na-enyere Hapoel Be'er Sheva aka imeri asọmpi egwuregwu nke ugboro abụọ n'usoro. === Al-Adalah === Na Jenụwarị 2020, Ogu bịanyere aka na Al-Adalah na nkwekọrịta ọnwa isii. Ọ hapụrụ klọb ahụ mgbe ọ pụtara ugboro asaa.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Adewoye|first=Gbenga|title=Ogu: Nigeria midfielder's emotional farewell message as Covid-19 ends Al-Adalah career|url=https://www.goal.com/en-cm/news/ogu-nigeria-midfielders-emotional-farewell-message-as-covid/16lp5c9gfxqdfznris6uppqgm|work=goal.com|accessdate=31 March 2021|date=10 September 2020}}</ref> Na 2 Febụwarị 2022, Ogu laghachiri Israel iji sonye na klọb ọhụrụ a na-akwalite H. Nof HaGalil ruo na ngwụcha oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Iyanda|first=Niyi|date=23 January 2022|title=Nigerian midfielder John Ogu returns to Israel, joins Hapoel Nof Hagalil|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/super-eagles/john-ogu-joins-israeli-side-hapoel-nof-hagalil/w8yrgb1|accessdate=3 February 2022|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en}}</ref> === Maccabi Jaffa === == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2013, a kpọrọ Ogu ka ọ gaa n'[[Nigeria national football team|Akụkụ mba Naijiria]] maka asọmpi FIFA World Cup nke afọ 2014. Ọ malitere megide Kenya na 1-1 draw, ebe e ji ya dochie anya onye merụrụ ahụ [[Victor Moses]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria VS Kenya|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=258334/match=300180952/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140420082753/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=258334/match=300180952/index.html|archivedate=20 April 2014|work=Fifa.com|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> N'abalị iri atọ na otu n'ọnwa Mee, Ogu gbara goolu mba ụwa mbụ ya megide Mexico n'Egwuregwu enyi na enyi nke mere na Reliant Stadium na Houston. Na 9 June, onye nkuzi Naijiria [[Stephen Keshi]] họọrọ Ogu dị ka otu n'ime ndị egwuregwu 23 sonyere na 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria to take new-look squad to Confederations Cup|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/22827902|work=BBC|date=9 June 2013|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> N'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2015, a kpọrọ ya na ndị egwuregwu iri abụọ na asaa ndị ọzọ maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi megide Bolivia na South Africa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ogu Happy To Be Recalled To Nigeria Set-Up|url=http://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/categories/super-eagles/john-ogu-celebrates-super-eagles-recall/204311|work=SoccerLaduma|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2018, a kpọrọ aha ya na ndị otu iri atọ nke Naijiria maka 2018 FIFA World Cup na Russia. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Crawford|first=Stephen|title=Revealed: Every World Cup 2018 squad - Final 23-man lists|url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/revealed-every-world-cup-2018-squad-23-man-preliminary-lists/oa0atsduflsv1nsf6oqk576rb|work=Goal|accessdate=16 July 2019|date=4 June 2018}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na ndị otu mmadụ iri abụọ na atọ na AFCON 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201906120056.html|title=Nigeria: Super Eagles' Team List for Afcon 2019|date=12 June 2019|work=allAfrica.com|language=en|accessdate=9 August 2019}}</ref> === Klọb === [[w:Updated|1 July 2023]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta ! rowspan="2" |  |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |Drava Ptuj |2006–07 | rowspan="4" |PrvaLiga nke Slovenia |16 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |<ref name="drava">{{Cite web|title=30 John Ugochukwu Ogu|url=https://www.prvaliga.si/tekmovanja/?action=igralecStat&id_igralca=75954|work=Prva liga Telekom Slovenije|accessdate=16 July 2019|language=sl}}</ref> |- |2007–08 |27 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |2 |<ref name="drava" /> |- |2008–09 |25 |4 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |26 |4 |<ref name="drava" /> |- |2009–10 |29 |2 |2 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |3 |<ref name="drava" /> |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !97 !8 !4 !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !101 !9 !- |- |Atletico CP |2010–11 |Asọmpi nke Portugal |0 |0 |1 |0 | | | | | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | |- | rowspan="3" |Almería B |2010–11 |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |  |- |2011–12 |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |  |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !- |- |Leiria |2011–12 |Njikọ Mbụ |17 |3 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |17 |3 |<ref name="sw" /> |- | rowspan="3" |Nkà mmụta |2012–13 | rowspan="2" |Njikọ Mbụ |20 |1 |2 |0 |3 |0 |5 |0 |1 |0 |31 |1 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2013–14 |7 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |<ref name="sw" /> |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !27 !1 !3 !0 !3 !0 !5 !0 !1 !0 !39 !1 !- |- | rowspan="6" |Hapoel Be'er Sheva |2014–15 | rowspan="5" |Njikọ Premier nke Israel |34 |4 |6 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |41 |4 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2015–16 |34 |4 |3 |0 |5 |0 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - |44 |5 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2016–17 |30 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |13 |1 |1[a] |0 |44 |2 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2017–18 |29 |3 |2 |0 |4 |0 |10 |1 |1[a] |0 |46 |4 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |2018–19 |24 |1 |2 |0 |1 |0 |5 |2 |1[a] |0 |33 |3 |<ref name="sw" /> |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !151 !13 !13 !0 !11 !0 !30 !5 !3 !0 !208 !18 !- |- |Al-Adalah |2019–20 |Njikọ ndị ọkachamara nke Saudi |7 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |Hapoel Nof HaGalil |2021–22 |Njikọ Premier nke Israel |9 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |<ref name="sw" /> |- |Maccabi Jaffa |2022–23 |Njikọ Leumit |34 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | - | - |34 |1 |<ref name="sw" /> |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !342 !26 !22 !1 !14 !0 !35 !5 !4 !0 !417 !32 !- |}   === Mba Nile === [[w:Updated|16 July 2019]]<ref name="nft">{{NFT|51922<!-- /John_Ogu -->}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="8" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2013 |10 |0 |- |2014 |0 |0 |- |2015 |2 |0 |- |2016 |0 |0 |- |2017 |3 |1 |- |2018 |7 |0 |- |2019 |3 |0 |- !Ngụkọta !25 !1 |} [[w:Updated|1 June 201]]<ref name="nft"/> :''Scores and results list Nigeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Ogu goal.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke John Ogu gbara ! scope="col" |Mba. ! scope="col" |Ụbọchị ! scope="col" |Ebe a na-anọ ! scope="col" |Onye mmegide ! scope="col" |Ihe ruru ! scope="col" |Nsonaazụ ! scope="col" |Ịsọ mpi |- | align="center" |1 |10 Nọvemba 2017 |Ámá Egwuregwu Mohamed Hamlaoui, Constantine, Algeria | Algeria | align="center" |1–0 | align="center" |1–1 |2018 FIFA World Cup iru eru |} * Israel Premier League: 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-182017–18 * Israel Super Cup: 2016, 2017 * Iko Toto: 2016-172016–17 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 04hpvnguwsnlrn75vqonfawdc7c9ejy 0 75498 672482 637963 2026-07-04T21:12:56Z Johnnybam 24488 672482 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wilson Oruma''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri atọ n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 1976) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba dịka onye na-eme egwuregwu n'etiti. Ọ nọrọ ihe ka ukwuu n'ọrụ ya na France.<ref>{{Cite news|date=3 August 2020|title=1996 Olympics Heroes: Celebrating Nigeria's Gold-Winning U-23 Eagles|url=https://www.completesports.com/24-years-after-celebrating-nigerias-1996-olympics-gold-winning-team/|accessdate=1 June 2021|work=[[Complete Sports]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == A mụrụ Oruma na [[Warri]], [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]. Ọ bịarutere na RC Lens site na Bendel Insurance na 1994.<ref name="OMprofile">{{Cite web|url=http://www.om.net/en/Teams/201002/Effectif_pro/1532/ORUMA|title=Oruma - Effectif pro|publisher=Olympique Marseille|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=fr}}</ref> Otu oge mgbe a gbazinyere ya Nancy, ọ laghachiri na Lens wee gbaa egwuregwu asaa n'oge ha na-agba ọsọ Ligue 1 na 1997-98. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/classement#sai=66&journee1=1&journee2=34&cat=Gen|title=1997/98 Ligue 1 table|publisher=ligue1.com|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=fr}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nọchitere anya Naijiria na 1998 FIFA World Cup, ọ kwagara n'akụkụ Turkey bụ Samsunspor, laghachiri France otu afọ ka e mesịrị iji kpọọ Nîmes. In 2000, Oruma was transferred to Swiss side Servette, <ref name="OMprofile" />playing two season before coming back to France again, where he played until 2009 for Sochaux, Marseille and Guingamp, winning the 2003–04 Coupe de la Ligue with Sochaux<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/match/59364|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205044856/http://www.lequipe.fr/Football/match/59364|archivedate=5 February 2012|title=Nantes 1-1 Sochaux, Coupe de la Ligue - Finale, Football|publisher=L'Equipe|date=17 April 2004|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=fr}}</ref> and the 2008–09 Coupe de France with Guingamp, despite them being a Ligue 2 club at the time.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/sport/2009/05/09/02001-20090509ARTFIG00460-guingamp-vainqueur-de-la-coupe-de-france-de-football-.php|title=Guingamp vainqueur de la Coupe de France de football|first=Par|author=Gildas Devos|work=Le Figaro|date=9 May 2009|accessdate=3 December 2013|language=fr}}</ref> He was handed a trial by Cardiff City - a club based in Wales but who play in the English football league system – in the summer of 2008<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www1.skysports.com/football/news/11704/3940345/|title=Bluebirds look at Oruma|publisher=Sky Sports|date=6 August 2008|accessdate=3 December 2013}}</ref> and scored in a 2–2 pre-season friendly at Chasetown,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cardiffcityfc.premiumtv.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10335~1359171,00.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722110932/http://www.cardiffcityfc.co.uk/page/NewsDetail/0,,10335~1359171,00.html|archivedate=22 July 2012|title=Report: Chasetown 2-2 Cardiff|publisher=Cardiff City F.C.|date=5 August 2008|accessdate=3 December 2013}}</ref><ref name="Jones">{{Cite news|url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/boss-jones-explains-orumas-cardiff-2157133|title=Boss Jones explains Oruma's Cardiff departure|first=Terry|author=Philips|work=Wales Online|date=8 August 2008|accessdate=3 December 2013}}</ref> but was not awarded a contract due to a lack of fitness.<ref name="Jones" /> Ọ lara ezumike nká na bọọlụ ọkachamara n'afọ 2010 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/134/162/8/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207021544/http://www.fifa.com/world-match-centre/news/newsid/134/162/8/index.html|archivedate=7 December 2013|title=Nigeria's Oruma retires from football|publisher=FIFA|date=26 November 2010|accessdate=3 December 2013}}</ref> mgbe ọ gachara otu oge na klọb ndị Gris bụ Kavala. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2009/07/27/1407138/wilson-oruma-makes-u-turn-to-sign-for-greek-club-kavala|title=Wilson Oruma Makes U-Turn To Sign For Greek Club Kavala|publisher=goal.com|date=27 July 2009|accessdate=3 December 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=735|title=WILSON ORUMA to leave Kavala|publisher=All Nigerian Soccer|date=15 May 2010|accessdate=3 December 2013}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Oruma so na ndị otu Nigeria na-erubeghị afọ 17 bụ ndị meriri 1993 FIFA U-17 World Championship, na-achị ndị otu ya wee bụrụ onye isi goolu n'asọmpi ahụ nwere ihe mgbaru ọsọ isii. Ọ gbara egwuregwu mba ụwa ugboro iri na itoolu n'ime afọ iri na otu maka Naịjirịa[2] wee so na otu ndị sonyere na asọmpi Iko Mbaụwa nke 1998, bụ ebe o meriri naanị otu ọ pụtara na asọmpi megide Paraguay. Ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke otu ndị meriri ihe nrite ọla edo Olympic na 1996, [4] [1] otu afọ ka ọ rụchara ọrụ maka Nigeria, bụrụkwa onye otu ndị otu Naijiria na 2002 na 2006 Africa Cup of Nations, mechaa asọmpi abụọ ahụ n'ọkwa nke atọ. Mgbe ọ rụsịrị ọrụ klọb na Europe, ebe ọ na-egwuri egwu maka ụdị french Ligue 1 n'akụkụ Lens, Marseille, Sochaux, Guingamp, yana oge na Switzerland Servette, na-emeri UEFA Intertoto Cup, Ligue 1 na French Cup, ma na-enweta ụgwọ ọrụ iji kwado onwe ya na ezinụlọ mgbe ndụ pụọ na football. == Ndụ onwe onye == N'afọ 2018, Oruma nwere nsogbu mmetụta uche n'ihi otu onye ụkọchukwu a na-amaghị ama si ghọgbuo ya. Ọ dara ogbenye ma nọrọ n'ọnọdụ nke isi mgbaka afọ isii mgbe a kọrọ na onye ụkọchukwu na ụfọdụ ndị ọchụnta ego mmanụ adịgboroja ghọgburu ya. A matara na Oruma mechara tụfuo ego, nke fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ijeri N2 maka itinye ego.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Silas|first=Don|title=Ex-Super Eagle star, Wilson Oruma suffers mental disorder after been[sic] duped by pastor|url=http://dailypost.ng/2018/01/11/ex-super-eagle-star-wilson-oruma-suffers-mental-disorder-duped-pastor-photo/|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|date=11 January 2018|accessdate=11 October 2018}}</ref> Oruma nwere mba Naijiria na France.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ligue1.fr/joueur?id=herve-arsene|title=Hervé ARSENE Carreer|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201163100/https://www.ligue1.fr/joueur?id=herve-arsene|archivedate=1 December 2023}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == '''Lens''' * Njikọ 1: 1997-981997–98 '''Ihe ndị e ji mara ala''' * Iko Njikọ: 2004 '''Marseilles''' * UEFA Intertoto Cup: 2005<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/IntertotoCup/FixturesResults/Round=2188/Match=81581/Report=LU.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060531214209/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/IntertotoCup/FixturesResults/Round=2188/Match=81581/Report=LU.html|archivedate=31 May 2006|title=Marseille 5-1 Deportivo (Aggregate: 5 - 3)|publisher=[[UEFA]]|accessdate=14 June 2020}}</ref> '''Guingamp''' * Iko Mba France: 2009 '''Naịjirịa''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup: 1993 * Ihe nrite ọla edo nke Olimpik: 1996<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/athletes/wilson-oruma|title=Wilson ORUMA|work=[[Olympic Games]]}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] kj65j3bwwiwjouvemv5yvz0o978ll64 0 75500 672481 632776 2026-07-04T21:11:10Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Ọrụ mba ụwa */ 672481 wikitext text/x-wiki Isaac Promise (2 Disemba 1987 - 2 Ọktoba 2019) bụ onye [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na-agba bọọlụ. Ọ bụ onyeisi ndị otu bọọlụ na-anọchite anya Naijiria nke meriri nrite ọlaọcha na 2008 Summer Olympics na Beijing. Ọ gbara bọọlụ nke ọma ruo afọ iri na anọ, ọtụtụ n'ime ha nọrọ na [[Turkéy|Turkey]]. O nyere goolu iri asaa na asaa n'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ. == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ klọb === Dị ka nwata na-ekwe nkwa, Promise gara n'ikpe ya na ngalaba nke abụọ nke Nigeria nke Grays International. N'ịbụ onye dọtara uche nke ọtụtụ nnukwu ụlọ ịgba egwu Europe, ọ gara n'ihu na Real Madrid na Mikel John Obi, mana ọ chọpụtara na ikpe ahụ enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma. Mgbe ejikọtara ya na Feyenoord Rotterdam nke Dutch, o mechara banye na Süper Lig club Gençlerbirliği na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na August 2005. Na Turkcell Super League 2006-07, Promise gbara goolu iri na abụọ. O ji okpukpu abụọ gbasaa ọnụ ọgụgụ ihe mgbaru ọsọ ya maka Gençlerbirliği. Na 15 Julaị 2008, Promise kwetara nkwekọrịta afọ 4 na Trabzonspor. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ligtv.com.tr/Default.aspx?r=1&hid=41389|title=Isaac Trabzonspor'da|accessdate=15 July 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718120840/http://www.ligtv.com.tr/Default.aspx?r=1&hid=41389|archivedate=18 July 2008}}</ref> Na Trabzonspor, ọ gbara goolu abụọ na egwuregwu iri abụọ na isii. N'ihi nkezi arụmọrụ ya, a gbazinyere ya Manisaspor maka otu afọ. Promise gbara egwuregwu iri abụọ na asaa ma gbaa goolu isii. N'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2010, Manisaspor bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ya. Mgbe ọ gbasịrị goolu iri na otu n'egwuregwu iri atọ ya na klọb ya bụ Manisaspor, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na Antalyaspor. Na Febụwarị 2015, ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọnwa isii na Balıkesirspor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazeteyenisoz.com/haber-11429-balikesirspora-son-dakika-bombasi.html|title=Yapım Aşamasında|work=www.gazeteyenisoz.com|accessdate=14 May 2018|archivedate=8 December 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171208004027/http://www.gazeteyenisoz.com/haber-11429-balikesirspora-son-dakika-bombasi.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.milliyet.com.tr/isaac-promise-super-lig-e-dondu--balikesirspor-2007747-skorerhaber/|title=Isaac Promise, Süper Lig'e döndü!|author=sitesi|first=milliyet.com.tr Türkiye'nin lider haber|work=MİLLİYET HABER - TÜRKİYE'NİN HABER SİTESİ|accessdate=14 May 2018}}</ref>[3][4]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.balikesirspor.org.tr/isaac-promise-balikesirsporda.html|title=Balıkesirspor Baltok Kulübü Resmi İnternet Sitesi {{!}} Balikesirspor.org.tr|work=www.balikesirspor.org.tr|accessdate=14 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150203161248/http://www.balikesirspor.org.tr/isaac-promise-balikesirsporda.html|archivedate=3 February 2015}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2018, a mara ọkwa na Promise ga-esonyere otu mmụba nke United Soccer League bụ Austin Bold maka oge 2019. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.austinboldfc.com/news_article/show/945388-austin-bold-fc-signs-striker-promise-isaac|title=AUSTIN BOLD FC SIGNS STRIKER PROMISE ISAAC|first=Austin Bold FC|author=Communications|date=28 August 2018|work=Austin Bold FC|accessdate=4 October 2019|archivedate=1 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200801232627/https://www.austinboldfc.com/news_article/show/945388-austin-bold-fc-signs-striker-promise-isaac}}</ref> === Ọrụ mba ụwa === A kpọrọ aha nkwa dị ka onyeisi [[w:|Nigeria national Super Eagle football team|ndị otu Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ na atọ]] maka 2008 Summer Olympics, nke a na-eme na [[China]]. N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2008 na Tianjin Olympic Center dị na Tianjin, Promise gbara goolu mbụ nke Naịjirịa megide United States n'ọkwa otu. Naịjirịa gara n'ihu iji merie egwuregwu ahụ 2-1. Naịjirịa mechara merie ọlaọcha mgbe Argentina meriri ya site na 1-0 na nke ikpeazụ. Nkwa pụtara na mbụ na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu okenye]] na 2009. O nwetara 3 caps ma gbaa otu goolu. === Ọnwụ === Promise nwụrụ site na nkụchi obi na 2 Ọktoba 2019, mgbe ọ dị afọ 31.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.austinboldfc.com/news_article/show/1053980-promise-isaac-1987-2019|title=PROMISE ISAAC: 1987-2019|author=Communications|first=Austin Bold FC|date=3 October 2019|work=Austin Bold FC|language=en-us|accessdate=3 October 2019|archivedate=3 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003214428/https://www.austinboldfc.com/news_article/show/1053980-promise-isaac-1987-2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49925424|title=Isaac Promise: Former Nigeria striker dies aged 31|date=3 October 2019|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.nigerianplayers.com/player.asp?pID=365 Ndị Naijiria na-egwu egwuregwu Patabase] * Isaac Promisen'okporo ụzọ bọọlụ [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bi0mz1mec2dv3p4hoierw8363oxicfu 0 75501 672487 637939 2026-07-04T21:18:50Z Johnnybam 24488 /* FC Biel-Bienne (onye a gbazitere) */ 672487 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sani Shehu Emmanuel''' (amụrụ na 23 Disemba 1992) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere. == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mmalite === Amụrụ na Edo, Emmanuel malitere ọrụ egwuregwu ya na ala nna ya Nigeria maka My People FC, ụlọ akwụkwọ egwuregwu bọọlụ Naijiria nke dị na Legọs nke ụlọ ụka Synagogue nke mba na-elekọta. Na 2009 Emmanuel sonyeere ụlọ ọgbakọ Swedish Bodens BK ebe ọ nọrọ naanị ọnwa ole na ole ka iwu FIFA kwuru na ọ ga-abụ 18 afọ iji nyefee mba ofesi. Na 2010, mgbe ọrụ mmeri ya nwetara na 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup, a kọrọ na Emmanuel nwere ule na Chelsea na Tottenham Hotspur nke English Premier League. Mgbe ọ nọ na Tottenham Emmanuel, e nyere ya ohere ịnọ ogologo oge. Otú ọ dị, na 2011, mgbe ọ gbasasịrị n'ọtụtụ klọb na Europe, Emmanuel bịanyere aka na mpaghara Serie A nke S.S. Lazio ebe a na-etinye ya ozugbo n'akụkụ Primavera ha. Na 2012 Emmanuel bịanyere aka na US Salernitana 1919 nke Lega Pro Seconda Divisione na nkwado sitere na Lazio na na 9 Septemba 2012 Emmanuel mere ka ọ pụta ìhè naanị maka 4th tier Italian n'akụkụ Chiete Calcio nke ọ bịara na 58th nkeji maka Christian Chirieletti dị ka Salernitana-5 meriri otu ụbọchị ==== FC Biel-Bienne (onye a gbazitere) ==== N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2013, a mara ọkwa na Emmanuel abịala aka na otu egwuregwu Swiss Challenge League FC Biel-Bienne maka ịgbazinye ego maka oge fọdụrụnụ.<ref name="EmmanuelLazioSigning2011">{{Cite web|title=Official: Sani Emmanuel Loaned To Bienne|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=9026|work=All Nigeria Soccer|accessdate=4 April 2013}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 16 Machị 2013 megide Wohlen nke ọ bịara na nkeji nke 72 maka [[w:|Ramon Egli]] ka Biel-Bienne meriri egwuregwu ahụ 1-0.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WOHLEN VS. BIEL-BIENNE 1 – 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/03/16/switzerland/challenge-league/fc-wohlen/fc-biel-bienne/1293404/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2013}}</ref> N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2013, Emmanuel gbara goolu mbụ ya n'egwuregwu league megide FC Wohlen ebe o gbara goolu iji duru Biel-Bienne nwee mmeri 7-0.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BIEL-BIENNE VS. WOHLEN 7 – 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/05/12/switzerland/challenge-league/fc-biel-bienne/fc-wohlen/1293442/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu abụọ ọzọ maka Biel-Bienne na 30 Mee 2013 megide FC Winterthur dị ka klọb 2-2.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WINTERTHUR VS. BIEL-BIENNE 2 – 2|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/05/30/switzerland/challenge-league/fc-winterthur/fc-biel-bienne/1293458/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> === Beitar Jerusalem === N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2014 Sani bịanyere aka na Beitar Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.one.co.il/Article/240943.html|title=Sani Emmanuel finalized with Beitar Jerusalem for a season|first=Guy|author=Ben Ziv|publisher=ONE|language=Hebrew|date=21 October 2014}}</ref> Izu atọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe ọ gbasịrị naanị nkeji iri abụọ na anọ maka klọb ahụ, Beitar Jerusalem tọhapụrụ Sani, na klọb na-ekwu na onye nkuzi ahụ enweghị obi ụtọ na ọ pụtaghị na atụmatụ n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.one.co.il/Article/242117.html|title=Sani Emmanuel released from Beitar, but will continue training|first=Guy|author=Ben Ziv|publisher=ONE|language=Hebrew|date=13 November 2014}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Beitar Jerusalem, Emmanuel nwere ikpe n'akụkụ Bosnia, FK Sarajevo, mana ọ dara na mgbalị ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=SARAJEVO WON'T GIVE SANI EMMANUEL A CONTRACT|url=https://africanfootball.com/news/548395/Sarajevo-won-t-give-Sani-Emmanuel-a-contract|accessdate=22 May 2016|work=African Football|date=13 July 2015}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2019, onye bụbu onye otu [[Ogenyi Onazi]] nyere aka kwụọ ụgwọ maka mmefu ahụike Emmanuel. A ga-awa Emmanuel ahụ maka achilles tendonitis.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Okeleji|first=Oluswashina|title=Sani Emmanuel: Onazi pays for ex-Nigeria U-17 star's surgery|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50547515|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=14 April 2021|date=25 November 2019}}</ref> == Mba Nile == Emmanuel ghọrọ onye a ma ama n'oge 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup nke a kwadoro na mba ya Nigeria. Emmanuel ji goolu ise mechie asọmpi ahụ wee merie Golden Ball ka ọ na-enyere [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] aka ịghọ onye nke abụọ n'azụ Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swiss take their place in history|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/u17worldcup/nigeria2009/match-center|work=FIFA|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == {{updated|14 April 2021}}<ref>{{soccerway|sani-emmanuel/102558}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko Mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |UEFA ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Salernitana (onye a gbazitere) |2012–13 |Lega Pro Seconda Divisione |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | - | - |1 |0 |- |FC Biel-Bienne (onye a gbazitere) |2012–13 |Njikọ Ihe ịma Aka nke Switzerland |10 |5 |0 |0 |0 |0 | - | - |10 |5 |- |Beitar Jerusalem |2014–15 |Njikọ Premier nke Israel |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |Oskarshamns AIK |2015 |Nkewa 1 nke Sweden |4 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !16 !6 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !16 !6 |} == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{FIFA U-17 World Cup awards}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9z3qksu96p8cr3srd39hsbqz9dll73i 672488 672487 2026-07-04T21:19:21Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ */ 672488 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sani Shehu Emmanuel''' (amụrụ na 23 Disemba 1992) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere. == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mmalite === Amụrụ na Edo, Emmanuel malitere ọrụ egwuregwu ya na ala nna ya Nigeria maka My People FC, ụlọ akwụkwọ egwuregwu bọọlụ Naijiria nke dị na Legọs nke ụlọ ụka Synagogue nke mba na-elekọta. Na 2009 Emmanuel sonyeere ụlọ ọgbakọ Swedish Bodens BK ebe ọ nọrọ naanị ọnwa ole na ole ka iwu FIFA kwuru na ọ ga-abụ 18 afọ iji nyefee mba ofesi. Na 2010, mgbe ọrụ mmeri ya nwetara na 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup, a kọrọ na Emmanuel nwere ule na Chelsea na Tottenham Hotspur nke English Premier League. Mgbe ọ nọ na Tottenham Emmanuel, e nyere ya ohere ịnọ ogologo oge. Otú ọ dị, na 2011, mgbe ọ gbasasịrị n'ọtụtụ klọb na Europe, Emmanuel bịanyere aka na mpaghara Serie A nke S.S. Lazio ebe a na-etinye ya ozugbo n'akụkụ Primavera ha. Na 2012 Emmanuel bịanyere aka na US Salernitana 1919 nke Lega Pro Seconda Divisione na nkwado sitere na Lazio na na 9 Septemba 2012 Emmanuel mere ka ọ pụta ìhè naanị maka 4th tier Italian n'akụkụ Chiete Calcio nke ọ bịara na 58th nkeji maka Christian Chirieletti dị ka Salernitana-5 meriri otu ụbọchị ==== FC Biel-Bienne (onye a gbazitere) ==== N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2013, a mara ọkwa na Emmanuel abịala aka na otu egwuregwu Swiss Challenge League FC Biel-Bienne maka ịgbazinye ego maka oge fọdụrụnụ.<ref name="EmmanuelLazioSigning2011">{{Cite web|title=Official: Sani Emmanuel Loaned To Bienne|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=9026|work=All Nigeria Soccer|accessdate=4 April 2013}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 16 Machị 2013 megide Wohlen nke ọ bịara na nkeji nke 72 maka [[w:|Ramon Egli]] ka Biel-Bienne meriri egwuregwu ahụ 1-0.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WOHLEN VS. BIEL-BIENNE 1 – 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/03/16/switzerland/challenge-league/fc-wohlen/fc-biel-bienne/1293404/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2013}}</ref> N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2013, Emmanuel gbara goolu mbụ ya n'egwuregwu league megide FC Wohlen ebe o gbara goolu iji duru Biel-Bienne nwee mmeri 7-0.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BIEL-BIENNE VS. WOHLEN 7 – 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/05/12/switzerland/challenge-league/fc-biel-bienne/fc-wohlen/1293442/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu abụọ ọzọ maka Biel-Bienne na 30 Mee 2013 megide FC Winterthur dị ka klọb 2-2.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WINTERTHUR VS. BIEL-BIENNE 2 – 2|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/05/30/switzerland/challenge-league/fc-winterthur/fc-biel-bienne/1293458/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> === Beitar Jerusalem === N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2014 Sani bịanyere aka na Beitar Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.one.co.il/Article/240943.html|title=Sani Emmanuel finalized with Beitar Jerusalem for a season|first=Guy|author=Ben Ziv|publisher=ONE|language=Hebrew|date=21 October 2014}}</ref> Izu atọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe ọ gbasịrị naanị nkeji iri abụọ na anọ maka klọb ahụ, Beitar Jerusalem tọhapụrụ Sani, na klọb na-ekwu na onye nkuzi ahụ enweghị obi ụtọ na ọ pụtaghị na atụmatụ n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.one.co.il/Article/242117.html|title=Sani Emmanuel released from Beitar, but will continue training|first=Guy|author=Ben Ziv|publisher=ONE|language=Hebrew|date=13 November 2014}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Beitar Jerusalem, Emmanuel nwere ikpe n'akụkụ Bosnia, FK Sarajevo, mana ọ dara na mgbalị ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=SARAJEVO WON'T GIVE SANI EMMANUEL A CONTRACT|url=https://africanfootball.com/news/548395/Sarajevo-won-t-give-Sani-Emmanuel-a-contract|accessdate=22 May 2016|work=African Football|date=13 July 2015}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2019, onye bụbu onye otu [[Ogenyi Onazi]] nyere aka kwụọ ụgwọ maka mmefu ahụike Emmanuel. A ga-awa Emmanuel ahụ maka achilles tendonitis.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Okeleji|first=Oluswashina|title=Sani Emmanuel: Onazi pays for ex-Nigeria U-17 star's surgery|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50547515|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=14 April 2021|date=25 November 2019}}</ref> == Mba Nile == Emmanuel ghọrọ onye a ma ama n'oge 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup nke a kwadoro na mba ya Nigeria. Emmanuel ji goolu ise mechie asọmpi ahụ wee merie Golden Ball ka ọ na-enyere [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] aka ịghọ onye nke abụọ n'azụ Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swiss take their place in history|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/u17worldcup/nigeria2009/match-center|work=FIFA|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w:updated|14 April 2021]]<ref>{{soccerway|sani-emmanuel/102558}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko Mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |UEFA ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Salernitana (onye a gbazitere) |2012–13 |Lega Pro Seconda Divisione |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | - | - |1 |0 |- |FC Biel-Bienne (onye a gbazitere) |2012–13 |Njikọ Ihe ịma Aka nke Switzerland |10 |5 |0 |0 |0 |0 | - | - |10 |5 |- |Beitar Jerusalem |2014–15 |Njikọ Premier nke Israel |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |Oskarshamns AIK |2015 |Nkewa 1 nke Sweden |4 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !16 !6 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !16 !6 |} == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == {{FIFA U-17 World Cup awards}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0glvzaoilzkcgzkam2g20lltjb2y4oy 672489 672488 2026-07-04T21:19:47Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Njikọ mpụga */ 672489 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sani Shehu Emmanuel''' (amụrụ na 23 Disemba 1992) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere. == Ọrụ == === Ọrụ mmalite === Amụrụ na Edo, Emmanuel malitere ọrụ egwuregwu ya na ala nna ya Nigeria maka My People FC, ụlọ akwụkwọ egwuregwu bọọlụ Naijiria nke dị na Legọs nke ụlọ ụka Synagogue nke mba na-elekọta. Na 2009 Emmanuel sonyeere ụlọ ọgbakọ Swedish Bodens BK ebe ọ nọrọ naanị ọnwa ole na ole ka iwu FIFA kwuru na ọ ga-abụ 18 afọ iji nyefee mba ofesi. Na 2010, mgbe ọrụ mmeri ya nwetara na 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup, a kọrọ na Emmanuel nwere ule na Chelsea na Tottenham Hotspur nke English Premier League. Mgbe ọ nọ na Tottenham Emmanuel, e nyere ya ohere ịnọ ogologo oge. Otú ọ dị, na 2011, mgbe ọ gbasasịrị n'ọtụtụ klọb na Europe, Emmanuel bịanyere aka na mpaghara Serie A nke S.S. Lazio ebe a na-etinye ya ozugbo n'akụkụ Primavera ha. Na 2012 Emmanuel bịanyere aka na US Salernitana 1919 nke Lega Pro Seconda Divisione na nkwado sitere na Lazio na na 9 Septemba 2012 Emmanuel mere ka ọ pụta ìhè naanị maka 4th tier Italian n'akụkụ Chiete Calcio nke ọ bịara na 58th nkeji maka Christian Chirieletti dị ka Salernitana-5 meriri otu ụbọchị ==== FC Biel-Bienne (onye a gbazitere) ==== N'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2013, a mara ọkwa na Emmanuel abịala aka na otu egwuregwu Swiss Challenge League FC Biel-Bienne maka ịgbazinye ego maka oge fọdụrụnụ.<ref name="EmmanuelLazioSigning2011">{{Cite web|title=Official: Sani Emmanuel Loaned To Bienne|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=9026|work=All Nigeria Soccer|accessdate=4 April 2013}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ na 16 Machị 2013 megide Wohlen nke ọ bịara na nkeji nke 72 maka [[w:|Ramon Egli]] ka Biel-Bienne meriri egwuregwu ahụ 1-0.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WOHLEN VS. BIEL-BIENNE 1 – 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/03/16/switzerland/challenge-league/fc-wohlen/fc-biel-bienne/1293404/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=4 April 2013}}</ref> N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Mee n'afọ 2013, Emmanuel gbara goolu mbụ ya n'egwuregwu league megide FC Wohlen ebe o gbara goolu iji duru Biel-Bienne nwee mmeri 7-0.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BIEL-BIENNE VS. WOHLEN 7 – 0|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/05/12/switzerland/challenge-league/fc-biel-bienne/fc-wohlen/1293442/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> Ọ gbara goolu abụọ ọzọ maka Biel-Bienne na 30 Mee 2013 megide FC Winterthur dị ka klọb 2-2.<ref>{{Cite web|title=WINTERTHUR VS. BIEL-BIENNE 2 – 2|url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2013/05/30/switzerland/challenge-league/fc-winterthur/fc-biel-bienne/1293458/|work=Soccerway|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> === Beitar Jerusalem === N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2014 Sani bịanyere aka na Beitar Jerusalem.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.one.co.il/Article/240943.html|title=Sani Emmanuel finalized with Beitar Jerusalem for a season|first=Guy|author=Ben Ziv|publisher=ONE|language=Hebrew|date=21 October 2014}}</ref> Izu atọ ka e mesịrị, mgbe ọ gbasịrị naanị nkeji iri abụọ na anọ maka klọb ahụ, Beitar Jerusalem tọhapụrụ Sani, na klọb na-ekwu na onye nkuzi ahụ enweghị obi ụtọ na ọ pụtaghị na atụmatụ n'ọdịnihu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.one.co.il/Article/242117.html|title=Sani Emmanuel released from Beitar, but will continue training|first=Guy|author=Ben Ziv|publisher=ONE|language=Hebrew|date=13 November 2014}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Beitar Jerusalem, Emmanuel nwere ikpe n'akụkụ Bosnia, FK Sarajevo, mana ọ dara na mgbalị ya.<ref>{{Cite news|title=SARAJEVO WON'T GIVE SANI EMMANUEL A CONTRACT|url=https://africanfootball.com/news/548395/Sarajevo-won-t-give-Sani-Emmanuel-a-contract|accessdate=22 May 2016|work=African Football|date=13 July 2015}}</ref> N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2019, onye bụbu onye otu [[Ogenyi Onazi]] nyere aka kwụọ ụgwọ maka mmefu ahụike Emmanuel. A ga-awa Emmanuel ahụ maka achilles tendonitis.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Okeleji|first=Oluswashina|title=Sani Emmanuel: Onazi pays for ex-Nigeria U-17 star's surgery|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/50547515|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=14 April 2021|date=25 November 2019}}</ref> == Mba Nile == Emmanuel ghọrọ onye a ma ama n'oge 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup nke a kwadoro na mba ya Nigeria. Emmanuel ji goolu ise mechie asọmpi ahụ wee merie Golden Ball ka ọ na-enyere [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] aka ịghọ onye nke abụọ n'azụ Switzerland.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Swiss take their place in history|url=https://www.fifa.com/tournaments/mens/u17worldcup/nigeria2009/match-center|work=FIFA|accessdate=8 July 2013}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w:updated|14 April 2021]]<ref>{{soccerway|sani-emmanuel/102558}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko Mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |UEFA ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Salernitana (onye a gbazitere) |2012–13 |Lega Pro Seconda Divisione |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | - | - |1 |0 |- |FC Biel-Bienne (onye a gbazitere) |2012–13 |Njikọ Ihe ịma Aka nke Switzerland |10 |5 |0 |0 |0 |0 | - | - |10 |5 |- |Beitar Jerusalem |2014–15 |Njikọ Premier nke Israel |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |Oskarshamns AIK |2015 |Nkewa 1 nke Sweden |4 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |4 |1 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !16 !6 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !16 !6 |} == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[w:FIFA U-17 World Cup awards]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 75t7xovbjotqu4wbg8zs96bw5as931x 0 75502 672480 632778 2026-07-04T21:10:19Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Edensibia */ 672480 wikitext text/x-wiki Philip Osondu Mast (28 Nọvemba 1971 - 12 Disemba 2019) <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/12/13/breaking-ex-golden-eaglets-player-philip-osondu-is-dead/|title=Ex-Golden Eaglets player, Philip Osondu is dead - P.M. News|work=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ. Ọ gbara bọọlụ na [[Belgium]] maka otu ndị gụnyere RSC Anderlecht na RWDM. == Ọrụ == Philip Osondu na-egwuri egwu na ala nna ya Nigeria maka El Kanemi Warriors mgbe RSC Anderlecht zụtara ya na Belgium na 1988. A hụrụ onye na-awakpo ahụ dị ka nkà football na-apụta ma nyefee ya na Anderlecht bụ otu ndị na-ekwe nkwa. Otu afọ ka e mesịrị, onye 18 dị afọ iri na ụma mere mpụta mbụ ya na ọkwa kachasị elu na egwuregwu pụọ na Germinal Ekeren na 1989 na-egwu egwu n'okpuru onye nchịkwa Aad de Mos. Agbanyeghị, enwere ọtụtụ asọmpi na Anderlecht na ndị egwuregwu dịka Luc Nilis, Luis Oliveira, Marc Van Der Linden na Gert Verheyen nke mere ka Osondu pụta obere na egwuregwu ahụ. N'agbata 1990 na 1992 onye Naijiria nyekwara ndị agbata obi RWDM ego. Mgbe RWDM nwetara Osondu, onye nkuzi Hugo Broos nyere ya ohere ịgba egwu. Na nke mbụ ya na Ngalaba Mbụ, ọ chọpụtakwara azụ nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ ahụ. Osondu gbara goolu mbụ ya na mmeri 4-1 na Beerschot VAC. Otu afọ mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, Broos hapụrụ Klọb Brugge ma Ladislav Novák nọchiri ya. Nke a mere ka ohere ole na ole igwu egwu maka Osondu, nke n'oge ọkọchị mere ka ọ laghachi na Anderlecht. N'afọ 1994, Osondu kwagara na klọb nke abụọ La Louvière, ebe obere onye na-agba ọsọ nwere nkà na ụzụ gbara bọọlụ ugboro ise n'egwuregwu iri abụọ. Mgbe otu oge gachara, ọ gbanwere La Louvière n'oge ezumike oyi maka Union Saint Gillis, ebe ọ gwụchara oge fọdụrụnụ. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbara ọtụtụ afọ maka Diegem Sport na FC Merchtem 2000. Osondu, onye a na-ewere na mba ya dị ka nnukwu nkà ma nwetakwara otuto dị elu dị ka onye ntorobịa mba ụwa, enweghị ike imezu ikike ya na Belgium. A na-ekwukarị na ọ bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ ndị na-eto eto Afrịka gara mba ọzọ n'oge. == Ndị Ntorobịa Mba Nile == Philip Osondu na-egwuri egwu mgbe niile maka ndị otu ndị ntorobịa nke Naijiria, mana ọ bịaghị na ndị otu mbụ. N'afọ 1987, o sonyere na asọmpi World U-16 na Canada. Naịjirịa ruru na ngwụcha, mana Soviet Union meriri ya na penalties. Osondu nwetara World Cup Golden Ball dị ka onye egwuregwu kachasị mma na asọmpi ahụ. N'afọ 1989, ọ nọ n'òtù egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ iri abụọ na World Youth Championship nke nọ n'ọkwa nke abụọ ma merie ọlaọcha na Saudi Arabia, Naịjiria meriri Portugal na egwuregwu ikpeazụ. == Ọnwụ == Philip na-arụ ọrụ na Namur ma nwee ahụike ma jiri ambulance buru ya, ma kpọga ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ, mana ọ nwụrụ obere oge ka nke ahụ gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/former-nigerian-footballer-philip-osondu-dies-at-48/|title=Former Nigerian footballer Philip Osondu dies at 48|date=2019-12-13|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-13}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en-au/news/1987-u17-world-cup-golden-ball-winner-philip-osondu-dies-at/1tniev8lq9de61a2wdki4s0wsk|title=Former U17 World Cup Golden Ball winner Osondu dies at 48|date=2019-12-13|work=Goal|language=en|accessdate=2019-12-13}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />[[w:|FIFA U-17 World Cup awards]] sala0ebswc3ob09wy7kpjcly783vtwm 0 75530 672478 632825 2026-07-04T21:08:51Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ */ 672478 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}  '''Kelechi Nwakali''' ({{Audio|Ig-kelechi nwakali.ogg|listen}}; born 5 June 1998) is a Nigerian professional [[Footbọl|footballer]] who plays as a midfielder for EFL League One club Barnsley. == Ọrụ klọb == === Ngwá Agha === Nwakali malitere ọrụ ya na Diamond Football Academy, Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Diamond Academy President Confirms Nwakali Will Complete Arsenal Move In June {{!}} All Nigeria Soccer|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=19409|accessdate=2024-07-05|work=www.allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị mma na 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup nke o meriri Golden Ball Award, ọ bịanyere aka na Arsenal nke English Premier League. <ref name="Golden Ball">{{Cite news|title=Osimhen and Nigeria the big winners|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/news/y=2015/m=11/news=osimhen-and-nigeria-the-big-winners-2731560.html|accessdate=16 September 2016|work=FIFA|date=9 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kelechi Nwakali completes Arsenal move with five-year deal|url=http://www.espnfc.us/arsenal/story/2923740/kelechi-nwakali-completes-arsenal-move-with-five-year-deal|accessdate=16 September 2016|work=ESPN FC|date=5 August 2016}}</ref> ==== Ịlaghachi na MVV Maastricht (ụgwọ) ==== Na 16 Septemba 2016, a mara ọkwa na Nwakali etinyela aka na MVV Maastricht nke Eerste Divisie na mbinye ego ogologo oge. O meziri mpụta mbụ ya n'otu ụbọchị ahụ megide Jong Ajax. Ọ bịara dịka onye nọchiri anya nkeji nkeji 92 maka Thomas Verheijdt ka MVV meriri 1–0. ==== VVV-Venlo (onye a gbazitere) ==== Na 29 Ọgọst 2017, Nwakali sonyeere klọb Dutch VVV-Venlo na mbinye ego maka ọnwa isii mbụ nke oge 2017–18 Eredivisie. Na 10 Septemba 2017, Nwakali mere egwuregwu Eredivisie mbụ ya megide FC Groningen, na-agba akara na eserese 1–1. Mgbe nkwekọrịta mbinye ego ọnwa isii mbụ kwụsịrị, Nwakali kpebiri ịhapụ Venlo ma laghachi na MVV Maastricht maka ọkara nke abụọ nke oge. ==== MVV Maastricht (onye a gbazitere) ==== Na 24 Jenụwarị 2018, Nwakali laghachiri Maastricht na mgbazinye maka ọkara nke abụọ nke oge Eerste Divisie 2017-18, ebe ọ gbara naanị nkeji 380 nke bọọlụ Eredivisie na Venlo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Taiwo Awoniyi: Future at Anfield in Doubt?|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/08/10/taiwo-awoniyi-future-at-anfield-in-doubt/|author=editor|date=9 August 2019|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US|accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Porto B (onye a gbazinyere) ==== Nwakali bịanyere aka na mgbazinye maka FC Porto na 18 Julaị 2018, e kenyekwara ya na Porto B tupu oge LigaPro nke 2018-19. N'ọnwa Machị 2019, ọ tọrọ atọ na Naijiria n'ihi nsogbu visa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48013084|title=Nigeria Football Federation helping Kelechi Nwakali sort visa issue|date=22 April 2019|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=28 August 2019|first=Oluwashina|author=Okeleji}}</ref> === Huesca === Na 2 Septemba 2019, Nwakali sonyeere ndị otu Spanish Segunda División SD Huesca na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdhuesca.es/noticia/kelechi-nwakali-talento-joven-y-versatilidad|title=Kelechi Nwakali, talento joven y versatilidad|publisher=SD Huesca|language=es|date=2 September 2019|accessdate=3 September 2019}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị klọb ahụ, o kelere Arsenal maka oge ya na ha, n'agbanyeghị na ọ pụtaghị na otu mbụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49563319|title=Kelechi Nwakali: Nigerian thanks Arsenal despite no appearances|work=BBC Sport|date=3 September 2019}}</ref> Na 5 Eprel 2022, nkwekọrịta Nwakali kwụsịrị n'oge. N'echi ya, Nwakali wepụtara nkwupụta gọọmentị site na akaụntụ Twitter ya na-akatọ ọgwụgwọ SD Huesca na onye isi egwuregwu klọb, Rubén García, kemgbe Disemba 2021, site na ịmanye ya ka ọ hapụ asọmpi Iko Mba Afrịka, nke a kpọrọ ya, na-akwụ ụgwọ ụgwọ ya n'oge, na-amanye ya ịhapụ ụlọ ọgbakọ ma machibido ya ịga ọzụzụ klọb. === Ponferradina === N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2022, Nwakali bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ maka SD Ponferradina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdponferradina.com/noticias/noticia/kelechi-nwakali-nuevo-jugador-de-la-sd-ponferradina|title=Kelechi Nwakali, nuevo jugador de la SD Ponferradina|publisher=SD Ponferradina|language=es|date=21 July 2022|accessdate=14 August 2022}}</ref> === Chaves === Na 20 Julaị 2023, Nwakali bịanyere aka na Chaves nke Primeira Liga.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=20 July 2023|title=Ex-FC Porto B reforça meio-campo de Chaves|url=https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/chaves/noticias/ex-fc-porto-b-reforca-meio-campo-de-chaves-16726294.html|accessdate=12 August 2023|publisher=[[O Jogo]]|language=pt-PT|archivedate=12 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812004346/https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/chaves/noticias/ex-fc-porto-b-reforca-meio-campo-de-chaves-16726294.html}}</ref> === Barnsley === N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, Nwakali sonyeere otu egwuregwu League One bụ Barnsley maka ego a na-akọwaghị na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/2024/august/12/kelechi-nwakali-joins-the-reds/|title=Kelechi Nwakali joins the Reds|work=www.barnsleyfc.co.uk|date=12 August 2024|accessdate=12 August 2024}}</ref> A kpọrọ aha Nwakali na ndị otu nwa oge maka Nigeria U17 tupu 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup mana ọ banyeghị na ndị otu ikpeazụ.<ref name="Golden Ball">{{Cite news|title=Osimhen and Nigeria the big winners|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/news/y=2015/m=11/news=osimhen-and-nigeria-the-big-winners-2731560.html|accessdate=16 September 2016|work=FIFA|date=9 November 2015}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-abanye na 2015 U-17 World Cup, a kpọrọ ya onyeisi ka ọ na'ihu mba ya n'ọkwa ahụ, na-emeri Golden Ball Award n'ụzọ.<ref name="Golden Ball" /> N'ụbọchị Krismas nke afọ 2021, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ndị okenye ga-ekere òkè na 2021 Africa Cup of Nations na Cameroon nke e yigharịrị na 2022 n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19. == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w:updated|match played 22 July 2023]]<ref>{{soccerway|kelechi-nwakali/425646|accessdate=4 October 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Ngwá Agha |2016–17 |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |MVV (onye a gbazitere) |2016–17 |Nkewa nke Eerste |29 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |1 |34 |3 |- |VVV-Venlo (onye a gbazitere) |2017–18 |Eredivisie |9 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |12 |1 |- |MVV (onye a gbazitere) |2017–18 |Nkewa nke Eerste |16 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2<ref group="lower-alpha" name="auto" /> |0 |18 |4 |- |Porto B (onye a gbazinyere) |2018–19 |LigaPro |16 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Huesca |2019–20 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- |2020–21 |[[La Liga|Njikọ ahụ]] |5 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7 |0 |- |2021–22 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |19 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |21 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !29 !0 !4 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !0 !0 !33 !0 |- |Alcorcón (onye a gbazitere) |2020–21 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |18 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |4 |- |Ponferradina |2022–23 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |36 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |37 |1 |- |Chaves |2023–24 |Njikọ Mbụ |8 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !153 !12 !9 !0 !1 !0 !6 !1 !169 !13 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Nsọpụrụ == [[Faịlụ:Samu_with_victor_and_kelechi.png|thumb|Nwakali (n'aka nri) na Victor Apugo (n'etiti) na [[Samuel Chukwueze]] (n'akụkụ aka ekpe) na 2015]] '''Naịjirịa U17''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2015<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/matches/round=271773/match=300298386/photos/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117053147/http://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/matches/round=271773/match=300298386/photos/index.html|archivedate=17 November 2015|title=FIFA U-17 World Cup Chile 2015 - Matches - Mali - Nigeria|work=FIFA.com|accessdate=1 November 2018}}</ref> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup Golden Ball: 2015 == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * Kelechi Nwakalina BDFutbol [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5p2r28ak1pcl6rygm2rx29drvcg39u9 672479 672478 2026-07-04T21:09:19Z Johnnybam 24488 672479 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kelechi Nwakali''' ({{Audio|Ig-kelechi nwakali.ogg|listen}}; born 5 June 1998) is a Nigerian professional [[Footbọl|footballer]] who plays as a midfielder for EFL League One club Barnsley. == Ọrụ klọb == === Ngwá Agha === Nwakali malitere ọrụ ya na Diamond Football Academy, Nigeria . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Diamond Academy President Confirms Nwakali Will Complete Arsenal Move In June {{!}} All Nigeria Soccer|url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=19409|accessdate=2024-07-05|work=www.allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị mma na 2015 FIFA U-17 World Cup nke o meriri Golden Ball Award, ọ bịanyere aka na Arsenal nke English Premier League. <ref name="Golden Ball">{{Cite news|title=Osimhen and Nigeria the big winners|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/news/y=2015/m=11/news=osimhen-and-nigeria-the-big-winners-2731560.html|accessdate=16 September 2016|work=FIFA|date=9 November 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Kelechi Nwakali completes Arsenal move with five-year deal|url=http://www.espnfc.us/arsenal/story/2923740/kelechi-nwakali-completes-arsenal-move-with-five-year-deal|accessdate=16 September 2016|work=ESPN FC|date=5 August 2016}}</ref> ==== Ịlaghachi na MVV Maastricht (ụgwọ) ==== Na 16 Septemba 2016, a mara ọkwa na Nwakali etinyela aka na MVV Maastricht nke Eerste Divisie na mbinye ego ogologo oge. O meziri mpụta mbụ ya n'otu ụbọchị ahụ megide Jong Ajax. Ọ bịara dịka onye nọchiri anya nkeji nkeji 92 maka Thomas Verheijdt ka MVV meriri 1–0. ==== VVV-Venlo (onye a gbazitere) ==== Na 29 Ọgọst 2017, Nwakali sonyeere klọb Dutch VVV-Venlo na mbinye ego maka ọnwa isii mbụ nke oge 2017–18 Eredivisie. Na 10 Septemba 2017, Nwakali mere egwuregwu Eredivisie mbụ ya megide FC Groningen, na-agba akara na eserese 1–1. Mgbe nkwekọrịta mbinye ego ọnwa isii mbụ kwụsịrị, Nwakali kpebiri ịhapụ Venlo ma laghachi na MVV Maastricht maka ọkara nke abụọ nke oge. ==== MVV Maastricht (onye a gbazitere) ==== Na 24 Jenụwarị 2018, Nwakali laghachiri Maastricht na mgbazinye maka ọkara nke abụọ nke oge Eerste Divisie 2017-18, ebe ọ gbara naanị nkeji 380 nke bọọlụ Eredivisie na Venlo.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Taiwo Awoniyi: Future at Anfield in Doubt?|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/08/10/taiwo-awoniyi-future-at-anfield-in-doubt/|author=editor|date=9 August 2019|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US|accessdate=24 May 2020}}</ref> ==== Porto B (onye a gbazinyere) ==== Nwakali bịanyere aka na mgbazinye maka FC Porto na 18 Julaị 2018, e kenyekwara ya na Porto B tupu oge LigaPro nke 2018-19. N'ọnwa Machị 2019, ọ tọrọ atọ na Naijiria n'ihi nsogbu visa ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48013084|title=Nigeria Football Federation helping Kelechi Nwakali sort visa issue|date=22 April 2019|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=28 August 2019|first=Oluwashina|author=Okeleji}}</ref> === Huesca === Na 2 Septemba 2019, Nwakali sonyeere ndị otu Spanish Segunda División SD Huesca na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdhuesca.es/noticia/kelechi-nwakali-talento-joven-y-versatilidad|title=Kelechi Nwakali, talento joven y versatilidad|publisher=SD Huesca|language=es|date=2 September 2019|accessdate=3 September 2019}}</ref> Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị klọb ahụ, o kelere Arsenal maka oge ya na ha, n'agbanyeghị na ọ pụtaghị na otu mbụ.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49563319|title=Kelechi Nwakali: Nigerian thanks Arsenal despite no appearances|work=BBC Sport|date=3 September 2019}}</ref> Na 5 Eprel 2022, nkwekọrịta Nwakali kwụsịrị n'oge. N'echi ya, Nwakali wepụtara nkwupụta gọọmentị site na akaụntụ Twitter ya na-akatọ ọgwụgwọ SD Huesca na onye isi egwuregwu klọb, Rubén García, kemgbe Disemba 2021, site na ịmanye ya ka ọ hapụ asọmpi Iko Mba Afrịka, nke a kpọrọ ya, na-akwụ ụgwọ ụgwọ ya n'oge, na-amanye ya ịhapụ ụlọ ọgbakọ ma machibido ya ịga ọzụzụ klọb. === Ponferradina === N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2022, Nwakali bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ maka SD Ponferradina.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sdponferradina.com/noticias/noticia/kelechi-nwakali-nuevo-jugador-de-la-sd-ponferradina|title=Kelechi Nwakali, nuevo jugador de la SD Ponferradina|publisher=SD Ponferradina|language=es|date=21 July 2022|accessdate=14 August 2022}}</ref> === Chaves === Na 20 Julaị 2023, Nwakali bịanyere aka na Chaves nke Primeira Liga.<ref>{{Cite web|author=|date=20 July 2023|title=Ex-FC Porto B reforça meio-campo de Chaves|url=https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/chaves/noticias/ex-fc-porto-b-reforca-meio-campo-de-chaves-16726294.html|accessdate=12 August 2023|publisher=[[O Jogo]]|language=pt-PT|archivedate=12 August 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812004346/https://www.ojogo.pt/futebol/1a-liga/chaves/noticias/ex-fc-porto-b-reforca-meio-campo-de-chaves-16726294.html}}</ref> === Barnsley === N'abalị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, Nwakali sonyeere otu egwuregwu League One bụ Barnsley maka ego a na-akọwaghị na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/2024/august/12/kelechi-nwakali-joins-the-reds/|title=Kelechi Nwakali joins the Reds|work=www.barnsleyfc.co.uk|date=12 August 2024|accessdate=12 August 2024}}</ref> A kpọrọ aha Nwakali na ndị otu nwa oge maka Nigeria U17 tupu 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup mana ọ banyeghị na ndị otu ikpeazụ.<ref name="Golden Ball">{{Cite news|title=Osimhen and Nigeria the big winners|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/news/y=2015/m=11/news=osimhen-and-nigeria-the-big-winners-2731560.html|accessdate=16 September 2016|work=FIFA|date=9 November 2015}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ka ọ na-abanye na 2015 U-17 World Cup, a kpọrọ ya onyeisi ka ọ na'ihu mba ya n'ọkwa ahụ, na-emeri Golden Ball Award n'ụzọ.<ref name="Golden Ball" /> N'ụbọchị Krismas nke afọ 2021, a kpọrọ ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ndị okenye ga-ekere òkè na 2021 Africa Cup of Nations na Cameroon nke e yigharịrị na 2022 n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19. == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == [[w:updated|match played 22 July 2023]]<ref>{{soccerway|kelechi-nwakali/425646|accessdate=4 October 2017}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |Ngwá Agha |2016–17 |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |MVV (onye a gbazitere) |2016–17 |Nkewa nke Eerste |29 |2 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |1 |34 |3 |- |VVV-Venlo (onye a gbazitere) |2017–18 |Eredivisie |9 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |12 |1 |- |MVV (onye a gbazitere) |2017–18 |Nkewa nke Eerste |16 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2<ref group="lower-alpha" name="auto" /> |0 |18 |4 |- |Porto B (onye a gbazinyere) |2018–19 |LigaPro |16 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Huesca |2019–20 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- |2020–21 |[[La Liga|Njikọ ahụ]] |5 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |7 |0 |- |2021–22 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |19 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |21 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !29 !0 !4 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !0 !0 !33 !0 |- |Alcorcón (onye a gbazitere) |2020–21 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |18 |4 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |18 |4 |- |Ponferradina |2022–23 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |36 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |37 |1 |- |Chaves |2023–24 |Njikọ Mbụ |8 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !153 !12 !9 !0 !1 !0 !6 !1 !169 !13 |} {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Nsọpụrụ == [[Faịlụ:Samu_with_victor_and_kelechi.png|thumb|Nwakali (n'aka nri) na Victor Apugo (n'etiti) na [[Samuel Chukwueze]] (n'akụkụ aka ekpe) na 2015]] '''Naịjirịa U17''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2015<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/matches/round=271773/match=300298386/photos/index.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117053147/http://www.fifa.com/u17worldcup/matches/round=271773/match=300298386/photos/index.html|archivedate=17 November 2015|title=FIFA U-17 World Cup Chile 2015 - Matches - Mali - Nigeria|work=FIFA.com|accessdate=1 November 2018}}</ref> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup Golden Ball: 2015 == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * Kelechi Nwakalina BDFutbol [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] lualdvxxxt7uveksfjme50845avcaaf 0 75532 672550 632827 2026-07-04T22:40:37Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672550 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Claude B. Levenson''' (2 Ọgọst 1938 – 13 Disemba 2010) bụ onye nta akụkọ France, onye na-amụ asụsụ mba ọzọ, ọkà mmụta Tibet, onye nsụgharị na onye edemede, onye dere ihe dị ka akwụkwọ iri abụọ na ise gbasara okpukpe Buddha, Burma na Tibet. O tinyere aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Le Monde, L'Obs, Politique internationale, Le Temps, Geo, 24 heures'' na ''Libération''. Levenson so na Kọmitii nke 100 maka Tibet ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị okwu maka Dalai Lama. == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Levenson na Paris na 2 Ọgọstụ 1938.<ref name="RTSObit">{{Cite news|title=Pour Le Tibet: Hommage à Claude B. Levenson|url=https://www.rts.ch/espace-2/programmes/babylone/2974905.html/BINARY/Hommage%20%C3%A0%20Claude%20B.%20Levenson%20%C3%A0%20la%20Maison%20des%20Associtations%20%C3%A0%20Gen%C3%A8ve%20le%204%20mars%202011%20%C3%A0%2019h%20(doc%20pdf)|date=2011|publisher=[[Radio Télévision Suisse]]|language=fr|accessdate=7 February 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke onye Juu si Bessarabia onye ga-aghọ onye agha nnupụisi n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ mgbe France nọ n'okpuru mmeri mana ndị Nazi gburu ya na Auschwitz na 1941.<ref name="HommagesObit">{{Cite web|author=Bridel|first=Bernard|title=En souvenir de ... Claude B. Levenson|url=http://www.hommages.ch/Defunt/57721/B__Levenson_Claude|publisher=Hommages|language=fr|date=22 December 2010|accessdate=7 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122140055/http://www.hommages.ch/Defunt/57721/B__Levenson_Claude|archivedate=22 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="LeMondeObit" /> Nne Levenson ga-aghọkwa onye na-alụ ọgụ.<ref name="LeMondeObit">{{Cite news|author=Philip|first=Bruno|title=Claude Levenson, tibétologue|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/disparitions/article/2010/12/17/claude-levenson-tibetologue_1454890_3382.html|work=[[Le Monde]]|language=fr|date=17 December 2010|accessdate=7 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="24HeuresObit">{{Cite news|title=Claude B. Levenson: Fidele a Jamais Au Tibet|url=http://itineraires.blog.24heures.ch/archive/2010/12/17/d8607da10c7cfff7d9720c05ce7f1bdd.html|work=[[24 heures (Switzerland)|24 heures]]|language=fr|date=17 December 2010|accessdate=7 February 2022}}</ref> Levenson gara ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze Lycée et collège Victor-Duruy na Paris, <ref name="RTSObit" /> na 1950s, ọ gụrụ Russian, Sanskrit na ọtụtụ asụsụ ndị Ọwụwa Anyanwụ, dị ka Hindi na Persian na Mahadum Moscow State ka ọ matara ọdịbendị ndị Ọwụwarị.<ref name="LibObit">{{Cite news|author=Vaulerin|first=Arnaud|title=Claude B. Levenson, journaliste engagée|url=http://www.liberation.fr/monde/01012308576-claude-b-levenson-journaliste-engagee|work=[[Libération]]|language=fr|date=17 December 2010|accessdate=7 February 2022}}</ref><ref name="NPAObit">{{Cite web|title=Hommage. Claude B. Levenson|url=https://npa2009.org/content/hommage-claude-b-levenson|publisher=[[New Anticapitalist Party]]|language=fr|date=25 December 2010|accessdate=7 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827183624/http://www.npa2009.org/content/hommage-claude-b-levenson#federation=archive.wikiwix.com|archivedate=27 August 2016}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Levenson rụrụ ọrụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Le Monde, L'Obs, Politique internationale, Le Temps, Geo, 24 heures,''<ref name="HommagesObit" /><ref name="24HeuresObit" /> nkọwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka ''Libération''<ref name="LibObit" /> na ''Oge'' mgbasa ozi Radio Suisse Internationale. Ọ bụ onye otu Kọmitii nke 100 maka Tibet .<ref name="HommagesObit" /><ref name="24HeuresObit" /> Mgbe ọ nọ na mahadum, Levenson malitere inwe ọmịiko na ihe kpatara Tibet.<ref name="NPAObit" /> Ọ zutere onye ndú okpukpe Tibet bụ Dalai Lama na Paris na 1981 ma soro ya bụrụ enyi n'ime iri afọ ndị sochirinụ,<ref name="RTSObit" /><ref name="HommagesObit" /> na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ntụgharị maka ya.<ref name="LeMondeObit" /><ref name="24HeuresObit" /> Levenson zutere ndị ọchịchị aka ike na South America mgbe ọ bi n'ógbè ahụ ma hụ ihe omume nke afọ 1980 na Argentina.<ref name="NPAObit" /><ref name="LibObit" /> Ọ gara Tibet na nke mbụ ya n'afọ 1984 mgbe ya na Dalai Lama zutere n'afọ gara aga na Geneva ma nọrọ ebe ahụ ruo mgbe Beijing kwụsịrị visa ya n'ọnwa 2005.<ref name="HommagesObit" /><ref name="LibObit" /> A mara Levenson dị ka onye na-adịghị mma na China n'afọ 2006 n'ihi na a hụrụ ya dika onye nwere mmekorita chiri anya na ndi na-akwado nkewa Tibet.<ref name="LeMondeObit" /> Ọ zutekwara onye Burmese [[Aung San Suu Kyi]] ọtụtụ ugboro.<ref name="HommagesObit" /> O dere ihe dị ka akwụkwọ iri abụọ na ise gbasara okpukpe Buddha (abụọ), Burma (abụọ) na Tibet (iri na ise).[1][2] Ụfọdụ n'ime akwụkwọ ndị ahụ bụ ndị ya na di ya bụ Jean-Claude Buhrer, onye nta akụkọ,[3] tinyere Gianni Baldizzone, Tiziana Baldizzone na Laziz Hamani dere.[4] Ndị a gụnyere Le chemin de Lhassa, un voyage au Tibet (1985), Le Seigneur du Lotus blanc, le Dalaï Lama (1987), D'Asie et d'ailleurs (1991), Ainsi parle le Dalaï Lama (1991), L'An prochain à Lhassa (1993), à993 (1993). 1949–1959, la Chine envahit le Tibet (1995), aïlash, Joyau des neiges: Carnet de voyage au Tibet (1996), Symboles du bouddhisme tibétain (1996), La messagère du Tibet (1997), La Messageres du, Tibet (1996), La Messageres du, Tibet (1996), La Messageres du (1998), Dormir, rêver, mourir : onye na-enyocha akọ na uche Dalaï-Lama (1998), Le Dalaï-Lama (1999), Tibet, un peuple en sursis (2000), Aung San Suu Kyi, demain la Birmanie (2000), Tibet, otage de la Chine (2002), L'ONU contre les droits de l'homme (2003-200) Vieira de Mello: L'Espoir foudroyé (2004), Tibet, d'oubli et de mémoire (2007), Birmanie: des moines contre la dictature (2008), Le Tibet (2008), Tibet, La question qui dérange (2008) na Tibet, Tibéleins, [5] [5] A sụgharịala ọrụ ya n'asụsụ dị ihe dị ka iri abụọ, ọ sụgharịkwara ọrụ Octavio Paz na Osip Mandelstam.[1] == Ọnwụ == N'ụtụtụ nke 13 Disemba 2010, Levenson nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa na Lausanne, Switzerland. <ref name="LeMondeObit" /><ref name="LibObit" /> == Ihe Nketa == E nyere Levenson otuto nke gosipụtara ihe nkiri, ihe ngosi slide na akaebe na Geneva na Machị 2011. <ref name="RTSObit" /> N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2011, Théâtre du Soleil kwadoro mgbede otuto nye Levenson na ihe ngosi Je suis le cœur d'un peuple, nke bụ ngosi nke ịgụ uri na Chinese, French na Tibetan.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Je suis le cœur d'un peuple|url=https://www.theatre-du-soleil.fr/thsol/dans-nos-nefs/je-suis-le-coeur-d-un-peuple,1228?debut_chrono=10&lang=fr|publisher=[[Théâtre du Soleil]]|language=fr|accessdate=7 February 2022|archivedate=7 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207152158/https://www.theatre-du-soleil.fr/thsol/dans-nos-nefs/je-suis-le-coeur-d-un-peuple,1228?debut_chrono=10&lang=fr}}</ref> Swiss Film Archive edebewo nchịkọta nke akwụkwọ Levenson na ebe nchekwa ha kemgbe 2014, na Cantonal na University Library of Lausanne nwere nchịkọta banyere ya kemgbe ọ nwetara ha na 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Fonds CSL 154 – Papiers Claude Buhrer Levenson|url=https://caspar.cinematheque.ch/index.php/papiers-claude-buhrer-levenson|accessdate=7 February 2022|publisher=[[Swiss Film Archive]]|language=fr|archivedate=8 February 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208011720/https://caspar.cinematheque.ch/index.php/papiers-claude-buhrer-levenson}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Rapport annuel BCU Lausanne|url=https://docplayer.fr/71412997-Rapport-annuel-bcu-lausanne.html|publisher=[[Cantonal and University Library of Lausanne]]|language=fr|accessdate=7 February 2022|archivedate=7 February 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220207152200/https://docplayer.fr/71412997-Rapport-annuel-bcu-lausanne.html}}</ref> == Ntụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 64iespwignqoqwb39f4ozrmax7gwvs7 0 75533 672477 632828 2026-07-04T21:07:56Z Johnnybam 24488 672477 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Terrence Envoh''' bụ [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] na-agba bọọlụ. Ọ na-egwuri egwu ugbu a maka Enugu Rangers . <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.completesportsnigeria.com/news/2014/02/omeruo-anyanwu-boost-rangers|title=Omeruo, Anyanwu Boost Rangers|date=10 February 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140307174723/http://www.completesportsnigeria.com/news/2014/02/omeruo-anyanwu-boost-rangers|archivedate=2014-03-07|accessdate=2 September 2019}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Envoh malitere ọrụ ya na LEA Primary School Tudun Wada wee binye aka na 2007 na Mighty Jets nke Jos Nigeria. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ndị otu Sharks FC nke Nigeria chọtara nkà ya. nke Port Harcourt ebe ọ na-egwuri egwu oge niile dị ka onye ọkpọ ọkpọ / ọgụ. Ọ kwagara Bayelsa United maka oge 2013 ka ọ nwesịrị ule na Switzerland. Na February 2014, o soro onye nkuzi John Obuh gawa Rangers nke Enugu. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Envoh gbara bọọlụ maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] na 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup na Naịjiria ma gbaa otu goolu megide South Korea, Naịjirị meriri Switzerland na ngwụcha asọmpi ahụ. Ọ bụkwa onye otu ndị otu U-20 nke Naijiria na 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup . == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qvqcpmffx9xjf41gayrrk7r46uc1rxy 0 75534 672474 632829 2026-07-04T21:06:09Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Klọb */ 672474 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ramon Olamilekan Azeez''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Abike25-Ramon Olamilekan Azeez.wav|listen}} (amụrụ na 12 Disemba 1992) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka onye na-agba ọsọ n'etiti. Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ọkachamara ya na Spain, malite na Almería B. Na La Liga, ọ pụtara maka otu mbụ nke klọb ahụ na Granada. Onye mba ụwa kemgbe afọ 2014, Azeez nọchitere anya [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na 2014 World Cup. == Ọrụ klọb == === Almería === A mụrụ ya na [[Abuja]], Azeez malitere ịgba bọọlụ na Future Pro Academy. N'afọ 2010 ọ kwetara ịkwaga UD Almería na Spain, mana ọ ga-echere ruo Julaị 2011 iji mezue mbufe ahụ. Na 17 August 2012, mgbe oge zuru ezu na ihe nchekwa na Segunda División B, Azeez mere mmalite ya na ndị otu mbụ: ọ bịara dị ka onye na-anọchi anya Javier Casquero na 50th nkeji nke egwuregwu megide FC Barcelona Atlétic na Segunda Division (a 5-4 mmeri), ma dochie ya, tinyere onwe ya n'ihe ize ndụ mgbe nkeji iri na Javier. pụọ. A kwalitere Azeez n'ezie na ndị isi otu Andalusians na 28 June 2013, ebe klọb ahụ ka kwalitere na La Liga. O mere nke mbụ ya na asọmpi ahụ na 30 Ọgọstụ, na-egwu nkeji iri abụọ na atọ nke 2-2 n'ụlọ na Elche CF. Na 21 Disemba 2013, Azeez gbara goolu mbụ ya, naanị ka e nyere ya na mmeri ha meriri Real Betis.[1] O kwughachiri ihe ahụ na nzukọ nke abụọ n'etiti akụkụ abụọ ahụ, na-enye akara na nkeji 94th na mmeri 3-2 na Estadio de los Juegos Mediterráneos.[2]. Azeez gosipụtara nke ọma n'oge mkpọsa 2014-15, ebe Almería merụrụ ahụ. N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2015 ọ rịọrọ ka a nyefee ya, mgbe ọ bịaghị aka na nkwekọrịta ọkachamara, e wepụrụ ya n'ọkwa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ. N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 2016, Azeez laghachiri n'òtù ndị isi, na-eyi egwu na a ga-ewepụ ya, mgbe ọ kwetara na ọ ga-abụ onye ọkachamara. === Lugo na Granada === N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2017, onye nnọchi anya n'efu bụ Azeez bịanyere aka na CD Lugo nke abụọ na Spain. Na 1 Febụwarị 2019, ọ sonyeere Granada CF nke otu egwuregwu ahụ na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na ọkara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://granadacf.ideal.es/granada-ficha-ramon-20190201235826-nt.html|title=El Granada ficha a Azeez 'in extremis'|publisher=Ideal|first=Rafael|author=Lamelas|language=Spanish|date=1 February 2019|accessdate=22 August 2019}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2019, Azeez si nso n'ụlọ na-esote Antonio Puertas cross, na nkeji mbụ nke mmeri 2-0 n'ụlọ megide ndị na-agbachitere FC Barcelona.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/sep/21/granada-barcelona-la-liga-match-report|title=Granada stun Barcelona to go top despite Lionel Messi's rescue effort|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 September 2019|accessdate=22 September 2019}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2021, a gbazinyere ya FC Cartagena ruo na ngwụcha Oge nke abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/ramon-azeez-granada-midfielder-loaned-to-fc-cartagena/18vincr09b59d1kfsdjuhoikr2|title=Ramon Azeez: Granada midfielder loaned to FC Cartagena|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|first=Shina|author=Oludare|date=2 February 2021|accessdate=2 February 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Azeez pụtara na ndị Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ iri na asaa na 2009 FIFA World Cup, ọ bụkwa onye na-anọkarị n'otu ndị na-emecha nke abụọ. <ref name="U17">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2009/11/15/1626875/switzerland-u-17-1-0-nigeria-u-17-new-comers-switzerland-upstage-|title=Switzerland U-17 1–0 Nigeria U-17: New comers Switzerland upstage Nigeria to win FIFA U-17 World Cup|publisher=Goal|first=Samm|author=Audu|date=15 November 2009|accessdate=23 December 2020}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAudu2009">Audu, Samm (15 November 2009). [https://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2009/11/15/1626875/switzerland-u-17-1-0-nigeria-u-17-new-comers-switzerland-upstage- "Switzerland U-17 1–0 Nigeria U-17: New comers Switzerland upstage Nigeria to win FIFA U-17 World Cup"]. Goal<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite></ref> Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, dịka onye mbido, ọ sonyere na U-20 World Cup. N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2014, a kpọrọ Azeez ka ọ gaa n'akụkụ zuru oke maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi ya na Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/26122915|title=Uncapped trio called up by Nigeria|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|first=Oluwashina|author=Okeleji|date=10 February 2014|accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya na 5 Machị, na-egwu ọkara nke abụọ nke 0-0 draw na Georgia Dome.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtnfootball.com/africa/intl-friendlies/matches/report/2014/mar/06-mexico-v-nigeria.html|title=Nigeria cancel out Mexico again|publisher=[[MTN Group|MTN Football]]|date=6 March 2014|accessdate=6 March 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140306183830/http://www.mtnfootball.com/africa/intl-friendlies/matches/report/2014/mar/06-mexico-v-nigeria.html|archivedate=6 March 2014}}</ref> A kpọrọ aha Azeez n'ime ndị otu mmadụ iri atọ na-adịru nwa oge tupu 2014 FIFA World Cup na 6 Mee. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27302995|title=World Cup 2014: Peter Odemwingie in provisional Nigeria squad|publisher=BBC Sport|first=Oluwashina|author=Okeleji|date=6 May 2014|accessdate=7 May 2014}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na ndepụta ikpeazụ nke [[Stephen Keshi]] maka asọmpi ahụ, wee mee nke mbụ ya na 16 June site na ịmalite na 0-0 draw megide Iran. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27302995|title=World Cup 2014: Nosa Igiebor cut from Nigeria squad|publisher=BBC Sport|first=Oluwashina|author=Okeleji|date=3 June 2014|accessdate=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=6/news=goals-dry-up-as-iran-nigeria-draw-2373419.html|title=Goals dry up as Iran, Nigeria draw|publisher=FIFA|date=16 June 2014|accessdate=16 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618070832/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=6/news=goals-dry-up-as-iran-nigeria-draw-2373419.html|archivedate=18 June 2014}}</ref> Na Septemba 2019, a kpọghachiri Azeez na otu mba ahụ mgbe afọ ise gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49842660|title=Ramon Azeez: Granada's 'faith and belief' leads to Nigeria recall|publisher=BBC Sport|first=Oluwashina|author=Okeleji|date=26 September 2019|accessdate=27 September 2019}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === [[w:updated|match played 18 May 2021]]<ref>{{Soccerway|ramon-azeez/102564}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko Mba ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="4" |Almería B |2011–12 |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |28 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |2 |- |2012–13 |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |31 |3 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |3 |- |2015–16 |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |19 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !78 !7 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 |- | rowspan="6" |Almería |2012–13 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |2 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- |2013–14 |[[La Liga|Njikọ ahụ]] |30 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |32 |2 |- |2014–15 |Njikọ ahụ |14 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |17 |0 |- |2015–16 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- |2016–17 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |22 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |22 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !71 !4 !7 !0 !0 !0 !78 !4 |- | rowspan="3" |Lugo |2017–18 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |37 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |39 |2 |- |2018–19 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |12 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |15 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !49 !2 !5 !0 !0 !0 !54 !2 |- | rowspan="5" |Granada |2018–19 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |13 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |13 |0 |- |2019–20 |Njikọ ahụ |25 |2 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |29 |2 |- |2020–21 |Njikọ ahụ |2 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ ahụ |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !40 !2 !6 !0 !0 !0 !46 !2 |- |Cartagena (onye a gbazinyere) |2020–21 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |16 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !254 !15 !18 !0 !0 !0 !272 !15 |} === Mba Nile === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ramon-azeez/102564/matches/|title=R. Azeez – Matches|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=25 October 2017}}</ref> |- !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |2014 |4 |0 |- |2019 |1 |0 |- !Ngụkọta !5 !0 |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''Naịjirịa U20''' * U-20 Africa Cup of Nations: 2011 '''Naịjirịa U17''' * Onye nke abụọ na FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2009<ref name="U17">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2009/11/15/1626875/switzerland-u-17-1-0-nigeria-u-17-new-comers-switzerland-upstage-|title=Switzerland U-17 1–0 Nigeria U-17: New comers Switzerland upstage Nigeria to win FIFA U-17 World Cup|publisher=Goal|first=Samm|author=Audu|date=15 November 2009|accessdate=23 December 2020}}</ref> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup Bronze Ball: 2009 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Ramon Azeezna BDFutbol * Ramon Azeezna Futbolme (n'asụsụ Spanish) * Ramon Azeezna National-Football-Teams.com * Ramon Azeez-FIFAndekọ asọmpi (echekwara) [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] slxs6pamz5liqc28k1deuczy8zdagx4 672476 672474 2026-07-04T21:07:27Z Johnnybam 24488 672476 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ramon Olamilekan Azeez''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Abike25-Ramon Olamilekan Azeez.wav|listen}} (amụrụ na 12 Disemba 1992) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka onye na-agba ọsọ n'etiti. Ọ nọrọ ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ọkachamara ya na Spain, malite na Almería B. Na La Liga, ọ pụtara maka otu mbụ nke klọb ahụ na Granada. Onye mba ụwa kemgbe afọ 2014, Azeez nọchitere anya [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] na 2014 World Cup. == Ọrụ klọb == === Almería === A mụrụ ya na [[Abuja]], Azeez malitere ịgba bọọlụ na Future Pro Academy. N'afọ 2010 ọ kwetara ịkwaga UD Almería na Spain, mana ọ ga-echere ruo Julaị 2011 iji mezue mbufe ahụ. Na 17 August 2012, mgbe oge zuru ezu na ihe nchekwa na Segunda División B, Azeez mere mmalite ya na ndị otu mbụ: ọ bịara dị ka onye na-anọchi anya Javier Casquero na 50th nkeji nke egwuregwu megide FC Barcelona Atlétic na Segunda Division (a 5-4 mmeri), ma dochie ya, tinyere onwe ya n'ihe ize ndụ mgbe nkeji iri na Javier. pụọ. A kwalitere Azeez n'ezie na ndị isi otu Andalusians na 28 June 2013, ebe klọb ahụ ka kwalitere na La Liga. O mere nke mbụ ya na asọmpi ahụ na 30 Ọgọstụ, na-egwu nkeji iri abụọ na atọ nke 2-2 n'ụlọ na Elche CF. Na 21 Disemba 2013, Azeez gbara goolu mbụ ya, naanị ka e nyere ya na mmeri ha meriri Real Betis.[1] O kwughachiri ihe ahụ na nzukọ nke abụọ n'etiti akụkụ abụọ ahụ, na-enye akara na nkeji 94th na mmeri 3-2 na Estadio de los Juegos Mediterráneos.[2]. Azeez gosipụtara nke ọma n'oge mkpọsa 2014-15, ebe Almería merụrụ ahụ. N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2015 ọ rịọrọ ka a nyefee ya, mgbe ọ bịaghị aka na nkwekọrịta ọkachamara, e wepụrụ ya n'ọkwa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ. N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Jenụwarị n'afọ 2016, Azeez laghachiri n'òtù ndị isi, na-eyi egwu na a ga-ewepụ ya, mgbe ọ kwetara na ọ ga-abụ onye ọkachamara. === Lugo na Granada === N'abalị iri na atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2017, onye nnọchi anya n'efu bụ Azeez bịanyere aka na CD Lugo nke abụọ na Spain. Na 1 Febụwarị 2019, ọ sonyeere Granada CF nke otu egwuregwu ahụ na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na ọkara.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://granadacf.ideal.es/granada-ficha-ramon-20190201235826-nt.html|title=El Granada ficha a Azeez 'in extremis'|publisher=Ideal|first=Rafael|author=Lamelas|language=Spanish|date=1 February 2019|accessdate=22 August 2019}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na otu n'ọnwa Septemba n'afọ 2019, Azeez si nso n'ụlọ na-esote Antonio Puertas cross, na nkeji mbụ nke mmeri 2-0 n'ụlọ megide ndị na-agbachitere FC Barcelona.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/2019/sep/21/granada-barcelona-la-liga-match-report|title=Granada stun Barcelona to go top despite Lionel Messi's rescue effort|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=21 September 2019|accessdate=22 September 2019}}</ref> N'ọnwa Febụwarị 2021, a gbazinyere ya FC Cartagena ruo na ngwụcha Oge nke abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/ramon-azeez-granada-midfielder-loaned-to-fc-cartagena/18vincr09b59d1kfsdjuhoikr2|title=Ramon Azeez: Granada midfielder loaned to FC Cartagena|publisher=[[Goal (website)|Goal]]|first=Shina|author=Oludare|date=2 February 2021|accessdate=2 February 2021}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Azeez pụtara na ndị Naịjirịa na-erubeghị afọ iri na asaa na 2009 FIFA World Cup, ọ bụkwa onye na-anọkarị n'otu ndị na-emecha nke abụọ. <ref name="U17">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/89/africa/2009/11/15/1626875/switzerland-u-17-1-0-nigeria-u-17-new-comers-switzerland-upstage-|title=Switzerland U-17 1–0 Nigeria U-17: New comers Switzerland upstage Nigeria to win FIFA U-17 World Cup|publisher=Goal|first=Samm|author=Audu|date=15 November 2009|accessdate=23 December 2020}}</ref> Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, dịka onye mbido, ọ sonyere na U-20 World Cup. N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2014, a kpọrọ Azeez ka ọ gaa n'akụkụ zuru oke maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi ya na Mexico.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/26122915|title=Uncapped trio called up by Nigeria|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|first=Oluwashina|author=Okeleji|date=10 February 2014|accessdate=11 February 2014}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya na 5 Machị, na-egwu ọkara nke abụọ nke 0-0 draw na Georgia Dome.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtnfootball.com/africa/intl-friendlies/matches/report/2014/mar/06-mexico-v-nigeria.html|title=Nigeria cancel out Mexico again|publisher=[[MTN Group|MTN Football]]|date=6 March 2014|accessdate=6 March 2014|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20140306183830/http://www.mtnfootball.com/africa/intl-friendlies/matches/report/2014/mar/06-mexico-v-nigeria.html|archivedate=6 March 2014}}</ref> A kpọrọ aha Azeez n'ime ndị otu mmadụ iri atọ na-adịru nwa oge tupu 2014 FIFA World Cup na 6 Mee. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27302995|title=World Cup 2014: Peter Odemwingie in provisional Nigeria squad|publisher=BBC Sport|first=Oluwashina|author=Okeleji|date=6 May 2014|accessdate=7 May 2014}}</ref> A gụnyere ya na ndepụta ikpeazụ nke [[Stephen Keshi]] maka asọmpi ahụ, wee mee nke mbụ ya na 16 June site na ịmalite na 0-0 draw megide Iran. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/0/football/27302995|title=World Cup 2014: Nosa Igiebor cut from Nigeria squad|publisher=BBC Sport|first=Oluwashina|author=Okeleji|date=3 June 2014|accessdate=7 June 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=6/news=goals-dry-up-as-iran-nigeria-draw-2373419.html|title=Goals dry up as Iran, Nigeria draw|publisher=FIFA|date=16 June 2014|accessdate=16 June 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618070832/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/news/y=2014/m=6/news=goals-dry-up-as-iran-nigeria-draw-2373419.html|archivedate=18 June 2014}}</ref> Na Septemba 2019, a kpọghachiri Azeez na otu mba ahụ mgbe afọ ise gasịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/49842660|title=Ramon Azeez: Granada's 'faith and belief' leads to Nigeria recall|publisher=BBC Sport|first=Oluwashina|author=Okeleji|date=26 September 2019|accessdate=27 September 2019}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === [[w:updated|match played 18 May 2021]]<ref>{{Soccerway|ramon-azeez/102564}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko Mba ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="4" |Almería B |2011–12 |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |28 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |2 |- |2012–13 |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |31 |3 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |31 |3 |- |2015–16 |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |19 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !78 !7 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 |- | rowspan="6" |Almería |2012–13 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |2 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- |2013–14 |[[La Liga|Njikọ ahụ]] |30 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |32 |2 |- |2014–15 |Njikọ ahụ |14 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |17 |0 |- |2015–16 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |- |2016–17 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |22 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |22 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !71 !4 !7 !0 !0 !0 !78 !4 |- | rowspan="3" |Lugo |2017–18 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |37 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |39 |2 |- |2018–19 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |12 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - |15 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !49 !2 !5 !0 !0 !0 !54 !2 |- | rowspan="5" |Granada |2018–19 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |13 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |13 |0 |- |2019–20 |Njikọ ahụ |25 |2 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - |29 |2 |- |2020–21 |Njikọ ahụ |2 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- |2021–22 |Njikọ ahụ |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !40 !2 !6 !0 !0 !0 !46 !2 |- |Cartagena (onye a gbazinyere) |2020–21 |Nkewa nke Abụọ |16 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !254 !15 !18 !0 !0 !0 !272 !15 |} === Mba Nile === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="3" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/ramon-azeez/102564/matches/|title=R. Azeez – Matches|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=25 October 2017}}</ref> |- !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |2014 |4 |0 |- |2019 |1 |0 |- !Ngụkọta !5 !0 |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''Naịjirịa U20''' * U-20 Africa Cup of Nations: 2011 '''Naịjirịa U17''' * Onye nke abụọ na FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2009<ref name="U17" /> '''Onye ọ bụla''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup Bronze Ball: 2009 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Ramon Azeezna BDFutbol * Ramon Azeezna Futbolme (n'asụsụ Spanish) * Ramon Azeezna National-Football-Teams.com * Ramon Azeez-FIFAndekọ asọmpi (echekwara) [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 678yqbjtnfqgwwjimo7obf6qe744nje 0 75535 672472 638105 2026-07-04T21:05:08Z Johnnybam 24488 672472 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Isaac Success Ajayi'''(amụrụ na 7 Jenụwarị 1996) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-aga n'ihu. Ọ bụ onye nweere onwe ya ugbu a. == Mbido na ndụ onwe onye == A mụrụ Isaac Success Ajayi na 7 Jenụwarị 1996 na Benin City, Nigeria. Ọ malitere ọrụ bọọlụ ya na otu ndị ntorobịa BJ Foundation Academy, ma na-apụta mgbe niile maka otu ahụ dị ka onye na-eto eto. == Ọrụ klọb == N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2013, Success bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta tupu nkwekọrịta ya na otu Udinese nke Ịtali, nke ga-amalite site na Jenụwarị afọ 2014, maka ego € 400,000. Otú ọ dị, e nyere ya ikike ịrụ ọrụ na Machị nke afọ sochirinụ, wee sonye na klọb Granada nke Spain ozugbo, a na-ekenye ya na Segunda División B. Na 31 August 2014, Ịga nke Ọma mere egwuregwu mbụ ya, malite na 1-1 pụọ megide Elche mgbe ọ dị afọ 18 na ọnwa asaa, [1] bụ onye ọkpụkpọ ha nke ikpeazụ ga-apụta na egwuregwu La Liga. Ọ gbara ihe mgbaru ọsọ ọkachamara mbụ ya na 7 Disemba, na-etinye naanị otu egwuregwu n'akụkụ ya na Valencia, maka otu akara ahụ. Na 7 August 2015, Ịga nke Ọma agbatịkwu nkwekọrịta ya na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, bịanyere aka na afọ anọ ruo 2019 ma mesịa kwalite ya na ndị isi. N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2016, Success kwetara na ya na ndị otu egwuregwu Premier League nke England bụ Watford ga-enwe nkwekọrịta afọ ise na ego a na-akwụ maka nnyefe, nke e mere atụmatụ na ọ bụ £ 12.5 nde site na Granada.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.watfordfc.com/news/article/2016-17/isaac-success-watford-fc-granada-premier-league-3160681.aspx|work=Watford F.C.|publisher=Club Journalist|accessdate=1 July 2016|title=Official: Isaac Success joins Watford FC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160807113620/http://www.watfordfc.com//news/article/2016-17/isaac-success-watford-fc-granada-premier-league-3160681.aspx|archivedate=7 August 2016}}</ref> Ọ gbara naanị otu ugboro n'ime egwuregwu iri na itoolu n'afọ 2016-17, mgbe ọ pụtara naanị otu ugboro maka otu ahụ n'afọ 2017-18, a gbazinyere ya Spain, sonye na Malaga na 31 Jenụwarị 2018 ruo mgbe oge fọdụrụnụ. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/42892598|title=Watford: Isaac Success joins Malaga on loan|work=BBC Sport|date=31 January 2018}}</ref>&nbsp; N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2021, Success hapụrụ Watford mgbe afọ ise gachara, ọ bịanyere aka na klọb Ịtali Udinese na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ, klọb ahụ ya na ya jikọtara ọtụtụ afọ tupu mgbe ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.watfordfc.com/news/official-udinese-switch-for-success|title=Official: Udinese Switch For Success|publisher=Watford FC|date=26 August 2021|accessdate=26 August 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.udinese.it/news/squadra/success-e-un-nuovo-giocatore-dell-udinese|title=Success è un nuovo giocatore dell'Udinese|publisher=Udinese Calcio|date=26 August 2021|accessdate=26 August 2021|language=it}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na asaa n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2024, Udinese kwụsịrị nkwekọrịta Success site na nkwekọrịta ha abụọ, na-eme ka ọ bụrụ onye nweere onwe ya. <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Udinese|url=https://www.udinese.it/news/squad/club-statement-isaac-success|title=Club statement: Isaac Success|date=27 August 2024|accessdate=28 August 2024}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2024, ọnwa abụọ mgbe ọ hapụsịrị Udinese dị ka onye nnọchi anya n'efu, a mara ọkwa na Success bịanyere aka na klọb Emirati Al-Wasl nke a chọrọ mma nke ukwuu na mbufe n'efu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Aikigbe|first=Godwin|date=21 October 2024|title=Success begins ‘new chapter' with UAE giants Al Wasl|url=https://punchng.com/success-begins-new-chapter-with-uae-giants-al-wasl/|accessdate=|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'[[w:|FIFA U-17 World Cup]]afọ 2013, a kpọrọ Success ka ọ gaa Naijiria n'okpuru afọ iri na asaa maka FIFA U-17 World Cup nke afọ ahụ, a na-akpọkwa ya osote onyeisi. Ọ pụtara n'egwuregwu abụọ mbụ, mana a chụpụrụ ya n'oge asọmpi ahụ fọdụrụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ. Ihe ịga nke ọma nwetara oku mbụ ya n'akụkụ ndị okenye [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] maka 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier megide Zambia n'ọnwa Ọktoba 2016. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Mikel Obi, Musa, Ikeme 20 others To battle Zambia|url=http://www.thenff.com/2016/09/6992/|accessdate=5 October 2016|publisher=thenff.com|date=22 September 2016}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Machị n'afọ 2017, Success mere nke mbụ ya maka Naịjirịa, na-abịa dị ka onye nnọchi anya na 1-1 draw megide Senegal na The Hive Stadium na [[London]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://goal.com/s/en/match/nigeria-vs-senegal/2413770|publisher=Goal|accessdate=24 March 2017|title=Nigeria 1 Senegal 1: Iheanacho earns a draw for Super Eagles|archivedate=10 December 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191210032327/http://goal.com/s/en/match/nigeria-vs-senegal/2413770}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba ! colspan="2" |Iko Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="3" |Granada B |2013–14 | rowspan="2" |Nkewa nke Abụọ B |5 |3 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |5 |3 |- |2014–15 |15 |6 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !20 !9 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !20 !9 |- | rowspan="3" |Granada |2014–15 | rowspan="2" |[[La Liga|Njikọ ahụ]] |19 |1 |4 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |1 |- |2015–16 |30 |6 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |33 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !49 !7 !7 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !56 !7 |- | rowspan="6" |Watford |2016–17 | rowspan="4" |Njikọ Premier |19 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |19 |1 |- |2017–18 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- |2018–19 |30 |1 |3 |1 |2 |2 | colspan="2" | - |35 |4 |- |2019–20 |5 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |7 |0 |- |2020–21 |Mmeri |10 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |10 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !64 !3 !4 !1 !4 !2 ! colspan="2" |- !72 !6 |- |Malaga (onye a gbazinyere) |2017–18 |Njikọ ahụ |9 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Udinese |2021–22 | rowspan="3" |Usoro A |22 |2 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |24 |3 |- |2022–23 |30 |1 |2 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |32 |2 |- |2023–24 |27 |1 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |27 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !79 !4 !4 !2 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !83 !6 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !220 !23 !15 !3 !4 !2 !0 !0 !239 !28 |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''Watford''' * Onye nke abụọ na FA Cup: 2018-19<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/48236232|title=Manchester City 6–0 Watford|first=Phil|author=McNulty|work=BBC Sport|date=18 May 2019|accessdate=18 May 2019}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ew0b82iuz2iqgo10b15f017yvmrh8uq 0 75536 672471 632831 2026-07-04T21:03:01Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Njikọ mpụga */ 672471 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nduka Ugbade''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Nduka Ugbade.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 6 Septemba 1969) bụ onye nkuzi bọọlụ na onye bụbu onye egwuregwu bụ onye isi nchịkwa Ndị otu mba Nigeria U17. == Ọrụ ịgba egwu == Dị ka onye na-eto eto player, ọhụrụ si St. Finbarrs College Akoka-Lagos, Ugbade bụ onyeisi ndị Nigeria U-16 nwoke football otu nke meriri 1985 FIFA U-16 World Championship (e mesịrị na-ezo dị ka JVC/FIFA na mbipụta na-esonụ mgbe nke a metamorphosed ka aha ya ugbu a na ọnọdụ -Coca-Cola/FIFA U-17). Emere mmemme a na China wee mee ka Ugbade bụrụ onye a ma ama mgbe Jonathan Akpoborie (minti 5) na Victor Igbinoba (80+min) gbatara Nigeria goolu na-enweghị azịza megide West Germany, wee nweta ihe bụ mmeri mbụ Naịjirịa na Afrịka nwetara n'egwuregwu bọọlụ n'ụwa niile. Afọ anọ ka e mesịrị na ngalaba U-20, ọ bụkwa akụkụ nke otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Nigeria n'okpuru-20 bụ ndị gụchara nke abụọ wee nweta ọlaọcha na 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship na Saudi Arabia. Naijirịa meriri Portugal n'ikpeazụ, mana Ugbade na ndị otu ya bụ ndị ama ama ka ha nwesịrị nnukwu mmeri ha meriri Saudi Arabia, United States, na USSR. N'asọmpi USSR, ndị otu Naijiria gbakere na 4-0 gbadaa 4-4 ka Ugbade nyere goolu nke anọ tupu Naịjirịa emeri na penariti. A maara mmeri a n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke football Nigeria dị ka "Miracle of Dam" Mgbe ọ nwesịrị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ọrụ bọọlụ ndị ntorobịa, Ugbade gosipụtara na otu egwuregwu mba Naijiria ruo afọ ole na ole, mana mmerụ ahụ na ọdịdị ọjọọ na-emetụta ya n'afọ ndị ikpeazụ nke ọrụ ya nke gbochiri ya ohere ịpụta na 1994 World Cup. == Ọrụ nkuzi == N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2011, ndị Nigeria Football Federation (NFF) họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị nkuzi abụọ maka Golden Eaglets (Nigeria under-17 national football team) . <ref>{{Cite web|publisher=[[AllAfrica.com]]|title=Nigeria: Ugbade Promises World-Class Eaglets|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201108290405.html|accessdate=3 June 2013|date=29 August 2011}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, ndị otu ahụ meriri nrite ọlaọcha na asọmpi CAF U-17 na Algeria, wee merie 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup na UAE.<ref>{{Cite web|publisher=Premiumtimesng.com|title=Jonathan splashes cash on Golden Eaglets|url=http://premiumtimesng.com/sports/135493-jonathan-splashes-millions-on-golden-eaglets.html|accessdate=3 June 2013|date=22 May 2013}}</ref> N'afọ 2013, a họpụtara Ugbade dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke klọb Lagos MFM FC. == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[w:|Nigeria Squad 1992 Africa Cup of Nations]] [[w:|Nigeria Squad 1994 Africa Cup of Nations]] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 9bsx86nhikkocax9kmu1pcf0fsefhyx 0 75538 672469 632833 2026-07-04T20:58:06Z Johnnybam 24488 672469 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dele Sunday Alampasu''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Dele Alampasu.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 24 Disemba 1996) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba Jura Dolois na Championnat National 3, dị ka Onye na-edebe goolu. == Ọrụ klọb == Alampasu malitere ọrụ ya na Nigeria, na-egwu maka Lagos State Football Association Future Stars Academy na Abuja Football College. Alampasu nwere ule ya na Real Oviedo, Genk na Braga tupu ya abanye na Estoril Portuguese na February 2015. Alampasu kwụsịrị nkwekọrịta ya na Estoril, n'ihi okwu visa, ma mesịa bịanye aka na Feirense. N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2016, Alampasu bịanyere aka na Cesarense na mgbazinye ego.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/4102/transfer-zone/2016/08/30/27013912/dele-alampasu-seals-cesarense-loan-move|title=Dele Alampasu seals Cesarense loan move|publisher=Goal|date=30 August 2016|accessdate=19 July 2018}}</ref> Na 20 Jenụwarị 2019, Alampasu mere nke mbụ ya maka Feirense na 0-0 draw megide Rio Ave. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2019/01/20/portugal/portuguese-liga-/rio-ave-fc/cd-feirense/2826063/|title=Rio Ave vs. Feirense 0–0|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=6 March 2019}}</ref> Na Febụwarị 2020, Alampasu bịanyere aka na klọb Ventspils nke Latvia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.today.ng/sport/football/dele-alampasu-ready-challenge-latvian-club-ventspils-280563|title=Dele Alampasu ready for new challenge at Latvian club FK Ventspils|publisher=Today|date=14 February 2020|accessdate=27 March 2020}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Na 2013, Alampasu nọchitere Nigeria U17 na 2013 FIFA U-17 World Cup, na-emeri ihe nrite Golden Glove, ka Golden Eaglets meriri iko mba ụwa U17 nke anọ ha. N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Juun afọ 2017, Alampasu mere nke mbụ ya na [[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]], dị ka onye nọchiri anya nkeji iri asaa, megide Togo na mmeri 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/soccer/commentary?gameId=479144|title=Nigeria 3–0 Togo|publisher=ESPN|accessdate=19 July 2018}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == '''Naịjirịa U17''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup: 2013 '''Onye ọ bụla''' * FIFA U-17 World Cup Golden Glove: 2013 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mg5bb3wjlpd2jg4gr19rkyr6ueud2aq 0 75540 672468 632835 2026-07-04T20:56:35Z Johnnybam 24488 672468 wikitext text/x-wiki <ref name="soccerway">{{soccerway|samson-okikiola-tijani/606535}}</ref>'''Samson Okikiola Tijani''' (amụrụ na 17 Mee 2002) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba dịka onye na-agba ọsọ n'etiti maka klọb Czech First League Dukla Prague . Ọ na-anọchite anya [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]]. == Ọrụ klọb == === Red Bull Salzburg === Tijani malitere ọrụ ya na Collins Edwin Sports Club tupu ya abịanye aka na Red Bull Salzburg nke Austrian Bundesliga na 17 Julaị 2020. <ref name="RedBull">{{Cite news|title=Red Bull Salzburg celebrate signing teen sensation Samson Okikiola Tijani|url=https://www.redbull.com/nz-en/fc-red-bull-salzburg-sign-samson-okikiola-tijani|accessdate=2 October 2020|publisher=Red Bull|date=17 July 2020}}</ref> Na ezumike oyi nke 2021-22, a kwalitere Tijani na Red Bull Salzburg. N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2022, Tijani mere nke mbụ ya maka klọb ahụ n'egwuregwu iko megide LASK. Ọ batara na nkeji nke 89 maka Nicolas Capaldo na mmeri 3-1.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wir stürmen ins Halbfinale!|url=https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/de/fc-red-bull-salzburg/news/saison_2021_22/spielbericht-lask-uniqa-oefb-cup-viertelfinale.html|work=Red Bull Salzburg}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Samson Tijani hat ein Ticket|url=https://www.kicker.de/salzburg-ueberrascht-bei-champions-league-nachnominierung-888660/artikel|work=Kicker}}</ref> N'egwuregwu a gbara na Austria Wien na 22 Julaị 2022, ọ gbajiri agbaji n'olu ya na n'okpuru ya, ọ hapụrụ egwuregwu ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Salzburg's Samson Tijani out for Months after Severe Fracture|url=https://www.footballlive.ng/salzburgs-samson-tijani-out-for-months-after-severe-fracture/|work=footballlive|accessdate=26 December 2022|archivedate=25 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325192951/https://www.footballlive.ng/salzburgs-samson-tijani-out-for-months-after-severe-fracture/}}</ref> ==== Ịgbazinye TSV Hartberg ==== Otu ọnwa ka e mesịrị, na 14 Ọgọst, Tijani gbaziri TSV Hartberg maka oge. O mere asọmpi izizi ya maka klọb ahụ na 30 August megide Dornbirner SV na iko Austrian. Ọ malitere wee gbaa egwuregwu ahụ ka Hartberg meriri 7–0. Na 12 Septemba 2020, Tijani mere mpụta izizi ọkachamara ya maka klọb na ọgbakọ megide Rheindorf Altach. Ọ malitere wee gbaa nkeji iri asaa na otu na eserese 1–1. O nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'egwuregwu 18 ọ gbara n'ebe ahụ, mana o tinyeghị ihe mgbaru ọsọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ nyere aka. ==== Ịgbazinye FC Liefering ==== N'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2021, a gbazinyere Tijani FC Liefering n'ọnwarị ogologo oge. ==== Ịgbazinye Wolfsberger AC ==== ==== Ịgbazinye Fredrikstad ==== Na 3 Septemba 2024, ọ sonyeere klọb Norwegian Eliteserien Fredrikstad, na mgbazinye ruo na ngwụcha afọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.redbullsalzburg.at/en/recent/news/samson-tijani-wechselt-zu-fredrikstad|title=Samson Tijani moves to Fredrikstad|work=FC Red Bull Salzburg|date=3 September 2024}}</ref> === Dukla Prague === Na 20 June 2025, Tijani bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọtụtụ afọ na klọb Czech First League Dukla Prague dị ka onye nnọchi anya n'efu.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sport.cz/clanek/fotbal-ceska-1-liga-dukla-ma-posilu-ze-salcburku-prichazi-nigerijsky-zaloznik-tijani-5250041|title=Dukla má posilu ze Salcburku. Přichází nigerijský záložník Tijani|work=Sport.cz|date=20 June 2025|accessdate=20 June 2025|language=cs|publisher=Borgis}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == Tijani so n'akụkụ Naijiria iji sọọ mpi na Africa U-17 Cup of Nations, ebe ha bịara nke anọ wee ruo eru maka 2019 FIFA U-17 World Cup.<ref name="RedBull">{{Cite news|title=Red Bull Salzburg celebrate signing teen sensation Samson Okikiola Tijani|url=https://www.redbull.com/nz-en/fc-red-bull-salzburg-sign-samson-okikiola-tijani|accessdate=2 October 2020|publisher=Red Bull|date=17 July 2020}}</ref> N'oge egwuregwu mmeghe nke otu ya na Hungary, Tijani gbara bọọlụ dịka Nigeria U17 meriri 4-2.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria U17 4–2 Hungary U17|url=https://us.soccerway.com/matches/2019/10/26/world/u17-world-cup/nigeria-under-17/hungary-under-17/3070642/|work=Soccerway}}</ref> Tijani mere nke mbụ ya na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]] na mmeri enyi na enyi 1-0 na Algeria na 9 Ọktoba 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2020/10/09/world/friendlies/nigeria/algeria/3365306/|title=Nigeria vs. Algeria - 9 October 2020|work=Soccerway}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb ===   {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="5" |Red Bull Salzburg |2020–21 |Bundesliga nke Austria |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2021–22 |Bundesliga nke Austria |3 |0 |1 |0 |1[a] |0 | colspan="2" | - |5 |0 |- |2022–23 |Bundesliga nke Austria |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- |2024–25 |Bundesliga nke Austria |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !3 !0 !1 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !5 !0 |- |TSV Hartberg (onye a gbazitere) |2020–21 |Bundesliga nke Austria |14 |0 |3 |0 |1[b] |0 | colspan="2" | - |18 |0 |- |FC Liefering (onye a gbazinyere) |2021–22 |2. Njikọ |16 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- |Wolfsberger AC (onye a gbazinyere) |2023–24 |Bundesliga nke Austria |27 |1 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |1 |- |Fredrikstad (onye e ji gbazinye ego) |2024 |Ndị Elite na-anọghị n'ọkwa |3 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !63 !0 !6 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !71 !1 |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} === Mba Nile === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2020 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !1 !0 |} == Nsọpụrụ == * Austrian Bundesliga: 2021-22 * Iko mba Austria: 2021-22 * Iko mba Norway: 2024 == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 68g5xodyfrej5n7fnxjubfh8u13ack9 0 75572 672431 632970 2026-07-04T18:09:10Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Edensibia */ 672431 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị''' bụ ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ nke na-adabere na usoro ụmụ nwanyị na interdisciplinary iji tinye ndụ na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti ọmụmụ ihe, ka ọ na-enyocha mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbendị nke okike; usoro nke ihe ùgwù na mmegbu; na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ike na okike ka ha na-agbakọta na njirimara ndị ọzọ na ebe mmekọrịta mmadụ na nna dị ka agbụrụ, mmasị mmekọahụ, klas mmekọrịta mmadụ na ụba, na nkwarụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women's voices, feminist visions: classic and contemporary readings|author=Shaw|first=Susan M.|isbn=978-0078027000|edition=Sixth|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York, NY|oclc=862041473|date=23 April 2014}}</ref> Echiche ndị a ma ama ndị metụtara ngalaba ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere Echiche ụmụ nwanyị, Echiche echiche, intersectionality, multiculturalism, transnational femism, ikpe ziri ezi, Matrixial anya, mmetụta ọmụmụ, ụlọ ọrụ, bio-politics, materialism, na embodiment.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0190872823|oclc=1002116432}}</ref> Omume nyocha na usoro ndị metụtara ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere ethnography, autoethnography, ìgwè ndị na-elekwasị anya, nyocha, nyocha nke obodo, nyocha okwu, na omume ịgụ ihe metụtara Echiche dị oke egwu, post-structuralism, na echiche nke nwoke. <ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Feminist research practice: a primer|author=Hesse-Biber|first=Sharlene Nagy|isbn=9781412994972|edition=Second|publisher=SAGE Publications|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|oclc=838201827|date=18 July 2013}}</ref> Ubi ahụ na-eme nchọpụta ma na-akatọ ụkpụrụ ọha na eze dị iche iche nke okike, agbụrụ, ọkwa, mmekọahụ, na enweghị nhata ndị ọzọ. Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere njikọ na ngalaba nke [[Gender studies|Ọmụmụ okike]], ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, na ọmụmụ mmekọahụ, yana ihe jikọrọ ya na ngalaba nke mmụta ọdịbendị, Ọmụmụ agbụrụ, na Ọmụmụ Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women's studies on its own: a next wave reader in institutional change|date=2002|publisher=Duke University Press|author=Wiegman|first=Robyn|isbn=9780822329862|location=Durham|oclc=49421587|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822329862}}</ref> A na-enye ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị ugbu a n'ihe karịrị narị asaa ụlọ ọrụ na United States, na n'ụwa niile n'ihe nkiri iri anọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Transforming Scholarship: Why Women's and Gender Studies Students Are Changing Themselves and the World|author=Berger|first=Michele Tracy|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-0-415-83653-1|location=New York}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Afrịka === Ikpochapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọrụ ha na Africa dị mgbagwoju anya. Mgbe echiche ụmụ nwanyị pụtara na 1980s, o lekwasịrị anya na ịnapụta ụmụ nwanyị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afrịka nke ọchịchị ndị nna ochie na "usoro mmekọrịta ndị nna nna" hapụrụ n'Africa site n'oge ndị nna ochie.[1]. : 12 N'ihi usoro kwadoro agụmakwụkwọ nwoke karịa agụmakwụkwọ nwanyị, n'oge nnwere onwe, enwere obere ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịgụ na ide. A na-agba ndị na-enweghị ike ume ka ha bụrụ ndị ọkachamara ma na-arụkarị ọrụ iji dozie nsogbu mmụta na nsogbu ndị ọzọ na-eche ụmụ nwanyị ihu na 1960 na 1970. Ọgbọ nke mbụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta lekwasịrị anya na iguzobe na ịkwado akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa. 13 Ha na-ejikwa ma echiche ọdịda anyanwụ banyere okike dịka ha na-etinye aka na Africa ma ọ bụ echiche nwoke na nwanyị tupu oge ọchịchị.[1] :  14–15 : 14–15 Ọrụ Ifi Amadiume bụ ụmụ nwanyị nwoke, di nwanyị (1987) na Oyeronke Oyewumi's The Invention of Women (1997) bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke chọrọ inyocha echiche nwoke na nwanyị na Africa. 14  Na 1977, e hiwere Association of African Women for Research and Development (AAWORD) iji kwalite nyocha na ụmụ nwanyị Africa site na ụmụ nwanyị Africa. Ndị ọkà mmụta jikọrọ aka na nzukọ a sitere na ntọala ya gụnyere: Simi Afonja (Nigeria), N'Dri Thérèse Assié-Lumumba (Ivory Coast), (Bolanle Awe (Nigeria), Nawal El Saadawi (Egypt), Nina Mba (Nigeria), Omolara Ogundipe-Leslie (Nigeria), Acholanya Palanya (Siisie Pala) , Simi Afonja (Nigeria) Fatou Sow (Senegal), na Zenebework Tadesse (Ethiopia) .  15  Ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ sonyeere Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN), netwọk maka ụmụ nwanyị agụmakwụkwọ na ndị na-eme ihe ike lekwasịrị anya na Global South, nke e kere na 1984.  15  Ndị ọkà mmụta Africa n'etiti ndị na-emepụta DAWN (Ketemaro) Marie-Angélique Savané (Senegal). Ghana hiwere mmemme Development na Women's Studies (DAWS) na 1989, nke site na 1996 nyere ma mmụta mmụta mahadum na nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ.[4]: 415  Mgbe ọdịda nke Apartheid gasịrị, Mahadum Cape Town, South Africa hiwere African Gender Institute na 1996 iji kwado nyocha na ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị na Africa, site na ngalaba 200 Mahadum (Uganda), Mahadum Buea (Cameroon), na Mahadum Zambia (Zambia). === Amerịka === Emere usoro ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị izizi na US na 1969 na Mahadum Cornell. Mgbe otu afọ nke nhazi kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-ewelite mmụọ, ngagharị iwe, mkpesa mkpesa, na ịrụ ọrụ na-abụghị iwu ma ọ bụ klaasị nnwale na ngosi n'ihu kọmitii na mgbakọ asaa, mmemme mmụta ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na United States malitere na 1970 na San Diego State College (nke bụ Mahadum San Diego State ugbu a). Na njikọ na National Women's Liberation Movement, ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị otu obodo kere kọmitii ad hoc maka ọmụmụ ihe ụmụ nwanyị. E hiwere mmemme mmụta ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ na United States na 1971 na Wichita State University dị na Wichita, Kansas. Emebere ya nke ukwuu site n'ọtụtụ mbọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ngalaba bekee, nchịkwa na n'ime obodo. Kọleji nke Staten Island bụ Mahadum United States izizi gụsịrị nwa akwụkwọ nwere nzere bachelọ nke Arts na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi mbọ nke prọfesọ feminist Phyllis Chesler. Ka ọ na-erule 1974, ndị otu ngalaba Mahadum San Diego State malitere mkpọsa mba niile maka ntinye nke ngalaba ahụ. N'oge ahụ, omume ndị a na ubi bụ nnọọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Tupu ngalaba na mmemme ahaziri ahazi, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụmụnwanyị ka a na-akpọsa n'amaghị ama n'ofe ụlọ akwụkwọ wee kuziere ya site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị ngalaba - na-akwụghị ụgwọ - na mgbakwunye na ọrụ nkuzi na nhazi ha hibere. Mgbe ahụ, dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ taa, ngalaba na-akụzi na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ejikarị oge nhọpụta ngalaba na ngalaba ndị ọzọ na campus. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọkà mmụta mbụ na ''Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị'', Feminist Studies, malitere ibipụta na 1972. <ref name="FSAboutUs2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.feministstudies.org/aboutfs/history.html|title=History|publisher=Feminist Studies|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref> E guzobere National Women's Studies Association (nke United States) na 1977. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nwsa.org/content.asp?pl=19&contentid=19|title=NWSA|work=nwsa.org|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1977, e nwere mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị 276 na mba niile na United States. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmemme mụbara n'ime afọ iri sochirinụ, na-eto ruo mmemme 530 na 1989, <ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2007|title=A National Census of Women's Studies Programs|url=https://www.nwsa.org/Files/Resources/NWSA_CensusonWSProgs.pdf|journal=NORC Project|pages=25}}</ref> nke gụnyere mmemme na Mahadum Puerto Rico nke Margarita Benítez guzobere na 1986. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Rodríguez|first=Jorge|title=El feminism llevado a la práctica|url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/elmundo/?a=d&d=mndo19900903-01.1.32&srpos=5&e=-------en-25-mndo-1--img-txIN-%22Margarita+Beni%cc%81tez%22---------|accessdate=17 April 2023|work=[[El Mundo (Puerto Rico)|El Mundo]]|date=3 September 1990|page=32|language=Spanish}}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 1980, mahadum dị na US hụrụ uto na mmepe nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na mmemme gafee mba ahụ ebe ngalaba ahụ nọgidere na-alụ ọgụ na mmeghachi omume sitere n'aka ndị otu abụọ na nchegbu sitere n'etiti ndị nọ n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị banyere ndị ọcha, existentialist, na Ihe ùgwù nwoke na nwanyị nke ndị nọ n"ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofameri0000unse/page/16|title=The evolution of American women's studies: reflections on triumphs, controversies, and change|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2008|isbn=9780230605794|editor=Ginsberg|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=224444238}}</ref> Na Canada A kụziri ọmụmụ mahadum ole na ole mbụ na Women's Studies na mbido afọ 1970. N'afọ 1984, gọọmentị etiti guzobere oche ise e nyere na Women's Studies maka mpaghara ọ bụla nke mba ahụ na: * Mahadum Simon Fraser (British Columbia), * Mahadum nke Winnipeg na Mahadum Manitoba (Prairies, oche jikọrọ ọnụ) * Mahadum Carleton na Mahadum Ottawa (Ontario, oche jikọrọ aka), * Mahadum Laval (Quebec), na * Mahadum Mount St Vincent (Atlantic Canada). N'otu oge ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị agụmakwụkwọ na Latin America malitere ịmepụta ìgwè ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="Arango">{{Cite book|author=Arango Gaviria|first=Luz Gabriela|editor=Gil Hernández|title=Feminismos y estudios de género en Colombia: un campo académico y político en movimiento|url=http://www.codajic.org/sites/default/files/sites/www.codajic.org/files/Feminismo%20y%20Estudios%20de%20G%C3%A9nero%20en%20Colombia.pdf|date=2018|edition=Primeraición|publisher=[[National University of Colombia]] Press|location=Bogotá, Colombia|language=Spanish|chapter=Un proyecto académico feminista en mutación: la Escuela de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia [A Feminist Academic Project in Mutation: The School of Gender Studies of the National University of Colombia]|pages=17–38|isbn=978-958-783-334-8}}</ref> : 17 <ref name="Cienciágora">{{Cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Florence Thomas|url=https://cienciagora.universia.net.co/infodetail/ciencias-sociales-afines/galeria_de_cientificos/florence-thomas-336.html|work=Cienciágora|publisher=[[Universia]]|accessdate=22 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422200008/https://cienciagora.universia.net.co/infodetail/ciencias-sociales-afines/galeria_de_cientificos/florence-thomas-336.html|archivedate=22 April 2022|language=Spanish|date=7 March 2008}}</ref> E mepụtara oche mbụ nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Mexico na ngalaba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke National Autonomous University of Mexico na 1970.<ref name="Lozano Rubello">{{Cite journal|author=Lozano Rubello|first=Gabriela|title=Los estudios de género en la UBA y la UNAM: una conquista del feminismo académico|journal=Universidades|date=October 2019|volume=70|issue=81|pages=45–54|url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/373/37361142006/html/|accessdate=23 April 2022|doi=10.36888/udual.universidades.2019.81.36|language=Spanish|issn=0041-8935}}</ref> Malite na 1979, Grupo Autónomo de Mujeres Universitarias (GAMU, Autonomous Group of University Women), nke gụnyere ma ngalaba Mexico na ụmụ akwụkwọ malitere izute oge ụfọdụ iji kwurịta otú e si ewebata ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche gafee mba ahụ. N'afọ 1982, e mepụtara mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco . <ref name="Lozano Rubello" /> N'otu aka ahụ na 1983, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke Mexico, gụnyere Lourdes Arizpe, Flora Botton, na Elena Urrutia, guzobere Programa Interdisciplinario de Estudios de la Mujer (PIEG, Interdisciplinary Women's Studies Program) na El Colegio de México na Mexico City.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Poy Solano|first=Laura|title=Reconoce el Colmex a tres pioneras de los estudios de género|url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2021/03/11/politica/reconoce-el-colmex-a-tres-pioneras-de-los-estudios-de-genero/|accessdate=11 April 2022|work=[[La Jornada]]|date=11 March 2021|language=Spanish}}</ref> N'afọ 1984, ndị ọkà mmụta guzobere Centro de Estudios de la Mujer (Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị) na ngalaba nkà mmụta uche na Mahadum National Autonomous nke Mexico. A kwadoro ngalaba ahụ site na ịmepụta Programa Universitario de Estudios de Género (PUEG, University Program on Gender Studies) na 1992, na agbamume nke ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Gloria Careaga, Teresita nke Barbieri, Graciela Hierro [es], [[Araceli Mingo]], [[Lorenia Parada]], na [[Alicia Elena Pérez Duarte]] . <ref name="Lozano Rubello" /> Ndị na-eme ihe ike na ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Chile malitere nzukọ na 1978 na ịmepụta Círculo de la Mujer (Ogige Ụmụ nwanyị). N'afọ 1984, ha tọrọ ntọala Centro de Estudios de la Mujer (CEM, Center for Women's Studies) na Santiago iji kwado ọtụtụ ọzụzụ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na okike. N'otu afọ ahụ, Virginia Vargas malitere ịkụzi ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Peru, n'afọ sokwa ya, ya na Virginia Guzmán Barcos na ndị ọzọ, tọrọ ntọala Flora Tristán Peruvian Women's Center.[3] Gama, Guiomar Dueñas Vargas, Florence Thomas, Magdalena León Gómez, María Martínez, Donny Meertens, Yolanda Puyana Villamizar [wikidata], María Himelda Ramírez na Ana Rico de Alonso rụrụ ọrụ iji mepụta ngalaba interdisciplinary nke ọmụmụ nwanyị na Colombia. 17  Nke mbụ ha zutere n'amaghị ama, wee nwee ike nweta nkwado gọọmentị na 1985 dị ka Grupo de Estudios Mujer y Sociedad (Women & Society Study Group) na n'ikpeazụ na 1994, ha malitere Programa de Estudios de Género, Mujer y Desarrollo (PGMD, Gender, Women and Society Study Group) 17 N'afọ 1985, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na [[Argentina]] malitere "Introduction to Women's Studies" na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe, "La construcción social del género sexual" (The Social Construction of Sexual Gender) na Mahadum Buenos Aires. N'afọ 1987, [[María Fernández (academic)|María Fernández]] ghọrọ onye isi oche nke UBA's degree program na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1992, e guzobere Area Interdisciplinaria de Estudios de la Mujer (AIEM, Interdisciplinary Area of Women's Studies), nke ghọrọ Instituto Interdisciplinario de Estudios d'Género (Interdisciplinary Institute of Gender Studies) n'afọ 1997, na UBA na-ejikọ ndị ọkà mmụta si na ngalaba nke Arts, Anthropology, Classics and Letters, Education, History, Languages, na Philosophy iji kwalite nyocha sara mbara na nyocha nke ụmụ nwanyị na ngalaba ndị a.<ref name="Lozano Rubello">{{Cite journal|author=Lozano Rubello|first=Gabriela|title=Los estudios de género en la UBA y la UNAM: una conquista del feminismo académico|journal=Universidades|date=October 2019|volume=70|issue=81|pages=45–54|url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/373/37361142006/html/|accessdate=23 April 2022|doi=10.36888/udual.universidades.2019.81.36|language=Spanish|issn=0041-8935}}</ref> Hilda Habichayn guzobere {{Lang|es|Centro de Estudios Históricos sobre las Mujeres|italic=no}} (Center for Historical Studies on Women), nke malitere na 1993 iji nye nzere masta mbụ na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Latin America.<ref>{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Murió Hilda Habichayn, reconocida docente de la UNR y activista por la igualdad de género|url=https://www.lacapital.com.ar/la-ciudad/murio-hilda-habichayn-reconocida-docente-la-unr-y-activista-la-igualdad-genero-n2660403.html|accessdate=6 April 2023|work=[[La Capital]]|date=12 May 2021|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Arrabal|first=Victoria|title=Académicas con la lupa en el género|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/179655-academicas-con-la-lupa-en-el-genero|accessdate=6 April 2023|work=[[Página 12]]|date=9 March 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref> Usoro ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na [[Paraguay]] bụ {{Lang|es|Centro Paraguayo de estudios de la Mujer}} (Paraguayan Center of Women's Studies) na Universidad Católica "Nuestra Señora de la Asunción". Ọ bụ [[Olga Caballero]], [[Manuelita Escobar]], [[Marilyn Godoy]] na [[Edy Irigoitia]] guzobere ya na 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|author=González de Bosio|first=Beatriz|title=Dia de la mujer paraguaya 24 de ferbrero|url=http://corredordelasideas.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Mujer-Paraguaya-Ampliado.pdf|work=Corredor de las Ideas|publisher=Corridor of Ideas of the Southern Cone-X International Colloquium of Political Philosophy|accessdate=25 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425174507/http://corredordelasideas.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Mujer-Paraguaya-Ampliado.pdf|archivedate=25 April 2023|language=Spanish|date=March 2020}}</ref> The {{Lang|es|Grupo de Estudios de la Mujer Paraguaya|italic=no}} (GEMPA, Paraguayan Women's Studies Group) bụ nke Graziella Corvalán na [[Mirtha Rivarola]] guzobere na Paraguayan Center for Sociological Studies na 1985.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Santa Cruz Cosp|first=María Clara|title=Estudios de Género y Ciencias Sociales en Paraguay|url=http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/gsdl/collect/clacso/index/assoc/D9172.dir/SantaCruzArticuloFinal.pdf|date=2013|publisher=Biblioteca Clacso|location=Buenos Aires, Argentina|language=Spanish}}</ref> A malitekwara iguzobe ọmụmụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na mahadum dị na Brazil n'afọ ndị 1980 ma gaa n'ihu na-agbasawanye n'afọ 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Peluffo|first=Pelufo|title=Simpósio: cinco questões sobre os estudos de gênero na América Latina|journal=Estudos Históricos|date=May–August 2020|volume=33|issue=70|pages=227–253|doi=10.1590/S2178-14942020000200002|url=https://www.scielo.br/j/eh/a/CtjSvpNF73XHBz3HXpCkTyC/?format=pdf&lang=pt|accessdate=25 April 2022|language=Portuguese|issn=0103-2186}}</ref> N'afọ 1992, ndị ọkà mmụta Brazil na Mahadum Federal nke Rio de Janeiro malitere Revista Estudos Feministas, otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ bụ isi gbasara okike na Brazil. N'etiti ndị nyere aka maka mbipụta mbụ ahụ bụ Ana Arruda Callado, Heloísa Buarque de Hollanda, [[Maria Carneiro da Cunha]], Mary Garcia Castro, Rosiska Darcy de Oliveira, [[Valéria Lamego]], Miriam Moreira Leite, [[Leila Linhares Barsted|Leila Linhares]], Heleieth Saffioti, Bila Sorj, na ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Revista Estudos Feministas|url=https://www.scielo.br/journal/ref/about/|work=[[SciELO]]|publisher=[[São Paulo Research Foundation]]|accessdate=10 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316142714/https://www.scielo.br/journal/ref/about/|archivedate=16 March 2023|date=31 January 2022}}</ref>[pt]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Colaboradores|journal=Revista Estudos Feministas|date=1992|volume=1|issue=1|pages=242–243|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43903491|accessdate=9 April 2023|language=Portuguese|issn=0104-026X}}</ref> Ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[Òtù ụmụ nwanyị]] nke manyere ịmepụta ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị hụrụ onwe ya na-emegide usoro agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 1990.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wiegman|first=Robyn|title=Women's Studies on the Edge|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8223-4274-8|editor=Scott|location=Durham|chapter=Feminism, Institutionalism, and the Idiom of Failure}}</ref> Ka "nwaanyị" dị ka echiche nọgidere na-agbasawanye, nchọpụta nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke okike dugara na mgbasawanye nke mpaghara ahụ n'ime ọmụmụ okike na ọmụmụ mmekọahụ. Mpaghara ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị nọgidere na-eto n'oge 1990s na n'ime 2000s site na mmụba nke mahadum na-enye majors, minors, na asambodo na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, ọmụmụ okike, na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwoke. E guzobere mmemme PhD mbụ na Women's Studies na Mahadum Emory na 1990. <nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;6 October 2014<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwBbY\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt225\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwBbc\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gs.emory.edu/academics/program_pages/gender.html\" id=\"mwBbg\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies\"</a></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwBbk\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwBbo\">6 October</span></nowiki> 2014<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-42" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Women's_studies#cite_note-42 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2012, e nwere ụlọ ọrụ iri na isii na-enye PhD na Women's Studies na United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NWSA|url=http://nwsa.org/AF_institution_Directory.asp|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=nwsa.org|archivedate=15 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215034054/http://www.nwsa.org/AF_institution_Directory.asp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Artemis Guide to Women's Studies in the U.S|url=http://www.artemisguide.com/|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, UC Santa Cruz (2013), Mahadum Kentucky-Lexington (2013), Mahadum Stony Brook (2014), na Mahadum Oregon State (2016) webatara PhD n'ọhịa ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UC Santa Cruz – Feminist Studies|url=http://feministstudies.ucsc.edu/|accessdate=22 August 2016|work=feministstudies.ucsc.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PHD Program {{!}} Gender & Women's Studies|url=https://gws.as.uky.edu/phd-program-gws|accessdate=22 August 2016|work=gws.as.uky.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies|url=http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/wgss/|accessdate=22 August 2016|work=stonybrook.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 September 2015|title=PhD in Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies! {{!}} College of Liberal Arts {{!}} Oregon State University|url=http://liberalarts.oregonstate.edu/school-language-culture-and-society/wgss/phd-women-gender-and-sexuality-studies|accessdate=22 August 2016|work=liberalarts.oregonstate.edu}}</ref> === Australia === N'afọ 1956, onye Australia na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị bụ Madge Dawson malitere ịkụzi ihe na Ngalaba Mmụta Ndị Okenye na Mahadum Sydney wee malite ime nchọpụta na ịkụzi banyere ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị. Usoro Dawson, "Women in a Changing World", nke lekwasịrị anya na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị na ọdịda anyanwụ Europe, na-aghọ otu n'ime ọmụmụ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/07/30/1059480406739.html|title=Ardent warrior for women's rights|date=31 July 2003}}</ref> === Eshia === ==== Ebe Etiti Eshia ==== N'afọ 2015 na Mahadum Kabul, nzere masta mbụ na ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị na Afghanistan malitere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2015/10/26/kabul-university-unlikely-host-for-first-afghan-womens-studies-programme/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027133909/http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2015/10/26/kabul-university-unlikely-host-for-first-afghan-womens-studies-programme/|archivedate=27 October 2015|title=Kabul University unlikely host for first Afghan women's studies programme|author=FaithWorld|date=26 October 2015|work=Reuters.com|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref> === Europe === Elizabeth Bird chọtara mmepe nke Women's Studies na UK site na agụmakwụkwọ na-abụghị nke ụmụ nwanyị nnwere onwe (WLM), Workers' Educational Association, "CR" ma ọ bụ "ịzụlite uche", òtù ndị na-eme ihe ike, na ngalaba ndị ọzọ dị na mahadum na kọleji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Bird|first=Elizabeth|date=1 June 2003|title=Women's studies and the women's movement in Britain: origins and evolution, 1970–2000|journal=Women's History Review|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=263–288|doi=10.1080/09612020300200351|issn=0961-2025}}</ref> Bird na-ekwu na, dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ọkà mmụta Anna Coote na Beatrix Campbell bụ ndị gbara ọtụtụ ndị sonyere na 1960s-70s mmepe nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị ajụjụ ọnụ, "n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1969 Juliet Mitchell kụziri obere nkuzi akpọrọ 'The Role of Women in Society' na 'Anti University', nke ndị ọkà mmụta siri ike haziri dị ka akụkụ nke mmegide ụmụ akwụkwọ. " <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Coote|first=Anna|title=Sweet Freedom: the struggle for women's liberation|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=1982|location=London}}</ref> Maggie Humm na-akọwa usoro ọmụmụ oge okpomọkụ a dị ka "Ụzọ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ nke Britain". <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite book|author=Humm|first=Maggie|title=Feminisms: a reader|publisher=Harvester Wheatsheaf|location=Hemel Hempstead|pages=xvi}}</ref> N'afọ 1975, Margarita Rendel, Oonagh Hartnett, Zoe Fairbairns, dere akwụkwọ ntuziaka na-akọwapụta ọmụmụ 17 dị n'oge ahụ, nhọrọ 1 postgraduate, kọleji anọ na-enye agụmakwụkwọ na ọmụmụ polytechnics isii na Women's Studies - nke a na-akpọkarị 'ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ' - na United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hartnett|first=Oonagh|title=Women's Studies Courses in the United Kingdom|publisher=Margarita Rendel|year=1975|location=London}}</ref> Ha chịkọtara ntuziaka sitere na nyocha nke mahadum UK ma gbakwunye na nyocha nke Sue Beardon na Erika Stevenson bipụtara maka National Union of Students na 1974.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Bird|first=Elizabeth|date=1 June 2003|title=Women's studies and the women's movement in Britain: origins and evolution, 1970–2000|journal=Women's History Review|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=263–288|doi=10.1080/09612020300200351|issn=0961-2025}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBird2003">Bird, Elizabeth (1 June 2003). [[doi:10.1080/09612020300200351|"Women's studies and the women's movement in Britain: origins and evolution, 1970–2000"]]. ''Women's History Review''. '''12''' (2): <span class="nowrap">263–</span>288. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[[doi:10.1080/09612020300200351|10.1080/09612020300200351]]</span>. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0961-2025 0961-2025]. [[S2CID (identifier)|S2CID]]&nbsp;[https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144545954 144545954].</cite></ref> The Polytechnic of Central London nyere diplọma postgraduate na Women's Studies site na 1977, na 1978 otu MA ọmụmụ ihe na isiokwu nke 'Rights', gụnyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị, bụ nke Margarita Rendel haziri na London Institute of Education. N'afọ 1980, Mahadum Kent malitere nzere MA mbụ a kpọrọ aha na Women's Studies, ebe Mary Evans na-eduga mmepe nke usoro ahụ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Bird|first=Elizabeth|date=1 June 2003|title=Women's studies and the women's movement in Britain: origins and evolution, 1970–2000|journal=Women's History Review|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=263–288|doi=10.1080/09612020300200351|issn=0961-2025}}</ref> Na-esote Kent, Bradford (1982), Sheffield City Polytechnic (1983), Warwick (1983) na York (1984) meghere ọmụmụ MA. <ref name=":0" /> N'afọ 1990, a malitere BAs nke nwa oge na Women's Studies na Polytechnic nke North East London na Preston Polytechnic . <ref name=":0" /> Mahadum Open kpọrọ Veronica Beechey n'afọ 1983 iji malite ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ebe ahụ.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web|author=Taylor|first=Barbara|date=31 January 2021|title=Veronica Beechey obituary|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/31/veronica-beechey-obituary|accessdate=27 January 2022|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> == Omenala na usoro nyocha == [[Faịlụ:Students_of_Women_and_Gender_Studies_University_of_Haifa_on_training_in_writing_in_Wikipedia_(1).jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Women and Gender Studies University of Haifa.]] Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na usoro mmụta na-abụkarị ajụjụ "Gịnị mere na ụmụ nwanyị anaghị etinye ya? Ebee ka ụmụ nwanyị nọ?". <ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Women's Studies – The Early Years: When Sisterhood Was Powerful|author=Rothenberg|first=Paula|title=The Evolution of American Women's Studies|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|year=2008|isbn=978-0-230-60579-4|editor=Ginsberg|location=New York|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofameri0000unse/page/68}}</ref> Nke ahụ bụ, ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị bịara na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba, ajụjụ bilitere banyere ọdịdị nwoke nke ọtụtụ ọmụmụ na usoro mmụta. Ndị nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na ngalaba ọdịnala dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme, Bekee, na nkà ihe ọmụma malitere inye ọmụmụ na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị. Site n'echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị na "onwe bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị", ọmụmụ malitere ịmalite gburugburu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmekọahụ, ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ, na ụzọ ndụ ụmụ nwanyị si egosipụta usoro ike ka ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The evolution of American women's studies: reflections on triumphs, controversies, and change|editor=Ginsberg|year=2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230605794|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=224444238|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofameri0000unse/page/69}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1970, ndị ọkà mmụta nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị ejirila ụzọ post-modern ghọta okike na njikọ ya na agbụrụ, klas, agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, okpukpe, afọ, na (dis) ikike ịmepụta na idebe usoro ike n'ime ọha mmadụ. Site na mgbanwe a, a na-elekwasị anya n'asụsụ, subjectivity, na hegemony mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na otu ndụ nke ndị a na-ekwu, n'agbanyeghị otú ha si mara, si bụrụ. Isi ihe dị n'echiche ndị a bụ echiche na n'agbanyeghị na mmadụ na-akọwa, okike, mmekọahụ, na mmekọahụ abụghị ihe dị n"ime, kama ọ bụ nke ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nwsa.org/Files/Resources/WS_Integrative_Learning_Levine.pdf|title=Questions for A New Century: Women's Studies and Integrative Learning|author=Levin|first=Amy K.|year=2007|work=nwsa.org|accessdate=18 November 2017}}</ref> Echiche ndị dị mkpa a na-eji eme ihe na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere Echiche ụmụ nwanyị, [[intersectionality]], Echiche echiche, transnational femism, na ikpe ziri ezi nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Omume nyocha metụtara ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye ụmụ nwanyị na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti nyocha site na iji usoro ọnụọgụ, nke dị mma, na nke ngwakọta. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na-ekweta ọrụ ha na mmepụta ihe ọmụma ma mee ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti onye nchọpụta na isiokwu nyocha doo anya.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Feminist research practice: a primer|author=Hesse-Biber|first=Sharlene Nagy|isbn=9781412994972|edition=Second|publisher=SAGE Publications|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|oclc=838201827|date=18 July 2013}}</ref> === Echiche ụmụ nwanyị === Ozizi ụmụ nwanyị na-ezo aka na otu ederede nke na-arụ ọrụ iji lebara ịkpa ókè na ndịiche dị na nwoke anya, na-ekwenye, na-akọwa, na nyochaa ahụmahụ na ọnọdụ nke ndụ ụmụ nwanyị.[1]. Theorists na ndị edemede dị ka mgbịrịgba nko, Simone de Beauvoir, Patricia Hill Collins, na Alice Walker gbakwunyere na ubi nke feminist tiori n'ihe banyere ụzọ ndị agbụrụ na okike na-agwa ibe ha ahụmahụ nke ndị inyom na agba na ọrụ dị ka Feminist Theory: Site Margin to Center (nko), Na Search of Our Nne' Gardens, Feminous though na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Empowerment (Collins). Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger webatara ubi nke nlele anya matrixial, oghere matrixial (matricial) na oge, yana usoro echiche ọhụrụ na okwu iji webata nwanyị na-amaghị ihe site na echiche psychoanalytic na nkà ihe ọmụma.[2][3][4][5] Alice Walker chepụtara okwu nwanyị ịbụ nwanyị iji gosipụta ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ojii ka ha na-agba mbọ maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nnwere onwe, ebe ha na-eme ememe ike nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii, omenala ha, na ịma mma ha.[6]. Patricia Hill Collin's nyere echiche nke "matrix nke ịchịisi" n'echiche nwanyị, bụ nke mere ka agbụrụ, klaasị, na okike dị ka usoro mmegbu na-ejikọta ọnụ nke na-akpụ ahụmahụ nke ihe ùgwù na mmegbu. [[Faịlụ:Womens_Studies_(8407729802).jpg|thumb|261x261px|Nwaanyị na mpaghara ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị nke ọbá akwụkwọ]] [[intersectionality]]" id="mwAls" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality bụ ụzọ isi ghọta ma nyochaa mgbagwoju anya na ndị mmadụ, ahụmịhe mmadụ, na ọha mmadụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Hill Collins|first=P.|title=Intersectionality|publisher=Polity Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-7456-8448-2|location=Cambridge, UK}}</ref> E jikọtara ya na nke atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị, echiche [[Kimberlé Crenshaw]] nke intersectionality aghọwo usoro dị mkpa nke ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche na-atụle mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọdịdị mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dịka okike, agbụrụ, afọ, na mmasị mmekọahụ, ma nata ịkpa ókè ọha na eze. <ref name="Cooper 2016">{{Cite book|author=Cooper|first=Brittney|editor=Disch|chapter=Intersectionality|title=The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory|year=2016|pages=385–406|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932858-1|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.20}}</ref> Intersectionality na-ekwu na a ghaghị ịtụle mmekọrịta ndị a iji ghọta usoro nke ike na ihe ùgwù, yana mmetụta ha na-egosipụta na ndụ mmadụ.<ref name="Carastathis 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Carastathis|first=Anna|title=The Concept of Intersectionality in Feminist Theory|journal=Philosophy Compass|year=2014|volume=9|issue=5|pages=304–314|doi=10.1111/phc3.12129|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263725959}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eche na ihe omume na ọnọdụ nke ndụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ otu ihe, intersectionality na-ekwu na mmegbu na enweghị nhata nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze bụ nsonaazụ nke otu ndị mmadụ nwere ike si ele njikọta nke ihe dị iche iche anya; na-ekwusi ike na a na'ihi ịkpa ókè site na ike, ọ bụghị njirimara onwe onye.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Cooper 2016" /> Echiche Standpoint, nke a na-akpọkwa echiche echiche echiche ụmụ nwanyị, <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|title=Loyalism, Women and Standpoint Theory|author=Potter|first=M|journal=Irish Political Studies|year=2014|volume=29|issue=2|pages=258–274|doi=10.1080/07907184.2012.727399}}</ref> mepụtara na 1980s dị ka ụzọ isi nyochaa mmepụta nke ihe ọmụma na mmetụta ya na omume nke ike. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Harding|first=Sandra G.|title=The feminist standpoint theory reader: intellectual and political controversies|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-0415945004|location=New York|oclc=51668081}}</ref> Echiche Standpoint na-arụ ọrụ site n'echiche na ihe ọmụma dị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndị na-anọchite anya ndị otu na ndị ka nta na-eleghara anya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ na-ewepụ ha mgbe ọ bịara na mmepụta ihe ọmụma. Na-esite n'echiche Marxist, echiche echiche na-arụ ụka maka nyocha nke na-agbagha ikike nke "eziokwu" ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hekman|first=Susan|year=1997|title=Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited|journal=Signs|volume=22|issue=2|pages=341–365|doi=10.1086/495159}}</ref> Echiche Standpoint, na-eche na ike dị naanị n'aka nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ka usoro mkpebi na ọha mmadụ na-ewu naanị maka, na site n'aka ụmụ nwoke.<ref name=":03" /> Ihe atụ nke ebe echiche echiche na-egosi onwe ya na ọha mmadụ bụ site na usoro nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ebe ọ bụ na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa mpaghara ọmụmụ a.<ref name=":03" /> Ọzọkwa, site n'echiche Marxist, Karl Marx kwupụtara echiche nke kwenyere na ndị nọ n'ọchịchị enweghị ike ịghọta echiche nke ndị ha nwere ike.<ref name=":03" /> Inye echiche ahụ na-ekweta na nwoke enweghị ike ịghọta mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu na ọha. === Echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-agbanwe agbanwe === Transnational femism na-echegbu onwe ya banyere ọganihu nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ịha nhata nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke gafee ókèala; kpọmkwem na nzaghachi maka ijikọ ụwa ọnụ, neoliberalism, na imperialism.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Moghadam|first=Valentine M.|title=Women worldwide: transnational feminist perspectives on women|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=9780073512297|editor=Lee|location=New York, NY|pages=15|chapter=Transnational Feminisms|oclc=436028205}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị malitere itinye echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-agafe mba n'ime usoro ọmụmụ ya dị ka ụzọ isi mebie ma maa ụzọ a na-ebute ihe ọmụma gbasara okike ụzọ, na-ebufe, ma na-agbasa n'ọhịa na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Parisi|first=Laura|title=Rethinking women's and gender studies|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=9780415808316|editor=Orr|location=New York|pages=326|chapter=Transnational|oclc=738351967}}</ref> Echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-aga n'ihu na-agbagha ọdịiche ọdịnala nke ọha mmadụ, nke dị oke mkpa maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwenkwe ọdịbendị na-aga nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Minoo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZqv_ZcsipgC&q=transnational+feminist+theory&pg=PA349|title=Between Woman and Nation: Nationalisms, Transnational Feminisms, and the State|publisher=Duke University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8223-2322-8|language=en}}</ref> Otu nkwenye dị mkpa sitere n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị mba niile bụ na okike bụ, abụwo, ma ga-anọgide na-abụ, mgbalị zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=Transnational Feminism and Communication Studies: The Communication Review, 9(4), 255–267.|author=Shome|first=R.|year=2006|doi=10.1080/10714420600957266}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-agafe mba na-eme ka enweghị nlebara anya na ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ọdịbendị na akụ na ụba nke okike, n'ihi ijikọ ụwa ọnụ, nwere ike inye aka n'ịkwalite enweghị nhata nke okike zuru ụwa ọnụ; ọ bụ ezie na, nke a nwere ike ime naanị mgbe mmadụ na-anọ n'ọkwá ndị nwere ihe ùgwù n'ụwa niile.<ref name=":3" /> === Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Ọha === Kemgbe e bidoro ya na njikọ ya na òtù ụmụ nwanyị, ime ihe ike abụwo ntọala nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke ọha na eze aghọwo akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, mmemme, na ngalaba. Echiche ikpe ziri ezi nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-emetụta ọgụ maka obodo ndị ziri ezi, ọ bụghị na ọkwa nke onye ọ bụla, kama maka ọha mmadụ dum.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Social Justice: Theories, Issues, and Movements|url=https://archive.org/details/socialjusticethe00milo|author=Capeheart|first=Loretta|year=2007|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813541686|location=Piscataway|oclc=437192947}}</ref> Ụmụ akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka na ọrụ ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị nkatọ na-echegbu onwe ha banyere ịchọ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ tinye aka na ọrụ iwu na / ma ọ bụ ọrụ ikpe ziri aga nke ọha na mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson|first=Jennifer L.|title=Social Justice for (University) Credit? The Women's and Gender Studies Practicum in the Neoliberal University. (Report)|journal=Resources for Feminist Research|volume=34|issue=3–4|year=2016}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị abụghị naanị na ọ na-elekwasị anya n'echiche ndị dị ka ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, ịkpa ókè n'ebe ọrụ, na ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na nkewa nke ọrụ n'ụlọ. Ọ na-enye ntọala maka ịghọta ihe kpatara echiche ndị a, nke bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ iji mee ka ndụ ka mma maka ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.depts.ttu.edu/wstudies/advising_whystudywgs.php|title=Women's and Gender Studies|work=Texas Tech University}}</ref> === Ụlọ ọrụ === Enwere ike ịkọwa ụlọ ọrụ dị ka ikike ime nhọrọ n'otu n'otu na n'efu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Barker|first=C.|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Sage|year=2005|isbn=0-7619-4156-8|location=London}}</ref> Enwere ike igbochi ụlọ ọrụ mmadụ n'ihi ihe dị iche iche metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, dị ka okike, agbụrụ, okpukpe na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze.<ref name=":4" /> Site n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị, enwere ike ile ụlọ ọrụ anya dị ka mgbalị iji mee ka mmegbu otu akụkụ nke gosipụtara mmegbu mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title=Agency, Anticipation and Indeterminacy in Feminist Theory. Feminist Theory, 4(2), 139–148|author=Mcnay|first=L|year=2003|doi=10.1177/14647001030042003}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eji ụlọ ọrụ eme ihe na-anwa ịmepụta ụdị nnwere onwe ọhụrụ na ịdabere na mgbanwe nke mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na ọha mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref name=":5" /> Nnyocha ụmụ nwanyị na-ekweta enweghị ụlọ ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'ihi ọnọdụ ndị isi na ọha mmadụ. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme mgbalị siri ike iji bulie nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ịkpata mgbasawanye ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta maka ụmụ nwanyị niile.<ref name=":5" /> === Ịhụnanya n'ihe onwunwe === Echiche nke ihe onwunwe sitere na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na 1960s na 1970s.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/1118/1024|title=Materialist Feminism: A Reader in Class, Difference, and Women's Lives: Canadian Journal of Communication|author=Hennessy|first=R.|year=1999}}</ref> Materialism nwere njikọ dị mkpa na echiche Marxist nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, ụlọ ọrụ, na echiche; ọ bụ ezie na, enwere ike ịmata ya site na itinye asụsụ na ọdịbendị na nkà ihe ọmụma ya.<ref name=":6" /> Ịhụnanya n'anya na-ewelite ajụjụ ma na nyocha mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze, nke enwere ike ịchọta ya na ọnọdụ ihe onwunwe nke ọha mmadụ ọ bụla.<ref name=":6" /> Na mgbakwunye na nyocha site n'echiche nwoke na nwanyị, a na-amụ ọnọdụ ihe onwunwe n'ihe gbasara akụkụ ndị dị adị nke ndụ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":6" /> Akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndị na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe na-ekpughe mmekọrịta ndị a sitere n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị, na-azọrọ na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, yana itinye aka na mgbanwe.<ref name=":6" /> Ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe na-elekwasị anya na nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-eme ka ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị pụta ìhè karịsịa akụkụ nke ezinụlọ, ezinụlọ, na ịbụ nne.<ref name=":6" /> Materialism na-enyocha okwu gbasara nwoke na nwanyị nke na-akwalite nchụpụ ụmụ nwanyị; Ya mere, otu n'ime akụkụ kachasị emetụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe bụ nlebara anya ya na ajụjụ nke echiche na otu ha si emetụta akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name=":6" /> === Nkụzi === N'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eji nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ n'ụdị triad nke nyocha, echiche, na praxis nha nhata. Ntọhapụ nke prọfesọ dị ka isi iyi nke ihe ọmụma na-abụkarị ihe ndabere na omenala ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. A na-agba ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ka ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike na "ịzọrọ" agụmakwụkwọ ha, na-eburu ọrụ maka onwe ha na usoro mmụta. Emebere mmemme mmụta ụmụ nwanyị na nkuzi iji chọpụta njikọ dị n'etiti okike, agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, klaasị na isiokwu ndị ọzọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara na ụkpụrụ ọha na eze site na oghere nwanyị. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-elekwasị anya n'ụdị isiokwu dị iche iche dị ka agụmagụ mgbasa ozi, mmekọahụ, agbụrụ na agbụrụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme metụtara ụmụ nwanyị, echiche queer, multiculturalism na ihe ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ nwere njikọ chiri anya. Ngalaba na-etinye ihe ndị a n'ime klaasị n'ofe isiokwu dị iche iche, gụnyere omenala ndị ama ama, ụmụ nwanyị nọ na akụ na ụba, ikpe ịmụ nwa na gburugburu ebe obibi, na ahụike ụmụ nwanyị n'ogologo ndụ niile. Bracha L. Ettinger's matrixial theory nwere mmetụta na ngalaba nkuzi nka n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ nlekọta. Mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka na ọrụ ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na-echepụtakarị usoro ọmụmụ ndị agbakwunyere na tiori na mmemme na-abụghị ntọala klaasị. Ụfọdụ mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enye ọzụzụ ọzụzụ nke sitere na obodo na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere ịhụ ka ụlọ ọrụ nke ihe ùgwù na mmegbu si emetụta ndụ ụmụ nwanyị. Usoro ọmụmụ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agbakarị ụmụ akwụkwọ ume isonye na mmemme mmụta ọrụ na mgbakwunye na mkparịta ụka na ntụgharị uche n'ihe ọmụmụ. Otú ọ dị, Daphne Patai, nke Mahadum Massachusetts Amherst, katọrọ akụkụ a nke mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, na-arụ ụka na ha na-etinye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa agụmakwụkwọ, na-ekwu na "atụmatụ nke ndị òtù ngalaba na mmemme ndị a gụnyere asụsụ ndị uwe ojii na-adịghị ahụkebe, usoro nyocha nke a na-ewere na ọ dị mma nye ụmụ nwanyị (dị ka qualitative n'elu quantitative ụzọ), na-eduzi ọmụmụ ọgwụgwọ dịka a ga-asị na ha bụ usoro ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. okike, agbụrụ, klaasị, na mmekọahụ, nke a na-ebutekarị dissecting institutionalized Ọdịdị nke ike N'ihi nke ndị a pedagogies, ụmụ nwanyị ọmụmụ na-ahapụ mahadum na a ngwá ọrụ setịpụrụ ime ka ọha mmadụ mgbanwe na-eme ihe banyere ike inequalities na ọha mmadụ. == Nkatọ agụmakwụkwọ n'ime == N'akwụkwọ Professing Feminism: Education and Indoctrination in Women's Studies, ndị nkuzi iri atọ nke Women's ọmụmụ gbakọtara iji katọọ "ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma na omume na-ebibi onwe onye nke yiri ka ọ bụ ihe dị n'ọtụtụ mmemme Women's Study". Ndị prọfesọ kwuru na ha enweghị ike "ịkwurịta nchegbu ha banyere esemokwu a na ndị otu ngalaba ndị ọzọ na Women's Studies", na-ekwu na "ịkwusiri ike mgbe niile na ịdị ọcha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.... site na ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị prọfesị".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Patai|first=DAPHNE|title=Professing feminism: education and indoctrination in women's studies|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2003|isbn=9780739104552|location=United States|pages=13, 18|language=English}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist|30em}} == Edensibia == * Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Nke ahụ abụghị ihe m kwuru: Nkọwa esemokwu na nyocha akụkọ. Na Giuck, S. & Patai, D. (Eds.), Women's Words: The Feminist Practice of Oral History (pp. 63-76). NY: Routledge&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Echiche echiche ụmụ nwanyị: Ịzụlite ihe ọmụma na ike site na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 53-82). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Ọkpụkpọ òkù maka nyocha ụmụ nwanyị. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 1-24). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Omume ụmụ nwanyị nke ethnography. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 187-221). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; * Dill, T.B & Zambrana, R. (2009) Emerging Intersections: Race, Class and Gender in Theory, Policy and Practice. NJ: Rutgers University Press. *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Mmekọahụ ahụ: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwoke na nwanyị na iwulite mmekọahụ. New York: Basic Books. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-465-07714-5|<bdi>0-465-07714-5</bdi>]]. &nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịtọpụ ụkpụrụ omume: Ịkwado nsogbu omume nke ụkpụrụ omume nyocha. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30 (4), 2141-2162. * Harding, S. (1987). Okwu mbido: Enwere usoro ụmụ nwanyị? Na Harding, S. (ed.), Feminism & Methodology. (pp. 1-14). IN: Indiana University Press.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Omume nke ịgba ajụjụ ọnụ miri emi nke ụmụ nwanyị. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 111-148). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Ịnụrụ ụmụ agbọghọ ntị: Echiche banyere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omume nke usoro ụmụ nwanyị nke mkparịta ụka otu. Mmekọahụ, Ebe, na Ọdịbendị, 11 (1), 105-119. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Postmodernism nke ụmụ nwanyị na poststructuralism. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 83-108). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Omume nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na ajụjụ ọnụ ndị na-elekwasị anya. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 149-186). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Omume ụmụ nwanyị nke nyocha ọdịnaya. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 223-248). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Feminist empiricism: Ịma aka n'ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na "ịtọlite ndekọ ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi". Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 27-52). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; * Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Nnyocha na-ekere òkè na nke na-eme ihe na feminism: Towards Transformative Praxis. N'akwụkwọ Sharlene Hesse-Biber (Ed.). Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Nnyocha Ụmụ nwanyị: Theory and Praxis. CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe. *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Nnyocha nnyocha ụmụ nwanyị. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 293-325). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Berkin, Carol R., Judith L. Pinch, na Carole S. Appel, Exploring Women's Studies: Looking Forward, Looking Back, 2005,    * {{Cite book|author=Boxer|first=Marilyn J.|title=When Women ask the Questions: Creating Women's Studies in America|year=1998|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=978-0-8018-5834-5|oclc=37981599|url=https://archive.org/details/whenwomenaskques0000boxe}} * {{Cite book|author=Carter|first=Sarah|title=Women's Studies: A Guide to Information Sources|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesgui0000cart|year=1990|publisher=Mansell and McFarland|location=London, England and Jefferson, NC|isbn=978-0-7201-2058-5|oclc=20392079}} * {{Cite book|author=Committee on Women's Studies in Asia|title=Changing Lives: Life Stories of Asian Pioneers in Women's Studies|year=1995|publisher=Feminist Press at the City University of New York|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-55861-108-5|oclc=31867161|url=https://archive.org/details/changingliveslif00comm}} * Davis, Angela Y. (2003). Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Ọ bụ Ihe Mgbe Ochie? , Open Media (April 2003),   * {{Cite book|editor=Davis|title=Handbook of Gender and Women's Studies|year=2006|publisher=Sage|location=London, England; Thousand Oaks, CA|isbn=978-0-7619-4390-7|oclc=69392297}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkọ ifo banyere okike: echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke. New York: BasicBooks. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-465-04792-0|<bdi>0-465-04792-0</bdi>]]. &nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mmekọahụ ahụ: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwoke na nwanyị na iwulite mmekọahụ. New York: Basic Books. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-465-07714-5|<bdi>0-465-07714-5</bdi>]]. &nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Mmekọahụ / Mmekọala: Biology in a Social World''. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780415881456|<bdi>9780415881456</bdi>]]. &nbsp; * {{Cite journal|author=Gardey|first=Delphine|authorlink=Delphine Gardey|title='Territory Trouble': Feminist Studies and (the Question of) Hospitality|journal=[[Differences (journal)|differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies]]|volume=27|issue=2|pages=125–152|doi=10.1215/10407391-3621745|date=September 2016|url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:86893}} * Grewal, Inderpal na Caren Kaplan, Nkwupụta maka Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị: Mmekọahụ n'ụwa Transnational, 2006,    * {{Cite book|author=Griffin|first=Gabriele|title=Doing Women's Studies: Employment Opportunities, Personal Impacts and Social Consequences|year=2005|publisher=Zed Books in association with the University of Hull and the European Union|location=London, England|isbn=978-1-84277-501-1|oclc=56641855}} * Ginsberg, Alice E. The Evolution of American Women's Studies: Reflections on Triumphs, Controversies and Change (Palgrave Macmillan: 2009). [http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2009/03/27/women Ajụjụ ọnụ n'ịntanetị na Ginsberg] * Griffin, Gabriele na Rosi Braidotti (ed.), Thinking Differently: A Reader in European Women's Studies, London wdg: Zed Books, 2002    * Howe, Florence (ed.), The Politics of Women's Studies: Testimony from Thirty Founding Mothers, Paperback edition, New York: Feminist Press 2001,    * {{Cite book|author=Hunter College Women's Studies Collective|title=Women's Realities, Women's Choices: An Introduction to Women's Studies|year=2005|edition=3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-515035-3|oclc=55870949}} * {{Cite book|author=Jacobs|first=Sue-Ellen|title=Women in Perspective: A Guide for Cross-Cultural Studies|year=1974|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana, IL|isbn=978-0-252-00299-1|oclc=1050797|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninperspecti00suee}} * {{Cite book|author=Kennedy|first=Elizabeth Lapovsky|authorlink=Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy|title=Women's Studies for the Future: Foundations, Interrogations, Politics|year=2005|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, NJ|isbn=978-0-8135-3618-7|oclc=56951279}} * {{Cite book|author=Krikos|first=Linda A.|title=Women's Studies: A Recommended Bibliography|year=2004|edition=3rd|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|location=Westport, CN|isbn=978-1-56308-566-6|oclc=54079621|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesrec0003krik}} * {{Cite book|author=Larson|first=Andrea and R. Edward Freeman|title=Women's Studies and Business Ethics: Toward a New Conversation|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-510758-6|oclc=35762696}} * Lederman, Muriel, na Ingrid Bartsch, ndị editọ. The Gender and Science Reader. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mbipụta. * {{Cite book|author=Loeb|first=Catherine|title=Women's Studies: A Recommended Core Bibliography, 1980–1985|year=1987|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|location=Littleton, CO|isbn=978-0-87287-472-5|oclc=14716751|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesrec00loebrich}} * {{Cite book|author=Luebke|first=Barbara F.|title=Women's Studies Graduates: The First Generation|year=1995|publisher=Teachers College Press, Teachers College, Columbia University|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-8077-6274-5|oclc=31076831|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesgra0000lueb}} * {{Cite book|author=MacNabb|first=Elizabeth L.|title=Transforming the Disciplines: A Women's Studies Primer|year=2001|publisher=Haworth Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-56023-959-8|oclc=44118091|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781560239604}} * Messer-Davidow, Ellen, Disciplining Feminism: From Social Activism to Academic Discourse, Durham, NC wdg: Duke University Press, 2002    * Narayan, Uma Ọdịbendị na-agbagọ agbagọ: njirimara, ọdịnala, na ụmụ nwanyị nke ụwa nke atọ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <nowiki>ISBN 9780415914192</nowiki> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Rethinking Women's and Gender Studies. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780415808309|<bdi>9780415808309</bdi>]] &nbsp; * {{Cite book|author=Patai|first=Daphne|title=Professing Feminism: Education and Indoctrination in Women's Studies|year=2003|edition=New and Expanded|publisher=Lexington Books|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=978-0-7391-0454-5|oclc=50228164}} * {{Cite book|author=Rao|first=Aruna|title=Women's Studies International: Nairobi and Beyond|year=1991|publisher=Feminist Press at the City University of New York|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-55861-031-6|oclc=22490140|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesint0000raoa}} * {{Cite book|author=Rogers|first=Mary F.|title=Who's Afraid of Women's Studies?: Feminisms in Everyday Life|year=2002|publisher=AltaMira Press|location=Walnut Creek, CA|oclc=50530054|isbn=978-0-7591-0173-9|url=https://archive.org/details/whosafraidofwome0000roge}} * {{Cite book|author=Rosenberg|first=Roberta|title=Women's Studies: An Interdisciplinary Anthology|year=2001|publisher=Peter Lang|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-8204-4443-7|oclc=45115816}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Feminism agbanweela sayensị?''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999. Mbipụta. * Ruth, Sheila, Issues In Feminism: An Introduction to Women's Studies, 2000,    * {{Cite book|author=Simien|first=Evelyn M.|editor=Waters|title=Black Women's Intellectual Traditions: Speaking their Minds|year=2007|publisher=University of Vermont Press and the University Press of New England|location=Burlington, VT and Hanover, NH|isbn=978-1-58465-633-3|chapter=Black Feminist Theory: Charting a Course for Black Women's Studies in Political Science|oclc=76140356}} * {{Cite book|author=Tierney|first=Helen|title=Women's Studies Encyclopedia|year=1989–1991|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-313-24646-3|oclc=18779445}} * Wiegman, Robyn (onye nchịkọta akụkọ), Women's Studies on Its Own: A Next Wave Reader in Institutional Change, Duke University Press, 2002. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8223-2950-6|<bdi>0-8223-2950-6</bdi>]]  &nbsp;  == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0641ayv1i20j0p4c2zrzofw2x8ok5m1 672432 672431 2026-07-04T18:13:15Z Johnnybam 24488 672432 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị''' bụ ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ nke na-adabere na usoro ụmụ nwanyị na interdisciplinary iji tinye ndụ na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti ọmụmụ ihe, ka ọ na-enyocha mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ọdịbendị nke okike; usoro nke ihe ùgwù na mmegbu; na mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ike na okike ka ha na-agbakọta na njirimara ndị ọzọ na ebe mmekọrịta mmadụ na nna dị ka agbụrụ, mmasị mmekọahụ, klas mmekọrịta mmadụ na ụba, na nkwarụ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women's voices, feminist visions: classic and contemporary readings|author=Shaw|first=Susan M.|isbn=978-0078027000|edition=Sixth|publisher=McGraw-Hill|location=New York, NY|oclc=862041473|date=23 April 2014}}</ref> Echiche ndị a ma ama ndị metụtara ngalaba ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere Echiche ụmụ nwanyị, Echiche echiche, intersectionality, multiculturalism, transnational femism, ikpe ziri ezi, Matrixial anya, mmetụta ọmụmụ, ụlọ ọrụ, bio-politics, materialism, na embodiment.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory|year=2018|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0190872823|oclc=1002116432}}</ref> Omume nyocha na usoro ndị metụtara ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere ethnography, autoethnography, ìgwè ndị na-elekwasị anya, nyocha, nyocha nke obodo, nyocha okwu, na omume ịgụ ihe metụtara Echiche dị oke egwu, post-structuralism, na echiche nke nwoke. <ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Feminist research practice: a primer|author=Hesse-Biber|first=Sharlene Nagy|isbn=9781412994972|edition=Second|publisher=SAGE Publications|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|oclc=838201827|date=18 July 2013}}</ref> Ubi ahụ na-eme nchọpụta ma na-akatọ ụkpụrụ ọha na eze dị iche iche nke okike, agbụrụ, ọkwa, mmekọahụ, na enweghị nhata ndị ọzọ. Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị nwere njikọ na ngalaba nke [[Gender studies|Ọmụmụ okike]], ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, na ọmụmụ mmekọahụ, yana ihe jikọrọ ya na ngalaba nke mmụta ọdịbendị, Ọmụmụ agbụrụ, na Ọmụmụ Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Women's studies on its own: a next wave reader in institutional change|date=2002|publisher=Duke University Press|author=Wiegman|first=Robyn|isbn=9780822329862|location=Durham|oclc=49421587|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780822329862}}</ref> A na-enye ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị ugbu a n'ihe karịrị narị asaa ụlọ ọrụ na United States, na n'ụwa niile n'ihe nkiri iri anọ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Transforming Scholarship: Why Women's and Gender Studies Students Are Changing Themselves and the World|author=Berger|first=Michele Tracy|publisher=Routledge|year=2015|isbn=978-0-415-83653-1|location=New York}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Afrịka === Ikpochapụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọrụ ha na Africa dị mgbagwoju anya. Mgbe echiche ụmụ nwanyị pụtara na 1980s, o lekwasịrị anya na ịnapụta ụmụ nwanyị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afrịka nke ọchịchị ndị nna ochie na "usoro mmekọrịta ndị nna nna" hapụrụ n'Africa site n'oge ndị nna ochie.[1]. : 12 N'ihi usoro kwadoro agụmakwụkwọ nwoke karịa agụmakwụkwọ nwanyị, n'oge nnwere onwe, enwere obere ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịgụ na ide. A na-agba ndị na-enweghị ike ume ka ha bụrụ ndị ọkachamara ma na-arụkarị ọrụ iji dozie nsogbu mmụta na nsogbu ndị ọzọ na-eche ụmụ nwanyị ihu na 1960 na 1970. Ọgbọ nke mbụ nke ndị ọkà mmụta lekwasịrị anya na iguzobe na ịkwado akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Africa. 13 Ha na-ejikwa ma echiche ọdịda anyanwụ banyere okike dịka ha na-etinye aka na Africa ma ọ bụ echiche nwoke na nwanyị tupu oge ọchịchị.[1] :  14–15 : 14–15 Ọrụ Ifi Amadiume bụ ụmụ nwanyị nwoke, di nwanyị (1987) na Oyeronke Oyewumi's The Invention of Women (1997) bụ ụfọdụ n'ime ọrụ mbụ nke chọrọ inyocha echiche nwoke na nwanyị na Africa. 14  Na 1977, e hiwere Association of African Women for Research and Development (AAWORD) iji kwalite nyocha na ụmụ nwanyị Africa site na ụmụ nwanyị Africa. Ndị ọkà mmụta jikọrọ aka na nzukọ a sitere na ntọala ya gụnyere: Simi Afonja (Nigeria), N'Dri Thérèse Assié-Lumumba (Ivory Coast), (Bolanle Awe (Nigeria), Nawal El Saadawi (Egypt), Nina Mba (Nigeria), Omolara Ogundipe-Leslie (Nigeria), Acholanya Palanya (Siisie Pala) , Simi Afonja (Nigeria) Fatou Sow (Senegal), na Zenebework Tadesse (Ethiopia) .  15  Ndị ọkà mmụta ndị ọzọ sonyeere Development Alternatives with Women for a New Era (DAWN), netwọk maka ụmụ nwanyị agụmakwụkwọ na ndị na-eme ihe ike lekwasịrị anya na Global South, nke e kere na 1984.  15  Ndị ọkà mmụta Africa n'etiti ndị na-emepụta DAWN (Ketemaro) Marie-Angélique Savané (Senegal). Ghana hiwere mmemme Development na Women's Studies (DAWS) na 1989, nke site na 1996 nyere ma mmụta mmụta mahadum na nke gụsịrị akwụkwọ.[4]: 415  Mgbe ọdịda nke Apartheid gasịrị, Mahadum Cape Town, South Africa hiwere African Gender Institute na 1996 iji kwado nyocha na ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị na Africa, site na ngalaba 200 Mahadum (Uganda), Mahadum Buea (Cameroon), na Mahadum Zambia (Zambia). === Amerịka === Emere usoro ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị izizi na US na 1969 na Mahadum Cornell. Mgbe otu afọ nke nhazi kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ nke òtù ụmụ nwanyị na-ewelite mmụọ, ngagharị iwe, mkpesa mkpesa, na ịrụ ọrụ na-abụghị iwu ma ọ bụ klaasị nnwale na ngosi n'ihu kọmitii na mgbakọ asaa, mmemme mmụta ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na United States malitere na 1970 na San Diego State College (nke bụ Mahadum San Diego State ugbu a). Na njikọ na National Women's Liberation Movement, ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị otu obodo kere kọmitii ad hoc maka ọmụmụ ihe ụmụ nwanyị. E hiwere mmemme mmụta ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ na United States na 1971 na Wichita State University dị na Wichita, Kansas. Emebere ya nke ukwuu site n'ọtụtụ mbọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ngalaba bekee, nchịkwa na n'ime obodo. Kọleji nke Staten Island bụ Mahadum United States izizi gụsịrị nwa akwụkwọ nwere nzere bachelọ nke Arts na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi mbọ nke prọfesọ feminist Phyllis Chesler. Ka ọ na-erule 1974, ndị otu ngalaba Mahadum San Diego State malitere mkpọsa mba niile maka ntinye nke ngalaba ahụ. N'oge ahụ, omume ndị a na ubi bụ nnọọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Tupu ngalaba na mmemme ahaziri ahazi, ọtụtụ ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụmụnwanyị ka a na-akpọsa n'amaghị ama n'ofe ụlọ akwụkwọ wee kuziere ya site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị ngalaba - na-akwụghị ụgwọ - na mgbakwunye na ọrụ nkuzi na nhazi ha hibere. Mgbe ahụ, dị ka ọ dị n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ taa, ngalaba na-akụzi na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-ejikarị oge nhọpụta ngalaba na ngalaba ndị ọzọ na campus. Akwụkwọ akụkọ ndị ọkà mmụta mbụ na ''Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị'', Feminist Studies, malitere ibipụta na 1972. <ref name="FSAboutUs2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.feministstudies.org/aboutfs/history.html|title=History|publisher=Feminist Studies|accessdate=30 May 2014}}</ref> E guzobere National Women's Studies Association (nke United States) na 1977. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nwsa.org/content.asp?pl=19&contentid=19|title=NWSA|work=nwsa.org|accessdate=26 July 2015}}</ref> N'afọ 1977, e nwere mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị 276 na mba niile na United States. Ọnụ ọgụgụ mmemme mụbara n'ime afọ iri sochirinụ, na-eto ruo mmemme 530 na 1989, <ref>{{Cite journal|date=December 2007|title=A National Census of Women's Studies Programs|url=https://www.nwsa.org/Files/Resources/NWSA_CensusonWSProgs.pdf|journal=NORC Project|pages=25}}</ref> nke gụnyere mmemme na Mahadum Puerto Rico nke Margarita Benítez guzobere na 1986. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Rodríguez|first=Jorge|title=El feminism llevado a la práctica|url=https://gpa.eastview.com/crl/elmundo/?a=d&d=mndo19900903-01.1.32&srpos=5&e=-------en-25-mndo-1--img-txIN-%22Margarita+Beni%cc%81tez%22---------|accessdate=17 April 2023|work=[[El Mundo (Puerto Rico)|El Mundo]]|date=3 September 1990|page=32|language=Spanish}}</ref> N'ihe dị ka afọ 1980, mahadum dị na US hụrụ uto na mmepe nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na mmemme gafee mba ahụ ebe ngalaba ahụ nọgidere na-alụ ọgụ na mmeghachi omume sitere n'aka ndị otu abụọ na nchegbu sitere n'etiti ndị nọ n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị banyere ndị ọcha, existentialist, na Ihe ùgwù nwoke na nwanyị nke ndị nọ n"ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofameri0000unse/page/16|title=The evolution of American women's studies: reflections on triumphs, controversies, and change|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2008|isbn=9780230605794|editor=Ginsberg|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=224444238}}</ref> Na Canada A kụziri ọmụmụ mahadum ole na ole mbụ na Women's Studies na mbido afọ 1970. N'afọ 1984, gọọmentị etiti guzobere oche ise e nyere na Women's Studies maka mpaghara ọ bụla nke mba ahụ na: * Mahadum Simon Fraser (British Columbia), * Mahadum nke Winnipeg na Mahadum Manitoba (Prairies, oche jikọrọ ọnụ) * Mahadum Carleton na Mahadum Ottawa (Ontario, oche jikọrọ aka), * Mahadum Laval (Quebec), na * Mahadum Mount St Vincent (Atlantic Canada). N'otu oge ahụ, ụmụ nwanyị agụmakwụkwọ na Latin America malitere ịmepụta ìgwè ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="Arango">{{Cite book|author=Arango Gaviria|first=Luz Gabriela|editor=Gil Hernández|title=Feminismos y estudios de género en Colombia: un campo académico y político en movimiento|url=http://www.codajic.org/sites/default/files/sites/www.codajic.org/files/Feminismo%20y%20Estudios%20de%20G%C3%A9nero%20en%20Colombia.pdf|date=2018|edition=Primeraición|publisher=[[National University of Colombia]] Press|location=Bogotá, Colombia|language=Spanish|chapter=Un proyecto académico feminista en mutación: la Escuela de Estudios de Género de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia [A Feminist Academic Project in Mutation: The School of Gender Studies of the National University of Colombia]|pages=17–38|isbn=978-958-783-334-8}}</ref> : 17 <ref name="Cienciágora">{{Cite web|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Florence Thomas|url=https://cienciagora.universia.net.co/infodetail/ciencias-sociales-afines/galeria_de_cientificos/florence-thomas-336.html|work=Cienciágora|publisher=[[Universia]]|accessdate=22 April 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422200008/https://cienciagora.universia.net.co/infodetail/ciencias-sociales-afines/galeria_de_cientificos/florence-thomas-336.html|archivedate=22 April 2022|language=Spanish|date=7 March 2008}}</ref> E mepụtara oche mbụ nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Mexico na ngalaba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke National Autonomous University of Mexico na 1970.<ref name="Lozano Rubello">{{Cite journal|author=Lozano Rubello|first=Gabriela|title=Los estudios de género en la UBA y la UNAM: una conquista del feminismo académico|journal=Universidades|date=October 2019|volume=70|issue=81|pages=45–54|url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/373/37361142006/html/|accessdate=23 April 2022|doi=10.36888/udual.universidades.2019.81.36|language=Spanish|issn=0041-8935}}</ref> Malite na 1979, Grupo Autónomo de Mujeres Universitarias (GAMU, Autonomous Group of University Women), nke gụnyere ma ngalaba Mexico na ụmụ akwụkwọ malitere izute oge ụfọdụ iji kwurịta otú e si ewebata ụmụ nwanyị na ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche gafee mba ahụ. N'afọ 1982, e mepụtara mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco . <ref name="Lozano Rubello" /> N'otu aka ahụ na 1983, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke Mexico, gụnyere Lourdes Arizpe, Flora Botton, na Elena Urrutia, guzobere Programa Interdisciplinario de Estudios de la Mujer (PIEG, Interdisciplinary Women's Studies Program) na El Colegio de México na Mexico City.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Poy Solano|first=Laura|title=Reconoce el Colmex a tres pioneras de los estudios de género|url=https://www.jornada.com.mx/notas/2021/03/11/politica/reconoce-el-colmex-a-tres-pioneras-de-los-estudios-de-genero/|accessdate=11 April 2022|work=[[La Jornada]]|date=11 March 2021|language=Spanish}}</ref> N'afọ 1984, ndị ọkà mmụta guzobere Centro de Estudios de la Mujer (Ụlọ Ọrụ Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị) na ngalaba nkà mmụta uche na Mahadum National Autonomous nke Mexico. A kwadoro ngalaba ahụ site na ịmepụta Programa Universitario de Estudios de Género (PUEG, University Program on Gender Studies) na 1992, na agbamume nke ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Gloria Careaga, Teresita nke Barbieri, Graciela Hierro [es], [[Araceli Mingo]], [[Lorenia Parada]], na [[Alicia Elena Pérez Duarte]] . <ref name="Lozano Rubello" /> Ndị na-eme ihe ike na ndị na-eme nchọpụta na Chile malitere nzukọ na 1978 na ịmepụta Círculo de la Mujer (Ogige Ụmụ nwanyị). N'afọ 1984, ha tọrọ ntọala Centro de Estudios de la Mujer (CEM, Center for Women's Studies) na Santiago iji kwado ọtụtụ ọzụzụ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na okike. N'otu afọ ahụ, Virginia Vargas malitere ịkụzi ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Peru, n'afọ sokwa ya, ya na Virginia Guzmán Barcos na ndị ọzọ, tọrọ ntọala Flora Tristán Peruvian Women's Center.[3] Gama, Guiomar Dueñas Vargas, Florence Thomas, Magdalena León Gómez, María Martínez, Donny Meertens, Yolanda Puyana Villamizar [wikidata], María Himelda Ramírez na Ana Rico de Alonso rụrụ ọrụ iji mepụta ngalaba interdisciplinary nke ọmụmụ nwanyị na Colombia. 17  Nke mbụ ha zutere n'amaghị ama, wee nwee ike nweta nkwado gọọmentị na 1985 dị ka Grupo de Estudios Mujer y Sociedad (Women & Society Study Group) na n'ikpeazụ na 1994, ha malitere Programa de Estudios de Género, Mujer y Desarrollo (PGMD, Gender, Women and Society Study Group) 17 N'afọ 1985, ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na [[Argentina]] malitere "Introduction to Women's Studies" na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe, "La construcción social del género sexual" (The Social Construction of Sexual Gender) na Mahadum Buenos Aires. N'afọ 1987, [[María Fernández (academic)|María Fernández]] ghọrọ onye isi oche nke UBA's degree program na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1992, e guzobere Area Interdisciplinaria de Estudios de la Mujer (AIEM, Interdisciplinary Area of Women's Studies), nke ghọrọ Instituto Interdisciplinario de Estudios d'Género (Interdisciplinary Institute of Gender Studies) n'afọ 1997, na UBA na-ejikọ ndị ọkà mmụta si na ngalaba nke Arts, Anthropology, Classics and Letters, Education, History, Languages, na Philosophy iji kwalite nyocha sara mbara na nyocha nke ụmụ nwanyị na ngalaba ndị a.<ref name="Lozano Rubello">{{Cite journal|author=Lozano Rubello|first=Gabriela|title=Los estudios de género en la UBA y la UNAM: una conquista del feminismo académico|journal=Universidades|date=October 2019|volume=70|issue=81|pages=45–54|url=https://www.redalyc.org/journal/373/37361142006/html/|accessdate=23 April 2022|doi=10.36888/udual.universidades.2019.81.36|language=Spanish|issn=0041-8935}}</ref> Hilda Habichayn guzobere {{Lang|es|Centro de Estudios Históricos sobre las Mujeres|italic=no}} (Center for Historical Studies on Women), nke malitere na 1993 iji nye nzere masta mbụ na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Latin America.<ref>{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->|title=Murió Hilda Habichayn, reconocida docente de la UNR y activista por la igualdad de género|url=https://www.lacapital.com.ar/la-ciudad/murio-hilda-habichayn-reconocida-docente-la-unr-y-activista-la-igualdad-genero-n2660403.html|accessdate=6 April 2023|work=[[La Capital]]|date=12 May 2021|language=Spanish}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Arrabal|first=Victoria|title=Académicas con la lupa en el género|url=https://www.pagina12.com.ar/179655-academicas-con-la-lupa-en-el-genero|accessdate=6 April 2023|work=[[Página 12]]|date=9 March 2019|language=Spanish}}</ref> Usoro ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ na [[Paraguay]] bụ {{Lang|es|Centro Paraguayo de estudios de la Mujer}} (Paraguayan Center of Women's Studies) na Universidad Católica "Nuestra Señora de la Asunción". Ọ bụ [[Olga Caballero]], [[Manuelita Escobar]], [[Marilyn Godoy]] na [[Edy Irigoitia]] guzobere ya na 1983.<ref>{{Cite web|author=González de Bosio|first=Beatriz|title=Dia de la mujer paraguaya 24 de ferbrero|url=http://corredordelasideas.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Mujer-Paraguaya-Ampliado.pdf|work=Corredor de las Ideas|publisher=Corridor of Ideas of the Southern Cone-X International Colloquium of Political Philosophy|accessdate=25 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425174507/http://corredordelasideas.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Mujer-Paraguaya-Ampliado.pdf|archivedate=25 April 2023|language=Spanish|date=March 2020}}</ref> The {{Lang|es|Grupo de Estudios de la Mujer Paraguaya|italic=no}} (GEMPA, Paraguayan Women's Studies Group) bụ nke Graziella Corvalán na [[Mirtha Rivarola]] guzobere na Paraguayan Center for Sociological Studies na 1985.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Santa Cruz Cosp|first=María Clara|title=Estudios de Género y Ciencias Sociales en Paraguay|url=http://biblioteca.clacso.edu.ar/gsdl/collect/clacso/index/assoc/D9172.dir/SantaCruzArticuloFinal.pdf|date=2013|publisher=Biblioteca Clacso|location=Buenos Aires, Argentina|language=Spanish}}</ref> A malitekwara iguzobe ọmụmụ gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na mahadum dị na Brazil n'afọ ndị 1980 ma gaa n'ihu na-agbasawanye n'afọ 1990.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Peluffo|first=Pelufo|title=Simpósio: cinco questões sobre os estudos de gênero na América Latina|journal=Estudos Históricos|date=May–August 2020|volume=33|issue=70|pages=227–253|doi=10.1590/S2178-14942020000200002|url=https://www.scielo.br/j/eh/a/CtjSvpNF73XHBz3HXpCkTyC/?format=pdf&lang=pt|accessdate=25 April 2022|language=Portuguese|issn=0103-2186}}</ref> N'afọ 1992, ndị ọkà mmụta Brazil na Mahadum Federal nke Rio de Janeiro malitere Revista Estudos Feministas, otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ bụ isi gbasara okike na Brazil. N'etiti ndị nyere aka maka mbipụta mbụ ahụ bụ Ana Arruda Callado, Heloísa Buarque de Hollanda, [[Maria Carneiro da Cunha]], Mary Garcia Castro, Rosiska Darcy de Oliveira, [[Valéria Lamego]], Miriam Moreira Leite, [[Leila Linhares Barsted|Leila Linhares]], Heleieth Saffioti, Bila Sorj, na ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Revista Estudos Feministas|url=https://www.scielo.br/journal/ref/about/|work=[[SciELO]]|publisher=[[São Paulo Research Foundation]]|accessdate=10 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230316142714/https://www.scielo.br/journal/ref/about/|archivedate=16 March 2023|date=31 January 2022}}</ref>[pt]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Colaboradores|journal=Revista Estudos Feministas|date=1992|volume=1|issue=1|pages=242–243|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43903491|accessdate=9 April 2023|language=Portuguese|issn=0104-026X}}</ref> Ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke [[Òtù ụmụ nwanyị]] nke manyere ịmepụta ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị hụrụ onwe ya na-emegide usoro agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị nke afọ 1990.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Wiegman|first=Robyn|title=Women's Studies on the Edge|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8223-4274-8|editor=Scott|location=Durham|chapter=Feminism, Institutionalism, and the Idiom of Failure}}</ref> Ka "nwaanyị" dị ka echiche nọgidere na-agbasawanye, nchọpụta nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke okike dugara na mgbasawanye nke mpaghara ahụ n'ime ọmụmụ okike na ọmụmụ mmekọahụ. Mpaghara ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị nọgidere na-eto n'oge 1990s na n'ime 2000s site na mmụba nke mahadum na-enye majors, minors, na asambodo na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, ọmụmụ okike, na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwoke. E guzobere mmemme PhD mbụ na Women's Studies na Mahadum Emory na 1990. <nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;6 October 2014<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwBbY\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt225\" class=\"citation web cs1\" id=\"mwBbc\" data-ve-ignore=\"\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"http://www.gs.emory.edu/academics/program_pages/gender.html\" id=\"mwBbg\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies\"</a></nowiki><nowiki><span class=\"reference-accessdate\" id=\"mwBbk\">. Retrieved <span class=\"nowrap\" id=\"mwBbo\">6 October</span></nowiki> 2014<nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-42" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Women's_studies#cite_note-42 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>] Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2012, e nwere ụlọ ọrụ iri na isii na-enye PhD na Women's Studies na United States.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NWSA|url=http://nwsa.org/AF_institution_Directory.asp|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=nwsa.org|archivedate=15 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215034054/http://www.nwsa.org/AF_institution_Directory.asp}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Artemis Guide to Women's Studies in the U.S|url=http://www.artemisguide.com/|accessdate=6 October 2014}}</ref> Kemgbe ahụ, UC Santa Cruz (2013), Mahadum Kentucky-Lexington (2013), Mahadum Stony Brook (2014), na Mahadum Oregon State (2016) webatara PhD n'ọhịa ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UC Santa Cruz – Feminist Studies|url=http://feministstudies.ucsc.edu/|accessdate=22 August 2016|work=feministstudies.ucsc.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=PHD Program {{!}} Gender & Women's Studies|url=https://gws.as.uky.edu/phd-program-gws|accessdate=22 August 2016|work=gws.as.uky.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Women's, Gender, and Sexuality Studies|url=http://www.stonybrook.edu/commcms/wgss/|accessdate=22 August 2016|work=stonybrook.edu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=21 September 2015|title=PhD in Women, Gender, and Sexuality Studies! {{!}} College of Liberal Arts {{!}} Oregon State University|url=http://liberalarts.oregonstate.edu/school-language-culture-and-society/wgss/phd-women-gender-and-sexuality-studies|accessdate=22 August 2016|work=liberalarts.oregonstate.edu}}</ref> === Australia === N'afọ 1956, onye Australia na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị bụ Madge Dawson malitere ịkụzi ihe na Ngalaba Mmụta Ndị Okenye na Mahadum Sydney wee malite ime nchọpụta na ịkụzi banyere ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị. Usoro Dawson, "Women in a Changing World", nke lekwasịrị anya na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị na ọdịda anyanwụ Europe, na-aghọ otu n'ime ọmụmụ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/07/30/1059480406739.html|title=Ardent warrior for women's rights|date=31 July 2003}}</ref> === Eshia === ==== Ebe Etiti Eshia ==== N'afọ 2015 na Mahadum Kabul, nzere masta mbụ na ọmụmụ nwoke na nwanyị na Afghanistan malitere.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2015/10/26/kabul-university-unlikely-host-for-first-afghan-womens-studies-programme/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151027133909/http://blogs.reuters.com/faithworld/2015/10/26/kabul-university-unlikely-host-for-first-afghan-womens-studies-programme/|archivedate=27 October 2015|title=Kabul University unlikely host for first Afghan women's studies programme|author=FaithWorld|date=26 October 2015|work=Reuters.com|accessdate=2 November 2015}}</ref> === Europe === Elizabeth Bird chọtara mmepe nke Women's Studies na UK site na agụmakwụkwọ na-abụghị nke ụmụ nwanyị nnwere onwe (WLM), Workers' Educational Association, "CR" ma ọ bụ "ịzụlite uche", òtù ndị na-eme ihe ike, na ngalaba ndị ọzọ dị na mahadum na kọleji.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Bird|first=Elizabeth|date=1 June 2003|title=Women's studies and the women's movement in Britain: origins and evolution, 1970–2000|journal=Women's History Review|language=en|volume=12|issue=2|pages=263–288|doi=10.1080/09612020300200351|issn=0961-2025}}</ref> Bird na-ekwu na, dị ka ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ọkà mmụta Anna Coote na Beatrix Campbell bụ ndị gbara ọtụtụ ndị sonyere na 1960s-70s mmepe nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị ajụjụ ọnụ, "n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 1969 Juliet Mitchell kụziri obere nkuzi akpọrọ 'The Role of Women in Society' na 'Anti University', nke ndị ọkà mmụta siri ike haziri dị ka akụkụ nke mmegide ụmụ akwụkwọ. " <ref>{{Cite book|author=Coote|first=Anna|title=Sweet Freedom: the struggle for women's liberation|publisher=Pan Macmillan|year=1982|location=London}}</ref> Maggie Humm na-akọwa usoro ọmụmụ oge okpomọkụ a dị ka "Ụzọ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ nke Britain". <ref>{{Cite book|author=Humm|first=Maggie|title=Feminisms: a reader|publisher=Harvester Wheatsheaf|location=Hemel Hempstead|pages=xvi}}</ref> N'afọ 1975, Margarita Rendel, Oonagh Hartnett, Zoe Fairbairns, dere akwụkwọ ntuziaka na-akọwapụta ọmụmụ 17 dị n'oge ahụ, nhọrọ 1 postgraduate, kọleji anọ na-enye agụmakwụkwọ na ọmụmụ polytechnics isii na Women's Studies - nke a na-akpọkarị 'ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ' - na United Kingdom.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hartnett|first=Oonagh|title=Women's Studies Courses in the United Kingdom|publisher=Margarita Rendel|year=1975|location=London}}</ref> Ha chịkọtara ntuziaka sitere na nyocha nke mahadum UK ma gbakwunye na nyocha nke Sue Beardon na Erika Stevenson bipụtara maka National Union of Students na 1974. The Polytechnic of Central London nyere diplọma postgraduate na Women's Studies site na 1977, na 1978 otu MA ọmụmụ ihe na isiokwu nke 'Rights', gụnyere ikike ụmụ nwanyị, bụ nke Margarita Rendel haziri na London Institute of Education. N'afọ 1980, Mahadum Kent malitere nzere MA mbụ a kpọrọ aha na Women's Studies, ebe Mary Evans na-eduga mmepe nke usoro ahụ. <ref name=":0" />Na-esote Kent, Bradford (1982), Sheffield City Polytechnic (1983), Warwick (1983) na York (1984) meghere ọmụmụ MA. N'afọ 1990, a malitere BAs nke nwa oge na Women's Studies na Polytechnic nke North East London na Preston Polytechnic . Mahadum Open kpọrọ Veronica Beechey n'afọ 1983 iji malite ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ebe ahụ.<ref name=":04">{{Cite web|author=Taylor|first=Barbara|date=31 January 2021|title=Veronica Beechey obituary|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/31/veronica-beechey-obituary|accessdate=27 January 2022|work=The Guardian|language=en}}</ref> == Omenala na usoro nyocha == [[Faịlụ:Students_of_Women_and_Gender_Studies_University_of_Haifa_on_training_in_writing_in_Wikipedia_(1).jpg|thumb|300x300px|Ụmụ akwụkwọ nke Women and Gender Studies University of Haifa.]] Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na usoro mmụta na-abụkarị ajụjụ "Gịnị mere na ụmụ nwanyị anaghị etinye ya? Ebee ka ụmụ nwanyị nọ?". <ref>{{Cite book|chapter=Women's Studies – The Early Years: When Sisterhood Was Powerful|author=Rothenberg|first=Paula|title=The Evolution of American Women's Studies|publisher=Palgrave MacMillan|year=2008|isbn=978-0-230-60579-4|editor=Ginsberg|location=New York|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofameri0000unse/page/68}}</ref> Nke ahụ bụ, ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị bịara na agụmakwụkwọ ka elu dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba, ajụjụ bilitere banyere ọdịdị nwoke nke ọtụtụ ọmụmụ na usoro mmụta. Ndị nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na ngalaba ọdịnala dị ka akụkọ ihe mere eme, Bekee, na nkà ihe ọmụma malitere inye ọmụmụ na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị. Site n'echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị na "onwe bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị", ọmụmụ malitere ịmalite gburugburu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mmekọahụ, ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ, na ụzọ ndụ ụmụ nwanyị si egosipụta usoro ike ka ukwuu.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The evolution of American women's studies: reflections on triumphs, controversies, and change|editor=Ginsberg|year=2008|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9780230605794|edition=1st|location=New York|oclc=224444238|url=https://archive.org/details/evolutionofameri0000unse/page/69}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1970, ndị ọkà mmụta nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị ejirila ụzọ post-modern ghọta okike na njikọ ya na agbụrụ, klas, agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, okpukpe, afọ, na (dis) ikike ịmepụta na idebe usoro ike n'ime ọha mmadụ. Site na mgbanwe a, a na-elekwasị anya n'asụsụ, subjectivity, na hegemony mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na otu ndụ nke ndị a na-ekwu, n'agbanyeghị otú ha si mara, si bụrụ. Isi ihe dị n'echiche ndị a bụ echiche na n'agbanyeghị na mmadụ na-akọwa, okike, mmekọahụ, na mmekọahụ abụghị ihe dị n"ime, kama ọ bụ nke ọha na eze.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nwsa.org/Files/Resources/WS_Integrative_Learning_Levine.pdf|title=Questions for A New Century: Women's Studies and Integrative Learning|author=Levin|first=Amy K.|year=2007|work=nwsa.org|accessdate=18 November 2017}}</ref> Echiche ndị dị mkpa a na-eji eme ihe na ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị gụnyere Echiche ụmụ nwanyị, [[intersectionality]], Echiche echiche, transnational femism, na ikpe ziri ezi nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. Omume nyocha metụtara ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye ụmụ nwanyị na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị n'etiti nyocha site na iji usoro ọnụọgụ, nke dị mma, na nke ngwakọta. Ndị na-eme nchọpụta na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị na-ekweta ọrụ ha na mmepụta ihe ọmụma ma mee ka mmekọrịta dị n'etiti onye nchọpụta na isiokwu nyocha doo anya.<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|title=Feminist research practice: a primer|author=Hesse-Biber|first=Sharlene Nagy|isbn=9781412994972|edition=Second|publisher=SAGE Publications|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|oclc=838201827|date=18 July 2013}}</ref> === Echiche ụmụ nwanyị === Ozizi ụmụ nwanyị na-ezo aka na otu ederede nke na-arụ ọrụ iji lebara ịkpa ókè na ndịiche dị na nwoke anya, na-ekwenye, na-akọwa, na nyochaa ahụmahụ na ọnọdụ nke ndụ ụmụ nwanyị.[1]. Theorists na ndị edemede dị ka mgbịrịgba nko, Simone de Beauvoir, Patricia Hill Collins, na Alice Walker gbakwunyere na ubi nke feminist tiori n'ihe banyere ụzọ ndị agbụrụ na okike na-agwa ibe ha ahụmahụ nke ndị inyom na agba na ọrụ dị ka Feminist Theory: Site Margin to Center (nko), Na Search of Our Nne' Gardens, Feminous though na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Empowerment (Collins). Bracha Lichtenberg Ettinger webatara ubi nke nlele anya matrixial, oghere matrixial (matricial) na oge, yana usoro echiche ọhụrụ na okwu iji webata nwanyị na-amaghị ihe site na echiche psychoanalytic na nkà ihe ọmụma.[2][3][4][5] Alice Walker chepụtara okwu nwanyị ịbụ nwanyị iji gosipụta ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị ojii ka ha na-agba mbọ maka mgbanwe mmekọrịta ọha na eze na nnwere onwe, ebe ha na-eme ememe ike nke ụmụ nwanyị ojii, omenala ha, na ịma mma ha.[6]. Patricia Hill Collin's nyere echiche nke "matrix nke ịchịisi" n'echiche nwanyị, bụ nke mere ka agbụrụ, klaasị, na okike dị ka usoro mmegbu na-ejikọta ọnụ nke na-akpụ ahụmahụ nke ihe ùgwù na mmegbu. [[Faịlụ:Womens_Studies_(8407729802).jpg|thumb|261x261px|Nwaanyị na mpaghara ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị nke ọbá akwụkwọ]] [[intersectionality]]" id="mwAls" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality bụ ụzọ isi ghọta ma nyochaa mgbagwoju anya na ndị mmadụ, ahụmịhe mmadụ, na ọha mmadụ.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|author=Hill Collins|first=P.|title=Intersectionality|publisher=Polity Press|year=2016|isbn=978-0-7456-8448-2|location=Cambridge, UK}}</ref> E jikọtara ya na nke atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị, echiche [[Kimberlé Crenshaw]] nke intersectionality aghọwo usoro dị mkpa nke ndị ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị dị iche iche na-atụle mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ọdịdị mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dịka okike, agbụrụ, afọ, na mmasị mmekọahụ, ma nata ịkpa ókè ọha na eze. <ref name="Cooper 2016">{{Cite book|author=Cooper|first=Brittney|editor=Disch|chapter=Intersectionality|title=The Oxford Handbook of Feminist Theory|year=2016|pages=385–406|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-932858-1|doi=10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199328581.013.20}}</ref> Intersectionality na-ekwu na a ghaghị ịtụle mmekọrịta ndị a iji ghọta usoro nke ike na ihe ùgwù, yana mmetụta ha na-egosipụta na ndụ mmadụ.<ref name="Carastathis 2014">{{Cite journal|author=Carastathis|first=Anna|title=The Concept of Intersectionality in Feminist Theory|journal=Philosophy Compass|year=2014|volume=9|issue=5|pages=304–314|doi=10.1111/phc3.12129|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263725959}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a na-eche na ihe omume na ọnọdụ nke ndụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ otu ihe, intersectionality na-ekwu na mmegbu na enweghị nhata nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze bụ nsonaazụ nke otu ndị mmadụ nwere ike si ele njikọta nke ihe dị iche iche anya; na-ekwusi ike na a na'ihi ịkpa ókè site na ike, ọ bụghị njirimara onwe onye.<ref name=":2" /><ref name="Cooper 2016" /> Echiche Standpoint, nke a na-akpọkwa echiche echiche echiche ụmụ nwanyị, <ref name=":03">{{Cite journal|title=Loyalism, Women and Standpoint Theory|author=Potter|first=M|journal=Irish Political Studies|year=2014|volume=29|issue=2|pages=258–274|doi=10.1080/07907184.2012.727399}}</ref> mepụtara na 1980s dị ka ụzọ isi nyochaa mmepụta nke ihe ọmụma na mmetụta ya na omume nke ike. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Harding|first=Sandra G.|title=The feminist standpoint theory reader: intellectual and political controversies|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=978-0415945004|location=New York|oclc=51668081}}</ref> Echiche Standpoint na-arụ ọrụ site n'echiche na ihe ọmụma dị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na ndị na-anọchite anya ndị otu na ndị ka nta na-eleghara anya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ma ọ bụ na-ewepụ ha mgbe ọ bịara na mmepụta ihe ọmụma. Na-esite n'echiche Marxist, echiche echiche na-arụ ụka maka nyocha nke na-agbagha ikike nke "eziokwu" ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hekman|first=Susan|year=1997|title=Truth and Method: Feminist Standpoint Theory Revisited|journal=Signs|volume=22|issue=2|pages=341–365|doi=10.1086/495159}}</ref> Echiche Standpoint, na-eche na ike dị naanị n'aka nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị ka usoro mkpebi na ọha mmadụ na-ewu naanị maka, na site n'aka ụmụ nwoke.<ref name=":03" /> Ihe atụ nke ebe echiche echiche na-egosi onwe ya na ọha mmadụ bụ site na usoro nyocha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ebe ọ bụ na ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa mpaghara ọmụmụ a.<ref name=":03" /> Ọzọkwa, site n'echiche Marxist, Karl Marx kwupụtara echiche nke kwenyere na ndị nọ n'ọchịchị enweghị ike ịghọta echiche nke ndị ha nwere ike.<ref name=":03" /> Inye echiche ahụ na-ekweta na nwoke enweghị ike ịghọta mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu na ọha. === Echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-agbanwe agbanwe === Transnational femism na-echegbu onwe ya banyere ọganihu nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na ịha nhata nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke gafee ókèala; kpọmkwem na nzaghachi maka ijikọ ụwa ọnụ, neoliberalism, na imperialism.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Moghadam|first=Valentine M.|title=Women worldwide: transnational feminist perspectives on women|date=2011|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=9780073512297|editor=Lee|location=New York, NY|pages=15|chapter=Transnational Feminisms|oclc=436028205}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị malitere itinye echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-agafe mba n'ime usoro ọmụmụ ya dị ka ụzọ isi mebie ma maa ụzọ a na-ebute ihe ọmụma gbasara okike ụzọ, na-ebufe, ma na-agbasa n'ọhịa na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Parisi|first=Laura|title=Rethinking women's and gender studies|publisher=Routledge|year=2012|isbn=9780415808316|editor=Orr|location=New York|pages=326|chapter=Transnational|oclc=738351967}}</ref> Echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-aga n'ihu na-agbagha ọdịiche ọdịnala nke ọha mmadụ, nke dị oke mkpa maka ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na nkwenkwe ọdịbendị na-aga nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Minoo|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iZqv_ZcsipgC&q=transnational+feminist+theory&pg=PA349|title=Between Woman and Nation: Nationalisms, Transnational Feminisms, and the State|publisher=Duke University Press|year=1999|isbn=978-0-8223-2322-8|language=en}}</ref> Otu nkwenye dị mkpa sitere n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị mba niile bụ na okike bụ, abụwo, ma ga-anọgide na-abụ, mgbalị zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|title=Transnational Feminism and Communication Studies: The Communication Review, 9(4), 255–267.|author=Shome|first=R.|year=2006|doi=10.1080/10714420600957266}}</ref> Ọzọkwa, echiche ụmụ nwanyị na-agafe mba na-eme ka enweghị nlebara anya na ikpe na-ezighị ezi nke ọdịbendị na akụ na ụba nke okike, n'ihi ijikọ ụwa ọnụ, nwere ike inye aka n'ịkwalite enweghị nhata nke okike zuru ụwa ọnụ; ọ bụ ezie na, nke a nwere ike ime naanị mgbe mmadụ na-anọ n'ọkwá ndị nwere ihe ùgwù n'ụwa niile.<ref name=":3" /> === Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke Ọha === Kemgbe e bidoro ya na njikọ ya na òtù ụmụ nwanyị, ime ihe ike abụwo ntọala nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. Ikpe Ziri Ezi nke ọha na eze aghọwo akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, mmemme, na ngalaba. Echiche ikpe ziri ezi nke mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-emetụta ọgụ maka obodo ndị ziri ezi, ọ bụghị na ọkwa nke onye ọ bụla, kama maka ọha mmadụ dum.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Social Justice: Theories, Issues, and Movements|url=https://archive.org/details/socialjusticethe00milo|author=Capeheart|first=Loretta|year=2007|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=9780813541686|location=Piscataway|oclc=437192947}}</ref> Ụmụ akwụkwọ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka na ọrụ ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze, ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị nkatọ na-echegbu onwe ha banyere ịchọ ka ụmụ akwụkwọ tinye aka na ọrụ iwu na / ma ọ bụ ọrụ ikpe ziri aga nke ọha na mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Johnson|first=Jennifer L.|title=Social Justice for (University) Credit? The Women's and Gender Studies Practicum in the Neoliberal University. (Report)|journal=Resources for Feminist Research|volume=34|issue=3–4|year=2016}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị abụghị naanị na ọ na-elekwasị anya n'echiche ndị dị ka ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, ịkpa ókè n'ebe ọrụ, na ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị na nkewa nke ọrụ n'ụlọ. Ọ na-enye ntọala maka ịghọta ihe kpatara echiche ndị a, nke bụ nzọụkwụ mbụ iji mee ka ndụ ka mma maka ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.depts.ttu.edu/wstudies/advising_whystudywgs.php|title=Women's and Gender Studies|work=Texas Tech University}}</ref> === Ụlọ ọrụ === Enwere ike ịkọwa ụlọ ọrụ dị ka ikike ime nhọrọ n'otu n'otu na n'efu.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|author=Barker|first=C.|title=Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice|publisher=Sage|year=2005|isbn=0-7619-4156-8|location=London}}</ref> Enwere ike igbochi ụlọ ọrụ mmadụ n'ihi ihe dị iche iche metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, dị ka okike, agbụrụ, okpukpe na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze.<ref name=":4" /> Site n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị, enwere ike ile ụlọ ọrụ anya dị ka mgbalị iji mee ka mmegbu otu akụkụ nke gosipụtara mmegbu mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|title=Agency, Anticipation and Indeterminacy in Feminist Theory. Feminist Theory, 4(2), 139–148|author=Mcnay|first=L|year=2003|doi=10.1177/14647001030042003}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eji ụlọ ọrụ eme ihe na-anwa ịmepụta ụdị nnwere onwe ọhụrụ na ịdabere na mgbanwe nke mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị nke na-ewere ọnọdụ na ọha mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ.<ref name=":5" /> Nnyocha ụmụ nwanyị na-ekweta enweghị ụlọ ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, n'ihi ọnọdụ ndị isi na ọha mmadụ. Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-eme mgbalị siri ike iji bulie nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị, n'ihi na ọ nwere ike ịkpata mgbasawanye ụlọ ọrụ mmekọrịta maka ụmụ nwanyị niile.<ref name=":5" /> === Ịhụnanya n'ihe onwunwe === Echiche nke ihe onwunwe sitere na ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na 1960s na 1970s.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|url=https://www.cjc-online.ca/index.php/journal/article/view/1118/1024|title=Materialist Feminism: A Reader in Class, Difference, and Women's Lives: Canadian Journal of Communication|author=Hennessy|first=R.|year=1999}}</ref> Materialism nwere njikọ dị mkpa na echiche Marxist nke akụkọ ihe mere eme, ụlọ ọrụ, na echiche; ọ bụ ezie na, enwere ike ịmata ya site na itinye asụsụ na ọdịbendị na nkà ihe ọmụma ya.<ref name=":6" /> Ịhụnanya n'anya na-ewelite ajụjụ ma na nyocha mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na eze, nke enwere ike ịchọta ya na ọnọdụ ihe onwunwe nke ọha mmadụ ọ bụla.<ref name=":6" /> Na mgbakwunye na nyocha site n'echiche nwoke na nwanyị, a na-amụ ọnọdụ ihe onwunwe n'ihe gbasara akụkụ ndị dị adị nke ndụ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name=":6" /> Akụkụ dị mkpa nke ndị na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe na-ekpughe mmekọrịta ndị a sitere n'echiche ụmụ nwanyị, na-azọrọ na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya dị n'akụkọ ihe mere eme, yana itinye aka na mgbanwe.<ref name=":6" /> Ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe na-elekwasị anya na nhazi mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-eme ka ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị pụta ìhè karịsịa akụkụ nke ezinụlọ, ezinụlọ, na ịbụ nne.<ref name=":6" /> Materialism na-enyocha okwu gbasara nwoke na nwanyị nke na-akwalite nchụpụ ụmụ nwanyị; Ya mere, otu n'ime akụkụ kachasị emetụta nke ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ maka ihe onwunwe bụ nlebara anya ya na ajụjụ nke echiche na otu ha si emetụta akụkọ ihe mere eme na ụlọ ọrụ.<ref name=":6" /> === Nkụzi === N'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-eji nkuzi ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ ọrụ n'ụdị triad nke nyocha, echiche, na praxis nha nhata. Ntọhapụ nke prọfesọ dị ka isi iyi nke ihe ọmụma na-abụkarị ihe ndabere na omenala ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. A na-agba ụmụ akwụkwọ ume ka ha na-arụsi ọrụ ike na "ịzọrọ" agụmakwụkwọ ha, na-eburu ọrụ maka onwe ha na usoro mmụta. Emebere mmemme mmụta ụmụ nwanyị na nkuzi iji chọpụta njikọ dị n'etiti okike, agbụrụ, mmekọahụ, klaasị na isiokwu ndị ọzọ na-etinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara na ụkpụrụ ọha na eze site na oghere nwanyị. Ọmụmụ ihe ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-elekwasị anya n'ụdị isiokwu dị iche iche dị ka agụmagụ mgbasa ozi, mmekọahụ, agbụrụ na agbụrụ, akụkọ ihe mere eme metụtara ụmụ nwanyị, echiche queer, multiculturalism na ihe ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ nwere njikọ chiri anya. Ngalaba na-etinye ihe ndị a n'ime klaasị n'ofe isiokwu dị iche iche, gụnyere omenala ndị ama ama, ụmụ nwanyị nọ na akụ na ụba, ikpe ịmụ nwa na gburugburu ebe obibi, na ahụike ụmụ nwanyị n'ogologo ndụ niile. Bracha L. Ettinger's matrixial theory nwere mmetụta na ngalaba nkuzi nka n'ihe gbasara ụkpụrụ nlekọta. Mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka na ọrụ ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na-echepụtakarị usoro ọmụmụ ndị agbakwunyere na tiori na mmemme na-abụghị ntọala klaasị. Ụfọdụ mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-enye ọzụzụ ọzụzụ nke sitere na obodo na-enye ụmụ akwụkwọ ohere ịhụ ka ụlọ ọrụ nke ihe ùgwù na mmegbu si emetụta ndụ ụmụ nwanyị. Usoro ọmụmụ ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na-agbakarị ụmụ akwụkwọ ume isonye na mmemme mmụta ọrụ na mgbakwunye na mkparịta ụka na ntụgharị uche n'ihe ọmụmụ. Otú ọ dị, Daphne Patai, nke Mahadum Massachusetts Amherst, katọrọ akụkụ a nke mmemme ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị, na-arụ ụka na ha na-etinye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị karịa agụmakwụkwọ, na-ekwu na "atụmatụ nke ndị òtù ngalaba na mmemme ndị a gụnyere asụsụ ndị uwe ojii na-adịghị ahụkebe, usoro nyocha nke a na-ewere na ọ dị mma nye ụmụ nwanyị (dị ka qualitative n'elu quantitative ụzọ), na-eduzi ọmụmụ ọgwụgwọ dịka a ga-asị na ha bụ usoro ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị. okike, agbụrụ, klaasị, na mmekọahụ, nke a na-ebutekarị dissecting institutionalized Ọdịdị nke ike N'ihi nke ndị a pedagogies, ụmụ nwanyị ọmụmụ na-ahapụ mahadum na a ngwá ọrụ setịpụrụ ime ka ọha mmadụ mgbanwe na-eme ihe banyere ike inequalities na ọha mmadụ. == Nkatọ agụmakwụkwọ n'ime == N'akwụkwọ Professing Feminism: Education and Indoctrination in Women's Studies, ndị nkuzi iri atọ nke Women's ọmụmụ gbakọtara iji katọọ "ọnọdụ na-adịghị mma na omume na-ebibi onwe onye nke yiri ka ọ bụ ihe dị n'ọtụtụ mmemme Women's Study". Ndị prọfesọ kwuru na ha enweghị ike "ịkwurịta nchegbu ha banyere esemokwu a na ndị otu ngalaba ndị ọzọ na Women's Studies", na-ekwu na "ịkwusiri ike mgbe niile na ịdị ọcha ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.... site na ụmụ akwụkwọ na ndị prọfesị".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Patai|first=DAPHNE|title=Professing feminism: education and indoctrination in women's studies|publisher=HarperCollins|year=2003|isbn=9780739104552|location=United States|pages=13, 18|language=English}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Ihe edeturu == {{Reflist|30em}} == Edensibia == * Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Nke ahụ abụghị ihe m kwuru: Nkọwa esemokwu na nyocha akụkọ. Na Giuck, S. & Patai, D. (Eds.), Women's Words: The Feminist Practice of Oral History (pp. 63-76). NY: Routledge&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Echiche echiche ụmụ nwanyị: Ịzụlite ihe ọmụma na ike site na ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 53-82). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Ọkpụkpọ òkù maka nyocha ụmụ nwanyị. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 1-24). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Omume ụmụ nwanyị nke ethnography. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 187-221). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; * Dill, T.B & Zambrana, R. (2009) Emerging Intersections: Race, Class and Gender in Theory, Policy and Practice. NJ: Rutgers University Press. *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Mmekọahụ ahụ: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwoke na nwanyị na iwulite mmekọahụ. New York: Basic Books. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-465-07714-5|<bdi>0-465-07714-5</bdi>]]. &nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ịtọpụ ụkpụrụ omume: Ịkwado nsogbu omume nke ụkpụrụ omume nyocha. Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 30 (4), 2141-2162. * Harding, S. (1987). Okwu mbido: Enwere usoro ụmụ nwanyị? Na Harding, S. (ed.), Feminism & Methodology. (pp. 1-14). IN: Indiana University Press.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Omume nke ịgba ajụjụ ọnụ miri emi nke ụmụ nwanyị. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 111-148). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Ịnụrụ ụmụ agbọghọ ntị: Echiche banyere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na omume nke usoro ụmụ nwanyị nke mkparịta ụka otu. Mmekọahụ, Ebe, na Ọdịbendị, 11 (1), 105-119. * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Postmodernism nke ụmụ nwanyị na poststructuralism. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 83-108). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Omume nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị na ajụjụ ọnụ ndị na-elekwasị anya. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 149-186). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Omume ụmụ nwanyị nke nyocha ọdịnaya. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 223-248). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Feminist empiricism: Ịma aka n'ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị na "ịtọlite ndekọ ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi". Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 27-52). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; * Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Nnyocha na-ekere òkè na nke na-eme ihe na feminism: Towards Transformative Praxis. N'akwụkwọ Sharlene Hesse-Biber (Ed.). Akwụkwọ ntuziaka nke Nnyocha Ụmụ nwanyị: Theory and Praxis. CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe. *Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji Nnyocha nnyocha ụmụ nwanyị. Na Hesse-Biber, S.N. & Leavy, P.L. (Eds.), Feminist Research Practice (pp. 293-325). CA: Akwụkwọ ndị maara ihe.&nbsp; == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Berkin, Carol R., Judith L. Pinch, na Carole S. Appel, Exploring Women's Studies: Looking Forward, Looking Back, 2005,    * {{Cite book|author=Boxer|first=Marilyn J.|title=When Women ask the Questions: Creating Women's Studies in America|year=1998|publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press|location=Baltimore, MD|isbn=978-0-8018-5834-5|oclc=37981599|url=https://archive.org/details/whenwomenaskques0000boxe}} * {{Cite book|author=Carter|first=Sarah|title=Women's Studies: A Guide to Information Sources|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesgui0000cart|year=1990|publisher=Mansell and McFarland|location=London, England and Jefferson, NC|isbn=978-0-7201-2058-5|oclc=20392079}} * {{Cite book|author=Committee on Women's Studies in Asia|title=Changing Lives: Life Stories of Asian Pioneers in Women's Studies|year=1995|publisher=Feminist Press at the City University of New York|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-55861-108-5|oclc=31867161|url=https://archive.org/details/changingliveslif00comm}} * Davis, Angela Y. (2003). Ụlọ Mkpọrọ Ọ bụ Ihe Mgbe Ochie? , Open Media (April 2003),   * {{Cite book|editor=Davis|title=Handbook of Gender and Women's Studies|year=2006|publisher=Sage|location=London, England; Thousand Oaks, CA|isbn=978-0-7619-4390-7|oclc=69392297}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Akụkọ ifo banyere okike: echiche nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke. New York: BasicBooks. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-465-04792-0|<bdi>0-465-04792-0</bdi>]]. &nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mmekọahụ ahụ: ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nwoke na nwanyị na iwulite mmekọahụ. New York: Basic Books. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-465-07714-5|<bdi>0-465-07714-5</bdi>]]. &nbsp; * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Mmekọahụ / Mmekọala: Biology in a Social World''. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780415881456|<bdi>9780415881456</bdi>]]. &nbsp; * {{Cite journal|author=Gardey|first=Delphine|authorlink=Delphine Gardey|title='Territory Trouble': Feminist Studies and (the Question of) Hospitality|journal=[[Differences (journal)|differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies]]|volume=27|issue=2|pages=125–152|doi=10.1215/10407391-3621745|date=September 2016|url=https://archive-ouverte.unige.ch/unige:86893}} * Grewal, Inderpal na Caren Kaplan, Nkwupụta maka Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị: Mmekọahụ n'ụwa Transnational, 2006,    * {{Cite book|author=Griffin|first=Gabriele|title=Doing Women's Studies: Employment Opportunities, Personal Impacts and Social Consequences|year=2005|publisher=Zed Books in association with the University of Hull and the European Union|location=London, England|isbn=978-1-84277-501-1|oclc=56641855}} * Ginsberg, Alice E. The Evolution of American Women's Studies: Reflections on Triumphs, Controversies and Change (Palgrave Macmillan: 2009). [http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2009/03/27/women Ajụjụ ọnụ n'ịntanetị na Ginsberg] * Griffin, Gabriele na Rosi Braidotti (ed.), Thinking Differently: A Reader in European Women's Studies, London wdg: Zed Books, 2002    * Howe, Florence (ed.), The Politics of Women's Studies: Testimony from Thirty Founding Mothers, Paperback edition, New York: Feminist Press 2001,    * {{Cite book|author=Hunter College Women's Studies Collective|title=Women's Realities, Women's Choices: An Introduction to Women's Studies|year=2005|edition=3rd|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-515035-3|oclc=55870949}} * {{Cite book|author=Jacobs|first=Sue-Ellen|title=Women in Perspective: A Guide for Cross-Cultural Studies|year=1974|publisher=University of Illinois Press|location=Urbana, IL|isbn=978-0-252-00299-1|oclc=1050797|url=https://archive.org/details/womeninperspecti00suee}} * {{Cite book|author=Kennedy|first=Elizabeth Lapovsky|authorlink=Elizabeth Lapovsky Kennedy|title=Women's Studies for the Future: Foundations, Interrogations, Politics|year=2005|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, NJ|isbn=978-0-8135-3618-7|oclc=56951279}} * {{Cite book|author=Krikos|first=Linda A.|title=Women's Studies: A Recommended Bibliography|year=2004|edition=3rd|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|location=Westport, CN|isbn=978-1-56308-566-6|oclc=54079621|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesrec0003krik}} * {{Cite book|author=Larson|first=Andrea and R. Edward Freeman|title=Women's Studies and Business Ethics: Toward a New Conversation|year=1997|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-19-510758-6|oclc=35762696}} * Lederman, Muriel, na Ingrid Bartsch, ndị editọ. The Gender and Science Reader. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Mbipụta. * {{Cite book|author=Loeb|first=Catherine|title=Women's Studies: A Recommended Core Bibliography, 1980–1985|year=1987|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|location=Littleton, CO|isbn=978-0-87287-472-5|oclc=14716751|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesrec00loebrich}} * {{Cite book|author=Luebke|first=Barbara F.|title=Women's Studies Graduates: The First Generation|year=1995|publisher=Teachers College Press, Teachers College, Columbia University|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-8077-6274-5|oclc=31076831|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesgra0000lueb}} * {{Cite book|author=MacNabb|first=Elizabeth L.|title=Transforming the Disciplines: A Women's Studies Primer|year=2001|publisher=Haworth Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-56023-959-8|oclc=44118091|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781560239604}} * Messer-Davidow, Ellen, Disciplining Feminism: From Social Activism to Academic Discourse, Durham, NC wdg: Duke University Press, 2002    * Narayan, Uma Ọdịbendị na-agbagọ agbagọ: njirimara, ọdịnala, na ụmụ nwanyị nke ụwa nke atọ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <nowiki>ISBN 9780415914192</nowiki> * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Rethinking Women's and Gender Studies. New York: Routledge. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/9780415808309|<bdi>9780415808309</bdi>]] &nbsp; * {{Cite book|author=Patai|first=Daphne|title=Professing Feminism: Education and Indoctrination in Women's Studies|year=2003|edition=New and Expanded|publisher=Lexington Books|location=Lanham, MD|isbn=978-0-7391-0454-5|oclc=50228164}} * {{Cite book|author=Rao|first=Aruna|title=Women's Studies International: Nairobi and Beyond|year=1991|publisher=Feminist Press at the City University of New York|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-1-55861-031-6|oclc=22490140|url=https://archive.org/details/womensstudiesint0000raoa}} * {{Cite book|author=Rogers|first=Mary F.|title=Who's Afraid of Women's Studies?: Feminisms in Everyday Life|year=2002|publisher=AltaMira Press|location=Walnut Creek, CA|oclc=50530054|isbn=978-0-7591-0173-9|url=https://archive.org/details/whosafraidofwome0000roge}} * {{Cite book|author=Rosenberg|first=Roberta|title=Women's Studies: An Interdisciplinary Anthology|year=2001|publisher=Peter Lang|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-8204-4443-7|oclc=45115816}} * [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] ''Feminism agbanweela sayensị?''. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999. Mbipụta. * Ruth, Sheila, Issues In Feminism: An Introduction to Women's Studies, 2000,    * {{Cite book|author=Simien|first=Evelyn M.|editor=Waters|title=Black Women's Intellectual Traditions: Speaking their Minds|year=2007|publisher=University of Vermont Press and the University Press of New England|location=Burlington, VT and Hanover, NH|isbn=978-1-58465-633-3|chapter=Black Feminist Theory: Charting a Course for Black Women's Studies in Political Science|oclc=76140356}} * {{Cite book|author=Tierney|first=Helen|title=Women's Studies Encyclopedia|year=1989–1991|publisher=Greenwood Press|location=New York, NY|isbn=978-0-313-24646-3|oclc=18779445}} * Wiegman, Robyn (onye nchịkọta akụkọ), Women's Studies on Its Own: A Next Wave Reader in Institutional Change, Duke University Press, 2002. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/0-8223-2950-6|<bdi>0-8223-2950-6</bdi>]]  &nbsp;  == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] hu3r1chq37nx4w8jvdr3t368cpixybf 0 75578 672532 632982 2026-07-04T22:16:49Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672532 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Las_Chicanas_Poster.jpg|thumb|Osisi ụmụ agbọghọ na LA Plaza de Cultura y ArtesEbe Ọdịbendị na Nkà]] Chicana/o femism bụ òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, echiche, na praxis nke na-enyocha akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọdịbendị, ime mmụọ, agụmakwụkwọ, na akụ na ụba na-emetụta Chicanas na obodo Chicana / ma ọ bụ na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]].<ref name=":17">{{Cite book|year=2014|chapter=The Development of Chicana Feminist Discourse|chapterurl=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315022277-16/development-chicana-feminist-discourse-alma-garcia|title=Feminist Nationalism|language=en|pages=247–268|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315022277|isbn=9781136669675|editor=West}}</ref> Chicana femism na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịma ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze aka ma na-ewere onye ọ bụla dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nke na-alụ ọgụ maka njedebe nke [[Ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị|Mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị]] na obodo.<ref name=":17" /><ref>{{Cite book|author=NietoGomez|first=Anna|title=Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings|publisher=Psychology Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-415-91801-5|editor=Garcia|pages=52–57|chapter=Chicana Feminism|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=YxIe4JwcmqEC&pg=PA52}}</ref> Feminism nke Chicana gbara ụmụ nwanyị ume ka ha nwetaghachi ịdị adị ha n'etiti na n'etiti Chicano Movement na mmegharị nwanyị nke abụọ site na 1960 ruo 1970. Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị nke Chicana ghọtara na inye ụmụ nwanyị ike ga-enye obodo Chicana/o ike, ma na-eche mmegide ihu mgbe niile. Mmepe dị egwu n'ọhịa, gụnyere site na ndị nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị nke Chicana, gbasaara obere echiche nke Chicana karịa nghọta nkịtị. Xicanisma hibere dị ka ntinye aka dị mkpa nke Ana Castillo mepụtara na 1994 iji mee ka nwanyị chicana nwee ume ma mata mgbanwe n'ime mmụọ nke mere kemgbe Chicano Movement, dị ka ndọtị na mgbasawanye nke Chicanismo. O nwere akụkụ kpaliri nguzobe nke Xicanx. Ihe mmepụta omenala Chicana, gụnyere nka, akwụkwọ, uri, egwu, na ihe nkiri na-aga n'ihu na-akpụzi chicana feminism n'ụzọ ọhụrụ. A na-etinyekarị okpukpe chicana na mkparịta ụka ya na feminism decolonial.<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == [[Faịlụ:Corcoran,_San_Joaquin_Valley_California._Company_housing_for_Mexican_cotton_pickers_on_large_ranch._-_NARA_-_521720.jpg|thumb|Ụmụaka Mexico nọ n'ụlọ obibi ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche na Corcoran, California (1940) <ref name=":28">{{Cite book|author=Rosales|first=F. Arturo|title=Chicano! The History of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement|publisher=Arte Público Press|year=1997|isbn=9781611920949|pages=119}}</ref>]] Ụfọdụ ụmụ nwanyị America ndị Mexico tinyere aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị mbụ. Ná mmalite narị afọ nke iri abụọ, nke a gụnyere ndị inyom dị ka Adelina Otero-Warren na Maria de G.E. Lopez. A mụrụ Otero-Warren n'ezinụlọ Hispano a ma ama. Ọtụtụ ndị America America, ọkachasị ndị na-enweghị ego na ndị na-adịghị ọcha, ndị na-etoliteghị n'ezinaụlọ ndị ama ama nọ n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche. [[Faịlụ:Sylvia_Mendez.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Mendez v. Westminster (1947) kwụsịrị Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ. A malitere ikpe ahụ mgbe a jụrụ Sylvia Mendez (nke e sere na foto) ka ọ ghara idebanye aha na "ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha. " Ụmụaka ndị Mexico America, ọkachasị ndị nwere akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị, ka a na-ekwe ka ha mụta agụmakwụkwọ aka, ebe ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha na-akụzi nkwadebe agụmakwụkwọ. N'ụlọ akwụkwọ "Mexican, a na-akụziri ụmụ agbọghọ naanị ịkwa akwa na ime ụlọ.<ref name=":31">{{Cite book|author=Gonzalez|first=Gilbert G.|title=Chicano education in the era of segregation|date=2013|isbn=978-1-57441-516-2|location=Denton, Texas|pages=175–180|oclc=843881943}}</ref>]] Tupu ngwụcha 1940s, ụmụaka ndị America Mexico na-etolitekarị na colonias kewapụrụ iche na obodo ụlọ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ ugbo. Ọ bụ naanị gọọmentị US nyere ụmụaka Mexico, ọkachasị akpụkpọ ahụ gbara ọchịchịrị ka ha gaa "ụlọ akwụkwọ Mexico" kewapụrụ iche. Mgbe ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị ọcha na-akụzi nkwadebe agụmakwụkwọ, ụmụ agbọghọ nọ na "ụlọ akwụkwọ Mexico" ka a na-ekwe ka a kuziere ụlọ na ịkwa akwa, ebe a na-akụziri ụmụ nwoke ọrụ ugbo na ịkpụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ. Nke a na-echekwa klaasị na nkewa ego. A kwụsịrị ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke De jure na 1947 na Mendez vs Westminster, ma nkewa ka nọgidere na-eme n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ihi àgwà ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na-aga n'ihu na mmegide Mexico. [[Faịlụ:Dora_Barrios,_Frances_Silva,_and_Lorena_Encinas.png|thumb|A na-elegharakarị Pachucas anya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Mexico America n'ihi ihe ịma aka ha na ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị ma mesoo ha dị ka "nwoke dị ize ndụ nwanyị dị egwu". <ref name=":35">{{Cite book|author=Ramírez|first=Catherine S.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SO5b9OvxuG4C&dq=pachuca+feminism&pg=PA146|title=The Woman in the Zoot Suit: Gender, Nationalism, and the Cultural Politics of Memory|date=2009-01-16|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-8864-7|pages=20|language=en}}</ref>[and]]] Pachucas, ndị bụ onye mmekọ na Pachucos na 1940s, ejirila lens nwanyị megharịa mgbe ụfọdụ n'ihi ihe ịma aka ha na ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị, ọkachasị n'oge Agha IIwa nke Abụọ. Pachuca anaghị abụkarị onye a na-eme ememe na akụkọ ihe mere eme America nke Mexico, na mmepụta omenala Chicano, ma ọ bụ ọbụna n'okwu nwanyị nke Chicana, bụ nke ekwuru na ụzọ Pachucas siri gbaghaa ọrụ nwanyị na ezinụlọ omenala. Pachucas na-ejikarị ngwa agha nchebe onwe ya, dị njikere ịchụpụ ndị nwere ike ịwakpo. A na-emeso Pachuca ahụ dị ka "nwoke dị ize ndụ na nke nwanyị." Ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-ajụ njirimara Chicana ma na-ahọrọ ịkọwa onwe ha dị ka ndị Hispanic nwere ike "agaghị ahụ ma ọ bụ chọọ ịmata onwe ya" na ọnụ ọgụgụ Pachuca. N'adịghị ka ụmụ nwanyị ojii, ụmụ nwanyị ọcha anaghị emeso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Ndị inyom Europe-American ma ọ bụ ndị ọcha lụrụ ọgụ megide ịkpa oke nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ndị ọcha site na ebili mmiri nke nwanyị; Ebili nke mbụ lekwasịrị anya n'ikike ụmụ nwanyị, ma nke abụọ lekwasịrị anya n'okwu gbasara mmekọahụ, ọha na eze na nzuzo, ikike ịmụ nwa, na ndina n'ike. Otú ọ dị, a napụrụ ụmụ nwanyị ojii na mmegharị ndị a. Nke a gbara Chicanas ume bụ ndị bụ ndị nwanyị ma chọọ inye ụmụ nwanyị ike ịkatọ na ịzaghachi nchụpụ ha site na ma ndị Chicano na ndị isi ọgbọ nke abụọ, bụ ndị ghọrọ ntọala nke chicana feminism site na 1960. == Usoro iheomume == === Chicanas na Chicano Movement (1960s-1970s) === [[Faịlụ:EL_PASO'S_SECOND_WARD,_A_CHICANO_NEIGHBORHOOD_-_NARA_-_545331.jpg|thumb|Nwa agbọghọ na-agwa otu ìgwè ụmụ okorobịa okwu na El Segundo Barrio, El Paso (1971) ]] Ọ bụ ezie na a haziri Chicano Movement iji nye ndị Mexico America ike, akụkọ na uche nke Movement leghaara ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-etinye aka na nhazi n'oge nnupụisi obodo a anya.<ref name=":32">{{Cite book|author=Gutiérrez-Jones|first=Carl|title=Rethinking the Borderlands: Between Chicano Culture and Legal Discourse|publisher=University of California Press|year=1995|isbn=9780520085794|pages=134}}</ref><ref name=":292">{{Cite book|author=Saldívar-Hull|first=Sonia|title=Feminism on the Border: Chicana Gender Politics and Literature|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|isbn=9780520207332|pages=29–34}}</ref> N'ime ihe omume ndị a, ndị Chicana ụmụ nwanyị n'ozuzu ha ghọtara mkpa ọ dị ijikọ okwu gbasara okike na ebumnuche nnwere onwe ndị ọzọ nke Chicano Movement. ''Chicanas'' gbahapụrụ òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ maka enweghị ike itinye ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ha. Chicanas n'oge a chere na a chụpụrụ ha n'òtù ụmụ nwanyị n'ihi na ha nwere mkpa, nchegbu, na ihe achọrọ dị iche iche. Site na mmegide na-aga n'ihu na nchụpụ ha, ụmụ nwanyị esila na a na-akpọ ''Ụmụ nwanyị Chicano'' gaa na Chicanas iji webata nkuchi nke a / o ma ọ bụ o / a dị ka ụzọ isi kweta nwoke na nwanyị mgbe ha na-atụle obodo.<ref name=":17">{{Cite book|year=2014|chapter=The Development of Chicana Feminist Discourse|chapterurl=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315022277-16/development-chicana-feminist-discourse-alma-garcia|title=Feminist Nationalism|language=en|pages=247–268|publisher=Routledge|doi=10.4324/9781315022277|isbn=9781136669675|editor=West}}</ref><ref name=":20">{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Women in Today's World|date=2011|publisher=SAGE Reference|editor=Stange|location=Thousand Oaks, CA|pages=249–251}}</ref> Alma Garcia dere na e kere òtù ụmụ nwanyị nke Chicana ka ọ na-agbasosi nsogbu ndị ahụ metụtara ụmụ nwanyị Chicana, ma malite na ọgwụgwọ ha na Chicano Movement na mmegharị nwanyị nke abụọ. Ha chọrọ ka a na-emeso ha otu ihe nakwa ka a kwanyere ha ùgwù. Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Chicana mere ka ọtụtụ ndị Chicanas na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma na-agbachitere ikike ha ọ bụghị nanị dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-alụbeghị di, kama dị ka ụmụ nwanyị na-ejikọta ọnụ na-agbakọta ọnụ na-etolite obodo na-enye aka nhata. ==== Nhazi nke Chicana walkout (1968) ==== [[Faịlụ:Founding_co-editor_of_La_Raza_Ruth_Robinson_(right)_with_Margarita_Sanchez_at_the_Belmont_High_School_walkout,_part_of_a_series_of_1968_student_protests_for_education_reform_in_LA.jpg|thumb|Onye guzobere onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Akwụkwọ akụkọ La Raza Ruth Robinson (n'aka nri) na Margarita Sanchez na Belmont High School walkout, akụkụ nke usoro ngagharị iwe ụmụ akwụkwọ 1968 maka mgbanwe agụmakwụkwọ na LA.]] Na Machị 1, 1968, ihe dị ka ụmụ akwụkwọ 15,000 sonyere na ihe a bịara mara dị ka East Los Angeles School Blowouts. Ụmụ akwụkwọ Chicano n'ofe ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị asaa dị na East Los Angeles siri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ha pụọ na ngagharị iwe a haziri ahazi. Ụmụ akwụkwọ haziri maka mkpesa na-ekerịta gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ego ezughị oke, na nleghara akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala Mexico n'ime usoro mmụta dị ugbu a. Ndị nwoke sonyere na njem ahụ nwetara ọtụtụ nlebara anya mgbasa ozi, ọkachasị ndị nwoke na-ahazi ụmụ akwụkwọ iri na atọ bụ ndị ejidere ma tụọ mkpọrọ maka ebubo izu nzuzo. Dolores Delgado Bernal, onye nyocha Chicana, na-ekwu na site n'itinye uche naanị na ụmụ akwụkwọ nwoke, nsonye na idu ndú nke ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ nwanyị belatara nke ukwuu yana ebelata mgbalị a chọrọ iji hazie njem njem ahụ. Ka e mesịrị n'etiti afọ ndị 1990, Dolores Delgado Bernal gbara ụmụ nwanyị asatọ dị mkpa sonyere ma ọ bụ ndị isi ajụjụ ọnụ, na-ewetara ụmụ nwanyị ndị mgbasa ozi leghaara anya: Celeste Baca, Vickie Castro, Paula Crisostomo, Mita Cuaron, Tanya Luna Mount, Rosalinda M. González, Rachael Ochoa Cervera, na Cassandra Zacarías.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Delgado Bernal|first=Dolores|date=1998|title=Grassroots Leadership Reconceptualized: Chicana Oral Histories and the 1968 East Los Angeles School Blowouts|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3347162|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|volume=19|issue=2|pages=113–142|doi=10.2307/3347162}}</ref> Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ nwanyị ndị a kpughere na ha haziri nzukọ obodo, guzobere njikọ, n'etiti ụmụ akwụkwọ gafee ụlọ akwụkwọ na òtù dị iche iche, ma bipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ nzuzo iji gbasaa okwu nke mmegharị ahụ ma nata ụmụ akwụkwọ na-ekere òkè na nkwado. <ref name=":11" /> Otu afọ mgbe ngagharị iwe ahụ gasịrị, e mere Nzukọ Nnwere Onwe Ndị Ntorobịa Chicano na 1969. Ihe dị ka 1,500 ndị Mexico American nọ n'afọ iri na ụma si n'akụkụ nile nke mba ahụ gara nzukọ ahụ, nke dugara n'ịkpọpụta okwu "Chicanismo," "El Plan Espiritual de Aztlán," na MEChA, nzukọ ụmụ akwụkwọ mba niile.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web|title=Chicano Movement Geography - Mapping American Social Movements|url=https://depts.washington.edu/moves/Chicano_geography.shtml|accessdate=2022-11-18|work=depts.washington.edu}}</ref> Na nnọkọ ahụ, a haziri ogbako iji kwurịta ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ na mmegharị ahụ na iji dozie nchegbu ụmụ nwanyị. Otú ọ dị, ogbako ahụ kwubiri na, "Ọ bụ nkwekọrịta nke otu ahụ na nwanyị Chicana achọghị ka a tọhapụ ya. " Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Anna Nieto-Gómez, na-ahụ nkwupụta a dị ka otu n'ime omume ndị siri ike nke kpaliri Chicana Feminist Movement. <ref name=":15">{{Cite web|title=Nieto-Gomez, Anna: "La Feminista", 1974 {{!}} Special Collections & University Archives Finding Aid Database|url=https://archives.sdsu.edu/repositories/2/archival_objects/86050|accessdate=2022-11-18|work=archives.sdsu.edu}}</ref> N'ịgbaso nkwupụta a, e mere Nzukọ Chicana nke mbụ na Houston, Texas na Mee 1971. Nzukọ ahụ dọtara ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị 600 si n'akụkụ nile nke United States iji kwurịta okwu gbasara ohere nhata maka agụmakwụkwọ, ikpe ziri ezi nke ọmụmụ, ịmepụta ebe nlekọta ụmụaka, na ndị ọzọ. A haziri nzukọ ahụ n'ime ogbako itoolu dị iche iche: "Mmekọahụ na Chicana: Aha na Okwu," " Nhọrọ maka Chicanas: Mmụta na Ọrụ," "Alụmdi na nwunye: Chicana-Style," "Okpukpe ụmụ nwanyị - Anyị Nwere Ebe na Ya?," "Njuputa ụmụ nwanyị - Echiche Chicana, "Ndị inyom na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị - Onye ọ bụla nọ n'ebe ahụ, "Militancy / Conservatism: Olee Ụzọ Na-aga n'ihu," na "De Colores y Klas dị iche iche iche.<ref name=":13">{{Citation |title=Reflecting on the Chicana Regional Conference of 1971: Fifty Years of Chicana Feminism in LA | date=11 May 2021 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IcPeUi9InhM |language=en |access-date=2022-11-18}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na ihe omume ahụ bụ nnukwu nnọkọ mbụ nke ụdị ya, nzukọ ahụ n'onwe ya jupụtara na esemokwu dị ka Chicanas si n'ọnọdụ dị iche iche na echiche dị iche iche lụrụ ọgụ maka ọrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị n'ime òtù Chicano. Esemokwu ndị a dugara n'ịgba arụkwaghịm n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke nnọkọ ahụ.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|author=Blackwell|first=Maylei|title=¡Chicana Power!: Contested Histories of Feminism in the Chicano Movement|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1477312667|location=Austin, TX|pages=161–164}}</ref> Dị ka Anna Nieto-Gómez si kwuo, "mgbaghara ahụ mere ka esemokwu dị n'etiti ndị Chicana na ndị na-akwado ya". ==== A na-ele ha anya dị ka ndị sabo na Movement ==== N'ịbụ ndị ọkà mmụta Maylei Blackwell kọwara dị ka "vendida logic", a na-ebo ndị Chicana ụmụ nwanyị ebubo na ha bụ "vendidas" ma ọ bụ ndị na-agba ọchịchị Chicano mgba okpuru, nke a kọwara dị ka ndị na-emegide ezinụlọ, ndị na-egbochi mmadụ, na ndị na-eme ngagharị Chicano. N'akụkụ vendida, a na-akpọ ndị Chicana femists "women's libber," "agringadas," ma ọ bụ lesbians. A maara Chicanas ndị butere ụzọ na ihe kpatara ya dị ka ndị Loyalists.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book|author=Blackwell|first=Maylei|title=¡Chicana Power!: Contested Histories of Feminism in the Chicano Movement|publisher=University of Texas Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1477312667|location=Austin, TX|pages=161–164}}</ref> Ụmụ nwanyị chọkwara ịlụ ọgụ nke ịkpọasị onwe onye nke gbanyere mkpọrọgwụ na ọchịchị nke ndị ha. Nke a gụnyere imebi akụkọ ifo mujer buena/mujer mala, ebe a na-ele nwanyị Spanish anya dị ka onye dị mma na nwanyị ụmụ amaala nke bụ akụkụ nke obodo anya dị ka ihe ọjọọ. Echiche ụmụ nwanyị Chicana pụtara dị ka nzaghachi nye nna ochie, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa oke, na ọchịchị nchịkwa yana nzaghachi maka ụzọ niile ihe nketa mmegbu ndị a si abanye n'ime.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hurtado|first=Aida|title=Voicing Chicana Feminisms: Young Women Speak Out on Sexuality and Identity|publisher=NYU Press|year=2003|isbn=978-0-8147-3573-2|pages=94–96|chapter=Review of Part I: Implications for Feminist Theorizing|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=s2jfGPg3V9cC&pg=PA94}}</ref> ==== Ụmụ agbọghọ n'''ezinụlọ'' ==== [[Faịlụ:Mexican_woman_washing_clothes,_San_Antonio,_Texas_LCCN2017739367.tif|thumb|247x247px|Nwanyị Mexico America na-asa uwe na San Antonio, Texas (1944) ]] Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị nke Chicana gbara aka ọrụ ha nyere n'iwu na la familia, ma chọọ ka ha nweta ahụmịhe intersectional nke ha chere ihu. Chicanas na-amata dị ka ndị maara nke ọma, kpebisiri ike, na mpako maka mgbọrọgwụ, ihe nketa, na ahụmahụ ha mgbe ha na-ebute La Raza ụzọ. Site na mmalite nke Chicano Movement, usoro ezinụlọ Chicano hụrụ mgbanwe dị egwu. Kpọmkwem, ụmụ nwanyị malitere ịjụ ajụjụ dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma nke ike ezinụlọ guzosiri ike na ebe ebe ha nọ n'ime mgba mba Chicano. Ọ bụghị nanị na Chicanas nwetara mmetụta nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ọchịchị alaeze ukwu na ndị ọcha America, kamakwa mmekọahụ n'ime ezinụlọ nke ha. N'okwu seminal "La Chicana", Elizabeth Martinez, na-ekwu na: "[La Chicana] na-emegbu ndị agha nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ndị ọchịchị alaeze ukwu, na mmekọahụ. Nke a nwere ike ikwu banyere ụmụ nwanyị niile na-adịghị ọcha na United States. Mmegbu ya site n'aka ndị agha nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ndị ọchịchị alaeze ukwu dị ka nke ndị ikom anyị na-atachi obi. Mmegbu site na mmekọahụ, naanị ya. " ==== Nhazi ọrụ Chicana ==== [[Faịlụ:Mexican_American_women_at_Friedrich_Refrigeration.png|thumb|Ụmụ nwanyị America nke Mexico na-arụ ọrụ na Friedrich Air Conditioning (1942) ]] [[Emma Tenayuca]] bụ onye na-ahazi ọrụ na Mexico America na Dolores Huerta bụ isi ike na nzukọ ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Hurtado|first=Aída|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ui7PDwAAQBAJ&dq=martha+cotera+Diosa+y+Hembra&pg=PA14|title=Intersectional Chicana Feminisms: Sitios y Lenguas|date=2020-02-11|publisher=University of Arizona Press|isbn=978-0-8165-4123-2|pages=14–15|language=en}}</ref> Ihe akaebe nke onye ọrụ ugbo na-akwaga mba ọzọ bụ Maria Elena Lucas na-ekpughe nnukwu ihe isi ike nke ịhazi ndị ọrụ ugbo.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lucas|first=María Elena|title=Forged under the sun: the life of María Elena Lucas = Forjada bajo el sol|date=1993|publisher=University of Michigan Press|isbn=978-0-472-06432-8|series=Women and culture series|location=Ann Arbor}}</ref> Farah Strike, 1972-1974, nke a na-akpọ "strike nke narị afọ," bụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Mexico America haziri ma duzie karịsịa na El Paso, Texas.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-01-20|title=The Best of the Texas Century—Business|url=https://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/the-best-of-the-texas-century-business/|accessdate=2018-12-07|work=Texas Monthly|language=en}}</ref> Ndị ọrụ nke Farah Manufacturing Company mere ngagharị iwe iji kwado nchekwa ọrụ na ikike ha iguzobe ma sonye n'òtù ndị ọrụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Shabecoff|first=Philip Shabecoff|date=16 June 1973|title=Farah Strike Has Become War of Attrition|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1973/06/16/archives/farah-strike-has-become-war-of-attriton-the-worst-part.html}}</ref> ==== Chicana Feminist Organizations (1960s-1970s) ==== Otu n'ime òtù Chicana mbụ bụ East Los Angeles Chicana Welfare Rights Organization, nke Alicia Escalante guzobere na 1967. <ref name=":110">{{Cite web|author=Logan|first=Jim|date=11 April 2017|title=A Chicana Warrior|url=https://www.news.ucsb.edu/2017/017860/chicana-warrior|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415060447/http://www.news.ucsb.edu/2017/017860/chicana-warrior|archivedate=2017-04-15|accessdate=|work=UC Santa Barbara}}</ref> Ọ ghọrọ onye nnọchi anya olu nke East Los Angeles na nzukọ mkpọsa ebe ọ dịghị onye ọzọ si n'ógbè ahụ nọ.<ref name=":21">{{Cite book|author=Theoharis|first=Jeanne|title=A more beautiful and terrible history : the uses and misuses of civil rights history|date=2018|isbn=978-0-8070-7587-6|location=Boston, Massachusetts|pages=136|oclc=1008773899}}</ref> Ọ kwuru okwu megide imerụ ndị na-enweta ọdịmma, ọkachasị ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na Black.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Chicana por mi Raza|url=https://chicanapormiraza.org/chicanas/alicia-escalante|accessdate=2023-01-19|work=chicanapormiraza.org}}</ref> N'otu edemede 1968 maka Akwụkwọ akụkọ La Raza, o dere na steeti kwenyere na ndị na-enweta ọdịmma "kwesịrị ihere maka ndụ". Ọ haziri ime mkpesa maka mbelata ego ọdịmma maka mkpa ndị dị mkpa nke steeti kpọrọ "mkpa pụrụ iche". <ref name=":21" /><ref name=":21" /> [[Faịlụ:Brown_Berets.png|thumb|Chicana Brown Berets (1970) ]] The Brown Berets were a youth group that took on a more militant approach to organizing for the Mexican-American community formed in California in the late 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Herrera|first=Juan|date=22 January 2015|title=¡La Lucha Continua! Gloria Arellanes and the Making of a Chicano Movement in El Monte and Beyond|url=https://tropicsofmeta.com/2015/01/22/la-lucha-continua-gloria-arellanes-and-the-making-of-a-chicano-movement-in-el-monte-and-beyond/|work=Tropics of Meta|language=en}}</ref> They heavily valued strong bonds between women, stating that women Berets must acknowledge other women in the organization as ''hermanas en la lucha'' and encouraging them to stand together. Membership in the Brown Berets helped to give Chicanas autonomy, and the ability to express their own political views without fear.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Espinoza|first=Dionne|year=2001|title='Revolutionary Sisters': Women's Solidarity and Collective Identification among Chicana Brown Berets in East Los Angeles, 1967–1970|url=https://history.msu.edu/hst327/files/2018/05/Revolutionary-Sisters.pdf|journal=Aztlán|volume=26|issue=1|pages=17–58|doi=10.1525/azt.2001.26.1.17|accessdate=2020-08-23}}</ref> An important Chicana in the Brown Berets was Gloria Arellanes, the only female minister of the Brown Berets.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-03-26|title=¡La Lucha Continua! Gloria Arellanes and Women in the Chicano Movement|url=https://www.kcet.org/history-society/la-lucha-continua-gloria-arellanes-and-women-in-the-chicano-movement|accessdate=2021-11-19|work=KCET|language=en}}</ref> E hiwere Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional (CFMN) na 1973. <ref>{{Cite web|date=7 November 2011|title=Yo Soy Chicana: A Chicana Feminist Movement|url=https://www.kcet.org/shows/departures/yo-soy-chicana-a-chicana-feminist-movement|accessdate=24 March 2018|publisher=KCET|language=en}}</ref> Echiche maka CFMN malitere n'oge National Chicano Issues Conference mgbe otu ìgwè ndị Chicanas na-aga chọpụtara na echeghị nchegbu ha nke ọma na nzukọ Chicano. Ụmụ nwanyị ahụ zutere n'èzí nzukọ ahụ wee dee usoro maka CFMN nke guzobere ha dị ka ndị isi obodo na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndị maara ihe nke ndị mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Leon|first=Kendall|date=2013|title=La Hermandad and Chicanas Organizing: The Community Rhetoric of the Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional|url=https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1218&context=communityliteracy|journal=Community Literacy Journal|volume=7|issue=2|pages=1–20|doi=10.1353/clj.2013.0004}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Vilma_Martínez_por_la_TV_Publica_(8162663167).jpg|thumb|195x195px|Vilma Martinez (nke e sere na foto) guzobere Chicana Rights Project na 1974.]] Emebere Chicana Rights Project na 1974 dị ka ọgbakọ iwu gbasara nwanyị nke Chicana iji chebe ikike iwu nke ụmụ nwanyị America America. Vilma Martinez butere ya wee kwuo okwu gbasara ọrụ, ahụike, agụmakwụkwọ na ikike ụlọ maka Chicanas. Ọ na-enyocha mmejuputa iwu zuru oke nke ọrụ na ọzụzụ (CETA), bụ nke butere mmụba nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na mmemme San Antonio. Ndị otu a gbakwara akwụkwọ maka mmetọ mmetọ nwoke na nwanyị Latina na Texas. O mere mgbanwe ná ndụ ọtụtụ puku ụmụ nwanyị. Nzukọ ahụ kwụsịrị na 1983. === Ọganihu dị egwu (Ọgwụgwụ afọ 1970s-1980s) === [[Faịlụ:ACRUSHLOVE_HiRes1.jpg|thumb|195x195px|Martha P. Cotera onye dere Diosa y Hembra (1976) na The Chicana Feminist (1977) ]] Site na ngwụcha afọ 1970 ruo mmalite afọ 1990, Chicana femism mere ọganihu dị ịrịba ama n'ịmepụta Chicana critical consciousness site na ọtụtụ ederede ntọala na-ekpuchi ndụ na ahụmịhe Chicana.<ref name=":292">{{Cite book|author=Saldívar-Hull|first=Sonia|title=Feminism on the Border: Chicana Gender Politics and Literature|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|isbn=9780520207332|pages=29–34}}</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ ndị a kpuchiri isiokwu ndị a na-enyochabeghị n'ụzọ miri emi, gụnyere mmekọahụ, Ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị, [[حقوق الإنجاب|ikike ọmụmụ]], ime ihe ike mmekọahụ, [[Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]], na nkatọ ụcha. <ref name=":292" /><ref name=":25">{{Cite book|author=Esquibel|first=Catrióna Rueda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV5c7ItQeWEC&q=chicana+lesbian+feminism|title=With Her Machete in Her Hand: Reading Chicana Lesbians|date=2009-09-15|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-78210-5|pages=xvi-20|language=en}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, n'agbanyeghị mkpa dị oke mkpa nke ederede ndị a, a nọgidere na-ahapụ ọtụtụ n'ime okwu nkatọ na ọmụmụ Chicana / ma ọ bụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, a ka na-elegharakarị anya.<ref name=":25">{{Cite book|author=Esquibel|first=Catrióna Rueda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV5c7ItQeWEC&q=chicana+lesbian+feminism|title=With Her Machete in Her Hand: Reading Chicana Lesbians|date=2009-09-15|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-78210-5|pages=xvi-20|language=en}}</ref> Nke a gosipụtara na ''Chicanismo'' na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwoke jụrụ ịgbanwe echiche ya ma nye echiche Chicana.<ref name=":25" /> Ihe odide ndị dị mkpa metụtara oge a bụ ntọala maka ọmụmụ Chicana / o, n'agbanyeghị na ọ bụghị mgbe niile ka a na-anabata ya, gụnyere: <ref name=":25" /><ref name=":292">{{Cite book|author=Saldívar-Hull|first=Sonia|title=Feminism on the Border: Chicana Gender Politics and Literature|publisher=University of California Press|year=2000|isbn=9780520207332|pages=29–34}}</ref> * Diosa y Hembra: The History and Heritage of Chicanas in the U.S. (1976) nke Martha P. Cotera dere * The Chicana Feminist (1977) nke Martha P. Cotera dere * Essays on La Mujer (1977) ed. nke Rosaura Sánchez na Rosa Martinez Cruz dere * ''Ụmụ nwanyị Mexico na United States'' (1980) nke Magdalena Mora na Adelaida R. Del Castillo dere * Àkwà mmiri a kpọrọ My Back (1981) ed. nke Gloria Anzaldúa na Cherríe Moraga dere * ''Ịhụnanya n'Afọ Agha: Ihe Ọ dịghị Mgbe Ọ gafere n'Ebe Mgbere Ya'' (1983) nke Cherríe Moraga dere * Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza (1987) nke Gloria Anzaldúa * Ndị ibe: Latina Lesbians (1987) ed. nke Juanita Ramos dere * The Sexuality of Latinas (1989) ed. site na Norma Alarcon, Ana Castillo, na Cherrie Moraga * Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About (1991) ed. nke Carla Trujillo dere === ''Xicanisma'' (1990s-Ugbu a) === [[Faịlụ:Ana_Castillo_by_David_Shankbone.jpg|thumb|222x222px|Ana Castillo mepụtara Xicanisma iji mee ka ụmụ nwanyị Chicana dị ike ma gosipụta mgbanwe n'ịmara ihe kemgbe Chicano Movement.]] [[Faịlụ:Cross-image.svg|thumb|134x134px|''X'' na ''Xicanisma'' abụghị naanị mkpụrụedemede, kama ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ịdị ma ọ bụ ịdị na nkuku ụzọ.]] Okporo ụzọ a ma ọ bụ X na-ezo aka na ndụ ụmụ amaala ka ọtụtụ narị afọ nke ọchịchị colonial gasịrị. Ọ na-ekweta na oge “ebe ụmụ nwoke kpachaara anya weghara ikike okike nke ụmụ nwanyị” site na nchịkwa nke okike amachibidoro ụmụ nwanyị. Xicanisma na-ekwu maka mkpa ọ dị ọ bụghị nanị iji nwetaghachi mgbọrọgwụ na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ nke ụmụ mmadụ, kamakwa iji "weghachi nwanyị ahụ a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ na nsụhọ anyị" nke ndị ọchịchị colonial wedara. Ya mere, ọ na-ama aka na akụkụ ndị nwoke na-eme ka mmegharị ahụ na ajọ mbunobi nke asụsụ Spanish: ịbụ Xicanisma karịa Chicanismo. Castillo na-ekwu na iji X dị ka akara ntụziaka dị mkpa n'ihi na "asụsụ bụ ụgbọ nke anyị na-ahụ onwe anyị n'ihe metụtara ụwa." Ihe ọ pụtara bụ na ọ bụrụ na anyị agbanwee asụsụ anyị ji aghọta onwe anyị, anyị nwere ike ịgbanwe otú anyị si ele ihe na otú anyị si eme ihe n’ụwa. Ebumnuche nke Xicanism maka Castillo abụghị iji dochie nna ochie na matriarchy, kama ịmepụta "obodo na-enweghị ịhụ ihe onwunwe n'anya na mmegbu nke ụkpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke ịzụlite na ịchịkwa obodo" na ebe a na-ewepụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ebe ha nọ ugbu a site na ọchịchị okike. == Isiokwu == [[Faịlụ:Alternativa_Feminista_4.djvu|thumb|177x177px|A na-enyocha nsogbu nke onyinyo onwe onye na Latin American femism n'ozuzu ya.]] Enwere ọtụtụ isiokwu dị mkpa nke chicana feminism nke Chicanas mepụtara. Chicana feminism na-arụ ọrụ iji mepụta mmegharị ka ukwuu karịa ka ọ na-emekarị; a na-enye ọtụtụ ndị nta n'otu ikpo okwu iji lụso ndị na-emegbu ha ọgụ, ma ọ bụ ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị, ma ọ bụ ọtụtụ ụdị ikpe na-ezighị ezi. Ntọhapụ nke Chicana na-emebi ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, yana ndị buru ibu n'ozuzu ha, na-enye ha ohere ibi ndụ dịka masịrị ha-na nkwanye ùgwù omenala na nha anya. Nkwụghachi azụ bụ isi isiokwu nke chicana feminism: ike ọ na-ewe ọ bụghị nanị iji kewaa kamakwa ịmepụta echiche ọhụrụ nke nha anya. === Ụdị ụmụ nwanyị === Isi ihe na-elekwasị anya maka ọtụtụ ndị inyom Chicana bụ ịmaliteghachi ụdị nwanyị nke La Virgen de Guadalupe, La Llorona, na La Malinche.[1] Ụdị ndị a egbochila Chicanas ịnweta mmekọahụ na ịdị mma nke ahụ n'ihi otú e si wuo ha n'akụkọ ihe mere eme dị ka ụdị ọjọọ site na oghere nke ndị nna ochie na ọchịchị. Ịgbanwe akụkọ sitere na ihe nnọchianya ọdịnala (ndị nna ochie) nke ụdị ndị a na nghọta nke oge a banyere ụmụ nwanyị bụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ọrụ nwanyị chicana, ma na-anọchite anya mmalite maka ịnaghachi ike ụmụ nwanyị Chicane, mmekọahụ, na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ. Ọrụ canonical nke Gloria Anzaldúa Borderlands / La Frontera na-ekwu maka ike na-akpaghasị nke ịweghachi ọnọdụ ime mmụọ nke ụmụ amaala iji wepụ ihe owuwu na ihe mgbochi ndị inyom, mmekọahụ ha, na nghọta ha banyere ịbụ nne: "Agakwaghị m enwe ihere nke ihe dị adị. M ga-enwe olu m: India, Spanish, ọcha. " ==== Ihe oyiyi nke La Virgen de Guadalupe ==== [[Faịlụ:Virgin_de_Guadalupe,_in_Love_everything_is_possible.jpg|thumb|A kwadoro La Virgen de Guadalupe n'obodo Chicano na Mexico dị ka ihe nnọchianya nke ịdị ọcha na ịbụ nne ọma, nke a na-aghọta dị ka njirimara na-akọwa uru ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ nwanyị.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Hurtado|first=Aída|date=April 1998|title=Sitios y Lenguas : Chicanas Theorize Feminisms|journal=Hypatia|volume=13|issue=2|pages=134–161|doi=10.2979/HYP.1998.13.2.134}}</ref>]] A na-ewere La Virgen de Guadalupe, n'okwukwe Katọlik dị ka ihe nlereanya nke ịdị ọcha nke nwanyị na ịbụ nne, karịsịa na omenala Mexico na Chicano. Ndị otu Chicana feminist ije, dị ka onye na-ese ihe bụ Yolanda Lopez, achọla ị nwetaghachi ihe oyiyi nke La Virgen ma mebie echiche ahụ na amaghị nwoke bụ nanị ihe e ji amata uru na omume ọma nwanyị. Maka ụmụ nwanyị dị ka Lopez, onyinyo nke Guadalupe nwere ihe ọ pụtara nke na-abụghị okpukpe ọ bụla. A na-ejikarị ọnụ ọgụgụ La Virgen de Guadalupe tụnyere La Malinche, nke na-egbochi Mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị Chicana site na dichotomy patriarchal nke puta / nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke: ihe nlereanya dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma. A na-eweli ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ma na-aga n'ihu n'ihu ụmụ nwanyị Mexico na Chicanas dị ka ihe oyiyi na enyo iji nyochaa onyinyo onwe ha ma kọwaa ùgwù onwe ha.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Hurtado|first=Aída|date=April 1998|title=Sitios y Lenguas : Chicanas Theorize Feminisms|journal=Hypatia|volume=13|issue=2|pages=134–161|doi=10.2979/HYP.1998.13.2.134}}</ref> ==== Ihe osise nke La Llorona ==== [[Faịlụ:MOM_D093_Donna_Marina_(La_Malinche).jpg|thumb|243x243px|A na-eji ihe oyiyi nke Malintzin mee ihe na obodo Chicano na Mexico dị ka ihe nnọchianya iji gbochie nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị, site na ịhazi ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ ngosipụta mmekọahụ dị ka onye na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Hurtado|first=Aída|date=April 1998|title=Sitios y Lenguas : Chicanas Theorize Feminisms|journal=Hypatia|volume=13|issue=2|pages=134–161|doi=10.2979/HYP.1998.13.2.134}}</ref>]] Malintzin (ndị Spanish maara dị ka Doña Marina ma ọ bụ "La Malinche" mgbe Mexico nwesịrị nnwere onwe na Spain) mụrụ na 1505 na ndị nne na nna nwere ezigbo ego n'ime ime Mexico. Ebe ọ bụ na a na-ejikarị ụmụ nwanyị eme ihe dị ka ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'oge a, nne ya na di nke abụọ nne ya raara ya nye ma resị ya ndị Maya ịbụ ohu iji nweta ihe nketa maka nwanne ya nwoke mụrụ ọhụrụ. N'agbata afọ 12-14, e rere ya Hernan Cortés dị ka iko nwanyị, na n'ihi ọgụgụ isi ya na nkà ya n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, a kwalitere ya na "nwunye" ya na onye nnọchiteanya mba ọzọ. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye ntụgharị okwu Cortés, na-ekere òkè dị mkpa na mmeri Spanish nke Tenochtitlan na, site na mgbakwunye, mmeri nke Alaeze Ukwu Aztec. Ọ mụrụ nwa Cortés, Martín, onye a na-ewere dị ka mestizo mbụ na mmalite nke agbụrụ "Mexica". When Mexico gained independence from Spain in 1821, a person was needed to be executed to uphold centuries of colonial rule. Because of Malintzin's association with Cortés and her role as a translator and informant in the Spanish conquest of Mexico, she was seen as a traitor to her own race. In contrast, Chicana feminism calls for a different understanding.[1] Since patriotism was a concept unknown to natives in the sixteenth century, Malintzin had no sense of herself as an "Indian," making it impossible for her to demonstrate ethnic loyalty or conscientiously act as a traitor. Malintzin was one of the millions of women bought and sold in pre-colonial Mexico. Unable to escape a group of men, and raped, Malintzin showed loyalty to Cortés to ensure her survival. La Malinche abụrụla ihe nnọchianya nke adịghị arụ ọrụ, "ndina n'ike," na ikpe mgbe niile maka mwakpo mmekọahụ. Kama ịbụ onye sabo ma ọ bụ "nwanyị akwụna," Chicana feminism na-akpọ maka nghọta ya dị ka onye nnọchiteanya, iguzogide ndina n'ike na mmekpa ahụ (dị ka ọ na-emekarị n'etiti ndị ya na ya dịkọrọ ndụ) site n'ịghọ onye mmekọ na onye ntụgharị okwu nke Cortés. Ịkatọ mmeri Mexico na Malinche na-emepụta ihe ndabere maka itinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ nke ọha mmadụ na ịta ha ụta maka mmekọahụ ha, nke na-emegide nghọta. Ọ dị mkpa ịghọta Malinche dị ka onye Cortés tara ahụhụ, kama ịbụ akụkọ ifo. Chicana feminism na-akpọ maka nghọta nke a na-eto ya maka iguzogide mgbanwe ndị o mechara weta na ndụ. Site n'ịgba ndị nnọchi anya ndị nna ochie na ndị ọchịchị aka ike, ndị edemede Chicana na-eweghachi mmekọrịta ha na La Malinche na ndị ọzọ dị ike, ma megharịa ha imepụta mmụọ na njirimara nke na-atọhapụ ma na-enye ike. La Malinche bụ ihe atụ nke ọtụtụ narị afọ nke akụkọ ifo ndị nna ochie emetụtala nhụta ụmụ nwanyị Mexico, mgbe mgbe n'amaghị ya. ==== Ihe osise nke La Llorona ==== A maara La Llorona dị ka akụkọ ifo nke nne na-abọ ọbọ nke na-erikpu ụmụ ya mgbe ọ chọpụtara na di ya ekwesịghị ntụkwasị obi. Ekwuru na mmuo ya na-aghari na mmiri. Ebufela akụkọ a site n'ọgbọ ruo n'ọgbọ, omenala Chicano na ịrị elu nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana chegharịala ya ọzọ. La Llorona ka eweghachiri dị ka dike siri ike nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana nwere ike imekọrịta ma mata ya. Akụkọ ifo nke La Llorona, nke a na-ahụta dị ka nne na-atụ egwu, enyochala ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe na ndị edemede Chicana site n'echiche dị iche iche nke ha na-ahụ onwe ha na La Llorona. Ndị na-ede Chicana ejirila ọnụ ọgụgụ a mee ka a mara echiche ndị nna ochie nke ndị nọ n'èzí na n'ime omenala ha tinyeworo na Chicanas. Emepụtara akụkọ ọdịnala nke ọdachi ahụ dịka ntuziaka maka mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na-eche ihu. === Duality na "The New Mestiza" === [[Faịlụ:Gloria_Anzaldua.jpg|thumb|213x213px|Ọrụ na echiche nke Gloria Evangelina Anzaldúa (September 26, 1942 - May 15, 2004) bụ ntọala maka mmeghachi omume na Chicana femism.]] Echiche nke "Mestiza Ọhụrụ" sitere n'aka onye edemede nwanyị bụ Gloria Anzaldúa. N'akwụkwọ ya, Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, ọ na-ede, sị: "Na a mgbe nile ọnọdụ nke uche nepantilism, okwu Aztec pụtara adọwara n'etiti ụzọ, la mestiza bụ a ngwaahịa nke nyefe nke omenala na ime mmụọ ụkpụrụ nke otu ìgwè ọzọ. N'ịbụ tricultural, monolingual, asụsụ abụọ ma ọ bụ multilingual, na-ekwu okwu a patois, na na a ọnọdụ nke ụdị nke perstimma ihu: nke meghere nke perstima. N'ime anyị na n'ime la Cultura Chicana, a na-ekwenyekarị na nkwenkwe nke omenala ndị Mexico, ma ọgụ abụọ a na-enwekarị nkwenkwe nke omenala ụmụ amaala, anyị na-ahụ ọgụ megide onwe anyị na nkwenkwe anyị dị ka ihe iyi egwu na anyị na-anwa igbochi. " Anzaldúa na-ewepụta ụzọ ịbụ ndị Chicanas na-asọpụrụ echiche ha pụrụ iche na ahụmahụ ndụ ha. Echiche a nke ọdịdị na-enye ụzọ nke ịbụ ndị Chicanas bụ ndị na-etinye aka na mkparịta ụka mgbe nile banyere njikọ omenala na esemokwu, n'ụzọ ndị na-enye nghọta ọhụrụ na nghọta nke onwe ha, mgbe mgbe na nkwụsị nke ụdị mmegbu dị iche iche. Echiche a na-ekpughe otú mmegide na-apụghị ịbụ ụzọ ndụ n'ihi na ọ dabeere n'iwu nke ịchịisi, n'ihe gbasara agbụrụ, mba, na omenala. Ọnọdụ mmegide na-eme ka mmadụ banye n'ọgụ n'etiti onye mmegbu na onye mmegbu; ndị kpọchiri n'agha na-egbu egbu, dị ka ndị uwe ojii na ndị omekome, na-agbadata n'otu ime ihe ike. Ịbụ naanị onye na-emeghachi omume pụtara na ọ dịghị ihe e kere, megharịa, ma ọ bụ megharịa n'ọnọdụ nke omenala na-achị achị na omenala ahụ aghaghị ịnọgide na-achịkwa iji guzogide ịdị adị. Maka Anzaldua n'echiche nke a, a ga-enwerịrị ohere maka okike ọhụrụ. "Mestiza ọhụrụ" bụ ederede na-akọwa ihe ọ pụtara ịbụ Chicana. N'echiche a, ịbụ Chicana gụnyere ngwakọta, esemokwu, nnabata maka enweghị mgbagwoju anya, na, nke kachasị, ọ dịghị ihe a na-ajụ ma ọ bụ wepụ ya na akụkọ ihe mere eme na ihe nketa nke mmegbu. Ọzọkwa, echiche a nke ọdịdị na-achọ ijikọta akụkụ niile nke njirimara na ịmepụta nkọwa ọhụrụ, ọ bụghị nanị ijikọta ma ọ bụ jikọta akụkụ dị iche iche nke njirimara. === Onye na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị === [[Faịlụ:MayDay2014-0806.jpg|thumb|Ụbọchị Ndị Ọrụ Mba Nile (2014) na Oakland, California]] The term mujerista was coined by Ada María Isasi-Díaz in 1996 and was heavily influenced by the African American feminist "Womanist" approach proposed by Alice Walker. This Latina feminist identity is rooted in the core idea of feminism by fighting inequality and oppression through participation in justice movements within the Latina/o community. Mujerismo is rooted in social relationships and emphasizes the individual's experience of "community struggles" to define Latina/o identity. Mujerismo na-anọchi anya ahụ nke ihe ọmụma mgbe Mujerista na-ezo aka na onye na-egosipụta nkwenkwe ndị a. Mmalite nke okwu ndị a laghachiri na Gloria Anzaldúa's Bridge a Anyị na-akpọ Ụlọ (1987), Massacre Ana Castillo of the Dreamer: Essays in Xicanisma (1994), na Gloria Anzaldúa na Cherríe Moraga's This Bridge Called My Back (1984). Mujerista bụ ụzọ "nwanyị" Latina na-elekwasị anya na ndụ kwa ụbọchị na mmekọrịta. Ọ na-emesi ike mkpa ọ dị ijikọta ndụ ọha na eze nke ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ na ndụ onwe nke omenala na ụlọ site n'ịkwalite ahụmahụ omenala. Dị ka nke a, ọ dị iche na Feminista, nke na-elekwasị anya na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị. Ịbụ Mujerista bụ ijikọta ahụ, mmetụta, mmụọ na obodo n'otu njirimara. Mujerismo ghọtara ka ahụmahụ onwe onye si bụrụ isi iyi bara uru nke ihe ọmụma. Mmepe nke ihe ndị a niile bụ ihe ndabere maka ịrụkọ ọrụ ọnụ n'ụdị omume. === Mmụọ Nepantla === A na-ejikọta Nepantla na onye edemede Chicana feminist Gloria Anzaldúa, onye chepụtara okwu ahụ, "Nepantlera." Nepantla bụ okwu Nahua nke sụgharịrị "n'etiti ya" ma ọ bụ "n'etiti". Enwere ike ịkọwa Nepantla dị ka echiche ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ime mmụọ nke enwere ọtụtụ eziokwu n'otu oge (Duality). Dị ka onye Chicana, nghọta na inwe ihe ọmụma nke ndị nna ochie banyere ọnọdụ ime mmụọ na-ekere òkè dị mkpa n'ụzọ nke ịgwọ ọrịa, ntọhapụ, ekele omenala, nghọta onwe onye, na ịhụ onwe ya n'anya.[1] "Nepantleras bụ ọnụ ụzọ ndị mmadụ; ha na-agagharị n'ime na n'etiti ọtụtụ, na-enwekarị esemokwu, ụwa ma jụ ịkwado onwe ha nanị na onye ọ bụla, otu, ma ọ bụ usoro nkwenye." Nepantla bụ ụdị nke ịbụ onye Chicana ma na-akọwa ụzọ o si enweta ụwa na usoro mmegbu dị iche iche. === ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ahụ === Encarnación: Ọrịa na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anụ ahụ na Chicana Akwụkwọ ụmụ nwanyị nke Suzanne Bost na-enyocha otú Chicana feminism si gbanwee otú ụmụ nwanyị Chicana si ele ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị anya. Feminism agabigala nanị ilele ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị njirimara, ma ugbu a na-eleba anya na "mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ahụ, omenala, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị." Ọ na-ele anya ugbu a karịa agbụrụ, ma na-agụnye njikọ, yana ka mmegharị, ohere, ike, ndị nlekọta, na ọrụ ha na ndụ si arụ ọrụ na ahụ Chicana. A na-atụle ihe atụ nke Frida Kahlo na ike ya, yana ọrịa shuga Gloria Anzaldúa, iji gosi otú e si ele ike anya mgbe a na-ekwu maka njirimara. Bost na-ede na "Ebe ọ bụ na ọ dịghị otu ma ọ bụ na-adịgide adịgide jikọrọ ọnụ, nchọpụta anyị ga-agbanwe agbanwe na usoro omenala dị iche iche, mgbanwe mmetụta, na mgbanwe eziokwu. Echiche anyị banyere ahụ, njirimara, na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ga-anọgide na-aga n'ihu. ọ na-egosipụta onwe ya n'ụzọ dị iche iche ugbu a. === Mmekọrịta nwoke na nwanyị === Chicana feminist theory gbanwere dị ka a theory of incodiment na a theory of flesh n'ihi canonical ọrụ nke Gloria Anzaldúa na Cherrie Moraga, ha abụọ na-akọwa dị ka queer. Ntinye aka nke ndị na-eme ihe ike na echiche ụmụ nwanyị Chicana kpọrọ maka itinye na nsọpụrụ nke jotería ọdịbendị. <ref name=":1" /> Na La Conciencia de la Mestiza, Anzaldúa dere na "ndị mestizo na ndị na-eme ihe ike dị n'oge a ma na-ezo aka na evolushọn na-aga n'ihu maka ebumnuche. Anyị na-agwakọta nke na-egosi na a na-akpa ọbara niile ọnụ ma na anyị sitere na mkpụrụ obi ndị yiri ya. " <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Borderlands La Frontera The New Mestiza, 4th Edition|author=Anzaldua|first=Gloria|publisher=aunt lute|year=1987|location=San Francisco|pages=99–114}}</ref> Ntinye aka a na-eme ka ndị na-adịghị mma dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa nke nnwere onwe, ahụmịhe dị ndụ nke a na-apụghị ileghara anya ma ọ bụ wepụ. Na Queer Aztlán: The Reformation of Chicano Tribe, Cherríe Moraga na-ajụ ajụjụ banyere iwulite njirimara Chicano n'ihe gbasara queerness. Na-enye nkatọ banyere mwepu nke ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara n'ime òtù ndị na-eme enyi nwoke na nwanyị nakwa homophobia na-arịwanye elu n'ime ndị na-ahụ mba Chicano.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Vázquez|first=Francisco H|title=Latino/a Thought : Culture, Politics, and Society|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|year=2009|isbn=9780742563544|pages=212}}</ref> Moraga na-atụle Aztlán, ala na mba metaphysical nke bụ nke echiche Chicano, yana otu echiche dị n'ime obodo si gaa n'ihu n'ime ụdị ọdịbendị na obodo ọhụrụ iji dịrị ndụ.<ref name=":6" /> "Ndị nkatọ ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye aka n'ichebe ọdịbendị Chicano, mana anyị maara na ọdịbendị anyị agaghị adị ndụ n'ike n'alụmdi na nwunye, iti ihe, ịlụ di na nwunye, iji ọgwụ ọjọọ na mmanya na-aba n'anya eme ihe, ọrịa AIDS, na nchụpụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke na-edina nwoke. " <ref name=":6" /> Moraga na-eweta nkatọ banyere Chicano Movement na otu o si eleghara nsogbu ndị dị n'ime òtù ahụ anya, na nke ahụ ga-edozi ya anya iji chekwaa ọdịbendị ahụ.<ref name=":6" /> === Chicana lesbian femism === Na Chicana Lesbians: Fear and Loathing in the Chicano Community <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Trujillo|first=Carla|title=Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About|publisher=Third Woman Press|year=1991|isbn=9780943219066|pages=186–195}}</ref> Carla Trujillo na-atụle etu ịbụ Chicana lesbian si sie ike nke ukwuu n'ihi atụmanya ọdịbendị ha na ezinụlọ na heteronormativity. Ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na-aghọ ndị nne na-emebi atụmanya a ma na-atọhapụ ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta nke ọdịbendị ha.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Maythee|first=Rojas|title=Women of Color and Feminism|date=2009|publisher=Seal Press|location=Berkeley, California|isbn=978-1-58005-272-6}}</ref> Trujillo na-ekwu na ịdị adị nke ụmụ nwanyị n'onwe ya na-emebi ụkpụrụ e guzobere nke mmegbu ndị nna ochie.<ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings.|author=Alma M.|first=Garcia|publisher=Routledge|year=1997}}</ref> Ọ na-ekwu na a na-ele ụmụ nwanyị Chicana anya dị ka ihe iyi egwu n'ihi na ha na-ama ndị nwoke na-achịkwa òtù Chicano aka; ha na-eme ka ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Chicane mara banyere nnwere onwe.<ref name=":14" /> Ọ gara n'ihu na-ekwu na Chicanas, ma ha bụ ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ na ha abụghị, a na-akụziri ha ịgbaso ụzọ ụfọdụ nke omume gbasara mmekọahụ ha: a "na-akụziri ụmụ nwanyị ịkwụsị ọchịchọ na mkpa mmekọahụ anyị site n'inye nwoke ihe ụtọ niile".<ref name=":14" /> N'afọ 1991, Carla Trujillo dezigharịrị ma chịkọta, akwụkwọ akụkọ Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About (1991), nke Third Woman Press bipụtara.''<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Trujillo|first=Carla|title=Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About|publisher=Third Woman Press|year=1991|isbn=9780943219066|pages=186–195}}</ref>'' Akwụkwọ akụkọ a gosipụtara ihe osise mkpuchi nke Ester Hernandez nke akpọrọ "La Ofrenda". ''<ref name=":5" />'' Vincent Carillo kwuru na mpempe akwụkwọ ahụ na-agbagha ihe ngosi omenala nke Chicanas na ike nwoke na nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Carrillo|first=Vicente|date=2020-12-01|title=Vicente Carrillo. Review of "To Tame a Wild Tongue: Art after Chicanismo" .|url=http://www.caareviews.org/reviews/3840|journal=Caa.reviews|language=en|doi=10.3202/caa.reviews.2020.107|issn=1543-950X}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ a gụnyere uri na edemede nke ụmụ nwanyị Chicana na-emepụta nghọta ọhụrụ banyere onwe ha site na mmekọahụ na agbụrụ ha.<ref name=":5" /> == Ihe osise Chicana == {{Reflist}} [[Faịlụ:Nao_Bustamonte_on_Dale_Radio.jpg|thumb|178x178px|Onye na-ese ihe na Chicana Nao Bustamante n'oge ajụjụ ọnụ (2012) ]] Art gives Chicana women a platform to voice their unique challenges and experiences, such as artists Ester Hernandez and Judite Hernandez.<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal|author=Dicochea|first=Perlita R.|date=2004|title=Chicana Critical Rhetoric: Recrafting La Causa in Chicana Movement Discourse, 1970-1979|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|volume=25|issue=1|pages=77–92|doi=10.1353/fro.2004.0032}}</ref> During the Chicano Movement, Chicanas used art to express their political and social resistance. Through different art mediums both past and contemporary, Chicana artists have continued to push the boundaries of traditional Mexican-American values.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Zetterman|first=Eva|title=Claims by Anglo American feminists and Chicanas/os for alternative space: The LA art scene in the political 1970s|journal=American Studies in Scandinavia|date=1 March 2016|volume=48|issue=1|pages=61–83|doi=10.22439/asca.v48i1.5361}}</ref> Chicana art utilizes many different mediums to express their views including murals, painting, photography, etc. to embody feminist themes.<ref name=":18" /><ref name=":7" /> The momentum created from the Chicano Movement spurred a cultural renaissance among Chicanas and Chicanos. Political art was created by poets, writers, playwrights, and artists and used to defend against their oppression as second-class citizens. During the 1970s, Chicana feminist artists differed from their Anglo-feminist counterparts in the way they collaborated. Chicana feminist artists often utilized artistic collaborations and collectives that included men, while Anglo-feminist artists generally utilized women-only participants.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Zetterman|first=Eva|title=Claims by Anglo American feminists and Chicanas/os for alternative space: The LA art scene in the political 1970s|journal=American Studies in Scandinavia|date=1 March 2016|volume=48|issue=1|pages=61–83|doi=10.22439/asca.v48i1.5361}}</ref> Through different art mediums both past and contemporary, Chicana artists have continued to push the boundaries of traditional Mexican-American values.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.laweekly.com/arts/how-mexicos-zapatistas-helped-inspire-a-feminist-chicana-art-movement-in-east-la-7988774|title=How Mexico's Zapatistas Helped Inspire a Feminist, Chicana Art Movement of East L.A.|author=Langlois|first=Jessica|date=March 3, 2017|work=LA Weekly}}</ref> === Ndị Chicana === ==== Ụmụ nwanyị Muralist ==== [[Faịlụ:Precita_Eyes_building.jpg|thumb|247x247px|Precita Eyes (2015) sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ nke Mujeres Muralistas.]] Mujeres Muralistas bụ otu nka ụmụ nwanyị na Mission District nke San Francisco. Ndị otu gụnyere Patricia Rodriguez, Graciela Carrillo, Consuelo Mendez, Irene Perez, Susan Cervantes, Ester Hernandez, na Miriam Olivo. Ndị otu Las ''Chicanas'' bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị ma gụnyere ndị na-ese ihe Judy Baca, Judithe Hernández, Olga Muñiz, na Josefina Quesada. N'afọ 1976, otu ahụ gosipụtara Venas de la Mujer na Ụlọ Nwanyị. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Zetterman|first=Eva|title=Claims by Anglo American feminists and Chicanas/os for alternative space: The LA art scene in the political 1970s|journal=American Studies in Scandinavia|date=1 March 2016|volume=48|issue=1|pages=61–83|doi=10.22439/asca.v48i1.5361}}</ref> ==== Ndị Anọ ==== Onye na-ese ihe na-ese onyinyo Judithe Hernández sonyeere ndị ọrụ nka nwoke niile na 1974 dị ka onye otu ya nke ise. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Zetterman|first=Eva|title=Claims by Anglo American feminists and Chicanas/os for alternative space: The LA art scene in the political 1970s|journal=American Studies in Scandinavia|date=1 March 2016|volume=48|issue=1|pages=61–83|doi=10.22439/asca.v48i1.5361}}</ref> Ndị otu ahụ gụnyere Frank Romero, Beto de la Rocha, Gilbert Luján, na Carlos Almaráz.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11616098/the-fiery-visions-of-iconic-l-a-artist-carlos-almaraz.4|title=The 'Fiery' Visions of Iconic L.A. Artist Carlos Almaráz|date=2017-09-15|work=KQED|language=en-us|accessdate=2018-12-07}}</ref> Ìgwè ahụ na-arụsi ọrụ ike site na 1970s ruo mmalite 1980s. <ref name=":7" /> ==== Social Public Art Resource Center (SPARC) ==== N'afọ 1976, ndị guzobere Judy Baca (naanị Chicana), Christina Schlesinger, na Donna Deitch guzobere SPARC. SPARC nwere oghere studio na oghere ọmụmụ ihe maka ndị na-ese ihe. SPARC na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe ngosi nka ma na-edebe ihe ndekọ nke mgbidi. Taa, SPARC ka na-arụsi ọrụ ike ma yie nke gara aga, na-agba ume maka njikọ aka Chicana / ma ọ bụ obodo na mkpọsa ọdịbendị na nka.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Zetterman|first=Eva|title=Claims by Anglo American feminists and Chicanas/os for alternative space: The LA art scene in the political 1970s|journal=American Studies in Scandinavia|date=1 March 2016|volume=48|issue=1|pages=61–83|doi=10.22439/asca.v48i1.5361}}</ref> ==== Ụlọ Nwaanyị (1973-1991) ==== The Woman's Building meghere na Los Angeles, CA na 1973. Na mgbakwunye na ụlọ ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị, ụlọ ọrụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụlọ ngosi nka na oghere studio. Ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara, gụnyere ''Chicanas'', nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na ịkpa ókè n'ime ụlọ ahụ site n'aka ndị ọcha. Ọ bụghị ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe Chicana ka a hapụrụ isonye na ngosi ma ọ bụ ihe ngosi nke Ụlọ Nwaanyị. Ndị na-ese ihe Chicana Olivia Sanchez Brown na Rosalyn Mesquite so na ole na ole gụnyere. Na mgbakwunye, otu Las Chicanas gosipụtara Venas de la Mujer na 1976. <ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Zetterman|first=Eva|title=Claims by Anglo American feminists and Chicanas/os for alternative space: The LA art scene in the political 1970s|journal=American Studies in Scandinavia|date=1 March 2016|volume=48|issue=1|pages=61–83|doi=10.22439/asca.v48i1.5361}}</ref> Mgbidi bụ ihe kachasị amasị ndị na-ese ihe n'okporo ámá nke ndị na-eme ihe nkiri Chicana ji mee ihe n'oge Chicano Movement. Judy Baca duziri nnukwu ọrụ mbụ maka SPARC, The Great Wall of Los Angeles. O were oge okpomọkụ ise iji mezue mgbidi ahụ dị mita 700 n'ogologo. Ọ bụ Baca, Judithe Hernández, Olga Muñiz, Isabel Castro, Yreina Cervántez, na Patssi Valdez rụchara ihe osise ahụ na mgbakwunye na ihe karịrị ndị omenkà 400 na ndị ntorobịa obodo. N'ịbụ nke dị na Tujunga Flood Control Channel na mpaghara Valley Glen nke San Fernando Valley, ihe osise ahụ na-egosi akụkọ ihe mere eme nke California nke ndị na-acha uhie uhie na ndị ka nta.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Zetterman|first=Eva|title=Claims by Anglo American feminists and Chicanas/os for alternative space: The LA art scene in the political 1970s|journal=American Studies in Scandinavia|date=1 March 2016|volume=48|issue=1|pages=61–83|doi=10.22439/asca.v48i1.5361}}</ref> N'afọ 1989, Yreina Cervántez na ndị enyemaka Claudia Escobedes, Erick Montenegro, Vladimir Morales, na Sonia Ramos malitere mural, La Ofrenda, nke dị na etiti Los Angeles. Ihe osise ahụ, otuto nye ndị ọrụ ugbo Latina / ma ọ bụ, gosipụtara Dolores Huerta n'etiti na ụmụ nwanyị abụọ n'akụkụ ọ bụla iji nọchite anya ''''Onyinye'','' ụmụ nwanyị na United Farmer Workers Movement. Na mgbakwunye na mgbidi asatọ ndị ọzọ, Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ọdịbendị weere La Ofrenda dị ka ihe dị mkpa n'akụkọ ihe mere eme. N'afọ 2016, mweghachi nke La Ofrenda malitere mgbe e sere ihe odide na mgbidi ọzọ n'elu ya. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://sparcinla.org/projects/iconic-la-mural-saved-la-ofrenda/|title=Iconic LA mural SAVED: "La Ofrenda" by Yreina Cervantez|work=SPARCinLA|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-12-07|archivedate=2018-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123635/http://sparcinla.org/projects/iconic-la-mural-saved-la-ofrenda/}}</ref> Ihe ngosi nke LA Plaza de Cultura y Artes na California Historical Society haziri nke gosipụtara ihe osise ndị a na-emegbu emegbu ma ọ bụ ndị a na'enyocha n'oge gara aga họọrọ Barbara Carrasco's L.A History: A Mexican Perspective na mgbakwunye na ndị ọzọ. Malite na 1981 ma were ihe dị ka ọnwa asatọ iji mechaa, mgbidi ahụ nwere akụkụ 43 dị mita asatọ nke na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Los Angeles ruo 1981. Carrasco nyochara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Los Angeles ma zute ndị ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere mere eme ka ọ na-eme atụmatụ na mbụ. A kwụsịrị ihe osise ahụ mgbe Carrasco jụrụ mgbanwe ndị a chọrọ n'aka Ụlọ Nzukọ Obodo n'ihi ihe ngosi ya nke onye ọchụnta ego na onye ọrụ ebere bụbu ohu Biddy Mason, ụlọ mkpọrọ nke ụmụ amaala Japan America n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ, na 1943 Zoot Suit Riots.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-barbara-carrasco-mural-20170930-htmlstory.html|title=After 27 years in a warehouse, a once-censored mural rises in L.A.'s Union Station|author=Vankin|first=Deborah|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=30 September 2017|accessdate=2018-12-07}}</ref> === Ihe nkiri === Ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi ''Chicana'', nke Sylvia Morales mepụtara na 1979, ka Library of Congress debere na National Film Registry na 2021.<ref name=":24">{{Cite web|author=Hinckle|first=Jessica|date=2021-12-21|title=2021 National Film Registry Selections Reflect Diversity & Challenge Stereotypes|url=https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/features/1205446-2021-national-film-registry-selections-reflect-diversity-challenge-stereotypes|accessdate=2023-01-19|work=ComingSoon.net - Movie Trailers, TV & Streaming News, and More|language=en-US}}</ref> A maara ihe nkiri ahụ maka ụzọ nka ya na ihe ngosi, na-etinye "ihe osise, ihe nkiri, akụkọ, na akaebe" site na oghere ụmụ nwanyị Chicana.<ref name=":24" /> [[Linda García Merchant]] bụ onye na-eme ihe nkiri Afro-Chicana nke e mepụtara ọtụtụ ihe nkiri, gụnyere Las Mujeres de la Caucus Chicana, Palabras Dulces, Palabras Amargas, na obere akụkọ ndụ onwe onye No Es Facil . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Linda García Merchant will present on "Intergenerational Witness as Praxis: Recovering the US Hispanic Literary Heritage and Chicana por mi Raza Digital Memory Collective"|url=https://events.ithaca.edu/event/linda_garcia_merchant_will_present_on_intergenerational_witness_as_praxis_recovering_the_us_hispanic_literary_heritage_and_chicano_por_mi_raza_digital_memory_collective#.Y8kFP-zMI1I|accessdate=2023-01-19|work=IC Events|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|author=Espinoza|first=Dionne|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t9Y9DwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Afro+chicana%22&pg=PA304|title=Chicana Movidas: New Narratives of Activism and Feminism in the Movement Era|date=2018-06-01|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-1-4773-1683-2|pages=304|language=en}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Xandra_Ibarra_(cropped).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|289x289px|Xandra Ibarra bụ onye a ma ama na-eme ihe nkiri na Chicana.]] A naghị eji ihe osise eme ihe n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe Chicana mana ọ ka nwere ndị na-akwado ya. Patssi Valdez bụ onye otu egwu Asco site na mbido afọ 1970 ruo n'etiti afọ 1980. Ihe osise Asco kwuru banyere nsogbu ndị na-esite na Chicanas / ahụmahụ pụrụ iche bi na njikọ nke agbụrụ, okike, na mmegbu mmekọahụ.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|author=Zetterman|first=Eva|title=Claims by Anglo American feminists and Chicanas/os for alternative space: The LA art scene in the political 1970s|journal=American Studies in Scandinavia|date=1 March 2016|volume=48|issue=1|pages=61–83|doi=10.22439/asca.v48i1.5361}}</ref> Laura Aguilar, bụ onye a maara maka "foto ọmịiko" ya, nke na-ejikarị onwe ya eme ihe dị ka isiokwu nke ọrụ ya kamakwa ndị mmadụ na-enweghị nnọchiteanya na ndị isi: Chicanas, obodo LBGTQ, na ụmụ nwanyị nke ụdị ahụ dị iche iche. N'ime afọ ndị 1990, Aguilar sere foto ndị na-akwado ụlọ mmanya ụmụ nwanyị dị na Eastside Los Angeles. Aguilar jiri ahụ ya n'ọzara mee ihe dị ka isiokwu nke foto ya ebe ọ na-eji ya eme ihe iji yie ihe a tụrụ site na ala. N'afọ 1990, Aguilar mepụtara Three Eagles Flying, foto nwere akụkụ atọ nke gosipụtara onwe ya ọkara gba ọtọ n'etiti etiti ya na ọkọlọtọ Mexico na United States n'akụkụ dị iche iche ka eriri ahụ ya na-eke ya ma kpuchie ihu ya. Triptych ahụ na-anọchite anya mkpọrọ ọ na-enwe site na ọdịbendị abụọ ọ bụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-me-laura-aguilar-photographer-20180425-htmlstory.html|title=Photographer Laura Aguilar, chronicler of the body and Chicano identity, dies at 58|author=Miranda|first=Carolina A.|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=25 April 2018|accessdate=2018-12-07}}</ref> N'afọ 2015, Guadalupe Rosales malitere akaụntụ Instagram nke ga-aghọ Veterans na Rucas (@veterans_and_rucas). Ihe malitere dị ka ụzọ maka ezinụlọ Rosales iji jikọọ na ọdịbendị ha na-ekerịta site na itinye foto nke Chicana / o akụkọ ihe mere eme na nostalgia n'oge na-adịghị anya toro na ebe nchekwa a raara nye ọ bụghị naanị '90 Chicana / ma ọ bụ ọdịbendị ndị ntorobịa kamakwa laa azụ na 1940s. Tụkwasị na nke a, Rosales emeela ihe osise iji gosipụta ihe ndekọ ahụ site na usoro dijitalụ mbụ ya ma gosipụta onwe ya Echoes of a Collective Memory na Legends Never Die, A Collective Memory . <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/miranda/la-et-cam-guadalupe-rosales-veteranas-rucas-vpam-20181019-story.html|title=Guadalupe Rosales used Instagram to create an archive of Chicano youth of the '90s — now it's an art installation|author=Miranda|first=Carolina A.|work=[[Los Angeles Times]]|date=19 October 2018|accessdate=2018-12-07}}</ref> Echiche nke ịkekọrịta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Chicanas / os abụwo ihe a ma ama n'etiti ndị na-ese ihe Chicana malite na 1970s ruo taa. Judy Baca na Judithe Hernández ejirila isiokwu ahụ ma ọ bụ dozie akụkọ ihe mere eme na-ezo aka na ọrụ mural ha. Na nka nke oge a, Guadalupe Rosales na-eji isiokwu nke ncheta mkpokọta iji kesaa akụkọ Chicana / o na nostalgia. === Nwa Agbọghọ Na-amaghị Nwoke === [[Faịlụ:Yolanda_Lopez.jpg|thumb|234x234px|Nkọwa nke 1978 nke Yolanda Lopez nke La Virgen de Guadalupe, nke akpọrọ 'Portrait of the Artist as the Virgin of Guadalube'.]] Yolanda López na Ester Hernandez bụ ndị Chicana abụọ na-ese ihe na-eji ntụgharị nke La Virgen de Guadalupe mee ka Chicanas nwee ike. La Virgen bụ ihe nnọchianya nke ihe ịma aka ndị Chicanas na-eche ihu n'ihi mmegbu pụrụ iche ha na-enwe n'okpukpe, ọdịbendị, na site na okike ha.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Serna|first=Cristina|title=Locating A Transborder Archive of Queer Chicana Feminist and Mexican Lesbian Feminist Art|journal=Feminist Formations|date=2017|volume=29|issue=3|pages=49–79|doi=10.1353/ff.2017.0030}}</ref> * Ester Hernández zoro aka na Virgen de Guadalupe dị nsọ na ihe osise ya, La Ofrenda (1988). Ihe osise na-amata ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị ma na-ama ọrụ ọdịnala nke la familia aka. Ọ na-agbagha nsọpụrụ na ịdị nsọ nke La Virgen site n'igosi ya dị ka egbugbu n'azụ nwanyị. [http://www.palgrave-journals.com/lst/journal/v7/n3/images/lst200925f1.jpg Nwanyị Na-amaghị Nwoke nke Guadalupe Na-agbachitere Ihe Ndị Ruuru nke Ndị Xican (1975)] * Alma Lopez - Our Lady of Controversy "Irreverent Appearance" (2001). Ihe oyiyi a bụ mgbasa ozi agwakọta ma bụrụ ihe ngosi nke La Virgen. [https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2001-may-27-ca-2979-story.html Lee isiokwu L.A. Times] == Akwụkwọ Chicana == [[Faịlụ:Lorna_Dee_Cervantes_(cropped).jpg|thumb|221x221px|Lorna Dee Cervantes (2017) bụ otu n'ime ndị na-ede uri Chicana kachasị nwee mmetụta.]] Kemgbe afọ 1970, ọtụtụ ndị edemede Chicana (dị ka Cherríe Moraga, Gloria Anzaldúa na Ana Castillo) ekwupụtala nkọwa nke ha banyere ụmụ nwanyị Chicana site na akwụkwọ ha. Moraga na Anzaldúa dezigharịrị akwụkwọ edemede nke ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara nke akpọrọ This Bridge Called My Back <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Adair|first=Cassius|title=The Digital Afterlives of This Bridge Called My Back : Woman of Color Feminism, Digital Labor, and Networked Pedagogy|journal=American Literature|date=June 2017|volume=89|issue=2|pages=255–278|doi=10.1215/00029831-3861505}}</ref> (nke Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press bipụtara) na mbido afọ 1980. Cherríe Moraga, ya na Ana Castillo na Norma Alarcón, gbanwere akwụkwọ akụkọ a n'ime ederede asụsụ Spanish nke akpọrọ Esta Puente, Mi Espalda: Voces de Mujeres Tercermundistas en los Estados Unidos. Anzaldúa bipụtakwara akwụkwọ akụkọ Asụsụ Abụọ (Spanish / English), Borderlands / La Frontera: The New Mestiza . Mariana Roma-Carmona, Alma Gómez, na Cherríe Moraga bipụtara nchịkọta akụkọ akpọrọ Cuentos: Stories by Latinas, nke Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press bipụtara. A na-ezo aka n'asụsụ Spanish dị ka akụkụ dị mkpa maka ichekwa ọdịbendị Chicana.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Hurtado|first=Aída|date=April 1998|title=Sitios y Lenguas : Chicanas Theorize Feminisms|journal=Hypatia|volume=13|issue=2|pages=134–161|doi=10.2979/HYP.1998.13.2.134}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite book|title=Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings.|author=Alma M.|first=Garcia|publisher=Routledge|year=1997}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Irene_Lora_Silva_2016.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|240x240px|Chicana feminist poet ire'ne lara silva (2016) ]] E bipụtara Chicana Feminist Journal mbụ na 1973, nke a na-akpọ Encuentro Femenil: The First Chicana Feminista Journal, nke Anna Nieto-Gómez bipụtara.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Massacre of the Dreamers : Essays on Xicanisma. 20th Anniversary Updated Edition.|author=Castillo|first=Anna|publisher=University of New Mexico Press|year=2014|isbn=9780826353580|pages=35}}</ref> Otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ Chicana mbụ bụ Sheila Ortiz Taylor's Faultline, nke e bipụtara na 1982. <ref name=":25">{{Cite book|author=Esquibel|first=Catrióna Rueda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV5c7ItQeWEC&q=chicana+lesbian+feminism|title=With Her Machete in Her Hand: Reading Chicana Lesbians|date=2009-09-15|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-78210-5|pages=xvi-20|language=en}}</ref> Juanita Ramos na Latina Lesbian History Project chịkọtara otu anthology gụnyere tatiana de la tierra's first published poem, "De ambiente", na ọtụtụ Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Latina lesbians a na-akpọ Compañeras: Latina Lesbians (1987). <ref name=":25">{{Cite book|author=Esquibel|first=Catrióna Rueda|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZV5c7ItQeWEC&q=chicana+lesbian+feminism|title=With Her Machete in Her Hand: Reading Chicana Lesbians|date=2009-09-15|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-78210-5|pages=xvi-20|language=en}}</ref> Onye na-ede uri Chicana lesbian-feminist Gloria Anzaldúa na-ekwu na ịkpọ aha onye edemede dabere na ọnọdụ ha na-enye ndị na-agụ akwụkwọ ohere ịghọta ebe onye edemede nọ na ọha mmadụ. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ ezie na ọ dị mkpa ịmata na njirimara njirimara na-etinye onye edemede, ha anaghị egosipụta ederede ha. Anzaldúa na-ekwu na ụdị akara a nwere ike iwepụ ndị edemede na-agbasoghị na omenala a. Kemgbe afọ 1990, e nweela ịrị elu na akwụkwọ Chicana na-anabata ụmụ nwanyị mba na Isiokwu ọdịbendị, ọkachasị ijikọ ahụmịhe Chicana na ọnọdụ Latin America.<ref name=":26">{{Cite book|author=DeGuzmán|first=María|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4Pm3oFeMZQYC&dq=%22Afro+chicana%22&pg=PA242|title=Buenas Noches, American Culture: Latina/o Aesthetics of Night|date=2012-07-09|publisher=Indiana University Press|isbn=978-0-253-00190-0|pages=241–42|language=en}}</ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, a gosipụtara nke a na ọrụ Graciela Limón In Search of Bernabe (1997) na Erased Faces (2001). <ref name=":26" /> == Egwú Chicana == [[Faịlụ:New_Romantic_photo_shoot.jpg|thumb|212x212px|Alice Bag, onye na-ese egwu Chicana (1980s) ]] N'ịnọgide na-anọghị na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu Chicano, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese egwu Chicana, dị ka Rita Vidaurri na María de Luz Flores Aceves, nke a maara nke ọma dị ka Lucha Reyes, site na 1940s na 50s, nwere ike ịbụ na ọtụtụ ọganihu nke Chicana Feminist movements mere na narị afọ gara aga. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Vidaurri na Aceves so n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Mexico mbụ na-eyi uwe charro mgbe ha na-eme rancheras.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Vargas|first=Deborah|title=Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of la Onda|date=2012|publisher=The University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-7316-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=chicana+feminist+music+artists+girl+in+a+coma&pg=PP2|accessdate=2015-06-09}}</ref> E nwere ọtụtụ ndị dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke egwu Chicana, onye ọ bụla na-enye Chicanas njirimara ọhụrụ site na egwu ha. Ihe atụ dị mkpa nke onye egwu Chicana bụ Rosita Fernández, onye na-ese ihe si San Antonio, Texas. Ọ bụ onye a ma ama n'etiti narị afọ nke 20, [[Lady Bird Johnson]] kpọrọ ya "San Antonio's First Lady of Song", onye na-agụ egwu Tejano bụ ihe nnọchianya nke Chicana feminism maka ọtụtụ ndị Mexico America ka bụ taa.<ref name=":34" /> A kọwara ya dị ka "onye buru ibu karịa ndụ", na-eme ihe ugboro ugboro na uwe China poblana, n'oge ọrụ ya, nke na-ewe ihe karịrị afọ 60. Otú ọ dị, ọ nwetụbeghị nnukwu aha na mpụga San Antonio, n'agbanyeghị ọchịchị ogologo oge ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị inyom Mexico America na-eme ihe nkiri ọha na eze na narị afọ nke 20.<ref name=":34">{{Cite book|author=Vargas|first=Deborah|title=Dissonant Divas in Chicana Music: The Limits of la Onda|date=2012|publisher=The University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-7316-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qx00pQIkclMC&q=chicana+feminist+music+artists+girl+in+a+coma&pg=PP2|accessdate=2015-06-09}}</ref> * Chelo Silva - Tejana Onye na-agụ egwú<ref>{{Cite web|author=Rodríguez|first=Juan Carlos|title=Silva, Consuelo [Chelo]|url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/silva-consuelo-chelo|work=Texas State Historical Association}}</ref> * Eva Ybarra - Onye na-akpọ ụbọ akwara na Tejana (1945-) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://americansabor.org/musicians/eva-ybarra|title=Eva Ybarra - American Sabor|accessdate=2015-06-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170504005904/http://americansabor.org/musicians/eva-ybarra|archivedate=2017-05-04}}</ref> * Ventura Alonzo - Chicana Accordionist (1904-2000) <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://kutx.org/this-week-in-texas-music-history/ventura-alonzo|title=KUTX » Ventura Alonzo, Queen of the Accordion|date=31 December 2012}}</ref> * Eva Garza - Tejana Singer<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fgaak|title=GARZA, EVA - The Handbook of Texas Online- Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)|date=30 June 2014}}</ref> * Selena Quintanilla-Pérez - Tejana Singer (1971-1995) * Gloria Ríos - Onye na-agụ egwú Hispanic <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.maph49.galeon.com/avandaro/gloriarios.html|title=Gloria Ríos: La reina ignorada del rock and roll mexicano|accessdate=2015-06-10|archivedate=2011-09-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110923004659/http://www.maph49.galeon.com/avandaro/gloriarios.html}}</ref> * Girl in a Coma - Tejana indie rock band si San Antonio * Quetzal - East Los Angeles Chicano alternative rock band <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://content.lib.washington.edu/wwrweb/making-scenes/bioGonzalez_Martha.html|title=Women Who Rock Oral History Archive :: Martha Gonzalez}}</ref> * Bags - òtù egwu punk rock nke Los Angeles, nke Alice Bag duziri. == Ndị ama ama == * Alma M. Garcia - Prọfesọ nke Sociology na Mahadum Santa Clara. * Ana Castillo - Onye edemede, onye edemede, ode akwukwo, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, onye edemedo na onye na-ede egwuregwu nke a maara maka ịkọwa eziokwu nke ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị Chicana. * Anna Nieto-Gómez - Onye isi nhazi nke Chicana Movement na onye guzobere Hijas de Cuauhtémoc.''Ụmụ nwanyị Cuauhtémoc'' * Carla Trujillo - Onye edemede, onye nchịkọta akụkọ, na onye nkuzi. * Chela Sandoval - Onye nkuzi na Ngalaba Ọmụmụ Chicano na Chicana na Mahadum California, Santa Barbara. * Cherríe Moraga - Onye edemede, onye na-ede uri, onye nkuzi na-eme ngagharị iwe, na onye na-ese ihe na Mahadum Stanford. * Adriana Yadira Gallego - Onye na-ese ihe, onye na-ese foto ọha na eze, onye nchịkwa nka, dịka ọmụmaatụ na Arts Foundation maka Tucson na Southern Arizona.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Adriana Yadira Gallego|url=https://artsfoundtucson.org/directory/adriana-yadira-gallego/|accessdate=2025-03-07|work=Arts Foundation for Tucson and Southern Arizona|language=en-US}}</ref> * Dolores Huerta - Ya na César Chavez malitere National Farm Worker's Association na 1962 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://doloreshuerta.org/dolores-huerta/|title=Dolores Huerta {{!}} Dolores Huerta Foundation|work=doloreshuerta.org|accessdate=2020-03-03}}</ref> * Ester Hernandez - Site n'iji nka, na-eji usoro dị iche iche dị ka pastel, mbipụta, na ihe osise, ọ nwere ike igosi ahụmịhe ụmụ nwanyị Latina / Native. * Gloria Anzaldúa - Ọkà mmụta nke Chicana omenala na onye dere Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza, n'etiti akwụkwọ Chicana ndị ọzọ nwere mmetụta. * Judithe Hernandez - onye na-ese ihe na Los Angeles nke na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ Cesar Chavez iji see ihe osise ndị mebiri ihe mgbochi iji kwalite usoro Chicana. * Martha Gonzalez (onye egwu) - Chicana artivist na onye isi nke Quetzal (ìgwè) nwetara Grammy Award. * Martha P. Cotera - Onye na-eme ihe ike na onye edemede n'oge Chicana Feminist Movement na Chicano Civil Rights Movement. * Norma Alarcón - Onye edemede Chicana nwere mmetụta. * Sandra Cisneros - Onye isi na-enye aka na akwụkwọ Chicana. * Vicki L. Ruiz - onye America na-akọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na-elekwasị anya na ụmụ nwanyị Mexico-America na narị afọ nke iri abụọ. * Elizabeth Martinez - onye na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na onye edemede ogologo oge. * Francisca Flores - Onye na-eme ngagharị iwe Chicana. O so guzobe Comisión Femenil Mexicana Nacional . == Òtù ndị a ma ama == * Alianza Hispano-Americana - E hiwere ya na 1894, ndị otu Alianza na-akwalite omume ọma na omenala, na-enye ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na uru ahụike dị iche iche na mkpuchi maka ndị otu ya.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book|title=From Out of the Shadows|author=Ruiz|first=Vicki L.|publisher=Oxford University Press Inc.|year=1998|location=New York}}</ref> * [http://www.chicasrockerassela.org/ Chicas Rockeras South East Los Angeles] - Na-akwalite ọgwụgwọ, uto, na obi ike maka ụmụ agbọghọ site na agụmakwụkwọ egwu * California Latinas for Reproductive Justice - Na-akwalite ikpe ziri ezi na ikike mmadụ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ Latina site na usoro ikpe ziri ezi ọmụmụ * Las Foto Project - Na-eme ka ndị ntorobịa Latina nwee ike, na-enyere ụmụ agbọghọ aka iwulite ùgwù onwe onye na obi ike site na foto na nkwupụta onwe onye * Museum of Latin American Art (MOLAA) - Nke dị na Long Beach, CA ebe ngosi nka a na-agbasawanye ihe ọmụma na ekele maka nka Latin America nke oge a na nke oge a. * National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) - Òtù na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na United States, nke W. E. B. Du Bois, Mary White Ovington, na Moorfield Storey na Ida B. Wells guzobere na 1909 iji kwalite ikpe ziri ezi maka ndị Africa America. * National Chicano Youth Liberation Conference - Nke Crusade for Justice haziri, ihe omume ahụ sitere na El Plan Espiritual de Aztlan, nke chọrọ ịhazi ndị Chicano gburugburu mmemme mba.<ref name=":8" /> * National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) - Ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị etiti nke Congress guzobere na 1935 iji jikwaa National Labor Relations Act (NLRA) nke na-echebe ikike ndị ọrụ ịhazi na ma ọ bụ ije ozi na òtù dị ka ndị nnọchi anya na ndị were ha n'ọrụ.<ref name=":8" /> * Ovarian Psycos - Ndị na-eto eto na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na East Los Angeles bụ ndị na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ike site na ndị na-agba ịnyịnya ígwè na ndị na'elu ha. * Radical Monarchs - otu ikpe ziri ezi nke dị na California, maka ụmụ agbọghọ na-acha uhie uhie iji nweta baajị ikpe ziri ezi. N'ịbụ ndị Brown Berets na Black Panthers nwere mmetụta, ụmụ agbọghọ ndị a chọrọ ịmepụta mgbanwe na obodo ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://radicalmonarchs.org/|title=Radical Monarchs|date=October 2018|work=Radical Monarchs|accessdate=October 8, 2018}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * [[Black feminism|Ụmụ nwanyị ojii]] * Ọmụmụ ihe Chicano * Òtù ụmụ nwanyị Latina na United States * Ịbụ onye inyom na Mexico * Enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị na Mexico * Ụmụ nwanyị Gypsy * [[Intersectionality]] * Ụmụ nwanyị nke ụwa nke atọ * Ụmụ nwanyị ọcha * [[Ịhụnanya ụmụ nwanyị]] == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * Anzaldúa, Gloria, and Cherríe Moraga, editors. ''This bridge called my back: writings by radical women of color''. Watertown, Massachusetts: Persephone Press, c1981., Kitchen Table Press, 1983  . * {{Cite book|editor=Alarcón|title=The Sexuality of Latinas|date=1989|publisher=Third Woman|oclc=555824915}} * Anzaldúa, Gloria. ''Borderlands/La Frontera: The New Mestiza'', Aunt Lute Books,   * Anzaldúa, Gloria. ''Making Face. Making Soul: Haciendo Caras: Creative & Critical Perspectives by Feminists of Color'', Aunt Lute Books, 1990,   * Arredondo, Gabriela, ''et al.'', editors. ''Chicana Feminisms: A Critical Reader''. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press, 2003.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8223-3105-5|<bdi>0-8223-3105-5</bdi>]]. * Balderrama, Francisco. In Defense of La Raza: The Los Angeles Mexican Consulate and the Mexican Community, 1929–1936. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1982. * {{Cite book|author=Castillo|first=Adelaida R. Del|year=2005|title=Between Borders: Essays on Mexicana/Chicana History|publisher=Floricanto Press|isbn=978-0-915745-70-8}} * Castillo, Ana. ''Massacre of the dreamers : essays on Xicanisma''. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-8263-1554-2|<bdi>0-8263-1554-2</bdi>]]. * Cotera, Martha. ''The Chicana feminist''. Austin, Texas: Information Systems Development, 1977. * {{Cite journal|author=Córdova|first=Teresa|title=Anti-colonial Chicana feminism|journal=New Political Science|date=December 1998|volume=20|issue=4|pages=379–397|doi=10.1080/07393149808429837}} * {{Cite journal|author=Davalos|first=Karen Mary|title=Sin Vergüenza: Chicana Feminist Theorizing|journal=Feminist Studies|date=2008|volume=34|issue=1/2|pages=151–171}} * {{Cite journal|author=Dicochea|first=Perlita R.|title=Chicana Critical Rhetoric: Recrafting La Causa in Chicana Movement Discourse, 1970-1979|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|date=2004|volume=25|issue=1|pages=77–92|doi=10.1353/fro.2004.0032}} * DuBois, Ellen Carol, and Vicki L. Ruiz, eds. Unequal Sisters: A multicultural Reader in U.S. Women's History. New York: Routledge, 1990. * García, Alma M., and Mario T. Garcia, editors. ''Chicana Feminist Thought: The Basic Historical Writings''. New York: Routledge, 1997.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/0-415-91800-6|<bdi>0-415-91800-6</bdi>]]. * {{Cite journal|author=Garcia|first=Alma M.|title=The Development of Chicana Feminist Discourse, 1970-1980|journal=Gender and Society|date=1989|volume=3|issue=2|pages=217–238|doi=10.1177/089124389003002004}} * {{Cite journal|author=Havlin|first=Natalie|title='To Live a Humanity under the Skin': Revolutionary Love and Third World Praxis in 1970s Chicana Feminism|journal=Women's Studies Quarterly|date=2015|volume=43|issue=3/4|pages=78–97|doi=10.1353/wsq.2015.0047}} * Hurtado, Aida. ''The Color of Privilege: Three Blasphemies on Race and Feminism''. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 1996.  [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-472-06531-8|<bdi>978-0-472-06531-8</bdi>]]. * {{Cite journal|author=Moya|first=Paula M. L.|title=Chicana Feminism and Postmodernist Theory|journal=Signs|date=2001|volume=26|issue=2|pages=441–483|doi=10.1086/495600}} * Ramos, Juanita. ''Companeras: Latina Lesbians'', Latina Lesbian History Project, 1987,   * {{Cite journal|id={{EBSCOhost|109928863}}|author=Rodriguez|first=Samantha M.|title=Carving Spaces for Feminism and Nationalism: Texas Chicana Activism during the Chicana/O Movement|journal=Journal of South Texas|volume=27|issue=2|year=2014|pages=38–52}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> * Roots of Chicano Politics, 1600–1940. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994. * Roma-Carmona, Mariana, Alma Gomez and Cherríe Moraga. ''Cuentos: Stories by Latinas'', ''Kitchen Table: Women of Color Press''. * Roth, Benita. ''Separate Roads to Feminism: Black, Chicana, and White Feminist Movements in America's Second Wave'', Cambridge University Press, 2003,   * Ruiz, Vicki L. From out of the Shadows. Oxford University Publishing Inc., 1998. * {{Cite journal|author=Saldivar-Hull|first=Sonia|title=Women hollering transfronteriza feminisms|journal=Cultural Studies|date=April 1999|volume=13|issue=2|pages=251–262|doi=10.1080/095023899335275}} * Trujillo, Carla, ed. Chicana Lesbians: The Girls Our Mothers Warned Us About. Berkeley, Calif.: Third Woman Press, 1991. * {{Cite book|author=Pérez|first=Ricardo F. Vivancos|year=2013|title=Radical Chicana Poetics|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-1-137-34358-1}} * Whaley, Charlotte. Nina Otero-Warren of Santa Fe. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994. == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.chicanas.com Chicana Feminisms Page] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070708053325/http://www.floricantopress.com/BetweenBo.htm Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Chicanas] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070914081139/http://chicana-swicki.eurekster.com/ Peeji Ọchụchọ Obodo Chicana] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] icu504gp8sqvpku6vxk8p0u4m1qkz17 0 75589 672188 671679 2026-07-04T12:48:37Z Goodymeraj 16207 672188 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''French Maï''' (onye amụrụ '''Françoise Baud'''; 26 Julaị 1959 - 8 Febụwarị 2012) <ref>{{Cite web|title=BAUD Francoise|url=https://deces.matchid.io/id/h-rP-8oz4yJD|work=deces.matchid.io|accessdate=13 May 2023}}</ref> bụ onye France na-eme ihe nkiri na onye edemede. A maara ya nke ọma maka ọrụ ya na Jean Rollin vampire classic Fascination . == Oge ọ malitere == A mụrụ Franca Maï '''Françoise Baud''' na 1959 na Paris, France ma bụrụkwa nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ anọ, nwere ụmụnne nwanyị abụọ na nwanne nwoke.O biri ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ọ bụ nwata na-etolite n'etiti Paris na Eure-et-Loir. == Ọrụ == Na 1979, Maï mere ihe nkiri mbụ ya mgbe o nwetara ọrụ ndu na akụkọ Jean Rollin nke a ma ama dịka Fascination, nke a na-ewere dị ka otu n'ime ihe nkiri kacha mma n'akwụkwọ Rollin. Na Fascination, Maï gosipụtara ọrụ nke 'Elisabeth', onye na-ejere ya ozi dị omimi nke bi n'ụlọ ezumike ya na onye hụrụ ya n'anya nwanyị ibe ya.(Brigitte Lahaie), Mgbe otu onye ohi ọla mara mma (Jean-Marie Lemaire) zutere ha, onye gbagara n'ụlọ ihe nkiri ahụ. Ihe sochiri ya bụ ihe nkiri atọ ọzọ, ebe o nwetara obere ọrụ; Zig Zag Story, ihe nkiri ọchị nke Patrick Schulmann dere ma duzie na 1983, Ody Roos' Point mort na n'ikpeazụ na 1987, Le moustachu, nke Dominique Chaussois dere ma duzie. Maï pụtara na ihe nkiri telivishọn abụọ; Quatre femmes, quatre vies: Des chandails pour l'hiver na 1981 na Les idiot na 1987. O nwere ọrụ ọbịa na ORTF na Antenna 2 crime drama series Les enquêtes du commissaire Maigret . N'afọ 1988, ngosipụta ikpeazụ ya dịka onye na-eme ihe nkiri bịara mgbe e mere ya ihe nkiri dị mkpirikpi Berceaumniaque, nke onye ya na Maï so biri ndụ n'oge ahụ bụ Yoram Mevorach Oyoram dere ma duzie. Na 1993, ọ duziri, dee, mepụta ma dezie obere ihe nkiri L'an de mes II. Yoram Mevorach Oyoram rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye na-ese ihe nkiri na onye nchịkọta akụkọ na fim ahụ. N'ime obere ihe nkiri ya nke abụọ, na 2003, Maï abụghị naanị onye duziri, dere, dezie ihe nkiri ahụ, ọ nwara aka ya na sinima ma kpọọ egwu "La chanson du garde-barrière". N'oge ndụ ya ka dị obere, Maï ghọrọ onye edemede akwụkwọ akụkọ nwere ihe ịga nke ọma. E bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ asatọ n'etiti 2002 na 2009; Momo qui kills, Jean-Pôl & la môme caoutchouc, Speedy Mata, L’ultime Tabou, Pedro, L’Amour Carnassier, Crescendo na Divino Sacrum: Carnet de bord d’une vieille cancéreuse fripée, n'otu n'otu. Akwụkwọ ikpeazụ ya, Divino Sacrum, nke e dere n'oge ogologo oge ọ na-alụ ọgụ megide kansa, ka ebipụtara ma wepụta ya mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. Maï bụkwa onye na-abụ abụ nke ọma, onye na-ese foto, onye na-ede uri na onye kere weebụsaịtị. == Ọnwụ == A chọpụtara na Maï nwere ọrịa kansa n'afọ 2008. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ gafere ọgwụgwọ ọgwụ na radiation, ọ laghachiri. Ọ nwụrụ na 8 Febụwarị 2012 mgbe ọ dị afọ 52 na Villejuif, Val-de-Marne, France.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V9hM_XbAOcQC&pg=PA180|title=Obituaries in the Performing Arts, 2012|date=16 April 2013|publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers|isbn=9780786470631|accessdate=4 January 2014}}</ref> == Ihe nkiri == {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe nkiri na telivishọn !Afọ !Aha ya !Ọrụ !Ihe edeturu |- |1978 |''N'akụkụ nke ọzọ'' |(unknown role) |Ihe nkiri |- |1979 |''Ihe na-adọrọ mmasị'' |Elisabeth |Ihe nkiri |- |1981 |''Ụmụ nwanyị anọ, ndụ anọ: Uwe ejiji maka oge oyi'' |Otu Onye nta akụkọ |Ihe nkiri telivishọn |- |1983 |''Nnyocha nke Kọmishọna Maigret'' |Onye Na-enye Ụgwọ |Usoro ihe nkiri telivishọn; Ihe omume - "Mmaigret' |- |1983 |''Akụkọ Zig Zag'' |Beatrice |Ihe nkiri |- |1984 |''Ebe a na-adịghị ekwu okwu'' |Lena |Ihe nkiri |- |1987 |''Afụ ọnụ'' |Catherine Fruck |Ihe nkiri |- |1987 |''Ndị nzuzu'' |Nwanyị akwụna |Ihe nkiri telivishọn |- |1988 |''Berceaumniaque'' |Pythia |Vidio dị mkpirikpi |} {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe nkiri ndị dị mkpirikpi ! rowspan="2" |Afọ ! rowspan="2" |Aha ya ! colspan="6" |Ọrụ ndị e nyere aha |- ! width="70" |Onye nduzi ! width="70" |Onye na-emepụta ya ! width="70" |Onye edemede ! width="70" |Onye nchịkọta akụkọ ! width="120" |Onye na-ese ihe nkiri ! width="120" |Akara ụda |- |1993 |''Afọ nke Abụọ m''| |- |2003 |''FuckAnge''| |- |2011 |''Nlekọta ndị nwere ahụike n'ụlọ''| |} == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120211041818/http://francamai.net// Ebe nrụọrụ weebụ gọọmentị] * {{IMDb name|0537292}} {{Authority control}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 62h8u250ozq2p2pguoslntp60q9uksp 0 75697 672428 637589 2026-07-04T18:04:21Z Johnnybam 24488 672428 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ugboro nke anọ nke ụmụ nwanyị''' bụ [[Òtù ụmụ nwanyị]] nke malitere na mbido afọ 1990; <ref>{{Cite book|first=Nicola|author=Rivers|title=Postfeminism(s) and the Arrival of the Fourth Wave|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2017}}</ref> ọ bụ ihe a ma ama n'ime iri afọ tupu oge nke anọ. [2] N'ịbụ ndị dabeere na ọganihu nke ikike obodo nke oge nke abụọ, ndị Gen X nke atọ na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị a mụrụ n'afọ ndị 1960 na 1970 nabatara ọdịiche ịdị iche iche na onye ọ bụla n'ime ụmụ nwanyị, ma chọọ ịkọwapụta ihe ọ pụtara ịbụ onye na-ahụ n'anya ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Cochrane|first=Kira|authorlink=Kira Cochrane|title=The Fourth Wave of Feminism: Meet the Rebel Women|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/dec/10/fourth-wave-feminism-rebel-women|work=The Guardian|date=10 December 2013|accessdate=2 June 2019}}</ref> Ugboro nke atọ hụrụ mpụta nke usoro na echiche ọhụrụ nke ụmụ nwanyị, dị ka [[intersectionality]], mmekọahụ, ecofeminism, transfeminism, na [[Postmodern feminism|Postmodern femism]]. Dị ka ọkà mmụta ụmụ nwanyị Elizabeth Evans si kwuo, "mgbagwoju anya gbara ihe mejupụtara ụmụ nwanyị nke atọ gburugburu bụ n'ụzọ ụfọdụ ihe na-akọwa ya".[7] A na-achọpụta ọganihu nke atọ site na akaebe telivishọn Anita Hill na 1991 na Kọmitii Ikpe nke Senate nke nwoke niile na-acha ọcha na onye ọka ikpe Clarence Thomas wakporo ya. A na-ekwu na ọ bụ [[Rebecca Walker]] dere okwu nke atọ, onye zaghachiri nhọpụta Thomas na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu site na edemede na magazin Ms, "Becoming the Third Wave" (1992).<ref name="Walker1992">{{Cite journal|author=Walker|first=Rebecca|title=Becoming the Third Wave|journal=[[Ms. (magazine)|Ms.]]|pages=39–41|issn=0047-8318|date=January 1992|url=http://www.msmagazine.com/spring2002/BecomingThirdWaveRebeccaWalker.pdf|accessdate=2016-10-13}}</ref> O dere, sị:   Walker gbalịrị igosi na ọganihu nke atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị abụghị naanị mmeghachi omume kama ọ bụ mmegharị n'onwe ya n'ihi na ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọrụ ka ukwuu n'ihu. Okwu ''[[intersectionality]]'' iji kọwaa echiche ahụ na ụmụ nwanyị na-enwe "ọkwa nke mmegbu" nke [[Kimberlé Crenshaw]] webatara, dịka ọmụmaatụ, site na okike, agbụrụ, na klas na 1989, ọ bụkwa n'oge nke atọ ka echiche ahụ nwere ọganihu.[10] Na mgbakwunye, a na-achọpụta ụmụ nwanyị nke atọ na mpụta nke riot grrrl feminist punk subculture na Olympia, Washington, na mbido afọ 1990. [a] Ka ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị bịara n'ịntanetị na ngwụcha afọ 1990 na mmalite afọ 2000 wee rute ndị na-ege ntị zuru ụwa ọnụ na blọọgụ na e-zines, ha gbasaa ebumnuche ha, na-elekwasị anya n'iwepụ echiche nwoke na nwanyị na ịgbasawanye ụmụ nwanyị iji tinye ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọdịbendị na agbụrụ dị iche iche.<ref name="Tong">{{Cite book|author=Tong|first=Rosemarie|title=Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction|year=2009|edition=Third|publisher=Westview Press|location=Boulder, CO|isbn=978-0-8133-4375-4|oclc=156811918|pages=284–285, 289}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />  Ikike na mmemme ụmụ nwanyị nwetara na oge nke abụọ bụ ntọala maka oge nke atọ. Mmeri ndị a gụnyere Mbụ IX (nnweta nha anya inweta agụmakwụkwọ), arụmụka ọha na eze banyere mmetọ na idina ụmụ nwanyị n'ike, ịnweta mgbochi afọ ime na ọrụ ọmụmụ ndị ọzọ (gụnyere iwu ime ime), imepụta na mmanye nke iwu iyi egwu mmekọahụ n'ebe ọrụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, imepụta ebe nchekwa ime ihe ike n'ụlọ maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka, ọrụ nlekọta ụmụaka, ego agụmakwụkwọ maka ụmụ agbọghọ, na mmemme mmụta ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị inyom dị ka Gloria E. Anzaldúa, mgbịrịgba nko, Cherríe Moraga, Audre Lorde, Maxine Hong Kingston, Leslie Marmon Silko, na ndị otu Combahee River Collective chọrọ imeghe ohere na echiche nwanyị iji lebara agbụrụ anya. Cherríe Moraga na Gloria E. Anzaldúa bipụtara akwụkwọ a na-akpọ This Bridge Called My Back (1981), nke, tinyere All Women Are White, All the Blacks Are Men, But Some of Our Are Brave (1982), nke Akasha (Gloria T.) Hull deziri, Patricia Bell-Scott, na Barbara Smith, na-arụ ụka na nsogbu nke abụọ nke ndị inyom na-acha ọcha. Usoro a mesiri njikọ dị n'etiti agbụrụ na okike wee bụrụ onye a ma ama. Otú ọ dị, ikwe ka ụmụ nwanyị ọgbọ nke atọ nabata ụkpụrụ nke intersectionality nwere ike ihichapụ akụkọ nke ụmụ nwanyị ọgbọ nke abụọ bụ ndị rụworo ọrụ itinye ya. Na ngwụcha afọ 1970 na mmalite afọ 1980, Agha mmekọahụ nke ụmụ nwanyị bilitere dị ka mmeghachi omume megide ụmụ nwanyị siri ike nke oge nke abụọ na echiche ya banyere mmekọahụ, na-emegide echiche nke "mmekọahụ", ma na-akpọsa oge nke atọ. Ihe mmepe ọzọ dị mkpa maka oge nke atọ bụ mbipụta na 1990 nke Nsogbu Mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị: Feminism na Subversion of Identity site n'aka Judith Butler, bụ nke ghọrọ otu n'ime ọrụ kachasị mkpa nke echiche nwanyị nke oge a. N'ime ya, Butler rụrụ ụka megide echiche homogenizing nke "ụmụ nwanyị", nke nwere mmetụta na-adịghị mma ọ bụghị nanị na ụwa ọha mmadụ kamakwa na ụmụ nwanyị n'onwe ha. Nke a bụ ikpe ọ bụghị naanị maka ụmụ nwanyị agbụrụ ma ọ bụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ, kamakwa maka ndị nwoke, ụmụ nwanyị, ma ọ bụ ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị nwoke na nwanyị. Ha kọwap ụtara echiche ha banyere nwoke na nwanyị dị ka arụmọrụ, nke na-arụ ụka na okike na-arụ ọrụ site na mmanye nke usoro okwu ọnụ na nke na-abụghị nke okwu na-emepụta "echiche ụgha" nke nkwupụta nwoke na nwanyị na njirimara, nke na-agaghị enwe ihe ọ bụla bara uru. N'ikpeazụ, Butler mepụtara echiche ahụ na ọ dịghị mmekọahụ "eke", ma na ihe anyị na-akpọ ya bụ omenala mgbe nile, ya mere enweghị ike ikewapụ ya na okike.Echiche ndị a bụ ntọala maka ngalaba echiche nwoke na nwanyị, ma keere òkè dị ukwuu na mmepe echiche na omume ụmụ nwanyị nke ọgbọ nke atọ. === Mmetụta Ụwa Nile === Ihe iyi egwu atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị agbasawo karịa US na ndị na-eme ihe ike na mmegharị ụmụ nwanyị gburugburu ụwa. Na Europe, ndị na-eto eto feminists ejiriwo echiche nke onye ọ bụla na nke jikọrọ ọnụ iji dozie ahaghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị, dị ka ịkpa ókè n'ọrụ na ikike ịmụ nwa.[1] Na Latin America, a na-ejikọta echiche ụmụ nwanyị ọhụrụ na mkpọsa megide ime ihe ike ụmụ nwoke megide ụmụ nwanyị ma nyere aka kpalie arụmụka ọha na eze gbasara ike ụmụ nwanyị na ikpe ziri ezi. Ntugharị ụmụ nwanyị na South Asia anabatala akụkụ nke atọ site n'ịmepụta oghere dijitalụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ajụ ọrụ okike ọdịnala na ịkwado maka mgbanwe iwu na omenala. Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe n'Africa na-emesi ike dị iche iche nke mmegharị ahụ na ikike onwe onye iji mee mgbanwe maka agụmakwụkwọ ụmụ agbọghọ na idu ndú, yana itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. === Anita Hill === <templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" /> [[Faịlụ:Anita_Hill_at_Harvard_Law_School_Sep_2014.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Anita Hill, 2014]] N'afọ 1991, Anita Hill, mgbe a jụrụ ya ajụjụ, boro Clarence Thomas, bụ́ onye America na-ekpe ikpe ziri ezi họpụtara n'Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke United States, ebubo iyi egwu mmekọahụ. Thomas gọrọ agọ ebubo ahụ, na-akpọ ha "igbu ọchụ dị elu." Mgbe ọtụtụ arụmụka gasịrị, ndị omebe iwu United States mere ntuli aka 52-48 kwadoro Thomas. Na nzaghachi, Ms. Magazine bipụtara otu akụkọ sitere na Rebecca Walker, nke isiokwu ya bụ "Ịghọ Wave nke Atọ," nke o kwuru, sị: "Abụghị m nwanyị. Abụ m nke atọ." Ọtụtụ ndị kwuru na a ga-akwado Thomas, n'agbanyeghị ebubo Hill, n'ihi atụmatụ ya ịmepụta ohere maka ndị nwere agba. Mgbe Walker jụrụ onye òtù ọlụlụ ya ma o kwuwo otu ihe ahụ, ọ jụrụ, sị: "Olee mgbe ndị ojii na-aga n'ihu ga-ebute ikike na ọdịmma m ụzọ?" Ọ chọrọ nha nha nke agbụrụ mana na-ewepụghị ụmụ nwanyị. N'afọ 1992, nke a kpọrọ "Afọ nke Nwaanyị", ụmụ nwanyị anọ batara na Senate nke United States iji sonyere ha abụọ nọ ebe ahụ. N'afọ sochirinụ, nwanyị ọzọ, Kay Bailey Hutchison, meriri ntuli aka pụrụ iche, na-eweta ọnụ ọgụgụ ahụ na asaa. Afọ 1990 hụrụ nwanyị mbụ US Attorney General (Janet Reno) na Secretary of State ([[Madeleine Albright]]), yana nwanyị nke abụọ na Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu, [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]], na nwanyị mbụ US, [[Hillary Clinton]], nwere ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, iwu na onye na-eme ihe ike. === Riot grrrl === [[Faịlụ:Kathleen_Hanna_live_in_Bikini_Kill_in_1991.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Kathleen Hanna, onye na-abụ abụ nke Bikini Kill, 1991]] Mpụta nke ọgba aghara grrrl, subculture punk nke nwanyị, na mbido 1990s na Olympia, Washington, bụ akara mmalite nke feminism nke atọ. Emebere "r" nke atọ dị na grrrl iji nwetaghachi okwu nwa agbọghọ maka ụmụ nwanyị. Alison Piepmeier na-ede na riot grrrl na Sarah Dyer's Action Girl Newsletter chepụtara "ụdị, okwu okwu, na iconography maka grrrl zines" nke bịara kọwaa nwanyị nke atọ, [1] na nke lekwasịrị anya n'echiche ụmụ agbọghọ na-eto eto.[3] Dabere na hard-core punk rock, mmegharị ahụ kere zines na nka, na-ekwu maka idina n'ike, nna ochie, mmekọahụ, na ike ụmụ nwanyị, malite isiakwụkwọ, ma kwado ma hazie ụmụ nwanyị na egwu.[4] Ihe nlegharị anya nlegharị anya Bikini Kill nke afọ 2013 anakọtara jụrụ "Gịnị bụ Riot grrrl?":   Riot grrrl dabeere na Nkà ihe ọmụma DIY nke ụkpụrụ punk, na-ewere nguzo na-emegide ụlọ ọrụ nke afọ ojuju na ịdabere na onwe.<ref name="Rowe-Finbeiner">{{Cite book|title=The F Word: Feminism in Jeopardy|author=Rowe-Finkbeiner|first=Kristin|year=2004|publisher=Seal Press|location=Emeryville, CA|isbn=978-1-58005-114-9|url=https://archive.org/details/fwordfeminisminj00rowe/page/85}}</ref> Mmetụta ya na njirimara nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ na nkewa na-apụtakarị na-ejikọta ya na nke abụọ nke ụmụ nwanyị. Ndị otu jikọtara ya na mmegharị ahụ gụnyere Bratmobile, Excuse 17, Jack Off Jill, Free Kitten, Heavens to Betsy, Huggy Bear, L7, Fifth Column, na Team Dresch, na Bikini Kill. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Marcu|first=Sara|url=https://archive.org/details/girlstothefronttrue0000mare/page/nl/mode/2up|title=Girls To The Front: The True Story of the Riot Grrrl Revolution|date=2010|publisher=HarperPerennial|location=New York|isbn=978-0-06-180636-0|accessdate=26 December 2022}}</ref> Ọdịbendị Riot grrrl nyere ndị mmadụ ohere iji mee mgbanwe na macro, meso na micro scale. Dị ka Kevin Dunn si kọwaa:<blockquote>Using the do-it-yourself ethos of punk to provide resources for individual empowerment, Riot Grrrl encouraged females to engage in multiple sites of resistance. At the macro-level, Riot Grrrls resist society's dominant constructions of femininity. At the meso-level, they resist stifling gender roles in punk. At the micro-level, they challenge gender constructions in their families and among their peers.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Dunn|first=Kevin C.|date=2014-04-03|title=Pussy Rioting|journal=International Feminist Journal of Politics|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=317–334|doi=10.1080/14616742.2014.919103|issn=1461-6742}}</ref></blockquote>A na-ejikọta mbibi nke riot grrrl na commodification na nkwupụta ụgha nke ozi ya, ọkachasị site na mgbasa ozi mgbasa ozi.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Dunn|first=Kevin C.|date=2014-04-03|title=Pussy Rioting|journal=International Feminist Journal of Politics|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=317–334|doi=10.1080/14616742.2014.919103|issn=1461-6742}}</ref> N'ide akwụkwọ na magazin ''Billboard'', Jennifer Keishin Armstrong na-ekwu, sị:<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />El Hunt of ''NME'' states, "Riot grrrl bands in general were very focused on making space for women at gigs. They understood the importance of giving women a platform and voice to speak out against abusers. For a lot of young women and girls, who probably weren't following the Riot grrrl scene at all, The Spice Girls brought this spirit into the mainstream and made it accessible."<ref>{{Cite news|title=Spice Girls: What happened to Girl Power?|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/entertainment-arts-48381340|accessdate=May 25, 2019}}</ref> == Purpose == [[Faịlụ:JenniferBaumgardner.jpg|thumb|Jennifer Baumgardner, onye so dee ''Manifesta'' (2000), na 2008]] O doro anya na ihe ịma aka kasịnụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nke atọ bụ na a na-ewere mmeri nke ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ, na mkpa ụmụ nwanyị aghọtaghị. Baumgardner na Richards (2000) dere, sị: "[F] ma ọ bụ onye ọ bụla amụrụ mgbe mmalite afọ 1960 gasịrị, a na-ewere ọnụnọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na ndụ anyị dị ka ihe efu. Maka ọgbọ anyị, ụmụ nwanyị dị ka fluoride. Anyị anaghị ahụ na anyị nwere ya - ọ dị naanị na mmiri. " N'ụzọ bụ isi, a na-ekwu na e nwetala nha anya nwoke na nwanyị, site na ebili mmiri abụọ mbụ, na mbọ ndị ọzọ iji kwalite ikike ụmụ nwanyị enweghị isi na enweghị isi, ma ọ bụ ikekwe na-efegharị pendulum nke ukwuu maka ọdịmma ụmụ nwanyị. Okwu a egosipụtala onwe ya na arụmụka kpụ ọkụ n'ọnụ banyere ma omume nkwenye na-emepụta nha anya nwoke na nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-ata ndị ọcha ahụhụ, bụ ndị nọ n'etiti nhụjuanya maka akụkọ ihe mere eme ha ketara. Ya mere, ndị inyom nke atọ na-elekwasị anya na mmepe nke akọ na uche - "ikike nke ndị mmadụ imeghe uche ha n'eziokwu na nchịkwa nwoke na-emetụta ndị inyom nke ọgbọ anyị, nke bụ ihe dị anyị mkpa." Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nke atọ na-etinye aka na "micro-politics", ma na-ama ụkpụrụ nke abụọ aka maka ihe dị mma maka ụmụ nwanyị. <ref name="Freedman">{{Cite book|author=Freedman|first=Estelle B.|title=No Turning Back: The History of Feminism and the Future of Women|url=https://archive.org/details/noturningbackhis00free|year=2002|publisher=[[Ballantine Books]]|location=London|isbn=9780345450531|oclc=49193867}}</ref> <ref name="Faludi">{{Cite book|author=Faludi|first=Susan|title=Backlash: The Undeclared War Against Women|url=https://archive.org/details/backlashundeclar00falu|year=1991|publisher=[[Crown Publishing Group]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-517-57698-4|oclc=23016353}}</ref>[38] Ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị nke atọ kwuru na ọ na-enye ụmụ nwanyị ohere ịkọwa ụmụ nwanyị maka onwe ha. N'ịkọwa nke atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị na Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism And The Future (2000), Jennifer Baumgardner na Amy Richards tụrụ aro na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịgbanwe na ọgbọ ọ bụla na onye ọ bụla:   [[Faịlụ:Womensmarch_austin_texas_img_4198_(32427292776).jpg|thumb|Ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe na ngagharị iwe ụmụ nwanyị na 2017]] Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nke atọ jiri akụkọ onwe onye dị ka ụdị echiche ụmụ nwanyị. Ikwu ahụmahụ onwe onye nyere ụmụ nwanyị ohere ịmata na ha anọghị naanị ha na mmegbu na ịkpa ókè ha chere ihu. Iji akụkọ ndị a nwere uru n'ihi na ọ na-edekọ nkọwa onwe onye nke nwere ike ọ gaghị adị na ederede akụkọ ihe mere eme ọdịnala.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=YU|first=SU-LIN|date=October 2011|title=Reclaiming the Personal: Personal Narratives of Third-Wave Feminists|journal=Women's Studies|language=en|volume=40|issue=7|pages=873–889|doi=10.1080/00497878.2011.603606|issn=0049-7878}}</ref> Echiche nke atọ lekwasịrị anya na nkọwa post-structuralist nke okike na mmekọahụ. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Hardin|first=Marie|chapter=From Second-Wave to Poststructuralist Feminism|title=The International Encyclopedia of Media Studies: Media Effects/Media Psychology|year=2013|doi=10.1002/9781444361506.wbiems991|publisher=Blackwell|isbn=9781405193566}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ahụ ihe abụọ dị ka nwoke na nwanyị dị ka ihe aka mere iji nọgide na-enwe ike nke otu na-achịkwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Poststructural feminism in education: An overview|journal=International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education|year=2000|volume=13|issue=5|pages=477–515|doi=10.1080/09518390050156422|author=Elizabeth Adams St. Pierre}}</ref> Joan W. Scott dere na 1998 na "ndị poststructuralists na-ekwusi ike na okwu na ederede enweghị ihe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ihe ọ bụla, na enweghị mmekọrịta doro anya ma ọ bụ nke doro anya n'etiti ha na ma ọ bụ echiche ma ọ bụ Ihe, enweghị nkwekọrịta ma ọ bụ nkwekọrịta n'etiti asụsụ na ụwa". <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Scott|first=Joan W|year=1988|title=Deconstructing Equality-versus-Difference: Or, the Uses of Poststructuralist Theory for Feminism|journal=Feminist Studies|volume=14|issue=1|pages=32–50|doi=10.2307/3177997}}</ref> [b] === Mmekọrịta ya na nke abụọ === E boro ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị ebubo na ha na-achị na na ha na-eleghara otu dị ka ụmụ nwanyị nwere agba; kama, ha lekwasịrị anya na ndị ọcha, ndị nọ n'etiti, ụmụ nwanyị cisgender. Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị nke ọgbọ nke atọ jụrụ nkwenkwe nke ndị bu ha ụzọ wee malite itinye echiche nke nwanyị n'ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị, ndị na-adịghị etinye n'ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị. Amy Richards kọwara ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị maka oge nke atọ dị ka "oge nke atọ n'ihi na ọ bụ ngosipụta nke itolite na ụmụ nwanyị".<ref name="Rowe-Finbeiner">{{Cite book|title=The F Word: Feminism in Jeopardy|author=Rowe-Finkbeiner|first=Kristin|year=2004|publisher=Seal Press|location=Emeryville, CA|isbn=978-1-58005-114-9|url=https://archive.org/details/fwordfeminisminj00rowe/page/85}}</ref> Ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ toro ebe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị jikọtara n'ime ọdịbendị, dị ka "Kennedy, Agha Vietnam, ikike obodo, na ikike ụmụ nwanyị". N'ụzọ dị iche, ọganihu nke atọ sitere na omenala nke "punk-rock, hip-hop, 'zines, ngwaahịa, ịzụ ahịa na Ịntanetị". N'otu edemede akpọrọ "Generations, Academic Feminists in dialogue" Diane Elam dere, sị:<templatestyles src="Refbegin/styles.css" />[[Rebecca Walker]], na To Be Real: Telling the Truth and Changing the Face of Feminism (1995), dere banyere egwu ya maka ịjụ site n'aka nne ya ([[Alice Walker]]) na nne ya (Gloria Steinem) maka ịma echiche ha aka:   == Nsogbu == === Ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị === [[Faịlụ:Vagina_Monologues_Poster.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|The Vagina Monologues malitere na New York na 1996.]] [[Ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị|Violence against women]], including rape, domestic violence, and sexual harassment, became  a central issue. Organizations such as V-Day formed with the goal of ending gender violence, and artistic expressions, such as ''The Vagina Monologues,'' generated awareness. Third-wave feminists wanted to transform traditional notions of sexuality and embrace "an exploration of women's feelings about sexuality that included vagina-centred topics as diverse as orgasm, birth, and rape". === Ikike ịmụ nwa ===   Otu n'ime ebumnobi bụ isi nke otu ụmụ nwanyị nke atọ bụ igosi na ịnweta mgbochi afọ ime na ite ime bụ ikike ịmụ nwa nke ụmụ nwanyị. Dị ka Baumgardner na Richards si kwuo, "Ebumnobi ụmụ nwanyị abụghị ịchịkwa ọmụmụ nwanyị ọ bụla, kama ime ka nwanyị ọ bụla nwee onwe ya ịchịkwa onwe ya." Mgbalị South Dakota 2006 iji machibido ite ime n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, ewezuga mgbe ọ dị mkpa iji chebe ndụ nne, na votu Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke U.S. iji kwado mmachibido ite ime na-ahụta dị ka mmebi nke ikike ụmụ nwanyị. Mgbochi ime ime na U.S., nke ikpe Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke 1973 kwadoro, bụ Roe v. Wade, na-aghọwanye ihe a na-ahụkarị na steeti n'ofe mba ahụ. Ndị a gụnyere oge nchere, iwu nkwenye nne na nna, na iwu nkwenye di na nwunye. [[Faịlụ:Toronto-Slutwalk.jpg|thumb|Slutwalk mbụ, Toronto, 2011]] Ndị na-asụ Bekee nọgidere na-eji okwu ndị dị ka ''spinster'', bitch, whore, na cunt na-ezo aka na ụmụ ''nwanyi'' n'ụzọ mkparị. Inga Muscio dere, "M na-ekwu na anyị nweere onwe anyị ijide okwu a tọọrọ ma jiri ya mee ihe n'oge gara aga jupụtara na ihe mgbu, nke dị anya, na mgbapụta nke furu nnwere onwe nne nne anyị, ụmụaka, ọdịnala, mpako na ala. " <ref>{{Cite book|author=Muscio|first=Inga|authorlink=Inga Muscio|title=Cunt: A Declaration of Independence|location=Seattle|publisher=Seal Press|year=1998|isbn=978-1-58005-015-9|url=https://archive.org/details/cuntdeclarationo00musc_0/page/9}}</ref> Iweghachi okwu ahụ bụ ''nwanyi'' bụ "All Women Are Bitches" (1994) nke otu ụmụ nwanyị niile bụ Fifth Column, na akwụkwọ Bitch: In Praise of Difficult Women (1999) nke Elizabeth Wurtzel kwadoro. <ref name="Wurtzel 1998">{{Cite book|author=Wurtzel|first=Elizabeth|title=Bitch: In Praise of Difficult Women|year=1998|publisher=[[Doubleday (publisher)|Doubleday]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-385-48400-8|oclc=38144418|url=https://archive.org/details/bitchinpraiseofd00wurt_0}}</ref> === Sexual liberation === Ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nke atọ gbasaa nkọwa nke ndị na-ahụkarị maka nnwere onwe mmekọahụ nke abụọ ka ọ bụrụ "usoro nke ịmara ụzọ ọha mmadụ si emepụta njirimara nwoke na nwanyị na mmekọahụ ma kpachara anya wuo (ma nweere onwe ya igosipụta) njirimara nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị". Ebe ọ bụ na usoro nke atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị dabere na nkọwa onwe onye dị iche iche iji kọwaa ụmụ nwanyị, enwere esemokwu gbara ihe nnwere onwe mmekọahụ na-agụnye n'ezie. Ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị nke atọ kwadoro echiche ahụ na ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ịnabata mmekọahụ ha dị ka ụzọ isi weghachite ike ha.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Harnois|first=Catherine|date=Spring 2008|title=Re-Presenting Feminisms: Past, Present, and Future|journal=NWSA Journal|volume=20|pages=120–145|doi=10.1353/ff.2008.a236183}}</ref> === Okwu ndị ọzọ === Ugboro atọ nke ụmụ nwanyị weere agbụrụ, ọkwá mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ikike transgender <ref>{{Cite web|author=Yenor|first=Scott|title=The Rolling Revolution in Sex and Gender: A History|url=https://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2017/07/19766/|work=Public Discourse|publisher=[[Witherspoon Institute]]|date=July 31, 2017|accessdate=21 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215060405/https://www.thepublicdiscourse.com/2017/07/19766/|archivedate=15 December 2018}}</ref> dị ka isi okwu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Grady|first=Constance|title=The waves of feminism, and why people keep fighting over them, explained|url=https://www.vox.com/2018/3/20/16955588/feminism-waves-explained-first-second-third-fourth|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=July 20, 2018|accessdate=21 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405172242/https://www.vox.com/2018/3/20/16955588/feminism-waves-explained-first-second-third-fourth|archivedate=5 April 2019}}</ref> Ọ na-elebakwa anya n'ihe ndị dị n'ebe ọrụ dị ka elu ụlọ iko, iwu na-ezighị ezi nke ịmụ nwa, nkwado nne na-enweghị nne site na ọdịmma na [[Child care|nlekọta ụmụaka]], nkwanye ùgwù maka ndị nne na-arụ ọrụ, na ikike nke ndị nne na' kpebiri ịhapụ ọrụ ha iji zụlite ụmụ ha oge niile.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Frank|author=Munden|title=Female medical workers feel maternity leave unfair|journal=The Kapi'o Newspress|volume=36|issue=28|date=7 May 2003|url=http://kapio.kcc.hawaii.edu/archive/v36/36_28/nurse.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|chapterurl=http://cupola.gettysburg.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1017&context=poliscifac|chapter=Women's Leadership and Third-Wave Feminism|author=Iannello|first=Kathleen|editor=O'Connor|title=Gender and Women's Leadership: A Reference Handbook|publisher=Sage Publishing|year=2010|isbn=978-1412960830|pages=70–77}}</ref> == Criticism == Otu okwu nke ndị nkatọ welitere bụ enweghị ịdị n'otu n'ihi enweghị otu ihe kpatara ụmụ nwanyị nke atọ. Ugboro nke mbụ lụrụ ọgụ ma nweta ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ịtụ vootu. Ugboro nke abụọ lụrụ ọgụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị nwere ohere nhata n'ime ndị ọrụ, yana njedebe nke ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị. A na-ekwu na ebili mmiri nke atọ enweghị ihe mgbaru ọsọ dị n'otu ma na-ahụkarị ya dị ka ndọtị nke ebili mmiri.<ref name="Rowe-Finbeiner">{{Cite book|title=The F Word: Feminism in Jeopardy|author=Rowe-Finkbeiner|first=Kristin|year=2004|publisher=Seal Press|location=Emeryville, CA|isbn=978-1-58005-114-9|url=https://archive.org/details/fwordfeminisminj00rowe/page/85}}</ref> Ụfọdụ na-ekwu na enwere ike ịkpọ ụzarị nke atọ "Ụdọ nke Abụọ, Akụkụ nke Abụọ" mgbe ọ bịara na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ụmụ nwanyị na "naanị omenala ụmụ nwanyị na-eto eto" bụ "n'ezie ụzarị atọ". Otu arụmụka kwuru na nhazi nke ụmụ nwanyị nke atọ na onye ọ bụla gbochiri mmegharị ahụ itolite ma na-aga n'ihu na ebumnuche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Kathleen P. Iannello dere, sị:   === Ịjụ "iwu ebili mmiri" === Feminist scholars such as [[Shira Tarrant]] objected to the "wave construct" because it ignored important progress between the periods. Furthermore, if feminism is a global movement, she argued, the fact that the "first-, second-, and third waves time periods correspond most closely to American feminist developments" raises serious problems about how feminism fails to recognize the history of political issues around the world.<ref name="Tarrant">{{Cite book|author=Tarrant|first=Shira|title=When Sex Became Gender|url=https://archive.org/details/whensexbecamegen00tarr|year=2006|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-95347-4|oclc=62281555}}</ref> The "wave construct", critics argued, also focused on white women's suffrage and continued to marginalize the issues of women of color and lower-class women.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Harnois|first=Catherine|date=Spring 2008|title=Re-Presenting Feminisms: Past, Present, and Future|journal=NWSA Journal|volume=20|pages=120–145|doi=10.1353/ff.2008.a236183}}</ref> === Relationship with women of color === Third-wave feminists proclaim themselves as the most inclusive wave of feminism. Critics have noted that while progressive, there is still exclusion of women of color. Black feminists argue that "the women rights movements were not uniquely for the liberation of Blacks or Black Women. Rather, efforts such as women's suffrage and abolition of slavery ultimately uplifted, strengthened, and benefited White society and White women".<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Marbley|first=Aretha Faye|date=Fall 2005|title=African-American Women's Feelings of Alienation from Third-Wave Feminism: A Conversation with My Sisters|journal=Western Journal of Black Studies}}</ref> === "Nwaanyị" === Third-wave feminism was often associated, primarily by its critics, with the emergence of so-called "lipstick" or "girly" feminists and the rise of "raunch culture". This was because these new feminists advocated "expressions of femininity and female sexuality as a challenge to objectification". Accordingly, this included the dismissal of any restriction, whether deemed patriarchal or feminist, to define or control how women or girls should dress, act, or generally express themselves. These emerging positions stood in stark contrast with the anti-pornography strains of feminism prevalent in the 1980s. Second-wave feminism viewed pornography as encouraging violence towards women. The new feminists posited that the ability to make autonomous choices about self-expression could be an empowering act of resistance, not simply internalized oppression. Such views were critiqued because of the subjective nature of empowerment and autonomy. Scholars were unsure whether empowerment was best measured as an "internal feeling of power and agency" or as an external "measure of power and control". Moreover they critiqued an over-investment in "a model of free will and choice" in the marketplace of identities and ideas.[70] Regardless, the "girly" feminists attempted to be open to all different selves while maintaining a dialogue about the meaning of identity and femininity in the contemporary world. Ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị na-efegharị efegharị nke atọ kwuru na echiche ndị a agaghị ejedebe site na akara "nwanyị" nwanyị ma ọ bụ were ya dị ka nanị ịkwado "omenala raunch". Kama, ha chọrọ isonye n'ọtụtụ ọrụ dị iche iche ụmụ nwanyị na-arụ. Ndị ọkà mmụta gbasara nwoke na nwanyị bụ Linda Duits [nl] na Liesbet van Zoonen kọwapụtara njikọ a site n'ileba anya na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke nhọrọ uwe ụmụ nwanyị yana otu "nhọrọ sartorial nke ụmụ agbọghọ na-arụrịta ụka" na ụmụ nwanyị siri bụrụ n'okwu ọha na eze dị ka "ọnọdụ nke ụkpụrụ dị mkpa". Ya mere, "hijab" na "uwe elu afọ", dịka nhọrọ uwe, ka amapụtara ha abụọ dị ka iwu chọrọ iwu mana n'ihi ihe dị iche iche. Ha abụọ kpatara esemokwu, ebe ha na-egosi na ha na-emegide ụdị nkwupụta onwe onye. Site na oghere nke "nwa agbọghọ" feminists, mmadụ nwere ike na-ele ha abụọ dị ka ihe atụ nke "ụlọ ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na iguzogide objectification". Enwere ike ịhụ "hijab" ahụ dị ka omume nke nguzogide megide ambivalence n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ n'ebe njirimara Islam nọ, na "uwe elu afọ" bụ omume nke nguzogide megide echiche dị warara nke ọha ndị nna ochie banyere mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị. A na-ele ha abụọ anya dị ka ụdị nkwupụta onwe onye ziri ezi. == Usoro iheomume == === Afọ ndị 1990 === === Afọ 2000 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%; width: 90%; text-align:left; float:center; margin-left:10px;" ! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Ụbọchị !Ihe omume |- |2000 |Mbipụta nke Jennifer Baumgardner na Amy Richards, Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism, and the Future [93] |- |Ọktoba 2000 |CBS kwetara ịkwụ $ 8 nde iji dozie ikpe ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị n'aha ụmụ nwanyị 200.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-72470958.html|title=CBS to pay $8&nbsp;million to settle sex discrimination lawsuit|author=Carlson|first=Scott|publisher=Knight Ridder/Tribune News Service|date=2000-10-25|accessdate=2016-04-25}}</ref>&nbsp; |- |2001 |Isle of Man na-agafe iwu ịkpa ókè nwoke na nwanyị mbụ ya. <ref name="autogenerated2000">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/2000.shtml|title=Women's History Timeline: 2000–now|publisher=Woman's Hour, BBC Radio 4|accessdate=2012-10-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019051316/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/womanshour/timeline/2000.shtml|archivedate=2015-10-19}}</ref> |- |2001 |[[Condoleezza Rice]] ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na-enye ndụmọdụ nchekwa mba US.<ref name="autogenerated2000" /> |- |2004 |A na-eme [[Njem maka ndụ ụmụ nwanyị(2004)|March for Women's Lives]] na Washington, D.C., iji kwado ikike ite ime, ịnweta ikike igbochi ọmụmụ, agụmakwụkwọ mmekọahụ ziri ezi na sayensị, na mgbochi na ọgwụgwọ nke ọrịa a na-ebute site na mmekọahụ, yana igosi nkwado ọha na eze maka ndị nne na ụmụaka.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.guttmacher.org/media/inthenews/2005/04/25/index.html|title=March for Women's Lives|publisher=Guttmacher.org|date=April 25, 2005|accessdate=September 28, 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130310100654/http://www.guttmacher.org/media/inthenews/2005/04/25/index.html|archivedate=March 10, 2013}}</ref> |- |2004 |UK na-ewebata ntuziaka Gender maka ụmụ nwanyị na-achọ ebe mgbaba. <ref name="autogenerated2000" /> |- |2004 |Mbipụta nke Vivien Labaton na Dawn Lundy (ed.), The Fire This Time: Young Activists and the New Feminism . |- |2004 |Mmalite nke blọọgụ Feministing site na Jessica Valenti na Vanessa Valenti. |- |2005 |[[Ellen Johnson Sirleaf]] na Liberia ghọrọ onye isi nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara n'Africa na onye isi ojii mbụ n'ụwa. <ref name="autogenerated2000" /> |- |2005 |[[Angela Merkel]] ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ bụ chancellor nke Germany.<ref name="autogenerated2000" /> |- |2007 |Nancy Pelosi ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche na US Congress. <ref name="autogenerated2000" /> |- |1 Eprel 2007 |Iwu Ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị nke Iwu Ịha n'Ọdị 2006 na-abanye n'ọrụ na UK. Ọ chọrọ ka ndị ọchịchị "kwalite nha nhata nke ohere n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke".<ref name="autogenerated2000" /> |- |2007 |Mbipụta nke Jessica Valenti, Full Frontal Feminism: A Young Woman's Guide to Why Feminism Matters. |- |2007 |Mbipụta nke [[Julia Serano|Julia Serrano]], Whipping Girl: A Transsexual Woman on Feminism and the Scapegoating of Femininity''Nwa agbọghọ na-eti ihe: Nwaanyị na-agbanwe nwoke ma ọ bụ nwanyị na-eme ihe gbasara ụmụ nwanyị na Scapegoating nke ụmụ nwanyị'' |- |2008 |Mbipụta nke Jaclyn Friedman na Jessica Valenti (ed.), ''Ee pụtara Ee''. |- |2008 |Norway chọrọ ka ụlọ ọrụ niile bụrụ na ọ dịkarịa ala pasent 40 nke ndị otu ha bụrụ ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="autogenerated2000" /> |- |Mee 2008 |Na Los Angeles, di Diana Bijon, Michael, na-ewere aha nna ya mgbe ha lụrụ di, mgbe ikpe ha dugara na iwu steeti California ọhụrụ na-akwado ikike nke ndị di na nwunye na ndị mmekọ ụlọ edebanyere aha ịhọrọ aha nna ha kacha amasị ha.<ref name="DianaBijon">{{Cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-usa-name-idUKN0541896320080505|title=Los Angeles man wins right to use wife's last name|work=Reuters|date=2008-05-05|accessdate=2012-12-03}}</ref> |- |2008 |Iwu Ịlụ di na nwunye (Nchebe Obodo) nke 2007 na-abanye n'ọrụ na UK. <ref name="autogenerated2000" /> |- |2009 |Na UK, Carol Ann Duffy ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ na-ede uri Laureate.<ref name="autogenerated2000" /> |- |3 Eprel 2011 |First SlutWalk na-ewere ọnọdụ na Toronto na nzaghachi nye nkwupụta onye uwe ojii Toronto Michael Sanguinetti na "ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị izere iyi uwe dị ka ndị akwụna ka ha wee ghara imerụ ha ahụ".[98]<ref name="slutwalktoronto1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.slutwalktoronto.com/about/why|title=SlutWalk Toronto|accessdate=2011-05-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522042925/http://www.slutwalktoronto.com/about/why|archivedate=2011-05-22}}</ref> |- |} == Ihe edeturu ==    == Edensibia ==   == Akwụkwọ == * {{Cite book|author=Chamberlain|first=Prudence|title=The feminist fourth wave : affective temporality|date=2017|publisher=Springer|isbn=9783319536828|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8AIkDwAAQBAJ|accessdate=27 May 2019}} * {{Cite book|author=Evans|first=Elizabeth|year=2015|title=The Politics of Third Wave Feminisms: Neoliberalism, Intersectionality, and the State in Britain and the US|location=London|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=978-1-137-29527-9}} * {{Cite book|author=Gillis|first=Stacy|title=Third Wave Feminism: A Critical Exploration|edition=Revised|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2007|isbn=978-1-4039-1821-5}} * {{Cite book|author=Henry|first=Astrid|title=Not My Mother's Sister: Generational Conflict and Third-Wave Feminism|year=2004|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|location=[[Bloomington, Indiana|Bloomington]]|oclc=53932637|isbn=978-0-253-21713-4}} * {{Cite book|title=Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism, and the Future|author=Baumgardner|first=Jennifer|year=2000|publisher=[[Farrar, Straus and Giroux]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-374-52622-1|url=https://archive.org/details/manifestayoungwo00baum}} * {{Cite book|author=Newman|first=Jacquetta A.|title=Women, Politics, and Public Policy: The Political Struggles of Canadian Women|year=2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=Toronto|isbn=9780195432497|edition=2nd}} * {{Cite journal|author=Snyder|first=R. Claire|date=1 September 2008|title=What Is Third-Wave Feminism? A New Directions Essay|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=34|issue=1|pages=175–196|doi=10.1086/588436|issn=0097-9740}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==    == Ịtụ aro ige ntị == * Bikini Kill - The C.D. Version of the First Two Records (Kill Rock Stars) (1994) * Eluigwe na Betsy - Calculated (Kill Rock Stars) (1992) * Huggy Bear - Our Troubled Youth EP [apụta na Yeah Yeah Yeah kewara LP na Bikini Kill] (Kill Rock Stars) (1993) * Alanis Morissette - Jagged Little Pill (Maverick/Reprise) (1995) * Liz Phair - A chụgara ya na Guyville (Matador) (1993) == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://heathengrrl.blogspot.com/2007/02/becoming-third-wave-by-rebecca-walker.html "Ịghọ Wave nke Atọ" nke Rebecca Walker] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050130091522/http://www.rebeccawalker.com/article_2005_riding-the-third-wave.htm ajụjụ ọnụ na Rebecca Walker na Satya Magazine] * [http://www.metroactive.com/papers/cruz/11.29.00/feminism-0048.html Ajụjụ ọnụ na Jennifer Baumgardner na Amy Richards] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 7kpkblj6mrw1ipy1zhqlmbxvuaoc1da 0 75698 672426 637590 2026-07-04T18:02:09Z Johnnybam 24488 672426 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henry Chukwuemeka Onyekuru''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Henry Chukwuemeka Onyekuru.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 5 June 1997) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere ndị otu Turkish Süper Lig Gençlerbirliği na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Oguntimehin|first=Ayomide|date=2023-08-05|title=Saudi Pro League: Al-Fayha eyes Super Eagles winger with lucrative offer, joining Anthony Nwakaeme as teammates - Soccernet NG|url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/08/saudi-pro-league-al-fayha-eyes-super-eagles-winger-with-lucrative-offer-joining-anthony-nwakaeme-as-teammates.html|accessdate=2024-06-14|work=Soccernet.ng|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == === Eupen === Onyekuru bidoro ọrụ bọọlụ ya na Aspire Academy n'afọ 2010, wee gụchaa n'afọ 2015 ịbanye na ọgbakọ ha, K.A.S. Eupen. Ọ mere mpụta mbụ ya maka Eupen na 5 Septemba 2015 na eserese 2–2 megide K.F.C. Dessel Sport na Belgium nke abụọ. Onyekuru nyeere ndị otu ahụ aka ịkwalite na Belgium First Division A na oge mbụ ya, wee mee mpụta mbụ ya na 3–0 mmeri na 30 Julaị 2016 megide S.V. Zulte Waregem. Ka ha nwechara nke ọma na nkewa nke mbụ nke Belgium, Onyekuru pụtara dịka otu n'ime ndị na-enye ọkpụ goolu n'asọmpi, na-adọta uche nke ọtụtụ nnukwu klọb na Europe. Ọ gụchara oge 2016–17 dị ka onye ji ọkpụ goolu iri abụọ na abụọ nweta ihe nrite ahụ, mana e nyere Łukasz Teodorczyk ihe nrite ahụ ka o nwesịrị goolu karịa Onyekuru. === Everton === Na 30 June 2017, Onyekuru sonyeere Everton maka £ 7 nde ma zigara ya ozugbo na Anderlecht.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Henry Onyekuru: Everton sign Nigeria striker and loan him to Anderlecht|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/40418808|work=BBC Sport|date=30 June 2017}}</ref> Onyekuru nyere uwe elu nke itoolu na Anderlecht maka mkpọsa 2017-18. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/incoming-everton-striker-onyekuru-handed-13250176|title=Incoming Everton striker Onyekuru handed new squad number|date=28 June 2017|accessdate=12 July 2017|publisher=LiverpoolEcho}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye gbara goolu iri n'egwuregwu iri abụọ na asatọ maka Anderlecht, Onyekuru nwere mmerụ ahụ n'ikpere na Disemba nke ga-achọ ịwa ahụ. Anderlecht kwupụtara na ịwa ahụ ga-adị mkpa nakwa na ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ "ọtụtụ ọnwa". Na Jenụwarị 2018, a kọrọ na Onyekuru ga-alaghachi na Anderlecht mgbe ọ gbasịrị ma gbakee kpamkpam.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Onyekuru returns to Anderlecht after recovery from Injury|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/onyekuru-returns-to-anderlecht-after-recovery-from-injury/|accessdate=25 January 2018|date=23 January 2018|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> ==== Ịgbazinye Galatasaray ==== N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2018, Onyekuru sonyeere Galatasaray na mbinye ego ogologo oge. Ego mbinye ego a kwụrụ Everton bụ £700,000.[2] Na 20 Mee 2019, Onyekuru nọ na akara ngosi maka Galatasaray ka ha meriri ndị na-ama ọkwa İstanbul Başakşehir 2–1 iji nweta asọmpi Süper Lig maka oge nke abụọ kwụ ọtọ.[3] Mmeri ahụ pụtakwara na Galatasaray nwetara okpukpu abụọ nke ụlọ ka o meriri Akhisar Belediyespor na iko Turkish ikpeazụ n'izu gara aga. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwetaghị ikike ọrụ na UK, Onyekuru sonyeere AS Monaco na mbufe na-adịgide adịgide na 12 Ọgọst 2019. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49324514|title=Henry Onyekuru: Everton sell Nigeria forward to Monaco|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=12 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://royalbluemersey.sbnation.com/2019/7/31/20748305/everton-transfer-rumours-henry-onyekuru-monaco-work-permit-latest-galatasaray-14-million-fee-agreed|title=Everton agree fee to sell striker on a permanent deal|publisher=SB Nation|date=31 July 2019|accessdate=12 August 2019}}</ref> A kọwaghị ego ahụ (a na-ekwu na ọ dị n'etiti £ 12-£ 15 nde) na Onyekuru bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ ise na klọb Ligue 1.<ref name="GoalMonaco">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/henry-onyekuru-monaco-sign-everton-forward-on-five-year-deal/1dog1aqztztsa1c3ikskjpam3t|title=Henry Onyekuru: Monaco sign Everton forward on five-year deal|publisher=Goal|accessdate=12 August 2019}}</ref> ==== Ịlaghachi Galatasaray na mgbazinye ==== Na Jenụwarị 5, 2020, Onyekuru bịanyere aka na Galatasaray, klọb mbụ ya, na mgbazinye ọnwa isii na-enweghị nhọrọ ịzụta. <ref>{{Cite web|date=5 January 2020|title=Official {{!}} Galatasaray sign Henry Onyekuru on loan until the end of the season|url=https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2020/official-galatasaray-sign-henry-onyekuru-on-loan-until-the-end-of-the-season/|accessdate=23 January 2021|work=Get French Football news}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ mgbe mgbazinye ego ya gwụchara na June, na-apụta ugboro iri na abụọ ma gbaa otu goolu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Enes Calli|first=Muhammed|date=4 July 2020|title=Henry Onyekuru leaves Galatasaray|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/sports/henry-onyekuru-leaves-galatasaray/1899893|accessdate=23 January 2021|work=AA.com}}</ref> Na 25 Jenụwarị 2021, Onyekuru bịanyere aka ọzọ na Galatasaray na mgbazinye ọnwa isii, n'oge a na nhọrọ ịzụta.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 25, 2021|title=Yuvana hoş geldin Henry Onyekuru|url=http://www.galatasaray.org/haber/futbol/yuvana-hos-geldin-henry-onyekuru/48000|accessdate=2021-01-25|work=www.galatasaray.org|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.guardian.ng/sport/onyekuru-eager-to-extend-galatasaray-stay/amp/|title=Onyekuru eager to extend Galatasaray stay|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> === Olympiacos === N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2021, Olympiacos kwupụtara ịbịanye aka na Onyekuru maka nkwekọrịta afọ anọ maka ego a na-akọwaghị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-01|title=Ο Ονιεκουρού στον Ολυμπιακό μέχρι το 2025|url=http://www.olympiacos.org/2021/08/01/o-oniekourou-ston-olympiako-mexri-to-2025/|accessdate=2021-08-02|work=ΟΛΥΜΠΙΑΚΟΣ - Olympiacos.org|language=el}}</ref> === Al-Fayha === N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, Onyekuru sonyeere klọb Saudi Pro League Al-Fayha na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=النيجيري هنري اونيكورو فيحاوي حتى 2025م|url=https://www.alfiha.com/blog/86|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812231701/https://www.alfiha.com/blog/86|archivedate=12 August 2023}}</ref> === Gençlerbirliği === N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2025, Onyekuru sonyeere klọb Süper Lig Gençlerbirliği n'efu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Henry Onyekuru ilk antrenmanına çıktı|url=https://genclerbirligi.org.tr/henry-onyekuru-ilk-antrenmanina-cikti/|accessdate=5 August 2025|language=Turkish|work=Gençlerbirliği S.K.}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == A kpọrọ Onyekuru maka ogige Super Eagles na Mee 2017. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espnfc.us/nigeria/story/3128973/onyekuru-gets-nigeria-call|title=Onyekuru gets Nigeria call|work=ESPNFC.com|accessdate=2018-05-14}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya na Naịjirịa na mmeri enyi na enyi 3-0 megide Togo na 1 June 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/nigeria-vs-togo/teams/371810|title=Internationals (Sky Sports)|work=SkySports}}</ref> Mgbe oge klọb siri ike nke 2018-19 na Galatasaray, a gụnyere Onyekuru na ndị otu iri abụọ na atọ ikpeazụ nke Naịjirịa maka Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2019 na Ijipt. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sport24.co.za/Soccer/AFCON/nigeria-announce-25-man-afcon-squad-20190515|title=Nigeria announce provisional AFCON squad|publisher=Sport 24|date=15 May 2019|accessdate=7 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kingfut.com/2019/06/10/nigeria-final-afcon-squad/|title=Nigeria name final 23-man Africa Cup of Nations squad|publisher=KingFut|date=10 June 2019|accessdate=7 August 2019}}</ref> Ọ gbara nkeji iri na abụọ na ngwụcha, na-abịa dị ka onye na-anọchi anya ha na mmeri 1-2 ha meriri ndị mmeri Algeria.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/osimhen-onyekuru-battle-to-replace-ighalo/|title=Osimhen, Onyekuru battle to replace Ighalo|date=2019-07-27|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2019/jul/14/algeria-v-nigeria-africa-cup-of-nations-semi-final-live|title=Riyad Mahrez scored a last-second, stoppage-time free-kick to send Algeria into Friday's final against Senegal|work=The Guardian|date=14 July 2019|accessdate=12 August 2019}}</ref> Onyekuru bụ onye nkuzi mba ahụ kpọrọ ya dịka akụkụ nke ndị otu ahụ ka ha chee Ukraine ihu na egwuregwu enyi na enyi na mba na 10 nke Septemba 2019. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/rohr-invites-two-new-players-for-ukraine-friendly/|title=Rohr invites two new players for Ukraine friendly|author=Fowowe|first=Solomon|date=14 August 2019|accessdate=2020-07-10|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.guardian.ng/sport/rohr-explains-decision-to-leave-onyekuru-on-bench/amp/|title=Rohr explains decision to leave Onyekuru on bench|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {{updated|match played 26 May 2025}}<ref>{{soccerway|henry-chukwuemeka-onyekuru/412581|accessdate=9 January 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="3" |Eupen |2015–16 |Ngalaba nke Abụọ nke Belgium |19 |6 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |6 |- |2016–17 |Belgian Pro League |38 |22 |3 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |41 |24 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !57 !28 !3 !2 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !60 !30 |- |Everton |2017–18 |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- |Anderlecht (nke a gbazinyere) |2017–18 |Belgian Pro League |19 |9 |2 |1 |6[b] |0 |1[c] |0 |28 |10 |- |Galatasaray (onye a gbazinyere) |2018–19 |Süper Lig |31 |14 |6 |2 |7[d] |0 |0 |0 |44 |16 |- | rowspan="3" |Monaco |2019–20 |Njikọ 1 |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- |2020–21 |Njikọ 1 |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !8 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !8 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Galatasaray (onye a gbazinyere) |2019–20 |Süper Lig |10 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |12 |1 |- |2020–21 |Süper Lig |14 |5 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |5 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !24 !6 !3 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !27 !6 |- |Olympiacos |2021–22 |Njikọ Super Gris |14 |0 |3 |0 |10[e] |1 | colspan="2" | - |27 |1 |- |Adana Demirspor (onye a gbazinyere) |2022–23 |Süper Lig |18 |8 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |20 |8 |- | rowspan="3" |Al-Fayha |2023–24 |Saudi Pro League |27 |10 |1 |0 |6[f] |1 | colspan="2" | - |34 |11 |- |2024–25 |Saudi Pro League |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !31 !10 !1 !0 !6 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !38 !11 |- |Gençlerbirliği |2025–26 |Süper Lig |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !195 !75 !20 !5 !29 !2 !1 !0 !245 !82 |}   === Mba Nile === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="6" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2017 |1 |0 |- |2018 |6 |0 |- |2019 |5 |1 |- |2020 |0 |0 |- |2021 |2 |0 |- |2022 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !15 !1 |} {{Updated|goal scored 22 March 2019}} :''Scores and results list Nigeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Onyekuru goal.''<ref name="NFT" /> {| class="wikitable" !Mba. !Ụbọchị !Ebe a na-anọ !Onye mmegide !Ihe ruru !Nsonaazụ !Ịsọ mpi |- |1. |22 Machị 2019 |Stephen Keshi Stadium, [[Asaba]], Nigeria | Seychelles | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |3–1 |2019 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''Anderlecht''' * Super Cup nke Belgium: 2017 '''Galatasaray''' * Süper Lig: 2018-19<ref name="SuperLig">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48334421|title=Nigeria striker Onyekuru thankful for Galatasaray double|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 May 2019|accessdate=7 August 2019}}</ref> * Iko Turkey: 2018-19<ref name="SuperLig" /> * Super League Greece: 2021-222021–22 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 5xfcqxjf2t9wwafijdopfrguz41fv9y 672466 672426 2026-07-04T20:50:03Z Johnnybam 24488 672466 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Henry Chukwuemeka Onyekuru''' {{Audio|LL-Q33578 (ibo)-Vivian Amalachukwu-Henry Chukwuemeka Onyekuru.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 5 June 1997) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ nke na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-agbachitere ndị otu Turkish Süper Lig Gençlerbirliği na [[Nigeria national football team|Ndị otu mba Naịjirịa]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Oguntimehin|first=Ayomide|date=2023-08-05|title=Saudi Pro League: Al-Fayha eyes Super Eagles winger with lucrative offer, joining Anthony Nwakaeme as teammates - Soccernet NG|url=https://soccernet.ng/2023/08/saudi-pro-league-al-fayha-eyes-super-eagles-winger-with-lucrative-offer-joining-anthony-nwakaeme-as-teammates.html|accessdate=2024-06-14|work=Soccernet.ng|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ọrụ klọb == === Eupen === Onyekuru bidoro ọrụ bọọlụ ya na Aspire Academy n'afọ 2010, wee gụchaa n'afọ 2015 ịbanye na ọgbakọ ha, K.A.S. Eupen. Ọ mere mpụta mbụ ya maka Eupen na 5 Septemba 2015 na eserese 2–2 megide K.F.C. Dessel Sport na Belgium nke abụọ. Onyekuru nyeere ndị otu ahụ aka ịkwalite na Belgium First Division A na oge mbụ ya, wee mee mpụta mbụ ya na 3–0 mmeri na 30 Julaị 2016 megide S.V. Zulte Waregem. Ka ha nwechara nke ọma na nkewa nke mbụ nke Belgium, Onyekuru pụtara dịka otu n'ime ndị na-enye ọkpụ goolu n'asọmpi, na-adọta uche nke ọtụtụ nnukwu klọb na Europe. Ọ gụchara oge 2016–17 dị ka onye ji ọkpụ goolu iri abụọ na abụọ nweta ihe nrite ahụ, mana e nyere Łukasz Teodorczyk ihe nrite ahụ ka o nwesịrị goolu karịa Onyekuru. === Everton === Na 30 June 2017, Onyekuru sonyeere Everton maka £ 7 nde ma zigara ya ozugbo na Anderlecht.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Henry Onyekuru: Everton sign Nigeria striker and loan him to Anderlecht|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/40418808|work=BBC Sport|date=30 June 2017}}</ref> Onyekuru nyere uwe elu nke itoolu na Anderlecht maka mkpọsa 2017-18. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/incoming-everton-striker-onyekuru-handed-13250176|title=Incoming Everton striker Onyekuru handed new squad number|date=28 June 2017|accessdate=12 July 2017|publisher=LiverpoolEcho}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye gbara goolu iri n'egwuregwu iri abụọ na asatọ maka Anderlecht, Onyekuru nwere mmerụ ahụ n'ikpere na Disemba nke ga-achọ ịwa ahụ. Anderlecht kwupụtara na ịwa ahụ ga-adị mkpa nakwa na ọ gaghị arụ ọrụ "ọtụtụ ọnwa". Na Jenụwarị 2018, a kọrọ na Onyekuru ga-alaghachi na Anderlecht mgbe ọ gbasịrị ma gbakee kpamkpam.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Onyekuru returns to Anderlecht after recovery from Injury|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/onyekuru-returns-to-anderlecht-after-recovery-from-injury/|accessdate=25 January 2018|date=23 January 2018|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> ==== Ịgbazinye Galatasaray ==== N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2018, Onyekuru sonyeere Galatasaray na mbinye ego ogologo oge. Ego mbinye ego a kwụrụ Everton bụ £700,000.[2] Na 20 Mee 2019, Onyekuru nọ na akara ngosi maka Galatasaray ka ha meriri ndị na-ama ọkwa İstanbul Başakşehir 2–1 iji nweta asọmpi Süper Lig maka oge nke abụọ kwụ ọtọ.[3] Mmeri ahụ pụtakwara na Galatasaray nwetara okpukpu abụọ nke ụlọ ka o meriri Akhisar Belediyespor na iko Turkish ikpeazụ n'izu gara aga. Ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwetaghị ikike ọrụ na UK, Onyekuru sonyeere AS Monaco na mbufe na-adịgide adịgide na 12 Ọgọst 2019. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/49324514|title=Henry Onyekuru: Everton sell Nigeria forward to Monaco|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=12 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://royalbluemersey.sbnation.com/2019/7/31/20748305/everton-transfer-rumours-henry-onyekuru-monaco-work-permit-latest-galatasaray-14-million-fee-agreed|title=Everton agree fee to sell striker on a permanent deal|publisher=SB Nation|date=31 July 2019|accessdate=12 August 2019}}</ref> A kọwaghị ego ahụ (a na-ekwu na ọ dị n'etiti £ 12-£ 15 nde) na Onyekuru bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta afọ ise na klọb Ligue 1.<ref name="GoalMonaco">{{Cite web|url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/henry-onyekuru-monaco-sign-everton-forward-on-five-year-deal/1dog1aqztztsa1c3ikskjpam3t|title=Henry Onyekuru: Monaco sign Everton forward on five-year deal|publisher=Goal|accessdate=12 August 2019}}</ref> ==== Ịlaghachi Galatasaray na mgbazinye ==== Na Jenụwarị 5, 2020, Onyekuru bịanyere aka na Galatasaray, klọb mbụ ya, na mgbazinye ọnwa isii na-enweghị nhọrọ ịzụta. <ref>{{Cite web|date=5 January 2020|title=Official {{!}} Galatasaray sign Henry Onyekuru on loan until the end of the season|url=https://www.getfootballnewsfrance.com/2020/official-galatasaray-sign-henry-onyekuru-on-loan-until-the-end-of-the-season/|accessdate=23 January 2021|work=Get French Football news}}</ref> Ọ hapụrụ mgbe mgbazinye ego ya gwụchara na June, na-apụta ugboro iri na abụọ ma gbaa otu goolu.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Enes Calli|first=Muhammed|date=4 July 2020|title=Henry Onyekuru leaves Galatasaray|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/sports/henry-onyekuru-leaves-galatasaray/1899893|accessdate=23 January 2021|work=AA.com}}</ref> Na 25 Jenụwarị 2021, Onyekuru bịanyere aka ọzọ na Galatasaray na mgbazinye ọnwa isii, n'oge a na nhọrọ ịzụta.<ref>{{Cite web|date=January 25, 2021|title=Yuvana hoş geldin Henry Onyekuru|url=http://www.galatasaray.org/haber/futbol/yuvana-hos-geldin-henry-onyekuru/48000|accessdate=2021-01-25|work=www.galatasaray.org|language=tr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.guardian.ng/sport/onyekuru-eager-to-extend-galatasaray-stay/amp/|title=Onyekuru eager to extend Galatasaray stay|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> === Olympiacos === N'ụbọchị nke abụọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2021, Olympiacos kwupụtara ịbịanye aka na Onyekuru maka nkwekọrịta afọ anọ maka ego a na-akọwaghị. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-08-01|title=Ο Ονιεκουρού στον Ολυμπιακό μέχρι το 2025|url=http://www.olympiacos.org/2021/08/01/o-oniekourou-ston-olympiako-mexri-to-2025/|accessdate=2021-08-02|work=ΟΛΥΜΠΙΑΚΟΣ - Olympiacos.org|language=el}}</ref> === Al-Fayha === N'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2023, Onyekuru sonyeere klọb Saudi Pro League Al-Fayha na nkwekọrịta afọ abụọ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=النيجيري هنري اونيكورو فيحاوي حتى 2025م|url=https://www.alfiha.com/blog/86|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230812231701/https://www.alfiha.com/blog/86|archivedate=12 August 2023}}</ref> === Gençlerbirliği === N'abalị iri abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2025, Onyekuru sonyeere klọb Süper Lig Gençlerbirliği n'efu.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Henry Onyekuru ilk antrenmanına çıktı|url=https://genclerbirligi.org.tr/henry-onyekuru-ilk-antrenmanina-cikti/|accessdate=5 August 2025|language=Turkish|work=Gençlerbirliği S.K.}}</ref> == Ọrụ mba ụwa == A kpọrọ Onyekuru maka ogige Super Eagles na Mee 2017. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.espnfc.us/nigeria/story/3128973/onyekuru-gets-nigeria-call|title=Onyekuru gets Nigeria call|work=ESPNFC.com|accessdate=2018-05-14}}</ref> O mere nke mbụ ya na Naịjirịa na mmeri enyi na enyi 3-0 megide Togo na 1 June 2017. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/football/nigeria-vs-togo/teams/371810|title=Internationals (Sky Sports)|work=SkySports}}</ref> Mgbe oge klọb siri ike nke 2018-19 na Galatasaray, a gụnyere Onyekuru na ndị otu iri abụọ na atọ ikpeazụ nke Naịjirịa maka Iko Mba Afrịka nke 2019 na Ijipt. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sport24.co.za/Soccer/AFCON/nigeria-announce-25-man-afcon-squad-20190515|title=Nigeria announce provisional AFCON squad|publisher=Sport 24|date=15 May 2019|accessdate=7 August 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kingfut.com/2019/06/10/nigeria-final-afcon-squad/|title=Nigeria name final 23-man Africa Cup of Nations squad|publisher=KingFut|date=10 June 2019|accessdate=7 August 2019}}</ref> Ọ gbara nkeji iri na abụọ na ngwụcha, na-abịa dị ka onye na-anọchi anya ha na mmeri 1-2 ha meriri ndị mmeri Algeria.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/osimhen-onyekuru-battle-to-replace-ighalo/|title=Osimhen, Onyekuru battle to replace Ighalo|date=2019-07-27|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/football/live/2019/jul/14/algeria-v-nigeria-africa-cup-of-nations-semi-final-live|title=Riyad Mahrez scored a last-second, stoppage-time free-kick to send Algeria into Friday's final against Senegal|work=The Guardian|date=14 July 2019|accessdate=12 August 2019}}</ref> Onyekuru bụ onye nkuzi mba ahụ kpọrọ ya dịka akụkụ nke ndị otu ahụ ka ha chee Ukraine ihu na egwuregwu enyi na enyi na mba na 10 nke Septemba 2019. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/rohr-invites-two-new-players-for-ukraine-friendly/|title=Rohr invites two new players for Ukraine friendly|author=Fowowe|first=Solomon|date=14 August 2019|accessdate=2020-07-10|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://m.guardian.ng/sport/rohr-explains-decision-to-leave-onyekuru-on-bench/amp/|title=Rohr explains decision to leave Onyekuru on bench|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ == === Klọb === {{updated|match played 26 May 2025}}<ref>{{soccerway|henry-chukwuemeka-onyekuru/412581|accessdate=9 January 2023}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi ! rowspan="2" |Klọb ! rowspan="2" |Oge ! colspan="3" |Njikọ ! colspan="2" |Iko mba[a] ! colspan="2" |Kọntinent ! colspan="2" |Ndị ọzọ ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta |- !Nkewa !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="3" |Eupen |2015–16 |Ngalaba nke Abụọ nke Belgium |19 |6 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |19 |6 |- |2016–17 |Belgian Pro League |38 |22 |3 |2 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |41 |24 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !57 !28 !3 !2 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !60 !30 |- |Everton |2017–18 |Njikọ Premier |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- |Anderlecht (nke a gbazinyere) |2017–18 |Belgian Pro League |19 |9 |2 |1 |6[b] |0 |1[c] |0 |28 |10 |- |Galatasaray (onye a gbazinyere) |2018–19 |Süper Lig |31 |14 |6 |2 |7[d] |0 |0 |0 |44 |16 |- | rowspan="3" |Monaco |2019–20 |Njikọ 1 |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- |2020–21 |Njikọ 1 |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !8 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !8 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Galatasaray (onye a gbazinyere) |2019–20 |Süper Lig |10 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |12 |1 |- |2020–21 |Süper Lig |14 |5 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |15 |5 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !24 !6 !3 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !27 !6 |- |Olympiacos |2021–22 |Njikọ Super Gris |14 |0 |3 |0 |10[e] |1 | colspan="2" | - |27 |1 |- |Adana Demirspor (onye a gbazinyere) |2022–23 |Süper Lig |18 |8 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |20 |8 |- | rowspan="3" |Al-Fayha |2023–24 |Saudi Pro League |27 |10 |1 |0 |6[f] |1 | colspan="2" | - |34 |11 |- |2024–25 |Saudi Pro League |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !31 !10 !1 !0 !6 !1 ! colspan="2" |- !38 !11 |- |Gençlerbirliği |2025–26 |Süper Lig |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ọrụ ya niile !195 !75 !20 !5 !29 !2 !1 !0 !245 !82 |}   === Mba Nile === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ !Ndị otu mba !Afọ !Ngwaọrụ !Ihe mgbaru ọsọ |- | rowspan="6" |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]] |2017 |1 |0 |- |2018 |6 |0 |- |2019 |5 |1 |- |2020 |0 |0 |- |2021 |2 |0 |- |2022 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Ngụkọta !15 !1 |} {{Updated|goal scored 22 March 2019}} :''Scores and results list Nigeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Onyekuru goal.''<ref name="SuperLig" /> {| class="wikitable" !Mba. !Ụbọchị !Ebe a na-anọ !Onye mmegide !Ihe ruru !Nsonaazụ !Ịsọ mpi |- |1. |22 Machị 2019 |Stephen Keshi Stadium, [[Asaba]], Nigeria | Seychelles | align="center" |2–1 | align="center" |3–1 |2019 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru |} == Nsọpụrụ == '''Anderlecht''' * Super Cup nke Belgium: 2017 '''Galatasaray''' * Süper Lig: 2018-19<ref name="SuperLig">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/48334421|title=Nigeria striker Onyekuru thankful for Galatasaray double|publisher=BBC Sport|date=20 May 2019|accessdate=7 August 2019}}</ref> * Iko Turkey: 2018-19<ref name="SuperLig" /> * Super League Greece: 2021-222021–22 == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] q45bcr4f6gw0y1163l4lwtvvntts7ob 0 75699 672572 637591 2026-07-04T23:23:51Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 672572 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omenala ụmụ nwanyị''' bụ ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị nke na-anwa ịmegharị ma kọwaa àgwà ọdịbendị a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref name="Alcoff 1988">{{Cite journal|author=Alcoff|first=Linda|date=1988|title=Cultural Feminism versus Post-Structuralism: The Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=13|issue=3|pages=405–436|issn=0097-9740|doi=10.1086/494426}}</ref> A na-ejikwa okwu ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị akọwa echiche ndị na-akwado ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="Kramarae 2000">{{Cite book|author=Kramarae|first=Cheris|title=Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-92090-2|doi=10.4324/9780203800942}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ịbụ nwanyị kewara site na ụmụ nwanyị siri ike mgbe ha jụrụ nsogbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ma laghachi n'Echiche dị mkpa banyere ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị nke ha na-ewere ọdịdị nwanyị dị ka nke dị elu. <ref name="Alcoff 1988">{{Cite journal|author=Alcoff|first=Linda|date=1988|title=Cultural Feminism versus Post-Structuralism: The Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=13|issue=3|pages=405–436|issn=0097-9740|doi=10.1086/494426}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlcoff1988">Alcoff, Linda (1988). "Cultural Feminism versus Post-Structuralism: The Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory". ''Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society''. '''13''' (3): <span class="nowrap">405–</span>436. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/494426|10.1086/494426]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-9740 0097-9740]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174166 3174166].</cite></ref> <ref name="Echols 1983">{{Cite journal|author=Echols|first=Alice|date=1983|title=Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement|journal=Social Text|issue=7|pages=34–53|doi=10.2307/466453|issn=0164-2472}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEchols1983">Echols, Alice (1983). "Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement". ''Social Text'' (7): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>53. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/466453|10.2307/466453]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0164-2472 0164-2472]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/466453 466453].</cite></ref><ref name="Evans 1995">{{Cite book|title=Feminist Theory Today: An Introduction to Second-Wave Feminism|author=Evans|first=Judy|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=1995|isbn=978-1-4462-6493-5|chapter=Cultural Feminism: Feminism's First Difference|oclc=874319830}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'adịghị ka radical ma ọ bụ socialist feminism, omenala feminism abụghị echiche nke ndị na-akwado ya na-ekwukarị kama ọ na-abụkarị akara ngosi nke ndị mmegide ya kwuru. Okwu a pụtara na mbido 1971, mgbe Frances Chapman, n'akwụkwọ ozi e bipụtara na Off Our Backs, katọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ́ Aphra dị ka onye "jere ihe kpatara ụmụ nwanyị omenala". [nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ] Na 1972, nwanyị nwanyị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze Elizabeth Diggs, jiri akara “nwa nwanyị omenala” tinye n'ọrụ niile nke feminism radical. [nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ] Brooke Williams bụ onye izizi kọwapụta “mwepu ọchịchị nke feminism radical” dị ka “Fedeminism omenala” na 1975. "Ọ bụ ezie na ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị sitere na òtù ụmụ nwanyị siri ike, "ka Ellen Willis, onye guzobere Redstockings, kwuru, "ihe ndị dị n'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ bụ ihe na-emegide onwe ha. " <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Willis|first=Ellen|date=1984|title=Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism|journal=Social Text|issue=9/10|pages=91–118|doi=10.2307/466537|issn=0164-2472}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, e nwere ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Rosemarie Tong bụ ndị na-echepụta ọdịbendị ndị inyom dị ka echiche n'ime echiche siri ike. == Echiche == Omenala ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọnọdụ nke usoro nna ochie kpebiri.<ref name="Alcoff 1988">{{Cite journal|author=Alcoff|first=Linda|date=1988|title=Cultural Feminism versus Post-Structuralism: The Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=13|issue=3|pages=405–436|issn=0097-9740|doi=10.1086/494426}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlcoff1988">Alcoff, Linda (1988). "Cultural Feminism versus Post-Structuralism: The Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory". ''Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society''. '''13''' (3): <span class="nowrap">405–</span>436. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/494426|10.1086/494426]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-9740 0097-9740]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174166 3174166].</cite></ref> Linda Alcoff na-ekwu na "nchọpụta ọdịbendị nke ụmụ nwanyị na-akọwa passivity nke nwanyị dị ka udo ya, mmetụta ya dị ka ọchịchọ ya ịzụlite, subjectivity ya dị ka nghọta onwe ya dị elu".<ref name="Alcoff 1988" /> A chọtara echiche yiri nke ahụ n'oge gara aga. [[Jane Addams]] na Charlotte Perkins Gilman kwuru na n'ịchịkwa steeti, imekọ ihe ọnụ, nlekọta, na enweghị ime ihe ike n'idozi esemokwu ọha mmadụ yiri ka ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa site na omume ọma ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Ritzer 2007">{{Cite book|author=Ritzer|first=George|title=Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots|publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=2007|isbn=978-0-07-299759-0}}</ref> Josephine Donovan na-ekwu na onye nta akụkọ nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, onye nkatọ, na onye na-ahụ maka [[Ikike ụmụ nwanyị|Ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị]], Margaret Fuller, malitere omenala ụmụ nwanyị na Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845). O kwusiri ike n'akụkụ mmetụta uche, nke ihe ọmụma ma gosipụta echiche ụwa nke dị nnọọ iche na echiche nke ndị na-ahụ maka nghọta.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Levine|first=Amy-Jill|title=A Feminist Companion to the Acts of the Apostles|year=2004|publisher={{nowrap|T & T}} Clark|location=London|isbn=978-0-8264-6252-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ akụkọ Alice Echols, "Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement", nke mere ka a nakweere okwu ahụ iji kọwaa ndị inyom nke oge a, ọ bụghị akụkọ ihe mere eme ha. Dị ka Echols si kwuo, ụmụ nwanyị omenala "na-ejikọta nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị na mmepe na ichebe nke mmepụta ụmụ nwanyị". 35  Ihe atụ ya nke ndị inyom omenala bụ Kathleen Barry, Susan Brownmiller, Mary Daly, Andrea Dworkin, Susan Griffin, Robin Morgan, Janice Raymond, Adrienne Rich, na Florence Rush. Ndị inyom na-etinye aka na nkewapụ nwanyị, nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, na ndị inyom na-ebipụta akwụkwọ bịara na-ejikọta ya na omenala feminism n'ihi na ha na-elekwasị anya n'ịmepụta omenala na akụ na ụba nke nwanyị lekwasịrị anya, nke Echols kọwara dị ka ịla azụ site na nna ochie kama ịkwatu ya. Mary Daly jikọtara "ike nwanyị", ma ọ bụ okwu ya Gyn/Ecology, na ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị "nkwado, na-emepụta ndụ" dị ka ụmụ nwoke na-emegbu emegbu n'ihi "mgbochi". Adrienne Rich na-ekwusi ike na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ikike "oke" nke ụmụ nwoke na-ebelata. Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị na-akpọ oku ka e kee naanị ụmụ nwanyị, ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-achị na ohere iji "na-ama aka na-adịghị mma nke okike". A katọrọ nkewa a n'ime omenala ụmụ nwanyị maka ileghara ụkpụrụ ndị nna ochie akatọ ndị nwoke n'otu n'otu maka mmegbu ha na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị. Na mgbakwunye na nkewa anụ ahụ, ndị inyom na-akpọ oku maka "nkewa na ụkpụrụ nwoke". A na-akọwa ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị kachasị mkpa na ndị a na-akparaghị ókè. Daly kwusiri ike na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke njirimara, gụnyere agbụrụ na ọkwa bụ ìgwè ndị nwoke akọwapụtara, na ụmụ nwanyị na-akọwa ha na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-ekewa.<ref name="Alcoff 1988">{{Cite journal|author=Alcoff|first=Linda|date=1988|title=Cultural Feminism versus Post-Structuralism: The Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=13|issue=3|pages=405–436|issn=0097-9740|doi=10.1086/494426}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAlcoff1988">Alcoff, Linda (1988). "Cultural Feminism versus Post-Structuralism: The Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory". ''Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society''. '''13''' (3): <span class="nowrap">405–</span>436. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/494426|10.1086/494426]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-9740 0097-9740]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174166 3174166].</cite></ref> Ọgaranya na-ekwupụta "ibu ọrụ mmekọrịta" a na-etinye n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ukwuu ma dị mgbagwoju anya karịa ọbụna ibu ọrụ nke ịgba ohu. Ịmụ nne na ịmụ nwa bụ isiokwu ọzọ a ma ama na echiche ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị. Ọgaranya na-eche na nne dị ka ụlọ ọrụ, nke e wuru iji chịkwaa ụmụ nwanyị, nke dị iche na ezigbo nne. Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwupụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nne na nwa nwanyị, ya mere, ndị nna ochie ebibiwo ma a ghaghị idozi ya.<ref name="Echols 1983">{{Cite journal|author=Echols|first=Alice|date=1983|title=Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement|journal=Social Text|issue=7|pages=34–53|doi=10.2307/466453|issn=0164-2472}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEchols1983">Echols, Alice (1983). "Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement". ''Social Text'' (7): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>53. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/466453|10.2307/466453]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0164-2472 0164-2472]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/466453 466453].</cite></ref> N'ọmụmụ ihe banyere echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ, Carol Anne Douglas (onye nkatọ ogologo oge na Off Our Backs) gụnyere mmetụta nke akwụkwọ Susan Griffin na-ewu ewu Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her dị ka isi na mmepe nke ụdị echiche a.<ref name="Douglas 1990">{{Cite book|title=Love and Politics: Radical Feminist and Lesbian Theories|author=Douglas|first=Carol Anne|publisher=Ism Press|date=July 1990|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-910383-17-2}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, a na-akpọ isiakwụkwọ a nke akwụkwọ Douglas Male biology as a problem na nyocha nke echiche Griffin bụ nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Woman the Natural . <ref name="Douglas 1990"></ref> == Nkatọ == Ethnographer Kristen Ghodsee na-akọwa ụdị nkatọ dị iche iche sitere n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara na ụmụ nwanyị nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ndị kwenyere na "echiche nke ụmụnne nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ehichapụ ọdịiche dị mkpa na ike na ịnweta ihe onwunwe n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị agbụrụ, agbụrụ, na mba dị iche iche".<ref name="Ghodsee 2004">{{Cite journal|author=Ghodsee|first=Kristen|title=Feminism-by-Design: Emerging Capitalisms, Cultural Feminism, and Women's Nongovernmental Organizations in Post Socialist Eastern Europe|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|issn=0097-9740|date=2004|volume=29|issue=3|pages=772–753|doi=10.1086/380631}}</ref> :: 727  Nchegbu a na-ahụkarị, ọkachasị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara na ụmụ nwanyị nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe, bụ na ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị na'etiti naanị ụmụ nwanyị ọcha, ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị elu, kama iburu ụmụ nwanyị nwere agba na ọnọdụ dị iche iche n'uche.<ref name="Ghodsee 2004" /> :: 727  [[Audre Lorde]] gosipụtara nchegbu a na "An Open Letter to Mary Daly", ebe Lorde kwupụtara mmechuihu na Daly wepụrụ ihe nketa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Lorde na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị Europe n'akwụkwọ ọdịbendị ya, mgbe ọ na-ahọrọ okwu ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị nke Europe iji gosipụta isi ihe ya na ịkọwa "mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lorde|first=Audre|chapter=An Open Letter to Mary Daly|date=2022|title=This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color|edition=40th anniversary|pages=90–93|accessdate=|publisher=State University of New York Press|doi=10.1515/9781438488295-033|isbn=978-1-4384-8829-5}}</ref> [ihe na-abụghị isi iyi dị mkpa] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2026)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Nchegbu ọzọ bụ nkwenye na ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị "agbaghaghị nkọwa nke nwanyị kama ọ bụ naanị nkọwa nke ụmụ nwoke nyere" ma si otú a na-eme ka ọdịbendị dị mkpa. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Blumenthal|first=Dannielle|title=Women and Soap Opera: A Cultural Feminist Perspective|date=1997|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-275-96039-1|url=https://archive.org/details/womensoapoperacu0000blum/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> Mgbe ndị na-akwado ọdịbendị na-ekwu na okwu ndị dị ka nna ochie na ndina n'ike bụ ihe sitere na nkà mmụta ihe ndị nwoke na omume, ohere ịkatọ ma na-ama usoro ndị dị n'azụ nsogbu ndị a. <ref name="Echols 1983">{{Cite journal|author=Echols|first=Alice|date=1983|title=Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement|journal=Social Text|issue=7|pages=34–53|doi=10.2307/466453|issn=0164-2472}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEchols1983">Echols, Alice (1983). "Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement". ''Social Text'' (7): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>53. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/466453|10.2307/466453]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0164-2472 0164-2472]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/466453 466453].</cite></ref> Ọzọkwa, nkọwa ndị dị mkpa nke "nwaanyị" na-eme ka mmegbu a chọrọ maka ụmụ nwanyị ibi ndụ ruo "onye a mụrụ 'nwaanyị' ha ga-ekpe ikpe".<ref name="Echols 1983" /> Alice Echols kwuru na ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị kwenyere iji lụso "omume rụrụ arụ" ọgụ, ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ịchọ nkwanye ùgwù site n'igbochi mmekọahụ ha ma na-atụ aro "ụkpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke mmekọahụ".<ref name="Echols 1983" /> : 52 Ọ katọrọ echiche a maka ịnwa ịchịkwa ngosipụta mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị iji jide ụmụ nwanyị maka nsogbu ndị a na-ahụ na mmekọahụ ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="Echols 1983" /> : 52 : 52  Nkwupụta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ a na-egosipụtakwa echiche ndị inyom ọdịbendị banyere ụmụ nwanyị transgender. Echols na-akọwa ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị transgender na nwoke rapaciousness dị ka ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị ma na-akọwara na ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na-adịghị amasị ụmụ nwanyị Transgender maka ebubo na ha "na-emebi ịdị mkpa nke okike, ma na-ehichapụ ókèala dị n'etiti okike", na-eme ka ahụ nwanyị (nke ndị na-eme omenala na-ewere dị ka ụdị ndina n'ike), ma na-eyi egwu iwebata "mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị fọdụrụ" n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na oghere ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Echols 1983">{{Cite journal|author=Echols|first=Alice|date=1983|title=Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement|journal=Social Text|issue=7|pages=34–53|doi=10.2307/466453|issn=0164-2472}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEchols1983">Echols, Alice (1983). "Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement". ''Social Text'' (7): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>53. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/466453|10.2307/466453]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0164-2472 0164-2472]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/466453 466453].</cite></ref> A na-ekwu na Trans-exclusionary radical femism nwere mmalite ya na omenala ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bassi|first=Serena|date=2022|title=Introduction: TERFs, Gender-Critical Movements, and Postfascist Feminisms|journal=TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=311–333|doi=10.1215/23289252-9836008|issn=2328-9252}}</ref> A katọwokwa ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị maka itinye aka na akụrụngwa, omume nke ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ewere na ọ na-emegide ụkpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị ma na-emegiderịta onwe ya na òtù ụmụ nwanyị. Iji mee ka nsogbu ndị inyom na-akwado akụrụngwa pụta ìhè, Echols nyochara mmejuputa, omume, na nsonaazụ nke Feminist Economic Network (FEN), azụmahịa ụmụ nwanyị nke bu n'obi iji akụrụngwa mee ihe iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị aka imeri ihe mgbochi ndị nna ochie site na ịgbazinye ego site na ndị inyom credit unions na azụmaahịa ụmụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bruneau|first=Camille|date=13 September 2018|title=How Do Patriarchy and Capitalism Jointly Reinforce the Oppression of Women?|url=https://www.cadtm.org/How-do-patriarchy-and-capitalism-jointly-reinforce-the-oppression-of-women|accessdate=14 January 2021|publisher=Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt|language=en}}</ref> Ọ chọpụtara na netwọk ahụ na-erigbu ndị ọrụ, jụ Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, otu, na ịza ajụjụ, ma kwado usoro ike n'ime azụmaahịa site n'ikwu na nwanne nwanyị na-eme ka o doo anya na ikike nke onye ọ bụla na-eduga n'ike nke ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Echols 1983">{{Cite journal|author=Echols|first=Alice|date=1983|title=Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement|journal=Social Text|issue=7|pages=34–53|doi=10.2307/466453|issn=0164-2472}}</ref> Enwere ike ịgbasawanye nchọpụta Echols site na nkatọ nke omume azụmahịa ụmụ nwanyị ọdịbendị na Off Our Backs. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-akọwa na ụlọ ọrụ "ndị inyom" na-akwado ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado iji wepụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị, ha bụ ndị isi, nwere obere ohere ịnweta mmetụta akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma bụrụ ndị na-eme mgbanwe. Tụkwasị na nke a, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-egosi ntụpọ na mbọ ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na-agba iji gbochie mmegbu site na ịbụ onye otu na usoro akụ na ụba mmegbu, iji echiche bootstrap, na ịgbanwe ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ngwaahịa na ahịa nke na-ejere "nwoke" akụrụngwa ozi.<ref name="Off Our Backs 1976">{{Cite journal|date=1976|title=God, Mom & Apple Pie: 'Feminist' Businesses as an Extension of the American Dream|journal=Off Our Backs|volume=5|issue=11|pages=18–20|issn=0030-0071}}</ref> Verta Taylor na Leila J. Rupp ekwuola na nkatọ nke ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị na-abụkarị mwakpo megide ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Taylor 1993">{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Verta|date=1993|title=Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=19|issue=1|pages=32–61|issn=0097-9740|doi=10.1086/494861}}</ref> Nnyocha Suzanne Staggenbourg banyere Bloomington, Indiana mere ka o kwubie na itinye aka n'ihe omume ndị a na-akpọ omenala ụmụ nwanyị "na-enye obere ihe akaebe na omenala ụmụ nwoke dugara na mbelata nke ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na òtù ụmụ nwanyị".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Staggenborg|first=Suzanne|date=2001|title=Beyond Culture versus Politics: A Case Study of a Local Women's Movement|journal=Gender and Society|volume=15|issue=4|pages=507–530|issn=0891-2432|doi=10.1177/089124301015004002}}</ref> : 507 : 507  == Hụkwa ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Deegan|first=Mary Jo|title=Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918|publisher=Transaction Books|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|chapter=Jane Addams and Cultural Feminism|isbn=978-0-88738-077-8|year=1988|pages=226–230|doi=10.4324/9780203788073-9}} * {{Cite book|author=Balbert|first=Peter|title=D. H. Lawrence and the Phallic Imagination: Essays on Sexual Identity and Feminist Misreading|date=1989|publisher=Macmillan Press|isbn=978-0-333-43964-7|location=London}} * {{Cite book|author=Echols|first=Alice|title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975|date=1989|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-1786-9|location=Minneapolis}} * {{Cite journal|author=Roseneil|first=Sasha|date=1995|title=The Coming of Age of Feminist Sociology: Some Issues of Practice and Theory for the Next Twenty Years|journal=The British Journal of Sociology|volume=46|issue=2|pages=191–205|doi=10.2307/591785|issn=0007-1315}} *   [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 0ind2wuona7f8q8pg8j9xtxehdz042p 672574 672572 2026-07-04T23:28:25Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672574 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Omenala ụmụ nwanyị''' bụ ụdị dịgasị iche iche nke ụmụ nwanyị nke na-anwa ịmegharị ma kọwaa àgwà ọdịbendị a na-ekwu na ọ bụ nwanyị.<ref name="Alcoff 1988">{{Cite journal|author=Alcoff|first=Linda|date=1988|title=Cultural Feminism versus Post-Structuralism: The Identity Crisis in Feminist Theory|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=13|issue=3|pages=405–436|issn=0097-9740|doi=10.1086/494426}}</ref> A na-ejikwa okwu ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị akọwa echiche ndị na-akwado ọdịiche dị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="Kramarae 2000">{{Cite book|author=Kramarae|first=Cheris|title=Routledge International Encyclopedia of Women: Global Women's Issues and Knowledge|year=2000|publisher=Routledge|location=New York|isbn=978-0-415-92090-2|doi=10.4324/9780203800942}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ịbụ nwanyị kewara site na ụmụ nwanyị siri ike mgbe ha jụrụ nsogbu nke ụmụ nwanyị ma laghachi n'Echiche dị mkpa banyere ọdịiche nwoke na nwanyị nke ha na-ewere ọdịdị nwanyị dị ka nke dị elu. <ref name="Alcoff 1988" /> <ref name="Echols 1983">{{Cite journal|author=Echols|first=Alice|date=1983|title=Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement|journal=Social Text|issue=7|pages=34–53|doi=10.2307/466453|issn=0164-2472}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFEchols1983">Echols, Alice (1983). "Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement". ''Social Text'' (7): <span class="nowrap">34–</span>53. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.2307/466453|10.2307/466453]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0164-2472 0164-2472]. [[JSTOR (identifier)|JSTOR]]&nbsp;[https://www.jstor.org/stable/466453 466453].</cite></ref><ref name="Evans 1995">{{Cite book|title=Feminist Theory Today: An Introduction to Second-Wave Feminism|author=Evans|first=Judy|publisher=SAGE Publications|year=1995|isbn=978-1-4462-6493-5|chapter=Cultural Feminism: Feminism's First Difference|oclc=874319830}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'adịghị ka radical ma ọ bụ socialist feminism, omenala feminism abụghị echiche nke ndị na-akwado ya na-ekwukarị kama ọ na-abụkarị akara ngosi nke ndị mmegide ya kwuru. Okwu a pụtara na mbido 1971, mgbe Frances Chapman, n'akwụkwọ ozi e bipụtara na Off Our Backs, katọrọ akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ́ Aphra dị ka onye "jere ihe kpatara ụmụ nwanyị omenala". [nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ] Na 1972, nwanyị nwanyị na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta ọha na eze Elizabeth Diggs, jiri akara “nwa nwanyị omenala” tinye n'ọrụ niile nke feminism radical. [nke na-abụghị isi mmalite achọrọ] Brooke Williams bụ onye izizi kọwapụta “mwepu ọchịchị nke feminism radical” dị ka “Fedeminism omenala” na 1975. "Ọ bụ ezie na ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị sitere na òtù ụmụ nwanyị siri ike, "ka Ellen Willis, onye guzobere Redstockings, kwuru, "ihe ndị dị n'ọnọdụ abụọ ahụ bụ ihe na-emegide onwe ha. " <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Willis|first=Ellen|date=1984|title=Radical Feminism and Feminist Radicalism|journal=Social Text|issue=9/10|pages=91–118|doi=10.2307/466537|issn=0164-2472}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, e nwere ndị ọkà mmụta dị ka Rosemarie Tong bụ ndị na-echepụta ọdịbendị ndị inyom dị ka echiche n'ime echiche siri ike. == Echiche == Omenala ụmụ nwanyị na-etinye ụmụ nwanyị n'ọnọdụ nke usoro nna ochie kpebiri.<ref name="Alcoff 1988" /> Linda Alcoff na-ekwu na "nchọpụta ọdịbendị nke ụmụ nwanyị na-akọwa passivity nke nwanyị dị ka udo ya, mmetụta ya dị ka ọchịchọ ya ịzụlite, subjectivity ya dị ka nghọta onwe ya dị elu".<ref name="Alcoff 1988" /> A chọtara echiche yiri nke ahụ n'oge gara aga. [[Jane Addams]] na Charlotte Perkins Gilman kwuru na n'ịchịkwa steeti, imekọ ihe ọnụ, nlekọta, na enweghị ime ihe ike n'idozi esemokwu ọha mmadụ yiri ka ọ bụ ihe dị mkpa site na omume ọma ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Ritzer 2007">{{Cite book|author=Ritzer|first=George|title=Contemporary Sociological Theory and Its Classical Roots|publisher=McGraw-Hill|date=2007|isbn=978-0-07-299759-0}}</ref> Josephine Donovan na-ekwu na onye nta akụkọ nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, onye nkatọ, na onye na-ahụ maka [[Ikike ụmụ nwanyị|Ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị]], Margaret Fuller, malitere omenala ụmụ nwanyị na Woman in the Nineteenth Century (1845). O kwusiri ike n'akụkụ mmetụta uche, nke ihe ọmụma ma gosipụta echiche ụwa nke dị nnọọ iche na echiche nke ndị na-ahụ maka nghọta.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Levine|first=Amy-Jill|title=A Feminist Companion to the Acts of the Apostles|year=2004|publisher={{nowrap|T & T}} Clark|location=London|isbn=978-0-8264-6252-7}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, ọ bụ akụkọ Alice Echols, "Cultural Feminism: Feminist Capitalism and the Anti-Pornography Movement", nke mere ka a nakweere okwu ahụ iji kọwaa ndị inyom nke oge a, ọ bụghị akụkọ ihe mere eme ha. Dị ka Echols si kwuo, ụmụ nwanyị omenala "na-ejikọta nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị na mmepe na ichebe nke mmepụta ụmụ nwanyị". 35  Ihe atụ ya nke ndị inyom omenala bụ Kathleen Barry, Susan Brownmiller, Mary Daly, Andrea Dworkin, Susan Griffin, Robin Morgan, Janice Raymond, Adrienne Rich, na Florence Rush. Ndị inyom na-etinye aka na nkewapụ nwanyị, nwanyị nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, na ndị inyom na-ebipụta akwụkwọ bịara na-ejikọta ya na omenala feminism n'ihi na ha na-elekwasị anya n'ịmepụta omenala na akụ na ụba nke nwanyị lekwasịrị anya, nke Echols kọwara dị ka ịla azụ site na nna ochie kama ịkwatu ya. Mary Daly jikọtara "ike nwanyị", ma ọ bụ okwu ya Gyn/Ecology, na ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị "nkwado, na-emepụta ndụ" dị ka ụmụ nwoke na-emegbu emegbu n'ihi "mgbochi". Adrienne Rich na-ekwusi ike na ụmụ nwanyị nwere ikike "oke" nke ụmụ nwoke na-ebelata. Ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka nwanyị na-akpọ oku ka e kee naanị ụmụ nwanyị, ebe ụmụ nwanyị na-achị na ohere iji "na-ama aka na-adịghị mma nke okike". A katọrọ nkewa a n'ime omenala ụmụ nwanyị maka ileghara ụkpụrụ ndị nna ochie akatọ ndị nwoke n'otu n'otu maka mmegbu ha na-emegbu ụmụ nwanyị. Na mgbakwunye na nkewa anụ ahụ, ndị inyom na-akpọ oku maka "nkewa na ụkpụrụ nwoke". A na-akọwa ụmụ nwanyị dị ka ndị kachasị mkpa na ndị a na-akparaghị ókè. Daly kwusiri ike na ụdị ndị ọzọ nke njirimara, gụnyere agbụrụ na ọkwa bụ ìgwè ndị nwoke akọwapụtara, na ụmụ nwanyị na-akọwa ha na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-ekewa.<ref name="Alcoff 1988" /> Ọgaranya na-ekwupụta "ibu ọrụ mmekọrịta" a na-etinye n'ahụ ụmụ nwanyị dị ukwuu ma dị mgbagwoju anya karịa ọbụna ibu ọrụ nke ịgba ohu. Ịmụ nne na ịmụ nwa bụ isiokwu ọzọ a ma ama na echiche ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị. Ọgaranya na-eche na nne dị ka ụlọ ọrụ, nke e wuru iji chịkwaa ụmụ nwanyị, nke dị iche na ezigbo nne. Ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwupụta mmekọrịta dị n'etiti nne na nwa nwanyị, ya mere, ndị nna ochie ebibiwo ma a ghaghị idozi ya.<ref name="Echols 1983" /> N'ọmụmụ ihe banyere echiche ụmụ nwanyị nke abụọ, Carol Anne Douglas (onye nkatọ ogologo oge na Off Our Backs) gụnyere mmetụta nke akwụkwọ Susan Griffin na-ewu ewu Woman and Nature: The Roaring Inside Her dị ka isi na mmepe nke ụdị echiche a.<ref name="Douglas 1990">{{Cite book|title=Love and Politics: Radical Feminist and Lesbian Theories|author=Douglas|first=Carol Anne|publisher=Ism Press|date=July 1990|location=San Francisco|isbn=978-0-910383-17-2}}</ref> N'ụzọ dị ịrịba ama, a na-akpọ isiakwụkwọ a nke akwụkwọ Douglas Male biology as a problem na nyocha nke echiche Griffin bụ nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ Woman the Natural . <ref name="Douglas 1990"></ref> == Nkatọ == Ethnographer Kristen Ghodsee na-akọwa ụdị nkatọ dị iche iche sitere n'aka ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara na ụmụ nwanyị nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe, ndị kwenyere na "echiche nke ụmụnne nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ehichapụ ọdịiche dị mkpa na ike na ịnweta ihe onwunwe n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị agbụrụ, agbụrụ, na mba dị iche iche".<ref name="Ghodsee 2004">{{Cite journal|author=Ghodsee|first=Kristen|title=Feminism-by-Design: Emerging Capitalisms, Cultural Feminism, and Women's Nongovernmental Organizations in Post Socialist Eastern Europe|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|issn=0097-9740|date=2004|volume=29|issue=3|pages=772–753|doi=10.1086/380631}}</ref> :: 727  Nchegbu a na-ahụkarị, ọkachasị n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị na-acha ọbara ọbara na ụmụ nwanyị nke mba ndị na-emepe emepe, bụ na ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị na'etiti naanị ụmụ nwanyị ọcha, ndị nọ n'ọkwá dị elu, kama iburu ụmụ nwanyị nwere agba na ọnọdụ dị iche iche n'uche.<ref name="Ghodsee 2004" /> :: 727  [[Audre Lorde]] gosipụtara nchegbu a na "An Open Letter to Mary Daly", ebe Lorde kwupụtara mmechuihu na Daly wepụrụ ihe nketa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Lorde na ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na-abụghị ndị Europe n'akwụkwọ ọdịbendị ya, mgbe ọ na-ahọrọ okwu ụmụ nwanyị na-abụghị nke Europe iji gosipụta isi ihe ya na ịkọwa "mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị".<ref>{{Cite book|author=Lorde|first=Audre|chapter=An Open Letter to Mary Daly|date=2022|title=This Bridge Called My Back: Writings by Radical Women of Color|edition=40th anniversary|pages=90–93|accessdate=|publisher=State University of New York Press|doi=10.1515/9781438488295-033|isbn=978-1-4384-8829-5}}</ref> [ihe na-abụghị isi iyi dị mkpa] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (January 2026)">non-primary source needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Nchegbu ọzọ bụ nkwenye na ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị "agbaghaghị nkọwa nke nwanyị kama ọ bụ naanị nkọwa nke ụmụ nwoke nyere" ma si otú a na-eme ka ọdịbendị dị mkpa. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Blumenthal|first=Dannielle|title=Women and Soap Opera: A Cultural Feminist Perspective|date=1997|publisher=Praeger|isbn=978-0-275-96039-1|url=https://archive.org/details/womensoapoperacu0000blum/mode/1up?view=theater}}</ref> Mgbe ndị na-akwado ọdịbendị na-ekwu na okwu ndị dị ka nna ochie na ndina n'ike bụ ihe sitere na nkà mmụta ihe ndị nwoke na omume, ohere ịkatọ ma na-ama usoro ndị dị n'azụ nsogbu ndị a. <ref name="Echols 1983" /> Ọzọkwa, nkọwa ndị dị mkpa nke "nwaanyị" na-eme ka mmegbu a chọrọ maka ụmụ nwanyị ibi ndụ ruo "onye a mụrụ 'nwaanyị' ha ga-ekpe ikpe".<ref name="Echols 1983" /> Alice Echols kwuru na ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị kwenyere iji lụso "omume rụrụ arụ" ọgụ, ụmụ nwanyị kwesịrị ịchọ nkwanye ùgwù site n'igbochi mmekọahụ ha ma na-atụ aro "ụkpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị nke mmekọahụ".<ref name="Echols 1983" /> : 52 Ọ katọrọ echiche a maka ịnwa ịchịkwa ngosipụta mmekọahụ ụmụ nwanyị iji jide ụmụ nwanyị maka nsogbu ndị a na-ahụ na mmekọahụ ụmụ nwoke.<ref name="Echols 1983" /> : 52 : 52  Nkwupụta nke ihe ndị dị ndụ a na-egosipụtakwa echiche ndị inyom ọdịbendị banyere ụmụ nwanyị transgender. Echols na-akọwa ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị transgender na nwoke rapaciousness dị ka ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị ma na-akọwara na ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na-adịghị amasị ụmụ nwanyị Transgender maka ebubo na ha "na-emebi ịdị mkpa nke okike, ma na-ehichapụ ókèala dị n'etiti okike", na-eme ka ahụ nwanyị (nke ndị na-eme omenala na-ewere dị ka ụdị ndina n'ike), ma na-eyi egwu iwebata "mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị fọdụrụ" n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị na oghere ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Echols 1983" /> A na-ekwu na Trans-exclusionary radical femism nwere mmalite ya na omenala ụmụ nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Bassi|first=Serena|date=2022|title=Introduction: TERFs, Gender-Critical Movements, and Postfascist Feminisms|journal=TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly|language=en|volume=9|issue=3|pages=311–333|doi=10.1215/23289252-9836008|issn=2328-9252}}</ref> A katọwokwa ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị maka itinye aka na akụrụngwa, omume nke ụfọdụ ndị na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ewere na ọ na-emegide ụkpụrụ ụmụ nwanyị ma na-emegiderịta onwe ya na òtù ụmụ nwanyị. Iji mee ka nsogbu ndị inyom na-akwado akụrụngwa pụta ìhè, Echols nyochara mmejuputa, omume, na nsonaazụ nke Feminist Economic Network (FEN), azụmahịa ụmụ nwanyị nke bu n'obi iji akụrụngwa mee ihe iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị aka imeri ihe mgbochi ndị nna ochie site na ịgbazinye ego site na ndị inyom credit unions na azụmaahịa ụmụ nwanyị. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Bruneau|first=Camille|date=13 September 2018|title=How Do Patriarchy and Capitalism Jointly Reinforce the Oppression of Women?|url=https://www.cadtm.org/How-do-patriarchy-and-capitalism-jointly-reinforce-the-oppression-of-women|accessdate=14 January 2021|publisher=Committee for the Abolition of Illegitimate Debt|language=en}}</ref> Ọ chọpụtara na netwọk ahụ na-erigbu ndị ọrụ, jụ Ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, otu, na ịza ajụjụ, ma kwado usoro ike n'ime azụmaahịa site n'ikwu na nwanne nwanyị na-eme ka o doo anya na ikike nke onye ọ bụla na-eduga n'ike nke ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Echols 1983" /> Enwere ike ịgbasawanye nchọpụta Echols site na nkatọ nke omume azụmahịa ụmụ nwanyị ọdịbendị na Off Our Backs. Ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-akọwa na ụlọ ọrụ "ndị inyom" na-akwado ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị na-akwado iji wepụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ụmụ nwanyị, ha bụ ndị isi, nwere obere ohere ịnweta mmetụta akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ma bụrụ ndị na-eme mgbanwe. Tụkwasị na nke a, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-egosi ntụpọ na mbọ ndị na-ahụ maka ọdịbendị na-agba iji gbochie mmegbu site na ịbụ onye otu na usoro akụ na ụba mmegbu, iji echiche bootstrap, na ịgbanwe ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ngwaahịa na ahịa nke na-ejere "nwoke" akụrụngwa ozi.<ref name="Off Our Backs 1976">{{Cite journal|date=1976|title=God, Mom & Apple Pie: 'Feminist' Businesses as an Extension of the American Dream|journal=Off Our Backs|volume=5|issue=11|pages=18–20|issn=0030-0071}}</ref> Verta Taylor na Leila J. Rupp ekwuola na nkatọ nke ọdịbendị ụmụ nwanyị na-abụkarị mwakpo megide ụmụ nwanyị.<ref name="Taylor 1993">{{Cite journal|author=Taylor|first=Verta|date=1993|title=Women's Culture and Lesbian Feminist Activism: A Reconsideration of Cultural Feminism|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|volume=19|issue=1|pages=32–61|issn=0097-9740|doi=10.1086/494861}}</ref> Nnyocha Suzanne Staggenbourg banyere Bloomington, Indiana mere ka o kwubie na itinye aka n'ihe omume ndị a na-akpọ omenala ụmụ nwanyị "na-enye obere ihe akaebe na omenala ụmụ nwoke dugara na mbelata nke ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na òtù ụmụ nwanyị".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Staggenborg|first=Suzanne|date=2001|title=Beyond Culture versus Politics: A Case Study of a Local Women's Movement|journal=Gender and Society|volume=15|issue=4|pages=507–530|issn=0891-2432|doi=10.1177/089124301015004002}}</ref> : 507 : 507  == Hụkwa ==   == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụ ihe ọzọ == * {{Cite book|author=Deegan|first=Mary Jo|title=Jane Addams and the Men of the Chicago School, 1892–1918|publisher=Transaction Books|location=New Brunswick, N.J.|chapter=Jane Addams and Cultural Feminism|isbn=978-0-88738-077-8|year=1988|pages=226–230|doi=10.4324/9780203788073-9}} * {{Cite book|author=Balbert|first=Peter|title=D. H. Lawrence and the Phallic Imagination: Essays on Sexual Identity and Feminist Misreading|date=1989|publisher=Macmillan Press|isbn=978-0-333-43964-7|location=London}} * {{Cite book|author=Echols|first=Alice|title=Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America, 1967-1975|date=1989|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|isbn=978-0-8166-1786-9|location=Minneapolis}} * {{Cite journal|author=Roseneil|first=Sasha|date=1995|title=The Coming of Age of Feminist Sociology: Some Issues of Practice and Theory for the Next Twenty Years|journal=The British Journal of Sociology|volume=46|issue=2|pages=191–205|doi=10.2307/591785|issn=0007-1315}} *   [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] bt76gyazurvyxqq9iw7eu58r2ay7elx 0 75709 672421 637632 2026-07-04T17:52:08Z Johnnybam 24488 672421 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Romani_feminism.svg|thumb|213x213px|Otu n'ime ihe nnọchianya nke Romani feminism]] Romani feminism, ma ọ bụ Gypsy feminism, bụ ụdị nke ụmụ nwanyị nke na-akwalite Ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị maka '''Ụmụ nwanyị Romani''' ka ọ na-eme ka usoro ndị a kwekọọ na nchekwa nke ọdịbendị na ụkpụrụ nke ndị Romani.<ref name="España">{{Cite news|author=R. Venzalá|first=Clara|url=https://elordenmundial.com/feminismo-romani-mujer-gitana-espana/|title=Feminismo romaní: esbozando la nueva mujer gitana en España|date=11 October 2018}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFR._Venzalá2018">R. Venzalá, Clara (11 October 2018). [https://elordenmundial.com/feminismo-romani-mujer-gitana-espana/ "Feminismo romaní: esbozando la nueva mujer gitana en España"]. El Orden Mundial.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Almenar|first=Pilar|url=https://valenciaplaza.com/feminisme-gitano-en-lluita-per-a-una-societat-inclusiva|title=Feminisme gitano en lluita per a una societat inclusiva|date=23 October 2017|language=ca}}</ref> Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na òtù ụmụ nwanyị Romani.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}</ref> A na-eji ọgụ iji merie ajọ mbunobi na ọdịiche dị n'ebe ọha mmadụ Rom nọ na ụmụ nwanyị nọ, na mgbakwunye na ihere metụtara ịda [[w:|ogbenye]].<ref name="España">{{Cite news|author=R. Venzalá|first=Clara|url=https://elordenmundial.com/feminismo-romani-mujer-gitana-espana/|title=Feminismo romaní: esbozando la nueva mujer gitana en España|date=11 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Michelli|first=José Francisco|url=https://www.elsaltodiario.com/pueblo-gitano/gitanas-feministas-que-luchan-contra-los-prejuicios|title=Gitanas feministas que luchan contra los prejuicios|date=16 November 2017}}</ref> [[w:|Nkọwa dị mkpa]] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="Describe the connection between Romani women and poverty (April 2026)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ndị Agbụrụ Romani eledawo anya ma kpagbuo ha site n'aka ndị obodo dị iche iche. Ọtụtụ ìgwè ka na-echekwa ọdịbendị pụrụ iche, na asụsụ nke ha, omenala ma ọ bụ omenala, ebe ezinụlọ na ịdị n'otu n'etiti ndị otu ya dị oke mkpa.<ref name="España">{{Cite news|author=R. Venzalá|first=Clara|url=https://elordenmundial.com/feminismo-romani-mujer-gitana-espana/|title=Feminismo romaní: esbozando la nueva mujer gitana en España|date=11 October 2018}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFR._Venzalá2018">R. Venzalá, Clara (11 October 2018). [https://elordenmundial.com/feminismo-romani-mujer-gitana-espana/ "Feminismo romaní: esbozando la nueva mujer gitana en España"]. El Orden Mundial.</cite></ref> [ọ dị mkpa idezi] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text preceding this tag may require copy editing for grammar, style, cohesion, tone, or spelling. (March 2026)">needs copy edit</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> N'afọ 1920 na 1930 e nwere ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Romani na etiti Europe; nke a gụnyere aro nke alaka nwanyị nke General Union of Roma na Romania iji kụziere ma nye ụmụ nwanyị Romani ike.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczé">Kóczé, Angéla. [https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/ "The Building Blocks of the Romani Women's Movement in Europe"]. ''RomArchive''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> Ụmụ nwanyị abụọ guzobere Panhellenic Association of Roma People nke mbụ na 1939. <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}</ref> : 17 : 17  E nwere òtù ndị e guzobere iji hazie ikike ndị Rom kemgbe ọ dịkarịa ala n'afọ ndị 1960, <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Schneeweis|first=Adina|date=9 October 2014|title=Communicating the Victim: Nongovernmental Organizations Advocacy Discourses for Roma Rights|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12077|journal=Communication, Culture &amp; Critique|volume=8|issue=2|pages=235–253|doi=10.1111/cccr.12077|issn=1753-9129}}</ref> mana a na-ewu ewu [nkọwa dị mkpa] n'afọ 1990 mgbe Agha Nzuzo biri. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}</ref> N'otu afọ iri ahụ, ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị Romani duziri mkpọsa mba megide mmegbu metụtara nwoke na nwanyị n'ihe gbasara obodo ndị Rom.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|date=2015|title=Intersections of Gender, Ethnicity, and Class: History and Future of the Romani Women’s Movement|url=https://eriac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/fes-cps-working-paper-roma-women-gender-politics-2015.pdf|journal=FES Working Papers}}</ref> Otu n'ime òtù ụmụ nwanyị Rom mbụ doro anya, Gypsy Mother Association, bụ nke Ilona Zambo guzobere na Hungary na 1991.<ref name=":0" /> Na United Kingdom, Sylvia Dunn guzobere National Association of Gypsy Women na 1994. <ref name=":0" /> European Union kwadoro Njikọ Nzukọ Mbụ nke ndị Rom site na European Union na Mee 1994 na Seville, Spain, mana a katọrọ ya maka ịghara itinye ụmụ nwanyị Romani na akụkọ ikpeazụ. : 44   Na ngwụcha afọ 1990, e guzobere ma tinye aka n'ọtụtụ òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|author=Schneeweis|first=Adina|date=9 October 2014|title=Communicating the Victim: Nongovernmental Organizations Advocacy Discourses for Roma Rights|url=https://doi.org/10.1111/cccr.12077|journal=Communication, Culture &amp; Critique|volume=8|issue=2|pages=235–253|doi=10.1111/cccr.12077|issn=1753-9129}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSchneeweis2014">Schneeweis, Adina (9 October 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[[doi:10.1111/cccr.12077|"Communicating the Victim: Nongovernmental Organizations Advocacy Discourses for Roma Rights"]]</span>. ''Communication, Culture &#x26; Critique''. '''8''' (2): <span class="nowrap">235–</span>253. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/cccr.12077|10.1111/cccr.12077]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1753-9129 1753-9129].</cite></ref> Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Open Society Institute (OSI) - nke e mechara kpọwa Open Society Foundation - nyere ego maka European Roma Rights Centre, nke meghere na 1996, <ref name=":1" /> ma nwee nzukọ mba ụwa mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Romani na 1998. <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|date=2015|title=Intersections of Gender, Ethnicity, and Class: History and Future of the Romani Women’s Movement|url=https://eriac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/fes-cps-working-paper-roma-women-gender-politics-2015.pdf|journal=FES Working Papers}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovicBalogh2015">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanovic, Jelena; Balogh, Lidia (2015). [https://eriac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/fes-cps-working-paper-roma-women-gender-politics-2015.pdf "Intersections of Gender, Ethnicity, and Class: History and Future of the Romani Women's Movement"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''FES Working Papers''. Budapest: Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung and CEU Center for Policy Studies.</cite></ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorradi2019">Corradi, Laura (5 February 2019). ''Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780367233891|<bdi>9780367233891</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 18 OSI kwadokwara Association of Romani Women na Romania guzobere International Conference for Roma Women na Disemba 1999. <ref name=":6" /> : 18 : 18  Na Primer Congreso Gitano de la Unión Europea (First Gypsy Congress of the European Union) na 1994, otu ìgwè ụmụ nwanyị Romani 29 wepụtara Manifesto of Roma/Gypsy Women; n'ihi ya, Council of Europe haziri ịnụ maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị Romanian na 1995.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczé">Kóczé, Angéla. [https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/ "The Building Blocks of the Romani Women's Movement in Europe"]. ''RomArchive''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-31</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 218–219 : 218–219  N'afọ 2002, ndị Romani Women's Network (IRWN) malitere site n'aka ndị Romani si mba 18, <ref name=":7">{{Cite book|author=Iszak|first=Rita|url=https://eriac.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Izsak-Rita-2008-The-European-Romani-Womens-Movement%E2%80%94International-Roma-Womens-Network-in-Batliwala-S.-ed.-Changing-Their-World-1st-Edition-Building-Feminist-Movements-and-Organizat.pdf|title=Changing their World: Concepts and practices of women’s movements|date=8 April 2013|publisher=Association for Women's Rights in Development|editor=Batliwala|edition=1st|chapter=The European Romani Women’s Movement – International Roma Women’s Network}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorradi2019">Corradi, Laura (5 February 2019). ''Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780367233891|<bdi>9780367233891</bdi>]].</cite></ref>: 18 <ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref>:: 221  na-aghọ nzukọ mba ụwa mbụ edebanyere aha na-anọchite anya ụmụ nwanyị si n'òtù Romani niile na Europe. [nkọwa dị mkpa] Na June 2006, Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu Europe wepụtara mkpebi mbụ ya banyere Ọnọdụ nke ụmụ nwanyị Romani na mba ndị so na EU na ntinye aka sitere n'aka ụmụ nwanyị Romanian na ndị na-eme ngagharị iwe. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczé">Kóczé, Angéla. [https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/ "The Building Blocks of the Romani Women's Movement in Europe"]. ''RomArchive''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'otu afọ ahụ, OSI jikọtara mmemme na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị Rom site na Women's Program na Roma Participation Program (RPP) iji mepụta Joint Roma Women's Initiative (JWRI). <ref name=":0" />  Dị ka ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme Debra L. Schultz si kwuo, na Central na Eastern Europe site na 2012 "e nwere ike ọ gaghị adị ihe karịrị ọtụtụ narị ụmụ nwanyị ga-akọwa onwe ha dị ka ndị Romani na-eme ihe. Ma mmetụta ha dị ịrịba ama ma na-eto eto, n'ime na karịa post-Soviet Romani rights movement. "<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schultz|first=Debra L.|date=September 2012|title=Translating Intersectionality Theory into Practice: A Tale of Romani- Gadže Feminist Alliance|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665802|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=37–43|doi=10.1086/665802|issn=0097-9740}}</ref> A họpụtara onye Rom na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị (Soraya Post) ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu Europe na nke mbụ ya n'afọ 2014. <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorradi2019">Corradi, Laura (5 February 2019). ''Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780367233891|<bdi>9780367233891</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 22 : 22  === Na Spain === [[Faịlụ:Mayer_en_la_inauguración_del_primer_Congreso_de_Feminismo_Romaní_11.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Mmeghe nke Congress nke Romani Feminism na 2017]] ''Gitanas'' movement nke ụmụ nwanyị Romani Spanish pụtara na 1990, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Building Blocks of the Romani Women’s Movement in Europe|url=https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczé">Kóczé, Angéla. [https://www.romarchive.eu/en/roma-civil-rights-movement/building-blocks-romani-womens-movement-europe/ "The Building Blocks of the Romani Women's Movement in Europe"]. ''RomArchive''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-31</span></span>.</cite></ref> n'otu afọ ahụ e guzobere òtù ụmụ nwanyị Romini mbụ na Europe, Asociación de Mujeres Gitanas ''Romí'' na Granada. <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|author=Mirga-Kruszelnicka|first=Anna|title=Breaking the Silence: Romani Women’s Experience in the Romani Civil Rights Movement|url=https://blog.romarchive.eu/english/blogarchive-en/breaking-the-silence-romani-womens-experience-in-the-romani-civil-rights-movement/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMirga-KruszelnickaKóczé">Mirga-Kruszelnicka, Anna; Kóczé, Angéla. [https://blog.romarchive.eu/english/blogarchive-en/breaking-the-silence-romani-womens-experience-in-the-romani-civil-rights-movement/ "Breaking the Silence: Romani Women's Experience in the Romani Civil Rights Movement"]. ''RomArchive''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2026-03-31</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Jorrin|first=Virginia|url=https://www.diagonalperiodico.net/andalucia/22065-mujeres-y-gitanas.html|title=Mujeres y gitanas|date=5 March 2014}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref> :: 211  Romí haziri nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe mbụ banyere ọnọdụ ụmụ nwanyị Gitana na Spain na June 1990. <ref name=":5" /> :: 211  Kemgbe ahụ, e mepụtara ọtụtụ narị òtù na otu na mba ahụ dum. <ref name="España">{{Cite news|author=R. Venzalá|first=Clara|url=https://elordenmundial.com/feminismo-romani-mujer-gitana-espana/|title=Feminismo romaní: esbozando la nueva mujer gitana en España|date=11 October 2018}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFR._Venzalá2018">R. Venzalá, Clara (11 October 2018). [https://elordenmundial.com/feminismo-romani-mujer-gitana-espana/ "Feminismo romaní: esbozando la nueva mujer gitana en España"]. El Orden Mundial.</cite></ref><ref name=":5" /> :: 222  N'akụkụ ụfọdụ, mmegharị ahụ kpaliri ndị Romani na-eme ihe ike na Central na Eastern Europe.<ref name=":5" /> : 29 : 29  Dị ka onye Rom na-eme ihe ike na onye na-amụ banyere ụmụ mmadụ Anna Mirga-Kruszelnicka si kwuo, "...ihe pụrụ iche nke 'Gitano feminism' dị na mmeghe ya nye ụmụ nwoke: a na-eme ya dị ka ọgụ jikọrọ aka maka imeziwanye na mmepe nke obodo Romani. "<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref>: 216  == Echiche == Echiche nke intersectionality bụ isi na okwu ndị nwanyị Romania. Onye prọfesọ Romani bụ́ Alexandra Oprea na-arụ ụka na “ndọrọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-apụ apụ na Europe ka bụ ụzọ abụọ, ndị Rom na-alụkwa ọgụ dị iche iche n’onwe ha.” Na mgbakwunye na okike na agbụrụ, a na-ebuli klaasị ugboro ugboro na mkparịta ụka gbasara mmegbu nke ụmụ nwanyị Romania, ndị nwere ike ịnọ n'ọnọdụ ịda ogbenye. Nsogbu ndị a na-akawanye njọ site na okike; Ụmụ nwanyị Romania nwere nsonaazụ ka njọ na ọrụ, ahụike na agụmakwụkwọ ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị nwoke Romania. === Ọdịiche dị na ọdịnala ụmụ nwanyị === Romani feminism na-agụnye nkatọ site na Black na Third World feminists nke echiche ndị dị ka "nwanne nwanyị zuru ụwa ọnụ". <ref name=":10">{{Cite web|author=Mirga-Kruszelnicka|first=Anna|title=Breaking the Silence: Romani Women’s Experience in the Romani Civil Rights Movement|url=https://blog.romarchive.eu/english/blogarchive-en/breaking-the-silence-romani-womens-experience-in-the-romani-civil-rights-movement/|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=RomArchive|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":11">{{Cite journal|author=Pražić|first=Ivana|date=2023|title=Gadji Feminism(s) in Serbia: Racial Privilege and “Intersectional” Solidarity in an Eastern European Semiperiphery|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/902527|journal=Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies|language=en|volume=44|issue=2|pages=70–97|doi=10.1353/fro.2023.a902527|issn=1536-0334}}</ref> Ọtụtụ ndị Romani na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na-ekwusi ike na ndị ọcha na-agbagha nnwere onwe nke ụmụ nwanyị Romani site n'ime ka a ga-asị na ha na-azọpụta ha n'aka omenala "ọhịa" ma ọ bụ "azụ azụ".<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 5 : 5  == Ihe mgbaru ọsọ na ihe ịma aka == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>Otu n'ime akụkụ ndị otu a na-agbachitere bụ ịnweta ụlọ, agụmakwụkwọ na ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị anya, ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ, dị ka ime ka ọdịiche dị iche iche dị mma.<ref name="España">{{Cite news|author=R. Venzalá|first=Clara|url=https://elordenmundial.com/feminismo-romani-mujer-gitana-espana/|title=Feminismo romaní: esbozando la nueva mujer gitana en España|date=11 October 2018}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFR._Venzalá2018">R. Venzalá, Clara (11 October 2018). [https://elordenmundial.com/feminismo-romani-mujer-gitana-espana/ "Feminismo romaní: esbozando la nueva mujer gitana en España"]. El Orden Mundial.</cite></ref> Na Roma Women's Forum na 2003, ndị Rom na-eme ngagharị iwe mere ọtụtụ aro, gụnyere iwepụ agụmakwụkwọ, inye ụmụ nwanyị na ndị ntorobịa Rom ọrụ na ohere akụ na ụba, na ịkwụsị mmemme gọọmentị na-amanye ha. Okwu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ ụmụ nwanyị Romani na-emeso dịkwa iche site na ebe na ọnọdụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. : 8 : 8  Otu n'ime nnukwu ihe ịma aka maka ndị Rom bụ ịnọgide na-enwe ọdịnala na njirimara ndị Rom ka ha na-akwanyere mkpebi na nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị ùgwù.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://nigs.ufsc.br/files/2012/09/Feminismo-gitano-1.pdf|title=Feminismo gitano. Una aportación solidaria a la superación de las desigualdades de género|date=5 November 2002}}</ref> [Nkọwa dị mkpa] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2026)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> === Ịda ogbenye, ọrụ na agụmakwụkwọ === Dị ka nyocha nke mba 11 EU site na European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights (FRA) mere site na 2008 ruo 2012, 42% nke Roma bi na "enweghị ebe obibi siri ike" na 87% nke ezinụlọ Roma na-enweta n'okpuru oke ịda ogbenye mba (tụnyere 12% na 46% nke ezinụlọ ndị na-abụghị ndị Rom n'otu n'otu). Nnyocha ahụ gosikwara na ụmụ nwanyị Rome dị ole na ole karịa ndị nwoke nwere ike ịgụ ma ọ bụ dee (77% megide 85%), ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ (81% megide 86%), ma ọ bụ were ọrụ (21% megide 35%). [1] Nke a na-eme ka ụmụ nwanyị Rome nwee ego dabere na nwoke. Otú ọ dị, ịda ogbenye na ịnọgide na-enwekwa ọrụ n'etiti ụmụ nwoke ebelatawo ike ha n'ime ezinụlọ, nke n'aka nke ya emewo ka nsogbu nke ime ihe ike dị n'ime ụlọ ka njọ. [chọrọ mmelite] === Ịmanye ịwa ahụ === Malite na 1960s ma ọ bụ 1970s wee gaa n'ihu na mmalite narị afọ nke 21, a manyere iri puku kwuru iri puku ụmụ nwanyị Romania nọ na Czechoslovakia ma ọ bụ manye ime ọgwụ mgbochi nke steeti kwadoro.  169-171   Emere nke a site n'aka ndị ọrụ na-elekọta mmadụ na-enye ihe mkpali ego iji nweta ọgwụ mgbochi nwa na ndị na-ahụ maka ahụike na-eduzi usoro ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi ọrịa n'oge nlekọta ahụike ndị ọzọ na-enweghị ihe ọmụma nke onye ọrịa. Omume a kwụsịrị na 2004 na-eso nrụgide ọha na eze na ikpe ikpe. N'ọnwa Julaị 2021, ndị omebe iwu Czech kpebiri ịkwụ ụgwọ puku kwuru puku ụmụ nwanyị Romania gbapụrụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'etiti 1996 na 2012. === Ọgwụgwọ n'ime obodo ndị Rom === A na-arụrịta ụka banyere mmeso ma ọ bụ mmegbu ụmụ nwanyị n'ime ọha mmadụ Romani.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Romani women in Romani and majority societies|url=http://www.errc.org/roma-rights-journal/romani-women-in-romani-and-majority-societies|accessdate=2026-03-31|work=European Roma Rights Centre|language=HU}}</ref> Oprea na-atụ aro na n'oge mmegbu agbụrụ, a na-agba ụmụ nwanyị Romani ume ịgbachitere omume na-emerụ ahụ iji zere ime ka àgwà agbụrụ na-emegide ndị Rom bụrụ ihe ziri ezi.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Oprea|first=Alexandra|date=21 July 2005|title=Child Marriage a Cultural Problem, Educational Access a Race Issue? Deconstructing Uni-Dimensional Understanding of Romani Oppression|url=http://www.errc.org/roma-rights-journal/child-marriage-a-cultural-problem-educational-access-a-race-issue-deconstructing-uni-dimensional-understanding-of-romani-oppression|accessdate=2026-05-11|work=European Roma Rights Centre|language=HU}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Oprea|first=Alexandra|date=September 2012|title=Romani Feminism in Reactionary Times|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665945|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=11–21|doi=10.1086/665945|issn=0097-9740}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFOprea2012">Oprea, Alexandra (September 2012). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required">[https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665945 "Romani Feminism in Reactionary Times"]</span>. ''Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society''. '''38''' (1): <span class="nowrap">11–</span>21. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/665945|10.1086/665945]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0097-9740 0097-9740].</cite></ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref> :: 254  Ọzọkwa, ụfọdụ ndị Romani na-eme ngagharị iwe na-ahụ òtù ụmụ nwanyị Romani dị ka nke na-agbaji, na-agbari, ma ọ bụ na-agba mgba okpuru nke òtù ikike Romani.<ref name=":5" /> : 57 <ref name=":5" />:: 217  N'agbanyeghị ọganihu ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọtụtụ òtù ndị Rom ka bụ ndị ikom na-eduzi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web|author=Pezerović|first=Selma|date=15 August 2020|title=The close link between racial and gender inequality|url=https://phralipen.hr/en/2020/08/15/the-close-link-between-racial-and-gender-inequality/|accessdate=2026-04-14|work=Phralipen|language=en-GB}}</ref> Ụfọdụ [onye?] na-ele ime ihe ike n'ụlọ megide ụmụ nwanyị na obodo Romani anya dị ka okwu ụmụ nwanyị Romani.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|author=Oprea|first=Alexandra|date=September 2012|title=Romani Feminism in Reactionary Times|url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/665945|journal=Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society|language=en|volume=38|issue=1|pages=11–21|doi=10.1086/665945|issn=0097-9740}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite book|author=Kóczé|first=Angéla|title=The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe|date=2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-05037-1|series=Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser|location=Milton}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFKóczéJovanovićMagyari-VinczeZentai2018">Kóczé, Angéla; Jovanović, Jelena; Magyari-Vincze, Enikő; Zentai, Violetta (2018). ''The Romani Women's Movement: Struggles and Debates in Central and Eastern Europe''. Routledge Research in Gender and Society Ser. Milton: Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-351-05037-1|<bdi>978-1-351-05037-1</bdi>]].</cite></ref>  ==== Ọrụ nwoke na nwanyị ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> ==== Atụmanya nke ịbụ nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke na alụmdi na nwunye ụmụaka ==== <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>"Ịdị nwa agbọghọ na-amaghị nwoke nke ụmụ nwanyị tupu alụmdi na nwunye bụ ihe na-akọwa ụmụ nwanyị n'obodo ndị Rom niile. Mkparịta ụka ọha na eze metụtara ịbụ nwa agbọghọ na ndị na-amagba na-akpata ọtụtụ esemokwu n'etiti ụmụ agbọghọ ndị Rom ọdịnala na ndị na'abụghị ọdịnala, na-egosipụta echiche na-agbanwe agbanwe banyere ụkpụrụ nwoke na nwanyị nke ịbụ nwa agbọghọ... obodo ndị Rom ọdịbendị... [ewepụ] ụmụ agbọghọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ tupu ma ọ bụ site na klas nke asatọ iji chebe ịbụ nwa agbọghọ ma kwadebe ya maka alụmdi na eze. " A ka na-eme alụmdi na nwunye nke ụmụ agbọghọ Romani na ụfọdụ obodo ndị Rom. Akụkọ 2019 nke BIBIJA Roma Women Center kwuru na Montenegro na Serbia, 18% na 17% nke ụmụ agbọghọ Roma lụrụ di na nwunye tupu ha eruo afọ 15; ihe karịrị 55% lụrụ di tupu ha erue afọ 18.<ref>{{Cite web|date=21 November 2019|title=Report on discrimination and violence against Roma women in the Balkans reveals devastating statistics, calls for urgent action|url=https://eca.unwomen.org/en/news/stories/2019/11/report-on-discrimination-and-violence-against-roma-women|work=UN Women}}</ref> Akụkọ FRA ahụ a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu chọpụtara na 2% nke ụmụ agbọghọ Romani dị afọ 10-15 'na-alụ di ma ọ bụ nwunye' ma ọ bụ soro onye ibe ya biri, na 16% nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị Rom dị afọ 16-17 na-eme ya.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|author=Corradi|first=Laura|title=Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism|date=5 February 2019|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9780367233891|edition=1st}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFCorradi2019">Corradi, Laura (5 February 2019). ''Gypsy Feminism: Intersectional Politics, Alliances, Gender and Queer Activism'' (1st&nbsp;ed.). Routledge. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780367233891|<bdi>9780367233891</bdi>]].</cite></ref> : 42 : 42  == Hụkwa ==   == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 76nfu5fff5i8pho38zssac9tpvmppsa 0 75722 672418 637649 2026-07-04T17:39:04Z Johnnybam 24488 /* Njikọ mpụga */ 672418 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Sani Abacha]] Stadium bụ ámá egwuregwu nwere ọtụtụ ebumnuche na [[Kano]], Kano State, Nigeria. A na-ejikarị ya eme egwuregwu bọọlụ na egwuregwu. Ama egwuregwu ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke Nigeria Professional Football League (NPFL) n'akụkụ Kano Pillars FC. Ọgbọ egwuregwu ahụ nwere puku mmadụ iri na isii ma bụrụkwa aha General Sani Abacha, onye bụbu onye ọchịchị agha. Ama egwuregwu ahụ anabatala ọtụtụ asọmpi mba ụwa gụnyere 2000 African Cup of Nations na 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup. N'ime oge 2017 NPFL, Kano Pillars dọtara igwe mmadụ 10,000, nke kachasị elu edere na Njikọ Nigeria. == Egwuregwu bọọlụ e mere == === 1999 FIFA World Youth Championship === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" !Ụbọchị !Ìgwè 1 !Nsonaazụ !Ìgwè nke 2 !Ndị bịara ya !Mgbasa |- | rowspan="2" |Eprel 5, 1999 | Cameroon |2–1 | Japan |12,000 | rowspan="3" |Ìgwè E |- | England |0–1 | United States |19,000 |- |Eprel 8, 1999 | Cameroon |1–0 | England |12,000 |- |14 Eprel 1999 | Republic nke Ireland |1-1 (e.g.) (3-5 p) (3–5 p) | Naịjirịa |20,000 |Ugboro nke 16 |} === Iko Mba Afrịka nke afọ 2000 === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" !Ụbọchị !Ìgwè 1 !Nsonaazụ !Ìgwè nke 2 !Ndị bịara ya !Mgbasa |- |23 Jenụwarị 2000 | Egypt |2–0 | Zambia |18,000 | rowspan="5" |Ìgwè C |- |25 Jenụwarị 2000 | Burkina Faso |1–3 | Senegal |12,000 |- |28 Jenụwarị 2000 | Egypt |1–0 | Senegal |30,000 |- |29 Jenụwarị 2000 | Zambia |1–1 | Burkina Faso |5,000 |- |1 Febụwarị 2000 | Egypt |4–2 | Burkina Faso |17,000 |- |3 Febụwarị 2000 | Tunisia |1–0 | Congo |12,000 |Ìgwè D |- |7 Febụwarị 2000 | Egypt |0–1 | Tunisia |12,000 |Ọkara nke ikpeazụ |} === 2009 FIFA U-17 World Cup === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: left;" !Ụbọchị !Ìgwè 1 !Nsonaazụ !Ìgwè nke 2 !Ndị bịara ya !Mgbasa |- | rowspan="2" |26 Ọktoba 2009 | United Arab Emirates |2–0 | Malawi |8,500 | rowspan="5" |Ìgwè E |- | Spain |2–1 | United States |19,500 |- | rowspan="2" |29 Ọktoba 2009 | United States |1–0 | Malawi |9,000 |- | United Arab Emirates |1–3 | rowspan="2" | Spain |20,000 |- | rowspan="2" |1 Nọvemba 2009 | Malawi |1–4 |7,000 |- | Ịtali |0–0 | Uruguay |20,000 |Ìgwè F |- |5 Nọvemba 2009 | Spain |4–1 | Burkina Faso |14,000 |Ugboro nke 16 |} == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta ámá egwuregwu bọọlụ na Naịjirịa * Ndepụta nke ámá egwuregwu == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[w:Nigerian Premier League venues]] qdhfstkvhx8ky80bj1obc6vs8ij8re2 0 75740 672256 637676 2026-07-04T13:39:44Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672256 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michèle Pujol''' (French pronunciation: []) (20 Eprel 1951 - 2 Ọgọst 1997), bụ onye France na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, onye na-ahụ Maka akụ na ụba, ọkà mmụta, na onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ. Ọ bụ osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Victoria's Department of Women's Studies ma nwee oche na Mahadim Manitoba. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Pujol|first=Michèle A.|url=https://archive.org/details/feminismantifemi0000pujo|title=Feminism and anti-feminism in early economic thought|publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]]|year=1992|isbn=1-85278-456-3}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1980 na 1990, a na-ejikọta Pujol na ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === .Njikọ Pujol na Madaoua, Niger. Ọ bụ nwa ndidi nke onye ụmụaka French na Niger na onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụlọ. Ọ gara amụ na Paris, ebe ọ nkọwa na amụma, wee gaa n'ihu nwetara nzere bachelọ na akụ na-ama. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na HEC Jeunes Filles na 1973.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mondedesgrandesecoles.fr/les-femmes-au-coeur-de-la-strategie-de-l%E2%80%99entreprise|title=Les Femmes au cœur de la stratégie de l'entreprise|date=24 November 2014|work=Newletter — Monde des grandes écoles et université|accessdate=2 March 2024|quote=}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye a dọtara n'ịgba mbọ nke ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ, ọ gara United States iji mezue nzere masta ya na Mahadum Washington State. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ doctorate na akụ na ụba na Mahadum Simon Fraser dị na Vancouver, Canada. Pujol ghọrọ prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Mahadum Manitoba na 1981 wee bụrụ osote prọfesor na Mahadum Victoria, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na 1990 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. === Ndụ agụmakwụkwọ === <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Dimand|first=Robert W.|url=http://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_j0n9|title=A biographical dictionary of women economists|publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]]|year=2000|isbn=978-1-85278-964-0|pages=347–348}}</ref>Akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ Pujol dere ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na akụ na ụba. Akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya na Mahadum Simon Fraser bụ ihe ndabere nke akwụkwọ ya, Feminism and Anti-Feminism in Early Economic Thought . Ọ nyochara ọrụ akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị n'ihe ọ kpọrọ "malestream" nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị oge ochie nke Britain na akụ na ụba oge ochie. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Dimand|first=Robert W.|url=http://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_j0n9|title=A biographical dictionary of women economists|publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]]|year=2000|isbn=978-1-85278-964-0|pages=347–348}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFDimand2000">Dimand, Robert W. (2000). [[iarchive:biographicaldict0000unse_j0n9|''A biographical dictionary of women economists'']]. [[Edward Elgar Publishing]]. pp.&nbsp;<span class="nowrap">347–</span>348. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-85278-964-0|<bdi>978-1-85278-964-0</bdi>]].</cite></ref>N'ide banyere "echiche akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị nke Harriet Taylor (1807-58) " na 1995, Pujol guzobere "nnyocha ihe onwunwe nke na-eme ka Taylor dị iche na ọnọdụ nke Mill. " Pujol gbatịkwara ụkpụrụ nke echiche akụ na ụba gara aga, na-emezi ka onyinye nyocha ụmụ nwanyị na enweghị nhata akụ na ụba site na Taylor, Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon, Millicent Garrett Fawcett, Eleanor Rath, na William Smart Na mgbakwunye na ịsụ ụzọ n'ụzọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ anụmanụ nke akụ na nọrọ, Pujol na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Akụ na-ahụ ụmụ anụmanụ nke oge a, na-elebara anya n'ịgbasa usoro. Ọ na-etinye aka na nyọcha nke mme ihụ iwu see na Canada. Onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Feminist Economics, [1] [2] site na ntọala ya, Pujol, ya na Nancy Folbre, dezi raba ngalaba "Explorations," na akara ngosi 1996 mgbochi nsogbu ndị na-eche ego mba na ihe na-enweghị ike na-enweta akara. [3] Pujol bụ onye akwụkwọ International Association for Feminist Economics [1] O dechara akwụkwọ gbasara nchegbu na Canada maka Mahadum Manitoba . Pujol dechara akwụkwọ edemede nke afọ nke iri na ndụ nke ụmụ ụmụ na-ahụ maka akụ na-ahụ, nke e ịbụ n'asụsụ Bekee mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. <ref name="Madden">{{Cite book|author=Madden|first=Kirsten|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203482063/bibliography-female-economic-thought-1940-kirsten-madden-michele-pujol-janet-seiz|title=A Bibliography of Female Economic Thought up to 1940|date=2004-12-17|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-203-48206-3|location=London|doi=10.4324/9780203482063}}</ref> === Ndụ onwe onye === === Ọnwụ === A chọpụtara na Pujol nwere ọrịa kansa eriri afọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1997, a wasịrị ya ahụ na mbido Eprel, n'oge a chọpụtara ọrịa imeju. Pujol nwụrụ na 2 August 1997, n'ụlọ ya n'akụkụ onye mmekọ ya, Brook Holdack, ọnwa ise mgbe a chọpụtara ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Michele Pujol Bursary in Women's Studies|url=https://www.uvic.ca/givingtouvic/award-background-info/p/m_pujol.php|accessdate=8 April 2023|work=University of Victoria}}</ref> ''Atlantis: A Women's Studies Journal,'' bipụtara mbipụta pụrụ iche, "Sexual Economics," na 1999, na echiche akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị, iji mee emume ndụ na ọrụ Pujol. Onye ọrụ ibe ya, Marjorie Griffin Cohen, dezigharịrị mbipụta ahụ na Ngalaba Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị nke Mahadum Simon Fraser. == Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara == * {{Cite book|author=Pujol|first=Michèle A.|title=Feminism and anti-feminism in early economic thought|url=https://archive.org/details/feminismantifemi0000pujo|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|location=|year=1992|isbn=9781858988849}} === Isiakwụkwọ akwụkwọ === *   *   *   === Akwụkwọ akụkọ na isiokwu akwụkwọ akụkọ === * {{Cite journal|author=Pujol|first=Michèle|title=Some factors affecting the career patterns of women faculty at the University of Manitoba|year=1988}} * {{Cite journal|author=Pujol|first=Michèle|title=Gender and class in Marshall's ''Principles of Economics''|journal=[[Cambridge Journal of Economics]]|volume=8|issue=3|pages=217–234|date=September 1984|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035547}} * {{Cite journal|author=Pujol|first=Michèle|title=Introduction|journal=Feminist Economics|volume=2|issue=3|doi=10.1080/13545709610001707796|date=November 1996}} * {{Cite journal|author=Pujol|first=Michèle|title=Forum: research priorities on nonmarket production|journal=Feminist Economics|volume=2|issue=3|doi=10.1080/13545709610001707836|date=November 1996}} * {{Cite journal|author=Pujol|first=Michèle|title=Introduction: broadening economic data and methods|journal=[[Feminist Economics (journal)|Feminist Economics]]|volume=3|issue=2|pages=119–120|doi=10.1080/135457097338726|date=January 1997}} * {{Cite journal|author=Griffin Cohen|first=Marjorie|title=Special issue: ''Sexual Economics'' - to celebrate the life and work of Michèle Pujol|journal=Atlantis: A Women's Studies Journal|volume=23|issue=2|date=January 1997|url=http://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/issue/view/124/showToc}} === Ihe ndị a na-agụ === Pujol sonyere na nzukọ kwa afọ nke History of Economics Society na Mahadum nke British Columbia na June 1996 site na ngosi ya na ọtụtụ mpịakọta nke onyinye ụmụ nwanyị nyere na akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị tupu 1900, nke ọ na-edezi maka mbipụta site na Routledge na Thoemmes Continuum.<ref name="Madden">{{Cite book|author=Madden|first=Kirsten|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203482063/bibliography-female-economic-thought-1940-kirsten-madden-michele-pujol-janet-seiz|title=A Bibliography of Female Economic Thought up to 1940|date=2004-12-17|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-203-48206-3|location=London|doi=10.4324/9780203482063}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMaddenPujolSeiz2004">Madden, Kirsten; Pujol, Michele; Seiz, Janet (17 December 2004). [https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203482063/bibliography-female-economic-thought-1940-kirsten-madden-michele-pujol-janet-seiz ''A Bibliography of Female Economic Thought up to 1940'']. London: [[Routledge]]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.4324/9780203482063|10.4324/9780203482063]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-203-48206-3|<bdi>978-0-203-48206-3</bdi>]].</cite></ref> Onye nyere aka na Out of the Margin: Feminist Perspectives on Economic Theory, <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780203983744/margin-edith-kuiper-jolande-sap-susan-feiner-notburga-ott-zafiris-tzannatos|title=Out of the Margin: Feminist Perspectives on Economics|date=1995-07-20|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-98374-4|editor=Tzannatos|location=London|doi=10.4324/9780203983744}}</ref> Pujol gosipụtara ọrụ isi ya na 1996 International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE) <ref name="Bibliog">{{Cite web|author=Switala|first=Kristen|year=1999|title=Feminist Economics|url=http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/eco.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991004234149/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/eco.html|archivedate=October 4, 1999|accessdate=June 23, 2023|work=Collaboratory for Digital Discourse and Culture @ Virginia Tech}}</ref> na [[Washington, D.C.]] N'afọ 1995, Pujol gosipụtara "Is This Really Economics? Using Qualitative Research Methods in Feminist Economic Research," na nzukọ International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE) <ref name="Bibliog">{{Cite web|author=Switala|first=Kristen|year=1999|title=Feminist Economics|url=http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/eco.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991004234149/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/eco.html|archivedate=October 4, 1999|accessdate=June 23, 2023|work=Collaboratory for Digital Discourse and Culture @ Virginia Tech}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSwitala1999">Switala, Kristen (1999). [http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/eco.html "Feminist Economics"]. ''Collaboratory for Digital Discourse and Culture @ Virginia Tech''. [https://web.archive.org/web/19991004234149/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/eco.html Archived] from the original on 4 October 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> na Tours, France. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t5mqfz1l3g2i74ms9ng2cipgsatkpcw 672260 672256 2026-07-04T13:41:36Z Goodymeraj 16207 fixed reference error 672260 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Michèle Pujol''' (French pronunciation: []) (20 Eprel 1951 - 2 Ọgọst 1997), bụ onye France na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, onye na-ahụ Maka akụ na ụba, ọkà mmụta, na onye na-agbachitere ikike mmadụ. Ọ bụ osote prọfesọ na Mahadum Victoria's Department of Women's Studies ma nwee oche na Mahadim Manitoba. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Pujol|first=Michèle A.|url=https://archive.org/details/feminismantifemi0000pujo|title=Feminism and anti-feminism in early economic thought|publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]]|year=1992|isbn=1-85278-456-3}}</ref> N'afọ ndị 1980 na 1990, a na-ejikọta Pujol na ụmụ nwanyị nwanyị. == Akụkọ ndụ == === Oge ọ malitere === .Njikọ Pujol na Madaoua, Niger. Ọ bụ nwa ndidi nke onye ụmụaka French na Niger na onye na-ahụ maka akụ na ụlọ. Ọ gara amụ na Paris, ebe ọ nkọwa na amụma, wee gaa n'ihu nwetara nzere bachelọ na akụ na-ama. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na HEC Jeunes Filles na 1973.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.mondedesgrandesecoles.fr/les-femmes-au-coeur-de-la-strategie-de-l%E2%80%99entreprise|title=Les Femmes au cœur de la stratégie de l'entreprise|date=24 November 2014|work=Newletter — Monde des grandes écoles et université|accessdate=2 March 2024|quote=}}</ref> N'ịbụ onye a dọtara n'ịgba mbọ nke ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ, ọ gara United States iji mezue nzere masta ya na Mahadum Washington State. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ doctorate na akụ na ụba na Mahadum Simon Fraser dị na Vancouver, Canada. Pujol ghọrọ prọfesọ nke ọmụmụ ụmụ nwanyị na Mahadum Manitoba na 1981 wee bụrụ osote prọfesor na Mahadum Victoria, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ site na 1990 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ. === Ndụ agụmakwụkwọ === <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Dimand|first=Robert W.|url=http://archive.org/details/biographicaldict0000unse_j0n9|title=A biographical dictionary of women economists|publisher=[[Edward Elgar Publishing]]|year=2000|isbn=978-1-85278-964-0|pages=347–348}}</ref>Akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ Pujol dere ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị na akụ na ụba. Akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya na Mahadum Simon Fraser bụ ihe ndabere nke akwụkwọ ya, Feminism and Anti-Feminism in Early Economic Thought . Ọ nyochara ọrụ akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị n'ihe ọ kpọrọ "malestream" nke akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị oge ochie nke Britain na akụ na ụba oge ochie. <ref name=":0" />N'ide banyere "echiche akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị nke Harriet Taylor (1807-58) " na 1995, Pujol guzobere "nnyocha ihe onwunwe nke na-eme ka Taylor dị iche na ọnọdụ nke Mill. " Pujol gbatịkwara ụkpụrụ nke echiche akụ na ụba gara aga, na-emezi ka onyinye nyocha ụmụ nwanyị na enweghị nhata akụ na ụba site na Taylor, Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon, Millicent Garrett Fawcett, Eleanor Rath, na William Smart Na mgbakwunye na ịsụ ụzọ n'ụzọ ihe mere eme nke ụmụ anụmanụ nke akụ na nọrọ, Pujol na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Akụ na-ahụ ụmụ anụmanụ nke oge a, na-elebara anya n'ịgbasa usoro. Ọ na-etinye aka na nyọcha nke mme ihụ iwu see na Canada. Onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Feminist Economics, [1] [2] site na ntọala ya, Pujol, ya na Nancy Folbre, dezi raba ngalaba "Explorations," na akara ngosi 1996 mgbochi nsogbu ndị na-eche ego mba na ihe na-enweghị ike na-enweta akara. [3] Pujol bụ onye akwụkwọ International Association for Feminist Economics [1] O dechara akwụkwọ gbasara nchegbu na Canada maka Mahadum Manitoba . Pujol dechara akwụkwọ edemede nke afọ nke iri na ndụ nke ụmụ ụmụ na-ahụ maka akụ na-ahụ, nke e ịbụ n'asụsụ Bekee mgbe ọ nwụsịrị. <ref name="Madden">{{Cite book|author=Madden|first=Kirsten|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9780203482063/bibliography-female-economic-thought-1940-kirsten-madden-michele-pujol-janet-seiz|title=A Bibliography of Female Economic Thought up to 1940|date=2004-12-17|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=978-0-203-48206-3|location=London|doi=10.4324/9780203482063}}</ref> === Ndụ onwe onye === === Ọnwụ === A chọpụtara na Pujol nwere ọrịa kansa eriri afọ n'oge opupu ihe ubi nke afọ 1997, a wasịrị ya ahụ na mbido Eprel, n'oge a chọpụtara ọrịa imeju. Pujol nwụrụ na 2 August 1997, n'ụlọ ya n'akụkụ onye mmekọ ya, Brook Holdack, ọnwa ise mgbe a chọpụtara ya. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Michele Pujol Bursary in Women's Studies|url=https://www.uvic.ca/givingtouvic/award-background-info/p/m_pujol.php|accessdate=8 April 2023|work=University of Victoria}}</ref> ''Atlantis: A Women's Studies Journal,'' bipụtara mbipụta pụrụ iche, "Sexual Economics," na 1999, na echiche akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị, iji mee emume ndụ na ọrụ Pujol. Onye ọrụ ibe ya, Marjorie Griffin Cohen, dezigharịrị mbipụta ahụ na Ngalaba Ọmụmụ Ụmụ nwanyị nke Mahadum Simon Fraser. == Ọrụ ndị e bipụtara == * {{Cite book|author=Pujol|first=Michèle A.|title=Feminism and anti-feminism in early economic thought|url=https://archive.org/details/feminismantifemi0000pujo|publisher=Edward Elgar Publishing|location=|year=1992|isbn=9781858988849}} === Isiakwụkwọ akwụkwọ === *   *   *   === Akwụkwọ akụkọ na isiokwu akwụkwọ akụkọ === * {{Cite journal|author=Pujol|first=Michèle|title=Some factors affecting the career patterns of women faculty at the University of Manitoba|year=1988}} * {{Cite journal|author=Pujol|first=Michèle|title=Gender and class in Marshall's ''Principles of Economics''|journal=[[Cambridge Journal of Economics]]|volume=8|issue=3|pages=217–234|date=September 1984|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.cje.a035547}} * {{Cite journal|author=Pujol|first=Michèle|title=Introduction|journal=Feminist Economics|volume=2|issue=3|doi=10.1080/13545709610001707796|date=November 1996}} * {{Cite journal|author=Pujol|first=Michèle|title=Forum: research priorities on nonmarket production|journal=Feminist Economics|volume=2|issue=3|doi=10.1080/13545709610001707836|date=November 1996}} * {{Cite journal|author=Pujol|first=Michèle|title=Introduction: broadening economic data and methods|journal=[[Feminist Economics (journal)|Feminist Economics]]|volume=3|issue=2|pages=119–120|doi=10.1080/135457097338726|date=January 1997}} * {{Cite journal|author=Griffin Cohen|first=Marjorie|title=Special issue: ''Sexual Economics'' - to celebrate the life and work of Michèle Pujol|journal=Atlantis: A Women's Studies Journal|volume=23|issue=2|date=January 1997|url=http://journals.msvu.ca/index.php/atlantis/issue/view/124/showToc}} === Ihe ndị a na-agụ === Pujol sonyere na nzukọ kwa afọ nke History of Economics Society na Mahadum nke British Columbia na June 1996 site na ngosi ya na ọtụtụ mpịakọta nke onyinye ụmụ nwanyị nyere na akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị tupu 1900, nke ọ na-edezi maka mbipụta site na Routledge na Thoemmes Continuum.<ref name="Madden" /> Onye nyere aka na Out of the Margin: Feminist Perspectives on Economic Theory, <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/edit/10.4324/9780203983744/margin-edith-kuiper-jolande-sap-susan-feiner-notburga-ott-zafiris-tzannatos|title=Out of the Margin: Feminist Perspectives on Economics|date=1995-07-20|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-203-98374-4|editor=Tzannatos|location=London|doi=10.4324/9780203983744}}</ref> Pujol gosipụtara ọrụ isi ya na 1996 International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE) <ref name="Bibliog">{{Cite web|author=Switala|first=Kristen|year=1999|title=Feminist Economics|url=http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/eco.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991004234149/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/eco.html|archivedate=October 4, 1999|accessdate=June 23, 2023|work=Collaboratory for Digital Discourse and Culture @ Virginia Tech}}</ref> na [[Washington, D.C.]] N'afọ 1995, Pujol gosipụtara "Is This Really Economics? Using Qualitative Research Methods in Feminist Economic Research," na nzukọ International Association for Feminist Economics (IAFFE) <ref name="Bibliog">{{Cite web|author=Switala|first=Kristen|year=1999|title=Feminist Economics|url=http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/eco.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/19991004234149/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/eco.html|archivedate=October 4, 1999|accessdate=June 23, 2023|work=Collaboratory for Digital Discourse and Culture @ Virginia Tech}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSwitala1999">Switala, Kristen (1999). [http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/eco.html "Feminist Economics"]. ''Collaboratory for Digital Discourse and Culture @ Virginia Tech''. [https://web.archive.org/web/19991004234149/http://www.cddc.vt.edu/feminism/eco.html Archived] from the original on 4 October 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> na Tours, France. == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] s3ctqodt0a3thg6z4bihu940kquhknl 0 75744 672396 656251 2026-07-04T16:31:02Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672396 wikitext text/x-wiki   == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Sophie Raffalovich na 15 Jenụwarị 1860 na Odessa na Herman na Marie Raffalovitch. Nna ya bụ onye na-echekwa ego, nwere ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Marc-André na Arthur. Ezinrọ ahụ bụ Ndị Juu ma kwaga France na 1864 n'ihi ire iji ngwaahịa. Nna ya ga-ada Odessa maka ịzụ ahịa ma ọkara afụ ọ gbala n'ebe ahụ. Marie bụ onye ụkwụ ndị nwere nnwere na nka na-emee nwee mmemme a ma ama na France. Ya na onye na-akpa ụmụaka bụ Claude Bernard bụ ezigbo enyi. Raffalovich tolitere na-ama uru ya ma akụ na-egosi ike ndị. Ụlọ akwụkwọ gbasara ndụ Cobden na Lord Shaftesbury. Nwanne ya nwoke André nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ edemede na London ebe ọ ga-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye ọbịa.. <ref name="ORiordan">{{Cite book|author=O'Riordan|first=Turlough|editor=McGuire|title=Dictionary of Irish Biography|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|chapter=Raffalovich, Sophie}}</ref> <ref name="Mallow">{{Cite web|title=Sophie O'Brien nee Raffalovich 1860 – 1960|work=Mallow|url=http://www.visitmallow.ie/index.php/famous-people/99-sophie-o-brien-nee-raffalovich-1860-1960|accessdate=2019-09-13|archivedate=2019-09-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903233144/http://www.visitmallow.ie/index.php/famous-people/99-sophie-o-brien-nee-raffalovich-1860-1960}}</ref><ref name="Irish Archives Resource">{{Cite web|title=Archive Details|work=Irish Archives Resource|url=https://www.iar.ie/Archive.shtml?IE%20CCCA/PR25|accessdate=2019-09-13}}</ref> == Ajụjụ ndị Ireland == Akụkọ na gbasara gbasara njinde William O'Brien n'oge mkpuchi ahụ mere ka nne na nwa ya nwee nwee ike na Ireland na ọnọdụ ike oyiyi dị n'ebe ahụ. Raffalovich egwu idegara O'Brien akwụkwọ ozi ma ike zute ya na 1889. Mgbe mbụ nwoke na ọgụ, ha kwere nkwa ọlụlụ. Raffalovich ọrịa onye. Nke a bụ mmechuihu nye nna ya mana ihe odide nke ya na-egosi na o meghị nke a naanị maka naanị nri. Ụmụnne ya abụọ sooro ya ruo n'ókè a. Ọ bụ ebe na ndị na-anụ ọkụ n'obi ya n'oge ọ bụ nwata, Raffalovich ah ekiri ndị Juu ya..<ref name="ORiordan" /> Ọ ifo O'Brien na 11 June 1890 ma Charles Stewart Parnell, nnukwu nju nke ndị Irish tupu ha kewaa n'ikpeazụ n'afọ ahụ. Raffalovich na di ya kwagara Ireland mgbe hụ ahụ ọma ma nabata ya ngwa n'ime òtù ndị na ibe ya. Ya na Anne Deane na Henrietta Mitchel Martin nwere ike chiri anya. Di ya dabere na Raffalovich nke ukwuu dị ka onye na-enye ego, ike na onye ike n'oge ọrụ ya ebe tita ya adịghị mma. Ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka ego ma ha biri ndụ dị mfe ka o kwere mee ka ha wee nwee ike inye ndị ogbenye ihe dị ka o kwere omume.. <ref name="ORiordan" />{{Cite book|author=O'Riordan|first=Turlough|editor=McGuire|title=Dictionary of Irish Biography|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|chapter=Raffalovich, Sophie}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'Riordan2009">O'Riordan, Turlough (2009). "Raffalovich, Sophie". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). ''Dictionary of Irish Biography''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref><ref name="Mallow" />{{Cite web|title=Sophie O'Brien nee Raffalovich 1860 – 1960|work=Mallow|url=http://www.visitmallow.ie/index.php/famous-people/99-sophie-o-brien-nee-raffalovich-1860-1960|accessdate=2019-09-13|archivedate=2019-09-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903233144/http://www.visitmallow.ie/index.php/famous-people/99-sophie-o-brien-nee-raffalovich-1860-1960}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200203071250/http://www.visitmallow.ie/index.php/famous-people/99-sophie-o-brien-nee-raffalovich-1860-1960 "Sophie O'Brien nee Raffalovich 1860 – 1960"]. ''Mallow''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Irish Archives Resource" /> <ref name="ORiordan" />{{Cite book|author=O'Riordan|first=Turlough|editor=McGuire|title=Dictionary of Irish Biography|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|chapter=Raffalovich, Sophie}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'Riordan2009">O'Riordan, Turlough (2009). "Raffalovich, Sophie". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). ''Dictionary of Irish Biography''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref><ref name="Irish Archives Resource" />{{Cite web|title=Archive Details|work=Irish Archives Resource|url=https://www.iar.ie/Archive.shtml?IE%20CCCA/PR25|accessdate=2019-09-13}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.iar.ie/Archive.shtml?IE%20CCCA/PR25 "Archive Details"]. ''Irish Archives Resource''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Joyce Walsh 2016">{{Cite book|author=Joyce|first=J.|title=Dubliners|publisher=Broadview Press|year=2016|isbn=978-1-77048-517-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dWFxDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA305|accessdate=2019-09-13}}</ref>N'afọ 1895, O'Brien jụrụ ịkwụ ụgwọ ndị o ji n'oge 'Plan of Campaign', na-ahọrọ kama ịga daa ogbenye. Di na nwunye ahụ lara ezumike nká n'ụlọ dị na Westport, County Mayo ebe ha rụkọtara ọrụ ugbo, ịzụ nkịta na ide ihe. Ha kwadoro ịkụ azụ n'ógbè ahụ n'ụzọ ego ebe o kwere omume. Raffalovich dere akwụkwọ akụkọ ole na ole nke na-akọwa oge ahụ. Mgbe ọ nọ na Westport, Raffalovich, ya na ndị nọn nọ n'I jide ahụ, ntọala ụlọ ọrụ aka dị iche iche ma hụ na akara dị na Paris maka lace a na-ahụ n'ózuzu. Ya na Sister Mary Eustace Eaton Obe Harold's Cross Hospice for the Dying rụkọrọ ọrụ ma dee ndụ ya na 1923. Ebe ọ na- mkpụrụ ụmụ na di ya na-achọghị kuchie, Raffalovich ụmụ ụmụ ka bi na ha mana uru uru ndị ọzọ.. <ref name="ORiordan" />{{Cite book|author=O'Riordan|first=Turlough|editor=McGuire|title=Dictionary of Irish Biography|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|chapter=Raffalovich, Sophie}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'Riordan2009">O'Riordan, Turlough (2009). "Raffalovich, Sophie". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). ''Dictionary of Irish Biography''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref> <ref name="Mallow" />{{Cite web|title=Sophie O'Brien nee Raffalovich 1860 – 1960|work=Mallow|url=http://www.visitmallow.ie/index.php/famous-people/99-sophie-o-brien-nee-raffalovich-1860-1960|accessdate=2019-09-13|archivedate=2019-09-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903233144/http://www.visitmallow.ie/index.php/famous-people/99-sophie-o-brien-nee-raffalovich-1860-1960}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200203071250/http://www.visitmallow.ie/index.php/famous-people/99-sophie-o-brien-nee-raffalovich-1860-1960 "Sophie O'Brien nee Raffalovich 1860 – 1960"]. ''Mallow''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="Irish Archives Resource" />{{Cite web|title=Archive Details|work=Irish Archives Resource|url=https://www.iar.ie/Archive.shtml?IE%20CCCA/PR25|accessdate=2019-09-13}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.iar.ie/Archive.shtml?IE%20CCCA/PR25 "Archive Details"]. ''Irish Archives Resource''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="OBrien 1976"/> <ref name="ORiordan" />{{Cite book|author=O'Riordan|first=Turlough|editor=McGuire|title=Dictionary of Irish Biography|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|chapter=Raffalovich, Sophie}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'Riordan2009">O'Riordan, Turlough (2009). "Raffalovich, Sophie". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). ''Dictionary of Irish Biography''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref><ref name="History Ireland 2013">{{Cite web|title=A nursery of editors: the Cork Free Press, 1910–16|work=History Ireland|date=2013-02-25|url=https://www.historyireland.com/20th-century-contemporary-history/a-nursery-of-editors-the-cork-free-press-1910-16/|accessdate=2019-09-13}}</ref><ref name="Irish Archives Resource" />{{Cite web|title=Archive Details|work=Irish Archives Resource|url=https://www.iar.ie/Archive.shtml?IE%20CCCA/PR25|accessdate=2019-09-13}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.iar.ie/Archive.shtml?IE%20CCCA/PR25 "Archive Details"]. ''Irish Archives Resource''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="OBrien 1976"/>A ka na-ahụ nsonaazụ nke ụnwụ nri Irish n'etiti ndị mmadụ nọ na Connacht mgbe di na nwunye ahụ bi n'ebe ahụ ma ha na-etinye aka na ọrụ enyemaka mpaghara na 1897-1898. O'Brien doro anya na nkesa ala bụ ụzọ isi melite ọnọdụ ahụ na Raffalovich ghọrọ onye isi na-akwado United Irish League. Ọ bụ nke a dugara na nnọkọ mbụ nke Irish Parliamentary Party na 1900, ọ bụ ezie na O'Brien hapụrụ ọzọ naanị afọ 3 ka e mesịrị. Raffalovich gara n'ihu na-akwado ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya n'agbanyeghị nnukwu ego ọ na-eme mgbe o guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị, Cork Free Press. <ref name="ORiordan" />{{Cite book|author=O'Riordan|first=Turlough|editor=McGuire|title=Dictionary of Irish Biography|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|chapter=Raffalovich, Sophie}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'Riordan2009">O'Riordan, Turlough (2009). "Raffalovich, Sophie". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). ''Dictionary of Irish Biography''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref> <ref name="Irish Archives Resource" />{{Cite web|title=Archive Details|work=Irish Archives Resource|url=https://www.iar.ie/Archive.shtml?IE%20CCCA/PR25|accessdate=2019-09-13}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.iar.ie/Archive.shtml?IE%20CCCA/PR25 "Archive Details"]. ''Irish Archives Resource''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="OBrien 1976">{{Cite book|author=O'Brien|first=J.V.|title=William O'Brien and the Course of Irish Politics, 1881-1918|publisher=University of California Press|year=1976|isbn=978-0-520-02886-9|url=https://archive.org/details/williamobrienc00jose|accessdate=2019-09-13}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'Brien1976">O'Brien, J.V. (1976). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required">[[iarchive:williamobrienc00jose|''William O'Brien and the Course of Irish Politics, 1881-1918'']]</span>. University of California Press. p.&nbsp;[[iarchive:williamobrienc00jose/page/101|101]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-520-02886-9|<bdi>978-0-520-02886-9</bdi>]]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref>A ka na-ahụ nsonaazụ nke ụnwụ nri Irish n'etiti ndị mmadụ nọ na Connacht mgbe di na nwunye ahụ bi n'ebe ahụ ma ha na-etinye aka na ọrụ enyemaka mpaghara na 1897-1898. O'Brien doro anya na nkesa ala bụ ụzọ isi melite ọnọdụ ahụ na Raffalovich ghọrọ onye isi na-akwado United Irish League. Ọ bụ nke a dugara na nnọkọ mbụ nke Irish Parliamentary Party na 1900, ọ bụ ezie na O'Brien hapụrụ ọzọ naanị afọ 3 ka e mesịrị. Raffalovich gara n'ihu na-akwado ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya n'agbanyeghị nnukwu ego ọ na-eme mgbe o guzobere akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ụbọchị, Cork Free Press. Nne Raffalovich nọgidere na-ebi na France na Raffalovitch chere na ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na mba ebe ọ tolitere. Di na nwunye ahụ kwadoro ihe jikọrọ aka na Raffalovich enweghị ọmịiko maka Sinn Féin mgbe ha yiri ka ha na-etinye mbọ agha jikọrọ aka n'ihe ize ndụ. Di ya enweghị mgbaghara ma ha enweghị nkwekọrịta na isiokwu ahụ. Agha ahụ wepụrụ akụ na ụba Raffalovich nwere site na mfu nke itinye ego ezinụlọ na Russia na [[Jémanị|Germany]]. Ego ya akwadowo ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị di ya na ọrụ ahụ kwụsịrị na ntuli aka nke 1918. <ref name="ORiordan" />{{Cite book|author=O'Riordan|first=Turlough|editor=McGuire|title=Dictionary of Irish Biography|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|chapter=Raffalovich, Sophie}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'Riordan2009">O'Riordan, Turlough (2009). "Raffalovich, Sophie". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). ''Dictionary of Irish Biography''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref> <ref name="Irish Archives Resource" />{{Cite web|title=Archive Details|work=Irish Archives Resource|url=https://www.iar.ie/Archive.shtml?IE%20CCCA/PR25|accessdate=2019-09-13}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.iar.ie/Archive.shtml?IE%20CCCA/PR25 "Archive Details"]. ''Irish Archives Resource''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="OBrien 1976"/> == Mgbe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gasịrị == Ruo ihe dị ka afọ iri, di na nwunye ahụ lara ezumike nká ruo mgbe O'Brien nwụrụ na 1928. Raffalovich chere na ọ bụ ọrụ ya iji hụ na ncheta ya ka ọ dị mma ma ọ nọrọ afọ ole na ole na-arụ ọrụ site na akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ọ hapụrụ. Ya na onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ ya, Michael MacDonagh rụkọrọ ọrụ ma bipụta ụfọdụ ọrụ ya. O nyere akwụkwọ ya na Mahadum College Cork na National Library of Ireland. <ref name="ORiordan" />{{Cite book|author=O'Riordan|first=Turlough|editor=McGuire|title=Dictionary of Irish Biography|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|chapter=Raffalovich, Sophie}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'Riordan2009">O'Riordan, Turlough (2009). "Raffalovich, Sophie". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). ''Dictionary of Irish Biography''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref> <ref name="Mallow" />{{Cite web|title=Sophie O'Brien nee Raffalovich 1860 – 1960|work=Mallow|url=http://www.visitmallow.ie/index.php/famous-people/99-sophie-o-brien-nee-raffalovich-1860-1960|accessdate=2019-09-13|archivedate=2019-09-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903233144/http://www.visitmallow.ie/index.php/famous-people/99-sophie-o-brien-nee-raffalovich-1860-1960}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190903233144/http://www.visitmallow.ie/index.php/famous-people/99-sophie-o-brien-nee-raffalovich-1860-1960 "Sophie O'Brien nee Raffalovich 1860 – 1960"]. ''Mallow''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Irish Archives Resource" />{{Cite web|title=Archive Details|work=Irish Archives Resource|url=https://www.iar.ie/Archive.shtml?IE%20CCCA/PR25|accessdate=2019-09-13}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.iar.ie/Archive.shtml?IE%20CCCA/PR25 "Archive Details"]. ''Irish Archives Resource''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> E nyere ya Doctor of Letters na Febụwarị 1938 site na Mahadum National nke Ireland maka ọrụ a. <ref name="ORiordan" />{{Cite book|author=O'Riordan|first=Turlough|editor=McGuire|title=Dictionary of Irish Biography|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|chapter=Raffalovich, Sophie}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'Riordan2009">O'Riordan, Turlough (2009). "Raffalovich, Sophie". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). ''Dictionary of Irish Biography''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref> N'afọ ndị mbụ, Raffalovich chere na ọ ga-esonyere ndị nọn enyi ya ma ọ bụrụ na di ya anwụọ mana n'afọ 1933 ọ ghọtara na ya kara nká maka mgbanwe dị otú ahụ nakwa na ụlọ ya dị na Cork buru oke ibu maka ya naanị ya, ọ laghachiri France nso Amiens, ka ya na ụmụnne nwanyị Fernande na Lucie Guilmart biri bụ ụmụ akwụkwọ nke ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ mgbei Amiens ọ kwadoro kemgbe afọ 1880. Ya na ụmụnne nwanyị ahụ ghọrọ ndị enyi mgbe ha gara leta ya na Ireland na mbido afọ 1930. Ha lekọtara ya mgbe e mesịrị. Raffalovich kpọrọ ha 'ụmụ nwanyị kachasị mma agadi nwanyị na-enweghị nwa nwere ike inwe".<ref name="ORiordan" />{{Cite book|author=O'Riordan|first=Turlough|editor=McGuire|title=Dictionary of Irish Biography|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|chapter=Raffalovich, Sophie}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'Riordan2009">O'Riordan, Turlough (2009). "Raffalovich, Sophie". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). ''Dictionary of Irish Biography''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref><ref name="Mallow" />{{Cite web|title=Sophie O'Brien nee Raffalovich 1860 – 1960|work=Mallow|url=http://www.visitmallow.ie/index.php/famous-people/99-sophie-o-brien-nee-raffalovich-1860-1960|accessdate=2019-09-13|archivedate=2019-09-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903233144/http://www.visitmallow.ie/index.php/famous-people/99-sophie-o-brien-nee-raffalovich-1860-1960}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200203071250/http://www.visitmallow.ie/index.php/famous-people/99-sophie-o-brien-nee-raffalovich-1860-1960 "Sophie O'Brien nee Raffalovich 1860 – 1960"]. ''Mallow''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="Irish Archives Resource" />{{Cite web|title=Archive Details|work=Irish Archives Resource|url=https://www.iar.ie/Archive.shtml?IE%20CCCA/PR25|accessdate=2019-09-13}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.iar.ie/Archive.shtml?IE%20CCCA/PR25 "Archive Details"]. ''Irish Archives Resource''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> Raffalovich ka bi na France mgbe [[Jémanị|Germany]] wakporo ya n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]]. Ụmụnne nwanyị ahụ mere ka ya na ha gbalaga n'ógbè dị nso na Pyrenees. Éamon de Valera gbochiri ịnakọta ego ọha na eze iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị atọ ahụ ihe omume mere ka ha ghara ịda ogbenye. O kwuru na gọọmentị ga-enye ya ihe mana o zigara otu ego £ 150 site na onye nnọchi anya Irish na Vichy. Paul O'Dwyer mere ka a chịkọta ego site na New York Irish. Otú ọ dị, ọ dara ogbenye nke ukwuu na njedebe nke agha ahụ ọ bụ ezie na ọ nọgidere na-ebi na ụmụnne nwanyị Guilmart n'oge a na Neuilly-St Front, nso Soissons. Lucie nwụrụ na 1957; Fernande nwụrụ karịa ya. Ọ nwụrụ na Neuilly na 8 Jenụwarị 1960.<ref name="ORiordan" />{{Cite book|author=O'Riordan|first=Turlough|editor=McGuire|title=Dictionary of Irish Biography|date=2009|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|chapter=Raffalovich, Sophie}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFO'Riordan2009">O'Riordan, Turlough (2009). "Raffalovich, Sophie". In McGuire, James; Quinn, James (eds.). ''Dictionary of Irish Biography''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite></ref><ref name="Mallow" /> == Akwụkwọ == * ''John Bright na Henry Fawcett'' (na-ede dị ka Sophie Raffalovich), Paris, (1886) * ''N'okpuru Croagh Patrick'' (1904) * ''Rosette: ịhụnanya nke Paris na Dublin'' (1907) * ''Ndị enyi ya a na-adịghị ahụ anya'' (1912) * ''Na Mallow'' (1920) * ''Nwanne nwanyị Mary Eustace'' (1923) * ''Ihe osise ndị e sere n'oge gara aga'' (1926) * Ihe Ncheta Ọlaedo (1929) * ''Gburugburu Broom Lane'' (1931) * Ndị enyi m Irish (1937) == Ebe e si nweta ya == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ixvca943ze2afrj429rjk10umlbzdiu 0 75766 672414 637749 2026-07-04T17:32:41Z Johnnybam 24488 672414 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox vcard" |+ class="infobox-title fn org" id="6" |Akwa United | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Akwa_United_F.C.svg|alt=Akwa United F.C. logo|208x208px]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Aha zuru ezu | class="infobox-data" |Akwa United Football Club nke Uyo |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Aha njirimara | class="infobox-data nickname" |''Ndị Na-edebe Nkwa'' |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Ntọala | class="infobox-data" |1996; <span class="noprint">Afọ 30 gara aga&#x20;&nbsp;</span> <span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1996</span>)&nbsp;</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Ala | class="infobox-data label" |[[Godswill Akpabio International Stadium]]<ref><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="877">[https://thenationonlineng.net/akwa-ibom-approvesnest-of-champions-for-akwa-united/ "Akwa Ibom approves'Nest of Champions' for Akwa United"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="878">''[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="880">Lagos, Nigeria. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="881">June 24, 2015. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="882">[https://web.archive.org/web/20191101162922/https://thenationonlineng.net/akwa-ibom-approvesnest-of-champions-for-akwa-united/ Archived] from the original on November 1, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="883"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 6,</span> 2019</span>.</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Ikike | class="infobox-data" |30,000 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Onye nwe ya | class="infobox-data" |Gọọmentị [[Akwa Ibom State|Akwa Ibom Steeti]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Onye isi oche | class="infobox-data agent" |Joseph Eno |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Onye njikwa | class="infobox-data agent" |[[Paul Offor]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |Njikọ | class="infobox-data" |[[Nigeria National League|Njikọ Mba Naịjirịa]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="white-space: nowrap; text-align:left" |[[2024–25 Nigeria Premier Football League|2024–25]] | class="infobox-data" |Nigeria Professional Football League e wepụrụ, nke iri na asatọ n'ime iri abụọ <ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.flashscore.com.ng/soccer/nigeria/npfl/standings/ "NPFL 2024/2025 standings - overall, home/away standings"]. </cite></ref> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" | |- | colspan="2" style="padding: 0; background: #fff; color:#000; text-align: center; border: 1px solid #D3D3D3;" | {| role="presentation" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" | style="padding:0" |<div style="width: 100px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100px; height: 135px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFFFF;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_left_arm_akwaunited2122h.png|link=|alt=|élú|Team colours]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_left_arm.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px; background-color: #FF6600;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_body_akwaunited2122h.png|link=|alt=|élú]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_body.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFFFFF;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_right_arm_akwaunited2122h.png|link=|alt=|élú]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_right_arm.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px; background-color: #;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_shorts_akwaunited2122h.png|link=|alt=|élú]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px;">[[File:Kit_shorts.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px; background-color: #FF6600;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px;">[[File:Kit_socks_long.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]</div></div><div style="padding-top: 0.6em; text-align: center;">'''[[Kit (association football)|Agba ụlọ]]'''</div></div> | style="padding:0" |<div style="width: 100px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: relative; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 100px; height: 135px; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFffff;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_left_arm_akwaunited2122a.png|link=|alt=|élú|Team colours]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_left_arm.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px; background-color: #FF6600;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_body_akwaunited2122a.png|link=|alt=|élú]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 31px; top: 0px; width: 38px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_body.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px; background-color: #FFffff;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_right_arm_akwaunited2122a.png|link=|alt=|élú]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 69px; top: 0px; width: 31px; height: 59px;">[[File:Kit_right_arm.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px; background-color: #FF6600;color:inherit;">[[File:Kit_shorts_akwaunited2122a.png|link=|alt=|élú]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 59px; width: 100px; height: 36px;">[[File:Kit_shorts.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]</div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px; background-color: #FF6600;color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 0px; top: 95px; width: 100px; height: 40px;">[[File:Kit_socks_long.svg|link=|alt=|élú]]</div></div><div style="padding-top: 0.6em; text-align: center;">'''[[Away colours|Agba ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ]]'''</div></div> |} |} [[w:updated|14 November 2021]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Akwa United Squad |url=https://www.flashscore.com.ng/team/akwa-united/QPhDqSLk/squad/ |website=Flashscore.com.ng |publisher=Flashscore |accessdate=10 February 2020 |archive-date=25 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225162238/https://www.flashscore.com.ng/team/akwa-united/QPhDqSLk/squad/ |url-status=live }}</ref>   '''Akwa United Football Club''' bụ klọb [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] Naijiria nke dị na [[Uyo]], [[Ȯra Akwa Ibom|Akwa Ibom]] . Ha na-egwu na Njikọ Mba Naịjirịa, nkewa nke abụọ nke bọọlụ Naịjirị. [[Godswill Akpabio International Stadium]] bụ ụlọ egwuregwu nke klọb ahụ. N'afọ 2020/21 ha bụ ndị mmeri nke league maka oge mbụ n'akụkọ ihe mere eme ha.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2021/08/01/breaking-akwa-united-wins-2020-2021-npfl-title/amp/|title=Akwa United Wins 2020/2021 NPFL Title|date=October 27, 2021|work=Channels TV|accessdate=October 27, 2021|archivedate=October 29, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029015828/https://www.channelstv.com/2021/08/01/breaking-akwa-united-wins-2020-2021-npfl-title/amp/}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == Malite dị ka "Ibom Stars Football Club", ụlọ ọrụ ahụ malitere mgbasa ozi ọkachamara ya na oge 1996/97 nke NNL nke abụọ (nke a na-akpọ "Pro League"). Assam Assam bụ onye ọsụ ụzọ nke klọb ahụ na onye nchịkwa Bernard Ogbe na-eje ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ teknụzụ mbụ ya. Ụlọ ọgbakọ ahụ gbara egwuregwu ụlọ ya n'ama egwuregwu Uyo Township, yi uwe na-acha uhie uhie & ọcha dị ka ngwa ụlọ na pụọ. Ọ bụ ike na-achị steeti ahụ, na-emeri iko ihe ịma aka steeti ugboro asaa n'etiti 1996 na 2006. === Nkwalite & Nkwado === Mgbe ọ gbasịrị na ngalaba nke abụọ ruo ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri, Ibom Stars nwetara nkwalite na Nigeria Premier League (nke a na-akpọ Nigeria Professional Football League ugbu a) na oge 2007/08, na-emeri ndị agbata obi Calabar Rovers 13-0 na Oron Township Stadium n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke oge ahụ iji merie Bussdor FC ma ruo eruo. Ndị na-elekọta klọb ahụ tinyere akwụkwọ maka mgbanwe aha, na-agbanwe site na "Ibom Stars FC" gaa na "Akwa United FC" na aha njirimara The Promise Keepers . <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-22|title=Akwa United: Can The Promise Keepers Keep The NPFL Title Hope?|url=https://bestchoicesports.com.ng/akwa-united-can-the-promise-keepers-keep-the-npfl-title-hope/|accessdate=2022-11-22|work=Best Choice Sports|language=en-GB|archivedate=2022-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122104919/https://bestchoicesports.com.ng/akwa-united-can-the-promise-keepers-keep-the-npfl-title-hope/}}</ref> Ha ga-ejikwa acha anụnụ anụnụ maka egwuregwu ha n'ụlọ na ọcha maka egwuregwu ha na-aga n'ihu. Otu a dọtara ọtụtụ nnukwu aha sitere na klọb ndị ọzọ na mba ahụ. Onye isi oche mgbe ahụ Chris Ekong bịanyere aka na onye nchịkwa Charles Bassey (MON) ka ọ na-elekọta otu ahụ, nke Emmanuel King nyere aka. Ihe sochirinụ bụ mbata ụfọdụ aha ezinaụlọ, gụnyere Innocent Ozurumba, Ottanwa Ottanwa, Abdul Haruna, Stanley Amadi, na ọbụna ndị bụbu ndị egwuregwu mba 17 Ambrose Vanzekin, Kingsley Udo na Eze Osanga. Ndị egwuregwu a na-ewebata ọhụrụ jikọtara ụfọdụ kpakpando ụmụ amaala iji wuo otu n'ime ndị otu kacha mma na mba ahụ n'afọ ahụ. === Oge Mbụ nke Nnukwu Ụgbọelu === Akwa United gbara egwuregwu Premier League nke mbụ ya na El-kanemi Warriors nke Maiduguri n'ọgbọ egwuregwu Oron Township, merie 1–0. Emmanuel Ekpo bụ onye ọgba bọọlụ bụ onye nyere goolu. Mmeri ha 0–1 meriri Nasarawa United na Lafia ga-abụ mmeri mbụ ndị otu a ga-emeri na mpụga n'asọmpi Premier League. Oge mbụ Akwa United na Premier League abụghị, n'enweghị esemokwu. N'asọmpi Ligị nke ha na Enyimba International, dara otu egwuregwu ahụ nnukwu ego ma chụpụ ya n'ama egwuregwu Uyo Township afọ atọ ka ndị na-akwado ụlọ ha wakporo ogige ahụ n'ihi nzaghachi onye ọkaikpe Felicia Okugbe nyere ntaramahụhụ oge mmerụ ahụ nke esemokwu, ebe otu onye kwenyere na nwụrụ na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ merụrụ ahụ dị iche iche. Ihe ga-esi na nke a pụta ga-enwe mmetụta uche na arụmọrụ nke otu ahụ, ka ha na-agbasi mbọ ike n'oge ndị ọzọ. N'ime oge mbụ ọgba aghara maka klọb ahụ, ha gụchara 14th na isi iri anọ na asatọ ka ha dekọchara mmeri 14, ọkpụ isii na mmeri 18. === Oge 2008-2009 Oge- Otu, ndị nkuzi atọ na relegation === Oge nke abụọ nke Promise Keepers na Premier League adịghị mma dị ka nke mbụ. Onye nkuzi ImeUko bụ onye njikwa klọb ahụ họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye na-elekọta otu ahụ ma onye nkuzi Godwin Morgan nyere ya aka. Ndị otu ahụ chere ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka ihu n'oge 2008/2009 ka ụfọdụ n'ime ndị egwuregwu ya kachasị elu hapụrụ ndị otu ahụ maka ebe ịta nri. Ihe sochiri bụ ọdịdị na nsonaazụ ọjọọ. Ndị otu ahụ na-alụ ọgụ na mpaghara relegation maka ihe ka ukwuu n'oge ahụ. N'ịgbalị ịzọpụta ọnọdụ ahụ, e nyere Onye Ọzụzụ Godwin Uwah nkwekọrịta iji zọpụta ndị otu ahụ site na ọdịda. Onye nkuzi Uwah lụrụ ọgụ ezé na ntu iji nweta nsonaazụ mana ọ baghị uru. O mechara gbaa arụkwaghịm n'ọkwa ya. Ndị na-ahụ maka ya na mgbalị siri ike iji zere ịbụ ndị a chụpụrụ n'ọkwa họpụtara onye nkuzi Patrick Udoh ka ọ na-elekọta otu ahụ ruo na ngwụcha oge ahụ. N'agbanyeghi ebubo e boro ha n'azụ oge nke mere ka ha nweta nsonaazụ ụfọdụ na-adọrọ mmasị ma mepụta onye kacha gbaa goolu n'oge ahụ, ([[Orok Akarandut]] 17 goolu) e wepụrụ ndị otu ahụ n'ụzọ dị egwu n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ. E wepụrụ ha n'ụzọ dị egwu n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke oge ahụ na ihe dị iche iche na-esote mmeri 9-0 nke Kaduna United na Zamfara United. Akwa United nwetara akara 48 site na egwuregwu 38 gụnyere mmeri 14, 6 draw na mmeri 18 iji mechie na ọnọdụ 17. === Ịlaghachi na Premier League === Mgbe Akwa United laghachiri na ngalaba dị ala n'oge 2009/2010, ndị otu nchịkwa nke ObongIsongIsang duziri kwere nkwa na ndị otu ahụ ga-alaghachi na Premier League ma debe okwu ya. Akwa United laghachiri na Big Time - Premier League na oge 2011/2012 (afọ abụọ mgbe ha si na Premier League wepụ) wee mee ka arụmọrụ dị mma n'oge niile iji mechie na akara 50 site na egwuregwu 38 nke gụnyere mmeri 15, 5draws na ọnwụ 16 na-agwụ na 12th, (ọnọdụ kachasị elu nke klọb ahụ) n'okpuru onye nchịkwa Solomon Ogbeide. === Ụbọchị ikpeazụ === Nchịkwa ahụ wetara ndị nkuzi abụọ, Patrick Udo bụ onye ndụmọdụ teknụzụ ebe Emmanuel King bụ onye isi nkuzi ha abụọ na-ahụ maka otu ahụ na oge 2012/2013. Ha malitere mkpọsa ahụ n'ụzọ dị mma ma nọrọ n'elu akwụkwọ ahụ ruo izu ise. Mana ọdịdị dị ala mere ka ha daa nke ukwuu n'etiti oge ọ bụ ezie na ha jisiri ike nọgide na-enwe ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu ha kachasị elu mgbe ha mechiri oge ahụ otu ebe n'elu mpaghara relegation na akara 51. Mmeri 14 ha, 9 draw na mmeri 15 mere ka ndị Promise Keepers nọrọ n'ọnọdụ nke iri na isii. N'afọ 2013/2014, e nyere otu n'ime ndị nkuzi Naịjirịa nwere ahụmịhe na njem n'ọtụtụ ebe Justin Tenger ikike ilekọta ndị otu ahụ. Mana mgbe mmalite dị mma na mbido oge ahụ, akụnụba nke otu ahụ belatara ọzọ. Maka oge nke abụọ na-esote, ha lanarịrị ọdịda n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ, na-agwụ na nke iri na isii. === Ebe Obibi Ọhụrụ === Omume a na-ahụkarị gara n'ihu na oge 2014/2015 site na mbata nke onye nkuzi ọhụrụ na [[Zackary Baraje]]. Ndị otu ahụ gbara egwuregwu ole na ole na Uyo Township Stadium ochie tupu ụlọ ọrụ League Management Company (LMC) ewere ámá egwuregwu ahụ na-erughị eru ịnabata egwuregwu Nigeria Professional Football League.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/185076-nigeria-suspends-9-stadiums-from-hosting-league-matches.html/|title=Nigeria suspends 9 stadiums from hosting league matches|date=October 25, 2015|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=October 25, 2021}}</ref> Akwa United wee kwaga n'ogige egwuregwu [[Godswill Akpabio]] International Stadium">Godswill Akpabio International Stadium nke nwere ike ịba puku iri atọ nke onye bụbu Gọvanọ Godswill Ak pabio wuru. Ọ bụ ezie na akụkọ nke ịgbanahụ relegation n'ụbọchị ikpeazụ bụ otu (Akwa United meriri Lobi Stars nke Makurdi 1-0, na Afeez Awakan na-agba naanị goolu nke egwuregwu ahụ iji nyere ndị otu ahụ aka ịnọgide na-aga). Mmeri 13 ha, 8 draw na mmeri 17 mere ka ha nọrọ n'ọnọdụ nke iri na ise, ebe abụọ n'elu mpaghara ọdịda. === Ebube nke Iko Mba na Mbido === Oge 2014/2015 ga-abụ oge dị ịrịba ama maka klọb ahụ n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe. Otu a mere akụkọ ihe mere eme site na mmeri nke Federations Cup na Nọvemba 2015, meriri Lobi Stars nke Makurdi 2–1 n'ọgbọ egwuregwu Teslim Balogun dị na Legọs iji bulie nnukwu iko mbụ ha wee ruo eru isonye na CAF Confederation Cup. (Mgbe ahụ Captain Nnamso Edo na Afeez Awakan bụ ndị nyere goolu). A họpụtara onye nkuzi Belgian Maurice Cooreman ka ọ bụrụ onye njikwa ọhụrụ nke otu ahụ ma ọ na-elekọta ndị otu ahụ na njem mbụ ha na mpaghara kọntinent ebe ndị otu Congo Vita Club Mokanda kụrụ ha na agba nke mbụ na Uyo. Mgbe ha meriri n'egwuregwu mbụ 1-0 na Congo (UbongEkpai bụ onye na-agba goolu) ha meriri ha n'ụlọ site n'otu ohere ahụ ma kụtuo ha 4-3 na penalty shoot-out. Otú ọ dị, e nwere nnukwu ọganihu na arụmọrụ nke otu ahụ na league ka ha mechara na ọnọdụ nke iri na anọ. A na-eme emume nke iri na anọ nke otu ahụ na-enweghị ọsụsọ nke nchegbu nke relegation nke ọma ma a na-ekwu na ọ bụ mgbalị nke onye nta akụkọ nwere ahụmahụ ghọrọ onye nchịkwa bọọlụ Elder Paul Bassey onye Gọvanọ Steeti Maazị Udom Emmanuel họpụtara dịka Onye isi oche nke klọb ahụ n'etiti oge 2015/2016. === Ọhụrụ === N'oge mbụ ya zuru oke na-elekọta Akwa United dị ka onyeisi oche, Elder Paul Bassey mezigharịrị otu ahụ ma webata aka nke ọkachamara n'ime nchịkwa nke klọb ahụ nke gosipụtara n'ụzọ dị mma. Akụkụ nke usoro mgbanwe ahụ bụ mgbanwe na agba Jersey nke klọb ahụ site na Blue na White gaa na Orange na White nke na-anọchite anya agba ndị ọrụ Akwa Ibom State. Onye isi nchịkwa nke Elder Paul Bassey nyere otu n'ime ndị nkuzi Naịjirịa nwere ahụmahụ na ọgụgụ isi [[Abdu Maikaba]] ọrụ iji lekọta ndị otu ahụ. Onye nkuzi Maikaba kpọtara ndị egwuregwu dịka Alhassan Ibrahim, Moses Ebiye, Aremu Afeez, IfeanyiIfeanyi, Musa Newman, Christian Pyagbara na Emmanuel Iwu ma jikọta ha na ụfọdụ ndị egwuregwu dị ka [[Ubong Friday]], Otobong Effiong, Godspower Igudia, Ariwachukwu Emmanuel, Cyril Olisema, Chigozie Chilekwu, Ubong Idio, Amaechi Orji wdg. ndị e jidere site na oge gara aga. N'agbanyeghị mmalite dị nwayọ na oge ahụ nke hụrụ ka ndị otu ahụ na-achịkwa naanị ihe isii site na 18, ha nwetara ma gbanwee usoro egwuregwu nke Coach Maikaba. Nsonaazụ nke ngwakọta ahụ pụtara ìhè na arụmọrụ na ihe ndị Akwa United rụzuru na oge NPFL nke 2016/2017 nke ha na-alụ ọgụ maka aha ahụ, mana naanị ịhapụ na agba anọ ikpeazụ nke egwuregwu ma hapụ ohere ịhọrọ otu n'ime tiketi atọ dị na kọntinent site na usoro league site na naanị otu akara. Akwa United mechiri oge NPFL nke 2016/2017 n'ọnọdụ nke anọ (nke kachasị elu ha nwetụrụla na ụgbọ elu kachasị elu). Ha dekọrọ mmeri iri na asaa, 9 draw na mmeri iri abụọ na abụọ na akara iri isii site na egwuregwu iri atọ na asatọ ma bulie iko FA (AITEO Cup) maka oge nke abụọ n'ime afọ atọ. The 2016/2017 season was the 20th Anniversary of Akwa United since it was founded as the Ibom Stars in the 1996/1997 season.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Our History|url=https://akwaunitedfc.com/our-history/|accessdate=2022-11-22|work=Akwa United FC|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122104623/https://akwaunitedfc.com/our-history/}}</ref> The team has played in Nigeria's Premier League for eight years in its 20 years of existence.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Azscore - Premier League Football|url=https://azscore.ng/basketball/leagues/world/premier-league-30|accessdate=2022-11-22|work=azscore.ng|archivedate=2022-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221122104623/https://azscore.ng/basketball/leagues/world/premier-league-30}}</ref> The end of the 2016/2017 season marked the club's sixth consecutive seasons in the league. === 2017-18: Oge nke asaa na-enweghị nkwụsịtụ na topflight === Ọgwụgwụ nke oge NPFL nke 2017-18 gosipụtara oge asaa na-aga n'ihu nke klọb ahụ na ụgbọ elu kachasị elu na Naịjirịa kemgbe 2011-12 NPFL. ==== Ọ pụtara nke abụọ na kọntinent ahụ ==== Akwa United pụtara nke abụọ ha na kọntinent ahụ mana Hawks FC nke Gambia tụrụ ha n'anya 2-1 na akụkụ mbụ nke 2018 CAF Confederation Cup preliminary tie na [[Godswill Akpabio International Stadium]] na Sunday, February 11, 2018. N'akụkụ nke abụọ na Independence Stadium, Bakau na Febụwarị 21, 2018, Cyril Olisema gbara aka iji nye Akwa United mmeri 3-2 n'elu klọb Gambia na ịgafe na agba nke mbụ. Al-Ittihad meriri Akwa United 1-0 na agba nke mbụ, egwuregwu nke mbụ, naanị maka ndị Promise Keepers idekọ otu akara ahụ na agba nke abụọ site n'enyemaka nke Aniekeme Asuquo na nkeji iri anọ na isii, iji gaa n'ọkwa na ngụkọta, tupu ha emeri klọb Libya 3-2 na penalties iji ruo eruo maka agba nke abụọ. Ndị Promise Keepers dara 2-0 na Al-Hilal na agba nke abụọ, akụkụ mbụ, na Al-Sunday April 8, 2018. However, their 3–1 win over Al-Hilal in the second round, return leg at the [[Godswill Akpabio International Stadium]] on Sunday, April 18, 2018, courtesy of Denis Nya's first half injury-time goal and Michael Ibe's brace in the second half was not enough to take Akwa United to the group stage, as Al-Hilal's Mohammed Bashir 28' minute goal qualified the Sudanese club on away goals rule. ==== Ọnọdụ kachasị elu e nwetụrụla na log ==== Ndị Promise Keepers mechara nke abụọ na 2017-18 NPFL ndekọ na akara 41 site na egwuregwu 24, akara abụọ n'azụ ndị isi Lobi Stars na July 2018. Ndị mmeri FA Cup ugboro abụọ na-atụ anya ịgbachitere okpueze Aiteo Cup ha nke afọ 2017 kwụsịrị na nkeji iri na ise nke ikpeazụ site na penalties site n'aka Enugu Rangers na Sani Abacha Stadium, Kano na Wednesday, 3 October 2018. Michael Ibeh tinyere Akwa United n'ihu na freekick a na-ewere nke ọma na ọkara mbụ, tupu Okey Odita adọta ọkwa maka Enugu Rangers, nkeji 20 ruo na njedebe nke oge iwu. Enugu Rangers (The Flying Antelopes), Otú ọ dị meriri 4-2 na penalty shoot-outs.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/sports/football/aiteo-cup-2018-reigning-champions-akwa-united-knocked-out-on-penalties-by-rangers/1khr3yn.amp/|title=Aiteo Cup 2018 reigning champions Always United knocked out on penalties by Rangers|accessdate=13 March 2019|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Denis_Nya.jpg|thumb|223x223px|[[Denis Nya]] na uwe Akwa United]] Ndị na-ahụ maka Akwa United bịanyere aka na onye bụbu onye nkuzi Abia Warriors na FC Ifeanyi Ubah, Rafael Everton iji duzie otu ahụ na NPFL 2018-19, mgbe ọpụpụ nke onye nkuzi Abdullahi Maikaba na Plateau United na ngwụcha oge 2017-18. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://punchng.com/akwa-united-sign-brazilian-coach/|title=Akwa United Unveil 12 New Players for 2018–19 NPFL Season|date=5 November 2018|accessdate=7 June 2019|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Onye Brazil na-eme atụmatụ ghọrọ onye mba ọzọ nke atọ na-esote onye Cameroon Emmanuel Deutsch na onye Belgium Maurice Cooreman iji jikwaa Akwa United na akụkọ ihe mere eme ya dị afọ 22. Ndị egwuregwu ọhụrụ iri na abụọ sonyeere ndị otu ahụ, gụnyere onye bụbu onye egwuregwu na onyeisi Enyimba, Mfon Udoh, onye mmeri Super Eagles AFCON nke afọ 2013, [[Juwon Oshaniwa]], na onye mmeri Federation Cup nke afọ 2016, Alberico Da Silva.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://akwaunitedfc.net/2019/01/04/akwa-utd-unveil-12-new-players-for-2018-19-npfl-season/|title=Akwa United Unveil 12 New Players for 2018–19 NPFL Season|publisher=akwaunitedfc.net|accessdate=21 March 2019}}</ref> Ndị otu ahụ meriri site na 1-0 n'ụlọ na El-Kanemi Warriors n'ụbọchị mmeghe nke league wee soro 1-1 draw na Kano Pillars n'ụbọchị nke atọ, bụrụ egwuregwu nke abụọ ha n'oge ahụ, mgbe e yigharịrị egwuregwu nke abụọ megide Gombe United. Ha meriri 2-2 n'ụlọ megide Plateau United na ụbọchị egwuregwu nke anọ wee merie 2-0 na Nasarawa United na Lafia Township Stadium na egwuregwu egwuregwu nke ise. Onye nkuzi Everton dere mmeri mbụ ha n'oge ahụ n'ụbọchị egwuregwu nke isii site na mmeri 3-0 n'ụlọ n'elu ndị bịara ọhụrụ, Go Round FC wee gaa n'ihu na-enweghị mmeri nke mechara nwee mmeri siri ike 2-1 n'elu Heartland FC nke Owerri na Okigwe Township stadium.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://akwaunitedfc.net/2019/03/17/akwa-utd-humble-heartland-in-okigwe-climb-to-2nd-on-the-log/|title=Akwa United Humble Heartland in Okigwe, Climb to 2nd Spot on the Log|publisher=akwaunitedfc.net|accessdate=21 March 2019|archivedate=18 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118112158/http://akwaunitedfc.net/2019/03/17/akwa-utd-humble-heartland-in-okigwe-climb-to-2nd-on-the-log/}}</ref> Akwa United mechiri agba nke mbụ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ na Group B log na akara 19 site na egwuregwu 11, na-agba goolu 17 ma na-enyefe 10. === 2020-21: Ndị mmeri Njikọ Ndị Ọkachamara Naijiria === N'abalị mbụ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2021, e chiri Akwa United okpueze NPFL Champions maka oge mbụ ha dị mgbe ha nwesịrị mmeri 5-2 megide MFM FC na Godswill Akpabio stadium, Uyo na egwuregwu ọzọ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cafonline.com/2021/08/06/news-center/news/akwa-united-crowned-champions-as-league-season-ended-dramatically-in-nigeria/|title=Akwa United crowned champions as league season ended dramatically in Nigeria|publisher=cafonline.com|accessdate=28 September 2021}}</ref> Akwa United setịpụkwara ndekọ league site na egwuregwu 18 ha na-enweghị mmeri, karịa [[Enyimba International F.C.|Enyimba]] na 2005 na Kano Pillars 2019-20 usoro egwuregwu 13 na-enweghị emeri. Dị ka ọ dị n'oge a na-ekpu ndị mmeri, nke mere n'oge Egwuregwu Izu 37, ha nwere mmeri zuru ezu nke 19, 14 draw na 4 loss na ihe na-ekwesịghị ekwesị nke klọb bọọlụ Naijiria. Lobi Stars FC mechara merie 2-1 n'èzí n'ụbọchị egwuregwu ikpeazụ nke oge ahụ. == Nsọpụrụ == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" ! style="width: 10%;" |Ụdị ! style="width: 10%;" |Ịsọ mpi ! style="width: 5%;" |Utu aha ! style="width: 30%;" |Oge |- | rowspan="4" |'''N'ụlọ''' ! scope="col" |'''Njikọ/NPFL''' |'''1''' |2020–21 |- ! scope="col" |'''FA Cup/Nigeria Federation CupIko Mba Naịjirịa''' |'''2''' |2015, 2017 |- ! scope="col" |'''Super Cup nke Naịjirịa''' |'''1''' |2015 |- ! scope="col" |'''Super 4 (Nijiria) ''' |'''1''' |2015 |- | rowspan="1" |'''Ọnọdụ steeti''' !Akwa Ibom Fa Cup | bgcolor="gold" |'''18''' |? ,1999, 2001, ? , 2006, ? , 2011, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2018, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025, 2026 |} * <templatestyles src="Legend/styles.css" />{{legend|gold|record}} == Egwuregwu na asọmpi CAF == '''CAF Champions League''' * 2021-22 - agba nke mbụ '''Iko Njikọ CAF''' * 2016 - agba nke mbụ * 2018 - agba nke atọ == Ndị na-egwu egwuregwu == === Ndị egwuregwu ugbu a === {{Reflist}}  == Ndị ọrụ == === Ndị ọrụ nchịkwa === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Position !Name |- | style="text-align:left;" |Chairman | style="text-align:left;" | Joseph Eno<ref>{{Cite news|title=Akwa United, Ibom Angels get new management team|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/akwa-united-ibom-angels-get-new-management-team/|accessdate=2025-02-02|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:left;" |General Manager | style="text-align:left;" | Jimmy Joshua |- | style="text-align:left;" |Team manager | style="text-align:left;" | Festus Akpan |- | style="text-align:left;" |Secretary | style="text-align:left;" | Omon Bassey |- | style="text-align:left;" |Accountant | style="text-align:left;" | Mary Akpaidiok |- | style="text-align:left;" |Welfare officer | style="text-align:left;" | Asuquo Samuel |- | style="text-align:left;" |Media manager | style="text-align:left;" | Mfon Patrick |- | style="text-align:left;" |Cashier | style="text-align:left;" | Idara Ekong |- | style="text-align:left;" |Camp commandant | style="text-align:left;" | Anietie Christo Davies |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" !Ọnọdụ !Aha ya |- | style="text-align:left;" |Onye Nlekọta Ọfịs | style="text-align:left;" |Uwem James |- | style="text-align:left;" |Odeakwụkwọ Ọfịs | style="text-align:left;" |Emem Udofot |- | style="text-align:left;" |Onye na-enyere Onye Nlekọta Ọfịs aka | style="text-align:left;" |Ndiana-Abasi James |- | style="text-align:left;" |Ndị ọrụ njem | style="text-align:left;" |Edet Okon Sunny Cosmas Austine George Monday Solomon Mọnde Solomon |- | style="text-align:left;" |Ndị ọrụ nchekwa | style="text-align:left;" |Okon Udo Edikan Dominic |} == Akụkọ njikwa == {| class="wikitable" !Oge !Aha ya !Njikọ |- |1997–1998 |Benard Ogbe |NNL |- |1998–1999 |Henry Nwosu |NNL |- |1999–2000 |Henry Nwosu |NNL |- |2000–2001 |Anietie Ukpa |NNL |- |2001–2002 |Anietie Ukpa |NNL |- |2002–2003 |Henry Nwosu |NNL |- |2003–2004 |Henry Nwosu |NNL |- |2004–2005 |Emmanuel King |NNL |- |2005–2006 |Charles Bassey |NNL |- |2006–2007 |Charles Bassey |NNL |- |2007–2008 |Emmanuel Deutsch |NNL |- |2008–2009 |Ime Ọka |NPFL |- |2008–2009 |Godwin Uwua |NPFL |- |2008–2009 |Patrick Udoh |NPFL |- |2009–2010 |Bernard Ogbe |NNL |- |2010–2011 |Solomon Ogbeide |NNL |- |2011–2012 |Solomon Ogbeide |2011-12 NPFL |- |2012–2013 |Patrick Udoh |2012-13 NPFL |- |2013–2014 |Justin Tenger |2013-14 NPFL |- |2014–2015 |Zachary Baraje |2014-15 NPFL |- |2015–2016 |[[Maurice Cooreman]] |2015-16 NPFL |- |2016–2017 |Abdullahi Maikaba |2016-17 NPFL |- |2017–2018 |Abdullahi Maikaba |2017-18 NPFL |- |2018–2019 |Rafael Everton |2018-19 NPFL |- |2019 – |John Obuh |2019-20 NPFL |- |2019 – |[[Kennedy Boboye]] |2019-20 NPFL |}  {{Reflist}} == Ihe ọmụma == {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em" !Oge !Onye na-emepụta ngwá ọrụ !Onye na-akwado uwe elu |- |1996–2017 | | rowspan="2" |''Enweghị'' |- |2017–2022 | rowspan="3" |Uwe egwuregwu Owu<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/amp/news/owu-sportswear-unveil-stunning-akwa-united-caf-confederation-cup-/13iixfvih9kjf1ak2rwvo6vlsn|title=Owu Sportswear unveil stunning Akwa United Caf Confederation Cup kit|work=Goal|date=9 February 2018|accessdate=18 June 2022}}</ref> |- |2022–2024 | rowspan="" |1 Akụrụngwa<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/akwa-united-bags-one-year-sponsorship-deal-with-1xbet/|title=Akwa United bags one-year sponsorship deal with 1xBet|date=3 June 2022|accessdate=18 June 2022|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> |- |2025– | rowspan="" |Ibom Air<ref>{{Cite news|title=Ibom Air, Akwa United FC sign N200 million partnership|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/830227-ibom-air-akwa-united-fc-sign-n200-million-partnership.html|accessdate=2025-02-02|work=[[Premium Times]]|language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Edensibia == == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website * [https://www.flashscore.com.ng/team/akwa-united/QPhDqSLk/results/ Akwa United FC Nsonaazụ] - nsonaazụ dị ugbu a nke egwuregwu Akwa UnitedFC [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 3zl9ihg5lscd1plpscoahpuld7cshdu 0 75767 672410 637750 2026-07-04T17:29:05Z Johnnybam 24488 672410 wikitext text/x-wiki Atlantic Business Football Club (nke a na-akpọkarị '''Atlantic Business FC''' ma ọ bụ '''ABFC''') bụ klọb [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]] Naijiria nke dị na Ijebu-Ode, Ogun steeti. Klọb ahụ na-asọmpi ugbu a na Nigeria Nationwide League (NLO), ọkwa nke atọ nke usoro egwuregwu bọọlụ Naijiria. == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere klọb ahụ na 2017 na Igbo Efon, Lekki, Lagos dị ka Atlantic Football Club, na-eme nke mbụ ya na NLO Division 2, nke anọ nke usoro egwuregwu bọọlụ Naijiria.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|title=About Us|url=https://atlanticbusinessfc.com/about-abfc/|work=Atlantic Business FC|accessdate=4 July 2025}}</ref> N'afọ 2020, a gbanwere aha ya ma mara ya dị ka Atlantic Business Football Club. Ọ kwapụkwara site na Igbo Efon gaa [[Epe, Lagos State|Epe]] wee gaa Ijebu-Ode, ebe obibi ya ugbu a. N'afọ 2024, e buliri klọb ahụ n'ọkwa NLO mgbe ọ gachara nke abụọ na NLO Division 2. Klọb ahụ na-asọ mpi na Nigeria Federation Cup, <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|author=Bamisebi|first=Samuel|title=WGB Lagos FA Cup: "I Came Here To Attack," Atlantic Business Coach Adiro Yinka As Side Upsets First Bank FC|url=https://www.sports247.ng/wgb-lagos-fa-cup-i-came-here-to-attack-atlantic-business-coach-adiro-yinka-as-side-upsets-first-bank-fc/|work=Sports247|date=5 December 2021|accessdate=3 July 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ochicha|first=Lovette|title=Remo Stars, Beyond Limit Clash In FA Cup Semi Final, Stormers Sports Club Lock Horns With Ijebu United|url=https://www.sports247.ng/remo-stars-beyond-limit-clash-in-fa-cup-semi-final-stormers-sports-club-lock-horns-with-ijebu-united/|work=Sports247|date=27 March 2024|accessdate=4 July 2025}}</ref> Nigeria Youth League Cup <ref>{{Cite news|title=30 teams set to compete in inaugural Nigeria Youth League Cup|url=https://punchng.com/30-teams-set-to-compete-in-inaugural-nigeria-youth-league-cup/|work=[[The Punch]]|date=15 August 2024|accessdate=3 July 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Welcome aboard, ATLANTIC BUSINESS FC!|url=https://nylc.ng/public/post/welcome-aboard-atlantic-business-fc|work=NYLC|accessdate=3 July 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ugwu|first=Romanus|title=Nigeria Youth League Cup to gulp N4.5b|url=https://thesun.ng/nigeria-youth-league-cup-to-gulp-n4-5b/|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|date=15 August 2024|accessdate=4 July 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=Olaseinde|first=Lekan|title=NYLC: Enyimba to face Kwara United in Super 8 opener|url=https://blueprint.ng/nylc-enyimba-to-face-kwara-united-in-super-8-opener/|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|date=17 June 2025|accessdate=4 July 2025}}</ref> na The Creative Championship (TCC). [4]<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gambari|first=Afolabi|title=Enyimba, Pillars to participate as U-19 League Cup Super 8 begins June 23|url=https://www.thecable.ng/enyimba-pillars-to-participate-as-u-19-league-cup-super-8-begins-june-23/|work=[[TheCable]]|date=18 June 2025|accessdate=4 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Abdulsalam|first=Hassan|title=TCC League: Breeding future stars for Nigeria|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/tcc-league-breeding-future-stars-for-nigeria-2023101207150339471|work=Pulse Sports|date=12 October 2023|accessdate=3 July 2025}}</ref> Na 6 June 2025, klọb ahụ wegara Chinedu Umeh na SJK maka ego a na-akọwaghị. N'oge ọ nọ na ABFC, ọ gbara goolu 65 na 120 pụtara na asọmpi niile. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Akawor|first=Izuchukwu|title=From Lagos to Europe: 19-year-old Super Eagles-eligible forward leaves Atlantic Business for Finland|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/from-lagos-to-europe-19-year-old-super-eagles-eligible-forward-leaves-atlantic-business-for-finland-2025060612164538875|work=Pulse Sports|date=6 June 2025|accessdate=4 July 2025}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Chinedu Umeh on kotiutunut Kerhoon|url=https://sjk.fi/uutiset/chinedu-umeh-on-kotiutunut-kerhoon/|work=SJK|date=6 June 2025|accessdate=4 July 2025}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Oguntimehin|first=Ayomide|title=Nigerian wonderkid joins Finnish club SJK after scoring 65 goals in 120 games|url=https://soccernet.ng/2025/06/nigerian-wonderkid-joins-finnish-club-sjk.html|work=Soccernet|date=8 June 2025|accessdate=4 July 2025}}</ref> N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Julaị n'afọ 2025, klọb ahụ kwupụtara na onye bụbu [[Nigeria national football team|Onye Naijiria]] na-agba ọsọ, Brown Ideye, sonyeere ha dị ka onye nduzi nke Player Pathways and Partnerships. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sports|first=Pulse|date=2025-07-24|title=Super Eagles icon Ideye gets new job weeks after leaving Kanu Nwankwo’s Enyimba|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/super-eagles-icon-ideye-gets-new-job-weeks-after-leaving-kanu-nwankwos-enyimba-2025072412575982048|accessdate=2025-07-28|work=Pulse Sports Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Mogoli|first=Precious|date=2025-07-25|title=Former Super Eagles striker Brown Ideye joins Atlantic Business FC as Director of Player Pathways and Partnerships|url=https://sportsbusinessinafrica.com/news/brown-ideye-atlantic-business-fc/|accessdate=2025-07-28|work=Sports Business in Africa|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-07-24|title=Brown Ideye Gets New Role at Atlantic Business FC After Leaving Enyimba|url=https://sportsration.com/brown-ideye-gets-new-role-at-atlantic-business-fc-after-leaving-enyimba/|accessdate=2025-07-28|work=SportsRation|language=en-US}}</ref> == Agba == == Ámá Egwuregwu == ABFC na-egwu egwuregwu ya n'ụlọ na 20,000 [[Otunba Dipo Dina International Stadium]] na Ijebu Ode, Ogun steeti. <ref name="auto" /> == Oge 2024-25 == Klọb ahụ sonyere na oge izizi ya na NLO na 2024–25. Ọ gụchara nke isii na otu ya (Ebedei Center), na-erughị eru maka asọmpi egwuregwu ahụ, ma bụrụ nke anọ na asọmpi Creative, nke Real Sapphire FC meriri. Ndị otu U-19 nke klọb ahụ tozuru oke iko Nigeria Youth League Cup (NYLC) Super 8, rute n'ikpeazụ wee merie Kwara United U-19 3–2. === Arụmụka === N'abalị isii n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2025, esemokwu bidoro n'etiti ndị egwuregwu na ndị isi ABFC na Grassrunners FC. Njikọ ahụ kwụsịtụrụ Jimoh Olamilekan Ibrahim nke Grassrunners (nke a maara dị ka onye na-akpali) na ndị otu anọ, tinyere ọtụtụ ndị egwuregwu ABFC. A kwụrụ klọb abụọ ahụ ụgwọ 100,000. E mechara nwee egwuregwu enyi na enyi "Unity Match" iji belata esemokwu dị n'etiti klọb abụọ ahụ ma katọọ hooliganism.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ogunwale|first=Joba|title=UNITY MATCH: Atlantic Business FC and Grassrunners FC make amends for NLO post-game squabble|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/unity-match-atlantic-business-fc-and-grassrunners-fc-make-amends-for-nlo-post-game-squabble-2025061407183559454|work=Pulse Sports|date=14 June 2025|accessdate=4 July 2025}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na Ihe Ndị Ọ rụzuru == * '''NLO Nkewa nke 2''' ** Ndị na-agba ọsọ (1): 2023[[Faịlụ:Silver_medal_icon.svg|15x15px]] * '''Iko Njikọ Ndị Ntorobịa Naịjirịa''' ** Ndị na-agba ọsọ (1): 2025[[Faịlụ:Silver_medal_icon.svg|15x15px]] == Ụlọ Nzukọ na Nchịkwa == {| class="wikitable" !Aha ya !Ọrụ |- |Henry Obinna Ekweariri |Onye isi ala<ref name="auto2">{{Cite web|title=ATLANTIC BUSINESS FOOTBALL CLUB LIMITED|url=https://b2bhint.com/en/company/ng/atlantic-business-football-club-limited--RC-1770032|work=B2BHint|accessdate=4 July 2025}}</ref> |- |Lucianne Ekweariri |Osote Onye isi ala<ref name="auto2" /> |- |Sule Momoh |Onye isi njikwa <ref>{{Cite web|title=Ahead TCC League: Business Atlantic Manager Celebrates Victory Over Ijebu United|url=https://pmexpressng.com/ahead-tcc-league-business-atlantic-manager-celebrates-victory-over-ijebu-united/|work=PM Express|date=26 January 2022|accessdate=4 July 2025}}</ref> |- |[[Ideye na-acha nchara nchara]] |Onye nduzi nke Player Pathways and Partnerships <ref>{{Cite web|author=Sports|first=Pulse|date=2025-07-24|title=Super Eagles icon Ideye gets new job weeks after leaving Kanu Nwankwo’s Enyimba|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/football/story/super-eagles-icon-ideye-gets-new-job-weeks-after-leaving-kanu-nwankwos-enyimba-2025072412575982048|accessdate=2025-07-28|work=Pulse Sports Nigeria|language=en}}</ref> |- |Desmond Oke Oghenekome |Onye isi mgbasa ozi / mmepụta |- |Tunde Young Akinloye |Onye nduzi nkwukọrịta |- |} === Nchịkwa === {| class="wikitable" !Aha ya !Ọrụ |- |Daniel Jafet |Onye isi nchịkwa |- |Unyime Afia |Onye na-enyere onye nkuzi aka |- |Moghalu Franklin |Onye na-azụ ndị na-edebe goolu |- |Olayinka Adiro |Onye Nlekọta Ìgwè |- |Cosmos Onyegbulam |Onye Nhazi Ìgwè |- |} == Mbufe == {| class="wikitable" border="0" ! style="color:gold; background:black;" |S/N ! style="color:gold; background:black;" |Onye ọkpụkpọ ! style="color:gold; background:black;" |Ka ọ gaa ! style="color:gold; background:black;" |Afọ |- |1. |Chisom Okereke |[[Nasarawa United|Nasarawa]] |2021<ref>{{Cite news|title=NASARAWA UNITED FORWARD CHISOM OKEREKE: If not for football, I'd have been a fashion designer|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/nasarawa-united-forward-chisom-okereke-if-not-for-football-id-have-been-a-fashion-designer/|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=24 July 2022|accessdate=3 July 2025}}</ref> |- |2. |Mustapha Abiodun |[[FK IMT|IMT Belgrade]] |2023<ref>{{Cite web|author=Olaleye|first=Oluwadamilola|title=The Creative Championship 2022: Atlantic Business FC Abiodun Mustapha Ecstatic Over MOTM Award, Credit Teammates Surreal Performance|url=https://www.sports247.ng/the-creative-championship-2022-atlantic-business-fc-abiodun-mustapha-ecstatic-over-motm-award-credit-teammates-surreal-performance/|work=Sports247|date=10 October 2022|accessdate=3 July 2025}}</ref> |- |3. |Chinedu Umeh |[[Seinäjoen Jalkapallokerho|SJK]] |2025<ref>{{Cite news|author=Abe|first=Olamide|title=Umeh joins SJK with Champions League dream|url=https://punchng.com/umeh-joins-sjk-with-champions-league-dream/|work=[[The Punch]]|date=7 June 2025|accessdate=3 July 2025}}</ref> |} == Ụgbọ okporo ígwè == {| class="wikitable" !Aha ya !Oge ọ nọrọ |- |Sule Momoh |2017 - 2020 |- |Warri Charles |2020 - 2021 |- |Olayinka Adiro |2021 - 2023<ref name="auto1">{{Cite web|author=Bamisebi|first=Samuel|title=WGB Lagos FA Cup: "I Came Here To Attack," Atlantic Business Coach Adiro Yinka As Side Upsets First Bank FC|url=https://www.sports247.ng/wgb-lagos-fa-cup-i-came-here-to-attack-atlantic-business-coach-adiro-yinka-as-side-upsets-first-bank-fc/|work=Sports247|date=5 December 2021|accessdate=3 July 2025}}</ref> |- |Warri Charles |2023 - 2024<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coach Warri looking positive to secure another three points against FC Bethel Sporting|url=https://futebol.com.ng/coach-warri-charles-is-optimistic-about-getting-all-three-points-against-fc-bethel-sporting-in-tomorrows-dsl-week-seven-fixture/|work=Futebol|accessdate=4 July 2025}}</ref> |- |Daniel Jafet |2024 - ugbu a<ref>{{Cite web|title=Atlantic Business Continue Scoring Spree; Overwhelm VOE|url=https://thecreativechampionship.com/report-md16-voe-football-3-5-atlantic-business/|work=The Creative Championship|accessdate=4 July 2025}}</ref> |- |} == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 78hyqiy9how54onpmcffe9s540zvrov 0 75796 672599 637843 2026-07-05T09:13:39Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672599 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Danièle Kergoat''' (amụrụ na 30 Juun 1942) bụ onye Franch na-arụ ọrụ n'ulo akwụkwọ mahadum na onye feminist sociology.<ref name="erudit.org2013">{{Cite journal|author=Charron|first=Hélène|title=Danièle Kergoat, Se battre, disent-elles…, Paris, La Dispute, 2012, 353 p.|url=https://www.erudit.org/en/journals/rf/2013-v26-n2-rf01178/1022781ar/|journal=Recherches Féministes|accessdate=29 April 2019|pages=200–204|language=fr|doi=10.7202/1022781ar|date=2013|volume=26|issue=2}}</ref> Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya na okike na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke mmekọahụ, ọrụ, mmegharị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na ike ime ihe.<ref name="Trivium2015">{{Cite journal|title=Danièle Kergoat – notice|url=https://journals.openedition.org/trivium/5081|journal=Trivium. Revue franco-allemande de sciences humaines et sociales - Deutsch-französische Zeitschrift für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften|accessdate=29 April 2019|language=fr|date=10 March 2015}}</ref> == Akụkọ Ndụ == A mụrụ Danièle Kergoat na 30 Juun 1942.<ref name="catalogue.bnf.fr">{{Cite web|title=Kergoat|url=https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11909609s.public|work=catalogue.bnf.fr|accessdate=29 April 2019}}</ref> N'oge ọ malitere ọrụ ya, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkụzi. Na 1965, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchọpụta. Na 1971, ọ ghọrọ Onye Ọrụ Nnyocha Iwu, na Onye Nnyocha zuru oke na 1978. N'afọ sochirinụ, ọ sonyeere "Ebe Ọmụmụ Ihe Banyere Mmekọrịta Mmadụ na Ibe Ya" (CES). Na 1984, ọ ghọrọ onye nduzi nke otu nyocha GEDISST, na 2007, aha ya gbanwere gaa na Onye Isi Nnyocha Emeritus na CNRS. Ọ bụ onye otu Centre de Recherches Sociologiques et Politiques de Paris GTM - CRESPPA.<ref name="Trivium2015" /> Kergoat bụ prọfesọ, onye otu ebe nyocha RING, nakwa onye dere akwụkwọ gbasara ụmụ nwanyị, okike na ọrụ. Nnyocha na ide ihe ya gụnyere "nkewa mmekọahụ nke ọrụ", ma ọ bụ ọkachamara ma ọ bụ ezinụlọ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị dere akwụkwọ ahụ kwadoro echiche nke "mmekọrịta mmekọahụ ọha na eze", nke na-achọ inye ihe ndabere maka ihe onwunwe iji nyochaa mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na ọha mmadụ nke ndị isi obodo. O duziri akwụkwọ edemede doctorate nke Xavier Dunezat, ma sonyere n'ọtụtụ ndị juri na-enye Habilitation ikike iduzi nyocha gụnyere Frédéric Charles, Roland Pfefferkorn, na Christine Mennesson. == Ọrụ ndị ahọpụtara == * Les ouvrières, Paris, na Sycomore, 1982 * Les femmes et le travail à temps partiel, étude réalisée pour le Service des études et de la statistique du Ministère du travail, de l'emploi et de la formation professionnelle, Groupe d'étude sur la division sociale et sexuelle du travail, 1984 * "Travail et na-emetụta. Les ressorts de la servitude domestique», 2002 * «Nkewa sexuelle du travail na rapports sociaux de sexe», 2000 * «Penser la différence des sexes: rapports sociaux et division du travail entre les sexes», 2005 * ya na Yvonne Guichard-Claudic (dir.), Inversion du genre: Corps au travail na travail des corps, 2007 * ya na Philippe Cardon et Roland Pfefferkorn (dir.), Chemins de l'émancipation na rapports sociaux de sexe, 2009 * Se battre, dissent-elles..., 2012 * Galerand Elsa et Danièle Kergoat,", 2014 == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] il5jsh9841qf0fiqovqgb56ymbylh6y 0 75876 672383 638163 2026-07-04T15:58:01Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672383 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Béatrice Hibou''' bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke France, onye nduzi nyocha na onye nkuzi na Sciences Po. Ọ na-amụ akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na amụma azụmaahịa, na-elekwasị anya karịsịa na Sub-Saharan Africa na Maghreb, yana ọrụ nke ike ahịa na-arụ n'ịkpụzi amụma na nhazi steeti na otu nke ahụ si emetụta ndụ ndị mmadụ. == Agụmakwụkwọ na ọkwa == Hibou gara Sciences Po, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta mahadum ya na 1987.<ref name="profile">{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/fr/content/beatrice-hibou|title=Béatrice Hibou profile|language=fr|publisher=Sciences Po|accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> Na 1995, Hibou gụsịrị akwụkwọ na The School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences na nzere doctorate na akụnụba.<ref name="thesis">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sudoc.fr/041568044|title=Béatrice Hibou SUDOC|language=fr|publisher=Système universitaire de documentation|accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> Akwụkwọ edemede doctorate ya bụ ''Économie politique de la protection en Afrique'' (Akụnụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke nchekwa na Afrịka), ma jiri usoro Weberian mụọ amụma azụmaahịa na Sub-Saharan Africa. Onye nlekọta edemede ya bụ Jean Coussy.<ref name="thesis" /> Na 1998, Hibou sonyeere ndị nkuzi na Sciences Po na Institut d'études politiques de Bordeaux.<ref name="profile" /> Site na 2006 ruo 2010, ọ kụziri seminarị na School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences, na 2010 ọ kwagara na University of Paris 1 Pantheon-Sorbonne, wee gaa na Ecole de Gouvernance et d'Economie na Rabat, [[Morocco]] na 2013.<ref name="profile" /> == Nnyocha == Hibou na-amụ akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mba ụwa nke Middle East na North Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, na Southern Europe, na-eji ọrụ Michel Foucault na Max Weber iji tụgharịa uche n'ụdị mgbanwe akụ na ụba steeti na ike ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.<ref name="profile" /> Site n'ọrụ ya maka akwụkwọ edemede doctorate ya, Hibou mepụtara akwụkwọ nke afọ 1996 ''bụ́ L'Afrique est-elle protectionniste?'' ''Les chemins buissonniers de la libéralisation extérieure'', nke mụrụ akụ na ụba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke mmepe site na iji ikpe nke amụma, aghụghọ, na ịzụ ahịa n'oge gara aga na mpaghara ndị France nke Sub-Saharan Africa.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Christian|author=Chavagneux|title=Béatrice Hibou. L'Afrique est-elle protectionniste ? Les chemins buissonniers de la libéralisation extérieure|language=fr|journal=Politique étrangère|volume=61|issue=2|pages=453–454|year=1996}}</ref> Hibou bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke akwụkwọ nke afọ 1999 ''bụ́ La Privatization des États'' (The privatization of states).<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Jean-Pierre|author=Olivier de Sardan|language=fr|title=Béatrice Hibou (éd.), La privatisation des États|journal=Revue Tiers Monde|volume=41|issue=161|pages=217–221|year=2000}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ mụrụ usoro na-aga n'ihu nke ime ka ndị mmadụ nwee onwe ha gburugburu ụwa, na-amụkwa usoro dị iche iche n'ọtụtụ mba iji nye ụlọ ọrụ nkeonwe ikike ịchịkwa ọrụ ndị bụbu ikike nke steeti.<ref>{{Cite journal|language=fr|title=La privatisation de l'État, sous la direction de Béatrice Hibou|journal=Critique Internationale|volume=1|year=1998}}</ref> Na 2006, o bipụtara akwụkwọ ''La force de l'obéissance.'' ''Économie politique de la répression en Tunisie'' (Ike Nrubeisi: Akụnụba Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị nke Mmegbu na Tunisia), nke dabere na ọrụ ubi o mere na [[Tunisia]] n'etiti 1997 na 2005.<ref>{{Cite journal|first=Jay|author=Rowell|title=HIBOU (Béatrice), La force de l'obéissance. Économie politique de la répression en Tunisie|journal=Politix Vol|volume=78|issue=2|pages=187–190|year=2007|language=fr|doi=10.3917/pox.078.0187}}</ref> Akwụkwọ ahụ mụrụ ịchịisi na Tunisia karịa mmegbu a na-ahụ anya nke ọchịchị aka ike, kama ilekwasị anya n'otú akụnụba si chịa ndị Tunisia n'usoro n'oge ahụ n'okpuru omume afọ ofufo.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hugon|first=Philippe|language=fr|title=Béatrice Hibou, La Force de l'obéissance. Économie politique de la répression en Tunisie|journal=Revue Tiers Monde|volume=47|issue=188|pages=911–912|year=2006}}</ref> Akwụkwọ Hibou nke afọ 2011, ''Anatomie politique de la domination'' (Atụmatụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ịchịisi), nyochachara ma tụnyere ụdị ọchịchị aka ike.<ref name="monde">{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/livres/article/2011/07/07/anatomie-politique-de-la-domination-de-beatrice-hibou_1545790_3260.html|title="Anatomie politique de la domination", de Béatrice Hibou : les "douceurs insidieuses" de la domination politique|language=fr|work=Le Monde|first=Serge|author=Audier|date=7 July 2011|accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> E nyochachara akwụkwọ ahụ na ''Le Monde''.<ref name="monde" /> E hotara ọrụ Hibou, ma ọ bụ gbaa ya ajụjụ ọnụ, n'ụlọ ọrụ akụkọ dịka ''Le Parisien'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.leparisien.fr/international/iran-la-chercheuse-fariba-adelkhah-condamnee-a-six-ans-de-prison-16-05-2020-8318307.php|title=Iran : la chercheuse Fariba Adelkhah condamnée à six ans de prison|publisher=Le Parisien|date=16 May 2020|language=fr|first=Nicolas|author=Berrod|accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> ''Libération'',<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://libeafrica4.blogs.liberation.fr/2020/05/18/lhumanitaire-et-la-quantification-des-besoins-humains/|title=L'humanitaire et la quantification des besoins humains|work=Libération|language=fr|first=Vincent|author=Hiribarren|date=18 May 2020|accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> na ''The Diplomat''.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thediplomat.com/2020/04/why-is-a-french-iranian-academic-still-languishing-in-an-iranian-prison/|title=Why Is a French-Iranian Academic Still Languishing in an Iranian Prison?|work=The Diplomat|author=Arpita Singh|date=17 April 2020|accessdate=25 May 2020}}</ref> Hibou mepụtara echiche nke ''ọchịchị néolibérale'' (ọchịchị neoliberal) nke gụnyere ojiji usoro nke ụkpụrụ, iwu, usoro, na ụkpụrụ ndị sitere na ahịa ma ọ bụ ụwa azụmaahịa ma nwee mmetụta na ndụ kwa ụbọchị. Usoro a na-enyere ahịa liberal aka itinye onwe ya n'ọrụ n'ọhịa ndị na-anaghị ejikọta ya nke ọma, dịka ngalaba agụmakwụkwọ. Hibou abụrụla onye otu ndị nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Politique africaine'', ''Critique internationale'', na usoro akwụkwọ Karthala ''Les Afriques''.<ref name="profile" /> == Ntinye aka n'ịkwado nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ == Béatrice Hibou bụ onye otu na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Kọmitii Nkwado nke Fariba Adelkhah na Roland Marchal, ndị e jidere ma mee ka ha bụrụ ndị mkpọrọ sayensị na Iran na June 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://apnews.com/article/9dc9412152a1e66abb3d80e86ba27ee0|title=French, Australian academics jailed in Iran on hunger strike|work=[[Associated Press]]|date=20 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/en/facts-about-fariba-adelkhah-roland-marchal-what-we-know|title=The Facts About Fariba Adelkhah and Roland Marchal}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na a tọhapụrụ Roland Marchal na 20 Maachị 2020, Fariba Adelkhah ka nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na Iran, Béatrice Hibou ka na-apụta, dịka onye otu kọmitii nkwado, na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi French na mba ụwa, ebe ọ na-akọwa, karịsịa, mmepe nke ikpe ahụ, ọnọdụ njide na Iran na n'ozuzu ya, okwu gbasara nnwere onwe sayensị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.liberation.fr/debats/2020/03/30/l-iran-et-la-violence-d-etat_1783551/|title=L'Iran et la violence d'Etat}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.leparisien.fr/international/iran-la-chercheuse-fariba-adelkhah-condamnee-a-six-ans-de-prison-16-05-2020-8318307.php|title=Iran : La chercheuse Fariba Adelkhah condamnée à six ans de prison|date=16 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/12/26/iran-l-universitaire-fariba-adelkhah-se-condamne-a-une-mort-atroce_6024102_3232.html|title=" les chercheurs français détenus en Iran sont voués à une incarcération sans fin "|work=Le Monde.fr|date=26 December 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/12/27/france-summons-iranian-ambassador-over-imprisoned-academics|title=France summons Iranian ambassador over imprisoned academics}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * ''L'Afrique est-elle protectionniste?: les chemins buissonniers de la libéralisation extérieure'' * ''La Privatization des États'', onye nchịkọta akụkọ (1999) * ''La force de l'obéissance. Economie Politique de la répression en Tunisie'' (2006) * ''Anatomie Politique de la domination'', La découverte (2011) * ''La bureaucratisation du monde à l'ère néolibérale'', La découverte (2012) * ''Tisser le temps politique au Maroc: Imaginaire de l'Etat à l'âge néolibéral'' ''[Oge ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Morocco: The Imaginary of the State in the Neoliberal Age]''. Mohamed Tozy na-edekọ akwụkwọ. Mbipụta Karthala. 2020. == Ntụaka == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 4v0403xhi800icb9ndwj96vism662sb 0 75966 672531 654165 2026-07-04T22:12:16Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672531 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Anne-Marie Thérèse Fontaine''' (23 August 1938 - 23 May 2025), nke a maara site na aha edemede ya bụ '''Anne Cheynet''', bụ onye edemede French na Réunion. A na-ewere ọrụ ya nke afọ 1977 Les Muselés [fr] dị ka onyinye dị ịrịba ama na Akwụkwọ Réunion, dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ a kpọrọ "Réunionnais".<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|author=Nicole, Rose-May.|title=Noirs, cafres et créoles : études de la représentation du non blanc réunionnais : documents et littératures réunionnaises 1710-1980|date=1996|publisher=L'Harmattan|isbn=2-7384-4615-9|location=Paris|oclc=36876288}}</ref> == Ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Anne-Marie Thérèse Fontaine na Saint-Denis, Réunion, na 1938, ma biri na nwata ya n'ógbè Saint-François nke obodo ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=9 December 2010|title=Anne Cheynet, 5 Questions pour Île en île|url=http://ile-en-ile.org/anne-cheynet-5-questions-pour-ile-en-ile/|accessdate=3 February 2021|work=Île en île|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Ọ gara Aix-en-Provence iji mụọ ihe na 1956, nọrọ na mba ọzọ ruo 1963.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=4 August 2004|title=Anne Cheynet|url=http://ile-en-ile.org/cheynet/|accessdate=3 February 2021|work=Île en île|language=fr-FR}}</ref> Mgbe ọ laghachiri n'agwaetiti ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị tupu ọ tinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. O mechara laghachi n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dịka onye nkụzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara.<ref name=":2" /> O bipụtara akwụkwọ mbụ ya, nchịkọta uri Matanans et Langoutis, na 1972, wee bipụta akwụkwọ ya a ma ama, akwụkwọ akụkọ Les Muselés, nke a na-ewere dị ka akwụkwọ mbụ a kpọrọ "akwụkwọ akụkọ Réunionnais." <ref name=":0" /> Akwụkwọ akụkọ a, nke nwere onye na-akwado echiche ya, lekwasịrị anya na ndụ ndị ogbenye na Réunion. <ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite book|title=The New Oxford companion to literature in French|date=1995|publisher=Clarendon Press|others=France, Peter, 1935-|isbn=978-0-19-173500-4|location=Oxford|pages=|chapter=Cheynet, Anne|oclc=223174819}}</ref> Cheynet, onye si n'ezinụlọ ndị ọcha dara ogbenye, ji ahụmịhe ya nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ n'oge ọchịchị obodo ahụ mee ihe.<ref name=":1" /> Anne Cheynet mechara bipụta ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ndị ọzọ, gụnyere nchịkọta uri Ter tout' kouler na nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi Rivages maouls. <ref name=":2" /> N'afọ 2022, o weputara nchịkọta akụkọ asụsụ abụọ nke Claire Ruiz, La clé dans zot poche: Histoires semées depuis le Grand Sentier gosipụtara. <ref>{{Cite web|date=|title=La clé dans zot poche - Histoires semées depuis le Grand Sentier|url=https://www.la-reunion-des-livres.re/ouvrage/la-cle-dans-zot-poche/|accessdate=23 April 2024|work=La Réunion des Livres|language=fr-FR}}</ref> N'agbata afọ 2001 na 2004, o mepụtara CD atọ nke egwu ya [[Oral storytelling|Akụkọ ọnụ]]. <ref name=":2" /> O dere na [[Asụsụ French|French]] na Creole.<ref name=":2" /> Cheynet nwụrụ na 23 Mee 2025, mgbe ọ dị afọ 86. <ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2025|title=Écrivaine et militante, la Réunionnaise Anne Cheynet est décédée|url=https://imazpress.com/actus-reunion/-crivaine-et-militante-la-reunionnaise-anne-cheynet-est-decedee|accessdate=23 May 2025|work=Imaz Press|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=23 May 2025|title=Au nom des muselés, disparition de l'écrivaine Anne Cheynet|url=https://www.lequotidien.re/article/culture/2025/05/23/disparition-danne-cheynet-au-nom-des-museles|accessdate=23 May 2025|work=Le Quotidien|language=fr}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ == * ''Matanans na Langoutis'' (abụ uri), 1972 * Les Muselés (akwụkwọ akụkọ), L'Harmattan, 1977 * Ter tout' kouler: Abụ maka ala multicolore (abụ), vol. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] * Rivages maouls: histoires d'Annabelle (autobiographical), Vol. 1, Oké Osimiri, 1994 * ''Isi ihe dị n'akpa uwe: Akụkọ ndị a kụrụ site na Grand Sentier'' (akụkọ), mbipụta Poisson Rouge, 2022 == Edensibia == <references /> == Njikọ mpụga == * Anne Cheynetdiski naDiscogs * [http://ile-en-ile.org/anne-cheynet-5-questions-pour-ile-en-ile/ Ajụjụ ọnụ na Anne Cheynet] (n'asụsụ French) {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Cheynet, Anne}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] o5uq05t5qm4kq22dfm7bt7uxp8jcvql 0 76035 672445 645519 2026-07-04T19:18:59Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed error 672445 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Izombe | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Nigeria | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Izombe in Nigeria | pushpin_label_position = bottom | coordinates = {{coord|5|38|0|N|6|52|0|E|region:NG|display=inline}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{NGR}} | subdivision_type1 = [[States of Nigeria|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Imo State|Imo]] | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = [[Oguta]] | leader_party = [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] | leader_title = [[List of Nigerian state governors|Governor]] | leader_name = [[Senator Hope Uzodimma]] | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->| area_land_km2 = 59.0 | etymology = }} '''Izombe''' {{Audio|Ig-Izombe.ogg|Mkpọpụta}}dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Mba Mmiri|Niger Delta]] bụ obodo mmanụ na ọdọ mmiri Njaba River basin, [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo State]] ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Naijiria|Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Izombe {{!}} Nigeria Facts|url=http://nigeriafacts.net/izombe|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001224209/http://nigeriafacts.net/izombe|archivedate=October 1, 2022|accessdate=2022-10-01|work=nigeriafacts.net}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ebe == Dị na Oguta Loka Gọọmentị, Izombe dị ihe dị ka kilomita 30 site na [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] na 150 kilomita n'ebe ugwu nke [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port Harcourt]].<ref name="owel-linkso.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.owel-linkso.com/izombe_project|title=Izombe Gas Processing Project:Izombe Gas Processing Company Limited|work=owel-linkso.com|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> O kpuchiri ihe dịka 59 km2 na osimiri Njaba River basin, South East [[Naijiria|Nigeria]]. Onu ogugu mmadu mere atụmatụ dika nke onuogugu obodo 1991 bu 86,565. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Nnyocha Mmanụ na Gas == Nchọgharị na imepụta mmanụ na mpaghara Izombe malitere na mbido 1960s. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ atọ dị iche iche gụnyere ChevronTexaco, Shell and Addax Petroleum na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara ahụ, na-emepụta ihe karịrị 70% nke mkpokọta mmanụ site na Oguta Local Government Area <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup>Ossu (some 55&nbsp;km south of [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]]), Izombe na Njaba bụ ụfọdụ n'ime olulu mmanụ dị na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="akamaiuniversity.us">{{Cite web|url=http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST12_1_502.pdf|title=3-D Seismic Interpretation and Structural Analysis of Ossu Oil Field, Northern Depobelt, Onshore Niger Delta, Nigeria|author=A.I. Opara|date=May 2011|work=akamaiuniversity.us|publisher=The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology}}</ref>: 1Na ngwụcha Q4 nke 2008, Addax Petroleum Corporation kwupụtara na ọ ga-agbatịkwu ọrụ ya na ọdọ mmiri  Njaba River basin site na nchọpụta mmanụ ọhụrụ ya n'ọhịa Njaba dị na agbataobi ya site na nchọta mmanụ ọhụrụ ya n'ubi Njaba dị na agbataobi ya Awo-Omamma town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rns-pdf.londonstockexchange.com/rns/2934O_1-2009-3-4.pdf|title=Addax Petroleum Management's Discussion and Analysis (for the year ended December 31, 2008): 2008 Operational Update|work=londonstockexchange.com|date=December 31, 2008|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref><ref name="researchandmarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2155790/addax_petroleum_corporation_analysis_across_the.pdf|title=Addax Petroleum Corporation Analysis Across the Oil and Gas Value Chain Report:Addax Petroleum Finds Oil At Awo Omamma In Nigeria|work=researchandmarkets.com|accessdate=January 3, 2016|archivedate=September 24, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090150/http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2155790/addax_petroleum_corporation_analysis_across_the.pdf}}</ref> Nchọpụta ọhụrụ a na mpaghara ikike OML124 nke ụlọ ọrụ <ref name="researchandmarkets.com" /> n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Mba Mmiri|Niger Delta]] nwere olulu mmiri Njaba 2 na-emepebeghị emepe [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] na atụmanya nyocha ndị ọzọ, <ref name="rigzone.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/72217/Addax_Strikes_Oil_at_Njaba_2_Well_Onshore_Nigeria|title=RIGZONE - Addax Strikes Oil at Njaba 2 Well Onshore Nigeria|work=rigzone.com|date=January 28, 2009|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.addaxpetroleum.com/operations/nigeria|title=Addax Petroleum, License Areas; License|work=addaxpetroleum.com|date=2011|accessdate=January 3, 2016|archivedate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043917/https://www.addaxpetroleum.com/operations/nigeria}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Febụwarị, 2015, Seplat Petroleum Development Company Plc ("Seplat" ma ọ bụ "Company"), mara ọkwa na ọ mechala nweta 40.00% mmasị na-arụ ọrụ na OML 53 na mpaghara site na [[Chevron Nigeria|Chevron Nigeria Limited]] ("CNL") ya na NNPC jide ọmụrụ nwa 60.00% fọdụrụ na ngọngọ ikike igwu mmanụ.<ref name="londonstockexchange.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/12240080.html|title=Seplat completes acquisition of interest in OML 53 onshore Nigeria|work=londonstockexchange.com|date=February 5, 2015|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> == Ọkụ gas == Gas flaring n'Izombe malitere ozugbo nyocha mmanụ bidoro na mbido 1960s. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọrụ a ebutela mkpụrụ osisi na-adịghị mma, ọrịa iku ume na nsogbu ahụike ndị ọzọ n'ihi mwepụta nke kemịkal na-egbu egbu gụnyere ikuku ikuku. == Nhazi Gas nke Izombe == E nweela ọrụ na-aga n'ihu iji mepụta Ụlọ Ọrụ Nhazi Gas na Izombe.<ref name="www.vanguardngr.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/owel-linkso-establishes-new-gas-company/|title=Owel-Linkso establishes new gas company|date=May 31, 2011|accessdate=January 1, 2016|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Nke a bụ nzaghachi nye ntụziaka gọọmentị etiti nyere ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas iji kwụsị ọkụ gas na njedebe nke afọ 2008. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke e mere atụmatụ na ọ ga-efu ihe dị ka $ 135 nde, e mere ya iji mepụta 200 metric ton nke LPG; na ihe dị ka 1000 barrels nke condensate site na gas na-enye nri nke ihe dị ka 40 nde cubic feet kwa ụbọchị. Izombe Gas Processing Company Limited ga-enyere obere ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ógbè ahụ aka ịchekwa ego ọrụ dịka ụlọ ọrụ ndị gas ha ezughị iji nye nnukwu ọrụ iji gas ga-ezere ego nke iwu ụlọ ọrụ na'onwe ha iji mezuo ntụziaka Gọọmentị. <ref name="www.vanguardngr.com" /><ref name="owel-linkso.com" /> Owel-Linkso Group nwetara nkwado site na Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation iji kwalite ọrụ ahụ na July 2010. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ndị isi na Addax Petroleum Development (Nigeria) Limited, APDNL, na 2004, iji mepụta ma rụọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ LPG na Izombe na mpaghara OML 124. Ụlọ ọrụ nhazi gas nke Izombe mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ ga-ewere gas na-enye nri site na ụlọ ọrụ Izombe na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-agafe agafe n'ime nso ma na-ebute gas kpọrọ nkụ na 381MW Egbema Power Station, <ref name="www.nipptransactions.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nipptransactions.com/ndphc-generating-companies/egbema-power-plant/|title=Egbema Generation Company Limited|work=www.nipptransactions.com|accessdate=January 1, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818211804/http://www.nipptransactions.com/ndphc-generating-companies/egbema-power-plant/|archivedate=August 18, 2013}}</ref> ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta gas turbine na-emeghe na Ohaji / Egbema dị nso. <ref name="www.vanguardngr.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/owel-linkso-establishes-new-gas-company/|title=Owel-Linkso establishes new gas company|date=May 31, 2011|accessdate=January 1, 2016|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/owel-linkso-establishes-new-gas-company/ "Owel-Linkso establishes new gas company"]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''. Lagos, Nigeria. May 31, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="www.dailytrust.com.ng">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/news/imo-pledges-to-complete-gas-plant-project/25318.html#Pr1bwpBRsRz8vXYj.99|title=Imo pledges to complete gas plant project|date=August 4, 2015|accessdate=January 1, 2016|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref><ref name="www.channelstv.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelstv.com/2015/07/02/okoracha-displeased-with-state-of-egbema-power-station-project/|title=Okoracha Displeased With State Of Egbema Power Station Project|date=July 2, 2015|work=www.channelstv.com|accessdate=January 1, 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, n'afọ 2012, Praịm Minista Kamla Persad-Bissessar nke Trinidad na Tobago kwuru na ọ na-echere akụkọ banyere Izombe Gas Processing Project a tụrụ aro ya n'etiti National Gas Company, National Energy Corporation na Phoenix Park Gas Processors Limited nke Trinidad na Tbago na Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, NNPC . <ref name="www.guardian.co.tt">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2012-08-02/pm-announces-tt-nigeria-collaborate-energy-projects|title=PM announces: T&T, Nigeria to collaborate on energy projects|date=August 2, 2012|work=www.guardian.co.tt|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na Izombe Gas Processing Company ga-eje ozi dị ka isi ebe nhazi gas dị n'ime ala maka ọtụtụ gas dị n"ime ọdọ mmiri Njaba River nke jupụtara na mmanụ na gas ndị ọzọ dị n'akụkụ ahụ. N'ụzọ doro anya, ọrụ ahụ na-enye usoro iji gas eme ihe maka gas nke e si na ChevronTexaco's OML 53 na Addax's O ML 124 gbapụta n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="owel-linkso.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.owel-linkso.com/izombe_project|title=Izombe Gas Processing Project:Izombe Gas Processing Company Limited|work=owel-linkso.com|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.owel-linkso.com/izombe_project "Izombe Gas Processing Project:Izombe Gas Processing Company Limited"]. ''owel-linkso.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ugbo na akụrụngwa == Izombe bụ obodo ọrụ ugbo. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ebe ahụ na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ dịka cassava, yam, yams nwere akwụkwọ atọ, na ọka n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ọtụtụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ọdọ mmiri Njaba, ihe ọkụkụ osisi a na-emepụta n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere mkpụrụ nkwụ mmanụ, akị bekee, mkpụrụ achịcha na pear. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwe nsogbu akụ na ụba nke na-emegide ọrụ ugbo ha nke ọma. <ref name="aquaticcommons.org">{{Cite web|url=http://aquaticcommons.org/848/1/FISON2003_007-011.pdf|first=H.O|author=Igwe|title=An Overview of The Capture Fisheries Development in Imo State|work=Department of Fisheries, [[Michael Okpara University of Agriculture]], [[Umudike]], [[Abia State]]|publisher=[[Aquatic Commons]]}}</ref> : 7 n'ime obodo ha. Iji belata nsogbu njem nke ndị bi n'ime ime obodo na ndị ọrụ ugbo na Njaba River Basin, enyemaka dị mkpa iji wuo okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ iji jikọta obodo ndị ọrụ ugpo na ebe ndị na-ada n'osimiri dịka Umuezukwe na Ubahaeze ma na Awo-Omamma, na Abiaziem na Izombe ma na Oguta LGA <ref name="aquaticcommons.org" />: 7  : 7  == Edensibia == [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] in3aykzfn6mkn6le7ia2ljb95gscn4c 672446 672445 2026-07-04T19:20:11Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference 672446 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Izombe | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Nigeria | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Izombe in Nigeria | pushpin_label_position = bottom | coordinates = {{coord|5|38|0|N|6|52|0|E|region:NG|display=inline}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{NGR}} | subdivision_type1 = [[States of Nigeria|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Imo State|Imo]] | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = [[Oguta]] | leader_party = [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] | leader_title = [[List of Nigerian state governors|Governor]] | leader_name = [[Senator Hope Uzodimma]] | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->| area_land_km2 = 59.0 | etymology = }} '''Izombe''' {{Audio|Ig-Izombe.ogg|Mkpọpụta}}dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Mba Mmiri|Niger Delta]] bụ obodo mmanụ na ọdọ mmiri Njaba River basin, [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo State]] ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Naijiria|Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Izombe {{!}} Nigeria Facts|url=http://nigeriafacts.net/izombe|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001224209/http://nigeriafacts.net/izombe|archivedate=October 1, 2022|accessdate=2022-10-01|work=nigeriafacts.net}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ebe == Dị na Oguta Loka Gọọmentị, Izombe dị ihe dị ka kilomita 30 site na [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] na 150 kilomita n'ebe ugwu nke [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port Harcourt]].<ref name="owel-linkso.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.owel-linkso.com/izombe_project|title=Izombe Gas Processing Project:Izombe Gas Processing Company Limited|work=owel-linkso.com|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> O kpuchiri ihe dịka 59 km2 na osimiri Njaba River basin, South East [[Naijiria|Nigeria]]. Onu ogugu mmadu mere atụmatụ dika nke onuogugu obodo 1991 bu 86,565. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Nnyocha Mmanụ na Gas == Nchọgharị na imepụta mmanụ na mpaghara Izombe malitere na mbido 1960s. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ atọ dị iche iche gụnyere ChevronTexaco, Shell and Addax Petroleum na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara ahụ, na-emepụta ihe karịrị 70% nke mkpokọta mmanụ site na Oguta Local Government Area <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup>Ossu (some 55&nbsp;km south of [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]]), Izombe na Njaba bụ ụfọdụ n'ime olulu mmanụ dị na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="akamaiuniversity.us">{{Cite web|url=http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST12_1_502.pdf|title=3-D Seismic Interpretation and Structural Analysis of Ossu Oil Field, Northern Depobelt, Onshore Niger Delta, Nigeria|author=A.I. Opara|date=May 2011|work=akamaiuniversity.us|publisher=The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology}}</ref>: 1Na ngwụcha Q4 nke 2008, Addax Petroleum Corporation kwupụtara na ọ ga-agbatịkwu ọrụ ya na ọdọ mmiri  Njaba River basin site na nchọpụta mmanụ ọhụrụ ya n'ọhịa Njaba dị na agbataobi ya site na nchọta mmanụ ọhụrụ ya n'ubi Njaba dị na agbataobi ya Awo-Omamma town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rns-pdf.londonstockexchange.com/rns/2934O_1-2009-3-4.pdf|title=Addax Petroleum Management's Discussion and Analysis (for the year ended December 31, 2008): 2008 Operational Update|work=londonstockexchange.com|date=December 31, 2008|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref><ref name="researchandmarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2155790/addax_petroleum_corporation_analysis_across_the.pdf|title=Addax Petroleum Corporation Analysis Across the Oil and Gas Value Chain Report:Addax Petroleum Finds Oil At Awo Omamma In Nigeria|work=researchandmarkets.com|accessdate=January 3, 2016|archivedate=September 24, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090150/http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2155790/addax_petroleum_corporation_analysis_across_the.pdf}}</ref> Nchọpụta ọhụrụ a na mpaghara ikike OML124 nke ụlọ ọrụ <ref name="researchandmarkets.com" /> n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Mba Mmiri|Niger Delta]] nwere olulu mmiri Njaba 2 na-emepebeghị emepe [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] na atụmanya nyocha ndị ọzọ, <ref name="rigzone.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/72217/Addax_Strikes_Oil_at_Njaba_2_Well_Onshore_Nigeria|title=RIGZONE - Addax Strikes Oil at Njaba 2 Well Onshore Nigeria|work=rigzone.com|date=January 28, 2009|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.addaxpetroleum.com/operations/nigeria|title=Addax Petroleum, License Areas; License|work=addaxpetroleum.com|date=2011|accessdate=January 3, 2016|archivedate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043917/https://www.addaxpetroleum.com/operations/nigeria}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Febụwarị, 2015, Seplat Petroleum Development Company Plc ("Seplat" ma ọ bụ "Company"), mara ọkwa na ọ mechala nweta 40.00% mmasị na-arụ ọrụ na OML 53 na mpaghara site na [[Chevron Nigeria|Chevron Nigeria Limited]] ("CNL") ya na NNPC jide ọmụrụ nwa 60.00% fọdụrụ na ngọngọ ikike igwu mmanụ.<ref name="londonstockexchange.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/12240080.html|title=Seplat completes acquisition of interest in OML 53 onshore Nigeria|work=londonstockexchange.com|date=February 5, 2015|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> == Ọkụ gas == Gas flaring n'Izombe malitere ozugbo nyocha mmanụ bidoro na mbido 1960s. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọrụ a ebutela mkpụrụ osisi na-adịghị mma, ọrịa iku ume na nsogbu ahụike ndị ọzọ n'ihi mwepụta nke kemịkal na-egbu egbu gụnyere ikuku ikuku. == Nhazi Gas nke Izombe == E nweela ọrụ na-aga n'ihu iji mepụta Ụlọ Ọrụ Nhazi Gas na Izombe.<ref name="www.vanguardngr.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/owel-linkso-establishes-new-gas-company/|title=Owel-Linkso establishes new gas company|date=May 31, 2011|accessdate=January 1, 2016|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Nke a bụ nzaghachi nye ntụziaka gọọmentị etiti nyere ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas iji kwụsị ọkụ gas na njedebe nke afọ 2008. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke e mere atụmatụ na ọ ga-efu ihe dị ka $ 135 nde, e mere ya iji mepụta 200 metric ton nke LPG; na ihe dị ka 1000 barrels nke condensate site na gas na-enye nri nke ihe dị ka 40 nde cubic feet kwa ụbọchị. Izombe Gas Processing Company Limited ga-enyere obere ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ógbè ahụ aka ịchekwa ego ọrụ dịka ụlọ ọrụ ndị gas ha ezughị iji nye nnukwu ọrụ iji gas ga-ezere ego nke iwu ụlọ ọrụ na'onwe ha iji mezuo ntụziaka Gọọmentị. <ref name="www.vanguardngr.com" /> Owel-Linkso Group nwetara nkwado site na Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation iji kwalite ọrụ ahụ na July 2010. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ndị isi na Addax Petroleum Development (Nigeria) Limited, APDNL, na 2004, iji mepụta ma rụọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ LPG na Izombe na mpaghara OML 124. Ụlọ ọrụ nhazi gas nke Izombe mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ ga-ewere gas na-enye nri site na ụlọ ọrụ Izombe na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-agafe agafe n'ime nso ma na-ebute gas kpọrọ nkụ na 381MW Egbema Power Station, <ref name="www.nipptransactions.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nipptransactions.com/ndphc-generating-companies/egbema-power-plant/|title=Egbema Generation Company Limited|work=www.nipptransactions.com|accessdate=January 1, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818211804/http://www.nipptransactions.com/ndphc-generating-companies/egbema-power-plant/|archivedate=August 18, 2013}}</ref> ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta gas turbine na-emeghe na Ohaji / Egbema dị nso. <ref name="www.vanguardngr.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/owel-linkso-establishes-new-gas-company/|title=Owel-Linkso establishes new gas company|date=May 31, 2011|accessdate=January 1, 2016|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/owel-linkso-establishes-new-gas-company/ "Owel-Linkso establishes new gas company"]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''. Lagos, Nigeria. May 31, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="www.dailytrust.com.ng">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/news/imo-pledges-to-complete-gas-plant-project/25318.html#Pr1bwpBRsRz8vXYj.99|title=Imo pledges to complete gas plant project|date=August 4, 2015|accessdate=January 1, 2016|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref><ref name="www.channelstv.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelstv.com/2015/07/02/okoracha-displeased-with-state-of-egbema-power-station-project/|title=Okoracha Displeased With State Of Egbema Power Station Project|date=July 2, 2015|work=www.channelstv.com|accessdate=January 1, 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, n'afọ 2012, Praịm Minista Kamla Persad-Bissessar nke Trinidad na Tobago kwuru na ọ na-echere akụkọ banyere Izombe Gas Processing Project a tụrụ aro ya n'etiti National Gas Company, National Energy Corporation na Phoenix Park Gas Processors Limited nke Trinidad na Tbago na Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, NNPC . <ref name="www.guardian.co.tt">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2012-08-02/pm-announces-tt-nigeria-collaborate-energy-projects|title=PM announces: T&T, Nigeria to collaborate on energy projects|date=August 2, 2012|work=www.guardian.co.tt|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na Izombe Gas Processing Company ga-eje ozi dị ka isi ebe nhazi gas dị n'ime ala maka ọtụtụ gas dị n"ime ọdọ mmiri Njaba River nke jupụtara na mmanụ na gas ndị ọzọ dị n'akụkụ ahụ. N'ụzọ doro anya, ọrụ ahụ na-enye usoro iji gas eme ihe maka gas nke e si na ChevronTexaco's OML 53 na Addax's O ML 124 gbapụta n'ógbè ahụ.<ref name="owel-linkso.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.owel-linkso.com/izombe_project|title=Izombe Gas Processing Project:Izombe Gas Processing Company Limited|work=owel-linkso.com|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.owel-linkso.com/izombe_project "Izombe Gas Processing Project:Izombe Gas Processing Company Limited"]. ''owel-linkso.com''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 3,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ ugbo na akụrụngwa == Izombe bụ obodo ọrụ ugbo. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ebe ahụ na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ dịka cassava, yam, yams nwere akwụkwọ atọ, na ọka n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ọtụtụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ọdọ mmiri Njaba, ihe ọkụkụ osisi a na-emepụta n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere mkpụrụ nkwụ mmanụ, akị bekee, mkpụrụ achịcha na pear. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwe nsogbu akụ na ụba nke na-emegide ọrụ ugbo ha nke ọma. <ref name="aquaticcommons.org">{{Cite web|url=http://aquaticcommons.org/848/1/FISON2003_007-011.pdf|first=H.O|author=Igwe|title=An Overview of The Capture Fisheries Development in Imo State|work=Department of Fisheries, [[Michael Okpara University of Agriculture]], [[Umudike]], [[Abia State]]|publisher=[[Aquatic Commons]]}}</ref> : 7 n'ime obodo ha. Iji belata nsogbu njem nke ndị bi n'ime ime obodo na ndị ọrụ ugbo na Njaba River Basin, enyemaka dị mkpa iji wuo okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ iji jikọta obodo ndị ọrụ ugpo na ebe ndị na-ada n'osimiri dịka Umuezukwe na Ubahaeze ma na Awo-Omamma, na Abiaziem na Izombe ma na Oguta LGA <ref name="aquaticcommons.org" />: 7  : 7  == Edensibia == [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] qxkt3b7pbcx2gyvtwzkozsjg113pjaq 672447 672446 2026-07-04T19:21:20Z Specialyvonne 56002 Fixed reference error 672447 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Izombe | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Nigeria | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Izombe in Nigeria | pushpin_label_position = bottom | coordinates = {{coord|5|38|0|N|6|52|0|E|region:NG|display=inline}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{NGR}} | subdivision_type1 = [[States of Nigeria|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Imo State|Imo]] | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = [[Oguta]] | leader_party = [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] | leader_title = [[List of Nigerian state governors|Governor]] | leader_name = [[Senator Hope Uzodimma]] | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->| area_land_km2 = 59.0 | etymology = }} '''Izombe''' {{Audio|Ig-Izombe.ogg|Mkpọpụta}}dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Mba Mmiri|Niger Delta]] bụ obodo mmanụ na ọdọ mmiri Njaba River basin, [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo State]] ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Naijiria|Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Izombe {{!}} Nigeria Facts|url=http://nigeriafacts.net/izombe|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001224209/http://nigeriafacts.net/izombe|archivedate=October 1, 2022|accessdate=2022-10-01|work=nigeriafacts.net}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ebe == Dị na Oguta Loka Gọọmentị, Izombe dị ihe dị ka kilomita 30 site na [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] na 150 kilomita n'ebe ugwu nke [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port Harcourt]].<ref name="owel-linkso.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.owel-linkso.com/izombe_project|title=Izombe Gas Processing Project:Izombe Gas Processing Company Limited|work=owel-linkso.com|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> O kpuchiri ihe dịka 59 km2 na osimiri Njaba River basin, South East [[Naijiria|Nigeria]]. Onu ogugu mmadu mere atụmatụ dika nke onuogugu obodo 1991 bu 86,565. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Nnyocha Mmanụ na Gas == Nchọgharị na imepụta mmanụ na mpaghara Izombe malitere na mbido 1960s. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ atọ dị iche iche gụnyere ChevronTexaco, Shell and Addax Petroleum na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara ahụ, na-emepụta ihe karịrị 70% nke mkpokọta mmanụ site na Oguta Local Government Area <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup>Ossu (some 55&nbsp;km south of [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]]), Izombe na Njaba bụ ụfọdụ n'ime olulu mmanụ dị na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="akamaiuniversity.us">{{Cite web|url=http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST12_1_502.pdf|title=3-D Seismic Interpretation and Structural Analysis of Ossu Oil Field, Northern Depobelt, Onshore Niger Delta, Nigeria|author=A.I. Opara|date=May 2011|work=akamaiuniversity.us|publisher=The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology}}</ref>: 1Na ngwụcha Q4 nke 2008, Addax Petroleum Corporation kwupụtara na ọ ga-agbatịkwu ọrụ ya na ọdọ mmiri  Njaba River basin site na nchọpụta mmanụ ọhụrụ ya n'ọhịa Njaba dị na agbataobi ya site na nchọta mmanụ ọhụrụ ya n'ubi Njaba dị na agbataobi ya Awo-Omamma town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rns-pdf.londonstockexchange.com/rns/2934O_1-2009-3-4.pdf|title=Addax Petroleum Management's Discussion and Analysis (for the year ended December 31, 2008): 2008 Operational Update|work=londonstockexchange.com|date=December 31, 2008|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref><ref name="researchandmarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2155790/addax_petroleum_corporation_analysis_across_the.pdf|title=Addax Petroleum Corporation Analysis Across the Oil and Gas Value Chain Report:Addax Petroleum Finds Oil At Awo Omamma In Nigeria|work=researchandmarkets.com|accessdate=January 3, 2016|archivedate=September 24, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090150/http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2155790/addax_petroleum_corporation_analysis_across_the.pdf}}</ref> Nchọpụta ọhụrụ a na mpaghara ikike OML124 nke ụlọ ọrụ <ref name="researchandmarkets.com" /> n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Mba Mmiri|Niger Delta]] nwere olulu mmiri Njaba 2 na-emepebeghị emepe [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] na atụmanya nyocha ndị ọzọ, <ref name="rigzone.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/72217/Addax_Strikes_Oil_at_Njaba_2_Well_Onshore_Nigeria|title=RIGZONE - Addax Strikes Oil at Njaba 2 Well Onshore Nigeria|work=rigzone.com|date=January 28, 2009|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.addaxpetroleum.com/operations/nigeria|title=Addax Petroleum, License Areas; License|work=addaxpetroleum.com|date=2011|accessdate=January 3, 2016|archivedate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043917/https://www.addaxpetroleum.com/operations/nigeria}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Febụwarị, 2015, Seplat Petroleum Development Company Plc ("Seplat" ma ọ bụ "Company"), mara ọkwa na ọ mechala nweta 40.00% mmasị na-arụ ọrụ na OML 53 na mpaghara site na [[Chevron Nigeria|Chevron Nigeria Limited]] ("CNL") ya na NNPC jide ọmụrụ nwa 60.00% fọdụrụ na ngọngọ ikike igwu mmanụ.<ref name="londonstockexchange.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/12240080.html|title=Seplat completes acquisition of interest in OML 53 onshore Nigeria|work=londonstockexchange.com|date=February 5, 2015|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> == Ọkụ gas == Gas flaring n'Izombe malitere ozugbo nyocha mmanụ bidoro na mbido 1960s. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọrụ a ebutela mkpụrụ osisi na-adịghị mma, ọrịa iku ume na nsogbu ahụike ndị ọzọ n'ihi mwepụta nke kemịkal na-egbu egbu gụnyere ikuku ikuku. == Nhazi Gas nke Izombe == E nweela ọrụ na-aga n'ihu iji mepụta Ụlọ Ọrụ Nhazi Gas na Izombe.<ref name="www.vanguardngr.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/owel-linkso-establishes-new-gas-company/|title=Owel-Linkso establishes new gas company|date=May 31, 2011|accessdate=January 1, 2016|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Nke a bụ nzaghachi nye ntụziaka gọọmentị etiti nyere ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas iji kwụsị ọkụ gas na njedebe nke afọ 2008. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke e mere atụmatụ na ọ ga-efu ihe dị ka $ 135 nde, e mere ya iji mepụta 200 metric ton nke LPG; na ihe dị ka 1000 barrels nke condensate site na gas na-enye nri nke ihe dị ka 40 nde cubic feet kwa ụbọchị. Izombe Gas Processing Company Limited ga-enyere obere ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ógbè ahụ aka ịchekwa ego ọrụ dịka ụlọ ọrụ ndị gas ha ezughị iji nye nnukwu ọrụ iji gas ga-ezere ego nke iwu ụlọ ọrụ na'onwe ha iji mezuo ntụziaka Gọọmentị. <ref name="www.vanguardngr.com" /> Owel-Linkso Group nwetara nkwado site na Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation iji kwalite ọrụ ahụ na July 2010. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ndị isi na Addax Petroleum Development (Nigeria) Limited, APDNL, na 2004, iji mepụta ma rụọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ LPG na Izombe na mpaghara OML 124. Ụlọ ọrụ nhazi gas nke Izombe mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ ga-ewere gas na-enye nri site na ụlọ ọrụ Izombe na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-agafe agafe n'ime nso ma na-ebute gas kpọrọ nkụ na 381MW Egbema Power Station, <ref name="www.nipptransactions.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nipptransactions.com/ndphc-generating-companies/egbema-power-plant/|title=Egbema Generation Company Limited|work=www.nipptransactions.com|accessdate=January 1, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818211804/http://www.nipptransactions.com/ndphc-generating-companies/egbema-power-plant/|archivedate=August 18, 2013}}</ref> ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta gas turbine na-emeghe na Ohaji / Egbema dị nso. <ref name="www.vanguardngr.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/owel-linkso-establishes-new-gas-company/|title=Owel-Linkso establishes new gas company|date=May 31, 2011|accessdate=January 1, 2016|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/owel-linkso-establishes-new-gas-company/ "Owel-Linkso establishes new gas company"]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''. Lagos, Nigeria. May 31, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="www.dailytrust.com.ng">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/news/imo-pledges-to-complete-gas-plant-project/25318.html#Pr1bwpBRsRz8vXYj.99|title=Imo pledges to complete gas plant project|date=August 4, 2015|accessdate=January 1, 2016|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref><ref name="www.channelstv.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelstv.com/2015/07/02/okoracha-displeased-with-state-of-egbema-power-station-project/|title=Okoracha Displeased With State Of Egbema Power Station Project|date=July 2, 2015|work=www.channelstv.com|accessdate=January 1, 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, n'afọ 2012, Praịm Minista Kamla Persad-Bissessar nke Trinidad na Tobago kwuru na ọ na-echere akụkọ banyere Izombe Gas Processing Project a tụrụ aro ya n'etiti National Gas Company, National Energy Corporation na Phoenix Park Gas Processors Limited nke Trinidad na Tbago na Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, NNPC . <ref name="www.guardian.co.tt">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2012-08-02/pm-announces-tt-nigeria-collaborate-energy-projects|title=PM announces: T&T, Nigeria to collaborate on energy projects|date=August 2, 2012|work=www.guardian.co.tt|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na Izombe Gas Processing Company ga-eje ozi dị ka isi ebe nhazi gas dị n'ime ala maka ọtụtụ gas dị n"ime ọdọ mmiri Njaba River nke jupụtara na mmanụ na gas ndị ọzọ dị n'akụkụ ahụ. N'ụzọ doro anya, ọrụ ahụ na-enye usoro iji gas eme ihe maka gas nke e si na ChevronTexaco's OML 53 na Addax's O ML 124 gbapụta n'ógbè ahụ. == Ọrụ ugbo na akụrụngwa == Izombe bụ obodo ọrụ ugbo. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ebe ahụ na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ dịka cassava, yam, yams nwere akwụkwọ atọ, na ọka n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ọtụtụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ọdọ mmiri Njaba, ihe ọkụkụ osisi a na-emepụta n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere mkpụrụ nkwụ mmanụ, akị bekee, mkpụrụ achịcha na pear. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwe nsogbu akụ na ụba nke na-emegide ọrụ ugbo ha nke ọma. <ref name="aquaticcommons.org">{{Cite web|url=http://aquaticcommons.org/848/1/FISON2003_007-011.pdf|first=H.O|author=Igwe|title=An Overview of The Capture Fisheries Development in Imo State|work=Department of Fisheries, [[Michael Okpara University of Agriculture]], [[Umudike]], [[Abia State]]|publisher=[[Aquatic Commons]]}}</ref> : 7 n'ime obodo ha. Iji belata nsogbu njem nke ndị bi n'ime ime obodo na ndị ọrụ ugbo na Njaba River Basin, enyemaka dị mkpa iji wuo okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ iji jikọta obodo ndị ọrụ ugpo na ebe ndị na-ada n'osimiri dịka Umuezukwe na Ubahaeze ma na Awo-Omamma, na Abiaziem na Izombe ma na Oguta LGA <ref name="aquaticcommons.org" />: 7  : 7  == Edensibia == [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] fz92uq6oo8c2yp2f8qikis9l0lpc2zd 672448 672447 2026-07-04T19:24:11Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Nhazi Gas nke Izombe */ Fixed reference 672448 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Izombe | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Nigeria | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Izombe in Nigeria | pushpin_label_position = bottom | coordinates = {{coord|5|38|0|N|6|52|0|E|region:NG|display=inline}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{NGR}} | subdivision_type1 = [[States of Nigeria|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Imo State|Imo]] | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = [[Oguta]] | leader_party = [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] | leader_title = [[List of Nigerian state governors|Governor]] | leader_name = [[Senator Hope Uzodimma]] | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->| area_land_km2 = 59.0 | etymology = }} '''Izombe''' {{Audio|Ig-Izombe.ogg|Mkpọpụta}}dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Mba Mmiri|Niger Delta]] bụ obodo mmanụ na ọdọ mmiri Njaba River basin, [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo State]] ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Naijiria|Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Izombe {{!}} Nigeria Facts|url=http://nigeriafacts.net/izombe|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001224209/http://nigeriafacts.net/izombe|archivedate=October 1, 2022|accessdate=2022-10-01|work=nigeriafacts.net}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ebe == Dị na Oguta Loka Gọọmentị, Izombe dị ihe dị ka kilomita 30 site na [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] na 150 kilomita n'ebe ugwu nke [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port Harcourt]].<ref name="owel-linkso.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.owel-linkso.com/izombe_project|title=Izombe Gas Processing Project:Izombe Gas Processing Company Limited|work=owel-linkso.com|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> O kpuchiri ihe dịka 59 km2 na osimiri Njaba River basin, South East [[Naijiria|Nigeria]]. Onu ogugu mmadu mere atụmatụ dika nke onuogugu obodo 1991 bu 86,565. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Nnyocha Mmanụ na Gas == Nchọgharị na imepụta mmanụ na mpaghara Izombe malitere na mbido 1960s. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ atọ dị iche iche gụnyere ChevronTexaco, Shell and Addax Petroleum na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara ahụ, na-emepụta ihe karịrị 70% nke mkpokọta mmanụ site na Oguta Local Government Area <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup>Ossu (some 55&nbsp;km south of [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]]), Izombe na Njaba bụ ụfọdụ n'ime olulu mmanụ dị na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="akamaiuniversity.us">{{Cite web|url=http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST12_1_502.pdf|title=3-D Seismic Interpretation and Structural Analysis of Ossu Oil Field, Northern Depobelt, Onshore Niger Delta, Nigeria|author=A.I. Opara|date=May 2011|work=akamaiuniversity.us|publisher=The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology}}</ref>: 1Na ngwụcha Q4 nke 2008, Addax Petroleum Corporation kwupụtara na ọ ga-agbatịkwu ọrụ ya na ọdọ mmiri  Njaba River basin site na nchọpụta mmanụ ọhụrụ ya n'ọhịa Njaba dị na agbataobi ya site na nchọta mmanụ ọhụrụ ya n'ubi Njaba dị na agbataobi ya Awo-Omamma town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rns-pdf.londonstockexchange.com/rns/2934O_1-2009-3-4.pdf|title=Addax Petroleum Management's Discussion and Analysis (for the year ended December 31, 2008): 2008 Operational Update|work=londonstockexchange.com|date=December 31, 2008|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref><ref name="researchandmarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2155790/addax_petroleum_corporation_analysis_across_the.pdf|title=Addax Petroleum Corporation Analysis Across the Oil and Gas Value Chain Report:Addax Petroleum Finds Oil At Awo Omamma In Nigeria|work=researchandmarkets.com|accessdate=January 3, 2016|archivedate=September 24, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090150/http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2155790/addax_petroleum_corporation_analysis_across_the.pdf}}</ref> Nchọpụta ọhụrụ a na mpaghara ikike OML124 nke ụlọ ọrụ <ref name="researchandmarkets.com" /> n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Mba Mmiri|Niger Delta]] nwere olulu mmiri Njaba 2 na-emepebeghị emepe [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] na atụmanya nyocha ndị ọzọ, <ref name="rigzone.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/72217/Addax_Strikes_Oil_at_Njaba_2_Well_Onshore_Nigeria|title=RIGZONE - Addax Strikes Oil at Njaba 2 Well Onshore Nigeria|work=rigzone.com|date=January 28, 2009|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.addaxpetroleum.com/operations/nigeria|title=Addax Petroleum, License Areas; License|work=addaxpetroleum.com|date=2011|accessdate=January 3, 2016|archivedate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043917/https://www.addaxpetroleum.com/operations/nigeria}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Febụwarị, 2015, Seplat Petroleum Development Company Plc ("Seplat" ma ọ bụ "Company"), mara ọkwa na ọ mechala nweta 40.00% mmasị na-arụ ọrụ na OML 53 na mpaghara site na [[Chevron Nigeria|Chevron Nigeria Limited]] ("CNL") ya na NNPC jide ọmụrụ nwa 60.00% fọdụrụ na ngọngọ ikike igwu mmanụ.<ref name="londonstockexchange.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/12240080.html|title=Seplat completes acquisition of interest in OML 53 onshore Nigeria|work=londonstockexchange.com|date=February 5, 2015|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> == Ọkụ gas == Gas flaring n'Izombe malitere ozugbo nyocha mmanụ bidoro na mbido 1960s. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọrụ a ebutela mkpụrụ osisi na-adịghị mma, ọrịa iku ume na nsogbu ahụike ndị ọzọ n'ihi mwepụta nke kemịkal na-egbu egbu gụnyere ikuku ikuku. == Nhazi Gas nke Izombe == E nweela ọrụ na-aga n'ihu iji mepụta Ụlọ Ọrụ Nhazi Gas na Izombe.<ref name="www.vanguardngr.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/owel-linkso-establishes-new-gas-company/|title=Owel-Linkso establishes new gas company|date=May 31, 2011|accessdate=January 1, 2016|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Nke a bụ nzaghachi nye ntụziaka gọọmentị etiti nyere ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas iji kwụsị ọkụ gas na njedebe nke afọ 2008. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke e mere atụmatụ na ọ ga-efu ihe dị ka $ 135 nde, e mere ya iji mepụta 200 metric ton nke LPG; na ihe dị ka 1000 barrels nke condensate site na gas na-enye nri nke ihe dị ka 40 nde cubic feet kwa ụbọchị. Izombe Gas Processing Company Limited ga-enyere obere ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ógbè ahụ aka ịchekwa ego ọrụ dịka ụlọ ọrụ ndị gas ha ezughị iji nye nnukwu ọrụ iji gas ga-ezere ego nke iwu ụlọ ọrụ na'onwe ha iji mezuo ntụziaka Gọọmentị. Owel-Linkso Group nwetara nkwado site na Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation iji kwalite ọrụ ahụ na July 2010. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ndị isi na Addax Petroleum Development (Nigeria) Limited, APDNL, na 2004, iji mepụta ma rụọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ LPG na Izombe na mpaghara OML 124. Ụlọ ọrụ nhazi gas nke Izombe mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ ga-ewere gas na-enye nri site na ụlọ ọrụ Izombe na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-agafe agafe n'ime nso ma na-ebute gas kpọrọ nkụ na 381MW Egbema Power Station, <ref name="www.nipptransactions.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nipptransactions.com/ndphc-generating-companies/egbema-power-plant/|title=Egbema Generation Company Limited|work=www.nipptransactions.com|accessdate=January 1, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818211804/http://www.nipptransactions.com/ndphc-generating-companies/egbema-power-plant/|archivedate=August 18, 2013}}</ref> ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta gas turbine na-emeghe na Ohaji / Egbema dị nso. <ref name="www.vanguardngr.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/owel-linkso-establishes-new-gas-company/|title=Owel-Linkso establishes new gas company|date=May 31, 2011|accessdate=January 1, 2016|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/owel-linkso-establishes-new-gas-company/ "Owel-Linkso establishes new gas company"]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''. Lagos, Nigeria. May 31, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 1,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="www.dailytrust.com.ng">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/news/imo-pledges-to-complete-gas-plant-project/25318.html#Pr1bwpBRsRz8vXYj.99|title=Imo pledges to complete gas plant project|date=August 4, 2015|accessdate=January 1, 2016|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref><ref name="www.channelstv.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelstv.com/2015/07/02/okoracha-displeased-with-state-of-egbema-power-station-project/|title=Okoracha Displeased With State Of Egbema Power Station Project|date=July 2, 2015|work=www.channelstv.com|accessdate=January 1, 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, n'afọ 2012, Praịm Minista Kamla Persad-Bissessar nke Trinidad na Tobago kwuru na ọ na-echere akụkọ banyere Izombe Gas Processing Project a tụrụ aro ya n'etiti National Gas Company, National Energy Corporation na Phoenix Park Gas Processors Limited nke Trinidad na Tbago na Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, NNPC . <ref name="www.guardian.co.tt">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2012-08-02/pm-announces-tt-nigeria-collaborate-energy-projects|title=PM announces: T&T, Nigeria to collaborate on energy projects|date=August 2, 2012|work=www.guardian.co.tt|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na Izombe Gas Processing Company ga-eje ozi dị ka isi ebe nhazi gas dị n'ime ala maka ọtụtụ gas dị n"ime ọdọ mmiri Njaba River nke jupụtara na mmanụ na gas ndị ọzọ dị n'akụkụ ahụ. N'ụzọ doro anya, ọrụ ahụ na-enye usoro iji gas eme ihe maka gas nke e si na ChevronTexaco's OML 53 na Addax's O ML 124 gbapụta n'ógbè ahụ. == Ọrụ ugbo na akụrụngwa == Izombe bụ obodo ọrụ ugbo. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ebe ahụ na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ dịka cassava, yam, yams nwere akwụkwọ atọ, na ọka n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ọtụtụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ọdọ mmiri Njaba, ihe ọkụkụ osisi a na-emepụta n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere mkpụrụ nkwụ mmanụ, akị bekee, mkpụrụ achịcha na pear. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwe nsogbu akụ na ụba nke na-emegide ọrụ ugbo ha nke ọma. <ref name="aquaticcommons.org">{{Cite web|url=http://aquaticcommons.org/848/1/FISON2003_007-011.pdf|first=H.O|author=Igwe|title=An Overview of The Capture Fisheries Development in Imo State|work=Department of Fisheries, [[Michael Okpara University of Agriculture]], [[Umudike]], [[Abia State]]|publisher=[[Aquatic Commons]]}}</ref> : 7 n'ime obodo ha. Iji belata nsogbu njem nke ndị bi n'ime ime obodo na ndị ọrụ ugbo na Njaba River Basin, enyemaka dị mkpa iji wuo okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ iji jikọta obodo ndị ọrụ ugpo na ebe ndị na-ada n'osimiri dịka Umuezukwe na Ubahaeze ma na Awo-Omamma, na Abiaziem na Izombe ma na Oguta LGA <ref name="aquaticcommons.org" />: 7  : 7  == Edensibia == [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] m9jcnrcl1auzi0jy7z1y32r04k0hx8r 672450 672448 2026-07-04T19:26:29Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Nhazi Gas nke Izombe */ Fixed reference error 672450 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Izombe | native_name = | native_name_lang = <!-- ISO 639-2 code e.g. "fr" for French. If more than one, use {{lang}} instead --> | settlement_type = | image_skyline = | image_alt = | image_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | image_map = | map_alt = | map_caption = | pushpin_map = Nigeria | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Izombe in Nigeria | pushpin_label_position = bottom | coordinates = {{coord|5|38|0|N|6|52|0|E|region:NG|display=inline}} | coor_pinpoint = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = {{NGR}} | subdivision_type1 = [[States of Nigeria|State]] | subdivision_name1 = [[Imo State|Imo]] | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = [[Oguta]] | leader_party = [[All Progressives Congress|APC]] | leader_title = [[List of Nigerian state governors|Governor]] | leader_name = [[Senator Hope Uzodimma]] | unit_pref = Metric <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion -->| area_land_km2 = 59.0 | etymology = }} '''Izombe''' {{Audio|Ig-Izombe.ogg|Mkpọpụta}}dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Mba Mmiri|Niger Delta]] bụ obodo mmanụ na ọdọ mmiri Njaba River basin, [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo State]] ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Naijiria|Nigeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Izombe {{!}} Nigeria Facts|url=http://nigeriafacts.net/izombe|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001224209/http://nigeriafacts.net/izombe|archivedate=October 1, 2022|accessdate=2022-10-01|work=nigeriafacts.net}}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Ebe == Dị na Oguta Loka Gọọmentị, Izombe dị ihe dị ka kilomita 30 site na [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] na 150 kilomita n'ebe ugwu nke [[Ugwu Ọcha|Port Harcourt]].<ref name="owel-linkso.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.owel-linkso.com/izombe_project|title=Izombe Gas Processing Project:Izombe Gas Processing Company Limited|work=owel-linkso.com|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> O kpuchiri ihe dịka 59 km2 na osimiri Njaba River basin, South East [[Naijiria|Nigeria]]. Onu ogugu mmadu mere atụmatụ dika nke onuogugu obodo 1991 bu 86,565. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Nnyocha Mmanụ na Gas == Nchọgharị na imepụta mmanụ na mpaghara Izombe malitere na mbido 1960s. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ atọ dị iche iche gụnyere ChevronTexaco, Shell and Addax Petroleum na-arụ ọrụ na mpaghara ahụ, na-emepụta ihe karịrị 70% nke mkpokọta mmanụ site na Oguta Local Government Area <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup>Ossu (some 55&nbsp;km south of [[Onịchạ|Onitsha]]), Izombe na Njaba bụ ụfọdụ n'ime olulu mmanụ dị na mpaghara ahụ.<ref name="akamaiuniversity.us">{{Cite web|url=http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST12_1_502.pdf|title=3-D Seismic Interpretation and Structural Analysis of Ossu Oil Field, Northern Depobelt, Onshore Niger Delta, Nigeria|author=A.I. Opara|date=May 2011|work=akamaiuniversity.us|publisher=The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology}}</ref>: 1Na ngwụcha Q4 nke 2008, Addax Petroleum Corporation kwupụtara na ọ ga-agbatịkwu ọrụ ya na ọdọ mmiri  Njaba River basin site na nchọpụta mmanụ ọhụrụ ya n'ọhịa Njaba dị na agbataobi ya site na nchọta mmanụ ọhụrụ ya n'ubi Njaba dị na agbataobi ya Awo-Omamma town.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rns-pdf.londonstockexchange.com/rns/2934O_1-2009-3-4.pdf|title=Addax Petroleum Management's Discussion and Analysis (for the year ended December 31, 2008): 2008 Operational Update|work=londonstockexchange.com|date=December 31, 2008|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref><ref name="researchandmarkets.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2155790/addax_petroleum_corporation_analysis_across_the.pdf|title=Addax Petroleum Corporation Analysis Across the Oil and Gas Value Chain Report:Addax Petroleum Finds Oil At Awo Omamma In Nigeria|work=researchandmarkets.com|accessdate=January 3, 2016|archivedate=September 24, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924090150/http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/2155790/addax_petroleum_corporation_analysis_across_the.pdf}}</ref> Nchọpụta ọhụrụ a na mpaghara ikike OML124 nke ụlọ ọrụ <ref name="researchandmarkets.com" /> n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Mba Mmiri|Niger Delta]] nwere olulu mmiri Njaba 2 na-emepebeghị emepe [[Naijiria|Nigeria]] na atụmanya nyocha ndị ọzọ, <ref name="rigzone.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/72217/Addax_Strikes_Oil_at_Njaba_2_Well_Onshore_Nigeria|title=RIGZONE - Addax Strikes Oil at Njaba 2 Well Onshore Nigeria|work=rigzone.com|date=January 28, 2009|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.addaxpetroleum.com/operations/nigeria|title=Addax Petroleum, License Areas; License|work=addaxpetroleum.com|date=2011|accessdate=January 3, 2016|archivedate=March 4, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043917/https://www.addaxpetroleum.com/operations/nigeria}}</ref> N'ụbọchị nke ise n'ọnwa Febụwarị, 2015, Seplat Petroleum Development Company Plc ("Seplat" ma ọ bụ "Company"), mara ọkwa na ọ mechala nweta 40.00% mmasị na-arụ ọrụ na OML 53 na mpaghara site na [[Chevron Nigeria|Chevron Nigeria Limited]] ("CNL") ya na NNPC jide ọmụrụ nwa 60.00% fọdụrụ na ngọngọ ikike igwu mmanụ.<ref name="londonstockexchange.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/news/market-news/market-news-detail/12240080.html|title=Seplat completes acquisition of interest in OML 53 onshore Nigeria|work=londonstockexchange.com|date=February 5, 2015|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> == Ọkụ gas == Gas flaring n'Izombe malitere ozugbo nyocha mmanụ bidoro na mbido 1960s. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ọrụ a ebutela mkpụrụ osisi na-adịghị mma, ọrịa iku ume na nsogbu ahụike ndị ọzọ n'ihi mwepụta nke kemịkal na-egbu egbu gụnyere ikuku ikuku. == Nhazi Gas nke Izombe == E nweela ọrụ na-aga n'ihu iji mepụta Ụlọ Ọrụ Nhazi Gas na Izombe.<ref name="www.vanguardngr.com">{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/05/owel-linkso-establishes-new-gas-company/|title=Owel-Linkso establishes new gas company|date=May 31, 2011|accessdate=January 1, 2016|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Nke a bụ nzaghachi nye ntụziaka gọọmentị etiti nyere ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ na gas iji kwụsị ọkụ gas na njedebe nke afọ 2008. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ, nke e mere atụmatụ na ọ ga-efu ihe dị ka $ 135 nde, e mere ya iji mepụta 200 metric ton nke LPG; na ihe dị ka 1000 barrels nke condensate site na gas na-enye nri nke ihe dị ka 40 nde cubic feet kwa ụbọchị. Izombe Gas Processing Company Limited ga-enyere obere ụlọ ọrụ na-arụ ọrụ n'ógbè ahụ aka ịchekwa ego ọrụ dịka ụlọ ọrụ ndị gas ha ezughị iji nye nnukwu ọrụ iji gas ga-ezere ego nke iwu ụlọ ọrụ na'onwe ha iji mezuo ntụziaka Gọọmentị. Owel-Linkso Group nwetara nkwado site na Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation iji kwalite ọrụ ahụ na July 2010. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ndị isi na Addax Petroleum Development (Nigeria) Limited, APDNL, na 2004, iji mepụta ma rụọ ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ LPG na Izombe na mpaghara OML 124. Ụlọ ọrụ nhazi gas nke Izombe mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ ga-ewere gas na-enye nri site na ụlọ ọrụ Izombe na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ na-agafe agafe n'ime nso ma na-ebute gas kpọrọ nkụ na 381MW Egbema Power Station, <ref name="www.nipptransactions.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.nipptransactions.com/ndphc-generating-companies/egbema-power-plant/|title=Egbema Generation Company Limited|work=www.nipptransactions.com|accessdate=January 1, 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818211804/http://www.nipptransactions.com/ndphc-generating-companies/egbema-power-plant/|archivedate=August 18, 2013}}</ref> ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta gas turbine na-emeghe na Ohaji / Egbema dị nso. <ref name="www.dailytrust.com.ng">{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailytrust.com.ng/news/news/imo-pledges-to-complete-gas-plant-project/25318.html#Pr1bwpBRsRz8vXYj.99|title=Imo pledges to complete gas plant project|date=August 4, 2015|accessdate=January 1, 2016|work=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref><ref name="www.channelstv.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.channelstv.com/2015/07/02/okoracha-displeased-with-state-of-egbema-power-station-project/|title=Okoracha Displeased With State Of Egbema Power Station Project|date=July 2, 2015|work=www.channelstv.com|accessdate=January 1, 2016}}</ref> N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, n'afọ 2012, Praịm Minista Kamla Persad-Bissessar nke Trinidad na Tobago kwuru na ọ na-echere akụkọ banyere Izombe Gas Processing Project a tụrụ aro ya n'etiti National Gas Company, National Energy Corporation na Phoenix Park Gas Processors Limited nke Trinidad na Tbago na Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, NNPC . <ref name="www.guardian.co.tt">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.tt/news/2012-08-02/pm-announces-tt-nigeria-collaborate-energy-projects|title=PM announces: T&T, Nigeria to collaborate on energy projects|date=August 2, 2012|work=www.guardian.co.tt|accessdate=January 3, 2016}}</ref> A na-eme atụmatụ na Izombe Gas Processing Company ga-eje ozi dị ka isi ebe nhazi gas dị n'ime ala maka ọtụtụ gas dị n"ime ọdọ mmiri Njaba River nke jupụtara na mmanụ na gas ndị ọzọ dị n'akụkụ ahụ. N'ụzọ doro anya, ọrụ ahụ na-enye usoro iji gas eme ihe maka gas nke e si na ChevronTexaco's OML 53 na Addax's O ML 124 gbapụta n'ógbè ahụ. == Ọrụ ugbo na akụrụngwa == Izombe bụ obodo ọrụ ugbo. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ebe ahụ na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ dịka cassava, yam, yams nwere akwụkwọ atọ, na ọka n'etiti ndị ọzọ. Dị ka ọtụtụ akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke ọdọ mmiri Njaba, ihe ọkụkụ osisi a na-emepụta n'ógbè ahụ gụnyere mkpụrụ nkwụ mmanụ, akị bekee, mkpụrụ achịcha na pear. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2019)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Ndị ọrụ ugbo a na-enwe nsogbu akụ na ụba nke na-emegide ọrụ ugbo ha nke ọma. <ref name="aquaticcommons.org">{{Cite web|url=http://aquaticcommons.org/848/1/FISON2003_007-011.pdf|first=H.O|author=Igwe|title=An Overview of The Capture Fisheries Development in Imo State|work=Department of Fisheries, [[Michael Okpara University of Agriculture]], [[Umudike]], [[Abia State]]|publisher=[[Aquatic Commons]]}}</ref> : 7 n'ime obodo ha. Iji belata nsogbu njem nke ndị bi n'ime ime obodo na ndị ọrụ ugbo na Njaba River Basin, enyemaka dị mkpa iji wuo okporo ụzọ ọhụrụ iji jikọta obodo ndị ọrụ ugpo na ebe ndị na-ada n'osimiri dịka Umuezukwe na Ubahaeze ma na Awo-Omamma, na Abiaziem na Izombe ma na Oguta LGA <ref name="aquaticcommons.org" />: 7  : 7  == Edensibia == [[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]] [[Otú:Articles with short description]] rb9ekblzj4mdork58w67nc3eolmars9 0 76380 672570 653536 2026-07-04T23:21:49Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672570 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Theo Wanne''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1967) bụ onye America na-emepụta saxofone na onye na-emepụta ọnụ saxophone.<ref name="An Interview with Theo Wanne">{{cite web|title=An Interview with Theo Wanne|url=http://bryanvance.ca/interviewingtheowanne/|website=Bryan Vance Consulting|accessdate=14 August 2016|archivedate=18 August 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160818192000/http://bryanvance.ca/interviewingtheowanne/}}</ref> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 8pf03jerlbo3g1coqglc5b1n2csqmk7 0 76558 672602 659020 2026-07-05T09:23:35Z SafariScribe 18560 ndezi 672602 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Blessed Body: The Secret Lives of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Nigerians''''' bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na-abụghị akụkọ ifo nke afọ 2016 nke onye edemede na agụmakwụkwọ Naịjirịa [[Unoma Azuah]] deziri. Ndị CookingPot Publishing bipụtara ya, akwụkwọ a bụ nchịkọta akụkọ mmadụ iri atọ na asatọ nke ndị Naịjiria nwanyị nwere mmasị nwanyị, nwoke idina nwoke, mmadụ na-enwe mmasị nwoke na nwanyị, na onye bụ nwoke ma bụrụkwa nwanyị.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Patricca|first=Nick|title=Blessed Body book looks at Nigerian life|work=[[Windy City Times]]|date=29 June 2016|url=https://windycitytimes.com/2016/06/29/blessed-body-book-looks-at-nigerian-life/|access-date=8 June 2026}}</ref> A kọwala akụkọ akụkọ a dị ka otu n'ime nchịkọta mbụ nke akụkọ LGBTQ sitere na Naịjirịa na achịkọtara ya iji dekọọ ahụmịhe ndị na-adịghị na akwụkwọ ndị a ma ama na Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Unoma reveals the secret lives of LGBT Nigerians|url=https://76crimes.com/2016/06/08/unoma-reveals-the-secret-lives-of-lgbt-nigerians/|work=76 Crimes|date=8 June 2016}}</ref> == Nnabata == Steve Aborisade nke ''ICIR'' kọwara akwụkwọ a dị ka nchọpụta "na-akpali akpali" nke ihe ndị na-eme n'oge gara aga na Naịjirịa na-eche ihu gbasara ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche ma too mkpokọta ihe akaebe nkeonwe ya nke na-egosi nsogbu dị na njirimara, okwukwe, ezinụlọ, na mwepu ọha mmadụ.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Editorial|date=2016-08-07|title=Blessed Body: The Secret Lives Of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual And Transgender Nigerians|url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/blessed-bodies-the-secret-lives-of-lesbian-gay-bisexual-and-transgender-nigerians/|access-date=2026-06-08|work=The ICIR}}</ref> ''[[Nigerian Tribune]]'' kọwapụtara onyinye nke akụkọ ntolite ahụ na mkparịta ụka gbasara mmekọahụ na Naịjirịa ma kwuo na ọ lekwasịrị anya na ahụmịhe ndụ nke [[Ndị LGBTQ na Naịjirịa|LGBT Nigerians]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blessed Body: A peep into the lives of LGBT people|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|date=24 August 2016|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/blessed-body-peep-lives-lgbt-people/|access-date=8 June 2026}}</ref> N'ịtụle akụkọ ihe mere eme nke akwụkwọ akụkọ Africa Literature Today, ọkà mmụta akwụkwọ Iniobong I. Uko kọwara nchịkọta ahụ dị ka otu akụkọ dị mkpa gbasara ndụ mmadụ nke na-edekọ ahụmịhe nke ịnọpụ iche, ịjụ, mmechuihu, na iguzogide n'etiti ndị LGBT na Naịjirịa na ndị si mba ọzọ bịa.<ref>{{Cite book|author=Uko|first=Iniobong I.|title=ALT 36: Queer Theory in Filmand Fiction: African Literature Today|chapter=Unoma Azuah, Blessed Body: The Secret Lives of Nigerian Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender|publisher=Boydell & Brewer|date=2018|isbn=978-1-78744-373-0|doi=10.1017/9781787443730.022|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/alt-36-queer-theory-in-filmand-fiction/unoma-azuah-blessed-body-the-secret-lives-of-nigerian-lesbian-gay-bisexual-transgender/75FD15F76D638281F17F84CCBAC23145|access-date=8 June 2026}}</ref> Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ adọtala mmasị agụmakwụkwọ n'ihe gbasara ọmụmụ ihe ndị queer na akwụkwọ ndị Afrịka. Ndị ọkà mmụta enyochala ihe nnọchianya queer nke oge nwata, enweghị mmasị n'ihe gbasara nwoke na nwanyị, ịkpọasị nwoke na nwanyị, na ịmepụta njirimara n'ime obodo Naịjirịa nke oge a.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Akpan|first=Kufre A|title=Queer Childhood, Gender Panic and Homophobia in Unoma Azuah's Blessed Body: The Secret Lives of Nigerian Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender|work=[[ResearchGate]]|date=11 July 2022|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361910271_Queer_Childhood_Gender_Panic_and_Homophobia_in_Unoma_Azuah's_Blessed_Body_The_Secret_Lives_of_Nigerian_Lesbian_Gay_Bisexual_and_Transgender|access-date=8 June 2026}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} tn86ceycjtfke8xozi0hp7yhye3m9f3 0 76576 672598 654695 2026-07-05T09:08:09Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672598 wikitext text/x-wiki ''' Wei-Ta Fang''' (Chinese: 方偉達; pinyin: Fāng Wěidá) bu onye Ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye nkuzi gburugburu ebe obibi nke Taiwan, prọfesọ a ma ama, osote onyeisi nke Kọleji Sayensị, na onye nduzi nke Graduate Institute of Sustainability Management and Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University.[1] Onyeisi nke Society of Wetland Scientists (SWS) Asia Chapter.<ref>{{Cite web|title=2011 Society of Wetland Scientists Asia Chapter|url=http://www.swsasia.org/president.html|accessdate=2020-07-27|work=www.swsasia.org}}</ref> A mụrụ Fang na Kaohsiung, Taiwan na ụbọchị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 1966. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke nka na akụnụba ala na nchịkwa site na Mahadum Mba Taipei na 1989. Ọ gụchara nzere masta na nhazi gburugburu ebe obibi (MEP) na Mahadum Steeti Arizona, na 1994, wee nweta akara ugo mmụta nke abụọ na nhazi ala na ọmụmụ ihe nhazi (MDes.S.) site na Harvard Graduate School of Design na 2001. O nwetara nzere Ph.D. site na Ngalaba Sayensị na Njikwa Ecosystem, Mahadum Texas A&M na 2005. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Wei-Ta Fang|url=https://www.intechopen.com/profiles/23077/wei-ta-fang|accessdate=29 October 2020|publisher=Intechopen}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka ọkachamara na Taipei Land Management Bureau na 1991 na 1992 nakwa ọkachamara dị elu na-ahụ maka agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi na nyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi (EIAs) na isi ụlọ ọrụ Taiwan's Environmental Protection Administration (EPA) site na 1994 ruo 2006. Ọ bụkwa onye nyocha dị mkpa (onye na-eso PI) maka National Environmental Literacy Survey na Taiwan n'oge 2012 na 2020. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka prọfesọ a ma ama, osote onyeisi nke College of Science, nakwa dị ka onye nduzi nke Graduate Institute of Sustainability Management and Environmental Education, National Taiwan Normal University, ọ bụkwa onyeisi oche nke Society of Wetland Scientists. (SWS) Asia Chapter.<ref name=":0" /> na onyeisi oche nke Taiwan Wetland Society. E nyere ya ọkwa dịka onye nyocha nleta site n'aka onye nduzi, Dr. Xingyuan He na Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences na Changchun, China na Machị.2016 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Congratulations Dr. Wei- Ta Fang|url=https://www.sws.org/Blog/Congratulations-dr-wei-ta-fang.html|accessdate=2020-07-27|work=Society of Wetland Scientists|language=en-gb|archivedate=2020-07-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727054955/https://www.sws.org/Blog/Congratulations-dr-wei-ta-fang.html}}</ref> Ọmụmụ ihe ya ugbu a lekwasịrị anya na njirimara gburugburu ebe obibi, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na anụ ahụ iji buo amụma mgbanwe omume gburugburu ebe obibi, dịka iji ekwentị ụmụaka n'oge COVID-19. == Edensibia == [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 8ne1pf186lfiyiph4h36rx5eb3u4l1a 1728 76731 672556 655971 2026-07-04T22:53:36Z Olugold 12202 /* 40px {{Color|green|Gallery}} */ 672556 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; background:#f6fff6;" |- ! style="padding:10px; font-size:2.2em; background:#36AF6C;" | Photography Editing Training |- | style="padding:10px;" | [[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective/Community Meetups/2025 Meetups|2025 meetups]] | [[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective/2026 Meetups|2026 meetups]] |} [[Faịlụ:JUNE MEETUP WIKI NIGER DELTA HERITAGE COLLECTIVE.jpg|400px|frameless|áká_ịkẹngạ|June Meetup ]] The '''[[m:Wiki_Niger_Delta_Heritage_Collective|Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective]]''', in collaboration with the '''[[m:Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]]''', invites community members to its June 2026 Meet-Up focused on '''Photography editing training'''. This month's training is designed to equip participants with practical photography editing skills, improve image quality, and enhance contributions to Wikimedia projects through the use of images. This session is part of an ongoing effort to strengthen digital skills within the community Beyond technical editing skills, the session will also emphasize the importance of visual storytelling in knowledge sharing. Participants will explore how properly edited images can significantly improve the quality of articles on Wiki projects, support better documentation of cultural heritage, and increase the visibility of local stories and events. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Date | 26 June 2026 |- ! Venue | Beaut/Ful Stroke, 47 Emekuku Street, D-Line, Port Harcourt |- ! Trainers | [[User:Dappasolomon001|Dappa Solomon]], [[user: BishopNana|Bishop Nana]] |} ==[[File:HandsOnLS.jpg|40px]] {{Color|green|Highlights}}== * Converting RAW images to JPEG * Photoshop interface introduction * Basics of photo editing * Introduce participants to the fundamentals of photo editing. * Improve participants' understanding of image formats and conversion techniques. * Provide hands-on experience with Photoshop tools and interface. * Enhance the quality of images uploaded to Wikimedia Commons and other Wikimedia projects. ==[[File:Green circle with checkmark.svg|40px]] {{Color|green| Learning objectives}}== By the end of the training, participants will be able to: * Convert RAW photographs into JPEG format. * Navigate the Photoshop interface confidently. * Apply basic photo editing techniques. * Produce higher-quality images suitable for documentation and Wikimedia projects. {| style="width:100%; background:#e8f7ef; border-left:6px solid #00af89; padding:10px; margin-top:10px;" | '''Refreshments will be provided.''' <br/> '''Internet data support will be available.''' <br> '''Participants will have the opportunity to network, share experiences, and learn from fellow Wikimedians.''' |} ==[[File:Green icon - Print.ZGH.png|40px]] {{Color|green|Gallery}}== == {{Color|#0096FF|Gallery}} == <gallery heights=128px mode=packed caption=" Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective November Meetup - see more images [[c:Category:June 2026 Meet-Up In Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective|here]]"> June Meet-Up 2026 Training 01.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 02.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 03.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 04.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 05.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 06.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 07.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 08.jpg </gallery> [[Otú:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective]] fop3d873o0u67ee6ygif7jfqjd6zr6k 672558 672556 2026-07-04T22:54:11Z Olugold 12202 /* {{Color|#0096FF|Gallery}} */ 672558 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; background:#f6fff6;" |- ! style="padding:10px; font-size:2.2em; background:#36AF6C;" | Photography Editing Training |- | style="padding:10px;" | [[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective/Community Meetups/2025 Meetups|2025 meetups]] | [[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective/2026 Meetups|2026 meetups]] |} [[Faịlụ:JUNE MEETUP WIKI NIGER DELTA HERITAGE COLLECTIVE.jpg|400px|frameless|áká_ịkẹngạ|June Meetup ]] The '''[[m:Wiki_Niger_Delta_Heritage_Collective|Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective]]''', in collaboration with the '''[[m:Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]]''', invites community members to its June 2026 Meet-Up focused on '''Photography editing training'''. This month's training is designed to equip participants with practical photography editing skills, improve image quality, and enhance contributions to Wikimedia projects through the use of images. This session is part of an ongoing effort to strengthen digital skills within the community Beyond technical editing skills, the session will also emphasize the importance of visual storytelling in knowledge sharing. Participants will explore how properly edited images can significantly improve the quality of articles on Wiki projects, support better documentation of cultural heritage, and increase the visibility of local stories and events. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Date | 26 June 2026 |- ! Venue | Beaut/Ful Stroke, 47 Emekuku Street, D-Line, Port Harcourt |- ! Trainers | [[User:Dappasolomon001|Dappa Solomon]], [[user: BishopNana|Bishop Nana]] |} ==[[File:HandsOnLS.jpg|40px]] {{Color|green|Highlights}}== * Converting RAW images to JPEG * Photoshop interface introduction * Basics of photo editing * Introduce participants to the fundamentals of photo editing. * Improve participants' understanding of image formats and conversion techniques. * Provide hands-on experience with Photoshop tools and interface. * Enhance the quality of images uploaded to Wikimedia Commons and other Wikimedia projects. ==[[File:Green circle with checkmark.svg|40px]] {{Color|green| Learning objectives}}== By the end of the training, participants will be able to: * Convert RAW photographs into JPEG format. * Navigate the Photoshop interface confidently. * Apply basic photo editing techniques. * Produce higher-quality images suitable for documentation and Wikimedia projects. {| style="width:100%; background:#e8f7ef; border-left:6px solid #00af89; padding:10px; margin-top:10px;" | '''Refreshments will be provided.''' <br/> '''Internet data support will be available.''' <br> '''Participants will have the opportunity to network, share experiences, and learn from fellow Wikimedians.''' |} ==[[File:Green icon - Print.ZGH.png|40px]] {{Color|green|Gallery}}== == {{Color|#0096FF|Gallery}} == <gallery heights=128px mode=packed caption=" Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective June 2026 Meetup - see more images [[c:Category:June 2026 Meet-Up In Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective|here]]"> June Meet-Up 2026 Training 01.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 02.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 03.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 04.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 05.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 06.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 07.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 08.jpg </gallery> [[Otú:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective]] 39cswwfo01s6zka8q96r0wor4c7srol 672580 672558 2026-07-05T00:16:29Z Olugold 12202 /* {{Color|#0096FF|Gallery}} */ 672580 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="width:100%; text-align:center; border-collapse:collapse; background:#f6fff6;" |- ! style="padding:10px; font-size:2.2em; background:#36AF6C;" | Photography Editing Training |- | style="padding:10px;" | [[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective/Community Meetups/2025 Meetups|2025 meetups]] | [[m:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective/2026 Meetups|2026 meetups]] |} [[Faịlụ:JUNE MEETUP WIKI NIGER DELTA HERITAGE COLLECTIVE.jpg|400px|frameless|áká_ịkẹngạ|June Meetup ]] The '''[[m:Wiki_Niger_Delta_Heritage_Collective|Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective]]''', in collaboration with the '''[[m:Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group|Igbo Wikimedians User Group]]''', invites community members to its June 2026 Meet-Up focused on '''Photography editing training'''. This month's training is designed to equip participants with practical photography editing skills, improve image quality, and enhance contributions to Wikimedia projects through the use of images. This session is part of an ongoing effort to strengthen digital skills within the community Beyond technical editing skills, the session will also emphasize the importance of visual storytelling in knowledge sharing. Participants will explore how properly edited images can significantly improve the quality of articles on Wiki projects, support better documentation of cultural heritage, and increase the visibility of local stories and events. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Date | 26 June 2026 |- ! Venue | Beaut/Ful Stroke, 47 Emekuku Street, D-Line, Port Harcourt |- ! Trainers | [[User:Dappasolomon001|Dappa Solomon]], [[user: BishopNana|Bishop Nana]] |} ==[[File:HandsOnLS.jpg|40px]] {{Color|green|Highlights}}== * Converting RAW images to JPEG * Photoshop interface introduction * Basics of photo editing * Introduce participants to the fundamentals of photo editing. * Improve participants' understanding of image formats and conversion techniques. * Provide hands-on experience with Photoshop tools and interface. * Enhance the quality of images uploaded to Wikimedia Commons and other Wikimedia projects. ==[[File:Green circle with checkmark.svg|40px]] {{Color|green| Learning objectives}}== By the end of the training, participants will be able to: * Convert RAW photographs into JPEG format. * Navigate the Photoshop interface confidently. * Apply basic photo editing techniques. * Produce higher-quality images suitable for documentation and Wikimedia projects. {| style="width:100%; background:#e8f7ef; border-left:6px solid #00af89; padding:10px; margin-top:10px;" | '''Refreshments will be provided.''' <br/> '''Internet data support will be available.''' <br> '''Participants will have the opportunity to network, share experiences, and learn from fellow Wikimedians.''' |} ==[[File:Green icon - Print.ZGH.png|40px]] {{Color|green|Gallery}}== <gallery heights=128px mode=packed caption=" Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective June 2026 Meetup - see more images [[c:Category:June 2026 Meet-Up In Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective|here]]"> June Meet-Up 2026 Training 01.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 02.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 03.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 04.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 05.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 06.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 07.jpg June Meet-Up 2026 Training 08.jpg </gallery> [[Otú:Wiki Niger Delta Heritage Collective]] itaguntex150qxm016l0x7dbrsmm0ir 0 76985 672588 670916 2026-07-05T03:01:11Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672588 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Tunde Eso {{Audio|Yo-Tunde Eso.ogg|Listen}} (amụrụ n'abalị iri na isii n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1977) bụ onye nta akụkọ Naijiria, onye na-akọwa mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọkachamara na mmekọrịta ọha na eze, na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ Findout. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/need-new-ideas-governance-tunde-eso/|title=We need new ideas in governance – Tunde Eso|date=2017-10-09|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2019-08-14}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye na-achọ ịbụ Gọvanọ nke Osun Steeti n'afọ 2018. <ref name="auto" /><ref>{{Cite news|author=Admin|title=Addressing security challenges in Africa|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/09/addressing-security-challenges-in-africa/|accessdate=12 January 2017|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Dike|first=Ada|title=Eso explains why he wrote the book 'African Security Solution'|url=http://adadike.blogspot.com/2015/06/eso-explains-why-he-wrote-book-african.html|accessdate=12 January 2017|date=29 June 2015|publisher=Adadke Blog}}</ref> Eso bụ onye guzobere Youthocracy, usoro ọchịchị a tụrụ aro ya. Ọ bụ onye isi oche na onye guzobere otu mmekọrịta ọha na eze a na-akpọ Fix Nigeria Group, nke o guzobere na ebumnuche nke iweghachi Naijiria n'ebube mbụ ya. N'oge ndụ ya, Tunde dere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, gụnyere African Security Solution na Vision for Africa.<ref>{{Cite book|title=African Security Solution|first=Tunde|author=Eso|date=6 August 2012|publisher=Strategic Insight Publishing|id={{ASIN|190806417X|country=in}}}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Eso ma zụlite ya na Ilesha, Osun Steeti, n'ezinụlọ Pa Obafemi na Iyabode Eso (née Fanibe) na 16 ọnwa Ọgọst afọ 1977. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ngalaba akaụntụ maka asambodo mba ya na kọleji teknụzụ nke steeti Osun, Esa-Oke, n'afọ 2005. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na Sayensị Ndọrọndọrọ Ọchịchị na Mahadum Agụmakwụkwọ dị na Winneba, Ghana.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|author=Adebisi|first=Yemi|title=Why I Want To Become Osun's Next Governor|url=http://independentnig.com/why-i-want-to-become-osuns-next-governor-eso/#|accessdate=12 January 2017|work=Independent|publisher=Independent News}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAdebisi">Adebisi, Yemi. [https://web.archive.org/web/20170310061859/http://independentnig.com/why-i-want-to-become-osuns-next-governor-eso/ "Why I Want To Become Osun's Next Governor"]. ''Independent''. Nigeria: Independent News<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=admin|title=About Tunde eso|url=http://www.tundeeso.com/about-us/|work=Tunde Eso|accessdate=12 January 2017|archivedate=16 January 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116164558/http://www.tundeeso.com/about-us/}}</ref><ref name="achievers">{{Cite web|url=http://theachieverspublicationltd.co.uk/tap12.aspx|title=Tunde Eso|publisher=The Achievers|accessdate=7 February 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100621005457/http://theachieverspublicationltd.co.uk/tap12.aspx|archivedate=21 June 2010}}</ref> == Echiche ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ Naijiria bụ ''Guardian'', Eso kwuru na ọgbọ ochie nke ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ga-anọgide na-eme ka ndị ntorobịa Naijiria ghara ịdị ruo mgbe ndị ntorobịa ahụ ghọtara na ha mejupụtara ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ndị na-atụ vootu. O kwuru na ike ọnụọgụ nke ụmụaka ahụ zuru ezu iji họrọ ma họrọ otu n'ime ndị Naijiria na-eto eto nwere mmemme bara uru.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/features/policy-a-politics/eso-its-time-for-generational-shift-in-osun-politics/|title=Eso: It's time for generational shift in Osun politics|date=26 February 2017|accessdate=5 April 2017|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> N'echiche Eso, ndị ntorobịa Naijiria leghaara anya site n'aka ndị ọchịchị gara aga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.naijaperminute.com.ng/2016/12/12/recession-politics-nigerian-youths-option-tunde-eso/|title=Recession, Politics and Nigerian Youths: What Option? – Tunde Eso|date=12 December 2016|work=Naija per Minute.com.ng|accessdate=5 April 2017}}</ref> O kwekwaara na oge eruola iwulite ndị isi nwere echiche na omume ziri ezi, ndị isi na-agaghị alụ ọgụ maka naanị akpa ha, ndị isi ga-eche banyere ndị ọzọ ọ bụghị naanị onwe ha. N'echiche ya, njikọta nke ndị na-eto eto na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị dị mkpa iji dozie nsogbu enweghị nchebe nke Naịjirịa. == Ọchịchị Youthocracy == N'afọ 2013, Eso mepụtara usoro ọchịchị ọhụrụ a na-akpọ "youthocracy," nke ọ kọwara dị ka 'Government of the people, by the young, and for the people' n'akwụkwọ ya akpọrọ Vision for Africa ''. [14][15]. Ọ na-akọwa'' na ebumnuche ya bụ inye ndị ntorobịa ohere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ka ha wee nwee ike ịdị ''[[The Nation (Nigeria)|Mba.]]'' na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, ya mere ọ dị mkpa ịmara na Youthocracy, nke a na-eme iji weghara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, dị ka ajụjụ ọnụ ya na The Nation si kwuo. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Olusegun|first=Okerinmodun|title=We need new ideas in governance – Tunde Eso|url=http://thenationonlineng.net/need-new-ideas-governance-tunde-eso/|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=9 October 2017|accessdate=4 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Youths and 2019 elections|url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the-punch/20180920/281784220006532|publisher=[[The Punch]]|accessdate=31 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707093842/https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/the-punch/20180920/281784220006532|archivedate=July 7, 2019|language=en|date=2018-09-20}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Official website  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] b1fghe68fnpbcl8b6voolqurdoll7fu 0 77082 672595 661561 2026-07-05T08:07:21Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672595 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Wadi El Rayan''' bụ ebe nchekwa ihe okike pụrụ iche na Faiyum Governorate, Egypt, n'okpuru nlekọta nke Ministri nke Ihe Ndị Gbasara Gburugburu Ebe Obibi (EEAA). == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == A kpọtụrụ Wadi el Rayan aha n'ihe odide ndị Coptic dị ka ọnyụ (Coptic, lit. 'inwe uru, bara uru'), <ref>{{Cite book|author=Heuser|first=Gustav|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KIdFkffOY7sC|title=Die koptischen Personennamen ägyptischen Ursprungs ...|date=1929|publisher=Dietrich|pages=23|language=de}}</ref> ọdọ mmiri nnu n'ebe anyanwụ nke Kalamoun ebe Samuel Onye Nkwupụta nwere mmasị izu ike. <ref>{{Cite book|author=Stefan|first=Timm|title=Das christlich-koptische Agypten in arabischer Zeit|year=1988|pages=2923}}</ref> == Ọdịdị ala == [[Faịlụ:وادى_الريان_الفيوم.jpg|thumb|Nsụda mmiri n'etiti ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'elu na ndị dị n"okpuru na Wadi el-Raiyan (Wadi el-Rayan), Egypt]] Ndagwurugwu El-Rayan bụ mpaghara km2 sq mi), 113 km2 sq mi) mmiri kachasị na ọdọ mmiri Wadi El Rayan. Ọ dị ihe dị ka 65 (40 mi) n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke obodo Faiyum na (50 mi) n"ebe ọdịda anyanwụ Osimiri Naịl. A na-eji Wadi eme ihe maka ọdọ mmiri ndị mmadụ mere site na mmiri ọrụ ugbo nke mere ka ọdọ mmiri abụọ dị iche iche nke Wadi El Rayan bụrụ ebe nchekwa. Ogige ahụ nwere ọdọ mmiri dị elu 50.90 km2 sq mi) na ọdọ mmiri dị ala 62.00 km2 sq mi), yana nsụda mmiri n'etiti ha abụọ. N'etiti isi iyi, e nwere Isi iyi sulphur atọ n'akụkụ ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri dị ala, nke nwere nnukwu ájá na-agagharị agagharị. A na-ewere Wadi El Rayan Waterfalls dị ka nsụda mmiri kachasị ukwuu n'[[Ịjịpt|Ijipt]]. N'ebe ndịda na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke isi iyi mmiri dị na Gabal Manqueer Al Rayan, ebe a na-ahụ ihe ndị e ji kpụọ ihe n'ime mmiri na ihe ndị e ji kpụọ ihe mgbe ochie. Gabal Madwera, nke dị nso n'ọdọ mmiri dị n'okpuru, bụ ebe a maara maka nnukwu ájá ya. == Paleontology == N'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ bụ Wadi El Hitan, ebe nchebe nwere fossils nke whales ndị na-adịghịzi adị <ref name="Wadi El Hitan">{{Cite web|title=12 - Wadi El-Rayan Protected Area in Fayoum Governorate|url=http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/topics/nature/protectorates/protectoratesdescription.aspx|work=Ministry of Environment Environmental Affairs Protectorate|publisher=Ministry of Environment Egypt|accessdate=23 May 2018|archivedate=29 August 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829071334/http://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/topics/nature/protectorates/protectoratesdescription.aspx}}</ref> gụnyere ''Tutcetus rayanensis'', nke akpọrọ aha mpaghara a na 2023. <ref name="A23">{{Cite journal|author=Antar|first=M.S.|year=2023|title=A diminutive new basilosaurid whale reveals the trajectory of the cetacean life histories during the Eocene.|journal=Commun Biol|volume=6|issue=707|doi=10.1038/s42003-023-04986-w|pmid=37563270}}</ref> == Flora na anụmanụ == Ahịhịa dị na mpaghara inter-dune gburugburu isi iyi na ala nke nnukwu dunes. A na-eji ụdị osisi 13 na-adịgide adịgide na mmadụ ole na ole nke ''Calligonum comosum'' na Zygophyllum album eme ihe. Wadi El Rayan na-anabata otu n'ime mmadụ ole na ole fọdụrụ n'ụwa nke nwere nnukwu mpi mgbada dị n'ihe ize ndụ. A ka na-ahụ dorcas gazelle n'ógbè ahụ n'ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta ebe ma fennec fox na Rüppell dị ụkọ. E nwere ụdị anụ na-akpụ akpụ iri na otu, ụdị anụmanụ 9, ụdị nnụnụ 13 na ụdị nnụnụ 26 nke ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ na ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ. == Hụkwa == * Bahr Yussef * Agụba * Faiyum * Ọdọ Mmiri El Rayan * Mkpụrụ akwụkwọ Fayum * Gọọmenti Faiyum * Foto ndị e gburu egbu na Faiyum * Ọdọ Mmiri Moeris * Ijipt Rom == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} pen2v7xux9k9jqmc41eshuhnyhle8uw 0 77152 672404 670513 2026-07-04T17:11:08Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672404 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | office = Abia State House of Assembly | order = Member of | term_start = 2019 | term_end = 2023 | alma_mater = Rivers State University of Science and Technology, <br> Obafemi Awolowo University | succeeded = Boniface Isienyi }} '''Dickson Stanley Nwabuisi''' ({{Audio|Ig-Dickson Stanley Nwabuisi.ogg|Listen}}) O nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Accounting na Mahadum Nigeria, Nsukka na 1987 wee gaa mmemme agụmakwụkwọ Executive na Lagos Business School na Iese Business School, Barcelona.<ref>{{Cite web|author=gloriaabiakam|date=2021-09-24|title=Ikwuano House Member visits Erosion Sites in his Constituency|url=https://fmino.gov.ng/ikwuano-house-member-visits-erosion-sites-in-his-constituency/|accessdate=2024-12-13|work=Federal Ministry of Information and National Orientation|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=2023: Be A Sportsman, Forget Post-election Litigation - Nwaka Appeals to Hon Stanley Nwabuisi|url=https://www.dailyledger.com.ng/2023/04/2023-be-sportsman-forget-post-election.html?m=1|work=Daily Ledger|accessdate=2024-12-13|archivedate=2024-12-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215141206/https://www.dailyledger.com.ng/2023/04/2023-be-sportsman-forget-post-election.html?m=1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-13|title=Abia/Akwa Ibom boundary dispute claims 28 lives|url=https://www.africa-press.net/nigeria/all-news/abia-akwa-ibom-boundary-dispute-claims-28-lives|accessdate=2025-07-26|work=africa-press.net|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mmụta == Stanley gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke Command Day maka O'Level ya.Ọ gara Rivers State University of Science and Technology iji nweta akara ugo mmụta na ụlọ nyocha ahụike. O nwetara akara ugo mmụta na Management na [[Mahadum nke Obafemi Awolowo|Mahadum Obafemi Awolowo]] . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Enyinnaya|first=Victor|title=Honourable Stanley Nwabuisi: An unrelenting Passion For Ikwuano People, Inspiring Servant Leader.|url=https://dailysportsng.com/news/28868-Honourable-Stanley-Nwabuisi-An-unrelenting-Passion-For-Ikwuano-People-Inspiring-Servant-Leader|work=Daily Sport}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Nwabuisi, Stanley}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] bcr0zwv7owdqs8wvf1kzc6mtln274zs 0 77237 672607 670698 2026-07-05T09:47:12Z Specialyvonne 56002 672607 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Patricia A. Beddows''' bụ onye Canada hydrogeologist, ogba mmiri na onye nkuzi a maara maka nyocha ya na karst hydrogeology, usoro ọgba n'okpuru mmiri, na nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ onye nduzi ọmụmụ nke Undergraduate maka ngalaba nke Ụwa, Environmental, na Planetary Sciences na Mahadum Northwestern. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Beddows gụsịrị akwụkwọ na bachelọ nke nka na-ukwu nke nka na Ọdịdị ala na Geology na Mahadum McMaster. O nwetara Ph.D. na sayensị ala na Mahadum Bristol n'afọ puku abụọ na anọ. <ref name="northwestern_profile">{{Cite web|title=Patricia A. Beddows|url=https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html|publisher=Northwestern University|accessdate=May 8, 2026}}</ref> == Ọrụ na nyocha == Beddows bụ onye otu ngalaba nke Mahadum Northwestern, ebe ọ bụ onye nduzi ọmụmụ nke Undergraduate na onye isi oche nke Kọmitii na-eduzi Sayensị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe Obibi na Ngalaba nke Ụwa, Gburugburu ebe obibi, na Sayensị Planetary.<ref name="northwestern_profile">{{Cite web|title=Patricia A. Beddows|url=https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html|publisher=Northwestern University|accessdate=May 8, 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html "Patricia A. Beddows"]. Northwestern University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Nnyocha ya na-elekwasị anya na gburugburu karst na usoro ọgba, gụnyere hydrogeology, geochemistry, na geomorphology. Ọ na-amụ ihe ndekọ paleoenvironmental nke oke osimiri na mgbanwe ihu igwe echekwara na ọgba dị ka speleothems na sediments.<ref name="northwestern_profile">{{Cite web|title=Patricia A. Beddows|url=https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html|publisher=Northwestern University|accessdate=May 8, 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html "Patricia A. Beddows"]. Northwestern University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> Ọrụ ya na-elekwasịkwa anya na njikwa mmiri, njem mmetọ, geoarchaeology, na usoro gburugburu ebe obibi na gburugburu subterranean. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ukwuu n'ọhịa na usoro ọgba dị n'okpuru mmiri, ọkachasị na Yucatán Peninsula, ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ ya dere akwụkwọ nyocha dị iche iche gbasara mpaghara ahụ. <ref name="northwestern_profile">{{Cite web|title=Patricia A. Beddows|url=https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html|publisher=Northwestern University|accessdate=May 8, 2026}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.deeps.northwestern.edu/our-people/faculty/beddows-patricia.html "Patricia A. Beddows"]. Northwestern University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 8,</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> <ref name="CINDAQ">{{Cite web|publisher=El Centro Investigador del Sistema Acuífero de Quintana Roo A.C.(CINDAQ)|work=CINDAQ|title=CINDAQ 2022 Annual report|url=https://www.cindaq.org/2022EN|date=January 26, 2023|accessdate=May 8, 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Reports Archives|url=https://www.cindaq.org/en/tag/reports/|accessdate=May 8, 2026|work=Cindaq|language=en-US}}</ref> === Ọrụ Pearl nke ọgba === Beddows so na ndị nchopụta Cave Pearl Project, atụmatụ nke na-emepe ihe onwunwe nlekọta gburugburu ebe obibi dị ọnụ ala, nke na-emeghe maka gburugburu mmiri na ọgba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=About the Cave Pearl Project|url=https://thecavepearlproject.org/about/about-me/|accessdate=6 April 2026|quote=The Cave Pearl Project was co-founded by Edward Mallon and Patricia Beddows}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Beddows|first=Patricia A.|title=Cave Pearl Data Logger: A Flexible Arduino-Based Logging Platform for Long-Term Monitoring in Harsh Environments|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/323074361_Cave_Pearl_Data_Logger_A_Flexible_Arduino-Based_Logging_Platform_for_Long-Term_Monitoring_in_Harsh_Environments|publisher=[[ResearchGate]]|accessdate=April 26, 2026|date=February 2018}}</ref> Ebumnuche ọrụ a bụ ịbawanye ohere maka ngwá ọrụ sayensị na ịkwado sayensị obodo na nlekota gburugburu ebe obibi. === Ịdaba n'ime mmiri na nchọpụta === Beddows bụ onye na-egwu mmiri n'ọgba nke na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke nyocha ya gụnyere nyocha nke usoro ọgba aghara dị n'okpuru mmiri. Ọrụ ya enyerego aka na ọmụmụ nke hydrology, geology, na archaeology, gụnyere nyocha banyere ozu mmadụ mbụ a chọtara n'ọgba ndị dị n'okpuru mmiri na Mexico.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Diving for bones|url=https://news.wttw.com/2014/05/27/diving-bones|publisher=[[WTTW]]|accessdate=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ na mmata == A nabatara Beddows n'ime Women Divers Hall of Fame n'afọ 2021 iji kwado onyinye ya na nyocha n'okpuru mmiri, sayensị, na agụmakwụkwọ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Patricia Beddows, Ph.D.|url=https://www.wdhof.org/members/patricia-beddows-ph-d|publisher=Women Divers Hall of Fame|accessdate=6 April 2026}}</ref> == Ịkụzi ihe na mgbasa ozi == Na Mahadum Northwestern, Beddows na-akụzi ọmụmụ na sayensị ihu igwe, hydrology, sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi, na usoro ubi. A maara ya maka itinye mmụta dabeere n'ọhịa n'ime nkuzi ya. Ọ natara ihe nrite iwu obodo site na Northwestern's Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Weinberg College faculty recognized for excellence in teaching|url=https://news.weinberg.northwestern.edu/2024/07/01/weinberg-college-arts-sciences-faculty-recognized-for-excellence-in-teaching/|accessdate=6 April 2026}}</ref> O sonyere nke ukwuu na National Geographic's Strange Days on Planet Earth episode Dirty Secrets - Buried Trouble, nke gosi pụtara usoro ya nke iji "ihe na-acha odo odo yana usoro ndị ọzọ iji soro ụzọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala" mgbe "na-anwa ịchọpụta otu na ihe mmetọ na nje bacteria na-abanye" mmiri.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Strange Days on Planet Earth - Buried Secrets, Dirty Trouble|url=https://www.pbs.org/strangedays/episodes/dirtysecrets/experts/buriedtrouble.html|publisher=[[PBS]] & [[National Geographic]]|accessdate=May 8, 2026|date=2006}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ịdaba n'ime ọgba * Nkà mmụta ihe ochie == Ihe odide == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == *   * [[PBS]].org/strangedays/educators/qa_beddows.html" id="mwwA" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Peeji ajụjụ na azịza Beddow na National Geographic's Strange Days on Planet Earth nke PBS na-agbasa [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] t19zahovguhb5e0vyl0j4pg3wbz1t5p 0 77247 672591 670919 2026-07-05T04:47:06Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672591 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Excellency|His Excellency]] | image = Umar Namadi.png | caption = | office1 = [[List of governors of Jigawa State|Governor of Jigawa State]] | termstart1 = 29 May 2023 | term_end = | deputy1 = [[Aminu Usman]] | predecessor1 = [[Mohammed Badaru Abubakar|Badaru Abubakar]] | office2 = [[Deputy Governor of Jigawa State]] | termstart2 = 29 May 2019 | termend2 = 29 May 2023 | governor2 = Badaru Abubakar | predecessor2 = [[Ibrahim Hassan Hadejia]] | successor2 = Aminu Usman | birth_name = Umar Namadi | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|4|7|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kafin Hausa]], [[Northern Region, Nigeria|Northern Region]], Nigeria (now in [[Jigawa State]]) | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|accountant}} | alma_mater = [[Bayero University Kano]] | website = {{URL|https://umarnamadi.org/}} }} '''Umar Namadi''' (amụrụ n'abali 7 n'onwa Eprel 1963) <ref name="jigawastate" /> bụ onye Naijiria na-ahụ maka ego na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke jere ozi dị ka [[Ndepụta nke ndị gọvanọ nke Jigawa Steeti|gọvonọ nke]] [[Ȯra Jigawa|Jigawa Steeti]] kemgbe afọ 2023. Ọ bụ osote gọvonọ nke Jigawa Steeti site n'onwa Mee 2019 ruo Mee 2023 .<ref>{{Cite news|title=Jigawa gets vaccine allocation|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/jigawa-gets-vaccine-allocation/|author=Ahmed Rufa'i Dutse|date=11 March 2021|accessdate=30 September 2024|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwamu|first=Aniebo|url=https://leadership.ng/news/425443/inec-declares-apcs-badaru-abubakar-winner-of-jigawa-guber-poll|title=INEC Declares APC's Badaru Abubakar Winner Of Jigawa Guber Poll|date=13 April 2015|accessdate=11 May 2015|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=18 November 2021|title=Malaria: Jigawa Government, partners distribute 3.7 million mosquito nets in Jigawa|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nwest/495935-malaria-jigawa-government-partners-distribute-3-7-million-mosquito-nets-in-jigawa.html|accessdate=22 February 2022|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga == A mụrụ Namadi n' abalị nke 7 n'ọnwa Eprel n'afọ 1963 na Kafin Hausa, na mpaghara Northern nke oge ahụ. Ọ ghọrọ onye ruru eru dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ego na 1993 ma nwee nzere Master na Business Administration (MBA) na Mahadum Bayero Kano, ebe o nwetara nzere Bachelor of Science na Accounting na 1987.<ref name="jigawastate">{{Cite web|url=http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|title=Alhaji Umar Namadi|publisher=Jigawa State Government web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210506063715/http://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php|archivedate=6 May 2021|accessdate=2 May 2021}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. Jigawa State Government web. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20221205033459/https://www.jigawastate.gov.ng/d-governor.php the original] on 6 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 May</span> 2021</span> &#x2013; via Jigawa state.gov.ng.</cite></ref> == Ọrụ == Namadi ezubere Namadi, Umar na Co., ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ego na Kano. Site n'afọ 1993, ọ bụ onye otu nke Nigeria Institute of Management, Institute of Chartered Accountants of Nigeria, na Chartered Institute of Taxation ruo n'afọ 2010, mgbe ọ ghọrọ onye otu Institute of Chartering Accountants of Niger. Namadi na-etinye aka na nyocha banyere isi mmalite na itinye ego n'ọrụ, na-enyocha usoro ozi kọmputa na ụlọ akụ obodo. Dị ka onye isi ọsụ ụzọ nke Ngalaba Akụkọ Nchịkwa Dangote Group, ọ bụ ya na-ahụ maka mwube na ịtọ ntọala maka mmepụta nke akaụntụ nchịkwa kwa ọnwa maka Dangote Group. Tupu nhọpụta ya, Namadi bụ onye otu kọmitii steeti na-ahụ maka nkwenye na nkwenye nkwekọrịta yana kọmitii na-ahụkarị nkwenye na nyocha ndị ọrụ.<ref name="jigawastate"/> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 3ff4kcindx3e26bgjeu0c6en8sz2e0i 0 77264 672454 670901 2026-07-04T19:41:31Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672454 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Hon. Sylvester Oluwadahunsi Ogunkelu | office = Member, Lagos State House of Assembly | term_start = 2019 | constituency = [[Epe, Lagos|Epe Constituency II]] | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC) | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|10|01|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Epe, Lagos]], Nigeria | education = [[Lagos State University]] (B.Sc, MPA) | occupation = Politician, Administrator | nickname = Skrtel }} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Infobox officeholder | name = Hon. Sylvester Oluwadahunsi Ogunkelu | office = Member, Lagos State House of Assembly | term_start = 2019 | constituency = [[Epe, Lagos|Epe Constituency II]] | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC) | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|10|01|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Epe, Lagos]], Nigeria | education = [[Lagos State University]] (B.Sc, MPA) | occupation = Politician, Administrator | nickname = Skrtel }} '''Sylvester Oluwadahunsi Ogunkelu amụrụ n'ụbọchị mbụ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1979 bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye nchịkwa ụtụ isi nke na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye otu Lagos State House of Assembly, na-anọchite anya Epe Constituency II .''' <ref name="LSHA">{{Cite web|title=Hon. Sylvester O. Ogunkelu – Lagos House Of Assembly|url=https://lagoshouseofassembly.gov.ng/home/hon-sylvester-o-ogunkelu/|accessdate=16 December 2025|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Ogunkelu na abali 1 n' ọnwa Ọktoba n'afo 1979 na Divishonu nke Lagos State. Ọ gara akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị agha n' ogo prmari Epe, site n'afo 1987 ruo afo 1992. Ọ gara Alaro Community High School, Iraye Oke, Epe, maka agụmakwụkwọ sekọndrị ya, ọ gachara akwụkwọ na 1998.<ref name="LSHA"/> Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ dị elu na [[Mahadum nke Ȯra Lagos|Mahadum Lagos State]] (LASU), ebe o nwetara nzere Bachelor of Science (B.Sc.) na Business Administration na 2004. O mechara laghachi n'otu ụlọ ọrụ ahụ iji nweta nzere masta na Public Administration (MPA) na ọkachamara na Human Resources and Personnel Management na 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Sylvester Oluwadahunsi Ogunkelu – LeaderBox|url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/sylvester-oluwadahunsi-ogunkelu|accessdate=16 December 2025|work=LeaderBox Africa}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Tupu ọ banye na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, Ogunkelu rụrụ ọrụ na nchịkwa ụtụ isi na Lagos State Civil Service. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Lagos State Board of Internal Revenue Service (LIRS) dị ka onye nlekọta ụtụ isi, onye isi ọrụ na ngalaba na-abụghị nke iwu kwadoro na Ajah Mini Tax Office, yana dịka onye na-ahụ maka ụtụ isi na ụlọ ọrụ na-edeba aha na Epe Tax Office. Ọ bụ onye otu Chartered Institute of Public Management of Nigeria na onye otu Institute of Business Strategy (IBS). <ref>{{Cite web|title=Sylvester Ogunkelu Oluwadahunsi – ShineYourEye|url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/sylvester-ogunkelu-oluwadahunsi|accessdate=16 December 2025|work=ShineYourEye}}</ref> Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Ogunkelu malitere na ọkwa gọọmentị ime obodo. N'agbata afọ 2015 na 2016, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nlekọta ahụike na Kọmitii Nlekọta nke Eredo Local Council Development Area (LCDA). N'afọ 2019, o meriri oche iji nọchite anya Epe Consituency II na Lagos State House of Assembly. A họpụtara ya ọzọ maka oge nke abụọ na ntuli aka nke afọ 2023. Na Nzukọ nke iri, ọ na-eje ozi dị ka Onye isi oche nke Kọmitii Ụlọ na-ahụ maka atụmatụ anụ ahụ na mmepe obodo. N'ọrụ a dị oke egwu, ọ na-elekọta ụkpụrụ Atụmatụ obodo nke steeti, iwu nchịkwa ụlọ, na ikikere mmepe. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Lagos Assembly constitutes 40 standing committees|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2023/09/21/lagos-assembly-constitutes-40-standing-committees/|accessdate=16 December 2025|work=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=BREAKING: Two Lagos Assembly Members Grilled By Police Over Speakership Crisis, One Held In Custody {{!}} Sahara Reporters|url=https://saharareporters.com/2025/01/30/breaking-two-lagos-assembly-members-grilled-police-over-speakership-crisis-one-held|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250131171402/https://saharareporters.com/2025/01/30/breaking-two-lagos-assembly-members-grilled-police-over-speakership-crisis-one-held|archivedate=31 January 2025|accessdate=16 December 2025|work=saharareporters.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=MSN|url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/urban-infrastructure/housing-and-urban-development/lasbca-demolishes-illegal-structures-on-lagos-island/ar-AA1R0FzV?ocid=BingNewsVerp|accessdate=16 December 2025|work=www.msn.com}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] tcx15nsw6zjt47410tcg6md4ubswd73 0 77286 672618 671055 2026-07-05T11:26:52Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Yabagi Yusuf Sani | office = National Chairman [[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)]] | image = | predecessor = First appoint | caption = | successor = | term_end = 2017 | party = [[Action Democratic Party (Nigeria)]] (ADP) | term_start = | title = Engineer | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1957|07|01|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Bida]], Nigeria | occupation = Energy and Oils Expert<br>Engineer<br>Politician | education = [[Columbia University]]<br/>[[Harvard University]] | honorific_suffix = Jakardan Nupe }} Yabagi Yusuf Sani, nke a maara dịka (YYSani maọbụ Jakardan Nupe) nke pụtara onye nnọchi anya Nupe, (amụrụ na 1 Julaị 1957) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa, ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ike na mmanụ ala, ọ bụkwa onyeisi oche mba nke Action Democratic Party (ADP) ugbu a. Ọ bụ onye ga-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala na ntuliaka izugbe Naịjirịa nke 2019. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/2019-yabagi-sani-meets-obasanjo-says-current-leadership-lacks-knowledge.html|title=2019: Yabagi Sani meets Obasanjo, says current leadership lacks knowledge|author=Moses|first=Peter|date=2019-01-02|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-03-09}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-51602894|title=10 things wey dey cause poverty for northern Nigeria|date=2020-02-23|work=BBC News Pidgin|accessdate=2020-03-09}}</ref><ref name="Adebayo">{{Cite news|url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/06/12/adp-advises-lawan-gbajabiamila-emerging-senate-president-speaker/|title=ADP advises Lawan, Gbajabiamila after emerging Senate President, Speaker|author=Adebayo|first=Rasaq|date=2019-06-12|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-09}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/fireworks-with-adp-presidential-candidate-yabagi-yusuf-sani/|title=Fireworks with ADP Presidential Candidate, Yabagi Yusuf Sani|date=2018-12-07|work=TVC News Nigeria|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> == Mmalite na agụmakwụkwọ == [[National Youth Service Corps|A mụrụ Sani na Bida, nna ya bụ onye ji ọkwa Ciroman Samarin Nupe. Ọ malitere agụmakwụkwọ mbụ ya na East School Bida na 1961, wee gaa kọleji teknụzụ, Kontagora na 1970. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Mahadum Harvard na Institute of Technology, New York na 1976. Ọ gụkwara akwụkwọ na Mahadum Columbia, New York na 1978 na B.Sc na injinia njikwa. O sonyekwara na National Youth Service Corps manyere]].<ref name=":0" /><ref name''="" yysani''="">{{Cite web|url=https://theinterview.ng/2018/11/23/know-your-candidate-yabagi-yusuf-sani-ada/|title=Know Your Candidate: Yabagi Yusuf Sani – ADP|date=2018-11-23|work=TheInterview Nigeria|language=en-GB|accessdate=2020-03-10}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Yabagi malitere dịka onyeisi nchịkwa na ebe nchekwa ihe onwunwe na (PPMC Depot) Kano na 1980 n'okpuru ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala nke Naịjirịa. Sani malitere ọchịchọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya na 1991, ọ bụkwa onye guzobere (ANPP), ma bụrụkwa onye otu ndị nlekọta nke All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANP). Na 1999, Sani bụ onye ga-azọ ọkwa All Peoples Party (APP) na steeti Niger maka ntuli aka gọvanọ, ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ ego nke Nigeria Liberal Convention (NLC/NRC) n'oge ahụ, ọ bụkwa onye nhazi onyeisiala nke North Central nke Alhaji Bashir Tofa na 1993.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://paragonpage.com.ng/yabagi-yusuf-sani-biography/|title=Yabagi Yusuf Sani - Biography|date=2019-01-08|work=Paragon Page|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-09|archivedate=2021-05-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520150948/https://paragonpage.com.ng/yabagi-yusuf-sani-biography/}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">. ''Paragon Page''. 2019-01-08. Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/20210520150948/https://paragonpage.com.ng/yabagi-yusuf-sani-biography/ the original] on 2021-05-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-09</span></span>.</cite></ref> N'afọ 2019, A họpụtara Yabagi dịka onye ga-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala nke Action Democratic Party (Nigeria) na ntuliaka izugbe Naịjirịa nke afọ 2019. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.legit.ng/1196875-adp-elects-yabagi-sani-presidential-candidate.html|title=ADP elects Yabagi Sani presidential candidate|author=Oladele|first=David|date=2018-10-08|work=[[Legit.ng]]|language=en|accessdate=2020-03-09}}</ref> Na 2021, Engr. Yabagi Yusuf Sani nke Action Democratic Party (ADP) pụtara dịka onyeisi oche ọhụrụ nke IPAC, na-anọchi anya Dr. Leonard Nzenwa. Mgbudem Maxwell nke Accord Party (AP) ka a họpụtara dịka osote onyeisi oche mba nke Kansụl ahụ, ebe Alhaji Yusuf Dantalle nke Allied People’s Movement (APM) pụtara dịka odeakwụkwọ mba..<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/ipac-elects-new-national-executive-council/|title=IPAC elects new national executive council|author=Ezeh|first=Fred|date=2021-12-14|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en|accessdate=2022-06-03}}</ref> A kpọpụtara ya dịka onye ga-anọchi anya ọkwa onyeisiala ADP na Mgbakọ Mba Pụrụ Iche nke pati ahụ na Tuzdee, Mee 31, 2022, na Abuja, Naịjirịa. Onyeisi oche nke ndị otu ntuli aka ADP, Maazị Tasiru Abdulrahman, kwuru na a họpụtara Sani site na nkwekọrịta. O kwadoro na a họpụtara Sani mgbe enyochachara ya ma kwado na o mezuru ihe niile achọrọ maka ntuliaka onyeisiala nke 2023. <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/2023-yabagi-sani-emerges-as-adp-presidential-candidate/96dc9t5|title=2023: Yabagi Sani emerges as ADP presidential candidate|author=Elijah|first=Ima|date=2022-05-31|work=[[Pulse Nigeria]]|language=en|accessdate=2022-06-03}}</ref> == Arụmụka == A kọrọ na odeakwụkwọ pati mba ahụ, Maazị James Okoroma, kwụsịtụla Yabagi. N'ajụjụ ọnụ ya, o kwuru na ọ ka bụ onyeisi oche mba nke Action Democratic People, ebe ọ bụ na odeakwụkwọ ahụ enweghị ike ịkwụsịtụ ya.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://businessday.ng/politics/article/i-remain-the-national-chairman-of-adp-yy-sani/|title=I remain the National Chairman of ADP-YY Sani|date=2019-04-28|work=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-09}}</ref> == Onyinye == Òtù Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu nyere ya onyinye enyemaka mmadụ, ya na ndị isi otu Conservative Party (UK) na New York City rụkọrọkwa ọrụ..<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/12/adp-presidential-candidate-yabagi-sani-recognized-internationally/|title=ADP presidential candidate, Yabagi Sani recognized internationally|date=2018-12-28|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://saharareporters.com/2018/12/27/adp-presidential-candidate-meets-uk-conservative-party-leaders|title=ADP Presidential Candidate Meets UK Conservative Party Leaders|date=2018-12-27|work=[[Sahara Reporters]]|accessdate=2020-03-19}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] fvoarqjdaerpsmmlzgyh62hspjrg8wb 0 77302 672528 671250 2026-07-04T22:10:05Z Aluta editor 62822 fixed refference with ref tag 672528 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox officeholder | name = Mohammed Barkindo | native_name = {{nobold|محمد باركينطو}} | native_name_lang = ar | image = Mohammed Barkindo September 2016 (29604098012) (cropped).jpg | caption = Barkindo in 2017 | office = 28th [[Secretary General of OPEC]] | term_start = 1 August 2016 | term_end = 5 July 2022 | predecessor = [[Abdallah Salem el-Badri]] | successor = [[Haitham al-Ghais]] | birth_name = Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo | birth_date = {{birth date|1959|04|20|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Yola, Nigeria|Yola]], [[Colonial Nigeria|Nigeria]] | death_date = {{death date and age|2022|07|05|1959|04|20|df=y}} | death_place = [[Abuja]], Nigeria | party = | alma_mater = {{ubl|[[Ahmadu Bello University]] ([[Zaria]], Nigeria)|[[Southeastern University (Washington, D.C.)|Southeastern University]] (Washington, D.C., US)}} }} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />'''Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo''' {{Audio|Ha-Mohammed Sanusi Barkindo.ogg|pronunciation}} (20 Eprel 1959 - 5 Julaị 2022) Ọ bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa. Site na 1 Ọgọst 2016 ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ, ọ bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke Òtù Mba Ndị Na-ebupụ Mmanụ Ala. O nyere aka mepụta njikọ OPEC+ n'etiti ndị otu OPEC na mba ndị ọzọ na-emepụta mmanụ. Barkindo bụbu osote odeakwụkwọ ukwu na 2006. Ọ duru ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala nke Naịjirịa site na 2009 ruo 2010, ma duru ndị nnọchiteanya teknụzụ nke Naịjirịa na mkparịta ụka UN gbasara ihu igwe malite na 1991. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == A mụrụ Barkindo na 20 Eprel 1959 na [[Yola]] . <ref name=":0" />{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Profile of HE Mohammad Sanusi Barkindo, Secretary General of OPEC|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf|accessdate=|work=[[OPEC]]|archivedate=15 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515102331/https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf}}</ref> Barkindo gụsịrị nzere bachelọ ya na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]] (Zaria, Nigeria) na 1981 <ref name=":0" /> na nzere Master of Business Administration na Mahadim Southeastern (Washington, D.C.) na 1991. Tupu MBA ya, ọ nwetara diplọma postgraduate na Petroleum Economics na Mahadum Oxford na 1988.<ref name="cv">{{Cite web|date=11 August 2016|title=Barkindo CV|url=http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(11.8.16).pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184953/http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(11.8.16).pdf|archivedate=12 September 2016|publisher=OPEC|accessdate=24 August 2016}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Barkindo malitere ọrụ ya n'afọ 1982 na Nigerian Mining Corporation (NMC), nke ọ hapụrụ n'afọ 1986 n'ọkwa onyeisi nchịkwa. Obere oge tupu ọ hapụ NMC, e were ya n'ọrụ dị ka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche nke [[Rilwanu Lukman]], Minista Naịjirịa nke Mmanụ na Ike.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|author=Shehu|first=Idris|date=6 July 2022|title=OBITUARY: Mohammed Barkindo, the political scientist who became a star at OPEC|url=https://www.thecable.ng/obituary-mohammed-barkindo-the-political-scientist-who-became-a-star-at-opec|accessdate=9 July 2022|work=[[TheCable]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ọ nọgidere n'ọkwa a ruo afọ 1989, ebe ọ bụkwa onyeisi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ ndị isi oche na Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) nke steeti ahụ nwere. <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Akpan|first=Udeme|date=6 July 2022|title=The Man Mohammad Barkindo|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/07/the-man-mohammad-barkindo/|accessdate=9 July 2022|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> Mgbe ọ gụchara MBA ya, Barkindo gara n'ihu jiri ọtụtụ ọrụ ya na NNPC. Ọ bụ onye njikwa nke ngalaba dị iche iche, gụnyere onye njikwa izugbe of the [[London]] Office. N'afọ 2007, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nhazi ọrụ pụrụ iche, nke gụnyere ilekọta ọrụ niile gọọmentị etiti nke ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye isi njikwa otu (GMD) nke NNPC site na Jenụwarị 2009 ruo Eprel 2010.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Akpan|first=Udeme|date=6 July 2022|title=The Man Mohammad Barkindo|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/07/the-man-mohammad-barkindo/|accessdate=9 July 2022|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, Barkindo kwagara [[Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Said|first=Summer|date=6 July 2022|title=OPEC Secretary-General Mohammed Barkindo Dies|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/opec-secretary-general-mohammed-barkindo-dies-11657090828|accessdate=9 July 2022}}</ref> Ọ bụ onye nyocha na Mahadum George Mason site na 2014 ruo 2016. <ref name=":0" /> === Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke UN === Site na 1991, Barkindo bụ onye ndu ndị nnọchiteanya Naịjirịa na Mgbakọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu gbasara Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe. Ọ bụ naanị onye nnọchiteanya Naịjirịa gara nzukọ ogbako Mgbanwe Ihu Igwe nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu site na 1995 ruo 2010. A họpụtara ya osote onyeisi oche nke Mgbakọ Ndị Omeiwu na 2007, 2008, na 2009.<ref name=":2" /> === OPEC === Barkindo ghọrọ otu n'ime ndị nnọchi anya Naijiria na nzukọ ndị minista OPEC na 1986. Na afọ 1993, a họpụtara ya dịka onye nnọchite anya Naịjirịa na bọọdụ kọmishọna akụ na ụba OPEC (ECB). <ref name=":2" /> Ọ nọgidere na ndị isi oche ruo 2008, nakwa dịka onye nnọchite anya ruo 2010. Site na 2009 ruo 2010, ọ bụ Gọvanọ Naịjirịa na OPEC Board of Governors. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Profile of HE Mohammad Sanusi Barkindo, Secretary General of OPEC|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf|accessdate=|work=[[OPEC]]|archivedate=15 May 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220515102331/https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220515102331/https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf "Profile of HE Mohammad Sanusi Barkindo, Secretary General of OPEC"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''[[OPEC]]''. Archived from [https://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(10052019).pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 15 May 2022.</cite></ref> Na 2006, Barkindo rụrụ ọrụ dịka odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke OPEC. N'ọkwa a, ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke ECB. N'ọgbakọ nke otu UN Commission on Sustainable Development nke afọ sochirinụ, Barkindo bụ onyeisi oche nke otu OPEC Task Force.<ref name="cv">{{Cite web|date=11 August 2016|title=Barkindo CV|url=http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(11.8.16).pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160912184953/http://www.opec.org/opec_web/static_files_project/media/downloads/about_us/HE%20Barkindo%20CV%20(11.8.16).pdf|archivedate=12 September 2016|publisher=OPEC|accessdate=24 August 2016}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=15th session of the Commission on Sustainable Development .:. Sustainable Development Knowledge Platform|url=https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/intergovernmental/csd15|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=sustainabledevelopment.un.org}}</ref> ==== Odeakwụkwọ ukwu ==== [[Faịlụ:Außenminister_Alexander_Schallenberg_empfängt_OPEC-GS_Mohammed_Sanusi_14.04.2021.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|300x300px|Nzukọ Barkindo na Minista Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Na-eme ná Mba Ọzọ nke Austria Alexander Schallenberg na 2021]] Ná mmalite nke ọnwa Juun afọ 2016, a họpụtara Barkindo ka ọ bụrụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke OPEC ruo afọ atọ. Ọ ga-amalite ọrụ na 1 Ọgọst 2016, na-anọchi onye Libya Abdallah Salem el-Badri, onye bụ odeakwụkwọ ukwu kemgbe 2007.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 June 2016|title=Le Nigérian Mohammed Barkindo nommé à la tête de l'OPEP|language=fr|work=Le Monde.fr|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2016/06/02/le-nigerian-mohammed-barkindo-nomme-a-la-tete-de-l-opep_4931641_3212.html|accessdate=12 July 2022}}</ref> A na-ewere Barkindo dị ka onye na-anọpụ iche. Naịjirịa anaghị akpọ oku ka iwu mmepụta ihe bulie ọnụ ahịa, ọ bụghịkwa onye tinyere aka kpọmkwem n'esemokwu dị n'etiti Saudi Arabia, Iraq, na Iran.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2 June 2016|title=Pétrole: le Nigérian Mohammed Barkindo nommé à la tête de l'Opep|url=https://www.rfi.fr/fr/economie/20160602-petrole-le-nigerian-mohammed-barkindo-nomme-tete-opep|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=RFI|language=fr}}</ref> N'okwu mbụ ya banyere nhọpụta ahụ, Barkindo kwetara na ọnọdụ ahụ bụ nke ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na-enwe olileanya na ndị otu ahụ ga-adị njikere "ịnọdụ ala ma kwuo okwu" maka ọdịiche iwu.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2 June 2016|title=Incoming OPEC Sec-Gen Says Group Intent on Stronger Unity|work=Reuters|url=https://af.reuters.com/article/angolaNews/idAFL8N18U5I2?sp=true|accessdate=13 July 2016}}</ref> Iji mezuo nke a, o bu n'uche ịzụlite mmekọrịta onwe onye na ndị isi mba na mba ndị so na OPEC, ọkachasị Saudi Arabia na Iran.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Said|first=Summer|date=6 July 2022|title=OPEC Secretary-General Mohammed Barkindo Dies|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/opec-secretary-general-mohammed-barkindo-dies-11657090828|accessdate=9 July 2022}}</ref> Site na mkparịta ụka ya na Russia na mba itoolu ndị ọzọ na-abụghị OPEC, Barkindo mere ka ọ dịrị aka n'ịmepụta njikọ aka a na-akpọ OPEC+. Njikọ ọhụrụ a, nke na-achịkwa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọkara mmepụta mmanụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, malitere ọrụ n'otu n'otu na 2017. <ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Saadi|first=Dania|date=6 July 2022|title=OPEC Secretary General Barkindo, who helped forge alliance with Russia, dies|url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/natural-gas/070622-opec-secretary-general-barkindo-who-helped-forge-alliance-with-russia-dies|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=www.spglobal.com|language=en}}</ref> Barkindo zụlitere mmekọrịta ya na ndị isi sitere na ndị na-emepụta mmanụ na US, bụ ndị na-ele OPEC anya dị ka onye na-asọmpi.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Grant|date=6 July 2022|title=OPEC Secretary-General Mohammad Barkindo Dies in Nigeria|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-06/opec-secretary-general-mohammad-barkindo-dies-officials-say|accessdate=12 July 2022}}</ref> A họpụtara ya maka oge nke abụọ na 2019, ma mee OPEC + n'otu afọ ahụ. <ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|author=Kenney|first=Nina|date=12 July 2019|title=OPEC secretary general Mohammed Barkindo re-appointed|url=https://iclg.com/alb/9825-opec-secretary-general-mohammed-barkindo-re-appointed|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=ALB Legal and Business Issues from Africa|language=en}}</ref> Barkindo gara n'ihu na-aga nzukọ mgbanwe ihu igwe nke UN, nke ọ ga-ekwu maka OPEC.<ref>{{Cite web|title=OPEC : OPEC Statements to the COP|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/press_room/317.htm|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=www.opec.org}}</ref> Ọ duziri nzukọ ndị European Union na 2020 na 2022, <ref>{{Cite web|date=27 October 2020|title=Joint Press Release - 14th High-Level Meeting of the EU-OPEC Energy Dialogue|url=https://energy.ec.europa.eu/system/files/2020-11/joint_pr_on_14th_eu-opec_energy_dialogue_final_0.pdf|work=ec.europa.eu}}</ref> ma kwuo okwu dị mkpa na 23rd annual World Petroleum Congress na Houston, Texas na ngwụcha 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 April 2022|title=Commissioner Simson participates in 15th EU-OPEC Energy Dialogue|url=https://ec.europa.eu/info/news/commissioner-simson-participates-15th-eu-opec-energy-dialogue-2022-apr-12_en|work=ec.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Hasty transition to leave 'scars' on markets: Barkindo – Argus Metals|url=https://www.argusmedia.com/metals-platform/newsandanalysis/article/2281434-Hasty-transition-to-leave--scars--on-markets--Barkindo|accessdate=2023-11-01|work=www.argusmedia.com}}</ref> Barkindo jụrụ onyinye nke ogologo oge, ya mere a họpụtara Haitham al-Ghais nke Kuwait site na otuto dị ka onye nọchiri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Wang|first=Herman|date=3 January 2022|title=OPEC elects Kuwait's Haitham al-Ghais as new secretary general|url=https://www.spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/market-insights/latest-news/oil/010322-opec-elects-kuwaits-haitham-al-ghais-as-new-secretary-general|accessdate=12 July 2022|work=www.spglobal.com|language=en}}</ref> Barkindo kwetara ịghọ onye a ma ama na Global Energy Center nke Atlantic Council mgbe ọ gwụchara oge ya dị ka odeakwụkwọ ukwu na 31 Julaị 2022.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Dzirutwe|first=Macdonald|date=6 July 2022|title=Nigeria's Barkindo, OPEC leader and oil diplomat, dies at 63|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/energy/opecs-barkindo-dies-nigerian-oil-official-says-2022-07-06/|accessdate=9 July 2022}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite news|author=Said|first=Summer|date=6 July 2022|title=OPEC Secretary-General Mohammed Barkindo Dies|language=en-US|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/opec-secretary-general-mohammed-barkindo-dies-11657090828|accessdate=9 July 2022}}</ref> == Ọnwụ == Barkindo nwụrụ na [[Abuja]] na 5 Julaị 2022, mgbe ọ dị afọ 63. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Asadu|first=Chinedu|date=6 July 2022|title=OPEC secretary-general dies, just weeks shy of departure|language=en|work=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/africa-nigeria-opec-772d7f858128c8136baecebfa2770c1d|accessdate=7 July 2022}}</ref> Onye isi nchịkwa nke Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, [[Mele Kyari]] mara ọkwa ọnwụ ya.<ref name="tvc">{{Cite web|title=OPEC Secretary General, Mohammed Barkindo is dead|work=TVC News|url=https://www.tvcnews.tv/2022/07/breaking-opec-secretary-general-mohammed-barkindo-is-dead/?|date=6 July 2022|accessdate=6 July 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=OPEC Secretary-General, Mohammad Barkindo of Nigeria, is dead|date=6 July 2022|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/541116-opec-secretary-general-mohammad-barkindo-of-nigeria-is-dead.html|accessdate=6 July 2022|work=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://guardian.ng/news/barkindo-may-have-died-of-heart-attack-not-covid-19/|title='Barkindo may have died of heart attack, not COVID-19'|date=9 July 2022|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref> == Nsọpụrụ == E nyere Barkindo Doctor of Science ''honoris causa'' site na Federal University of Technology Yola na 2010. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Barkindo bags {{as written|hono|urary &#91;sic&#93;}} doctorate degree, Dedicates it to staff|url=http://www.nnpcgroup.com/PublicRelations/NNPCinthenews/tabid/92/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/169/BARKINDO-BAGS-HONOURARY-DOCTORATE-DEGREE-Dedicates-it-to-staff.aspx|work=Nnpcgroup.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160606175829if_/http://www.nnpcgroup.com/PublicRelations/NNPCinthenews/tabid/92/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/169/BARKINDO-BAGS-HONOURARY-DOCTORATE-DEGREE-Dedicates-it-to-staff.aspx#federation=archive.wikiwix.com|archivedate=6 June 2016|accessdate=3 July 2016}}</ref> N'afọ 2011, Lamido nke Adamawa nyere ya utu aha nsọpụrụ nke ''Wali'' . <ref>{{Cite news|author=Atonko|first=Ben|date=24 July 2011|title=Adamawa honours Bakindo with 'Wali' title|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201107250669.html|accessdate=8 July 2022|work=Daily Trust}}</ref> The Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah International Foundation for Energy and Sustainable Development nyere Barkindo "Lifetime Achievement Award for the Advancement of OPEC" na 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Alumni - Al-Attiyah Foundation|url=https://www.abhafoundation.org/|accessdate=12 July 2022|publisher=Abdullah bin Hamad Al Attiyah International Foundation}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, Barkindo natara Grand Decoration of Honour na Silver na Sash maka Ọrụ na Republic of Austria (Austrian German: Grosse Silberne Ehrenzeichen am Bande für Verdienste um die Republik Österreich) maka iwusi mmekọrịta dị n'etiti OPEC na mba Austria. <ref>{{Cite web|date=22 June 2022|title=OPEC Secretary General receives special decoration from host country Austria|url=https://www.opec.org/opec_web/en/press_room/6924.htm|accessdate=10 July 2022|publisher=OPEC}}</ref> Mgbe ọ nwụsịrị, Mohammed Barkindo ghọrọ Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic . <ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/full-list-of-2023-national-honours-recipients/|title=Full list of 2023 National Honours recipients|date=28 May 2023|accessdate=31 August 2024|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> == Edensibia == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles> == Njikọ mpụga == <templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>   *   {{DEFAULTSORT:Barkindo, Mohammed}} [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 1zljsm35kblg2c5jet89sfw107k7rre 0 77312 672200 671331 2026-07-04T13:01:22Z InternetArchiveBot 11600 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 672200 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Shuaibu Amodu''' (18 Eprel 1958 - 10 June 2016) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba bọọlụ na onye ndụ na-agba ọsọ dị ka onye na-aga n'ihu. == Ọrụ ịgba bọọlụ == Amodu, onye ọgba ọsọ n'ihu, gbara bọọlụ maka Dumez na Niger Tornadoes. Ọrụ ịgba bọọlụ ya kwụsịrị mgbe ọ gbajiri ụkwụ ya. <ref name="GM">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theguardianmobile.com/readNewsItem1.php?nid=19678|title=Shuaibu Amodu: All-round schoolboy athlete, an unsung hero of Nigerian football|accessdate=17 October 2014|publisher=Guardian Mobile|archivedate=21 October 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021015652/http://www.theguardianmobile.com/readNewsItem1.php?nid=19678}}</ref> == Ọrụ nkuzi == Amodu duziri ọtụtụ klọb dị iche iche na Naijiria, dịka Enyimba FC, BCC Lions, El-Kanemi Warriors na Shooting Stars; o durukwa Orlando Pirates na South Africa.[1] Amodu bu ụzọ duzie otu mba Naijiria site n'Eprel 2001 ruo Febụwarị 2002.[1] O mesịrị kwuo na nchụpụ ya bụ "ihe na-ezighị ezi",[2] ma kwukwa na, otu ọnwa gachara, ọ natabeghị akwụkwọ ozi kwụ ọtọ na-egosi na a chụrụ ya.[3] Mgbe a chụsịrị ya n'otu mba ahụ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ nọchie onye nkuzi Enyimba bụ Yugoslav Kostadin Papic, onye a chụrụ ọhụrụ n'Eprel 2002.[4] A họpụtara ya ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi n'Eprel 2008.[1] Na Disemba 2009, Ndị otu bọọlụ Naijiria kwuru na Amodu nọ na nrụgide,[2] na na Jenụwarị 2010, e nwere asịrị banyere ọdịnihu ya.[3] A chụrụ ya n'ọrụ na Febụwarị 2010.[4] Tupu a họpụta ya ka ọ bụrụ onye ntụzi aka nka na ụzụ nke otu mba Naijiria na Mee 2013.[1] Amodu enwebeghị mmeri n'usoro ntozu iko mba ụwa atọ ọ rụrụ nke ọma n'emerighị otu egwuregwu ọ bụla na 1998 (ọ malitere mkpọsa ahụ), 2002 (ọ rụchara mkpọsa ahụ), na 2010 (ọ malitere ma rụchaa mkpọsa ahụ), mana ọ dughị otu ahụ na iko mba ụwa.[2] A họpụtara ya ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi Naijiria n'Ọktoba 2014, nọchiri Stephen Keshi.[1] Ọ bụ oge nke ise ọ na-eduba mba ahụ.[2] Keshi laghachiri n'ọrụ ahụ izu abụọ ka e mesịrị mana a chụrụ ya n'ọrụ na Julaị 2015, Amodu weghaara ndị Eagles ọzọ n'ọkwá nwa oge.[3][4] E mechara dochie ya na Sunday Oliseh na-adịgide adịgide n'ọnwa ahụ.[5] == Ndụ ya mgbe e mesịrị na ọnwụ ya == Amodu nwụrụ na 10 Juun 2016, ụbọchị atọ ka ọnwụ Stephen Keshi gasịrị.[1][2] E liri ya n'ememe Alakụba n'obodo ya bụ Okpella.[3] == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> oetcg8cuf3xiiikir38ofz73ntyjgmc 0 77388 672337 672003 2026-07-04T14:23:13Z Mirah50 16972 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 672337 wikitext text/x-wiki   <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}'''Kimiko Hirata''' (平田 仁子, ''Hirata Kimiko'', amụrụ n'afọ 1970) <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=July 1, 2021|title=Dr. Kimiko Hirata (2019 GSSS graduate) wins Goldman Environmental Prize, known as 'Green Nobel'|url=https://www.waseda.jp/fsss/sss/news-en/2021/07/01/9463/|accessdate=2022-12-09|work=School of Social Sciences, Waseda University}}</ref> bụ onye na-akwado ihu igwe na Japan. Dị ka onye guzobere Kiko Network, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị, ọ na-eme mkpọsa maka ibelata mwepụta anwụrụ ndị na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi ruo ihe karịrị afọ 20.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Watts|first=Jonathan|date=June 15, 2021|title='Our fight is more visible': Goldman environment prize winners see shift in political winds|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/15/we-need-real-change-japanese-activist-urges-faster-coal-phase-out|accessdate=2022-12-09}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite news|author=Ishii|first=Toru|date=July 10, 2021|title=Prize-winning activist warns world has 'no time to lose'|work=The Asahi Shimbun|url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14379350|accessdate=2022-12-09}}</ref> Ka ọ dị n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2022, ọrụ ya emeela ka a kagbuo atụmatụ iwulite ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik iri na asaa nke ga-eji kol arụ ọrụ. <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=December 6, 2022|title=BBC 100 Women 2022: Who is on the list this year?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-75af095e-21f7-41b0-9c5f-a96a5e0615c1|accessdate=2022-12-09}}</ref> Hirata duzikwara mkpọsa mwepụ kol dị mkpa megide Mizuho Financial Group na Mitsubishi UFJ.<ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Temple-West|first=Patrick|date=June 30, 2021|title=The rise of ESG-linked pay packages|work=FT.com|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2556248559|accessdate=2022-12-09|id={{ProQuest|2556248559}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye isi nchịkwa maka ụlọ ọrụ nyocha na atụmatụ dị na Tokyo, Climate Integrate, nke na-elekwasị anya n'ịkwalite mbelata ikuku carbon ngwa ngwa. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=December 7, 2022|title=Japanese climate activist Kimiko Hirata makes BBC's 100 influential women list|work=Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/12/07/national/kimiko-hirata-bbc-influential-women/|accessdate=2022-12-09}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=About – Our Team|url=https://en.climateintegrate.org/about|accessdate=2022-12-09|work=Climate Integrate|date=January 14, 2022}}</ref> N'afọ 2021, Hirata ghọrọ nwanyị Japan mbụ e nyere Goldman Environmental Prize, <ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=December 6, 2022|title=BBC 100 Women 2022: Who is on the list this year?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-75af095e-21f7-41b0-9c5f-a96a5e0615c1|accessdate=2022-12-09}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite news|author=Watts|first=Jonathan|date=June 15, 2021|title='Our fight is more visible': Goldman environment prize winners see shift in political winds|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jun/15/we-need-real-change-japanese-activist-urges-faster-coal-phase-out|accessdate=2022-12-09}}</ref> nke a na-akpọ "Green Nobel". <ref>{{Cite news|author=Toussaint|first=Kristin|date=June 15, 2021|title=These are the winners of 2021's 'Green Nobels'|work=[[Fast Company]]|url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90646325/these-are-the-winners-of-2021s-green-nobels|accessdate=2022-12-17}}</ref> N'afọ 2022, e depụtara aha ya na [[BBC 100 Women|Ndepụta BBC 100]] nke ụmụ nwanyị nwere mmetụta. <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2">{{Cite news|date=December 7, 2022|title=Japanese climate activist Kimiko Hirata makes BBC's 100 influential women list|work=Japan Times|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2022/12/07/national/kimiko-hirata-bbc-influential-women/|accessdate=2022-12-09}}</ref> O nwere PhD na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na site na Mahadum Waseda, ma bụrụkwa onye dere Climate Change and Politics (2019) na Japanese, ma soro dee ọtụtụ akwụkwọ na isiokwu.<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=About – Our Team|url=https://en.climateintegrate.org/about|accessdate=2022-12-09|work=Climate Integrate|date=January 14, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> == Agụmakwụkwọ na mmalite ọrụ == A mụrụ Hirata na ndịda Kumamoto prefecture, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na mahadum.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|author=Fukue|first=Natsuko|date=June 16, 2021|title='No time to waste' warns Japan climate activist|work=[[The Jakarta Post]]|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2021/06/16/no-time-to-waste-warns-japan-climate-activist.html|accessdate=2022-12-09}}</ref> Ọ malitere ịmara oke mgbanwe ihu igwe n'oge 1992 Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, nke ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi Japan kọrọ nke ukwuu maka ya, ọ malitere ịgụ akwụkwọ gụnyere Earth in the Balance nke AI Gore dere .<ref name=":8" /> Ọ malitere inwe mmasị na nkwado ọrụ mba ụwa mgbe ọ na-amụ ihe site n'aka Masako Hoshino, onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ ma bụrụkwa onye nyere aka ịmalite otu n'ime NGO mbụ nke Japan.<ref name=":7" /> Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ gara rụọ ọrụ n'aka onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ.<ref name=":6">{{Cite news|author=Fukue|first=Natsuko|date=June 16, 2021|title='No time to waste' warns Japan climate activist|work=[[The Jakarta Post]]|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/life/2021/06/16/no-time-to-waste-warns-japan-climate-activist.html|accessdate=2022-12-09}}</ref> Ọ gara n'ihu na-agụ banyere nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ma mụọ Bekee.<ref name=":8" /> N'afọ 1996, ọ hapụrụ ọrụ ya wee kwaga United States maka ọrụ otu afọ na Climate Institute. <ref name=":6" /><ref name=":8" /> N'ime afọ ya na US, ọ rụkwara ọrụ afọ ofufo na National Water Foundation na maka mmemme Smithsonian nke lekwasịrị anya na ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, ma mụọ ihe ọmụmụ gbasara njikwa NGO.<ref name=":8" /> O nwetara PhD na Mahadum Waseda Graduate School of Social Sciences na 1999. <ref name=":1" /> N'afọ 2021, ọ bụ osote prọfesọ nleta na Mahadum Commerce nke Chiba. <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=2021 Goldman Prize Winner – Kimiko Hirata|url=https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/kimiko-hirata/|accessdate=2022-12-09|work=The Goldman Environmental Prize|date=March 18, 2022}}</ref> == Ọrụ dịka onye na-akwado ikike mmadụ == N'afọ 1997, ọ laghachiri Japan iji mee mkpọsa na COP 3, ebe a nabatara Kyoto Protocol.<ref name=":7" /><ref name=":4" /> O hiwere Kiko Network, òtù NGO lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwụsị mgbanwe ihu igwe, na 1998. <ref name=":7" /> <ref name=":8" /> Kiko Network pụtara dị ka otu n'ime òtù ole na ole na-enyocha nkwenye Japan na Kyoto Protocol.<ref name=":8" /> === Ọgụ megide ike kol === Mgbe ala ọma jijiji, ebili mmiri tsunami, na ọdachi nuklia mere na Fukushima gasịrị n'ọnwa Maachị 2011, gọọmentị Japan gbanwere iwu iji kwe ka e wuo ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ọhụrụ ndị na-eji kol arụ ọrụ.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|author=Ishii|first=Toru|date=July 10, 2021|title=Prize-winning activist warns world has 'no time to lose'|work=The Asahi Shimbun|url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14379350|accessdate=2022-12-09}}</ref> Tupu mgbe ahụ, ụlọ ọrụ nuklia emepụtala ihe dịka pasent 30 nke ọkụ Eletrik nkeJapan, mana gọọmentị mechiri ha n'ihi ọdachi ahụ.<ref name=":8" /> Ndị Japan malitere ịnwe obi abụọ banyere ike nuklia.<ref name=":8" /> Iji dozie nsogbu ike na-esote, gọọmentị rịọrọ ka e wuo ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-eji kol arụ ọrụ, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2015, e nweelarị atụmatụ iwulite ụlọ ọrụ ọhụrụ iri ise.<ref name=":8" /> N'ụzọ dị otú a, Japan ghọrọ naanị MBA G7 nke nwere atụmatụ iwulite ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ọhụrụ na-eji kol arụ ọrụ n'oge ahụ.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Hirata|first=Kimiko|date=September 26, 2018|title=[Letter] Abe wants to save planet as Japan expands coal use|work=[[The Financial Times]]|url=https://www.ft.com/content/e375ae6c-bffa-11e8-95b1-d36dfef1b89a|accessdate=2022-12-17}}</ref> Hirata ghọtara na Kiko Network kwesịrị ịgbanwe uche ya site n'ọrụ iwu kwadoro gaa na mkpọsa ndị mmadụ, <ref name=":8" /> o wee nabata atụmatụ dị iche iche iji lụso kol ọgụ. <ref name=":4" /> Kiko Network webatara weebụsaịtị iji soro atụmatụ ọrụ ike kol a na-atụ anya ya n'ofe mba ahụ. <ref name=":4" /> Iji mee ka a mara ihe egwu ike ọkụ sitere na kol na-ebute na gburugburu ebe obibi nakwa na ahụike, Hirata na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị, ndị ọkachamara na mmetọ, ndị nta akụkọ, ndị ọkaiwu, na ndị isi obodo, yana ndị otu NGO ndị ọzọ rụkọrọ ọrụ. <ref name=":4" /> N'ebe dị mkpa ebe a na-eme atụmatụ ọrụ ike kol, ọ zụlitere netwọk nke ndị na-akwado obodo, kwuo okwu na nnọkọ ọha, ma nyere aka mee ka ndị mmadụ bata na nnọkọ obodo. <ref name=":4" /> Ọ kpọkwara ndị ọkachamara mba ụwa ka ha kwado ya n'inyocha ọnụahịa na ihe ize ndụ metụtara ụlọ ọrụ kol, wee wepụta ihe ha chọpụtara.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=2021 Goldman Prize Winner – Kimiko Hirata|url=https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/kimiko-hirata/|accessdate=2022-12-09|work=The Goldman Environmental Prize|date=March 18, 2022}}</ref> Hirata so onye nchọpụta si [[Greenpeace]] rụkọọ ọrụ na akụkọ nke chọpụtara na mmetọ ikuku a na-atụ anya ya ga-ebute ọnwụ 1,000 na Japan kwa afọ.<ref name=":4" /><ref name=":8">{{Cite web|author=Becktold|first=Wendy|date=June 15, 2021|title=From Ordinary to Extraordinary: Kimiko Hirata, Anti-Coal Activist|url=https://www.sierraclub.org/sierra/ordinary-extraordinary-kimiko-hirata-anti-coal-activist|accessdate=2022-12-15|work=Sierra – The Magazine of the Sierra Club}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye, Sustainable Finance Program na Mahadum Oxford na Carbon Tracker mere nyocha nke ihe ize ndụ itinye ego nke mere ka a kagbuo ụlọ ọrụ kol ndị a na-eme atụmatụ yana ndị a na arụ, ma wepụ ụgbọ mmiri dị adị. <ref name=":4" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=October 6, 2019|title=Japan could face US$71 billion of stranded coal assets without policy reform|url=https://carbontracker.org/press-release-japan/|accessdate=2022-12-17|work=Carbon Tracker}}</ref> Iji tinye nrụgide ọzọ na ahụ ndị na-eme iwu na Japan, Hirata na ndị NGO na mba ụwa rụkọtara ọrụ, gụnyere Climate Action Network, nke nyere Japan ọtụtụ ihe nrite "Fossil of the Day" maka 'ime ihe kachasị iji nweta nke kacha nta' n'ihe gbasara ọganihu na mgbanwe ihu igwe. " <ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=2021 Goldman Prize Winner – Kimiko Hirata|url=https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/kimiko-hirata/|accessdate=2022-12-09|work=The Goldman Environmental Prize|date=March 18, 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Fossil of the Day Archives|url=https://climatenetwork.org/resource_type/fossil-of-the-day/|accessdate=2022-12-18|work=Climate Action Network International}}</ref> Mgbasa ozi ndị Japan kpuchiri mkpesa mba ụwa megide megide amụma kol nke Japan nke ukwuu;<ref name=":4" /> Hirata haziri ngagharị iwe n'ọtụtụ nzukọ COP, [1] ma gwa ndị nta akụkọ okwu tupu nzukọ G20. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Goldman Environmental Prize|date=June 15, 2021|title=Kimiko Hirata, 2021 Goldman Environmental Prize, Japan|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbFHiAR-5m8|work=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=June 26, 2019|title=[Review] Environmentalists Protest Against Japan's Reliance on Coal to Raise Awareness Ahead of G20|work=Sputnik|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2246994300|accessdate=2022-12-18|id={{ProQuest|2246994300}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Ka ọ na-erule n'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2022, mkpọsa Hirata nke ndị mmadụ na-eme iji dọta uche ha na mmetụta ha nwere ike inwe n'ihe gbasara mmetọ ikuku na mgbanwe ihu igwe emeela ka a kagbuo ụlọ ọrụ ike kol iri na asaa n'ime iri ise e mere atụmatụ ime.<ref name=":7">{{Cite news|author=Ishii|first=Toru|date=July 10, 2021|title=Prize-winning activist warns world has 'no time to lose'|work=The Asahi Shimbun|url=https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14379350|accessdate=2022-12-09}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=July 1, 2021|title=Dr. Kimiko Hirata (2019 GSSS graduate) wins Goldman Environmental Prize, known as 'Green Nobel'|url=https://www.waseda.jp/fsss/sss/news-en/2021/07/01/9463/|accessdate=2022-12-09|work=School of Social Sciences, Waseda University}}</ref> === Mgbasa ozi maka iwepụ kol === N'afọ 2020, Hirata butere ụzọ na mkpọsa ndị nwere òkè iji manye megabank Mizuho Financial Group, onye na-agbazinye ego kachasị n'ụwa nye ndị na-emepụta kol, iji mee ka ọ gbasie iwu ya ike n'ịnye ụlọ ọrụ kọl ego.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=2021 Goldman Prize Winner – Kimiko Hirata|url=https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/kimiko-hirata/|accessdate=2022-12-09|work=The Goldman Environmental Prize|date=March 18, 2022}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite news|author=Yamaguchi|first=Yuzo|date=June 9, 2020|title=Japanese megabanks face growing investor pressure to fight climate change|work=S&P Global Market Intelligence|url=https://www.spglobal.com/marketintelligence/en/news-insights/latest-news-headlines/japanese-megabanks-face-growing-investor-pressure-to-fight-climate-change-58972698|accessdate=2022-12-17}}</ref> Kiko Network tụpụtara atụmatụ ya site n'enyemaka nke ego Nordic isii n'etiti Machị, ọ bụ mkpebi mgbanwe ihu igwe mbụ nke ndị nwere òkè tụpụtara maka ụlọ ọrụ edepụtara na Japan. <ref name=":10" /> ma kpọọ maka nkwupụta mgbanwe ihu igwe, yana atụmatụ nwere ebumnuche akọwapụtara iji mee ka azụmahịa ya kwekọọ na nkwekọrịta ihu igwe Paris. <ref name=":9">{{Cite news|author=Sheldrick|first=Aaron|date=June 25, 2020|title=Mizuho shareholders reject first climate motion put to a Japanese company|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-mizuho-coal-idUSKBN23W0KU|accessdate=2022-12-17}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Sim|first=Walter|date=April 21, 2020|title=Japan's mega banks vow not to finance new coal plants|work=[[The Straits Times]]|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2392372675|accessdate=2022-12-17|id={{ProQuest|2392372675}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Otu ọnwa mgbe a tụchara aro ahụ, Mizuho kwupụtara na ọ ga-akwụsị ịgbazinye ego nye ụlọ ọrụ kol ọhụrụ na Juun nke afọ ahụ, nakwa na ọ na-eme atụmatụ ịpụ na itinye ego kol na 2050; otu ụbọchị ka e mesịrị, Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group kwupụtakwara na ọ ga-akwụsị inye mgbazinye ego nye ụlọ ọrụ kol na Mee.<ref name=":10" /> Hirata zaghachiri na atụmatụ abụọ ahụ erughị nkwekọrịta Paris.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Yamaguchi|first=Yuzo|date=June 11, 2020|title=Japanese megabanks face growing investor pressure to fight climate change|work=SNL Asia-Pacific Financials Daily|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2412430596|accessdate=2022-12-17|id={{ProQuest|2412430596}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Na Juun 2020, ọ bụ ezie na mkpebi ahụ emezughị, ọ nwetara nkwado dị elu karịa ka a tụrụ anya ya, pasent 35 nke ndị nke ndị nwere òkè Mizuho tụrụ vootu na nkwado. <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Temple-West|first=Patrick|date=June 30, 2021|title=The rise of ESG-linked pay packages|work=FT.com|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2556248559|accessdate=2022-12-09|id={{ProQuest|2556248559}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref><ref name=":9" /> Na 2021, ọ gbara mbọ maka mkpebi ihu igwe yiri nke ahụ na Mitsubishi UFJ nke Kiko Group, Market Forces, Rainforest Action Network, na 350.org Japan tinyere ọnụ. <ref name=":5">{{Cite news|author=Temple-West|first=Patrick|date=June 30, 2021|title=The rise of ESG-linked pay packages|work=FT.com|url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/2556248559|accessdate=2022-12-09|id={{ProQuest|2556248559}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles></ref> Atụmatụ nke chọrọ ka ụlọ akụ ahụ tinye ego ya na nkwekọrịta ihu igwe nke Paris meriri pasentị iri abụọ na atọ nke votu ndị nwere òkè. <ref name=":5" /> N'ihi mbọ Hirata na-agba ndị azụmaahịa ume ka ha kwụsị itinye aka na kol, ka ọ na-erule 2021, ihe karịrị ndị isi 10 na-emepụta kol mara ọkwa na ha ga-akwụsị imepụta ma ọ bụ kwado ọrụ kol ọhụrụ.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|title=2021 Goldman Prize Winner – Kimiko Hirata|url=https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/kimiko-hirata/|accessdate=2022-12-09|work=The Goldman Environmental Prize|date=March 18, 2022}}</ref> === Iwepụ ikuku carbon === Hirata kwụsịrị ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi mba ụwa nke Kiko Network na Disemba 2021, ọ bụ ezie na ọ ka nọ na bọọdụ ndị nduzi ya.<ref>{{Cite web|date=December 26, 2021|title=環境NGOの気候ネットワーク(KIKO)の平田仁子さんが、KIKOから"卒業".新年から新たな活動へ|url=https://rief-jp.org/ct7/121150|accessdate=2022-12-09|work=Research Institute for Environmental Finance|language=Japanese}}</ref> Na Jenụwarị 2022, o hiwere Climate Integrate iji lekwasị anya na mbeleta mgbasa ikuku carbon site na ya na ndị mmekọ na Japan na mba ụwa ịrụkọ ọrụ.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|date=December 6, 2022|title=BBC 100 Women 2022: Who is on the list this year?|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-75af095e-21f7-41b0-9c5f-a96a5e0615c1|accessdate=2022-12-09}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web|title=About – Our Team|url=https://en.climateintegrate.org/about|accessdate=2022-12-09|work=Climate Integrate|date=January 14, 2022}}</ref> N'ọnwa Julaị afọ 2022, Climate Integrate wepụtara akụkọ, "Getting Lost on the Road to Decarbonization: Japan's Big Plans for Ammonia".<ref>{{Cite web|date=July 19, 2022|title=【Report】Getting Lost on the Road to Decarbonization: Japan's Big Plans for Ammonia|url=https://beyond-coal.jp/en/documents/ammonia-report_climate-inetegrate/|accessdate=2022-12-18|work=Japan Beyond Coal}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Hirata na di ya na ụmụ ha abụọ bi na Tokyo.<ref name=":1" /> == Edensibịa == {{authority control}}{{Reflist}} == Njikọ Mpụga == * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tbFHiAR-5m8 Kimiko Hirata, 2021 Goldman Environmental Prize, Japan] (YouTube) {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Hirata, Kimiko}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] 3mucrn04l9sl4mimh9vvwc2g5rh4gh6 0 77390 672336 672018 2026-07-04T14:21:49Z Mirah50 16972 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 672336 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Maida Bilal''' bụ onye Bosnia na-akwado maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke a maara maka idu otu ụmụ nwanyị n'ime mkpọchi ụbọchị 503 nke kwụsịrị na Disemba 2018. Ìgwè ahụ guzogidere mmegharị na itinye ngwá ọrụ dị arọ nke mere ka a kagbuo iwu ụlọ mgbochi mmiri abụọ n'osimiri Kruščica. Omume a nyere aka chekwaa ma chebe osimiri Kruščica, isi iyi dị mkpa maka mmiri na akụrụngwa maka obodo Kruščica na ihe dị ka mmadụ 145,000 bi na obodo abụọ dị nso, ka ha ghara imebi ya n'ụzọ a na-apụghị ịgbanwe agbanwe site na iwu ụlọ mgbochi mmiri. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-18|title=Maida Bilal - Goldman Environmental Prize|url=https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/maida-bilal/|accessdate=2022-12-24|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite news|author=Sito-sucic|first=Daria|date=2021-06-16|title=Bosnian woman awarded 'Green Nobel' for fighting to save river|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/bosnian-woman-awarded-green-nobel-fighting-save-river-2021-06-16/|accessdate=2022-12-24}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title="The River is Part of Me"|url=https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/articles/entry/the-river-is-part-of-me/|accessdate=2022-12-24|work=Earth Island Journal}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na ọrụ == A mụrụ Bilal ma zụlite ya na Kruščica , obodo nta dị n'ugwu dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ Sarajevo. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge na nchịkwa ego na-enweghị ahụmịhe mbụ na ngagharị iwe gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-24|title=Goldman Prize winner Maida Bilal and the women who saved a river in 503 days|url=https://www.lifegate.com/maida-bilal-bosnia-goldman-prize|accessdate=2022-12-24|work=LifeGate|language=en-US}}</ref> == Mgbalị maka mgbanwe == N'afọ 2017, Bilal so wee hiwe otu ụmụ amaala Eko Bistro ma ghọọ onye ọrụ afọ ofufo nke Bosnia-Herzegovina River Coalition, nke na-anọchite anya ìgwè 30 na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi si Bosnia na Herzegovina. Nguzogide nke otu ụmụ nwanyị ahụ mere ka mere ka a kagbuo iwu ụlọ mgbochi mmiri abụọ a tụrụ aro na osimiri ahụ, na Disemba 2018. Osimiri Kruščica bụ ihe dị mkpa maka obodo Kruščica na obodo ndị dị nso, na iwu ụlọ mgbochi mmiri ga-enwe mmetụta dị ịrịba ama na nke na-adịghị mma na gburugburu ebe obibi na obodo.<ref name=":1" /> Bilal na ndị ngagharị iwe ndị ọzọ chere ọtụtụ ihe ịma aka ihu n'oge mgbochi ahụ, gụnyere mmegbu na iyi egwu sitere n'aka ndị uwe ojii na ndị na-etinye ego, yana ọnọdụ ihu igwe siri ike. N'agbanyeghị ihe isi ike ndị a, ha nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'igbochi iwu ụlọ mgbochi mmiri na ime ka a mara ihe egwu nke mmụba ụlọ mgbochi mmiri na mpaghara ahụ. <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Why Balkan hydroelectricity is controversial – DW – 12/14/2021|url=https://www.dw.com/en/the-controversy-around-balkan-hydroelectricity/a-59793414|accessdate=2025-12-31|work=dw.com|language=en}}</ref> === Ihe nrite na mmata === N'ịkwado mbọ ya niile, Bilal enwetala ọtụtụ onyinye na nkwanye ùgwù. Na 2018, a kpọrọ ya "Onye mmeri ụwa" site na [[Ihe Omume Na-ahụ Maka Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu|Mmemme Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu]], na 2021, o nwetara ihe nrite Goldman Environmental Prize. <ref name=":0" /> <ref name=":1" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=WWF Adria Congratulates Maida Bilal and Women of Kruščica on the Global Recognition for Their B|url=https://www.wwf.mg/?3821366/WWF-Adria-Congratulates-Maida-Bilal-and-Women-of-Kruica-on-the-Global-Recognition-for-Their-Battle-Against-Small-Hydropower-Plants|accessdate=2022-12-24|work=www.wwf.mg|language=fr}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Earth.Org|date=2021-06-17|title=Here are the Winners of the 2021 Goldman Environmental Prize|url=https://earth.org/2021-goldman-environmental-prize-winners/|accessdate=2025-12-31|work=Earth.Org|language=en}}</ref> === Ọrụ nkwado ndị ọzọ === Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ya na nkwado gburugburu ebe obibi, Bilal etinyela aka na mbọ ndị ọzọ iji kwalite ikpe ziri ezi na [[ikike mmadụ]] na [[Bosnia na Herzegovina]] . O kwuputara okwu megide ịkpa ókè na ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị ma rụọ ọrụ iji mee ka a mara mkpa nhata nha nwoke na nwanyị dị na [[Nkwado ụmụ nwanyị|inye ụmụ nwanyị ike]] . Bilal abụrụkwala onye na-akwado ikike nke ndị a na-emegbu emegbu na ndị na-adịghị ike, gụnyere ndị pere mpe na ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ. O dọtara uche na mgba na ihe ịma aka ndị otu a na-eche ihu ma kpọọ oku ka e mee mgbalị ka ukwuu iji kwado ma chebe ha. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":0" /> == Edensibịa == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Bilal, Maida}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] c1gcyayufmyledqpqs7oit5d34egy2n 0 77405 672335 672080 2026-07-04T14:20:23Z Mirah50 16972 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 672335 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Niwat Roykaew''', onye a makwaara dị ka "'''Kru Thi'''", bụ [[Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi|onye na-ahụ maka]] gburugburu ebe obibi na Thailand nke a maara maka mbọ ọ na-agba iji chebe Osimiri Mekong site na mmetụta ọjọọ nke ọrụ mmepe. Ọ bụ onye hiwere Chiang Kong Conservation Group, netwọk nke obodo nta iri atọ nke Thailand na-achọ idozi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke mmepe n'akụkụ Mekong kpatara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=Cottam|first=Bryony|date=2022-05-26|title=Retired schoolteacher Niwat Roykaew wins the 2022 Goldman Environmental Prize|url=https://geographical.co.uk/science-environment/niwat-roykaew-wins-2022-goldman-environmental-prize|accessdate=2022-12-25|work=Geographical|language=en-gb}}</ref> A maara ya maka mbọ ọ na-agba ịkwụsị ọrụ mgbawa nke China na-akwado na Mekong, nke gaara ebibi kilomita 248 nke osimiri ahụ ma nwee mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi. E nyere ọrụ Roykaew onyinye Goldman Environmental Prize nke afọ 2022.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2022-04-19|title=Niwat Roykaew - Goldman Environmental Prize|url=https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/niwat-roykaew/|accessdate=2022-12-25|language=en-US}}</ref> == Ihe ndabere == Osimiri Mekong bụ nnukwu ihe dị n'ime mmiri dị ọcha na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, ọ na-enye nri, mmiri ọṅụṅụ, na mmiri a na-agba agba nye ihe karịrị nde mmadụ iri isii na ise. Ọ bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ [[Biodiversity|ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ]] ma a maara ya maka usoro idei mmiri na oké ọkọchị ya kwa afọ, nke na-emepụta ọnọdụ dị mkpa maka nnukwu njem azụ. Otú ọ dị, Mekong enwetawo ihe iyi egwu site na ọrụ mmepe, ọkachasị owuwu mgbochi ụlọ mmiri, nke nwere ike imebi mmiri si n'osimiri ahụ pụta ma nwee mmetụta ọjọọ na gburugburu ebe obibi na obodo ndị dị nso. <ref name=":2">{{Cite news|title=Niwat award a call to act|language=en|work=Bangkok Post|date=27 May 2022|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/opinion/opinion/2316678/niwat-award-a-call-to-act|accessdate=2022-12-25}}</ref> <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2019-01-29|title=Chinese firm fails to convince locals over Mekong blasting|url=https://www.thethirdpole.net/en/regional-cooperation/mekong-blasting/|accessdate=2022-12-25|work=The Third Pole|language=en-US}}</ref> Otu n'ime ọrụ ndị dị otu a bụ ọrụ mmezi ọwa ịnya ụgbọ mmiri Lancang-Mekong, nke a makwaara dịka ọrụ ịgbawa osimiri Mekong, nke tụrụ aro ịgbawa maịlụ 248 nke Mekong dị nso n'ókèala Thailand-Laotian iji mepụta ọwa sara mbara nke ụgbọ mmiri bu [[China|ndị China]] na agafe. Ọrụ a gaara enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi, gụnyere mbibi nke ebe obibi anụmanụ na ahịhịa dị iche iche, yana mmetụta ọjọọ n'ịkụ azụ na obodo ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ. <ref name=":2" /> <ref name=":3" /> == Ihe omume == Roykaew, onye a mụrụ ma zụlite na Chiang Kong n'akụkụ osimiri Mekong, hiwere otu nchekwa Chiang Kong na 1995. Otu a bụ netwọk nke obodo iri atọ dị na Thailand nke na-achọ idozi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke ọrụ mmepe na Mekong kpatara. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Defender of the Mekong, retired Thai teacher wins 'Green Nobel' {{!}} Coconuts|url=https://coconuts.co/bangkok/news/defender-of-the-mekong-retired-thai-teacher-wins-green-nobel/|accessdate=2022-12-25|work=Coconuts|language=en-US}}</ref> Mgbe Roykaew nụrụ maka ọrụ mgbawa Mekong, ọ malitere nhazi megide ya. O jiri mmekọrịta o nwere na òtù ndị obodo, ndị bi n'ime obodo, òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmenti, na ụlọ mgbasa ozi dọta uche ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ ahụ na ndị gọọmenti. O nyere ajụjụ ọnụ ma mepụta mgbasa ozi sara mbara, na-ekwusi ike na ụdị ndụ dị iche iche nwere ike ịla n'iyi na ọdịda gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụrụ na ọrụ ahụ agaa n'ihu. O dukwara ngagharị iwe ụgbọ mmiri na Mekong iji mee mkpesa banyere mgbawa ahụ ma zute ndị ọkụ azụ na Thailand na Laos iji mee ka a mara mmetụta nke ọrụ ahụ nwere ike inwe. Ọ gbara ndị obodo ume ka ha bịanye aka n'akwụkwọ mkpesa megide ọrụ ahụ, nke e zigara ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya China na [[Bangkok]] . <ref name=":0" /><ref name=":4" /> Na mgbakwunye na ịhazi ngagharị iwe na mkpọsa maka nkwado ọha na eze, Roykaew jikwa sayensị ụmụ amaala mee ihe iji dekọọ ụdị ndụ dị iche iche dị n'elu Mekong. Ya na ndị ọkà mmụta na ndị nchọpụta rụkọrọ ọrụ iji chọpụta ụdị azụ 100, gụnyere 16 a hụrụ naanị na ebe mmiri siri ike na-asọ n'osimiri, ma jiri ozi a kwado maka nchebe nke mpaghara ahụ. O kwupụtakwara mmegide ya megide ọrụ ahụ na ụlọ ọrụ Gọọmentị Thailand na kọmitii ndị omeiwu, na-eme ka mmetụta ọjọọ nwere ike inwe na gburugburu ebe obibi na obodo ndị dị n'ógbè ahụ pụta ìhè.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|title=Thai Mekong Campaigner Awarded Prominent Environmental Prize|url=https://thediplomat.com/2022/05/thai-mekong-campaigner-awarded-prominent-environmental-prize/|accessdate=2022-12-25|work=thediplomat.com|language=en-US}}</ref> N'ihi mgbalị Roykaew na nkwado nke obodo Mekong, a kwụsịrị ọrụ ịgbawa osimiri Mekong na Febụwarị 2020. Nke a bụ oge mbụ gọọmentị Thailand kagburu ọrụ gafere ókèala n'ihi nchegbu gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|author=AsiaNews.it|title="Green Nobel" goes to activist who saved Mekong River rapids|url=https://www.asianews.it/news-en/%E2%80%9CGreen-Nobel%E2%80%9D-goes-to-activist-who-saved-Mekong-River-rapids-55894.html|accessdate=2022-12-25|work=www.asianews.it|language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAsiaNews.it">AsiaNews.it. [https://www.asianews.it/news-en/%E2%80%9CGreen-Nobel%E2%80%9D-goes-to-activist-who-saved-Mekong-River-rapids-55894.html ""Green Nobel" goes to activist who saved Mekong River rapids"]. ''www.asianews.it''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-25</span></span>.</cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=llevin|date=2020-02-06|title=Victory on the Upper Mekong: Thai Cabinet Terminates Rapids Blasting Project|url=https://www.internationalrivers.org/news/blog-victory-on-the-upper-mekong-thai-cabinet-terminates-rapids-blasting-project/|accessdate=2022-12-25|work=International Rivers|language=en-US}}</ref> === Nkwanye ùgwù === Na 2022, e nyere Roykaew ihe nrite Goldman Environmental Prize, nke a na-akpọkarị "Green Nobel", iji kwado mbọ ọ gbara ichekwa Osimiri Mekong na ikike nke obodo. Ọ bụ onye mbụ si Thailand nwetara ihe nrite ahụ. <ref name=":1" /> Tupu nke a, na 2021, a kpọrọ ya dị ka otu n'ime "Ndị dike nke Mekong" site n'aka Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Mekong, otu nzukọ nke na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka a mara banyere Osimiri Mekong na mkpa ọ dị na mpaghara ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=School|first=The Mekong|date=2022-05-27|title=Chiang Khong Conservation Group Director Niwat Roykaew is awarded the 2022 Goldman Environmental Prize|url=https://mekongschool.org/en/chiang-khong-conservation-group-director-niwat-roykaew-is-awarded-the-2022-goldman-environmental-prize/|accessdate=2022-12-25|work=The Mekong School|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <references /> {{DEFAULTSORT:Roykaew, Niwat}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] r9hlx3wbbm3fhtxarn1irs9jg0pnzl4 0 77415 672333 672144 2026-07-04T14:19:05Z Mirah50 16972 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 672333 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Paul Sein Twa''' (amụrụ 1972 ma ọ bụ 1973 (afọ 52–53) ) <ref name="Reuters">{{Cite web|author=Chandran|first=Rina|date=2020-12-03|title=Indigenous wisdom protects forests, says prize-winning Myanmar activist|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-myanmar-landrights-prize-interview-idUSKBN28D0ZY|accessdate=2023-01-12|work=Reuters|language=en}}</ref> bụ onye Karen na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na onye na-akwado ndị obodo si Myanmar, nke na-arụ ọrụ iji chekwaa omenala na gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọdọ mmiri Salween. <ref name="Reuters" /> O so guzobe Karen Environmental and Social Action Network (KESAN) na 2001 iji nyere obodo ndị Karen aka ichebe na ichekwa ala na ihe nketa ha. O nwetara ihe nrite Goldman Environmental Prize na 2020 maka mbọ ya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2022-03-18|title=Paul Sein Twa - Goldman Environmental Prize|url=https://www.goldmanprize.org/recipient/paul-sein-twa/|accessdate=2022-12-30|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Supporting communities to fight for environmental justice, Indigenous rights, and peace|url=https://www.discoverwildlife.com/people/meet-the-scientist/supporting-communities-to-fight-for-environmental-justice-indigenous-rights-and-peace/|accessdate=2022-12-30|work=Discover Wildlife|language=en}}</ref> == Ọrụ == Sein Twa nyere aka guzobe Salween Peace Park, ebe a na-echekwa ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ na ihe nketa omenala nke ọdọ mmiri Salween.<ref name=":1" /> Ya na KESAN rụrụ ọrụ na obodo nta 348 na-anọchite anya ihe dị ka ndị Karen 68,000 iji jụọ ndị obodo ajụjụ ma kwalite nkwado maka ogige ahụ, nke e guzobere na Disemba 2018.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Green Nobel' Prize-Winning Activist Says Indigenous Wisdom Protects Forests|url=https://www.globalcitizen.org/fr/content/goldman-prize-indigenous-activist-biodiversity/|accessdate=2022-12-30|work=Global Citizen|language=fr}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=ICCA Consortium|url=https://www.iccaconsortium.org/index.php/people/paul-sein-twa/|accessdate=2022-12-30|work=ICCA Consortium|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='Our struggle is far from over': Karen activist wins prestigious Goldman prize|url=https://myanmarmix.com/en/articles/our-struggle-is-far-from-over-karen-activist-wins-prestigious-goldman-prize|accessdate=2022-12-30|work=Myanmar Mix|language=en}}</ref> Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ chọpụtakwara usoro ọchịchị ala ọdịnala a na-akpọ Kaw, nke machibidoro ịchụ nta nke ụdị anụmanụ ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ ma na-eme ka njikọ ndị Karen na ala nna nna ha sikwuo ike.<ref>{{Cite web|title=To End Seven Decades of Ethnic Conflict, He Helped Set Up Peace Park|url=https://www.earthisland.org/journal/index.php/articles/entry/to-end-seven-decades-of-ethnic-conflict-Goldman-Prize-winner-Paul-Sein-Twa-helped-set-up-peace-park/|accessdate=2022-12-30|work=Earth Island Journal}}</ref> == Nkwanye ùgwù == N'afọ 2018, Salween Peace Park natara ihe nrite Paul K. Feyerabend - ụwa nke ịdị n'otu Ga-ekwe Omume. N'afọ 2020, Sein Twa natara ihe nrite Goldman Environmental Prize iji kwado mbọ ọ na-agba iji kwalite ụmụ amaala Karen. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Myanmar: Land rights defender Paul Sein Twa wins 2020 Goldman Environmental Prize for Asia|url=https://www.business-humanrights.org/en/latest-news/myanmar-land-rights-defender-paul-sein-twa-wins-2020-goldman-environmental-prize-for-asia/|accessdate=2022-12-30|work=Business & Human Rights Resource Centre|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|author=Arora|first=Sumit|date=2020-12-15|title=Myanmar's Paul Sein Twa receives Goldman Environmental Prize 2020|url=https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/myanmars-paul-sein-twa-receives-goldman-environmental-prize-2020/|accessdate=2022-12-30|work=adda247|language=en-IN}}</ref>Ọfịs Mpaghara [[International Union for Conservation of Nature|IUCN]] Asia na-eme atụmatụ ịkwado ụmụ amaala na obodo ndị dị n'ógbè site n'itinye ọchịchị na-agụnye ihe n'usoro na mmemme ya maka 2021-2024. Dị ka akụkụ nke mmekorita ya na Sein Twa na KESAN na ọrụ Accelerating Tiger Recovery na Thailand-Myanmar Transboundary Region project, IUCN Asia amalitela mkparịta ụka banyere ọchịchị mmiri na ọdọ mmiri Salween.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-12-04|title=Paul Sein Twa, co-founder of KESAN and Salween Peace Park in Myanmar, receives Goldman Environmental Prize 2020|url=https://www.iucn.org/news/asia/202012/paul-sein-twa-co-founder-kesan-and-salween-peace-park-myanmar-receives-goldman-environmental-prize-2020|accessdate=2022-12-30|work=IUCN|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Twa, Paul Sein}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] k8sqttpd2foeptxg8my9tvszjek7yxt 0 77421 672178 2026-07-04T12:38:05Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360742902|Toshka Lakes]]" 672178 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:Lake_Nasser_location.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ebe ọdọ mmiri Toshka na ọdọ mmiri Nasser dị na Ijipt.]] [[Faịlụ:Toshka_Lakes_(satellite_view).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Foto nke ọdọ mmiri Toshka e sere na Disemba 2002 site n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu mbara igwe mba ụwa nke dị na NE. Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser bụ ọdọ mmiri dị ogologo nke dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ. Wadi Toshka bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser kpọmkwem n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri Toshka. A pụrụ ịhụ Ọzara Ọdịda Anyanwụ nke Ijipt n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]] '''Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka''' (Arabic: بحيرات توشكى,) bụ aha e nyere ọdọ mmiri ndị e guzobere ọhụrụ n'ime Ọzara Sahara nke [[Ịjịpt|Egypt]].<ref name="toshka">{{Cite book|author=El-Shabrawy|first=Gamal M|title=The Nile|date=2009|isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6|series=Monographiae Biologicae|pages=157–162|chapter=The Toshka Lakes|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_8}}</ref> Ọnụnọ ha na-akpata mmụba oge site na [[Ọdọ Nasser|Lake Nasser]]. Ọnụnọ nke ịda mbà n'obi ahụ nyeere aka guzobe Ọrụ Ndagwurugwu Toshka, nke Sheikh Zayed Canal mere ka o kwe omume, nke na-amalite site n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Mubarak iji bulie mmiri site na iyi nke Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser ruo na ọwa mmiri ahụ, nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịzụlite mpaghara ndagwurugwu ndịda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=مشروعى توشكى ونرعة السلام وقضية المياه وحق مصر التاريخى|url=http://atef.helals.net/mental_responses/water_resources/page3.htm|accessdate=2023-03-01|work=atef.helals.net|language=ar|archivedate=2017-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414172342/http://atef.helals.net/mental_responses/water_resources/page3.htm}}</ref> == Etymology nke aha ya == E nwere echiche abụọ gbasara ebe aha "Toshka si malite". Nke mbụ bụ na okwu "toshka" nwere mkpụrụokwu abụọ: "toshi" ma ọ bụ "tosho", na "ki", "ke", ma ọ bụ "''ka''". "''Toshi''" bụ aha osisi stump, ụdị ahịhịa ọgwụ nke na-eto na ndagwurugwu ahụ, "ki" pụtara "ebe ahụ", "ụlọ", ma ọ bụ "ala nna" n'asụsụ Nubian nke mpaghara ahụ. Toshka n'ozuzu ya pụtara "ebe obibi nke osisi Ghubeira."<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Fathi Al-Turkmani|first=Gouda|date=1999|title=The Geomorphology of the Toshka Region and Development Potential|journal=Egyptian Geographical Society}}</ref> Echiche nke abụọ, nke a nabatara nke ọma karịa, bụ na a kpọrọ ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ aha obodo Nubian (Nubia Ochie: ⲧⲱϣⲕⲉⲁ<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Pierce|first=Richard Holton|title=Nubian Toponyms in Medieval Nubian Sources|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320799637|journal=Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies|date=2017|language=en|volume=4|doi=10.5070/D64110024}}</ref>) nke dị na mpaghara ahụ ruo mgbe idei mmiri kpuchiri ya mgbe e wuru [[Aswan Dam|Aswan High Dam]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Fathi Al-Turkmani|first=Gouda|date=1999|title=The Geomorphology of the Toshka Region and Development Potential|journal=Egyptian Geographical Society}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFathi_Al-Turkmani1999">Fathi Al-Turkmani, Gouda (1999). </cite></ref> Okwu ahụ bụ "toshka" nwere mkpụrụokwu abụọ.<ref name=":3" /> N'oge gara aga, mpaghara Toshka gụnyere obodo abụọ, otu n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Naịl, "Toshka East" na nke ọzọ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Naịl, "Toshka West." Ndị bi ebe ahụ ji ụgbọ mmiri Naịl na-agagharị n'etiti obodo abụọ ahụ. Aha ọhụrụ abụọ a bụ "Toshka East" na "Toshka West".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Salih Al-Nimr|first=Huda|date=2006|title=The South Valley Development Project (Tushka) between objectives and achievements|journal=Institute of National Planning|language=Egyptian Arabic}}</ref> E wuru obodo ọhụrụ iji cheta obodo ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Home - New Toshka City|url=https://www.newcities.gov.eg/know_cities/Toshka/default.aspx|accessdate=3 March 2023|work=[[New Urban Communities Authority]]|archivedate=12 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312063957/http://www.newcities.gov.eg/know_cities/Toshka/default.aspx}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Agha nke Toski === N'afọ 1889, agha a ma ama mere na mpaghara Toshka n'etiti ndị agha Britain na ndị agha nke Steeti Mahdist. Ndị nnupụisi Mahdist si Sudan gaa njem n'okpuru nduzi nke Abd al-Rahman al-Nujumi, na-ekwupụta na ha na-ewepụ nrụrụ aka nke ndị ọchịchị Turkey na Britain na Ndagwurugwu Naịl, gbasaa okwukwe Mahdist ruo Ijipt,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Churchill|first=Winston Spencer|url=https://archive.org/stream/1899RiverWarVol1/1899%20River%20War%20Vol%201#page/n169|title=The River War|date=1899|publisher=Longmans.|pages=140–141|language=en}}</ref> na ịtọhapụ Ahmed Orabi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Salih Al-Nimr|first=Huda|date=2006|title=The South Valley Development Project (Tushka) between objectives and achievements|journal=Institute of National Planning|language=Egyptian Arabic}}<cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFSalih_Al-Nimr2006">Salih Al-Nimr, Huda (2006). </cite></ref> === Ọdọ Mmiri Dị Elu Aswan === E wuru Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan dị elu n'Ijipt n'agbata afọ 1964 na 1968, nke e wuru n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser. E mere ya ka ọ nwee oke mmiri ruru mita 183 (ụkwụ 600) n'elu ọkwa oké osimiri. Dịka ihe mgbochi maka mmụba ọ bụla a na-atụghị anya ya na ọkwa mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser, e wuru ụzọ mmiri na ọwa mmiri na 1978. Ọwa mmiri ahụ nwere ike ibugharị mmiri site na ọdọ mmiri ahụ gaa na ọdọ mmiri Toshka, nke dị n'èzí ọdọ mmiri Naịl. Nhazi a na-ebelata nrụgide dam ma na-echebe ebe ndị dị n'akụkụ mmiri site na oke idei mmiri. E ji ọwa mmiri gbapụta rụọ ọwa mmiri ahụ, nke e gwuru site na alaka Khor Toshka site na ọdọ mmiri Nasser ma na-agafe na Ndagwurugwu Toshka n'Ọzara Ọdịda Anyanwụ ruo mgbe ọ ga-ejikọ na ọdịda anyanwụ. === Nhazi === [[Faịlụ:Toshka_Lakes,_Southern_Egypt_(1008_-_sts088-719-2_lrg).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Nhazi nke ọdọ mmiri Toshka (Nọvemba 1998).]] Na 1998, Etiopia nwetara oke idei mmiri na idei mmiri n'osimiri.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Extreme hydrology and climate variability: monitoring, modelling, adaptation, and mitigation|date=2019|others=Assefa M. Melesse, Wossenu Abtew, Gabriel Senay|isbn=978-0-12-815999-6|edition=First|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands|oclc=1107667172}}</ref> Mmiri gabigara ókè nke si n'ugwu dị na Etiopia na-abata tinyere nrụgide n'osimiri Naịl ma tinye atụmatụ njikwa idei mmiri nke Aswan High Dam n'ule. Maka nke mbụ, nnukwu ọdọ mmiri ahụ ruru ọkwa kachasị elu ya nke mita 183 n'elu ọkwa oké osimiri na Septemba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rain-fed Nile swamps Egypt's dam and villages - Sudan {{!}} ReliefWeb|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/rain-fed-nile-swamps-egypts-dam-and-villages|accessdate=2023-03-03|work=reliefweb.int|date=25 September 1998|language=en}}</ref> Mmiri gabigara ókè malitere ịpụta site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser site n'iju mmiri n'ime oghere dị n'akụkụ ndịda nke ala nkume limestone nke Eocene. N'ọnwa Septemba na Ọktoba, mmiri ahụ na-enweta ihe dị ka nde kubik mita 32 ruo 98 kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Lakes Form {{!}} EROS|url=https://eros.usgs.gov/media-gallery/earthshot/the-lakes-form|accessdate=2023-03-03|work=eros.usgs.gov|archivedate=2023-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303071635/https://eros.usgs.gov/media-gallery/earthshot/the-lakes-form}}</ref> Ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe na ISS malitere ịhụ ọdọ mmiri mbụ, nke kachasị n'ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-eto na Nọvemba 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-12-02|title=New Lakes in the Egyptian Desert|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/975/new-lakes-in-the-egyptian-desert|accessdate=2023-03-03|work=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|archivedate=2023-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303063125/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/975/new-lakes-in-the-egyptian-desert}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1999, ọdọ mmiri atọ ọzọ malitere ịpụta n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, ọdọ mmiri kachasị ọdịda anyanwụ malitekwara ịpụta n'etiti Septemba 2000 na Maachị 2001. A kabeghị aha ọdọ mmiri ndị a n'otu n'otu. [[Faịlụ:ToshkaLandsat.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe osise ala nke ọdọ mmiri Toshka (Eprel 2003). Foto agba ụgha, nke nwere eriri 7-4-2 e kenyere R-G-B.]] E mere atụmatụ na n'ozuzu, ọdọ mmiri Toshka ruru ihe dị ka square kilomita 1300 (mi2 502). Ọkwa ọdọ mmiri dị ala karịa nke afọ 2001, ebe ala mmiri dị n'ime na ájá dị n'etiti osimiri ndị dịbu na nke ugbu a dị. Otu obere ọdọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ọdọ mmiri atọ ndị buru ibu akpọnwụọla kpamkpam. Elu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'etiti mita 175 (ụkwụ 574) maka nke kacha nso na Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser ruo mita 144 (ụkwụ 472) maka nke kachasị dị n'okpuru ala. === Mbelata === Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 2000, mpaghara Toshka nwetara mmụba n'ọrụ ugbo, ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji mmiri sitere na Lake Toshka na pamụpu sitere na Lake Nasser maka ọrụ ugbo. Mpaghara ahụ hụrụ mmụba akụ na ụba n'ihi mmụba ọrụ ugbo, e wuru obodo ọhụrụ iji kwado ọrụ ugbo Toshka nke dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọwa Mmiri Sheikh Zayed. E guzobere obodo New Toshka site na Iwu Onyeisiala Nke 199 nke afọ 2000, e mekwara ka ọ dị na ya site na Iwu Onyeisiala Nke 268 nke afọ 2006 iji mepụta obodo obodo jikọtara ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-12|title=تعديل موقع مدينة توشكى الجديدة|url=https://manshurat.org/node/37070|accessdate=2023-03-01|work=منشورات قانونية|language=ar|archivedate=2020-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019215135/https://manshurat.org/node/37070}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Home - New Toshka City|url=https://www.newcities.gov.eg/know_cities/Toshka/default.aspx|accessdate=3 March 2023|work=[[New Urban Communities Authority]]|archivedate=12 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312063957/http://www.newcities.gov.eg/know_cities/Toshka/default.aspx}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20230312063957/http://www.newcities.gov.eg/know_cities/Toshka/default.aspx "Home - New Toshka City"]. </cite></ref> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2006, mmiri dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka malitere ịda ngwa ngwa, na-ekpughe nnukwu ala kpọrọ nkụ. Ọnụọgụ mmiri echekwara ebelatala site na pasentị iri ise. Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Juun afọ 2012, mmiri jupụtara naanị akụkụ kacha ala nke isi ala ọdịda anyanwụ na ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke kpuchiri elu ala nke kilomita 307, nke bụ mbelata 80% ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke afọ 2002. Mmiri adịghị n'etiti ala mmiri ahụ, ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ akpọnwụwokwa n'ihi obere mmiri na-asọpụta n'osimiri ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2017 na 2018, ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ha kpọọ nkụ kpamkpam, ha hapụrụ naanị obere mmiri fọdụrụ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Two Decades of Change at Toshka Lakes|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149334/two-decades-of-change-at-toshka-lakes|work=The Earth Observatory|date=18 January 2022|publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center|accessdate=27 July 2024}}</ref> === Idei mmiri na Sudan === Mmiri ozuzo nke afọ 2019 n'oge ọkọchị na Sudan na South Sudan dị oke mkpa iji bulie ọkwa mmiri dị na Lake Nasser, nke mere ka mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Toshka malite ịgbara mmiri. Nke a sochiri idei mmiri nke mere na Sudan n'afọ 2020 nke mere na mba ahụ. Idei mmiri ndị a butere oke mmiri kachasị elu e dekọrọ na Lake Nasser. N'afọ sochirinụ, na 2021, idei mmiri ọzọ mere na Sudan. Mgbe ahụ, n'ihi idei mmiri nke afọ 2022 na Sudan, Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser rutere ọkwa kachasị elu ọzọ, nke mere ka Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka jupụta ngwa ngwa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-18|title=Two Decades of Change at Toshka Lakes|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149334/two-decades-of-change-at-toshka-lakes|accessdate=2023-03-03|work=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|archivedate=2023-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303193807/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149334/two-decades-of-change-at-toshka-lakes}}</ref> Mmiri e jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri Toshka na 2022 mere ka mmiri dị elu karịa nke e dekọrọ na mpaghara ahụ, ọ kpatakwara ka e nwee ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ n'ime ala ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda nke ala ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ebe ọdọ mmiri ndị mbụ kpuchiri mụbara nke ukwuu karịa ọkwa a hụrụ na 2001, wee nweta ọdọ mmiri atọ ọzọ n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ. Mmụba a na ọkwa mmiri emetụtala mpaghara ọrụ ugbo dị na mpaghara ahụ, nke toro nke ukwuu n'ihi oke mmiri. N'ihi ya, ọrụ ugbo Toshka eritela uru nke ukwuu site na mmụba nke mmiri, akụ na ụba mpaghara ahụ emeziwanyela n'ihi mmụba na ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-18|title=Two Decades of Change at Toshka Lakes|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149334/two-decades-of-change-at-toshka-lakes|accessdate=2023-03-03|work=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|archivedate=2023-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303193807/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149334/two-decades-of-change-at-toshka-lakes}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149334/two-decades-of-change-at-toshka-lakes "Two Decades of Change at Toshka Lakes"]. </cite></ref> == Ọdịdị ala == Usoro ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ a bụ nke na-akpali akpali, nke pụtara na mmiri anaghị asọba n'oké osimiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sparavigna|first=Amelia Carolina|date=2013|title=The Shrinking Toshka Lakes in the Google Earth Images|url=https://iris.polito.it/handle/11583/2512690|journal=International Journal of Sciences}}</ref> Mmiri sitere na Naịl na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ ma na-enyere aka ime ka mmiri dị n'okpuru ya dịghachi ndụ; agbanyeghị, okpomọkụ ọzara na-akpata oke evaporation. Ọ bụ ezie na ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ azụ dị egwu, oke ikuku ndị a ga-eme ka mmiri ahụ na-aghọ nnu ka oge na-aga, ibelata oke azụ̀ ma mebie osisi na anụmanụ e guzobere ọhụrụ. Toshka Hollow dị n'ime oké osimiri Nubian Swell nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Thurmond|first=Allison K.|date=2004-09-22|title=The Nubian Swell|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0899536204001186|journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences|language=en|volume=39|issue=3-5|pages=401–407|doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2004.07.027}}</ref> Gọọmentị Ijipt na-emepe mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu, nke a makwaara dịka "Ọrụ Toshka" ma ọ bụ "Ọrụ Ndagwurugwu Ọhụrụ".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wahby|first=Wafeek S.|date=2004-10-01|title=Technologies Applied in the Toshka Project of Egypt|url=https://account.jotsjournal.org/index.php/vt-j-jts/article/view/207|journal=Journal of Technology Studies|volume=30|issue=4|pages=86–91|doi=10.21061/jots.v30i4.a.13|issn=1541-9258}}</ref> == Leekwa == * New Valley Project * New Valley Governorate * Lakes of Egypt == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụkwu ihe == * {{Cite journal|first=J. W|author=Chipman|title=Satellite-based assessment of the dynamics of new lakes in southern Egypt|journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing|volume=28|issue=19|pages=4365–4379|date=2007|doi=10.1080/01431160701241787}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] ddf9034spnkl30pz203349hubuupwir 672180 672178 2026-07-04T12:41:21Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672180 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:Lake_Nasser_location.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ebe ọdọ mmiri Toshka na ọdọ mmiri Nasser dị na Ijipt.]] [[Faịlụ:Toshka_Lakes_(satellite_view).jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Foto nke ọdọ mmiri Toshka e sere na Disemba 2002 site n'ọdụ ụgbọ elu mbara igwe mba ụwa nke dị na NE. Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser bụ ọdọ mmiri dị ogologo nke dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ. Wadi Toshka bụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser kpọmkwem n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri Toshka. A pụrụ ịhụ Ọzara Ọdịda Anyanwụ nke Ijipt n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser]] '''Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka''' (Arabic: بحيرات توشكى,) bụ aha e nyere ọdọ mmiri ndị e guzobere ọhụrụ n'ime Ọzara Sahara nke [[Ịjịpt|Egypt]].<ref name="toshka">{{Cite book|author=El-Shabrawy|first=Gamal M|title=The Nile|date=2009|isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6|series=Monographiae Biologicae|pages=157–162|chapter=The Toshka Lakes|doi=10.1007/978-1-4020-9726-3_8}}</ref> Ọnụnọ ha na-akpata mmụba oge site na [[Ọdọ Nasser|Lake Nasser]]. Ọnụnọ nke ịda mbà n'obi ahụ nyeere aka guzobe Ọrụ Ndagwurugwu Toshka, nke Sheikh Zayed Canal mere ka o kwe omume, nke na-amalite site n'ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Mubarak iji bulie mmiri site na iyi nke Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser ruo na ọwa mmiri ahụ, nke ebumnuche ya bụ ịzụlite mpaghara ndagwurugwu ndịda.<ref>{{Cite web|title=مشروعى توشكى ونرعة السلام وقضية المياه وحق مصر التاريخى|url=http://atef.helals.net/mental_responses/water_resources/page3.htm|accessdate=2023-03-01|work=atef.helals.net|language=ar|archivedate=2017-04-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414172342/http://atef.helals.net/mental_responses/water_resources/page3.htm}}</ref> == Etymology nke aha ya == E nwere echiche abụọ gbasara ebe aha "Toshka si malite". Nke mbụ bụ na okwu "toshka" nwere mkpụrụokwu abụọ: "toshi" ma ọ bụ "tosho", na "ki", "ke", ma ọ bụ "''ka''". "''Toshi''" bụ aha osisi stump, ụdị ahịhịa ọgwụ nke na-eto na ndagwurugwu ahụ, "ki" pụtara "ebe ahụ", "ụlọ", ma ọ bụ "ala nna" n'asụsụ Nubian nke mpaghara ahụ. Toshka n'ozuzu ya pụtara "ebe obibi nke osisi Ghubeira."<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|author=Fathi Al-Turkmani|first=Gouda|date=1999|title=The Geomorphology of the Toshka Region and Development Potential|journal=Egyptian Geographical Society}}</ref> Echiche nke abụọ, nke a nabatara nke ọma karịa, bụ na a kpọrọ ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ aha obodo Nubian (Nubia Ochie: ⲧⲱϣⲕⲉⲁ<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|author=Pierce|first=Richard Holton|title=Nubian Toponyms in Medieval Nubian Sources|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/320799637|journal=Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies|date=2017|language=en|volume=4|doi=10.5070/D64110024}}</ref>) nke dị na mpaghara ahụ ruo mgbe idei mmiri kpuchiri ya mgbe e wuru [[Aswan Dam|Aswan High Dam]].<ref name=":2" /> Okwu ahụ bụ "toshka" nwere mkpụrụokwu abụọ.<ref name=":3" /> N'oge gara aga, mpaghara Toshka gụnyere obodo abụọ, otu n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Naịl, "Toshka East" na nke ọzọ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Naịl, "Toshka West." Ndị bi ebe ahụ ji ụgbọ mmiri Naịl na-agagharị n'etiti obodo abụọ ahụ. Aha ọhụrụ abụọ a bụ "Toshka East" na "Toshka West".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Salih Al-Nimr|first=Huda|date=2006|title=The South Valley Development Project (Tushka) between objectives and achievements|journal=Institute of National Planning|language=Egyptian Arabic}}</ref> E wuru obodo ọhụrụ iji cheta obodo ahụ.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|title=Home - New Toshka City|url=https://www.newcities.gov.eg/know_cities/Toshka/default.aspx|accessdate=3 March 2023|work=[[New Urban Communities Authority]]|archivedate=12 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230312063957/http://www.newcities.gov.eg/know_cities/Toshka/default.aspx}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == === Agha nke Toski === N'afọ 1889, agha a ma ama mere na mpaghara Toshka n'etiti ndị agha Britain na ndị agha nke Steeti Mahdist. Ndị nnupụisi Mahdist si Sudan gaa njem n'okpuru nduzi nke Abd al-Rahman al-Nujumi, na-ekwupụta na ha na-ewepụ nrụrụ aka nke ndị ọchịchị Turkey na Britain na Ndagwurugwu Naịl, gbasaa okwukwe Mahdist ruo Ijipt,<ref>{{Cite book|author=Churchill|first=Winston Spencer|url=https://archive.org/stream/1899RiverWarVol1/1899%20River%20War%20Vol%201#page/n169|title=The River War|date=1899|publisher=Longmans.|pages=140–141|language=en}}</ref> na ịtọhapụ Ahmed Orabi n'ụlọ mkpọrọ.<ref name=":0" /> === Ọdọ Mmiri Dị Elu Aswan === E wuru Ọdọ Mmiri Aswan dị elu n'Ijipt n'agbata afọ 1964 na 1968, nke e wuru n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser. E mere ya ka ọ nwee oke mmiri ruru mita 183 (ụkwụ 600) n'elu ọkwa oké osimiri. Dịka ihe mgbochi maka mmụba ọ bụla a na-atụghị anya ya na ọkwa mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser, e wuru ụzọ mmiri na ọwa mmiri na 1978. Ọwa mmiri ahụ nwere ike ibugharị mmiri site na ọdọ mmiri ahụ gaa na ọdọ mmiri Toshka, nke dị n'èzí ọdọ mmiri Naịl. Nhazi a na-ebelata nrụgide dam ma na-echebe ebe ndị dị n'akụkụ mmiri site na oke idei mmiri. E ji ọwa mmiri gbapụta rụọ ọwa mmiri ahụ, nke e gwuru site na alaka Khor Toshka site na ọdọ mmiri Nasser ma na-agafe na Ndagwurugwu Toshka n'Ọzara Ọdịda Anyanwụ ruo mgbe ọ ga-ejikọ na ọdịda anyanwụ. === Nhazi === [[Faịlụ:Toshka_Lakes,_Southern_Egypt_(1008_-_sts088-719-2_lrg).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Nhazi nke ọdọ mmiri Toshka (Nọvemba 1998).]] Na 1998, Etiopia nwetara oke idei mmiri na idei mmiri n'osimiri.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Extreme hydrology and climate variability: monitoring, modelling, adaptation, and mitigation|date=2019|others=Assefa M. Melesse, Wossenu Abtew, Gabriel Senay|isbn=978-0-12-815999-6|edition=First|location=Amsterdam, Netherlands|oclc=1107667172}}</ref> Mmiri gabigara ókè nke si n'ugwu dị na Etiopia na-abata tinyere nrụgide n'osimiri Naịl ma tinye atụmatụ njikwa idei mmiri nke Aswan High Dam n'ule. Maka nke mbụ, nnukwu ọdọ mmiri ahụ ruru ọkwa kachasị elu ya nke mita 183 n'elu ọkwa oké osimiri na Septemba.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Rain-fed Nile swamps Egypt's dam and villages - Sudan {{!}} ReliefWeb|url=https://reliefweb.int/report/sudan/rain-fed-nile-swamps-egypts-dam-and-villages|accessdate=2023-03-03|work=reliefweb.int|date=25 September 1998|language=en}}</ref> Mmiri gabigara ókè malitere ịpụta site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser site n'iju mmiri n'ime oghere dị n'akụkụ ndịda nke ala nkume limestone nke Eocene. N'ọnwa Septemba na Ọktoba, mmiri ahụ na-enweta ihe dị ka nde kubik mita 32 ruo 98 kwa ụbọchị.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Lakes Form {{!}} EROS|url=https://eros.usgs.gov/media-gallery/earthshot/the-lakes-form|accessdate=2023-03-03|work=eros.usgs.gov|archivedate=2023-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303071635/https://eros.usgs.gov/media-gallery/earthshot/the-lakes-form}}</ref> Ndị na-enyocha mbara igwe na ISS malitere ịhụ ọdọ mmiri mbụ, nke kachasị n'ọwụwa anyanwụ, na-eto na Nọvemba 1998.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2000-12-02|title=New Lakes in the Egyptian Desert|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/975/new-lakes-in-the-egyptian-desert|accessdate=2023-03-03|work=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|archivedate=2023-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303063125/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/975/new-lakes-in-the-egyptian-desert}}</ref> Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 1999, ọdọ mmiri atọ ọzọ malitere ịpụta n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, ọdọ mmiri kachasị ọdịda anyanwụ malitekwara ịpụta n'etiti Septemba 2000 na Maachị 2001. A kabeghị aha ọdọ mmiri ndị a n'otu n'otu. [[Faịlụ:ToshkaLandsat.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe osise ala nke ọdọ mmiri Toshka (Eprel 2003). Foto agba ụgha, nke nwere eriri 7-4-2 e kenyere R-G-B.]] E mere atụmatụ na n'ozuzu, ọdọ mmiri Toshka ruru ihe dị ka square kilomita 1300 (mi2 502). Ọkwa ọdọ mmiri dị ala karịa nke afọ 2001, ebe ala mmiri dị n'ime na ájá dị n'etiti osimiri ndị dịbu na nke ugbu a dị. Otu obere ọdọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ọdọ mmiri atọ ndị buru ibu akpọnwụọla kpamkpam. Elu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'etiti mita 175 (ụkwụ 574) maka nke kacha nso na Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser ruo mita 144 (ụkwụ 472) maka nke kachasị dị n'okpuru ala. === Mbelata === Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha afọ 2000, mpaghara Toshka nwetara mmụba n'ọrụ ugbo, ebe ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji mmiri sitere na Lake Toshka na pamụpu sitere na Lake Nasser maka ọrụ ugbo. Mpaghara ahụ hụrụ mmụba akụ na ụba n'ihi mmụba ọrụ ugbo, e wuru obodo ọhụrụ iji kwado ọrụ ugbo Toshka nke dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọwa Mmiri Sheikh Zayed. E guzobere obodo New Toshka site na Iwu Onyeisiala Nke 199 nke afọ 2000, e mekwara ka ọ dị na ya site na Iwu Onyeisiala Nke 268 nke afọ 2006 iji mepụta obodo obodo jikọtara ọnụ.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-12|title=تعديل موقع مدينة توشكى الجديدة|url=https://manshurat.org/node/37070|accessdate=2023-03-01|work=منشورات قانونية|language=ar|archivedate=2020-10-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019215135/https://manshurat.org/node/37070}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2006, mmiri dị n'Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka malitere ịda ngwa ngwa, na-ekpughe nnukwu ala kpọrọ nkụ. Ọnụọgụ mmiri echekwara ebelatala site na pasentị iri ise. Ka ọ na-erule ọnwa Juun afọ 2012, mmiri jupụtara naanị akụkụ kacha ala nke isi ala ọdịda anyanwụ na ọwụwa anyanwụ, nke kpuchiri elu ala nke kilomita 307, nke bụ mbelata 80% ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke afọ 2002. Mmiri adịghị n'etiti ala mmiri ahụ, ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ akpọnwụwokwa n'ihi obere mmiri na-asọpụta n'osimiri ahụ. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2017 na 2018, ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ fọrọ nke nta ka ha kpọọ nkụ kpamkpam, ha hapụrụ naanị obere mmiri fọdụrụ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Two Decades of Change at Toshka Lakes|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149334/two-decades-of-change-at-toshka-lakes|work=The Earth Observatory|date=18 January 2022|publisher=NASA Goddard Space Flight Center|accessdate=27 July 2024}}</ref> === Idei mmiri na Sudan === Mmiri ozuzo nke afọ 2019 n'oge ọkọchị na Sudan na South Sudan dị oke mkpa iji bulie ọkwa mmiri dị na Lake Nasser, nke mere ka mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ Toshka malite ịgbara mmiri. Nke a sochiri idei mmiri nke mere na Sudan n'afọ 2020 nke mere na mba ahụ. Idei mmiri ndị a butere oke mmiri kachasị elu e dekọrọ na Lake Nasser. N'afọ sochirinụ, na 2021, idei mmiri ọzọ mere na Sudan. Mgbe ahụ, n'ihi idei mmiri nke afọ 2022 na Sudan, Ọdọ Mmiri Nasser rutere ọkwa kachasị elu ọzọ, nke mere ka Ọdọ Mmiri Toshka jupụta ngwa ngwa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2022-01-18|title=Two Decades of Change at Toshka Lakes|url=https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149334/two-decades-of-change-at-toshka-lakes|accessdate=2023-03-03|work=earthobservatory.nasa.gov|language=en|archivedate=2023-03-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230303193807/https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/149334/two-decades-of-change-at-toshka-lakes}}</ref> Mmiri e jupụtara n'ọdọ mmiri Toshka na 2022 mere ka mmiri dị elu karịa nke e dekọrọ na mpaghara ahụ, ọ kpatakwara ka e nwee ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ n'ime ala ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda nke ala ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ebe ọdọ mmiri ndị mbụ kpuchiri mụbara nke ukwuu karịa ọkwa a hụrụ na 2001, wee nweta ọdọ mmiri atọ ọzọ n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ. Mmụba a na ọkwa mmiri emetụtala mpaghara ọrụ ugbo dị na mpaghara ahụ, nke toro nke ukwuu n'ihi oke mmiri. N'ihi ya, ọrụ ugbo Toshka eritela uru nke ukwuu site na mmụba nke mmiri, akụ na ụba mpaghara ahụ emeziwanyela n'ihi mmụba na ọrụ ugbo.<ref name=":4" /> == Ọdịdị ala == Usoro ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ a bụ nke na-akpali akpali, nke pụtara na mmiri anaghị asọba n'oké osimiri.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Sparavigna|first=Amelia Carolina|date=2013|title=The Shrinking Toshka Lakes in the Google Earth Images|url=https://iris.polito.it/handle/11583/2512690|journal=International Journal of Sciences}}</ref> Mmiri sitere na Naịl na-emepụta ọdọ mmiri ndị ahụ ma na-enyere aka ime ka mmiri dị n'okpuru ya dịghachi ndụ; agbanyeghị, okpomọkụ ọzara na-akpata oke evaporation. Ọ bụ ezie na ọdọ mmiri ọhụrụ ahụ nwere ọtụtụ azụ dị egwu, oke ikuku ndị a ga-eme ka mmiri ahụ na-aghọ nnu ka oge na-aga, ibelata oke azụ̀ ma mebie osisi na anụmanụ e guzobere ọhụrụ. Toshka Hollow dị n'ime oké osimiri Nubian Swell nke na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Thurmond|first=Allison K.|date=2004-09-22|title=The Nubian Swell|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0899536204001186|journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences|language=en|volume=39|issue=3-5|pages=401–407|doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2004.07.027}}</ref> Gọọmentị Ijipt na-emepe mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu, nke a makwaara dịka "Ọrụ Toshka" ma ọ bụ "Ọrụ Ndagwurugwu Ọhụrụ".<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Wahby|first=Wafeek S.|date=2004-10-01|title=Technologies Applied in the Toshka Project of Egypt|url=https://account.jotsjournal.org/index.php/vt-j-jts/article/view/207|journal=Journal of Technology Studies|volume=30|issue=4|pages=86–91|doi=10.21061/jots.v30i4.a.13|issn=1541-9258}}</ref> == Leekwa == * New Valley Project * New Valley Governorate * Lakes of Egypt == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Ịgụkwu ihe == * {{Cite journal|first=J. W|author=Chipman|title=Satellite-based assessment of the dynamics of new lakes in southern Egypt|journal=International Journal of Remote Sensing|volume=28|issue=19|pages=4365–4379|date=2007|doi=10.1080/01431160701241787}} == Njikọ mpụga == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] sdg86ebdwlrdyqdd6gezazckjxpmpsh 0 77422 672198 2026-07-04T13:00:52Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351369687|Dinder National Park]]" 672198 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Dinder''' bụ Ogige ntụrụndụ mba ebe nchekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Sudan]], ma jikọta ya na Ogige Ntụ Alitash nke [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]].<ref name="NatGeo2016">{{Cite news|author=Howard, B.|title=Once Thought Extinct, 'Lost' Group of Lions Discovered in Africa|publisher=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160202-ethiopia-sudan-lost-lions-alatash-national-park-dinder/|date=2016|accessdate=2016-02-07}}</ref> == Ebe == Dinder dị ihe dị ka kilomita 400 (mile 250) n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Khartoum, n'akụkụ abụọ nke Osimiri Dinder nke dị n'akụkụ ugwu site n'akụkụ Osimiri Rahad.<ref name="vanhoven">{{Cite journal|author=van Hoven, Wouter|title=Recovering from conflict: the case of Dinder and other national parks in Sudan|journal=Parks|year=2004|volume=14|issue=1|pages=26–33|url=https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/14_1.pdf|accessdate=22 August 2013|issn=0960-233X}}</ref> Obodo Dinder (93 kilomita (58 mi) n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ) na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọnụ ụzọ maka ndị njem nleta chọrọ ịbanye n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.overlandinthesun.com/lions-in-sudan-dinder-national-park/|title=Dinder National Park|accessdate=2013-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222516/http://www.overlandinthesun.com/lions-in-sudan-dinder-national-park/|archivedate=2016-03-03}}</ref> == Akụkọ ie mere eme == Ebe obibi Dinder jupụtara nke ukwuu mgbe ndị Yuropu gara ya na mbụ na 1861. N'afọ 1880, n'oge Agha Mahdist na ụnwụ nri, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ kwụsịrị. Alfred Harrison hụrụ naanị ihe ndị mmadụ bi na ya na 1925.<ref name="vanhoven">{{Cite journal|author=van Hoven, Wouter|title=Recovering from conflict: the case of Dinder and other national parks in Sudan|journal=Parks|year=2004|volume=14|issue=1|pages=26–33|url=https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/14_1.pdf|accessdate=22 August 2013|issn=0960-233X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFvan_Hoven,_WouterMutasim_B._Nimir2004">van Hoven, Wouter; Mutasim B. Nimir (2004). </cite></ref>E guzobere Dinder dị ka ogige ntụrụndụ na 1935 mgbe Mgbakọ London nke 1933 gasịrị ma kpọọ ya na 1979 dị ka onye otu World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Na 1983, a gbatịkwuru ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ruo kilomita 2,630 (1,020 sq mi) n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. <ref name="vanhoven" /> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Dinder dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ọ na-ada na gburugburu ebe dị n'etiti mpaghara Sahel na Highlands nke Etiopia. O nwere usoro okike atọ dị iche iche: * [[osimiri]] - mpagharaụ simiri * ọhịa * ''Maya'' (Ọdọ mmiri oxbow). Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ụdị 27 nke nnukwu anụ na-enye nwa ara dịka agụ owuru, cheetah, ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 160, ụdị azụ 32, na obere anụ na-enyara nwa ara, ụsụ, anụ na-akpụ akpụ, na anụ na-ebi n'ala. Ọ dị n'okporo ụzọ nnụnụ na-agagharị n'etiti Eurasia na Africa. E nwekwara ọtụtụ nnụnụ North Africa bi n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ. Ogige Ntụrụndụ Dinder nwere [[Odúm|ọdụm]] dị mma. <ref name="NatGeo2016">{{Cite news|author=Howard, B.|title=Once Thought Extinct, 'Lost' Group of Lions Discovered in Africa|publisher=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160202-ethiopia-sudan-lost-lions-alatash-national-park-dinder/|date=2016|accessdate=2016-02-07}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHoward,_B.2016">Howard, B. (2016). </cite></ref> <ref name="New Scientist2016">{{Cite news|publisher=New Scientist|title=Hidden population of up to 200 lions found in remote Ethiopia|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2075740-hidden-population-of-up-to-200-lions-found-in-remote-ethiopia/|date=2016|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="BBC2016">{{Cite news|title=Lions rediscovered in Ethiopia's Alatash National Park|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35460573|date=2016|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref> === Egwu === Okike gburugburu ebe obibi nke ogige ahụ na-eyi egwu site na mmegide sitere n'aka ndị na-azụ ehi bụ ndị a na-achụpụ site na ala ịta nri ọdịnala ha site na mgbasawanye nke ọrụ ugbo, site na isi ihe kpatara mmụba nke ndị bi na mpaghara. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-azụ anụ, gụnyere tiang, Roan, waterbuck na reebuck, nọ n'okpuru nrụgide ọzọ ka ala na-abụghị ogige ntụrụndụ nke ha na-agafe agbanweela ka ọ bụrụ ala ugbo. Ọnụ ọgụgụ egwuregwu n'etiti 1971 na 2001 egosila mbelata dị egwu n'ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke waterbuck na-ada site na 85%, reedbuck site na 72%, na oribi site na 68%. E kpochapụrụ ụdị ndị ọzọ na Dinder ebe ọ bụ na e bipụtara ya, gụnyere enyí ọhịa Africa, anụ ọhịa ojii, Enyí mmiri, Torha hartebeest, giraffe Nubian, gazelle Soemmerring, na Agụ iyi Naịl.<ref name="vanhoven">{{Cite journal|author=van Hoven, Wouter|title=Recovering from conflict: the case of Dinder and other national parks in Sudan|journal=Parks|year=2004|volume=14|issue=1|pages=26–33|url=https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/14_1.pdf|accessdate=22 August 2013|issn=0960-233X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFvan_Hoven,_WouterMutasim_B._Nimir2004">van Hoven, Wouter; Mutasim B. Nimir (2004). </cite></ref> Ogige Ntụrụndụ Dinder abụwo ebe obibi maka nkịta ịchụ nta (''Lycaon pictus''), mana nkịta a nọ n'ihe ize ndụ belatara na mpaghara a. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} qnnp6x7spz8l4j9knwnszg6jzgh8rfm 672201 672198 2026-07-04T13:04:06Z Adimora chidinma 15845 672201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|National park in Sudan}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Dinder National Park | alt_name = | iucn_category = II | image = DinderNationalPark Sudan.svg | image_alt = Dinder National Park map | image_caption = Dinder National Park boundaries. | image_size = | map = Sudan | map_alt = Location in Sudan | map_caption = | map_width = | relief = yes | location = | nearest_city = | coordinates = {{coords|12.29|N|35.48|E|display=inline, title}} | area = {{convert|10000|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} | established = 1935 | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | governing_body = | url = | child = | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_date = 7 January 2005 | designation1_number = 1461<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dinder National Park |website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1461|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Dinder''' bụ Ogige ntụrụndụ mba ebe nchekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Sudan]], ma jikọta ya na Ogige Ntụ Alitash nke [[Ethiopia|Etiopia]].<ref name="NatGeo2016" /> == Ebe == Dinder dị ihe dị ka kilomita 400 (mile 250) n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Khartoum, n'akụkụ abụọ nke Osimiri Dinder nke dị n'akụkụ ugwu site n'akụkụ Osimiri Rahad.<ref name="vanhoven" /> Obodo Dinder (93 kilomita (58 mi) n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ) na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ọnụ ụzọ maka ndị njem nleta chọrọ ịbanye n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.overlandinthesun.com/lions-in-sudan-dinder-national-park/|title=Dinder National Park|accessdate=2013-12-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303222516/http://www.overlandinthesun.com/lions-in-sudan-dinder-national-park/|archivedate=2016-03-03}}</ref> == Akụkọ ie mere eme == Ebe obibi Dinder jupụtara nke ukwuu mgbe ndị Yuropu gara ya na mbụ na 1861. N'afọ 1880, n'oge Agha Mahdist na ụnwụ nri, ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ kwụsịrị. Alfred Harrison hụrụ naanị ihe ndị mmadụ bi na ya na 1925.<ref name="vanhoven">{{Cite journal|author=van Hoven, Wouter|title=Recovering from conflict: the case of Dinder and other national parks in Sudan|journal=Parks|year=2004|volume=14|issue=1|pages=26–33|url=https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/14_1.pdf|accessdate=22 August 2013|issn=0960-233X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFvan_Hoven,_WouterMutasim_B._Nimir2004">van Hoven, Wouter; Mutasim B. Nimir (2004). </cite></ref>E guzobere Dinder dị ka ogige ntụrụndụ na 1935 mgbe Mgbakọ London nke 1933 gasịrị ma kpọọ ya na 1979 dị ka onye otu World Network of Biosphere Reserves. Na 1983, a gbatịkwuru ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ ruo kilomita 2,630 (1,020 sq mi) n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ. <ref name="vanhoven" /> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Dinder dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi na ọ na-ada na gburugburu ebe dị n'etiti mpaghara Sahel na Highlands nke Etiopia. O nwere usoro okike atọ dị iche iche: * [[osimiri]] - mpagharaụ simiri * ọhịa * ''Maya'' (Ọdọ mmiri oxbow). Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nwere ụdị 27 nke nnukwu anụ na-enye nwa ara dịka agụ owuru, cheetah, ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 160, ụdị azụ 32, na obere anụ na-enyara nwa ara, ụsụ, anụ na-akpụ akpụ, na anụ na-ebi n'ala. Ọ dị n'okporo ụzọ nnụnụ na-agagharị n'etiti Eurasia na Africa. E nwekwara ọtụtụ nnụnụ North Africa bi n'ogige ntụrụndụ mba ahụ. Ogige Ntụrụndụ Dinder nwere [[Odúm|ọdụm]] dị mma. <ref name="NatGeo2016">{{Cite news|author=Howard, B.|title=Once Thought Extinct, 'Lost' Group of Lions Discovered in Africa|publisher=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/2016/02/160202-ethiopia-sudan-lost-lions-alatash-national-park-dinder/|date=2016|accessdate=2016-02-07}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFHoward,_B.2016">Howard, B. (2016). </cite></ref> <ref name="New Scientist2016">{{Cite news|publisher=New Scientist|title=Hidden population of up to 200 lions found in remote Ethiopia|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2075740-hidden-population-of-up-to-200-lions-found-in-remote-ethiopia/|date=2016|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="BBC2016">{{Cite news|title=Lions rediscovered in Ethiopia's Alatash National Park|publisher=[[BBC News]]|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35460573|date=2016|accessdate=1 February 2016}}</ref> === Egwu === Okike gburugburu ebe obibi nke ogige ahụ na-eyi egwu site na mmegide sitere n'aka ndị na-azụ ehi bụ ndị a na-achụpụ site na ala ịta nri ọdịnala ha site na mgbasawanye nke ọrụ ugbo, site na isi ihe kpatara mmụba nke ndị bi na mpaghara. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-azụ anụ, gụnyere tiang, Roan, waterbuck na reebuck, nọ n'okpuru nrụgide ọzọ ka ala na-abụghị ogige ntụrụndụ nke ha na-agafe agbanweela ka ọ bụrụ ala ugbo. Ọnụ ọgụgụ egwuregwu n'etiti 1971 na 2001 egosila mbelata dị egwu n'ọtụtụ ụdị anụmanụ na-enye nwa ara, na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke waterbuck na-ada site na 85%, reedbuck site na 72%, na oribi site na 68%. E kpochapụrụ ụdị ndị ọzọ na Dinder ebe ọ bụ na e bipụtara ya, gụnyere enyí ọhịa Africa, anụ ọhịa ojii, Enyí mmiri, Torha hartebeest, giraffe Nubian, gazelle Soemmerring, na Agụ iyi Naịl.<ref name="vanhoven">{{Cite journal|author=van Hoven, Wouter|title=Recovering from conflict: the case of Dinder and other national parks in Sudan|journal=Parks|year=2004|volume=14|issue=1|pages=26–33|url=https://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/14_1.pdf|accessdate=22 August 2013|issn=0960-233X}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFvan_Hoven,_WouterMutasim_B._Nimir2004">van Hoven, Wouter; Mutasim B. Nimir (2004). </cite></ref> Ogige Ntụrụndụ Dinder abụwo ebe obibi maka nkịta ịchụ nta (''Lycaon pictus''), mana nkịta a nọ n'ihe ize ndụ belatara na mpaghara a.<ref>C. Michael Hogan. 2009. [http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 "Painted Hunting Dog: ''Lycaon pictus''", GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101209234758/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=35993 |date=2010 }}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} r69aaiecpaimtd9j5akhq5jdktnk3tw 0 77423 672203 2026-07-04T13:05:02Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342487597|Lake Mburo National Park]]" 672203 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogige Mba nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mburo''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba dị na Nyabushozi County, Kiruhura District na [[Uganda]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Lake Mburo National Park|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1090848|accessdate=2023-01-24|work=New Vision}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mburo dị na Mpaghara Kiruhura dị na Mpaghara Ọdịda Anyanwụ nke Uganda, ihe dị ka kilomita 30 (mile 19) n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Mbarara na ihe dị ka kilomita 240 (mile 150) n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kampala.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Districts bordering Lake Mburo park want wildlife law amended|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/districts-bordering-lake-mburo-park-want-wildlife-law-amended-1614722|accessdate=2023-01-24|work=Monitor}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere Ọdọ Mmiri Mburo na mbụ n'afọ 1933 dị ka ebe a na-achụ nta ma kwalite ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-echekwa anụ ọhịa na 1963.<ref name="Mallarach">{{Cite book|author=Mallarach|first=J.-M.|title=Protected landscapes and cultural & spiritual values|year=2008|publisher=[[World Conservation Union]]|location=Heidelberg|isbn=978-3925064609|pages=132–134}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2021|title=The alluring Lake Mburo National Park|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/the-alluring-lake-mburo-national-park-1691562|accessdate=2023-01-24|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> Ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ bụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, ndị na-azụ ehi Ankole, ma ka na-azụkwa ha.<ref name="Mallarach" /> Ndị bi ebe ahụ nọgidere na-azụ ehi ha n'ebe nchekwa ahụ, ihe mere ndị ọdịda anyanwụ na-akwado nchekwa kpọrọ ha "ndị mwakpo" na 1981, mana a chụpụrụ ha n'ala ha mgbe e kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba na 1983, dịka ụfọdụ ndị West tụrụ anya ya.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="Mallarach" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Malpas|first=R.|date=1981|title=Elephant Losses in Uganda – and Some Gains|journal=Oryx|volume=16|issue=1|pages=41–44|doi=10.1017/S0030605300016720}}</ref> Mkpebi nkwalite nke gọọmentị Obote bụ, n'otu akụkụ, iji mee ka Banyankole ghara ịdị ike, bụ́ ndị kwadoro ndị nnupụisi na-emegide Obote. Ọ bịara n'oge agha Bonanza nke gburu mmadụ 300,000 n'oge agha Uganda Bush. Ebe ọ bụ na a naghị akwụ ndị na-azụ anụmanụ a chụpụrụ ụgwọ maka ala ịta nri furu efu ma ọ bụ nyere ha aka ibi n'ụlọ ọzọ, ọtụtụ ndị ka na-emegide nkwalite ahụ. E kewara ala ubi dị n'èzí ogige ahụ n'ime obere ubi na ala ubi ugbo.<ref name="Mallarach" /> Na 1985, ọchịchị nke abụọ nke Obote dara, ndị bibu na Lake Mburo weghaara ala ogige ahụ ọzọ, chụpụ ndị ọrụ ogige ahụ, bibie akụrụngwa, ma gbuo anụ ọhịa. Ọchịchị National Resistance Movement mechara degharịa ihe na-erughị ọkara nke ala mbụ nke ogige ahụ na 1986.<ref name="Mallarach">{{Cite book|author=Mallarach|first=J.-M.|title=Protected landscapes and cultural & spiritual values|year=2008|publisher=[[World Conservation Union]]|location=Heidelberg|isbn=978-3925064609|pages=132–134}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFMallarach2008">Mallarach, J.-M. </cite></ref> N'ime ogige ahụ, e nwere ebe ndị dị mkpa n'ọdịnala, dịka Rubanga, ebe a na-achụrụ chi àjà n'oge gara aga; Ruroko bụ ebe Bachwezi nke dị na akụkọ ifo bi, ebe Kigarama bụ ebe ndị ohu eze na-anọkarị. == Anụ ọhịa == [[Faịlụ:Mpala_found_at_Lake_Mburo_National_park.png|alt=added image|thumb|Impala dị na Ọdọ Mmiri Mba Mburo]] [[Faịlụ:Rothschild_Giraffe.png|thumb|Giraffe Rothschild dị na Ọdọ Mmiri Mburo National Park]] Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nabatara [[zebra]], hippopotamus, impala, warthog, common eland, African buffalo na ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 300. Ndị na-eri anụ nwere ike ịgụnye [[Odúm|lion]], [[Ágụ|leopard]], hyena, genet, African civet, jackals na serval, kemgbe015, e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Rothschild's giraffes. IUCN weere mpaghara nchekwa ahụ dị ka 'ngalaba nchekwa ọdụm' na 2005,<ref>{{Cite book|author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group|year=2006|title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa|publisher=IUCN|location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> n'agbanyeghị na ọdụm anaghịzi eme ebe a. Ndị obodo ahụ gburu ọdụm n'afọ 1980, mana e nwere akụkọ na mbido afọ 2015 na otu ọdụm na-agagharị n'ógbè Miriti, Kashara, Warukiri na Rwonyo. Ebe ọ bụ na ndị bi ebe ahụ weere nke a dị ka ihe na-akpata nsogbu, ihe ngwọta e nyere bụ ibuga ọdụm ahụ n'ogige anụmanụ. N'otu oge ahụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ogige ntụrụndụ tinyere echiche nke iweghachi ọdụm n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ. Ọdụm ahụ na-agagharị n'ógbè ahụ mechara wakpo ma merụọ mmadụ atọ ahụ, nke mere ka ìgwè mmadụ buru ibu nke obodo ahụ iwe jiri nkume na osisi chụsoo anụmanụ ahụ. Ndị ọrụ anụ ọhịa Uganda mere mkpebi igbu anụmanụ ahụ, ebe obodo ahụ were iwe ma ọnọdụ ahụ adịla ize ndụ. A na-eche na ọ si n'ebe Nchekwa Anụmanụ Kagera dị na Tanzania kwata.<ref>{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|title=Stray lion in Isingiro District|date=2015|url=http://www.pearlofafricatours.com/blog/108-lion-escapes-from-park-injures-three-people-before-being-gunned-down.html|work=Uganda Wildlife Authority|accessdate=2 May 2021}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Impalas_sleeping_at_night_in_Lake_Mburo_National_Park.jpg|thumb|Ụmụ anụmanụ Impala na-ehi ụra n'abalị na Ọdọ Mmiri Mburo National Park]] Nsogbu ndị na-azụ anụ n'ogige ahụ na-enwe bụ mgbanwe dị n'ebe obibi ha na-eme ka oge na-aga. Ọtụtụ ebe ndị bụbu ala ahịhịa n'ogige ahụ agbanweela ghọọ ọhịa ma ọ bụ oke ọhịa ka ụdị osisi ọhịa ndị a na-akpọ Acacia hockii chịburu ebe ndị a. Acacia n'onwe ya na-echebe ụdị osisi na osisi ndị ọzọ, bụ́ ndị na-eto ngwa ngwa ma dịkwa oke ibu. Nkụkọ ọhịa a na-amanye anụmanụ ịbanye n'ọhịa na ala nkeonwe gbara ya gburugburu, na-eme ka a kpọọ ha asị dị ka ihe na-akpata ahụhụ. Gọọmentị agbalịala ịhazi ebe ndị a ka ha bụrụ ebe a na-achịkwa ịchụ nta maka ịchụ nta trophy, mana ndị nwe ala na-eme mkpesa na ego a na-enweta na-emefu na ọrụ obodo dịka ụlọ akwụkwọ, ebe ahụike na okporo ụzọ kama idozi nsogbu nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu sitere na anụmanụ nwere nsogbu. Ịzụta ihe na-egwupụta ihe maka ijikwa ebe obibi, usoro dị iche iche nke ọkụ ọhịa, ịgba ogige, ịkwaga anụmanụ ndị gabigara ókè, ịzụ anụ ọhịa maka ụlọ ọrụ ịchụ nta, njem nlegharị anya obodo, inye ikike maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ịchụ nta egwuregwu na ịbawanye oke nwere ike ibelata nke a; A na-ekwe ka ndị obodo ahụ kpụrụ osisi acacia ka ha wee bụrụ nkụ, mana nke a emeghị nke ọma. A na-ewere hyenas na Cape bushbuck dịka anụmanụ nwere nsogbu. == Leekwa == * Mpaghara Mbarara * Mpaghara Masaka == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.ugandawildlife.org/news-a-updates-2/uwa-news/item/381-giraffes-will-be-translocated-to-lake-mburo-national-park Giraffes will be translocated to Lake Mburo National Park] Archived 2017-06-22 at the Wayback Machine * [http://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/lake-mburo-national-park Official government site] Archived 2021-10-05 at the Wayback Machine h2cdtrh3ndxxmndabz8txm5fxoy3tql 672207 672203 2026-07-04T13:06:26Z Vivian Amalachukwu 17172 Fixed reference error 672207 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ogige Mba nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mburo''' bụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba dị na Nyabushozi County, Kiruhura District na [[Uganda]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Lake Mburo National Park|url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1090848|accessdate=2023-01-24|work=New Vision}}</ref> == Ọnọdụ == Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mburo dị na Mpaghara Kiruhura dị na Mpaghara Ọdịda Anyanwụ nke Uganda, ihe dị ka kilomita 30 (mile 19) n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Mbarara na ihe dị ka kilomita 240 (mile 150) n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kampala.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|date=2021|title=Districts bordering Lake Mburo park want wildlife law amended|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/districts-bordering-lake-mburo-park-want-wildlife-law-amended-1614722|accessdate=2023-01-24|work=Monitor}}</ref> == Akụkọ ihe mere eme == E hiwere Ọdọ Mmiri Mburo na mbụ n'afọ 1933 dị ka ebe a na-achụ nta ma kwalite ya ka ọ bụrụ ebe a na-echekwa anụ ọhịa na 1963.<ref name="Mallarach">{{Cite book|author=Mallarach|first=J.-M.|title=Protected landscapes and cultural & spiritual values|year=2008|publisher=[[World Conservation Union]]|location=Heidelberg|isbn=978-3925064609|pages=132–134}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|date=2021|title=The alluring Lake Mburo National Park|url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/lifestyle/travel/the-alluring-lake-mburo-national-park-1691562|accessdate=2023-01-24|work=Monitor|language=en}}</ref> Ndị na-azụ anụ ụlọ bụ ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ, ndị na-azụ ehi Ankole, ma ka na-azụkwa ha.<ref name="Mallarach" /> Ndị bi ebe ahụ nọgidere na-azụ ehi ha n'ebe nchekwa ahụ, ihe mere ndị ọdịda anyanwụ na-akwado nchekwa kpọrọ ha "ndị mwakpo" na 1981, mana a chụpụrụ ha n'ala ha mgbe e kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ ogige ntụrụndụ mba na 1983, dịka ụfọdụ ndị West tụrụ anya ya.<ref name=":4" /><ref name="Mallarach" /><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Malpas|first=R.|date=1981|title=Elephant Losses in Uganda – and Some Gains|journal=Oryx|volume=16|issue=1|pages=41–44|doi=10.1017/S0030605300016720}}</ref> Mkpebi nkwalite nke gọọmentị Obote bụ, n'otu akụkụ, iji mee ka Banyankole ghara ịdị ike, bụ́ ndị kwadoro ndị nnupụisi na-emegide Obote. Ọ bịara n'oge agha Bonanza nke gburu mmadụ 300,000 n'oge agha Uganda Bush. Ebe ọ bụ na a naghị akwụ ndị na-azụ anụmanụ a chụpụrụ ụgwọ maka ala ịta nri furu efu ma ọ bụ nyere ha aka ibi n'ụlọ ọzọ, ọtụtụ ndị ka na-emegide nkwalite ahụ. E kewara ala ubi dị n'èzí ogige ahụ n'ime obere ubi na ala ubi ugbo.<ref name="Mallarach" /> Na 1985, ọchịchị nke abụọ nke Obote dara, ndị bibu na Lake Mburo weghaara ala ogige ahụ ọzọ, chụpụ ndị ọrụ ogige ahụ, bibie akụrụngwa, ma gbuo anụ ọhịa. Ọchịchị National Resistance Movement mechara degharịa ihe na-erughị ọkara nke ala mbụ nke ogige ahụ na 1986.<ref name="Mallarach" /> N'ime ogige ahụ, e nwere ebe ndị dị mkpa n'ọdịnala, dịka Rubanga, ebe a na-achụrụ chi àjà n'oge gara aga; Ruroko bụ ebe Bachwezi nke dị na akụkọ ifo bi, ebe Kigarama bụ ebe ndị ohu eze na-anọkarị. == Anụ ọhịa == [[Faịlụ:Mpala_found_at_Lake_Mburo_National_park.png|alt=added image|thumb|Impala dị na Ọdọ Mmiri Mba Mburo]] [[Faịlụ:Rothschild_Giraffe.png|thumb|Giraffe Rothschild dị na Ọdọ Mmiri Mburo National Park]] Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nabatara [[zebra]], hippopotamus, impala, warthog, common eland, African buffalo na ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 300. Ndị na-eri anụ nwere ike ịgụnye [[Odúm|lion]], [[Ágụ|leopard]], hyena, genet, African civet, jackals na serval, kemgbe015, e nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Rothschild's giraffes. IUCN weere mpaghara nchekwa ahụ dị ka 'ngalaba nchekwa ọdụm' na 2005,<ref>{{Cite book|author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group|year=2006|title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa|publisher=IUCN|location=Pretoria, South Africa}}</ref> n'agbanyeghị na ọdụm anaghịzi eme ebe a. Ndị obodo ahụ gburu ọdụm n'afọ 1980, mana e nwere akụkọ na mbido afọ 2015 na otu ọdụm na-agagharị n'ógbè Miriti, Kashara, Warukiri na Rwonyo. Ebe ọ bụ na ndị bi ebe ahụ weere nke a dị ka ihe na-akpata nsogbu, ihe ngwọta e nyere bụ ibuga ọdụm ahụ n'ogige anụmanụ. N'otu oge ahụ, ndị na-ahụ maka ogige ntụrụndụ tinyere echiche nke iweghachi ọdụm n'ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ. Ọdụm ahụ na-agagharị n'ógbè ahụ mechara wakpo ma merụọ mmadụ atọ ahụ, nke mere ka ìgwè mmadụ buru ibu nke obodo ahụ iwe jiri nkume na osisi chụsoo anụmanụ ahụ. Ndị ọrụ anụ ọhịa Uganda mere mkpebi igbu anụmanụ ahụ, ebe obodo ahụ were iwe ma ọnọdụ ahụ adịla ize ndụ. A na-eche na ọ si n'ebe Nchekwa Anụmanụ Kagera dị na Tanzania kwata.<ref>{{Cite news|author=<!--Staff writer(s)/no by-line.-->|title=Stray lion in Isingiro District|date=2015|url=http://www.pearlofafricatours.com/blog/108-lion-escapes-from-park-injures-three-people-before-being-gunned-down.html|work=Uganda Wildlife Authority|accessdate=2 May 2021}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Impalas_sleeping_at_night_in_Lake_Mburo_National_Park.jpg|thumb|Ụmụ anụmanụ Impala na-ehi ụra n'abalị na Ọdọ Mmiri Mburo National Park]] Nsogbu ndị na-azụ anụ n'ogige ahụ na-enwe bụ mgbanwe dị n'ebe obibi ha na-eme ka oge na-aga. Ọtụtụ ebe ndị bụbu ala ahịhịa n'ogige ahụ agbanweela ghọọ ọhịa ma ọ bụ oke ọhịa ka ụdị osisi ọhịa ndị a na-akpọ Acacia hockii chịburu ebe ndị a. Acacia n'onwe ya na-echebe ụdị osisi na osisi ndị ọzọ, bụ́ ndị na-eto ngwa ngwa ma dịkwa oke ibu. Nkụkọ ọhịa a na-amanye anụmanụ ịbanye n'ọhịa na ala nkeonwe gbara ya gburugburu, na-eme ka a kpọọ ha asị dị ka ihe na-akpata ahụhụ. Gọọmentị agbalịala ịhazi ebe ndị a ka ha bụrụ ebe a na-achịkwa ịchụ nta maka ịchụ nta trophy, mana ndị nwe ala na-eme mkpesa na ego a na-enweta na-emefu na ọrụ obodo dịka ụlọ akwụkwọ, ebe ahụike na okporo ụzọ kama idozi nsogbu nke ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu sitere na anụmanụ nwere nsogbu. Ịzụta ihe na-egwupụta ihe maka ijikwa ebe obibi, usoro dị iche iche nke ọkụ ọhịa, ịgba ogige, ịkwaga anụmanụ ndị gabigara ókè, ịzụ anụ ọhịa maka ụlọ ọrụ ịchụ nta, njem nlegharị anya obodo, inye ikike maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ịchụ nta egwuregwu na ịbawanye oke nwere ike ibelata nke a; A na-ekwe ka ndị obodo ahụ kpụrụ osisi acacia ka ha wee bụrụ nkụ, mana nke a emeghị nke ọma. A na-ewere hyenas na Cape bushbuck dịka anụmanụ nwere nsogbu. == Leekwa == * Mpaghara Mbarara * Mpaghara Masaka == Edensibia == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [http://www.ugandawildlife.org/news-a-updates-2/uwa-news/item/381-giraffes-will-be-translocated-to-lake-mburo-national-park Giraffes will be translocated to Lake Mburo National Park] Archived 2017-06-22 at the Wayback Machine * [http://www.ugandawildlife.org/explore-our-parks/parks-by-name-a-z/lake-mburo-national-park Official government site] Archived 2021-10-05 at the Wayback Machine 6vf6u93cpglan8fiw9948oz7jknwjjn 0 77424 672235 2026-07-04T13:27:18Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1253845398|Dungonab Bay]]" 672235 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Dungonab Bay'''<ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web|url=http://mapcarta.com/13097906|title=Dungunāb|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=14 October 2016}}</ref> or '''Dongonab Bay''' (Arabic: خليج دونجوناب ''Ḫalīj Dūnjūnāb'') bụ mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Sudan n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Uhie. == Ọdịdị ala == Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Dungonab dị n'akụkụ ndịda ma dị kilomita 130 n'ebe ugwu nke Port Sudan. Akụkụ etiti ya, Ọdọ mmiri Rawayah, gbara ya gburugburu site na nkume coral. Tinyere Agwaetiti Mukkawar na Sanganeb (ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ nke coral reef), a kpọrọ mpaghara ahụ Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Dungonab - Ogige Mmiri nke Mukkawar Island ma ghọọ Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa na 2016. A họpụtara ya dị ka ebe a na-echEbe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2009.&nbsp; === Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa === BirdLife International akpọọla mpaghara dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, gụnyere mangrove nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, tinyere agwaetiti Mukkawar, Mayetib na Taila na mmiri ndị dị ya nso, Mpaghara Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) n'ihi na ha na-akwado ọtụtụ ndị bi ebe ahụ ma ọ bụ na-azụlite ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa ájá a kpara akpa, nnụnụ gull na-acha ọcha, obere anụ terns, sooty falcons, nnukwu anụ hoopoe-larks, larks bar-tailed na desert, babblers fulfous na ọka wit-crowned white-crowned.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/mukawwar-island-and-dunganab-bay-iba-sudan|title=Mukawwar island and Dunganab bay|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-09-08}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Nchịkọta Ogige Ntụrụndụ Africa * Ndepụta nke Ebe Nketa Ụwa na Africa * Ndepụta nke Ebe Nketa Ụwa na Arab States == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ogige Ntụrụndụ Sanganeb Marine na Dungonab Bay - Ogige Ntụndụ Okike Okike Okpokọta UNESCO na Google Arts na Ọdịbendị k35f2u5dcxj6bldn056hfajjuu0hyaa 672272 672235 2026-07-04T13:45:39Z Adimora chidinma 15845 672272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Marine national park of Sudan}} {{Infobox body of water | name= Dungonab Bay | native_name = {{native name list |tag1=ar |name1=خليج دونجوناب |tag2=ar-Latn |name2=Ḫalīj Dūnjūnāb }} | other_name = Dungunāb Bay | image = | caption = | pushpin_map = Sudan | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Sudan | coords= {{coord|21|0|N|37|11|E|type:waterbody_scale:2000000|display=inline,title}} | rivers= | oceans=[[Red Sea]] | countries= [[Sudan]] | length ={{convert|33|km|abbr=on}} | width ={{convert|12|km|abbr=on}} | area= | frozen= | islands=Numerous<ref name="GE">[[GoogleEarth]]</ref> | cities= | embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | child = yes | part_of = "Dungonab Bay – [[Mukkawar Island Marine National Park]]" part of ''[[Sanganeb Marine National Park]] and Dungonab Bay – Mukkawar Island Marine National Park'' | criteria = {{UNESCO WHS type|(vii), (ix), (x)}}(vii), (ix), (x) | ID = 262rev-002 | year = 2016}} {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Dongonab Bay-Marsa Waiai | designation1_date = 2 February 2009 | designation1_number = 1859<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Dongonab Bay-Marsa Waiai|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/1859|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }} '''Dungonab Bay'''<ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web|url=http://mapcarta.com/13097906|title=Dungunāb|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=14 October 2016}}</ref> ma ọ bụ '''Dongonab Bay'''<ref name="geo">[http://www.geographic.org/geographic_names/name.php?uni=-7217&fid=5856&c=sudan Dongonab Bay, Sudan - Geographical Names ]</ref> (Arabic: خليج دونجوناب ''Ḫalīj Dūnjūnāb'') bụ mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Sudan n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Uhie. == Ọdịdị ala == Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Dungonab dị n'akụkụ ndịda ma dị kilomita 130 n'ebe ugwu nke Port Sudan. Akụkụ etiti ya, Ọdọ mmiri Rawayah, gbara ya gburugburu site na nkume coral. Tinyere Agwaetiti Mukkawar na Sanganeb (ebe dịpụrụ adịpụ nke coral reef), a kpọrọ mpaghara ahụ Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Dungonab - Ogige Mmiri nke Mukkawar Island ma ghọọ Ebe Ihe Nketa Ụwa na 2016. <ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/262 UNESCO - Sanganeb Marine National Park and Dungonab Bay – Mukkawar Island Marine National Park]</ref> A họpụtara ya dị ka ebe a na-echEbe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2009.&nbsp;<ref name="RSIS"/> === Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa === BirdLife International akpọọla mpaghara dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, gụnyere mangrove nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, tinyere agwaetiti Mukkawar, Mayetib na Taila na mmiri ndị dị ya nso, Mpaghara Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa (IBA) n'ihi na ha na-akwado ọtụtụ ndị bi ebe ahụ ma ọ bụ na-azụlite ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa ájá a kpara akpa, nnụnụ gull na-acha ọcha, obere anụ terns, sooty falcons, nnukwu anụ hoopoe-larks, larks bar-tailed na desert, babblers fulfous na ọka wit-crowned white-crowned.<ref name="bli">{{Cite web|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/mukawwar-island-and-dunganab-bay-iba-sudan|title=Mukawwar island and Dunganab bay|author=<!--Not stated-->|date=2024|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=2024-09-08}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Nchịkọta Ogige Ntụrụndụ Africa * Ndepụta nke Ebe Nketa Ụwa na Africa * Ndepụta nke Ebe Nketa Ụwa na Arab States == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * Ogige Ntụrụndụ Sanganeb Marine na Dungonab Bay - Ogige Ntụndụ Okike Okike Okpokọta UNESCO na Google Arts na Ọdịbendị bvte895fpiljl2o6xgmkpfaeuyna4ry 0 77425 672287 2026-07-04T13:50:04Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1197272130|Gulf of 'Agig]]" 672287 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọwara Oké Osimiri 'Agig''' ma ọ bụ '''Khalig 'Agig''', <ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web|url=http://mapcarta.com/13102972|title=Khalig ‘Agig|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=14 October 2016}}</ref> nke a na-akpọkwa '''ʿAqīq''' ma ọ bụ '''Akik''', bụ mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Sudan]] n'[[Red Sea|Oké Osimiri Uhie]]. A họpụtara ya dị ka ebe a na-echEbe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2009. == Ọdịdị ala == Ọwara Oké Osimiri ‘Agig dị n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ ma dị kilomita 160 n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Port Sudan. O nwere obere agwaetiti n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ya, Agwaetiti ‘Amarāt dị nso n'ọnụ ya, na obere Agwaetiti Hayyis Wa Karai dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ya, dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri.<ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web|url=http://mapcarta.com/13102972|title=Khalig ‘Agig|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=14 October 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://mapcarta.com/13102972 "Khalig 'Agig"]. </cite></ref>&nbsp; == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} 3hfqhanmkadaqgi9s9uvtkfs5fckgst 672289 672287 2026-07-04T13:50:43Z Adimora chidinma 15845 672289 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Ọwara Oké Osimiri 'Agig''' ma ọ bụ '''Khalig 'Agig''', <ref name="mapcarta" /> nke a na-akpọkwa '''ʿAqīq''' ma ọ bụ '''Akik''', bụ mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri [[Sudan]] n'[[Red Sea|Oké Osimiri Uhie]]. A họpụtara ya dị ka ebe a na-echEbe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2009. == Ọdịdị ala == Ọwara Oké Osimiri ‘Agig dị n'akụkụ ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ ma dị kilomita 160 n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Port Sudan. O nwere obere agwaetiti n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ya, Agwaetiti ‘Amarāt dị nso n'ọnụ ya, na obere Agwaetiti Hayyis Wa Karai dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ ya, dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri.<ref name="mapcarta">{{Cite web|url=http://mapcarta.com/13102972|title=Khalig ‘Agig|work=Mapcarta|accessdate=14 October 2016}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[http://mapcarta.com/13102972 "Khalig 'Agig"]. </cite></ref>&nbsp; == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} trvd6rl9eahdlc7tjpo0qexf8pa0bvm 0 77426 672328 2026-07-04T14:16:21Z Mirah50 16972 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354441098|Eri Saikawa]]" 672328 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Eri Saikawa''' bụ prọfesọ na Ngalaba Sayensị Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Mahadum Emory. Ọrụ ya dabere na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche. Ọ natala ihe nrite nyocha na onyinye site n'aka National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), na United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). == Ọrụ == N'agbata afọ 2013–2015, Saikawa duru ọrụ nyocha na mpaghara Nam Co dị na Tibet, ebe ya na ndị otu ya nyochachara mmetọ ikuku ezinụlọ na mwepụta ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ sitere n'ịkụ nsị yak dị ka mmanụ ọkụ. Nchọpụta ahụ, nke mbụ kpughere oke ịdị ukwuu nke obere irighiri ihe ize ndụ nke dị n'ụlọ ndị mmadụ, mechaa gbasaa gaa na nyocha sara mbara nke ngalaba kemistri ikuku, sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na amụma sayensị , iji gbalịa idozi nsogbu ahụ nke ọma. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yak dung burning pollutes indoor air of Tibetan households|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/640166|accessdate=2023-01-13|work=EurekAlert!|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Clark|first=Carol|title=Yak dung burning pollutes indoor air of Tibetan households|url=https://phys.org/news/2015-01-yak-dung-pollutes-indoor-air.html|accessdate=2023-01-13|work=phys.org|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Holthaus|first=Eric|date=2014-12-04|title=Yak Dung Is Making Climate Change Worse, and There's No Easy Solution|url=https://slate.com/technology/2014/12/yak-dung-is-making-climate-change-worse-and-new-cookstoves-dont-help.html|accessdate=2023-01-13|work=Slate Magazine|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ Saikawa dabere n'ịmụ banyere nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ndị [[China]] na-eche ihu. O jiri data sitere na nnyocha Christine Wiedinmyer na National Center for Atmospheric Research mee ihe nlere Anya nke usoro mmetọ na China ma nyochaa otu ịkpọ ahịhịa ọkụ si enye aka n'ịbawanye oke mmetọ ikuku. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Central|first=Andrea Thompson,Climate|title=Burning Trash Bad for Humans and Global Warming|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/burning-trash-bad-for-humans-and-global-warming/|accessdate=2023-01-13|work=Scientific American|language=en}}</ref> Na 2019, Saikawa na otu nwa akwụkwọ mere nnyocha na mpaghara Westside dị na [[Atlanta]], ebe ha chịkọtara ihe nlele aja nke gosipụtara oke ịdị elu nke ọla led. Nchọpụta ha mere ka [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States|Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchedo Gburugburu]] Ebe Obibi mara maka nsogbu ahụ, ha kpọpụtara ihe karịrị ụlọ na ala 1,000 na mpaghara ahụ dịka ebe Superfund iji belata ihe iyi egwu nke mmetọ ahụ (nke sitere na slag, otu n'ime ihe ndị sitere na ngbaze ọla). Saikawa anọgidewo na-arụ ọrụ ya n'ime obodo Westside, ya na ndị obodo na-arụkọ ọrụ iji dozie okwu mmetọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kodas|first=Michael|date=2022-08-07|title=Progress in Baby Steps: Westside Atlanta Lead Cleanup Slowly Earns Trust With Help From Local Institutions|url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/07082022/baby-steps-westside-atlanta-lead-cleanup-trust-local-institutions/|accessdate=2023-01-13|work=Inside Climate News|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2014 na 2015, Saikawa nwetere ihe nrite Emory Sustainability Innovator Award maka onyinye ya na ngalaba sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Awards and Competitions – Emory Office of Sustainability Initiatives|url=https://sustainability.emory.edu/get-involved/contests-and-recognition/|accessdate=2023-01-13|work=sustainability.emory.edu}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] duk3ldf1gxzlysz4tiu8be3mkueiptl 672332 672328 2026-07-04T14:17:23Z Mirah50 16972 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 672332 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Eri Saikawa''' bụ prọfesọ na Ngalaba Sayensị Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Mahadum Emory. Ọrụ ya dabere na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi dị iche iche. Ọ natala ihe nrite nyocha na onyinye site n'aka National Science Foundation (NSF), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), na United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). == Ọrụ == N'agbata afọ 2013–2015, Saikawa duru ọrụ nyocha na mpaghara Nam Co dị na Tibet, ebe ya na ndị otu ya nyochachara mmetọ ikuku ezinụlọ na mwepụta ikuku dị n'ime ụlọ sitere n'ịkụ nsị yak dị ka mmanụ ọkụ. Nchọpụta ahụ, nke mbụ kpughere oke ịdị ukwuu nke obere irighiri ihe ize ndụ nke dị n'ụlọ ndị mmadụ, mechaa gbasaa gaa na nyocha sara mbara nke ngalaba kemistri ikuku, sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, na amụma sayensị , iji gbalịa idozi nsogbu ahụ nke ọma. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Yak dung burning pollutes indoor air of Tibetan households|url=https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/640166|accessdate=2023-01-13|work=EurekAlert!|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Clark|first=Carol|title=Yak dung burning pollutes indoor air of Tibetan households|url=https://phys.org/news/2015-01-yak-dung-pollutes-indoor-air.html|accessdate=2023-01-13|work=phys.org|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Holthaus|first=Eric|date=2014-12-04|title=Yak Dung Is Making Climate Change Worse, and There's No Easy Solution|url=https://slate.com/technology/2014/12/yak-dung-is-making-climate-change-worse-and-new-cookstoves-dont-help.html|accessdate=2023-01-13|work=Slate Magazine|language=en}}</ref> Ọrụ Saikawa dabere n'ịmụ banyere nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ndị [[China]] na-eche ihu. O jiri data sitere na nnyocha Christine Wiedinmyer na National Center for Atmospheric Research mee ihe nlere Anya nke usoro mmetọ na China ma nyochaa otu ịkpọ ahịhịa ọkụ si enye aka n'ịbawanye oke mmetọ ikuku. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Central|first=Andrea Thompson,Climate|title=Burning Trash Bad for Humans and Global Warming|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/burning-trash-bad-for-humans-and-global-warming/|accessdate=2023-01-13|work=Scientific American|language=en}}</ref> Na 2019, Saikawa na otu nwa akwụkwọ mere nnyocha na mpaghara Westside dị na [[Atlanta]], ebe ha chịkọtara ihe nlele aja nke gosipụtara oke ịdị elu nke ọla led. Nchọpụta ha mere ka [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke United States|Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchedo Gburugburu]] Ebe Obibi mara maka nsogbu ahụ, ha kpọpụtara ihe karịrị ụlọ na ala 1,000 na mpaghara ahụ dịka ebe Superfund iji belata ihe iyi egwu nke mmetọ ahụ (nke sitere na slag, otu n'ime ihe ndị sitere na ngbaze ọla). Saikawa anọgidewo na-arụ ọrụ ya n'ime obodo Westside, ya na ndị obodo na-arụkọ ọrụ iji dozie okwu mmetọ ahụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kodas|first=Michael|date=2022-08-07|title=Progress in Baby Steps: Westside Atlanta Lead Cleanup Slowly Earns Trust With Help From Local Institutions|url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/07082022/baby-steps-westside-atlanta-lead-cleanup-trust-local-institutions/|accessdate=2023-01-13|work=Inside Climate News|language=en-US}}</ref> N'afọ 2014 na 2015, Saikawa nwetere ihe nrite Emory Sustainability Innovator Award maka onyinye ya na ngalaba sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Annual Awards and Competitions – Emory Office of Sustainability Initiatives|url=https://sustainability.emory.edu/get-involved/contests-and-recognition/|accessdate=2023-01-13|work=sustainability.emory.edu}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Saikawa, Eri}} [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] okpvmy0ksm4x442n62nca4fsxlmiurk 0 77427 672346 2026-07-04T14:29:13Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311242444|Machar Marshes]]" 672346 wikitext text/x-wiki Machar Marshes bụ nnukwu Ala mmiri dị na steeti Upper Nile, [[South Sudan]]. Atụmatụ nke ogo ha dịgasị iche. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 1950 mere ka ebe ahụ dị puku kilomita isii na narị ise. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 1980 mere ka ebe a na-eme ka mmiri dị na 8,700 km^², nke 60% n'ime ya bụ ahịhịa na ọhịa.&nbsp;&nbsp; A na-enye mmiri sitere na Khor Machar (nke na-ekesa osimiri Baro), Osimiri Yabus na Osimiri Daga. N'oge mmiri dị elu, a na-erikwa ha site na mwụfu sitere na Osimiri Pibor. Osimiri Adar na-ekpochapụ ala mmiri ndị ahụ, nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl na-acha ọcha == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite book|author=Sutcliffe|first=J.V.|title=The Hydrology of the Nile|year=1999|chapter=The Sobat Basin and the Machar Marshes|url=http://iahs.info/bluebooks/SP005/BB_005_0103.pdf|accessdate=2011-07-22}} * {{Cite web|author=P.P. Howell and Mahmoud Eff. Abu Sineina|title=Game in the Machar Marshes|year=c. 1951|url=http://www.sudanarchive.net/cgi-bin/pagessoa?a=pdf&d=Dunepd77&dl=1|accessdate=2011-07-22}} 2wnt7st49m0bn7mdhcbmka3f39itfrb 672355 672346 2026-07-04T14:36:01Z Adimora chidinma 15845 672355 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Machar Marshes''' bụ nnukwu mpaghara nke [[Mmiri mmiri|ala mmiri]] na steeti Upper Nile, [[South Sudan]]. Atụmatụ nha ha dị iche iche. Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 1950 gosiri na ebe ala mmiri ahụ dị puku isii na narị ise 6,500 &nbsp;km².<ref>Sutcliffe and Parks, p.107</ref> Nnyocha e mere n'afọ 1980 gosiri na ebe apịtị na-adịgide adịgide dị. 8,700&nbsp;km², 60% nke ahịhịa na oke ọhịa dị n'ime ya.<ref>Sutcliffe and Parks, p.113</ref> A na-enye mmiri sitere na Khor Machar (nke na-ekesa osimiri Baro), Osimiri Yabus na Osimiri Daga. N'oge mmiri dị elu, a na-erikwa ha site na mwụfu sitere na Osimiri Pibor. Osimiri Adar na-ekpochapụ ala mmiri ndị ahụ, nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri Naịl na-acha ọcha == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * {{Cite book|author=Sutcliffe|first=J.V.|title=The Hydrology of the Nile|year=1999|chapter=The Sobat Basin and the Machar Marshes|url=http://iahs.info/bluebooks/SP005/BB_005_0103.pdf|accessdate=2011-07-22}} * {{Cite web|author=P.P. Howell and Mahmoud Eff. Abu Sineina|title=Game in the Machar Marshes|year=c. 1951|url=http://www.sudanarchive.net/cgi-bin/pagessoa?a=pdf&d=Dunepd77&dl=1|accessdate=2011-07-22}} 3khb1lf6kewat85ap7neu7b78qhi2le 0 77428 672362 2026-07-04T14:50:47Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346315355|Agulhas Plain]]" 672362 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Cape_Agulhas,_South_Africa_(ASTER).jpg|thumb|459x459px]]   Agulhas Plain bụ usoro mmiri mmiri dị mgbagwoju anya nke dị na Overberg na nsọtụ ndịda [[Afrịka]]. Ọ na-amalite n'ebe ugwu nke Bredasdorp, ma gbasaa ruo n'akụkụ ndịda nke Calhas. Mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ dị nso na Gansbaai. A họpụtara mpaghara ahụ dị ka ebe a na-echEbe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2026. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị osisi ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ógbè ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a anaghị ahụ n'ọhịa steeti na ebe nchekwa okike nke onwe n'akụkụ osimiri, mana ha na-eto n'ime ime obodo. == Flora == A chọtara ụdị lily fynbos ọhụrụ, lily Afọ Ọhụrụ (Cyrtanthus novus-annus), n'ebe a na-echekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ n'Agulhas Plain. . == Ala Dị Larịị nke Paleo-Agulhas == Ala dị arịị Paleo-Agulhas nke dị na South Africa ugbu a nwere usoro okike dị iche iche, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa maka ụmụ mmadụ mbụ. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} lxxgi5q0yg14aexnbbmxp74w4vpsosw 672363 672362 2026-07-04T14:51:00Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346315355|Agulhas Plain]]" 672363 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Cape_Agulhas,_South_Africa_(ASTER).jpg|thumb|459x459px]]   Agulhas Plain bụ usoro mmiri mmiri dị mgbagwoju anya nke dị na Overberg na nsọtụ ndịda [[Afrịka]]. Ọ na-amalite n'ebe ugwu nke Bredasdorp, ma gbasaa ruo n'akụkụ ndịda nke Calhas. Mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ dị nso na Gansbaai. A họpụtara mpaghara ahụ dị ka ebe a na-echEbe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2026. E nwere ọtụtụ ụdị osisi ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ógbè ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a anaghị ahụ n'ọhịa steeti na ebe nchekwa okike nke onwe n'akụkụ osimiri, mana ha na-eto n'ime ime obodo. == Flora == A chọtara ụdị lily fynbos ọhụrụ, lily Afọ Ọhụrụ (Cyrtanthus novus-annus), n'ebe a na-echekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ n'Agulhas Plain. . == Ala Dị Larịị nke Paleo-Agulhas == Ala dị arịị Paleo-Agulhas nke dị na South Africa ugbu a nwere usoro okike dị iche iche, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa maka ụmụ mmadụ mbụ. == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * https://www.agulhasplainbirding.co.za/birdreport.php?report=agulhas_plain&heading=Bird%20list%20of%20the%20Agulhas%20Plain%20Project * [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-showing-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-show-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037] lovo1lq4qv7aogw3fsgucbp7p8fx92u 672364 672363 2026-07-04T14:59:04Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1346315355|Agulhas Plain]]" 672364 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Cape_Agulhas,_South_Africa_(ASTER).jpg|thumb|459x459px]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Agulhas Plain bụ usoro mmiri mmiri dị mgbagwoju anya nke dị na Overberg na nsọtụ ndịda [[Afrịka]]. Ọ na-amalite n'ebe ugwu nke Bredasdorp, ma gbasaa ruo n'akụkụ ndịda nke Calhas. Mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ dị nso na Gansbaai. A họpụtara mpaghara ahụ dị ka ebe a na-echEbe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2026. qE nwere ọtụtụ ụdị osisi ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ógbè ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a anaghị ahụ n'ọhịa steeti na ebe nchekwa okike nke onwe n'akụkụ osimiri, mana ha na-eto n'ime ime obodo. == Flora == A chọtara ụdị lily fynbos ọhụrụ, lily Afọ Ọhụrụ (Cyrtanthus novus-annus), n'ebe a na-echekwa ihe ndị dị ndụ n'Agulhas Plain. . == Ala Dị Larịị nke Paleo-Agulhas == Ala dị arịị Paleo-Agulhas nke dị na South Africa ugbu a nwere usoro okike dị iche iche, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa maka ụmụ mmadụ mbụ. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * https://www.agulhasplainbirding.co.za/birdreport.php?report=agulhas_plain&heading=Bird%20list%20of%20the%20Agulhas%20Plain%20Project * [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-showing-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-show-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037] eclllcq3zg5c4ehzfwpmxmx6qz2sp0g 672369 672364 2026-07-04T15:05:54Z Adimora chidinma 15845 672369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Agulhas Plain | designation1_date = 2 February 2026 | designation1_number = 2587<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Agulhas Plain|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2587|access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>}} [[Faịlụ:Cape_Agulhas,_South_Africa_(ASTER).jpg|thumb|459x459px]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Agulhas Plain bụ usoro mmiri mmiri dị mgbagwoju anya nke dị na Overberg na nsọtụ ndịda [[Afrịka]].<ref>https://fynbos.saeon.ac.za/?p=3172</ref><ref>https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2222-34362013000200005</ref> Ọ na-amalite n'ebe ugwu nke Bredasdorp, ma gbasaa ruo n'akụkụ ndịda nke Calhas. Mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ dị nso na Gansbaai. A họpụtara mpaghara ahụ dị ka ebe a na-echEbe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2026.<ref name="RSIS"/> qE nwere ọtụtụ ụdị osisi ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ógbè ahụ.<ref>https://www.birdlife.org.za/iba-directory/agulhas-plain-heuningnes-estuary/</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a anaghị ahụ n'ọhịa steeti na ebe nchekwa okike nke onwe n'akụkụ osimiri, mana ha na-eto n'ime ime obodo.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/science/conservation-ecology/Protecting-species#ref959928</ref><ref>https://nuwejaars.com/crew-why-the-agulhas-plain-is-a-plant-priority/</ref> == Flora == A chọtara ụdị lily ọhụrụ [[fynbos]], lily Afọ Ọhụrụ (''[[Cyrtanthus novus-annus]]''), n'ebe a na-echekwa ihe ndị dị n'Agulhas Plain<ref>https://mg.co.za/top-six/2022-05-30-new-fynbos-lily-discovered-at-southern-tip-of-africa/</ref> na ụdị anụmanụ ahụ ''[[Hermannia concinnifolia]]'' a na-ahụkarị na mbara ala.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-showing-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037</ref> == Ala Dị Larịị nke Paleo-Agulhas == Ala dị arịị Paleo-Agulhas nke dị na South Africa ugbu a nwere usoro okike dị iche iche, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa maka ụmụ mmadụ mbụ. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * https://www.agulhasplainbirding.co.za/birdreport.php?report=agulhas_plain&heading=Bird%20list%20of%20the%20Agulhas%20Plain%20Project * [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-showing-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-show-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037] la75c4vskm2x7j87as5r2vg6hdh5hxi 672370 672369 2026-07-04T15:16:58Z Adimora chidinma 15845 /* Flora */ 672370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Agulhas Plain | designation1_date = 2 February 2026 | designation1_number = 2587<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Agulhas Plain|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2587|access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>}} [[Faịlụ:Cape_Agulhas,_South_Africa_(ASTER).jpg|thumb|459x459px]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Agulhas Plain bụ usoro mmiri mmiri dị mgbagwoju anya nke dị na Overberg na nsọtụ ndịda [[Afrịka]].<ref>https://fynbos.saeon.ac.za/?p=3172</ref><ref>https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2222-34362013000200005</ref> Ọ na-amalite n'ebe ugwu nke Bredasdorp, ma gbasaa ruo n'akụkụ ndịda nke Calhas. Mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ dị nso na Gansbaai. A họpụtara mpaghara ahụ dị ka ebe a na-echEbe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2026.<ref name="RSIS"/> qE nwere ọtụtụ ụdị osisi ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ógbè ahụ.<ref>https://www.birdlife.org.za/iba-directory/agulhas-plain-heuningnes-estuary/</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a anaghị ahụ n'ọhịa steeti na ebe nchekwa okike nke onwe n'akụkụ osimiri, mana ha na-eto n'ime ime obodo.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/science/conservation-ecology/Protecting-species#ref959928</ref><ref>https://nuwejaars.com/crew-why-the-agulhas-plain-is-a-plant-priority/</ref> == Flora == A chọtara ụdị lily ọhụrụ fynbos, lily Afọ Ọhụrụ (''Cyrtanthus novus-annus''), n'ebe a na-echekwa ihe ndị dị n'Agulhas Plain<ref>https://mg.co.za/top-six/2022-05-30-new-fynbos-lily-discovered-at-southern-tip-of-africa/</ref> na ụdị anụmanụ ahụ ''Hermannia concinnifolia'' a na-ahụkarị na mbara ala.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-showing-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037</ref> == Ala Dị Larịị nke Paleo-Agulhas == Ala dị arịị Paleo-Agulhas nke dị na South Africa ugbu a nwere usoro okike dị iche iche, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa maka ụmụ mmadụ mbụ. == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * https://www.agulhasplainbirding.co.za/birdreport.php?report=agulhas_plain&heading=Bird%20list%20of%20the%20Agulhas%20Plain%20Project * [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-showing-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-show-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037] mfwgtc1mqt7jug3v6cxb8dtp6morqzc 672371 672370 2026-07-04T15:18:04Z Adimora chidinma 15845 672371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Agulhas Plain | designation1_date = 2 February 2026 | designation1_number = 2587<ref name="RSIS">{{Cite web|title=Agulhas Plain|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2587|access-date=6 February 2026}}</ref>}} [[Faịlụ:Cape_Agulhas,_South_Africa_(ASTER).jpg|thumb|459x459px]]  <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />Agulhas Plain bụ usoro mmiri mmiri dị mgbagwoju anya nke dị na Overberg na nsọtụ ndịda [[Afrịka]].<ref>https://fynbos.saeon.ac.za/?p=3172</ref><ref>https://www.scielo.org.za/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S2222-34362013000200005</ref> Ọ na-amalite n'ebe ugwu nke Bredasdorp, ma gbasaa ruo n'akụkụ ndịda nke Calhas. Mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ dị nso na Gansbaai. A họpụtara mpaghara ahụ dị ka ebe a na-echEbe Ramsar kemgbe afọ 2026.<ref name="RSIS"/> qE nwere ọtụtụ ụdị osisi ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ n'ógbè ahụ.<ref>https://www.birdlife.org.za/iba-directory/agulhas-plain-heuningnes-estuary/</ref> Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a anaghị ahụ n'ọhịa steeti na ebe nchekwa okike nke onwe n'akụkụ osimiri, mana ha na-eto n'ime ime obodo.<ref>https://www.britannica.com/science/conservation-ecology/Protecting-species#ref959928</ref><ref>https://nuwejaars.com/crew-why-the-agulhas-plain-is-a-plant-priority/</ref> == Flora == A chọtara ụdị lily ọhụrụ fynbos, lily Afọ Ọhụrụ (''Cyrtanthus novus-annus''), n'ebe a na-echekwa ihe ndị dị n'Agulhas Plain<ref>https://mg.co.za/top-six/2022-05-30-new-fynbos-lily-discovered-at-southern-tip-of-africa/</ref> na ụdị anụmanụ ahụ ''Hermannia concinnifolia'' a na-ahụkarị na mbara ala.<ref>https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-showing-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037</ref> == Ala Dị Larịị nke Paleo-Agulhas == Ala dị arịị Paleo-Agulhas nke dị na South Africa ugbu a nwere usoro okike dị iche iche, akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa maka ụmụ mmadụ mbụ.<ref>https://www.heritagedaily.com/2020/05/drowned-paleo-agulhas-plain-was-an-eden-for-early-humans/129190</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * https://www.agulhasplainbirding.co.za/birdreport.php?report=agulhas_plain&heading=Bird%20list%20of%20the%20Agulhas%20Plain%20Project * [https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-showing-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037 https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-show-the-location-of-the-Agulhas-Plain-8_fig3_284560037] 0gcd7bvzyqyxh35l41feg6e0mqc6plk 0 77429 672365 2026-07-04T14:59:57Z Mirah50 16972 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347689587|Anne Grete Holmsgaard]]" 672365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | image = | width = | caption = | office = | president = | primeminister = | term_start = | term_end = | predecessor = | successor = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|11 August 1948|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Odense]], Denmark | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | party = [[Green Left (Denmark)|Socialist People’s Party]] | alma_mater = | spouse = | children = | otherparty = Left-Wing Socialist Party }} '''Anne Grete Holmsgaard''' (amụrụ na 11 Ọgọst 1948) bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ike na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Denmark jere ozi na otu nzuko omeiwu Denmark site na 1979 ruo 2011, ma e nwere oge ọ nọghị n'ọrụ ahụ site na 1987 ruo 2001. O buru ụzọ bụrụ onye, otu Left-Wing Socialist Party, ma mesịa sonye na Socialist People's Party. == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Faịlụ:New_Energy_Scenarios_for_the_Baltic_Sea_Region_(3994704475).jpg|thumb|Holmsgaard (second from right) in the 2009 meeting New Energy Scenarios for the Baltic Sea Region]] A mụrụ Holmsgaard na Odense na 11 Ọgọst 1948. <ref name="aghfol">{{Cite web|title=Anne Grete Holmsgaard|publisher=Danish Parliament|accessdate=26 January 2023|date=15 September 2011|url=https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/members/Anne-Grete-Holmsgaard}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na sekọndrị na 1967 wee gaa Mahadum Roskilde, mana ọ gụchaghị ọmụmụ ihe ya n'ebe ahụ . <ref name="aghfol" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Danish State Railways site na 1987 ruo 1995. <ref name="aghfol" /> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Denmark ruo 2002. <ref name="aghfol" /> A họpụtara ya na otu nzuko omeiwu Denmark n'aha Left-Wing Socialist Party na Ọktoba 1979, na-anọchite anya Funen County . <ref name="aghfol" /> Site na Septemba 1986, ọ malitere ije ozi dị ka osote onye otu Socialist People's Party. <ref name="aghfol" /> Oge ikpeazụ ya na omeiwu maka pati ahụ bụ site na 13 Nọvemba 2007 ruo 15 Septemba 2011. <ref name="aghfol">{{Cite web|title=Anne Grete Holmsgaard|publisher=Danish Parliament|accessdate=26 January 2023|date=15 September 2011|url=https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/members/Anne-Grete-Holmsgaard}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/members/Anne-Grete-Holmsgaard "Anne Grete Holmsgaard"]. Danish Parliament. 15 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Na 11 Julaị 1988, a họpụtara Holmsgaard na kọmiti mba dịka onye otu kọmitii ndị isi nke pati ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Former Socialist Left Member High Up in Socialist People's Party|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA347575.pdf|accessdate=26 January 2023|work=JPRS Report|date=12 July 1988|page=5}}</ref> O nwere ọkwa ndị ọzọ na pati ahụ, nke gụnyere onye na-ekwuchitere pati ahụ n'iihe gbasara mba ofesi. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Vice President Lu Receives Margrete Auken, Fourth Deputy Speaker of the Danish Parliament|url=https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/355|accessdate=26 January 2023|work=Office of the President (Taiwan)|date=17 January 2003}}</ref> Ruo afọ 2020, ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke Energy Technology Development and Demonstration Program, bụ ego nkwado Denmark maka ike na-adigide adigide . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Innovation boom: Danish green energy patents and projects skyrocket in numbers|accessdate=26 January 2023|work=State of Green|url=https://stateofgreen.com/en/news/innovation-boom-danish-green-energy-patents-and-projects-skyrocket-in-numbers/|date=27 March 2020}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ Mpụga == *   {{Folketing members 2007–2011|state=collapsed}}  [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 7j4kahgiodli58vtku2bir64mk9c857 672367 672365 2026-07-04T15:01:13Z Mirah50 16972 added {{DEFAULTSORT}} 672367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | image = | width = | caption = | office = | president = | primeminister = | term_start = | term_end = | predecessor = | successor = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|11 August 1948|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Odense]], Denmark | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | party = [[Green Left (Denmark)|Socialist People’s Party]] | alma_mater = | spouse = | children = | otherparty = Left-Wing Socialist Party }} '''Anne Grete Holmsgaard''' (amụrụ na 11 Ọgọst 1948) bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ike na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Denmark jere ozi na otu nzuko omeiwu Denmark site na 1979 ruo 2011, ma e nwere oge ọ nọghị n'ọrụ ahụ site na 1987 ruo 2001. O buru ụzọ bụrụ onye, otu Left-Wing Socialist Party, ma mesịa sonye na Socialist People's Party. == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Faịlụ:New_Energy_Scenarios_for_the_Baltic_Sea_Region_(3994704475).jpg|thumb|Holmsgaard (second from right) in the 2009 meeting New Energy Scenarios for the Baltic Sea Region]] A mụrụ Holmsgaard na Odense na 11 Ọgọst 1948. <ref name="aghfol">{{Cite web|title=Anne Grete Holmsgaard|publisher=Danish Parliament|accessdate=26 January 2023|date=15 September 2011|url=https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/members/Anne-Grete-Holmsgaard}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na sekọndrị na 1967 wee gaa Mahadum Roskilde, mana ọ gụchaghị ọmụmụ ihe ya n'ebe ahụ . <ref name="aghfol" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Danish State Railways site na 1987 ruo 1995. <ref name="aghfol" /> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Denmark ruo 2002. <ref name="aghfol" /> A họpụtara ya na otu nzuko omeiwu Denmark n'aha Left-Wing Socialist Party na Ọktoba 1979, na-anọchite anya Funen County . <ref name="aghfol" /> Site na Septemba 1986, ọ malitere ije ozi dị ka osote onye otu Socialist People's Party. <ref name="aghfol" /> Oge ikpeazụ ya na omeiwu maka pati ahụ bụ site na 13 Nọvemba 2007 ruo 15 Septemba 2011. <ref name="aghfol">{{Cite web|title=Anne Grete Holmsgaard|publisher=Danish Parliament|accessdate=26 January 2023|date=15 September 2011|url=https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/members/Anne-Grete-Holmsgaard}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/members/Anne-Grete-Holmsgaard "Anne Grete Holmsgaard"]. Danish Parliament. 15 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Na 11 Julaị 1988, a họpụtara Holmsgaard na kọmiti mba dịka onye otu kọmitii ndị isi nke pati ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Former Socialist Left Member High Up in Socialist People's Party|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA347575.pdf|accessdate=26 January 2023|work=JPRS Report|date=12 July 1988|page=5}}</ref> O nwere ọkwa ndị ọzọ na pati ahụ, nke gụnyere onye na-ekwuchitere pati ahụ n'iihe gbasara mba ofesi. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Vice President Lu Receives Margrete Auken, Fourth Deputy Speaker of the Danish Parliament|url=https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/355|accessdate=26 January 2023|work=Office of the President (Taiwan)|date=17 January 2003}}</ref> Ruo afọ 2020, ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke Energy Technology Development and Demonstration Program, bụ ego nkwado Denmark maka ike na-adigide adigide . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Innovation boom: Danish green energy patents and projects skyrocket in numbers|accessdate=26 January 2023|work=State of Green|url=https://stateofgreen.com/en/news/innovation-boom-danish-green-energy-patents-and-projects-skyrocket-in-numbers/|date=27 March 2020}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ Mpụga == *   {{Folketing members 2007–2011|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holmsgaard, Anne Grete}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0s08x3ji3e2gtwnfwb7b0slci810hft 672368 672367 2026-07-04T15:02:39Z Mirah50 16972 Fixed reference errors 672368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | image = | width = | caption = | office = | president = | primeminister = | term_start = | term_end = | predecessor = | successor = | birth_name = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|11 August 1948|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Odense]], Denmark | death_date = | death_place = | resting_place = | party = [[Green Left (Denmark)|Socialist People’s Party]] | alma_mater = | spouse = | children = | otherparty = Left-Wing Socialist Party }} '''Anne Grete Holmsgaard''' (amụrụ na 11 Ọgọst 1948) bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ike na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Denmark jere ozi na otu nzuko omeiwu Denmark site na 1979 ruo 2011, ma e nwere oge ọ nọghị n'ọrụ ahụ site na 1987 ruo 2001. O buru ụzọ bụrụ onye, otu Left-Wing Socialist Party, ma mesịa sonye na Socialist People's Party. == Akụkọ ndụ == [[Faịlụ:New_Energy_Scenarios_for_the_Baltic_Sea_Region_(3994704475).jpg|thumb|Holmsgaard (second from right) in the 2009 meeting New Energy Scenarios for the Baltic Sea Region]] A mụrụ Holmsgaard na Odense na 11 Ọgọst 1948. <ref name="aghfol" /> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na sekọndrị na 1967 wee gaa Mahadum Roskilde, mana ọ gụchaghị ọmụmụ ihe ya n'ebe ahụ . <ref name="aghfol" /> Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Danish State Railways site na 1987 ruo 1995. <ref name="aghfol" /> Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nduzi nke Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Denmark ruo 2002. <ref name="aghfol" /> A họpụtara ya na otu nzuko omeiwu Denmark n'aha Left-Wing Socialist Party na Ọktoba 1979, na-anọchite anya Funen County . <ref name="aghfol" /> Site na Septemba 1986, ọ malitere ije ozi dị ka osote onye otu Socialist People's Party. <ref name="aghfol" /> Oge ikpeazụ ya na omeiwu maka pati ahụ bụ site na 13 Nọvemba 2007 ruo 15 Septemba 2011. <ref name="aghfol">{{Cite web|title=Anne Grete Holmsgaard|publisher=Danish Parliament|accessdate=26 January 2023|date=15 September 2011|url=https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/members/Anne-Grete-Holmsgaard}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thedanishparliament.dk/members/Anne-Grete-Holmsgaard "Anne Grete Holmsgaard"]. Danish Parliament. 15 September 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> Na 11 Julaị 1988, a họpụtara Holmsgaard na kọmiti mba dịka onye otu kọmitii ndị isi nke pati ahụ. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Former Socialist Left Member High Up in Socialist People's Party|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA347575.pdf|accessdate=26 January 2023|work=JPRS Report|date=12 July 1988|page=5}}</ref> O nwere ọkwa ndị ọzọ na pati ahụ, nke gụnyere onye na-ekwuchitere pati ahụ n'iihe gbasara mba ofesi. <ref>{{Cite news|title=Vice President Lu Receives Margrete Auken, Fourth Deputy Speaker of the Danish Parliament|url=https://english.president.gov.tw/NEWS/355|accessdate=26 January 2023|work=Office of the President (Taiwan)|date=17 January 2003}}</ref> Ruo afọ 2020, ọ bụ onyeisi oche nke Energy Technology Development and Demonstration Program, bụ ego nkwado Denmark maka ike na-adigide adigide . <ref>{{Cite news|title=Innovation boom: Danish green energy patents and projects skyrocket in numbers|accessdate=26 January 2023|work=State of Green|url=https://stateofgreen.com/en/news/innovation-boom-danish-green-energy-patents-and-projects-skyrocket-in-numbers/|date=27 March 2020}}</ref> == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Njikọ Mpụga == *   {{Folketing members 2007–2011|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Holmsgaard, Anne Grete}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] ruyrvvqxxehwmf5o96gn16jikqwerm3 0 77430 672373 2026-07-04T15:24:27Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351648855|Blesbokspruit]]" 672373 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Blesbokspruit''' bụ osimiri dị na Gauteng, South Africa nke sitere n'ebe ugwu Daveyton, ebe ọ na-aga n'ebe ndịda wee gaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ gafere obodo Springs, Nigel na Heidelberg tupu ọ banye na Osimiri Suikerbosrand, nke bụ Isi iyi nke Osimiri Vaal. Ebe Nnụnụ Marievale dị n'elu ya, nke e guzobere mgbe okporo ụzọ na paịpụ mmiri rutere n'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala dị nso na 1930. Akpọwo ebe dị hekta 1,848 ka ọ bụrụ ebe Ramsar iji chebe onwe ya pụọ na mmetọ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke ala mmiri ahụ, a kpọkwara ya Mpaghara Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa. == Ụdị dị iche iche == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'etiti osisi na anụmanụ ndị dị na ala mmiri Bleksbokspruit bụ heron, bulrushes, phragmites reeds, yellow-billed ducks, marsh mongoose na nnukwu bullfrogsy .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marievale Bird Sanctuary: Gauteng Tourism Authority|url=https://www.gauteng.net/attractions/marievale_bird_sanctuary|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=www.gauteng.net|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Marievale Bird Sanctuary|url=https://www.nigel.co.za/marievale/|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=www.nigel.co.za}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta osimiri nke South Africa == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} nzp54hzaf9h0j1895ahcnlsijsk9uho 672374 672373 2026-07-04T15:26:29Z Adimora chidinma 15845 672374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|River in South Africa}} {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}{{Use South African English|date = December 2023}} {{Infobox river | map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=yes|type=line|stroke-colour=#4271ae|stroke-width=5}} | extra = | custom_data = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Blesbokspruit | designation1_date = 2 October 1986 | designation1_number = 343<ref>{{Cite web|title=Blesbokspruit|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/343|accessdate=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|-26.6001|28.2898|format=dms|region:ZA|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = South Africa | subdivision_name1 = [[South Africa]] | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_type2 = Province | subdivision_name2 = [[Gauteng]] | mouth = [[Suikerbosrand River]] | custom_label = Protection status | image = Marievale, Gauteng.jpg }} '''Blesbokspruit''' bụ osimiri dị na Gauteng, South Africa nke sitere n'ebe ugwu Daveyton, ebe ọ na-aga n'ebe ndịda wee gaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ gafere obodo Springs, Nigel na Heidelberg tupu ọ banye na Osimiri Suikerbosrand, nke bụ Isi iyi nke Osimiri Vaal. Ebe Nnụnụ Marievale dị n'elu ya, nke e guzobere mgbe okporo ụzọ na paịpụ mmiri rutere n'ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala dị nso na 1930. Akpọwo ebe dị hekta 1,848 ka ọ bụrụ ebe Ramsar iji chebe onwe ya pụọ na mmetọ ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke ala mmiri ahụ, a kpọkwara ya Mpaghara Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa. == Ụdị dị iche iche == <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>N'etiti osisi na anụmanụ ndị dị na ala mmiri Bleksbokspruit bụ heron, bulrushes, phragmites reeds, yellow-billed ducks, marsh mongoose na nnukwu bullfrogsy .<ref>{{Cite web|title=Marievale Bird Sanctuary: Gauteng Tourism Authority|url=https://www.gauteng.net/attractions/marievale_bird_sanctuary|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=www.gauteng.net|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Marievale Bird Sanctuary|url=https://www.nigel.co.za/marievale/|accessdate=2022-05-25|work=www.nigel.co.za}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Ndepụta osimiri nke South Africa == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} jwf69sc3xnqwnq2egk8p3xta5erprph 0 77431 672380 2026-07-04T15:50:49Z Philip Emeka 16124 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359224952|Water pollution]]" 672380 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Faịlụ:Garbage_floating_around_in_Circular_Quay.jpg|thumb|Ihe mkpofu na-ese n'elu mmiri, Circular Quay, Sydney, [[Ostraliya|Australia]]]] {{excerpt|Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products|paragraphs=1-3|file=no}}{{Excerpt|Marine pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}}'''Mmetọ mmiri''' (ma ọ bụ '''mmetọ ndu ihe mmiri''' ) bụ mmetọ gbasara mmiri, nke nwere mmetụta ọjọọ n'otú e si eji ha eme ihe. <ref name="Von Sperling">{{Cite journal|author=Von Sperling|first=Marcos|date=2007|title=Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal|journal=Water Intelligence Online|volume=6|doi=10.2166/9781780402086}}</ref> : 6  Ọ na-abụkarị ihe mmadụ na-eme. Mmiri gụnyere ọdọ mmiri lak, [[osimiri]], [[Oke Òrìmìlì|oké osimiri]], ọdọ mmiri aquifa , ọdọ mmiri reservoir na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala . [[Mmetọ]] mmiri na-apụta mgbe ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ na ahụ mmiri ndị a. Ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ nwere ike isi n'otu n'ime isi ihe anọ pụta. Ndị a bụ [[Mmiri mkpofu|mmiri]] nsị, ụlọ ọrụ ndị mmepụta ihe, ọrụ ugbo, na mmiri si n'obodo ukwu pụta nke gụnyere [[Ifufe|mmiri ozuzo]] . <ref name="Eckenfelder">{{Cite book|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/0471238961|title=Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-471-48494-3|doi=10.1002/0471238961.1615121205031105.a01}}</ref> Mmetọ mmiri nwere ike imetụta mmiri dị n'elu ma ọ bụ [[Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala|mmiri dị n'okpuru ala]] . Ụdị mmetọ a nwere ike ibute ọtụtụ nsogbu. Otu bụ [[Environmental degradation|mmebi]] nke gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri . Nke ọzọ bụ ịgbasa [[Ọrịa a na-ebute na mmiri|ọrịa ndị sitere na mmiri]] mgbe ndị mmadụ na-eji mmiri ruru unyi maka ịṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ ma ọ bụ ịgba mmiri . <ref>{{Cite web|date=July 23, 2013|title=Water Pollution|url=https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ehep/82-2/|accessdate=September 18, 2021|work=Environmental Health Education Program|publisher=[[Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health]]|archivedate=September 18, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918005228/https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/ehep/82-2/}}</ref> Mmetọ mmiri na-ebelatakwa [[ọrụ gburugburu ebe obibi]] dị ka [[Mmịrị ọṅụṅụ|mmiri ọṅụṅụ]] nke akụrụngwa mmiri na-enye. Isi mmalite nke mmetọ mmiri bụ isi mmalite ma ọ bụ isi mmalite na-abụghị isi . <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Schaffner|first=Monika|date=August 15, 2009|title=Modeling the contribution of point sources and non-point sources to Thachin River water pollution|journal=Science of the Total Environment|volume=407|issue=17|pages=4902–4915|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.05.007|pmid=19501876|issn=0048-9697}}</ref> Isi mmalite a nwere otu ihe ama n'ebuteya, dị ka mmiri ozuzo, ụlọ ọrụ na-agwọ mmiri mkpofu, ma ọ bụ [[Mmanu mmanu|mmanụ na-awụfu]] . Isi mmalite na-abụghị isi na-agbasa karịa. Ihe atụ bụ mmiri na-agbapụta n'ọrụ ugbo . <ref name="Moss2008">{{Cite journal|title=Water pollution by agriculture|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=363|issue=1491|pages=659–666|date=February 2008|pmid=17666391|doi=10.1098/rstb.2007.2176}}</ref> [[Mmetọ]] bụ ihe si na mmetụta mkpokọta pụta ka oge na-aga. Mmetọ nwere ike ịdị iche iche. Otu ga-abụ ihe ndị na-egbu egbu dị ka mmanụ, ọla, plastik, ọgwụ nje, [[Ihe na-emetọ ihe ndị dị ndụ|ihe ndị na-emebi ihe na-adịgide adịgide]], na ngwaahịa mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ. Ihe ọzọ bụ ọnọdụ nrụgide dịka mgbanwe nke pH, hypoxia ma ọ bụ anoxia, mmụba okpomọkụ, oke turbidity, ma ọ bụ mgbanwe nke nnu ). Ntinye nke ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa bụ ihe ọzọ. Ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ nwere ike ịgụnye ihe ndị dị ndụ na ndị na-adịghị ndụ . Ihe na-akpata mmetọ okpomọkụ bụ iji mmiri dị ka ihe na-ekpo ọkụ site n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ike na ndị na-emepụta ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Njikwa mmetọ mmiri chọrọ atụmatụ akụrụngwa na njikwa kwesịrị ekwesị, yana iwu. Ngwọta [[Nka na Uzu|teknụzụ]] nwere ike ịgụnye ihe dika imeziwanye ebe obibi ọcha, ọgwụgwọ nsị mmiri, ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ọrụ ugbo, njikwa mbuze, [[Nchịkwa nsacha aja ala|njikwa ájá]] na njikwa mmiri ozuzo obodo (gụnyere njikwa mmiri ozuzo).{{Excerpt|Nutrient pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}}{{excerpt|Thermal pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} == Nkọwa == Nkọwa bara uru nke mmetọ mmiri bụ: "Mmetọ mmiri bụ mgbakwunye nke ihe ma ọ bụ ụdị ike nke na-agbanwe ọdịdị nke ahụ mmiri ozugbo ma ọ bụ n'ụzọ na-apụtaghị ìhè n'ụzọ nke na-emetụta ojiji ziri ezi ya n'ụzọ na-adịghị mma."<ref name="Von Sperling">{{Cite journal|author=Von Sperling|first=Marcos|date=2007|title=Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal|journal=Water Intelligence Online|volume=6|doi=10.2166/9781780402086}}</ref> : 6 A na-ewerekarị mmiri dị ka ihe mmetọ mgbe ihe ndị na-eme ka mmadụ merụọ ya. Nke a pụtara na a pụghị iji ya mee ihe ụfọdụ, dị ka [[Mmịrị ọṅụṅụ|ịṅụ ihe ọṅụṅụ]], ma ọ bụ ikike ya ịkwado obodo ndị dị ndụ, dị ka azụ, agbanweela nke ukwuu. == Ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ == === Ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ sitere na mmiri nsị === {{excerpt|eutrophication|paragraphs=1|file=no}}Ihe ndị a niile nwere ike iru mmiri site na [[Mmiri mkpofu|nsị]] mmiri nkiti ma ọ bụ ọbụna ihe ndị e ji mmiri nsị gwọọ: * A na-ahụ ọtụtụ ihe kemịkalụ dị iche iche n'ime ihe ndị dị ọcha na ihe ịchọ mma . * Ngwaahịa ndị na-egbu nje nke a na-ahụ na [[Mmịrị ọṅụṅụ|mmiri ọṅụṅụ]] e ji kemịkalụ mee (ọ bụ ezie na kemịkalụ ndị a nwere ike ịbụ ihe na-emerụ emerụ na netwọk nkesa mmiri, ha na-agbanwe agbanwe nke ukwuu, ya mere a naghị ahụkarị ha na mmiri gburugburu ebe obibi). <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Regulated and emerging disinfection by-products in recycled waters|journal=[[The Science of the Total Environment]]|volume=637–638|pages=1607–1616|date=October 2018|pmid=29925195|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.391}}</ref> * [[Hormone|Homonụ]] (site [[Ikpa anumanu|n'ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ]] na ihe fọdụrụ site na usoro mgbochi afọ ime nke mmadụ) na ihe ndị e ji aka mee dịka phthalates nke na-eṅomi homonu n'ọrụ ha. Ndị a nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ ọbụlagodi na obere mkpokọta na biota eke ma nwee ike imetụta ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụrụ na a gwọọ mmiri ahụ ma jiri ya mee mmiri ọṅụṅụ. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Environment Agency (archive) – Persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic PBT substances|url=http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/444304/1290036/1290100/1290353/1294402/1311542/?version=1&lang=_e|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060804195610/http://www.environment-agency.gov.uk/business/444304/1290036/1290100/1290353/1294402/1311542/?version=1&lang=_e|archivedate=August 4, 2006|accessdate=2012-11-14|publisher=[[Environment Agency]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Endocrine Disruption Found in Fish Exposed to Municipal Wastewater|url=http://toxics.usgs.gov/highlights/wastewater_fish.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015161223/http://toxics.usgs.gov/highlights/wastewater_fish.html|archivedate=October 15, 2011|accessdate=2012-11-14|publisher=[[US Geological Survey]]}}</ref> * [[Ọgwụ ahụhụ]] na ahịhịa ogwu, ọtụtụ mgbe site na mmiri mmiri ọrụ ugbo. * Ọrịa dịka ''[[Ọrịa mamịrị A|Hepatovirus A]]'' (HAV nwere ike ịnọ na mmiri mkpofu a gwọrọ agwọ ma na-enweta mmiri mana a na-ewepụ ya nke ukwuu n'oge ọgwụgwọ ọzọ nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Occurrence of Hepatitis A Virus in Water Matrices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis|year=2023|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=20|issue=2|doi=10.3390/ijerph20021054|pmid=36673812}}</ref> ) Mmiri mkpofu a na-agwọghị nke ọma nwere ike ibufe ihe oriri, nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa, ihe siri ike dị iche iche na ihe ndị dị ndụ na nsị. <ref name="Von Sperling">{{Cite journal|author=Von Sperling|first=Marcos|date=2007|title=Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal|journal=Water Intelligence Online|volume=6|doi=10.2166/9781780402086}}</ref> : 6  [[Faịlụ:Illustration_–_examples_of_how_water_is_contaminated_(South_Asia).jpg|thumb|Akwụkwọ ozi iji kụziere ndị mmadụ na ndịda Eshia gbasara ihe omume mmadụ na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha]] {| class="wikitable" |+Ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe na mmetụta ha* ! Ihe mmetọ ! Isi ihe nnọchiteanya paramita ! Mmetụta nwere ike nke ihe na-emetọ ihe |- | Ihe siri ike a kwụsịrị | Mkpokọta ihe siri ike a kpọchiri akpọchi | * Nsogbu [[Aesthetics|ịma mma]] * Ntinye ego sludge * Ntinye ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe * Nchedo nke nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa |- | Ihe ndị dị ndụ nwere ike ire ere | Mkpa oxygen dị ndụ (BOD) | * Oriri oxygen * Ọnwụ nke azụ * Ọnọdụ Septic |- | Ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ | * Nitrogen * Fọsfọs | * Oke uto algae * Nsi na azụ ( ammonia ) * Ọrịa n'ime ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ ( ọrịa nwa na-acha anụnụ anụnụ sitere na nitrate ) * [[Mmetọ mmiri dị n'okpuru ala|Mmetọ nke mmiri dị n'ime ala]] |- | Ọrịa ndị na-akpata ọrịa | * Coliforms, dịka ''E. coli'', nwere ike ọ gaghị abụ ihe na-akpata ọrịa n'onwe ha, mana a na-eji ha eme ihe dị ka ihe ngosi nke nje ndị na-ebute ọrịa nke na-anwụ ma ọ bụ na-emebi ngwa ngwa <ref name="Von Sperling">{{Cite journal|author=Von Sperling|first=Marcos|date=2007|title=Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal|journal=Water Intelligence Online|volume=6|doi=10.2166/9781780402086}}</ref> : 51  * [[Ihe na-egosi ihe ndị dị ndụ|Àkwá helminth]] <ref name="Von Sperling" /> : 55 <ref name="World Health Organization">{{Cite book|url=http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/1004|title=Guidelines for the Safe Use of Wastewater, Excreta and Greywater, Volume 4 Excreta and Greywater Use in Agriculture|date=2006|publisher=[[World Health Organization]]|isbn=92-4-154685-9|edition=third|location=Geneva}}</ref> | Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmiri |- | Ihe ndị dị ndụ na-anaghị emebi emebi | * Ọgwụ nje * Ụfọdụ ihe nhicha * Ndị ọzọ | * Nsí (dị iche iche) * Ụfụfụ ( ihe nhicha ) * Mbelata nnyefe oxygen (ihe nhicha) * Enweghị ike ire ere * Isi ọjọọ (dịka ọmụmaatụ: phenols ) |- | Ihe siri ike agbazere n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị n'ime ahụ | * [[Ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a gbazere agbaze|Mkpokọta ihe siri ike agbazere agbaze]] * Nhazigharị | * Oke nnu - mmebi nye ubi ( ịgba mmiri ) * Nsí nye osisi (ụfọdụ ion) * Nsogbu ndị metụtara ike ikuku ( sodium ) |- | colspan="3" style="text-align: left;" | * Isi iyi nke ihe ndị a na-emerụ emerụ bụ mmiri mkpofu ezinụlọ na nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, mmiri ozuzo obodo na mmiri ozuzo sitere na mpaghara ọrụ ugbo <ref name="Von Sperling" /> : 7  |} ==== Nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa ==== Ihe ọmụmaatụ nke nje ndị na -akpata ọrịa dị n'ime mmiri mkpofu bụ nje bacteria, nje virus, nje protozoans na ikpuru nke parasitic . <ref name="Von Sperling">{{Cite journal|author=Von Sperling|first=Marcos|date=2007|title=Wastewater Characteristics, Treatment and Disposal|journal=Water Intelligence Online|volume=6|doi=10.2166/9781780402086}}</ref> : 47  Itinye n'ọrụ, a na-eji [[Ihe na-egosi ihe ndị dị ndụ|ihe ngosi ihe ndị dị ndụ]] eme nnyocha maka mmetọ mmiri n'ihi na ịchọpụta ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime ihe nlele mmiri siri ike ma dịkwa oke ọnụ n'ihi obere mkpokọta ha. Ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe ( ihe ngosi nje bacteria ) nke mmetọ nsị n'ime ihe nlele mmiri bụ total coliforms (TC) ma ọ bụ nke ama dika fecal coliforms (FC), nke a na-akpọkwazi dị ka thermotolerant coliforms, gụnyere ''Escherichia coli'' . <ref name="Von Sperling" /> : 52–53  Nje nwere ike ibuputa ọrịa si na mmiri n'ime ụmụ mmadụ ma ọ bụ anụmanụ. <ref>{{Cite book|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-84973-648-0|title=Pollution: Causes, effects, and control|date=2013|publisher=[[Royal Society of Chemistry]]|editor=Harrison|isbn=978-1-78262-560-5|edition=5th|location=Cambridge, UK|doi=10.1039/9781782626527|oclc=1007100256}}</ref> Ụfọdụ nje ndị a na-ahụkarị mgbe ụfọdụ n'ime mmiri ndị ruru unyi nke butere nsogbu ahụike mmadụ gụnyere ''Burkholderia pseudomallei ,'' ''Cryptosporidium parvum ,'' ''Giardia lamblia ,'' ''Salmonella ,'' norovirus na nje ndị ọzọ, yana ikpuru parasitic gụnyere ụdị nke ''Schistosoma'' . Ọtụtụ nje ndị na-efe efe n'ime mmiri nwere ike ibute site na [[nsị mmadụ]] (n'ihi nsị n'èzí ), nsị mmiri, [[Mmiri ojii (ihe mkpofu)|mmiri ojii]], ma ọ bụ [[Nri nsị|nsị]] nke batara n'ime mmiri. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi enweghị usoro ịdị ọcha zuru oke ma ọ bụ usoro ịdị ọcha na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ebe ahụ ( tankị septic, [[Ụlọ mposi|ụlọ mposi olulu mmiri]] ), ụlọ ọgwụ nsị mmiri na-enweghị usoro nhicha mmiri, [[Mmiri na-asọba n'ime ụlọ mposi|mmiri nsị mmiri]] na [[Ebe a na-agwakọta nsị|mmiri nsị mmiri (CSOs) jikọtara ọnụ]] n'oge oké ifufe na [[ọrụ ugbo siri ike]] (ọrụ anụ ụlọ na-anaghị achịkwa nke ọma). === Ngwakọta ihe ndị dị ndụ === Ihe ndị dị ndụ nke na-abanye n'ime mmiri na-abụkarị ihe ndịa na: egbu egbu . <ref name="Laws-aquatic">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5D2DQAAQBAJ|title=Aquatic Pollution<nowiki>:</nowiki> An Introductory Text|date=2018|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-1-119-30450-0|edition=4th|location=Hoboken, NJ}}</ref> 229  * Hydrocarbons mmanụ ala, gụnyere mmanụ ụgbọala ( petrol, diesel, jet fuel, na mmanụ ụgbọala ) na mmanụ mmanụ ụgbọala (mmanụ ụgbọala), na ihe ndị na-ere ọkụ mmanụ ụgbọala, site na [[Mmanu mmanu|mmanụ]] ma ọ bụ [[Ifufe|mmiri ozuzo mmiri]] ozuzo <ref name="Burton & Pitt">{{Cite book|url=http://unix.eng.ua.edu/~rpitt/Publications/BooksandReports/Stormwater%20Effects%20Handbook%20by%20%20Burton%20and%20Pitt%20book/MainEDFS_Book.html|title=Stormwater Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers|chapter=2|publisher=[[CRC Press|CRC]]/Lewis Publishers|year=2001|isbn=0-87371-924-7|location=New York|accessdate=January 26, 2009}}</ref> * Ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe dịka ihe mgbaze ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-adịghị mma. Ụdị ihe ndị na-akpata nsogbu bụ organochloride dịka polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) na trichloroethylene, ihe mgbaze a na-ahụkarị. Ihe ndị dị na Per- na polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) bụkwa nke ama dika [[Ihe na-emetọ ihe ndị dị ndụ|ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe ndị dị ndụ na-adịgide adịgide]] . <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|title=Estimating Environmental Hazard and Risks from Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Outcome of a SETAC Focused Topic Meeting|journal=[[Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry]]|volume=40|issue=3|pages=543–549|date=March 2021|pmid=32452041|doi=10.1002/etc.4784}}</ref> <ref name="linkinghub.elsevier.com">{{Cite journal|title=What are the effects of PFAS exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations?|journal=[[Chemosphere]]|volume=258|date=November 2020|pmid=32563917|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127340}}</ref> === Ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ na-adịghị n'ime ahụ === [[Faịlụ:Bützflethermoor_Rotschlammdeponie_Luftaufnahmen_2012-05-by-RaBoe-478-1.jpg|thumb|[[Ubi uhie|Ihe fọdụrụ n'ime bauxite]] bụ ihe mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke nwere alkaline dị ize ndụ ma nwee ike ibute mmetọ mmiri ma ọ bụrụ na ejighị ya nke ọma (foto sitere na Stade, Germany).]] [[Faịlụ:Muddy_USGS.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Osimiri apịtị jupụtara na ájá]] Ihe ndị na-emetọ mmiri na-adịghị mma gụnyere: * Amonia sitere na ihe mkpofu nhazi nri * Ígwè dị arọ sitere na ụgbọala (site na mmiri ozuzo obodo ) <ref name="Burton & Pitt">{{Cite book|url=http://unix.eng.ua.edu/~rpitt/Publications/BooksandReports/Stormwater%20Effects%20Handbook%20by%20%20Burton%20and%20Pitt%20book/MainEDFS_Book.html|title=Stormwater Effects Handbook: A Toolbox for Watershed Managers, Scientists, and Engineers|chapter=2|publisher=[[CRC Press|CRC]]/Lewis Publishers|year=2001|isbn=0-87371-924-7|location=New York|accessdate=January 26, 2009}}</ref> na mmiri nsị nke ebe a na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ala acid * Nitrates na phosphates, site na [[Mmiri mkpofu|nsị mmiri]] na ọrụ ugbo ( ''lee'' [[Nri mmetọ|mmetọ ihe oriri]] ) * Nsụda ala ( sized ) na-asọpụta site na ebe a na-ewu ihe owuwu ma ọ bụ ebe a na-akụ ihe mkpofu, osisi, ịkpụcha ihe na ebe a na-ere ọkụ * Nnu: Nnu: Nnu mmiri dị ọcha bụ usoro nke nnu na-asọpụta na-emerụ gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri dị ọcha . <ref name="Kaushal et al">{{Cite journal|title=Freshwater salinization syndrome on a continental scale|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=115|issue=4|pages=E574–E583|date=January 2018|pmid=29311318|doi=10.1073/pnas.1711234115}}</ref> A na-akpọ nnu nke mmadụ na-akpata dị ka nnu nke abụọ, yana iji nnu okporo ụzọ wepụ oyi dị ka ụdị mmiri kachasị ewu ewu. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Origins of stream salinization in an upland New England watershed|journal=[[Environmental Monitoring and Assessment]]|volume=190|issue=9|date=August 2018|pmid=30116969|doi=10.1007/s10661-018-6802-4}}</ref> <ref name="Cañedo-Argüelles">{{Cite journal|title=Salt in freshwaters: causes, effects and prospects - introduction to the theme issue|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=374|issue=1764|date=December 2018|pmid=30509904|doi=10.1098/rstb.2018.0002}}</ref> === Ihe ndị na-eme ka ọgwụ ghara ịdị mma === {{excerpt|Industrial wastewater treatment|paragraphs=1|file=no}} * Mmetọ ọgwụ na-adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke nwere ike ịgụnye [[Medication|ọgwụ ọgwụ]] dị iche iche na metabolites ha ( ''leekwa'' mmetọ ọgwụ ), dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi mkpali, ọgwụ nje ma ọ bụ ọgwụ mgbochi afọ ime . * Metabolites nke ọgwụ ọjọọ (leekwa epidemiology nke mmiri mkpofu ), dịka ọmụmaatụ [[methamphetamine]] na ecstasy. <ref name="journals.biologists.com">{{Cite journal|date=2021|title=Freshwater methamphetamine pollution turns brown trout into addicts|journal=[[Journal of Experimental Biology]]|volume=224|issue=13|doi=10.1242/jeb.242971|issn=0022-0949}}</ref> <ref name="De Lorenzo">{{Cite web|author=De Lorenzo|first=D|title=MDMA Gangs Are Literally Polluting Europe|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/mdma-gangs-are-literally-polluting-europe/|date=2021-06-18|work=Vice World News|publisher=[[Vice Media Group]]}}</ref> === Ihe mkpofu siri ike na plastik === [[Faịlụ:Canal-pollution.jpg|thumb|Ihe mkpofu siri ike na plastik dị na Lachine Canal, Canada]] {{excerpt|Agricultural wastewater treatment|paragraphs=1|file=no}}[[Ihe mkpofu siri ike nke obodo|Ihe mkpofu siri ike]] nwere ike ịbanye n'ime mmiri site na nsị mmiri a na-anaghị agwọ, mmiri nsị jikoronu na-agbapụta, mmiri na-asọpụta n'obodo ukwu, na ndị mmadụ na-atụfu ihe mkpofu n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi. Ikuku nwekwara ike ibute ihe mkpofu siri ike nke obodo site na [[Ebe mkpofu ahịhịa|ebe a na-ekpofu ihe]], nke na-ebute mmetọ dị ukwuu, ebe nnukwu ihe ndị a na-ahụ anya na-emetọ mmiri, yana mmetọ obereplastik nke a na-anaghị ahụ anya ozugbo. A na-eji okwu ndịa metụtara [[ihe mkpofu mmiri]] na [[mmetọ plastik mmiri]] eme ihe n'ihe gbasara mmetọ nke oke osimiri. Obere plastik na-anọgide na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ọkwa nke dị elu, ọkachasị na gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na ihe gbasara mmiri, ebe ha na-akpata mmetọ mmiri. <ref name=":9">{{Cite web|title=Development solutions: Building a better ocean|url=https://www.eib.org/en/essays/plastic-pollution|accessdate=2020-08-19|work=European Investment Bank}}</ref> Pasentị 35 nke obere plastik niile dị n'oké osimiri na-esi na ákwà/uwe, nke bụ isi n'ihi mbibi nke uwe polyester, acrylic, ma ọ bụ naịlọn, ọtụtụ mgbe n'oge a na-asa ákwà. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-19|title=More than ever, our clothes are made of plastic. Just washing them can pollute the oceans|url=https://www.vox.com/the-goods/2018/9/19/17800654/clothes-plastic-pollution-polyester-washing-machine|accessdate=2021-10-04|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> Ụzọ ndị bụ́ isi e si ebuga obere plastik site n'ala gaa n'oké osimiri bụ site na mmiri ozuzo, nsị mmiri a agwọghị agwọ na ikuku. Ebe ndị a na-esi enweta obere plastik bụ ákwà e ji aka mee, taya, na uzuzu obodo. Isi mmalite atọ a na-akpata ihe karịrị pasentị 80 nke mmetọ obere plastik niile. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=((European Investment Bank))|date=2023-02-27|title=Microplastics and Micropollutants in Water: Contaminants of Emerging Concern|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230042-microplastics-and-micropollutants-in-water|language=EN|accessdate=2024-04-12}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title=Microplastics from textiles: towards a circular economy for textiles in Europe — European Environment Agency|url=https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/microplastics-from-textiles-towards-a|accessdate=2023-03-24|work=www.eea.europa.eu|language=en}}</ref> == Ụdị mmetọ mmiri dị n'elu ala == Mmetọ mmiri dị n'elu ala gụnyere mmetọ nke osimiri, ọdọ mmiri na oke osimiri. Otu n'ime mmetọ mmiri dị n'elu ala bụ [[mmetọ mmiri]] nke na-emetụtakari oke osimiri. [[Nri mmetọ|Mmetọ ihe oriri]] bụkwa mmetọ sitere na oke ntinye nke ihe oriri . Ka ọ dị n'afọ 2017, ihe dị ka nde 4.5&nbsp;ka Ngalaba [[Usoro Nlekọta Jikọrọ Aka maka Mmiri na Medo|Mmemme Nlekọta Mmiri na Ịdị Ọcha]] si kwuo, ijeri mmadụ n'ụwa niile enweghị ohere ịnweta ebe obibi dị ọcha nke ọma . Enweghị ohere ịnweta ebe obibi dị ọcha bụ nsogbu dị oke njọ nke na-ebutekarị mmetọ mmiri. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ebe obibi dị n'èzí nwere ike ibute [[nsị mmadụ]] site n'ala gaa na mmiri dị n'elu ala n'oge mmiri ozuzo ma ọ bụ idei mmiri. [[Ụlọ mposi]] dị mfe nwekwara ike idei mmiri n'oge mmiri ozuzo siri ike. Kemgbe afọ 2022, [[Obodo Békè|Yuropu]] na Etiti Eshia na-akpata ihe dị ka pasentị 16 nke mwepụ obere plastik n'ime oke osimiri n'ụwa niile. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|author=((European Investment Bank))|date=2023-02-27|title=Microplastics and Micropollutants in Water: Contaminants of Emerging Concern|url=https://www.eib.org/en/publications/20230042-microplastics-and-micropollutants-in-water|language=EN|accessdate=2024-04-12}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=Ferris|first=Robert|title=Half of plastic trash in oceans comes from 5 countries|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/01/13/half-of-plastic-trash-in-oceans-comes-from-5-countries.html|accessdate=2023-03-24|work=CNBC|date=January 13, 2016|language=en}}</ref> Ọ bụ ezie na njikwa nke ihe mkpofu plastik na imegharị ya na-akawanye mma n'ụwa niile, oke mmetọ plastik na-aga n'ihu na-abawanye n'enweghị nsogbu n'ihi nnukwu ọnụọgụ plastik dị na mgbasa. <ref name="ritchie2023">{{Cite journal|author=Ritchie|first=Hannah|year=2023|title=Plastic Pollution|url=https://ourworldindata.org/plastic-pollution|journal=Our World in Data|accessdate=12 April 2024}}</ref> Ọ bụrụgodị na mmetọ plastik mmiri akwụsị kpamkpam, a ga-atụ anya na mmetọ obereplastik nke oke osimiri ga-anọgide na-abawanye. <ref name="ritchie2023" /> === Mmetọ mmiri === {{excerpt|Urban runoff#Prevention and mitigation|paragraphs=1,2|file=no}} === Mmetọ ihe oriri na-edozi ahụ === {{excerpt|Industrial wastewater treatment|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Mmetọ okpomọkụ === [[Faịlụ:Brayton_Point_Power_Station.JPG|thumb|Ọdụ ọkụ Brayton Point dị na Massachusetts na-ewepụta mmiri ọkụ na Mount Hope Bay ruo afọ 2011.]] {{excerpt|Agricultural wastewater treatment|paragraphs=1|file=no}}Mwebata ihe ndị dị ndụ na-awakpo mmiri bụkwazi ụdị mmetọ mmiri, ya bụ, mmetọ ihe ndị dị ndụ . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Assessment of biopollution in aquatic ecosystems|journal=[[Marine Pollution Bulletin]]|volume=55|issue=7–9|pages=379–394|date=2007|pmid=17335857|doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.01.010}}</ref> == Mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala == {{excerpt|Urban runoff#Prevention and mitigation|paragraphs=1,2|file=no}}N'ọtụtụ ebe n'ụwa, mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala na-etinye ọdịmma mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihe ize ndụ. Otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ndị bi n'ụwa na-adabere na mmiri dị n'ime ala maka mmiri ọṅụṅụ, mana a maara na a na-ebuga ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ n'ime obere mmiri carbonate, na-etinye ịdị ọcha nke mmiri ndị a n'ihe ize ndụ. <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Hartmann|first=Andreas|date=2021-05-18|title=Risk of groundwater contamination widely underestimated because of fast flow into aquifers|journal=[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]|language=en|volume=118|issue=20|doi=10.1073/pnas.2024492118|issn=0027-8424|pmid=33972438}}</ref> == Mmetọ sitere na isi mmalite iyi == Mmetọ mmiri ebe isi mmalite iyi na-ezo aka na ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ na-abanye n'ụzọ mmiri site na otu ebe a na-amata, dị ka paịpụ ma ọ bụ olulu mmiri . Ihe atụ nke isi mmalite iyi ndị dị na nke a gụnyere mwepụta sitere na ụlọ ọrụ na-agwọ nsị mmiri, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na ọwara mmiri ozuzo obodo. === Mmiri nsị === Mmiri nsị na-abụkarị 99.9% mmiri na 0.1% ihe siri ike. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Wetlands for Water Pollution Control|year=2016|isbn=978-0-444-63607-2|pages=13–15|chapter=Sewage Treatment|doi=10.1016/B978-0-444-63607-2.00003-4}}</ref> Mmiri nsị na-enye ọtụtụ ụdị nri na-eduga na ihetama dika rophication . Ọ bụ isi iyi phonke ana akso pphate dịka ọmụihe maatụ. <ref name="WPC2">{{Cite book|title=Water Pollution Control|year=2014|isbn=978-1-118-86383-1|doi=10.1002/9781118863831}}</ref> Mmiri nsị na-abụkarị ihe dị iche iche dị na nhicha onwe onye, ihe ịchọ mma, [[Medication|ọgwụ ọgwụ]] (leekwa mmetọ ọgwụ ), na ihe ndị na-eme ka ha dị nro <ref name="journals.biologists.com">{{Cite journal|date=2021|title=Freshwater methamphetamine pollution turns brown trout into addicts|journal=[[Journal of Experimental Biology]]|volume=224|issue=13|doi=10.1242/jeb.242971|issn=0022-0949}}</ref> <ref name="De Lorenzo">{{Cite web|author=De Lorenzo|first=D|title=MDMA Gangs Are Literally Polluting Europe|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/mdma-gangs-are-literally-polluting-europe/|date=2021-06-18|work=Vice World News|publisher=[[Vice Media Group]]}}</ref> Mmetọ mmiri nke ihe ndị na-eme ka ọgwụ na-adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi na-akpata nwere ike inwe nnukwu nsonaazụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, mgbe mmiri nsị na-asọfe n'oge oké ifufe, nke a nwere ike ibute mmetọ mmiri site na mmiri nsị na-adịghị agwọ ọrịa. A maara ihe ndị dị otú ahụ dị ka [[Mmiri na-asọba n'ime ụlọ mposi|mmiri nsị na-asọfe]] ma ọ bụ [[Ebe a na-agwakọta nsị|mmiri nsị na-agbakọta]] . [[Faịlụ:AngleseyCopperStream.jpg|thumb|Osimiri e metọrọ emetọ na-awụpụ ebe a na- egwupụta ọla kọpa agbahapụ na Anglesey]] === Ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ugbo === [[Faịlụ:Perfluorooctanesulfonic_acid.svg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Acid Perfluorooctanesulfonic (PFOS) bụ ihe na-emetọ ụwa nke a hụrụ na mmiri ọṅụṅụ. O yiri ka ọ naghị emebi emebi. <ref name="PR09May">{{Cite web|url=http://chm.pops.int/Convention/Pressrelease/COP4Geneva8May2009/tabid/542/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=Governments unite to step-up reduction on global DDT reliance and add nine new chemicals under international treaty|date=8 May 2009|publisher=Stockholm Convention Secretariat}}</ref>]] {{excerpt|Environmental impact of pharmaceuticals and personal care products|paragraphs=1-3|file=no}}Usoro ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke na-eji mmiri emepụtakwa mmiri mkpofu. A maara nke a dị ka mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe . Dịka ọmụmaatụ, na mba Amerịka, ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik, ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala, ụlọ ọrụ ígwè na ígwè, ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe pulp na akwụkwọ, na ụlọ ọrụ nhazi nri bụ ndị na-eji mmiri eme ihe n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na-eji ihe karịrị pasentị iri isii nke mkpokọta. <ref name="Eckenfelder">{{Cite book|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/0471238961|title=Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-471-48494-3|doi=10.1002/0471238961.1615121205031105.a01}}</ref> Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ewepụta ihe mkpofu kemịkalụ, gụnyere ihe mgbaze na-egbu egbu na ọla dị arọ, tinyere ihe ndị ọzọ na-emerụ ahụ. <section begin="Pollutants" in="" industrial="" wastewater="" />Mmiri nke mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nwere ike itinye ufodu ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ ndị a na mmiri ndị na-abata ma ọ bụrụ na a naghị agwọ ma jikwaa mmiri mkpofu nke ọma: * Ígwè dị arọ, gụnyere mercury, lead, na chromium * Ihe ndị dị ndụ na ihe ndị na-edozi ahụ dịka ihe mkpofu nri : Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ (dịka [[nhazi nri]], ihe mkpofu ụlọ anụ, eriri akwụkwọ, ihe osisi, wdg) na-ewepụta nnukwu mkpokọta nke BOD, ammonia nitrogen na mmanụ na mmanụ. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Wastewater engineering: treatment and reuse|date=2003|publisher=McGraw-Hill|isbn=0-07-041878-0|edition=4th|location=Boston|chapter=Chapter 3: Analysis and Selection of Wastewater Flowrates and Constituent Loadings|oclc=48053912}}</ref> : 180 <ref name="Laws-aquatic">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V5D2DQAAQBAJ|title=Aquatic Pollution<nowiki>:</nowiki> An Introductory Text|date=2018|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|isbn=978-1-119-30450-0|edition=4th|location=Hoboken, NJ}}</ref> * Ihe ndị na-adịghị emerụ ahụ dịka [[Aja|ájá]], ájá, ihe ndị na-adịghị emerụ ahụ, ihe fọdụrụ na rọba sitere na taya, seramiiki, wdg.; * Nsí dị ka ọgwụ nje, nsí, ọgwụ ahịhịa, wdg. * [[Medication|Ọgwụ]], ihe ndị na-akpaghasị endocrine, homonụ, ihe ndị na-eme ka fluorin dị n'ime ahụ, siloxanes, ọgwụ ọjọọ na ihe ndị ọzọ dị ize ndụ <ref name="pmid25889547">{{Cite journal|title=Review on the occurrence, fate and removal of perfluorinated compounds during wastewater treatment|journal=[[The Science of the Total Environment]]|volume=524–525|issue=|pages=81–92|date=August 2015|pmid=25889547|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.023}}</ref> <ref name="pmid23320453">{{Cite journal|title=Mass loading and fate of linear and cyclic siloxanes in a wastewater treatment plant in Greece|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|volume=47|issue=4|pages=1824–32|date=February 2013|pmid=23320453|doi=10.1021/es304369b}}</ref> <ref name="pmid27236142">{{Cite journal|title=Drugs of abuse and alcohol consumption among different groups of population on the Greek Island of Lesvos through sewage-based epidemiology|journal=[[The Science of the Total Environment]]|volume=563–564|issue=|pages=633–40|date=September 2016|pmid=27236142|doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.04.130}}</ref> * Obere plastik dịka polyethylene na polypropylene beads, polyester na polyamide <ref name="pmid30620926">{{Cite journal|title=Review on the occurrence and fate of microplastics in Sewage Treatment Plants|journal=[[Journal of Hazardous Materials]]|volume=367|issue=|pages=504–512|date=April 2019|pmid=30620926|doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.12.081}}</ref> * Mmetọ okpomọkụ sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na ndị nrụpụta ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe * Radionuclides sitere na igwu uranium, nhazi mmanụ nuklia, ịrụ ọrụ reactor nuklia, ma ọ bụ iwepụ ihe mkpofu redioaktivu . * Ụfọdụ ihe ndị e si n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe pụta gụnyere [[Ihe na-emetọ ihe ndị dị ndụ|ihe ndị na-emebi ihe ndị dị ndụ]] dịka ihe ndị per- na polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS). <ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite journal|title=Estimating Environmental Hazard and Risks from Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs): Outcome of a SETAC Focused Topic Meeting|journal=[[Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry]]|volume=40|issue=3|pages=543–549|date=March 2021|pmid=32452041|doi=10.1002/etc.4784}}</ref> <ref name="linkinghub.elsevier.com">{{Cite journal|title=What are the effects of PFAS exposure at environmentally relevant concentrations?|journal=[[Chemosphere]]|volume=258|date=November 2020|pmid=32563917|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127340}}</ref><section end="Pollutants" in="" industrial="" wastewater="" /> === Nwụfu mmanụ === {{Excerpt|Marine pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} == Mmetọ sitere na isi mmalite ndị na-abụghị isi == {{Excerpt|Nutrient pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Ọrụ Ugbo === Ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe kachanu na-akpata mmetọ mmiri site na ebe ndị na-abụghị ebe a na-esi enweta ihe. Iji fatịlaịza eme ihe yana mmiri si n'ubi ugbo, ebe ịta nri na [[Ebe a na-eri nri|ebe a na-azụ ihe]] na-ebute mmetọ ihe oriri. <ref>{{Cite book|title=Nutrient Pollution From Agricultural Production: Overview, Management and a Study of Chesapeake Bay|url=https://novapublishers.com/shop/nutrient-pollution-from-agricultural-production-overview-management-and-a-study-of-chesapeake-bay/|date=2016|publisher=[[Nova Science Publishers]]|location=Hauppauge, NY|isbn=978-1-63485-188-6|oclc=960163923}}</ref> Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ ugbo lek wasịrị anya n'ihe ọkụkụ osisi, ọrụ ugbo azụ bụkwa isi iyi mmetọ. Na mgbakwunye, mmiri si n'ugbo na-enwekarị oke ọgwụ nje. <ref name="Eckenfelder">{{Cite book|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/0471238961|title=Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology|publisher=[[John Wiley & Sons]]|year=2000|isbn=978-0-471-48494-3|doi=10.1002/0471238961.1615121205031105.a01}}</ref> === Ntinye aka na ikuku (mmetọ ikuku) === Ndobe ikuku bụ usoro nke ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ma ọ bụ ihe ndị sitere n'okike na-abanye n'ime mmiri. Nke a nwere ike ibute mmiri ruru unyi nso ebe isi iyi ya ma ọ bụ ruo puku kilomita ole na ole site na ya. Ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị na-emetọ mmiri sitere na ebe ikuku ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe bụ ngwakọta sọlfọ, ngwakọta nitrogen, ngwakọta mercury, ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ, na ụfọdụ ọgwụ nje na ngwaahịa ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.Isi mmalite ebumpụta ụwa nke ebe ikuku na-adaba gụnyere ọkụ ọhịa na ọrụ nje. [[Mmiri ozuzo acid|Mmiri ozuzo asịd]] sitere na mwepụta nke sulfur dioxide na nitrogen oxide, nke na-emeghachi omume na molekul mmiri dị n'ikuku iji mepụta asịd. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web|date=2022-06-24|title=What is Acid Rain?|url=https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/what-acid-rain|publisher=[[EPA]]}}</ref> Kemgbe afọ 1970, ụfọdụ gọọmentị agbaala mbọ iji belata mwepụta nke sulfur dioxide na nitrogen oxide n'ikuku. Isi ihe ndị mejupụtara sulfur na nitrogen nke na-ebute mmiri ozuzo asịd bụ ihe na-akpata mmadụ, mana enwere ike ịmepụta nitrogen oxides n'ụzọ ebumpụta ụwa site na ọkụ eletrik na mgbawa ugwu na-emepụta sulfur dioxide. <ref>{{Cite journal|date=1990-01-01|title=An evaluation of lightning and corona discharge on thunderstorm air and precipitation chemistry|journal=[[Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry]]|volume=10|issue=1|pages=83–96|doi=10.1007/BF01980039|issn=1573-0662}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo asịd nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ na osisi, gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri na akụrụngwa. <ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-04-24|title=Effects of Acid Rain|url=https://www.epa.gov/acidrain/effects-acid-rain|publisher=EPA}}</ref> <ref name=":6">{{Cite book|chapter=Air and Water Pollution: Burden and Strategies for Control|date=2006|chapterurl=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK11769/|title=Disease Control Priorities in Developing Countries|edition=2nd|publisher=World Bank|isbn=978-0-8213-6179-5}}</ref> Ọnụọgụ carbon dioxide dị n'ikuku amụbaala kemgbe afọ 1850 n'ihi mmetụta mmadụ ( mwepụ nke gas griinhaus ). <ref name="cald03">{{Cite journal|title=Oceanography: anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH|journal=Nature|volume=425|issue=6956|date=September 2003|pmid=14508477|doi=10.1038/425365a|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233227}}</ref> Nke a na-eduga na mmetọ mmiri n'oké osimiri ma bụrụkwa ụdị mmetọ mmiri ọzọ sitere na enyemaka nke ikuku. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Ocean acidification: the other CO2 problem|journal=[[Annual Review of Marine Science]]|volume=1|issue=1|pages=169–192|date=2009-01-01|pmid=21141034|doi=10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163834}}</ref> == Nlele, nha, nyocha == [[Faịlụ:Research-_water_sampling_equipment.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|[[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi|Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]] na-akwadebe ihe nlele mmiri]] {{excerpt|Thermal pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}}Enwere ike nyochaa mmetọ mmiri site na ụzọ dị iche iche sara mbara: anụ ahụ, kemịkalụ na ndu. Enwere ike ime ụfọdụ usoro ''na ebe a'' na-anaghị anwale ihe nlele, dịka okpomọkụ. Ndị ọzọ gụnyere ịnakọta ihe nlele, wee soro ule nyocha pụrụ iche n'ime ụlọ nyocha. E bipụtala usoro nnwale nyocha nke a haziri nke ọma, nke a kwadoro, maka ihe nlele mmiri na mmiri mkpofu. <ref>For example, see {{Cite book|title=Standard Methods For the Examination of Water and Wastewater|edition=21|editor=Eaton|year=2005|publisher=American Public Health Association|isbn=978-0-87553-047-5|id=Also available on CD-ROM and [http://www.standardmethods.org/ online] by subscription}}</ref> Nnwale anụ ahụ a na-ahụkarị maka mmiri gụnyere okpomọkụ, njikwa kpọmkwem ma ọ bụ njikwa eletriki (EC) ma ọ bụ njikwa, njupụta siri ike (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe siri ike a kwụsịrị (TSS)) na turbidity . Enwere ike inyocha ihe nlele mmiri site na iji usoro kemistri nyocha . E nwere ọtụtụ ụzọ nnwale ebipụtara maka ma ihe ndị dị ndụ ma ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ. Paramita ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe nke a na-atụle bụ pH, BOD, <ref name="Newton">{{Cite book|title=Chemistry of the Environment|publisher=Checkmark Books|year=2008|isbn=978-0-8160-7747-2}}</ref> : 102 Mkpa oxygen kemịkalụ (COD), <ref name="Newton" /> : 104 ufereoyi agbazere agbaze (DO), ike zuru oke, ihe oriri (ihe mejupụtara nitrogen na phosphorus, dịka ọmụmaatụ [[nitrate]] na orthophosphates ), ọla (gụnyere ọla kọpa, zinc, cadmium, lead na mercury ), mmanụ na mmanụ, mmanụ hydrocarbons mmanụ niile (TPH), surfactants na ọgwụ ahụhụ . A na-akọwa ojiji nke biomonitor ma ọ bụ [[Ihe na-egosi ihe ndị dị ndụ|bioindicator]] dị ka nlekota ihe ndị dị ndụ . Nke a na-ezo aka n'ịtụle ihe ndị dị ndụ kpọmkwem iji nweta ozi gbasara gburugburu anụ ahụ na kemịkalụ gbara ya gburugburu. Nnwale ihe ndị dị ndụ gụnyere iji ihe ngosi osisi, anụmanụ ma ọ bụ nje bacteria iji nyochaa ahụike nke gburugburu ebe obibi mmiri . Ha bụ ụdị ndu ọ bụla ma ọ bụ otu ụdị nke ọrụ ha, ọnụ ọgụgụ ha, ma ọ bụ ọkwa ha nwere ike ikpughe ogo nke gburugburu ebe obibi ma ọ bụ iguzosi ike n'ezi gburugburu ebe obibi dị. <ref name="Karr">{{Cite journal|year=1981|title=Assessment of biotic integrity using fish communities|journal=Fisheries|volume=6|issue=6|pages=21–27|doi=10.1577/1548-8446(1981)006<0021:AOBIUF>2.0.CO;2|issn=1548-8446}}</ref> Otu ihe atụ nke otu ndị na-egosi ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ copepods na obere crustacean mmiri ndị ọzọ dị n'ọtụtụ mmiri. Enwere ike inyocha ihe ndị dị otú ahụ maka mgbanwe (biochemical, physiological, ma ọ bụ omume) nke nwere ike igosi nsogbu dị na gburugburu ebe obibi ha.{{excerpt|Groundwater pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} == Mmetụta == [[Faịlụ:Fish_Kill_745F2A9C-65B8-D693-7ABA3282F6A1ECE4.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mbelata ikuku oxygen, nke sitere na [[Mmetọ ugbo|mmetọ nitrogen]] na eutrophication, bụ ihe na-akpatakarị igbu azụ.]] === Sistemụ gburugburu ebe obibi === Mmetọ mmiri bụ nnukwu nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ n'ihi na ọ nwere ike imebi gburugburu ebe obibi niile dị n'ime mmiri, gụnyere mmiri dị ọcha, mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, na mmiri oké osimiri. <ref name="HäderHelblingVillafañe2021">{{Cite book|author=Donat-P. Häder|date=30 September 2021|title=Anthropogenic Pollution of Aquatic Ecosystems|publisher=Springer Nature|isbn=978-3-030-75602-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZtxFEAAAQBAJ|accessdate=9 August 2022|quote=Pollution is a major stress factor affecting all aquatic ecosystems including fresh, coastal and open ocean waters.}}</ref> Ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ kpọmkwem nke na-ebute mmetọ mmiri gụnyere ọtụtụ kemịkalụ, nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa, na mgbanwe anụ ahụ dịka oke okpomọkụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ọtụtụ kemịkalụ na ihe ndị a na-achịkwa nwere ike ịbụ ihe ndị sitere n'okike ( calcium, sodium, iron, manganese, wdg) njupụta ahụ na-ekpebikarị ihe bụ ihe sitere n'okike nke mmiri na ihe bụ ihe na-emerụ ahụ. Nnukwu ihe ndị sitere n'okike nwere ike inwe mmetụta ọjọọ na osisi na anụmanụ mmiri. Ihe ndị na-ebelata ikuku oxygen nwere ike ịbụ ihe ndị sitere n'okike dịka ihe ọkụkụ (dịka akwụkwọ na ahịhịa) yana kemịkalụ mmadụ mere. Ihe ndị ọzọ sitere n'okike na nke mmadụ nwere ike ibute ntụ ntụ (ígwé ojii) nke na-egbochi ìhè ma na-emebi uto osisi, ma na- egbochi ụfọdụ ụdị azụ̀. <ref name="Davies-ColleySmith2001">{{Cite journal|author=Davies-Colley|first=R. J.|title=Turbidity, Suspended Sediment and Water Clarity: A Review|journal=Journal of the American Water Resources Association|date=October 2001|volume=37|issue=5|pages=1085–1101|issn=1093-474X|doi=10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03624.x|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1752-1688.2001.tb03624.x|accessdate=9 August 2022}}</ref> [[Faịlụ:Dumping_of_faecal_sludge_into_the_river.jpg|thumb|A na-atụba nsị nsị e si n'ime ụlọ mposi dị n'ime osimiri dị na Korogocho dị na Nairobi, Kenya.]] === Ahụike ọha na eze na ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmiri === {{Excerpt|Nonpoint source pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}}Nnyocha e bipụtara n'afọ 2017 kwuru na "mmiri e metọrọ emetọ gbasaara ọrịa afọ na ọrịa nje ma gbuo mmadụ nde 1.8" (a na-akpọkwa ha ọrịa mmiri). <ref>{{Cite news|date=2017-10-19|title=Study links pollution to millions of deaths worldwide|publisher=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-pollution/study-links-pollution-to-millions-of-deaths-worldwide-idUSKBN1CO39B}}</ref> Ịnabata ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ site na mmiri bụ ihe egwu [[Environmental health|ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi]], nke nwere ike ime ka mmadụ nwee ike ibute ọrịa kansa ma ọ bụ ọrịa ndị ọzọ. === Mmetọ nitrogen site na mmetọ Eutrophic === {{excerpt|Water quality#Sample collection|section=Sample collection|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Mmezi acid nke oké osimiri === Mmetọ mmiri bụ mmetụta ọzọ nke mmetọ mmiri. Mbelata acid nke oke osimiri bụ mbelata na pH nke oke osimiri ụwa, nke sitere na nnabata nke [[Kabọn dayọksịdọ|carbon dioxide]] (CO2) site na ikuku. <ref name="cald03">{{Cite journal|title=Oceanography: anthropogenic carbon and ocean pH|journal=Nature|volume=425|issue=6956|date=September 2003|pmid=14508477|doi=10.1038/425365a|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1233227}}</ref> == Mgbasa nke ọtụtụ mmadụ == === Site na obodo === Dịka ịmaatụ, mmetọ mmiri na India yana China gbasaara ebe niile. Ihe dị ka pasent 90 nke mmiri dị n'obodo ndị dị na China bụ ihe ruru unyi. <ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-06/07/content_449451.htm|title=China says water pollution so severe that cities could lack safe supplies|work=China Daily|date=June 7, 2005}}</ref>{{Excerpt|Oil spill|paragraphs=1|file=no}} == Njikwa na Mbelata == [[Faịlụ:Secondary_treatment_reactors_-_Blue_Plains_WWTP_-_2016b.jpg|thumb|Echiche nke ihe nrụpụta nke abụọ (usoro sludge emelitere) na Blue Plains Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant, Washington, DC, United States. A hụrụ n'ebe dị anya ihe nrụpụta sludge na ihe nrụpụta hydrolysis okpomọkụ.]] === Nkà ihe ọmụma njikwa mmetọ === Iwu ndị a chọrọ bụ otu akụkụ nke nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi, mana ha bụ naanị akụkụ nke ngwọta ahụ. Ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ dị oke mkpa maka ijikwa mmetọ gụnyere agụmakwụkwọ gburugburu ebe obibi, ngwa akụ na ụba, ike ahịa na mmanye siri ike. Ụkpụrụ nwere ike ịbụ "kpọmkwem" (maka obere ma ọ bụ uru kachasị elu a na-atụ anya ya maka ihe na-emetọ ihe), ma ọ bụ "ezughị oke" nke ga-achọ iji teknụzụ kacha mma dị (BAT) ma ọ bụ nhọrọ gburugburu ebe obibi kacha mma (BPEO). Ngwa akụ na ụba dabere na ahịa maka njikwa mmetọ nwere ike ịgụnye ụgwọ, enyemaka ego, atụmatụ nkwụnye ego ma ọ bụ nkwụghachi ụgwọ, imepụta ahịa na kredit mmetọ, na mkpali mmanye. <ref name="Jones OA et al">{{Cite book|editor=Harrison|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-84973-648-0|title=Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|year=2013|isbn=978-1-84973-648-0|edition=5th|chapter=Chapter 1: Chemical Pollution of the Aquatic Environment by Priority Pollutants and its Control|doi=10.1039/9781782626527}}</ref> Ịga n'ihu site n'ụzọ zuru oke na njikwa mmetọ nke kemịkalụ na-ejikọta ụzọ ndị a: Usoro njikwa nke ejikọtara ọnụ, ihe ndị a na-atụle n'ókèala, ihe ndị a na-atụle na ihe ndị ọzọ, ihe ndị a na-atụle n'oge ndụ, mmetụta nke ngwakọta kemịkalụ. <ref name="Jones OA et al">{{Cite book|editor=Harrison|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/ebook/978-1-84973-648-0|title=Pollution: Causes, Effects and Control|publisher=Royal Society of Chemistry|year=2013|isbn=978-1-84973-648-0|edition=5th|chapter=Chapter 1: Chemical Pollution of the Aquatic Environment by Priority Pollutants and its Control|doi=10.1039/9781782626527}}</ref> Njikwa nke mmetọ mmiri chọrọ atụmatụ akụrụngwa na njikwa kwesịrị ezi ekwesị. Akụrụngwa ndị a nwere ike ịgụnye ebe a na-agwọ mmiri mkpofu, dịka ịmaatụ ebe a na-agwọ mmiri mkpofu na ebe a na-agwọ mmiri mkpofu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe . Ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ọrụ ugbo maka ugbo, na njikwa nke mbuze n'ebe a na-ewu ihe nwekwara ike inye aka gbochie mmetọ mmiri. Njikwa dị irè nke mmiri na-asọpụta n'obodo gụnyere ibelata ọsọ na ọnụọgụ mmiri nke na-asọpụta. Mmetọ mmiri chọrọ nyocha na mgbanwe gana-aga n'ihu nke amụma akụrụngwa mmiri n'ọkwa niile (site na mmiri na olulu mmiri nke mba ụwa ruo na nke ọ bụla). === Mmiri nsị === {{Excerpt|Nonpoint source pollution|paragraphs=1|file=no}} [[Faịlụ:Drainage_in_Ghana_4.jpg|thumb|Mkpofu plastik n'ime nnukwu draịva mmiri, na mmetọ ikuku n'akụkụ nsọtụ nke draịva mmiri na Ghana]] Sistemụ ndị e mere nke ọma ma na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma (ya bụ, site na usoro ọgwụgwọ nke abụọ ma ọ bụ ọgwụgwọ nke atọ dị elu karịa) nwere ike iwepụ pasent 90 ma ọ bụ karịa nke ibu ihe ruru unyi na nsị mmiri. Ụfọdụ osisi nwere usoro ndị ọzọ iji wepụ ihe oriri na nje ndị na-akpata ọrịa. Ọ bụ ezie na usoro ọgwụgwọ dị elu ndị a ga-ebelata mwepụta nke obere ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ, ha nwekwara ike ibute nnukwu mmefu ego, yana mmụba na-adịghị mma na oriri ike na mwepụ ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ . <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Questioning the excessive use of advanced treatment to remove organic micropollutants from wastewater|journal=[[Environmental Science & Technology]]|volume=41|issue=14|pages=5085–5089|date=July 2007|pmid=17711227|doi=10.1021/es0628248}}</ref> Enwere ike idozi [[Mmiri na-asọba n'ime ụlọ mposi|oke mmiri nsị na-asọba]] n'oge oké ifufe site imeziwanye [[Ebe a na-edebe nsị|sistemụ nsị mmiri]] n'oge kwesịrị ekwesị. Na mba US, obodo ndị nwere nnukwu sistemụ ejikọtara ọnụ achụbeghị ọrụ nkewa n'ofe sistemụ n'ihi oke ọnụ ahịa, <ref>{{Cite web|title=Wasted: How to Fix America's Sewers|url=https://media4.manhattan-institute.org/sites/default/files/R-AR-0216.pdf|date=2016-02-25|publisher=Manhattan Institute}}</ref> mana ha etinyela ọrụ nkewa akụkụ na ụzọ akụrụngwa ndụ ndụ . N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ndị ọchịchị obodo etinyela ebe nchekwa CSO ọzọ <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dcwater.com/cleanrivers|title=Clean Rivers Project|author=<!--Not stated-->|publisher=District of Columbia Water and Sewer Authority|accessdate=2024-04-13}}</ref> ma ọ bụ gbasaa ikike ọgwụgwọ nsị mmiri. <ref>{{Cite web|title=United States and Ohio Reach Clean Water Act Settlement with City of Toledo, Ohio|url=http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/b1ab9f485b098972852562e7004dc686/59f70abeaacc274885256c24005e6240?OpenDocument|date=2002-08-28|publisher=EPA|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113095352/http://yosemite.epa.gov/opa/admpress.nsf/b1ab9f485b098972852562e7004dc686/59f70abeaacc274885256c24005e6240?OpenDocument|archivedate=2016-01-13}} </ref> === Ọgwụgwọ mmiri mkpofu ugbo === {{excerpt|Water quality#Sample collection|section=Sample collection|paragraphs=1|file=no}}{{excerpt|eutrophication|paragraphs=1|file=no}} === Njikwa nke mbuze na njikwa ájá === [[Faịlụ:Silt_fence_EPA.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|A rụnyere [[Mgbidi Silt|ogige silt]] n'ebe a na-ewu ihe owuwu]] Enwere ike ijikwa nsị mmiri site na ebe a na-ewu ihe owuwu site na itinye njikwa mbuze, dị ka ịkụcha na [[Mmiri na-agbasa|ịkụnye mkpụrụ na mmiri]], yana [[Nchịkwa nsacha aja ala|ijikwa nsị mmiri]], dị ka ebe a na-asa ájá na [[Mgbidi Silt|ogige ájá]] . Enwere ike igbochi mwepụ kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu dị ka mmanụ ụgbọala na ịsacha simenti site na iji atụmatụ mgbochi na njikwa mbuze, yana akpa ndị e mere nke ọma (dịka ịmaatụ maka ịsacha simenti) na ihe owuwu dị ka njikwa mmiri na ihe mgbochi ntụgharị. Mbuze nke [[Igbukpọ osisi|igbukpọsị ọhịa]] na mgbanwe di na hydrology (mfu ala n'ihi mmiri na-asọpụta) na-ebutekwa mfu nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala na, ikekwe, mmetọ mmiri. <ref>{{Cite journal|title=Effect of deforestation on access to clean drinking water|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|volume=116|issue=17|pages=8249–8254|date=April 2019|pmid=30910966|doi=10.1073/pnas.1814970116}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|author=University of Basel|title=Climate change and land use are accelerating soil erosion by water|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/08/200824165633.htm|date=2020-08-24|work=Science Daily}}</ref> === Njikwa mmiri ozuzo n'obodo ukwu (mmiri oké ifufe) === {{excerpt|Water quality#Sample collection|section=Sample collection|paragraphs=1|file=no}} [[Faịlụ:Water-bodies-good-water-quality.svg|thumb|Oke nke mmiri nwere ezigbo [[Ịdị mma mmiri|mmiri]] na 2020. A na-ekewa mmiri dị ka "ezigbo" mma ma ọ bụrụ na opekata mpe 80% nke ụkpụrụ nlekota ruru ọkwa mma ebumnuche, leekwa [[Sustainable Development Goal 6|SDG 6]], Ihe ngosi 6.3.2.]] === Iwu === ==== Philippines ==== N'obodo Philippines, Iwu Mba Republic nke 9275, nke a makwaara dịka Iwu Mmiri Dị Ọcha nke obodo Philippines afọ 2004, <ref name="LawPhil2004">{{Cite web|title=An Act Providing for a Comprehensive Water Quality Management And For Other Purposes|url=http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2004/ra_9275_2004.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921041418/http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2004/ra_9275_2004.html|archivedate=21 September 2016|accessdate=September 30, 2016|work=The LawPhil Project}}</ref> bụ iwu na-achịkwa njikwa mmiri mkpofu. O kwuru na ọ bụ iwu mba ahụ ichebe, chekwaa ma mee ka mmiri dị ọhụrụ, nke dị nrona nke dị n'oké osimiri dịghachi mma, nke njikwa mmiri mkpofu na-arụ ọrụ pụrụ iche maka ya.<ref name="LawPhil2004" /> ==== United Kingdom ==== N'afọ 2024, ndị otụ Royal Academy of Engineering wepụtara nnyocha gbasara mmetụta mmiri mkpofu na ahụike ọha na eze n' obodo United Kingdom. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Testing the waters Priorities for mitigating health risks from wastewater pollution|url=https://nepc.raeng.org.uk/media/qi2eyivp/testing-the-waters-priorities-for-mitigating-health-risks-from-wastewater-pollution.pdf|publisher=Royal Academy of Engineering|date=May 2024}}</ref> Nnyocha ahụ dọtara mmasị ndị nta akụkọ, site n'okwu sitere n'aka ndị ọkachamara ahụike a ma ama na UK, gụnyere Sir Chris Whitty . Na-akọwapụta ndụmọdụ iri na ise maka ọtụtụ òtù dị iche iche nke UK iji belata ihe egwu ahụike ọha na eze nke ukwuu site n'ịbawanye mma mmiri dị n'akụkụ mmiri ya, dịka osimiri na ọdọ mmiri. Mgbe ewepụtachara akụkọ ahụ, akwụkwọ akụkọ nke ndị Guardian gbara Whitty ajụjụ ọnụ, onye kwuru na imeziwanye mma mmiri na ọgwụgwọ nsị mmiri kwesịrị ịbụ ihe dị oke mkpa na "ihe kacha mkpa maka ahụike ọha na eze". O jiri ya tụnyere iwepụ kọlera na mba ahụ mgbe e mezigharịrị usoro ọgwụgwọ nsị mmiri . <ref>{{Cite web|author=Laville|first=Sandra|title=Reducing sewage in rivers and seas is public health priority, says Chris Whitty|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/article/2024/may/21/reducing-sewage-rivers-seas-public-health-priority-chris-whitty|work=The Guardian|date=May 21, 2024}}</ref> Nnyocha ahụ chọpụtakwara na obere mmiri na-asọ n'osimiri hụrụ oke [[Mmiri mkpofu|nsị mmiri]] dị elu, yana oge idei mmiri ma ọ bụ oke mmiri ozuzo. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikọkarị oke mmiri ozuzo na mmiri nsị na-asọba n'ime iyi na osimiri, ndị mgbasa ozi Britain gara n'ihu ịdọ ndị nne na nna aka ná ntị banyere ihe ize ndụ dị n' ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri n'osimiri ndị na-adịghị omimi n'oge ihu igwe na-ekpo ọkụ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Blakely|first=Rhys|title=Paddling in rivers this summer could make children ill, warns Whitty|url=https://www.thetimes.com/uk/environment/article/paddling-in-rivers-this-summer-could-make-children-ill-warns-whitty|work=[[The Times]]}}</ref> Okwu Whitty kwuru mgbe nnyocha ahụ gosiri na UK na-enwe mmụba n'ọnụọgụgụ ndị mmadụ na-eji mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri na n'ime ime obodo eme ihe ntụrụndụ. Nke a nwere ike ijikọ ya na mmasị na-eto eto n'ihe omume dịka igwu mmiri n'èzí ma ọ bụ egwuregwu mmiri ndị ọzọ. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Speare-Cole|first=Rebecca|title=Minimising sewage in UK waters is a 'public health priority' – Chris Whitty|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/chris-whitty-people-devon-government-university-of-leeds-b2548414.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=May 20, 2024}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị mmụba a na ntụrụndụ, mmiri adịghị mma pụtara na ụfọdụ na-arịa ọrịa n'oge emume. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Dozens of triathletes left severely ill after swimming in River Thames|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/thames-water-pollution-river-thames-triathlon-b2561829.html|work=[[The Independent]]|date=June 13, 2024}}</ref> Nke kachasị mkpa bụ na asọmpi Olympic nke Paris afọ 2024 ga-egbu oge ọtụtụ ihe omume ndị lekwasịrị anya n'igwu mmiri dịka triathlon n'ihi oke mmiri nsị na Osimiri Seine . <ref>{{Cite web|title=What's the problem with swimming in the Seine?|date=July 29, 2024|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cn05d4k0l2qo#:~:text=It%20should%20be%20a%20stunning,be%20postponed%20for%20a%20day.|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> ==== United States ==== {{excerpt|Water pollution in the United States#Current regulations|paragraphs=1|file=no}} == Hụkwa ==   * Nsí ahụ mmiri * Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọgwụ ahụhụ § Mmiri * Mmetụta mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi * Ọgwụgwọ ọrịa * [[Mmetọ]] * Ndepụta steeti Trophic (ihe ngosi àgwà mmiri maka ọdọ mmiri) * Mmetọ VOC nke mmiri dị n'ime ala * Njikwa akụrụngwa mmiri * Nchekwa mmiri == Edesibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] mj381rmbhrce246j3ixiga90gdxhls5 3 77432 672423 2026-07-04T18:00:55Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 672423 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=ONYEJEKWE JOY|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 18:00, 4 Julaị 2026 (UTC)}} 82bt33n70nvn93x5kof8a0ve4bimyj8 3 77433 672424 2026-07-04T18:01:13Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 672424 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Febechukwu Chukwudi|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 18:01, 4 Julaị 2026 (UTC)}} bswd74dh11i3hpd3cduwo8nas6t29u7 3 77434 672425 2026-07-04T18:01:23Z DolphybBot 61063 Nabata onye ohuru na Igbo Wikipedia! (bot) 672425 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Nnọọ|username=Chikwas|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 18:01, 4 Julaị 2026 (UTC)}} fhyxqc8rblmjui8hjk5su2scplvy0jx 0 77435 672464 2026-07-04T20:33:49Z Adimora chidinma 15845 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339847704|Bot River Lagoon]]" 672464 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Faịlụ:Prinia_maculosa_-Rooisands_Nature_Reserve,_near_Bot_River_Lagoon,_South_Africa-8.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Karoo prinia na Rooisands Nature Reserve, n'akụkụ Osimiri Bot]] Bot River Estuary, nke a makwaara dị ka Bot River Lagoon, bụ akụkụ nke Bot-Kleinmond Estuarine System na mpaghara Overberg na Western Cape nke South Africa. Ọ ghọrọ ala mmiri Ramsar na 2017.<ref name="ramsar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/south-africa-designates-the-bot-kleinmond-estuarine-system-as-a-ramsar-site|title=South Africa designates the Bot-Kleinmond Estuarine System as a Ramsar Site|date=30 March 2017|accessdate=10 November 2019|publisher=Ramsar.org}}</ref> Ọ dị n'ime Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve. == Ọdịdị ala == Ala mmiri a bụ ọnụ Osimiri Bot, aha obodo Botrivier. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 13.6 km2 (5.3 sq mi)<ref name="manage">{{Cite web|url=https://saeis.saeon.ac.za/Archive/Literature/Reports/C.A.P.E/iRAP_Bot-Kleinmond%20SA_2009.pdf|title=Eastuary Management Plan for the Bot/Kleinmand estuarine system Overberg region Western Cape|accessdate=10 November 2019|date=February 2009|publisher=Western Cape Nature Conservation Board}}</ref> A na-ekewa mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na oke osimiri site na eriri ájá dị obosara nke mita 100 ruo 200 (330 ruo 660) nke dị elu nke mita 3 ruo 6 (9.8 ruo 19.7) nke ahịhịa na osisi ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri kpuchiri. Ala ndị ahụ nwere obere osisi abụọ dị warara nke a na-agbaji n'ụzọ ebumpụta ụwa ma ọ bụ site n'aka mmadụ. Akụkụ bụ isi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike inwe ogologo ruo kilomita 7 (mile 4.3) na obosara ihe dị ka kilomita 2 (mile 1.2). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.westerncapebirding.co.za/conservation/585/cape_whale_coast_important_bird_and_biodiversity_area|title=Cape whale coast and important bird and biodiversity area|date=25 November 2015|accessdate=10 November 2019|publisher=Western Cape Birding}}</ref> Rooisand Nature Reserve na-ewe ihe dị ka 60% nke ihu ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Ọ bụ CapeNature na-elekọta ebe nchekwa okike ahụ ma bụrụkwa ebe nchekwa okpomọkụ nke Provincial. Akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-ejikarị mmepe obibi. Ala ugbo gbara isi ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'akụkụ ime obodo gburugburu.<ref name="manage">{{Cite web|url=https://saeis.saeon.ac.za/Archive/Literature/Reports/C.A.P.E/iRAP_Bot-Kleinmond%20SA_2009.pdf|title=Eastuary Management Plan for the Bot/Kleinmand estuarine system Overberg region Western Cape|accessdate=10 November 2019|date=February 2009|publisher=Western Cape Nature Conservation Board}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://saeis.saeon.ac.za/Archive/Literature/Reports/C.A.P.E/iRAP_Bot-Kleinmond%20SA_2009.pdf "Eastuary Management Plan for the Bot/Kleinmand estuarine system Overberg region Western Cape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == N'oge ọkọchị, Lagoon bụ ebe mgbaba maka nnụnụ mmiri, nke a pụrụ ịchọta ụdị 86 ebe a.<ref name="ramsar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/south-africa-designates-the-bot-kleinmond-estuarine-system-as-a-ramsar-site|title=South Africa designates the Bot-Kleinmond Estuarine System as a Ramsar Site|date=30 March 2017|accessdate=10 November 2019|publisher=Ramsar.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ramsar.org/news/south-africa-designates-the-bot-kleinmond-estuarine-system-as-a-ramsar-site "South Africa designates the Bot-Kleinmond Estuarine System as a Ramsar Site"]. </cite></ref> Coots na-abịa afọ ole na ole n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu. Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ ahụ na-adịgasị iche iche site n'afọ ruo n'afọ dabere na mgbanwe nke omimi mmiri na ogo yana otu esi ejikọta ala mmiri na oké osimiri. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụkwa ebe dị mkpa maka ụmụ [[Fish|azụ]]. A na-edekọ ụdị azụ iri anọ na otu ebe a, nke iri na itoolu n'ime ha dabere na ọnụ mmiri dị otú ahụ maka ndụ ha.<ref name="ramsar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/south-africa-designates-the-bot-kleinmond-estuarine-system-as-a-ramsar-site|title=South Africa designates the Bot-Kleinmond Estuarine System as a Ramsar Site|date=30 March 2017|accessdate=10 November 2019|publisher=Ramsar.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ramsar.org/news/south-africa-designates-the-bot-kleinmond-estuarine-system-as-a-ramsar-site "South Africa designates the Bot-Kleinmond Estuarine System as a Ramsar Site"]. </cite></ref> Ụdị ndị na-awakpo, ọkachasị Acacia cyclops na African clawed frogs, bụ ihe na-arịwanye elu na ala mmiri. Ndị bi na ndị ezumike na-enwe mmasị [[Iku azu|ịkụ azụ]], igwu mmiri, ịkwọ Ụgbọ mmiri, na ịnya ụgbọ mmiri ebe a. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://madikwesafarilodge.co.za/ Madikwe Safari Lodge] * [https://showme.co.za/tourism/birding-the-bot-river-lagoon-rooisand-nature-reserve/ Isiokwu Nleta Banyere Nlegharị Anya Nnụnụ] bvvcnm8m6p4l8valcprq54fo9xc153u 672465 672464 2026-07-04T20:41:03Z Adimora chidinma 15845 672465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Section of the Bot-Kleinmond Estuarine System}} {{Use South African English|date = April 2024}} {{Infobox protected area | name = Bot - Kleinmond Estuarine System | alt_name = Botriviervlei | image_map = {{maplink|frame=yes|frame-align=center|plain=yes | id1=Q61361433|type1=shape|fill-colour1=#4271ae|stroke-colour1=#4271ae| stroke-width1=1|title1=Bot - Kleinmond Estuarine System (Ramsar wetland)}} | coordinates = {{Coord|-34.34|19.12|display=inline,title}} | module = {{Designation list | embed = yes | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Bot - [[Kleinmond]] Estuarine System | designation1_date = 31 January 2017 | designation1_number = 2291<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bot - Kleinmond Estuarine System|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/2291|access-date=25 April 2018}}</ref>}} }}   [[Faịlụ:Prinia_maculosa_-Rooisands_Nature_Reserve,_near_Bot_River_Lagoon,_South_Africa-8.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Karoo prinia na Rooisands Nature Reserve, n'akụkụ Osimiri Bot]] Bot River Estuary, nke a makwaara dị ka Bot River Lagoon, bụ akụkụ nke Bot-Kleinmond Estuarine System na mpaghara Overberg na Western Cape nke South Africa. Ọ ghọrọ ala mmiri Ramsar na 2017.<ref name="ramsar" /> Ọ dị n'ime Kogelberg Biosphere Reserve. == Ọdịdị ala == Ala mmiri a bụ ọnụ Osimiri Bot, aha obodo Botrivier. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ ruru ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 13.6 km2 (5.3 sq mi)<ref name="manage">{{Cite web|url=https://saeis.saeon.ac.za/Archive/Literature/Reports/C.A.P.E/iRAP_Bot-Kleinmond%20SA_2009.pdf|title=Eastuary Management Plan for the Bot/Kleinmand estuarine system Overberg region Western Cape|accessdate=10 November 2019|date=February 2009|publisher=Western Cape Nature Conservation Board}}</ref> A na-ekewa mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na oke osimiri site na eriri ájá dị obosara nke mita 100 ruo 200 (330 ruo 660) nke dị elu nke mita 3 ruo 6 (9.8 ruo 19.7) nke ahịhịa na osisi ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri kpuchiri. Ala ndị ahụ nwere obere osisi abụọ dị warara nke a na-agbaji n'ụzọ ebumpụta ụwa ma ọ bụ site n'aka mmadụ. Akụkụ bụ isi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike inwe ogologo ruo kilomita 7 (mile 4.3) na obosara ihe dị ka kilomita 2 (mile 1.2). <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.westerncapebirding.co.za/conservation/585/cape_whale_coast_important_bird_and_biodiversity_area|title=Cape whale coast and important bird and biodiversity area|date=25 November 2015|accessdate=10 November 2019|publisher=Western Cape Birding}}</ref> Rooisand Nature Reserve na-ewe ihe dị ka 60% nke ihu ọdịda anyanwụ ruo n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Ọ bụ CapeNature na-elekọta ebe nchekwa okike ahụ ma bụrụkwa ebe nchekwa okpomọkụ nke Provincial. Akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-ejikarị mmepe obibi. Ala ugbo gbara isi ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'akụkụ ime obodo gburugburu.<ref name="manage" />{{Cite web|url=https://saeis.saeon.ac.za/Archive/Literature/Reports/C.A.P.E/iRAP_Bot-Kleinmond%20SA_2009.pdf|title=Eastuary Management Plan for the Bot/Kleinmand estuarine system Overberg region Western Cape|accessdate=10 November 2019|date=February 2009|publisher=Western Cape Nature Conservation Board}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://saeis.saeon.ac.za/Archive/Literature/Reports/C.A.P.E/iRAP_Bot-Kleinmond%20SA_2009.pdf "Eastuary Management Plan for the Bot/Kleinmand estuarine system Overberg region Western Cape"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> == Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi == N'oge ọkọchị, Lagoon bụ ebe mgbaba maka nnụnụ mmiri, nke a pụrụ ịchọta ụdị 86 ebe a.<ref name="ramsar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/south-africa-designates-the-bot-kleinmond-estuarine-system-as-a-ramsar-site|title=South Africa designates the Bot-Kleinmond Estuarine System as a Ramsar Site|date=30 March 2017|accessdate=10 November 2019|publisher=Ramsar.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ramsar.org/news/south-africa-designates-the-bot-kleinmond-estuarine-system-as-a-ramsar-site "South Africa designates the Bot-Kleinmond Estuarine System as a Ramsar Site"]. </cite></ref> Coots na-abịa afọ ole na ole n'ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu. Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ nnụnụ ahụ na-adịgasị iche iche site n'afọ ruo n'afọ dabere na mgbanwe nke omimi mmiri na ogo yana otu esi ejikọta ala mmiri na oké osimiri. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụkwa ebe dị mkpa maka ụmụ [[Fish|azụ]]. A na-edekọ ụdị azụ iri anọ na otu ebe a, nke iri na itoolu n'ime ha dabere na ọnụ mmiri dị otú ahụ maka ndụ ha.<ref name="ramsar">{{Cite web|url=https://www.ramsar.org/news/south-africa-designates-the-bot-kleinmond-estuarine-system-as-a-ramsar-site|title=South Africa designates the Bot-Kleinmond Estuarine System as a Ramsar Site|date=30 March 2017|accessdate=10 November 2019|publisher=Ramsar.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.ramsar.org/news/south-africa-designates-the-bot-kleinmond-estuarine-system-as-a-ramsar-site "South Africa designates the Bot-Kleinmond Estuarine System as a Ramsar Site"]. </cite></ref> Ụdị ndị na-awakpo, ọkachasị Acacia cyclops na African clawed frogs, bụ ihe na-arịwanye elu na ala mmiri. Ndị bi na ndị ezumike na-enwe mmasị [[Iku azu|ịkụ azụ]], igwu mmiri, ịkwọ Ụgbọ mmiri, na ịnya ụgbọ mmiri ebe a. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|<span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2026)">citation needed</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://madikwesafarilodge.co.za/ Madikwe Safari Lodge] * [https://showme.co.za/tourism/birding-the-bot-river-lagoon-rooisand-nature-reserve/ Isiokwu Nleta Banyere Nlegharị Anya Nnụnụ] tg8ur2uomb17zxnl5g479ohruazax4h 0 77436 672499 2026-07-04T21:39:43Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359942533|Macebuh Chinonyerem]]" 672499 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Macebuh Chinonyerem''' Ọ bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa ma bụrụkwa onye otu nke anọ na nke ise nke ndị omeiwu mba na-anọchite anya mpaghara Ukwa East/Ukwa West nke Abia State n'okpuru nche anwụ nke People's Democratic Party. Ọ gara n'ihu ịzọ ọkwa oche iji nọchite anya mpaghara ndị omeiwu Abia South n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke All Progressives Congress (APC) na ntuli aka izugbe nke afọ 2011. <ref>{{Cite web|title=House of Representatives Member Honourable Macebuh Chinonyerem|url=https://nassnig.org/oldsite/House/Personaldata/Abia/macebuh.htm|work=National Assembly|publisher=Federal Republic of Nigeria|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> == Hụkwa == Ndị nnọchi anya Nzukọ Mba Naịjirịa si Abia == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0fjungtd9s8nkz438vx4h9l8z3vaqu9 672500 672499 2026-07-04T21:40:53Z Aluta editor 62822 672500 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Macebuh Chinonyerem''' Ọ bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa ma bụrụkwa onye otu nke anọ na nke ise nke ndị omeiwu mba na-anọchite anya mpaghara Ukwa East/Ukwa West nke Abia State n'okpuru nche anwụ nke People's Democratic Party. Ọ gara n'ihu ịzọ ọkwa oche iji nọchite anya mpaghara ndị omeiwu Abia South n'okpuru ọkọlọtọ nke All Progressives Congress (APC) na ntuli aka izugbe nke afọ 2011. <ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.candidates.nigeriaelections.org/candidate/profile/candidate/1073/me/hon.%20chinonyerem%20macebuh-/v/updates/#Content | title=Profile of HON. CHINONYEREM MACEBUH | publisher=NigerianElections | accessdate=5 July 2015 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=House of Representatives Member Honourable Macebuh Chinonyerem|url=https://nassnig.org/oldsite/House/Personaldata/Abia/macebuh.htm|work=National Assembly|publisher=Federal Republic of Nigeria|accessdate=8 July 2015}}</ref> == Hụkwa == Ndị nnọchi anya Nzukọ Mba Naịjirịa si Abia == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] qfv1p22w2w4wjjxi5l5lqojvj0x083a 0 77437 672501 2026-07-04T21:42:22Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359255266|Eme Okoro]]" 672501 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eme Okoro''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa nke People's Democratic Party nke na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka odeakwụkwọ nke gọọmentị steeti na Abia Steeti mgbe Okezie Ikpeazu họpụtara ya na 3 Juun 2015 wee nọchie Mkpa Agu Mkpa..<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/abia-gov-appoints-thisday-reporter-others-media-aides/211144/|title=Abia Gov Appoints THISDAY Reporter, Others Media Aides|author=Ugwu|first=Emmanuel|date=4 June 2015|accessdate=2 October 2015|work=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.punchng.com/politics/ikpeazu-appoints-ssg-media-aides/|title=Ikpeazu appoints SSG, media aides|author=Ukandu|first=Stephen|date=4 June 2015|accessdate=2 October 2015|work=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Hụkwa == * Gọọmentị Abia Steeti == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 6ok6m4gkny8gjxxwjky08jfpqe9jiyt 0 77438 672502 2026-07-04T21:43:47Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359255951|Ginger Onwusibe]]" 672502 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | honorific_prefix = [[Rt. Hon]] | name = Ginger Onwusibe | image = | alt = | caption = | office = Member [[Nigerian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] representing [[Isiala Ngwa North/Isiala Ngwa South federal constituency|Isiala Ngwa South/Isiala Ngwa North]] | governor = [[Alex Otti]] | term_start = 29 May 2023 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Darlington Nwokocha]] | successor = | office1 = Member [[Abia State House of Assembly]] for [[Isiala Ngwa North]] | termstart1 = 29 May 2019 | termend1 = 29 May 2023 | birth_name = Ginger Obinna Onwusibe | birth_date = | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[Labour Party (Nigeria)|Labour Party]] | alma_mater = [[Abia State University]] | profession = }} '''Ginger Obinna Onwusibe''' {{Audio|Ig-Ginger Obinna Onwusibe.ogg|Listen}} bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa, onye jere ozi dịka onye otu Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya na-anọchite anya mpaghara etiti Isiala Ngwa South/Isiala Ngwa North kemgbe 29 Mee 2023. A họpụtara Onwusibe na ntuli aka Ụlọ Ndị Nnọchiteanya Naịjirịa nke afọ 2023 na Abia Steeti.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Onwusibe wins Reps seat for LP in Abia|first=Lawrence|author=Njoku|date=27 February 2023|url=https://guardian.ng/news/onwusibe-wins-reps-seat-for-lp-in-abia/|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|accessdate=8 March 2023}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 0f6lphbwhjeoir2tfmnagjl25jozf1o 0 77439 672504 2026-07-04T21:46:21Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359255948|Emeka Okoroafor]]" 672504 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Emeka Okoroafor | office = State Representative | constituency = [[Isuikwuato]] | occupation = Politician | party = [[All Progressives Congress]] (APC) }} '''Emeka Okoroafor''' ({{Audio|Ig-Emeka Okoroafor.ogg|Listen}}) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye omeiwu Naịjirịa. Ọ na-eje ozi ugbu a dịka onye otu na-anọchite anya mpaghara Isuikwuato State na Ụlọ Omeiwu Abia State. <ref>{{Cite news|author=Nwafor|date=2019-12-11|title=Abia Lawmaker, Emeka Okoroafor, commences grading of rural roads in his constituency|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/12/abia-lawmaker-emeka-okoroafor-commences-grading-of-rural-roads-in-his-constituency/|accessdate=2025-01-11|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Emeruwa|first=Chijindu|date=2020-07-21|title=Infrastructure: Abia lawmaker cries out over alleged marginalization of constituents|url=https://dailypost.ng/2020/07/21/infrastructure-abia-lawmaker-cries-out-over-alleged-marginalization-of-constituents/|accessdate=2025-01-11|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 17103yzd17k8cy5zaneuys967jnv4q3 0 77440 672554 2026-07-04T22:50:15Z NiferO 20385 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359255957|Luke Ukara Onyeani]]" 672554 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>'''Luke Ukara Onyeani''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa, onye bụbu onye otu nke isii n'ime ụlọ omeiwu Abia Steeti, na-anọchite anya mpaghara Arochukwu.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Emeruwa|first=Chijindu|date=2020-06-11|title=Ex-Abia lawmaker, Ukara Onyeani claims APGA lawmakers in State Assembly are APC members|url=https://dailypost.ng/2020/06/11/ex-abia-lawmaker-ukara-onyeani-claims-apga-lawmakers-in-state-assembly-are-apc-members/|accessdate=2025-01-04|work=[[Daily Post (Nigeria)|Daily Post]]|language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite news|author=James|first=Chukwudi Ojukwu|title=ABIA: Ex-Lawmaker Endorses Young Aspirant Okoro Uche For Arochukwu State Constituency – The Whistler Newspaper|url=https://thewhistler.ng/abia-ex-lawmaker-endorses-young-aspirant-okoro-uche-for-arochukwu-state-constituency/|accessdate=2025-01-04|work=[[The Whistler (newspaper)|The Whistler]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-11|title=Ex-Abia lawmaker, Ukara Onyeani claims APGA lawmakers in State Assembly are APC members - Daily Post Nigeria - Abia news|url=https://www.newslocker.com/en-ng/region/abia/ex-abia-lawmaker-ukara-onyeani-claims-apga-lawmakers-in-state-assembly-are-apc-members-daily-post-nigeria/|accessdate=2025-01-04|work=Newslocker|language=en}}</ref> == Edensibia == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] 4euhq23bobdgraaf9yk136k1bid64zd 0 77441 672562 2026-07-04T23:02:58Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350102737|Nnia Nwodo]]" 672562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Nnia Nwodo | office = 9th President-General of [[Ọhanaeze Ndigbo]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|12|11|df=y}} | birth_place = Igboetiti, [[Enugu State]], Nigeria | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline}} --> | education = University of London, University of Ibadan | occupation = Lawyer, economist, politician | term_start = January 2017 | predecessor = [[Iduma Igariwey Enwo]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ojoye |first1=Taiwo |title=Nwodo emerges President of Ohanaeze Ndigbo |url=https://punchng.com/nwodo-emerges-president-ohanaeze-ndigbo/ |access-date=5 January 2025 |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |date=January 11, 2017}}</ref> | successor = [[George Obiozor]] | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | awards = | term_end = January 2021<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ndujihe |first1=Clifford |title=OHANAEZE LEADER: George Obiozor emerges as consensus candidate |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/ohanaeze-leader-george-obiozor-emerges-as-consensus-candidate/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=5 January 2025 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=November 23, 2020}}</ref> }} '''John Nnia Nwodo''' bụ ọkaiwu Naịjirịa na ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akụnụba. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onyeisi oche nke itoolu nke Eze Ndigbo, onye nọchiri anya George Obiozor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leadership.ng/news/569991/ohanaeze-ndigbo-under-nwodo-and-burden-of-igbo-agitation|title=Ohanaeze Ndigbo Under Nwodo And Burden Of Igbo Agitation {{!}}|work=www.leadership.ng|accessdate=19 February 2017|archivedate=21 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105649/http://www.leadership.ng/news/569991/ohanaeze-ndigbo-under-nwodo-and-burden-of-igbo-agitation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.today.ng/tag/john-nnia-nwodo|title=Latest news about John Nnia Nwodo from Nigeria & world {{!}} TODAY.ng|work=www.today.ng|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Nwodo, nwa nwoke nke atọ n'ezinụlọ ya, amụrụ na 1952 na Enugu Steeti, Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.authorityngr.com/2016/11/The-AUTHORITY-ICON--JOHN-NNIA-NWODO-JNR/|title=The AUTHORITY ICON: JOHN NNIA NWODO JNR|work=[[The Authority (newspaper)|The Authority]]|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị na Enugu Steeti. N'afọ 1971, a nabatara ya na Mahadum nke Ibadan . <ref>{{Cite web|title=UIAA Enugu State Branch|url=http://www.uiaaenugu.net/|work=www.uiaaenugu.net|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> Ọ gara London School of Economics wee laghachi Naịjirịa na 1988.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elombah.com/index.php/press-statements/14027-we-welcome-john-nnia-nwodo-to-ohanaeze-apga-think-tank?showall=1|title=We Welcome John Nnia Nwodo To Ohanaeze – APGA Think-Tank|author=Ibiam|first=Okwukwe|work=E-max|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'oge mba nke abụọ, n'okpuru ọchịchị na nchịkwa nke [[Shehu Shagari]], Nwodo jere ozi dị ka Minista nke Civil Aviation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/01/22/ohanaeze-election-nwodo-and-igbo-unity/|title=Ohanaeze Election: Nwodo and Igbo Unity|author=Editor|first=Online|date=22 January 2017|work=[[This Day]]|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref> N'okpuru ọchịchị [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]], Nwodo jere ozi dị ka Minista nke Ozi na Ọdịbendị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsbreakers.ng/former-minister-of-information-nwodo-now-president-general-of-ohaneze-ndigbo/|title=Former Minister of Information, Nwodo, now President-General of Ohaneze Ndigbo {{!}} {{!}} NewsBreakers|work=NewsBreakers|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, Nwodo meriri ntuli aka nke kpebiri onye isi oche nke itoolu nke Ohanaeze Ndigbo, otu nzukọ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke na-anọchite anya obodo niile na-asụ Igbo, ma na-echekwa ikike na ọdịmma nke ndị Igbo gburugburu ụwa..<ref>{{Cite web|title=CISA - Council of Igbo States in Americas - CISA is a USA-based nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting Igbo culture worldwide|url=https://www.cisandiigbo.com/|work=CISA - Council of Igbo States in Americas|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref> O meriri na ngụkọta nke vootu 242 ebe onye mmegide ya, onye bụbu osote onye isi nke [[Anambra Steeti|Anambra]] State University of Technology, Prọfesọ Chiweyete Ejike, nwere vootu 13.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/nwodo-wins-ohanaeze-presidency-okwukwu-secretary-general/|title=Nwodo wins Ohanaeze Presidency, Okwukwu Secretary General – Vanguard News|date=10 January 2017|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/nwodo-emerges-president-general-ohanaeze-says-ill-die-ndigbo/|title=Nwodo emerges President-General of Ohanaeze, says I'll die for Ndigbo – Vanguard News|date=11 January 2017|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Nwodo lụrụ Regina Nwodo, onye bụ onye ọka ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke Enugu Steeti ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thecitizenng.com/eulogies-as-justice-nwodo-is-laid-to-rest/|title=Eulogies, as Justice Nwodo is laid to rest {{!}} TheCitizen – Nigeria's Leading Online Newspaper|work=thecitizenng.com|accessdate=19 February 2017|archivedate=23 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223043324/http://thecitizenng.com/eulogies-as-justice-nwodo-is-laid-to-rest/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/09/from-silver-spoon-to-silver-spoon-a-tribute-to-justice-nwodo/|title=From silver spoon to silver spoon... a tribute to Justice Nwodo – Vanguard News|date=26 September 2013|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * [[Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria|ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naịjirịa]] == Edensibịa == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] b5hz3uaj0a8yjvv44a4ti9wizo5c4v9 672563 672562 2026-07-04T23:04:44Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350102737|Nnia Nwodo]]" 672563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Nnia Nwodo | office = 9th President-General of [[Ọhanaeze Ndigbo]] | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|12|11|df=y}} | birth_place = Igboetiti, [[Enugu State]], Nigeria | death_place = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = <!-- {{Coord|LAT|LONG|display=inline}} --> | education = University of London, University of Ibadan | occupation = Lawyer, economist, politician | term_start = January 2017 | predecessor = [[Iduma Igariwey Enwo]]<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ojoye |first1=Taiwo |title=Nwodo emerges President of Ohanaeze Ndigbo |url=https://punchng.com/nwodo-emerges-president-ohanaeze-ndigbo/ |access-date=5 January 2025 |newspaper=[[The Punch]] |date=January 11, 2017}}</ref> | successor = [[George Obiozor]] | spouse = | partner = | children = | parents = | awards = | term_end = January 2021<ref>{{cite news |last1=Ndujihe |first1=Clifford |title=OHANAEZE LEADER: George Obiozor emerges as consensus candidate |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/11/ohanaeze-leader-george-obiozor-emerges-as-consensus-candidate/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=5 January 2025 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]] |date=November 23, 2020}}</ref> }} '''John Nnia Nwodo''' bụ ọkaiwu Naịjirịa na ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara akụnụba. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onyeisi oche nke itoolu nke Ọhanaeze Ndigbo, George Obiozor nọchiri ya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.leadership.ng/news/569991/ohanaeze-ndigbo-under-nwodo-and-burden-of-igbo-agitation|title=Ohanaeze Ndigbo Under Nwodo And Burden Of Igbo Agitation {{!}}|work=www.leadership.ng|accessdate=19 February 2017|archivedate=21 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105649/http://www.leadership.ng/news/569991/ohanaeze-ndigbo-under-nwodo-and-burden-of-igbo-agitation}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.today.ng/tag/john-nnia-nwodo|title=Latest news about John Nnia Nwodo from Nigeria & world {{!}} TODAY.ng|work=www.today.ng|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Nwodo, nwa nwoke nke atọ n'ezinụlọ ya, amụrụ na 1952 na Enugu Steeti, Naịjirịa.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.authorityngr.com/2016/11/The-AUTHORITY-ICON--JOHN-NNIA-NWODO-JNR/|title=The AUTHORITY ICON: JOHN NNIA NWODO JNR|work=[[The Authority (newspaper)|The Authority]]|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref> Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ praịmarị na sekọndrị na Enugu Steeti. N'afọ 1971, a nabatara ya na Mahadum nke Ibadan . <ref>{{Cite web|title=UIAA Enugu State Branch|url=http://www.uiaaenugu.net/|work=www.uiaaenugu.net|accessdate=2020-05-26}}</ref> Ọ gara London School of Economics wee laghachi Naịjirịa na 1988.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://elombah.com/index.php/press-statements/14027-we-welcome-john-nnia-nwodo-to-ohanaeze-apga-think-tank?showall=1|title=We Welcome John Nnia Nwodo To Ohanaeze – APGA Think-Tank|author=Ibiam|first=Okwukwe|work=E-max|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref> == Ọrụ == N'oge mba nke abụọ, n'okpuru ọchịchị na nchịkwa nke [[Shehu Shagari]], Nwodo jere ozi dị ka Minista nke Civil Aviation.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2017/01/22/ohanaeze-election-nwodo-and-igbo-unity/|title=Ohanaeze Election: Nwodo and Igbo Unity|author=Editor|first=Online|date=22 January 2017|work=[[This Day]]|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref> N'okpuru ọchịchị [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]], Nwodo jere ozi dị ka Minista nke Ozi na Ọdịbendị.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://newsbreakers.ng/former-minister-of-information-nwodo-now-president-general-of-ohaneze-ndigbo/|title=Former Minister of Information, Nwodo, now President-General of Ohaneze Ndigbo {{!}} {{!}} NewsBreakers|work=NewsBreakers|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref> N'afọ 2017, Nwodo meriri ntuli aka nke kpebiri onye isi oche nke itoolu nke [[Igbo language|Igbo]]" id="mwPg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Ohanaeze Ndigbo">Ohanaeze Ndigbo, otu mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ọdịbendị nke na-anọchite anya obodo ọ bụla na-asụ Igbo, ma na-echebe ikike na ọdịmma nke [[Ndị Ìgbò|Ndị Igbo]] gburugburu ụwa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=CISA - Council of Igbo States in Americas - CISA is a USA-based nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting Igbo culture worldwide|url=https://www.cisandiigbo.com/|work=CISA - Council of Igbo States in Americas|language=en-US|accessdate=2020-05-30}}</ref> O meriri na ngụkọta nke vootu 242 ebe onye mmegide ya, onye bụbu osote onye isi nke [[Anambra Steeti|Anambra]] State University of Technology, Prọfesọ Chiweyete Ejike, nwere vootu 13.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/nwodo-wins-ohanaeze-presidency-okwukwu-secretary-general/|title=Nwodo wins Ohanaeze Presidency, Okwukwu Secretary General – Vanguard News|date=10 January 2017|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/nwodo-emerges-president-general-ohanaeze-says-ill-die-ndigbo/|title=Nwodo emerges President-General of Ohanaeze, says I'll die for Ndigbo – Vanguard News|date=11 January 2017|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref> == Ndụ onwe onye == Nwodo lụrụ Regina Nwodo, onye bụ onye ọka ikpe n'ụlọ ikpe mkpegharị ikpe nke Enugu Steeti ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2013. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://thecitizenng.com/eulogies-as-justice-nwodo-is-laid-to-rest/|title=Eulogies, as Justice Nwodo is laid to rest {{!}} TheCitizen – Nigeria's Leading Online Newspaper|work=thecitizenng.com|accessdate=19 February 2017|archivedate=23 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223043324/http://thecitizenng.com/eulogies-as-justice-nwodo-is-laid-to-rest/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/09/from-silver-spoon-to-silver-spoon-a-tribute-to-justice-nwodo/|title=From silver spoon to silver spoon... a tribute to Justice Nwodo – Vanguard News|date=26 September 2013|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|accessdate=19 February 2017}}</ref> == Hụkwa ==   * [[Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Nigeria|ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Naịjirịa]] == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] hubdqvmu9nqu4htecgo3dwiwrl71wrt 0 77442 672564 2026-07-04T23:06:02Z Aluta editor 62822 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360120621|Maryam Nnafatima Imam]]" 672564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Maryam Nnafatima Imam | honorific_prefix = | office = Commissioner for Social Development | governor = AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq | occupation = Politician | party = All Progressives Congress }} '''Maryam Nnafatima Imam''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa na onye nchịkwa ọha na eze na-eje ozi dịka Kọmishọna maka Mmepe Mmekọrịta na Kwara Steeti. Ọ bụbu onye enyemaka pụrụ iche na gọọmentị steeti ahụ.<ref name="leaderbox">{{Cite news|title=Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile|url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam|publisher=Leader box|accessdate=28 April 2026}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam "Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile"]. Leader box<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="herald-appointment">{{Cite news|title=Kwara Assembly Confirms Commissioner Nominees|publisher=The Herald Newspaper, 2025|url=https://www.theheraldnews.ng/2025/03/kwara-assembly-approves-olohungbebe-nnafatima-imam-as-commissioners|accessdate=28 April 2026}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Maryam Nnafatima Imam si Tsaragi Ward III na Edu Local Government Area nke Kwara State. O nwere Ph.D. ma nwee agụmakwụkwọ nke na-akwado ọrụ ya na ọchịchị na iwu mmepe.<ref name="herald-nomination">{{Cite news|title=AbdulRazaq Nominates Olohungbebe, Mariam Imam as Commissioners|publisher=The Herald Newspaper|date=26 February 2025|url=https://www.theheraldnews.ng/2025/02/abdulrazaq-nominates-olohungbebe-mariam-imam-as-commissioners|accessdate=28 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="leaderbox">{{Cite news|title=Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile|url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam|publisher=Leader box|accessdate=28 April 2026}}</ref> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == O jere ozi dịka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche nke ukwu na ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide (SDGs) na gọọmentị steeti Kwara, ebe o haziri mmemme metụtara mmepe na atụmatụ mmejuputa SDG. O sonyekwara na nhazi mmemme ndị lekwasịrị anya na SDG dịka mgbakọ steeti.<ref name="leaderbox">{{Cite news|title=Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile|url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam|publisher=Leader box|accessdate=28 April 2026}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam "Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile"]. Leader box<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="oyoparrot-sdgs">{{Cite news|title=SDG Engagement and Convention Report in Kwara State|publisher=Oyo Parrot|date=25 August 2024|url=https://oyoparrot.com/2024/08/25/director-of-afrika-future-drive-initiatives-commends-ssa-on-sdg-mariam-nnafatima-imam|accessdate=28 April 2026}}</ref> N'afọ 2025, Gọvanọ AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq họpụtara ya dị ka Kọmishọna na Kwara Steeti ma mesịa bụrụ onye ụlọ omebe iwu steeti kwadoro mgbe nyocha gasịrị. E mechara ṅụọ iyi dị ka Kọmishọna maka Mmepe Ọha <ref name="leaderbox">{{Cite news|title=Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile|url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam|publisher=Leader box|accessdate=28 April 2026}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam "Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile"]. Leader box<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="ilorin-inauguration">{{Cite news|title=Kwara Governor Swears in New Commissioners|publisher=Ilorin info|date=2025|url=https://ilorin.info/fullnews.php?id=36229|accessdate=28 April 2026}}</ref> Dị ka Kọmishọna maka Mmepe Ọha, ọ na-ahụ maka iwu ndị na-elekwasị anya n'ìgwè ndị na-adịghị ike, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụaka, na ụmụ amaala meworo agadi. Ozi ya na-akwadokwa mmemme ọdịmma ọha na eze na atụmatụ mmepe obodo na Kwara Steeti.<ref name="leaderbox">{{Cite news|title=Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile|url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam|publisher=Leader box|accessdate=28 April 2026}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam "Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile"]. Leader box<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="oyoparrot-sdgs">{{Cite news|title=SDG Engagement and Convention Report in Kwara State|publisher=Oyo Parrot|date=25 August 2024|url=https://oyoparrot.com/2024/08/25/director-of-afrika-future-drive-initiatives-commends-ssa-on-sdg-mariam-nnafatima-imam|accessdate=28 April 2026}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://oyoparrot.com/2024/08/25/director-of-afrika-future-drive-initiatives-commends-ssa-on-sdg-mariam-nnafatima-imam "SDG Engagement and Convention Report in Kwara State"]. Oyo Parrot. 25 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] aa5w1xzi3wdww6msbpvzf3cu2y5rlc7 672566 672564 2026-07-04T23:07:22Z Aluta editor 62822 672566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Maryam Nnafatima Imam | honorific_prefix = | office = Commissioner for Social Development | governor = AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq | occupation = Politician | party = All Progressives Congress }} '''Maryam Nnafatima Imam''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naịjirịa na onye nchịkwa ọha na eze na-eje ozi dịka Kọmishọna maka Mmepe Mmekọrịta na Kwara Steeti. Ọ bụbu onye enyemaka pụrụ iche na gọọmentị steeti ahụ.<ref name="leaderbox">{{Cite news|title=Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile|url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam|publisher=Leader box|accessdate=28 April 2026}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam "Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile"]. Leader box<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="herald-appointment">{{Cite news|title=Kwara Assembly Confirms Commissioner Nominees|publisher=The Herald Newspaper, 2025|url=https://www.theheraldnews.ng/2025/03/kwara-assembly-approves-olohungbebe-nnafatima-imam-as-commissioners|accessdate=28 April 2026}}</ref> == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Maryam Nnafatima Imam si Tsaragi Ward III na Edu Local Government Area nke Kwara State. O nwere Ph.D. ma nwee agụmakwụkwọ nke na-akwado ọrụ ya na ọchịchị na iwu mmepe.<ref name="herald-nomination">{{Cite news|title=AbdulRazaq Nominates Olohungbebe, Mariam Imam as Commissioners|publisher=The Herald Newspaper|date=26 February 2025|url=https://www.theheraldnews.ng/2025/02/abdulrazaq-nominates-olohungbebe-mariam-imam-as-commissioners|accessdate=28 April 2026}}</ref><ref name="leaderbox" /> == Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị == O jere ozi dịka onye enyemaka pụrụ iche nke ukwu na ebumnuche mmepe na-adịgide adịgide (SDGs) na gọọmentị steeti Kwara, ebe o haziri mmemme metụtara mmepe na atụmatụ mmejuputa SDG. O sonyekwara na nhazi mmemme ndị lekwasịrị anya na SDG dịka mgbakọ steeti.<ref name="leaderbox">{{Cite news|title=Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile|url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam|publisher=Leader box|accessdate=28 April 2026}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam "Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile"]. Leader box<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="oyoparrot-sdgs" /> N'afọ 2025, Gọvanọ AbdulRahman AbdulRazaq họpụtara ya dị ka Kọmishọna na Kwara Steeti ma mesịa bụrụ onye ụlọ omebe iwu steeti kwadoro mgbe nyocha gasịrị. E mechara ṅụọ iyi dị ka Kọmishọna maka Mmepe Ọha <ref name="leaderbox">{{Cite news|title=Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile|url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam|publisher=Leader box|accessdate=28 April 2026}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam "Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile"]. Leader box<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="ilorin-inauguration">{{Cite news|title=Kwara Governor Swears in New Commissioners|publisher=Ilorin info|date=2025|url=https://ilorin.info/fullnews.php?id=36229|accessdate=28 April 2026}}</ref> Dị ka Kọmishọna maka Mmepe Ọha, ọ na-ahụ maka iwu ndị na-elekwasị anya n'ìgwè ndị na-adịghị ike, gụnyere ụmụ nwanyị, ụmụaka, na ụmụ amaala meworo agadi. Ozi ya na-akwadokwa mmemme ọdịmma ọha na eze na atụmatụ mmepe obodo na Kwara Steeti.<ref name="leaderbox">{{Cite news|title=Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile|url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam|publisher=Leader box|accessdate=28 April 2026}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/dr-mariam-nnafatima-imam "Dr. Maryam Nnafatima Imam – Leaderbox Africa Profile"]. Leader box<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref><ref name="oyoparrot-sdgs">{{Cite news|title=SDG Engagement and Convention Report in Kwara State|publisher=Oyo Parrot|date=25 August 2024|url=https://oyoparrot.com/2024/08/25/director-of-afrika-future-drive-initiatives-commends-ssa-on-sdg-mariam-nnafatima-imam|accessdate=28 April 2026}}<cite class="citation news cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://oyoparrot.com/2024/08/25/director-of-afrika-future-drive-initiatives-commends-ssa-on-sdg-mariam-nnafatima-imam "SDG Engagement and Convention Report in Kwara State"]. Oyo Parrot. 25 August 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 April</span> 2026</span>.</cite></ref> == Edensibịa == {{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] nci1vrov0ncedqg6ds5if6y15gyyd27 0 77443 672587 2026-07-05T02:07:31Z Geraldine Kene 23189 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1309485389|Salinity]]" 672587 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /> [[Faịlụ:WOA09_sea-surf_SAL_AYool.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nkezi kwa afọ nke ogo '''nnu''' dị n'elu maka [[Oke Òrìmìlì|Oké Osimiri Ụwa]]. Njantule sitere na World Ocean Atlas 2009. ]] [[Faịlụ:IAPSO_Standard_Seawater.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Oceans (IAPSO) ọkọlọtọ mmiri oke osimiri.]] Salinity (/səˈlɪnɪti/) bụ ogo nnu ma ọ bụ ọnụọgụgụ nnu a gbazere n'ime [[mmiri]], nke a na-akpọ '''Mmiri nnu''' (leekwa ogo nnu dị n'ala). A na-atụkarị ya n'ogo g / L ma ọ bụ g / kg (grams nke nnu kwa lita / kilogram nke mmiri; nke ikpeazụ enweghị akụkụ nha ma hà ka ‰). Ogo nnu bụ ihe dị mkpa n'ịchọpụta ọtụtụ akụkụ nke kemịkalụ nke mmiri okike na usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ime ya, ọ bụkwa ọnọdụ thermodynamic na-agbanwe agbanwe nke, tinyere okpomọkụ na nrụgide, na-achịkwa njirimara anụ ahụ dị ka [[Density|njupụta]] na ikike okpomọkụ nke mmiri. Ndị a, n'aka nke ha, dị mkpa n'ịghọta mmegharị mmiri dị n'ime oke osimiri na mgbanwe okpomọkụ dị n'etiti oke osimiri na ikuku dị n'elu ụwa. A na-akpọ akara nke nnu na-adịgide adịgide ''isohaline'', ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ ''isohale''. == Nkọwa == N'echiche, ogo nnu dị n'osimiri, ọdọ mmiri, na oke osimiri bụ echiche dị mfe, ma n'ihe gbasara teknụzụ, ịkọwa ya nke ọma na ịtụle ya n'ụzọ ziri ezi na-eweta nnukwu ihe ịma aka. N'echiche, ogo nnu bụ ọnụ ọgụgụ nnu agbazere dị n'ime mmiri. Nnu bụ ngwakọta kemịkal dịka sodium chloride, magnesium sulfate, potassium nitrate, na sodium bicarbonate ndị na-agbaze ma bụrụ ion mgbe ha batara n'ime mmiri. A na-akpọkarị njupụta ion chloride ndị agbazere n'ime mmiri chlorinity. N'ihe gbasara teknụzụ, a na-akọwa ihe agbazere dịka ihe ọ bụla nwere ike isi na nzacha dị ezigbo nta gafee (n'oge gara aga, nzacha nwere oghere dị ihe dị ka 0.45 μm, ma n'oge e mesịrị, a na-ejikarị nke nwere oghere dị ihe dị ka 0.2 μm)..<ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> A na-egosipụta ogo nnu site n'ụdị mass fraction, ya bụ, arọ nke ihe ndị agbazere n'ime otu arọ nke ngwọta ahụ. Mmiri oké osimiri na-enwekarị nnu dị ihe dị ka 35 g / kg, ọ bụ ezie na ogo nnu dị ala na-adịkarị n'akụkụ ụsọ oké osimiri ebe osimiri na-asọba banye n'ime oke osimiri. Osimiri na ọdọ mmiri nwere ike ịnwe nnu dịgasị iche iche, site na ihe na-erughị 0.01 g / kg <ref name="dilute">{{Cite journal|author=Eilers|first=J. M.|title=The most dilute lake in the world?|journal=Hydrobiologia|year=1990|volume=199|issue=1|pages=1–6|doi=10.1007/BF00007827}}</ref> ruo g / kg ole na ole, ọ bụ ezie na enwere ọtụtụ ebe a na-ahụ nnu dị elu. Oké Osimiri Nwụrụ Anwụ nwere nnu karịrị 200 g / kg.<ref name="anati">{{Cite journal|author=Anati|first=D. A.|title=The salinity of hypersaline brines: concepts and misconceptions|journal=Int. J. Salt Lake. Res.|year=1999|volume=8|issue=1|pages=55–70|doi=10.1007/bf02442137}}</ref> Mmiri ozuzo na-enwekarị [[Ngụkọta nke ihe ndị a gbazere agbaze|TDS]] nke 20 mg / kg ma ọ bụ nke pekatịrịrị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.salinitymanagement.org/Salinity%20Management%20Guide/ls/ls_3d.html|title=Learn about salinity and water quality|accessdate=21 July 2018}}</ref> N'agbanyeghị nha oghere nzacha e ji kọwaa ya, uru ogo nnu nke mmiri okike enyere agaghị adị iche karịa pasent ole na ole (%). Otú ọ dị, ndị ọkà mmụta na-amụ fịziks nke oke osimiri, karịsịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ime mpaghara miri emi nke oke osimiri, na-enwe nnukwu mmasị n'inweta nlele ndị ziri ezi na ndị a pụrụ iji tụnyere ibe ha, ọbụna mgbe ndị nchọpụta dị iche iche mere ha n'oge dị iche iche, ruo n'ogo nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ọnụọgụgụ ise dị mkpa (five significant digits).. <ref name="teos10">{{Cite book|author=IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO|title=The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties|year=2010|publisher=Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English)|pages=196pp|url=http://www.TEOS-10.org}}</ref> Ndị na-ahụ maka mmiri n'oké osimiri na-eji ngwaahịa mmiri a na-etinye na karama nke a maara dị ka IAPSO Standard Seawater eme ihe iji mee ka nha ha bụrụ nke ziri ezi iji mezuo ihe a chọrọ. === Ihe ndị mejupụtara ya === Ihe isi ike nke ịtụle na nkọwa na-ebilite n'ihi na mmiri okike nwere ngwakọta gbagwojuru anya nke ọtụtụ ihe dị iche iche sitere na isi mmalite dị iche iche (ọ bụghị ha niile sitere na nnu a gbazere agbaze) n'ụdị mkpụrụ ndụ dị iche iche. Njirimara kemịkal nke ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ndị a dabere na okpomọkụ na nrụgide. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ndị a siri ike iji nlezianya tụọ, na n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla nyocha kemịkal zuru oke adịghị mma mgbe ị na-enyocha ọtụtụ ihe nlele. Nkọwa nke nnu dị iche iche dị irè na-esite na mgbalị dị iche iche ịkọwa nsogbu ndị a, na ọkwa dị iche iche nke izi ezi, ebe ọ ka dị mfe iji. N'ihi ihe ndị metụtara ojiji na mmezu ya n'ọrụ, a na-ejikọkarị ogo nnu na mkpokọta arọ nke ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị kemịkal agbazere ndị a (nke a na-akpọ solution salinity), kama ijikọ ya na arọ a na-amaghị nke nnu ndị mere ka mmiri ahụ nwee ngwakọta kemịkal a. Ihe dị iche na nke a bụ mgbe a na-emepụta mmiri oke osimiri sitere n'aka mmadụ (artificial seawater).. Maka ọtụtụ ebumnuche, a ga-ejedebe ngụkọta a na usoro nke nnukwu ion asatọ na mmiri okike, <ref name="wetzel">{{Cite book|author=Wetzel|first=R. G.|title=Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed.|year=2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-744760-5}}</ref> <ref name="limteos">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Limnological applications of the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010 (TEOS-10)|journal=Limnology and Oceanography: Methods|year=2012|volume=10|issue=11|pages=853–867|doi=10.4319/lom.2012.10.853}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na maka mmiri oké osimiri, mgbe a chọrọ nkenke kachasị elu, a na-agụnye obere ion asaa ọzọ. <ref name="teos10">{{Cite book|author=IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO|title=The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties|year=2010|publisher=Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English)|pages=196pp|url=http://www.TEOS-10.org}}</ref> ions ndị bụ isi na-achịkwa ihe ndị na-adịghị ndụ nke ọtụtụ (ma ọ bụghị ha niile) mmiri okike. Ihe ndị ọzọ na-agụnye ụfọdụ Ọdọ Mmiri na mmiri sitere na isi iyi ụfọdụ. A naghị etinyekarị njupụta gas ndị agbazere dịka oxygen na nitrogen n'ime nkọwa nke ogo nnu<ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> Otu ọ dị, a na-etinyekarị gas carbon dioxide, nke mgbe ọ gbazere n'ime mmiri na-agbanwe n'otu akụkụ ghọọ carbonates na bicarbonates. A pụkwara itinye Silicon n'ụdị silicic acid, nke na-apụtakarị dịka molekul na-enweghị ebubo eletrik n'ime ogo pH nke ọtụtụ mmiri ndị sitere n'okike, maka ebumnuche ụfọdụ may also be included for some purposes (dịka mgbe a na-enyocha mmekọrịta dị n'etiti ogo nnu na njupụta mmiri). === Mmiri Oké Osimiri === [[Faịlụ:Aquarius_flat_2048x1024.ogv|thumb|Vidio nkeji atọ zuru ezu nke NASA na Feb 27,2013 E mepụtara ngwá ọrụ NASA Aquarius nke dị na Satellite SAC-D nke Argentina iji tụọ nnu n'elu oké osimiri ụwa. Ihe nkiri a na-egosi usoro nnu dị ka Aquarius tụrụ site na Disemba 2011 ruo Disemba 2012. Agba uhie na-anọchite anya ebe ndị nwere nnu dị elu, ebe onyinyo na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na-anọchi anya ebe ndị na-enweghị nnu.]] Okwu a bụ ogo nnu, maka ndị na-amụ banyere oké osimiri, na-ejikọkarị n'otu n'ime usoro ụfọdụ a kapịrị ọnụ e ji atụ ya. Ka usoro ndị a kacha eji atụ ogo nnu na-agbanwe ma na-etolite, nkọwa dị iche iche e ji akọwa ogo nnu na-agbanwekwa. A na-atụle nnu site na iji usoro ndị dabeere na aha tupu afọ 1980. Enwere ike iji nitrate ọlaọcha mee ihe iji chọpụta oke nke ion Halyde (karịsịa chlorine na bromine) iji nye chlorinity. A na-amụba chlorinity site na ihe iji kọwaa ihe ndị ọzọ niile. A na-egosipụta 'Knudsen salinities' na nkeji nke akụkụ kwa puku (ppt ma ọ bụ ‰). Ojiji nke ọnụọgụgụ eletrik iji tụọ ihe ionic nke mmiri oké osimiri dugara na mmepe nke ogo a na-akpọ ogo salinity 1978 (PSS-78). Ogo nnu a tụrụ site n'iji PSS-78 enweghị nkeji nha (units). Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-etinye mgbakwunye psu ma ọ bụ PSU (nke pụtara practical salinity unit) n'azụ uru e nwetara n'ịtụ PSS-78.[1] Otú ọ dị, itinye PSU dị ka nkeji nha n'azụ uru ahụ bụ ihe "na-ezighị ezi n'usoro sayensị ma bụrụkwa ihe a na-adụ ọdụ ike ka a ghara ime.".<ref name="rant">{{Cite journal|author=Millero|first=F. J.|journal=Oceanography|year=1993|volume=6|issue=3|pages=67|title=What is PSU?}}</ref> Mgbakwunye nke PSU dị ka otu mgbe uru ahụ gasịrị bụ "nke na-ezighi ezi ma bụrụ nke a kụdara obi". <ref name="key">{{Cite journal|author=Pawlowicz|first=R.|title=Key Physical Variables in the Ocean: Temperature, Salinity, and Density|journal=Nature Education Knowledge|year=2013|volume=4|issue=4|pages=13|url=https://www.nature.com/scitable/knowledge/library/key-physical-variables-in-the-ocean-temperature-102805293}}</ref> N'afọ 2010, e webatara ụkpụrụ ọhụrụ maka ihe ndị dị na mmiri oké osimiri a na-akpọ ''usoro thermodynamic nke mmiri oké osimiri 2010'' (TEOS-10) na-akwado ka e jiri absolute salinity (ogo nnu zuru oke) dochie practical salinity (ogo nnu bara uru), nakwa ka e jiri conservative temperature (okpomọkụ na-echekwa ike) dochie potential temperature (okpomọkụ enwere ike).<ref name="teos10">{{Cite book|author=IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO|title=The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties|year=2010|publisher=Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English)|pages=196pp|url=http://www.TEOS-10.org}}</ref> Ụkpụrụ a gụnyere ihe ọhụrụ a na-akpọ ihe ncheta salinity scale. A na-egosipụta nnu zuru oke (absolute salinity) n'usoro nha a n'ụdị òkè oke n'arọ (mass fraction), ya bụ, gram kwa kilogram nke ngwọta (g/kg). A na-ekpebi ogo nnu n'usoro a site n'ịjikọta nlele nke nduzi eletrik (electrical conductivity) na ozi ndị ọzọ na-akọwa mgbanwe ndị na-adị n'ụdị mmiri oke osimiri n'ebe dị iche iche. A pụkwara ikpebi ya site n'ịtụ njupụta (density) nke mmiri ahụ ozugbo. Ihe nnwale nke mmiri oké osimiri sitere n'ọtụtụ ebe nwere chlorinity nke 19.37 ppt ga-enwe ogo nnunke 35.00 ppt, ogo nnu bara uru PSS-78 (PSS-78 practical salinity) nke ihe dị ka 35.0, na ogo nnu zuru oke TEOS-10 (TEOS-10 absolute salinity) nke ihe dị ka 35.2 g/kg. Nduzi eletrik (electrical conductivity) nke mmiri a, n'okpomọkụ nke ogo Celsius iri na ise (15 °C), bụ 42.9 mS/cm..<ref name="teos10">{{Cite book|author=IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO|title=The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties|year=2010|publisher=Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English)|pages=196pp|url=http://www.TEOS-10.org}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFIOC,_SCOR,_and_IAPSO2010">IOC, SCOR, and IAPSO (2010). [http://www.TEOS-10.org ''The international thermodynamic equation of seawater – 2010: Calculation and use of thermodynamic properties'']. Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission, UNESCO (English). pp.&nbsp;196pp.</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Templeeti:Cite book|cite book]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([[:Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list]]</ref><ref name="culk">{{Cite journal|author=Culkin|first=F.|title=Determination of the Concentration of Potassium Chloride Solution Having the Same Electrical Conductivity, at 15C and Infinite Frequency, as Standard Seawater of Salinity 35.0000‰ (Chlorinity 19.37394‰)|journal=IEEE Journal of Oceanic Engineering|year=1980|volume=OE-5|issue=1|pages=22–23|doi=10.1109/JOE.1980.1145443}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; N'ụwa niile, Mgbanwe ihu igwe nke mmadụ kpatara enyeela aka na mgbanwe ndị a hụrụ na nnu n'elu na n'okpuru ala kemgbe afọ 1950. Nkọwa nke mgbanwe nnu n'elu na narị afọ iri abụọ n'otu na-egosi na mpaghara oké osimiri dị ọhụrụ ga-anọgide na-adị ọhụrụ na mpaghara nnu ga-anọgidesi na-enweta nnu.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Fox-Kemper|first=B.|date=2021|title=Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change|journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|volume=2021|pages=1211–1362|doi=10.1017/9781009157896.011|url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf}}</ref> Ogo nnu na-eje ozi dị ka ihe na-achọpụta ịdị arọ dị iche iche. A na-adọta mmiri dị n'elu iji dochie mmiri na-ada, nke n'ikpeazụ na-ajụ oyi ma na-atọ ụtọ iji banye. Mgbasa nnu na-enye aka n'ịkpụzi okirikiri oké osimiri. === Ọdọ mmiri na osimiri === Ndị Limnologist na ndị na-emepụta kemịkal na-akọwakarị salinity n'ihe gbasara oke nnu kwa unit, ha na-egosipụta na nkeji nke mg / L ma ọ bụ g / L.<ref name="wetzel">{{Cite book|author=Wetzel|first=R. G.|title=Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed.|year=2001|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-744760-5}}<cite class="citation book cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFWetzel2001">Wetzel, R. G. (2001). ''Limnology: Lake and River Ecosystems, 3rd ed''. Academic Press. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-12-744760-5|<bdi>978-0-12-744760-5</bdi>]].</cite></ref> A na-egosi, ọ bụ ezie na a naghị ekwukarị ya, na uru a na-emetụta n'ụzọ ziri ezi naanị na okpomọkụ ụfọdụ n'ihi na ọnụọgụgụ ngwọta na-adịgasị iche na okpompe. Ụkpụrụ ndị e gosipụtara n'ụzọ a na-abụkarị nke ziri ezi ruo otu paseni. Ndị Limnologists na-ejikwa conductivity eletrik, ma ọ bụ "reference conductivity", dị ka onye nnọchi anya maka salinity. Enwere ike idozi nha a maka mmetụta okpomọkụ, a na-egosipụtakarị ya na nkeji nke μS / cm. Mmiri osimiri ma ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri nwere nnu nke dị n'etiti 70 mg / L ga-enwekarị conductivity a kapịrị ọnụ na 25 °C nke dị n'etiti 80 na 130 μS / cm. Ọnụọgụgụ ahụ n'ezie na-adabere na ion ndị dị.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=van Niekerk|first=Harold|title=Geographical differences in the relationship between total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity in South African rivers|journal=Water SA|date=2014|volume=40|issue=1|pages=133|doi=10.4314/wsa.v40i1.16}}</ref> N'ezie conductivity na-agbanwekarị ihe dị ka pasenti abụọ kwa ogo Celsius, ya bụ conductivity a tụrụ na 5 °C nwere ike ịbụ naanị n'etiti 50-80 μS / cm.&nbsp; A na-ejikwa ogo ọnụọgụgụ kpọmkwem mee ihe iji tụọ ogo nnu, ọkachasị na Ọdọ Mmiri ndị nwere nnu dị ukwuu.<ref name="anati">{{Cite journal|author=Anati|first=D. A.|title=The salinity of hypersaline brines: concepts and misconceptions|journal=Int. J. Salt Lake. Res.|year=1999|volume=8|issue=1|pages=55–70|doi=10.1007/bf02442137}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAnati1999">Anati, D. A. (1999). "The salinity of hypersaline brines: concepts and misconceptions". ''Int. J. Salt Lake. Res''. '''8''' (1): <span class="nowrap">55–</span>70. [[Bibcode (identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999IJSLR...8...55A 1999IJSLR...8...55A]. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/bf02442137|10.1007/bf02442137]].</cite></ref> Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-eji njupụta na okpomọkụ a kapịrị ọnụ dị ka ihe nnọchianya maka nnu. N'oge ndị ọzọ, a na-eji mmekọrịta nnu / njupụta nke emepụtara maka otu mmiri iji tụọ nnu nke ihe nlele site na njupụta a tụrụ. {| style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;" ! colspan="4" style="background:#B8E0F6" |Mmiri nnu |- style="background:#87CEFA" !Mmiri dị ọcha !Mmiri na-atọ ụtọ !Mmiri nnu !Brine |- style="background:#00BFFF" !< 0.05% !0.05 – 3% !3 – 5% !> 5% |- style="background:#00BFFF" !< 0.5 ‰ !0.5 – 30 ‰ !30 – 50 ‰ !> 50 ‰ |} == Nkewa nke ụdị mmiri dị iche iche dabere n'ogo nnu ha. == {| align="right" style="text-align:center; margin-right:auto;" | bgcolor="lightgrey" |'''Usoro ihe omume Thalassic''' |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" width="150px" |> 300 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |hyperhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |60–80 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |metahaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |40 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |mixoeuhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |30 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |polyhaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |18 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |mesohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |5 ‰ |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |oligohaline |- | bgcolor="lightgrey" |0.5 ‰ |} Mmiri oke osimiri (marine waters) bụ mmiri ndị dị n'ime oke osimiri; a na-akpọkwa ha euhaline seas. Ogo nnu nke euhaline seas dị n'agbata pasenti iri atọ na pasenti iri atọ na ise. Oke osimiri ma ọ bụ mmiri ndị na-enweghi oke nnu ma na-adịghịkwa ọhụrụ (brackish seas or waters) nwere ogo nnu dị n'agbata 0.5 na pasenti iri abụọ na iteghete, ebe metahaline seas nwere ogo nnu dị n'agbata pasenti iri atọ na isii na pasenti iri anọ.. A na-ewere mmiri ndị a niile dị ka thalassic n'ihi na nnu ha sitere n'oké osimiri ma kọwaa ya dị ka ''homoiohaline'' ma ọ bụrụ na nnu adịghị agbanwe agbanwe nke ukwuu n'oge (nke na-adịgide adịgide). Tebụl dị n'aka nri, nke gbanwere site na Por (1972),<ref>{{Cite journal|doi=10.1007/BF00373210|title=Hydrobiological notes on the high-salinity waters of the Sinai Peninsula|year=1972|author=Por|first=F. D.|journal=Marine Biology|volume=14|pages=111–119|issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Salinity {{!}} Freshwater Inflows|url=https://www.freshwaterinflow.org/salinity|accessdate=2020-10-25|work=www.freshwaterinflow.org}}</ref> na-agbaso "usoro Venice" (1959). N'adịghị ka gburugburu ebe obibi homoiohaline bụ ụfọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi ''''Poikilohaline'''' (nke nwekwara ike ịbụ thalassic) ebe ọdịiche salinity dị ịrịba ama.<ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dahl, E.|year=1956|title=Ecological salinity boundaries in poikilohaline waters|journal=Oikos|volume=7|pages=1–21|doi=10.2307/3564981|issue=1}}</ref> Mmiri nnu Poikilohaline nwere ike ịdị site na 0.5 ruo karịrị pasenti narị atọ. Ihe dị mkpa bụ na mmiri ndị a na-adịkarị iche na nnu n'ime ụfọdụ ihe dị mkpa n'oge ma ọ bụ n'oge ndị ọzọ yiri ya. N'ikwu ya n'ụzọ dị mfe, ndị a bụ mmiri nwere nnu dịgasị iche iche. Mmiri nnu dị elu, nke nnu na-esi na ya apụta (ma ọ bụ na-achọ), a na-akpọ brine. == Ihe ndị metụtara gburugburu ebe obibi == Salinity bụ ihe dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi, na-emetụta ụdị ihe ndị dị ndụ na-ebi na mmiri. Ọzọkwa, salinity na-emetụta ụdị [[osisi]] ndị ga-eto ma ọ bụ na mmiri, ma ọ bụ n'ala nke mmiri (ma ọ bụ Mmiri dị n'okpuru ala) na-enye. <ref>{{Cite web|author=Kalcic, Maria|first=Turowski, Mark; Hall, Callie|title=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project. A Collaborative Project with Hancock High School, Kiln, MS|url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/search.jsp?R=20110008620|work=Stennis Space Center Salinity Drifter Project|publisher=NTRS|accessdate=2011-06-16|date=2010-12-22}}</ref> A na-akpọ osisi na-anabata ọnọdụ nnu halophyte. A na-akpọ halophyte nke na-anabata sodium carbonate salinity fọdụrụnụ glasswort ma ọ bụ saltwort ma ọ dị ka osisi barilla. A na-ekewa ihe ndị dị ndụ (karịsịa nje bacteria) nke nwere ike ibi n'ọnọdụ nnu dị ukwuu dị ka extremophiles, ma ọ bụ halophiles kpọmkwem. Ihe dị ndụ nke nwere ike iguzogide ọtụtụ salinities bụ Euryhaline. Mmanụ aṅụ dị oke ọnụ iji wepụ ya na mmiri, nnu dị n'ime ya bụ ihe dị mkpa na ojiji mmiri, na-emetụta ike [[Mmịrị ọṅụṅụ|ịṅụ mmiri]] na iru eru maka ịgba mmiri. A hụla mmụba nke nnu na ọdọ mmiri na osimiri na United States, n'ihi nnu a na-ahụkarị n'okporo ụzọ na nnu ndị ọzọ na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wbur.org/news/2018/01/29/road-salt-environmental-dangers|title=Hopes To Hold The Salt, And Instead Break Out Beet Juice And Beer To Keep Roads Clear|work=www.wbur.org|date=29 January 2018}}</ref> Ọnọdụ nnu n'oké osimiri bụ ihe na-akpali okirikiri oké osimiri ụwa, ebe mgbanwe dị ukwuu n'ihi mgbanwe nnu na mgbanwe okpomọkụ n'elu oké osimiri na-emepụta mgbanwe na-ese n'elu mmiri, nke na-akpata imikpu na ịrị elu nke mmiri. A na-eche na mgbanwe na salinity nke oké osimiri na-enye aka na mgbanwe zuru ụwa ọnụ na carbon dioxide ka mmiri ndị ọzọ nwere nnu anaghị agbaze carbon dioxide. Na mgbakwunye, n'oge oge glacial, hydrography bụ nke mere na ihe nwere ike ime ka mgbasa dị ala bụ mmepụta nke oké osimiri dị iche iche. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, ọ na-esiri ike ịdọrọ mmiri site na nrugharị thermohaline. Ọ bụghị naanị na nnu bụ ihe na-akpali mgbasa nke oké osimiri, mana mgbanwe na mgbasa nke oké mmiri na-emetụtakwa nnu, ọkachasị na subpolar North Atlantic ebe site na 1990 ruo 2010 mmụba nke mmiri na-agbaze na Greenland na-egbochi site na mmụba mbugharị nke mmiri Atlantic na-eme nnu. <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|author=Fox-Kemper|first=B.|date=2021|title=Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change|journal=Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|volume=2021|pages=1211–1362|doi=10.1017/9781009157896.011|url=https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFFox-KemperHewittXiaoAðalgeirsdóttir2021">Fox-Kemper, B.; [[Helene Hewitt|Hewitt, H.T.]]; Xiao, C.; Aðalgeirsdóttir, G.; Drijfhout, S.S.; Edwards, T.L.; Golledge, N.R.; Hemer, M.; Kopp, R.E.; Krinner, G.; Mix, A. (2021). Masson-Delmotte, V.; Zhai, P.; Pirani, A.; Connors, S.L.; Péan, C.; Berger, S.; Caud, N.; Chen, Y.; Goldfarb, L. (eds.). [https://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/84/371584.pdf "Ocean, Cryosphere and Sea Level Change"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change''. '''2021'''. Cambridge, UK and New York, New York, US: Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">1211–</span>1362. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/9781009157896.011|10.1017/9781009157896.011]]. [[ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9781009157896|<bdi>9781009157896</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dukhovskoy|first=D.S.|date=2016|title=Greenland freshwater pathways in the sub-Arctic Seas from model experiments with passive tracers|url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015JC011290|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=121|issue=1|pages=877–907|doi=10.1002/2015JC011290}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Dukhovskoy|first=D.S.|date=2019|title=Role of Greenland freshwater anomaly in the recent freshening of the subpolar North Atlantic|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=124|issue=5|pages=3333–3360|doi=10.1029/2018JC014686|pmid=31341755}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|author=Stendardo|first=I.|date=2020|title=The North Atlantic Current and its volume and freshwater transports in the subpolar North Atlantic, time period 1993–2016|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans|volume=125|issue=9|doi=10.1029/2020JC016065}}</ref> Otú ọ dị, mmiri North Atlantic aghọwo nke dị jụụ kemgbe etiti afọ 2010 n'ihi mmụba nke mmiri na-agbaze na Greenland. <ref name=":0" /> <ref>{{Cite journal|author=Holliday|first=N. Penny|date=2020-01-29|title=Ocean circulation causes the largest freshening event for 120 years in eastern subpolar North Atlantic|journal=Nature Communications|language=en|volume=11|issue=1|pages=585|doi=10.1038/s41467-020-14474-y|pmid=31996687|issn=2041-1723}}</ref> == Hụkwa == == Edensibịa == [[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]] jscusa2qh3m53tw5ucox0ur6shvpiq6 0 77444 672604 2026-07-05T09:37:50Z Specialyvonne 56002 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341411618|Shilshila Acharya]]" 672604 wikitext text/x-wiki    '''Shilshila Acharya''' bụ onye Nepalese na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke duziri mkpọsa na-aga nke ọma iji mụbaa mmepụta plastik Ndị Nepal. Ọ belatara mba ya iji akpa plastik eme ihe ma ọ nwetaghachila ihe mkpofu nke ndị na-arị ugwu na-eleta. N'afọ , ọ sonyeere ndepụta BBC's listi ụmụ nwanyị Otu narị na-akpali akpali. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Acharya na Baglung. Ọ tụrụ ezinụlọ ya n'anya mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nzere bachelọ nke ọgwụ, bachelọ na-ahụ maka ịwa ahụ nke ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ dọkịta na-awa ahụ. O mere ka ezinụlọ ya kwenye na ọ ga-ahọrọ ịmụ sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi n'agbanyeghị na ego dị na ya enweghị isi. Ọ ga-adị ya mkpa ịkwụ ụgwọ maka agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Kathmandu n'ihi na enweghị agụmakwụkwọ na efu maka sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ gara Norway iji mụọ ihe n'oge a na agụmakwụkwọ na efu nke gọọmentị Nepal na Norway kwadoro. Ọ gụrụ ụdị dị iche iche na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi <ref>{{Cite web|author=of 2024|first=Ganesh Khatiwada :: Silsila Acharya Named Among BBC's 100 Influential Women|title=Silsila Acharya Named Among BBC's 100 Influential Women of 2024|url=https://www.ecospherenews.com/detail/191|accessdate=2024-12-08|work=ecospherenews}}</ref> na Mahadum Tribhuvan na Mahadum Bergen ma nweta nzere masta. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Shilshila Acharya – Avni|url=https://avnicenter.org/team/52/|accessdate=2024-12-08|language=en-US}}</ref> Otu n'ime mkpọsa mbụ ya bụ ịtụ aro ka okporo ụzọ Nepalese nwee osisi a kụrụ n'akụkụ ya.<ref name="p108">{{Cite book|author=Rich|first=Carrie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92h6EAAAQBAJ&dq=shilshila+acharya&pg=PA108|title=Impact the World: Live Your Values and Drive Change As a Citizen Statesperson|date=2022-05-10|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-84891-2|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ, ọ sonyeere Himalayan Climate Initiative ka ọ malitere ime ihe iji belata ojiji nke akpa plastik na Nepal <ref name="p108">{{Cite book|author=Rich|first=Carrie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92h6EAAAQBAJ&dq=shilshila+acharya&pg=PA108|title=Impact the World: Live Your Values and Drive Change As a Citizen Statesperson|date=2022-05-10|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-84891-2|language=en}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị echiche mbụ. Ìgwè ya chọrọ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ agbọghọ a na-ere ahịa na mba ofesi. Ìgwè ya sonyeere njikọ aka na Bhat-Bhateni Supermarket, nnukwu ụlọ ahịa, <ref name="p108" /> iji gbaa ume iji akpa ákwà kama iji akpa plastik a na-atụfu atụfu. Akpa ákwà na-ewu ewu. Ndị mmadụ zụrụ ha, mana ha ejighị ha mee ihe. Ọ dị ndị otu ahụ mkpa ịchọta ụzọ ọhụrụ iji metụta ndị mmadụ.<ref name="wwfnepal">{{Cite web|title=Beating Plastic Pollution with Shilshila Acharya|url=https://www.wwfnepal.org/?328870/Beating-Plastic-Pollution-with-Shilshila-Acharya|accessdate=2024-12-08|work=www.wwfnepal.org|language=en}}</ref> Okwu mmeghe ọhụrụ ha bụ "Ee e meriri, m na-ebu akpa nke m" na nke a gbanwere omume. O mere ka gọọmentị Nepalese machibido iji akpa plastik eme ihe na Kathmandu.<ref name="rubbish">{{Cite web|title=Climate Pioneer Shilshila Acharya listed among BBC 100 Women 2024|url=https://kathmandupost.com/climate-environment/2024/12/03/climate-pioneer-shilshila-acharya-listed-among-bbc-100-women-2024|accessdate=2024-12-07|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na asatọ, [[Ebe Akụrụngwa Ụwa Nile Maka Okike|World Wildlife Fund]] dị na Nepal mere emume ncheta afọ iri abụọ na ise ya ma ha kpebiri ịmegharị onyinye nchedo ha. Acharya natara otu n'ime onyinye, nke e nyere ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, n'ihi ọrụ ya dị ka onye isi oche nke Himalayan Climate Initiative.<ref name="wwf25">{{Cite web|date=2018|title=CONSERVATION AWARDS 2018|url=https://wwfasia.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/conservation_award_brochure_2018.pdf|accessdate=8 December 2024|work=WWF Nepal}}</ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na iri itoolu, Ọ sonyere na mkpọsa iji belata nnukwu ihe mkpofu fọdụrụ na Himalayas site na ndị na-arị ugwu. Mgbasa ozi ya mere ka ewepụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ tọn narị na iri na abụọ nke ihe mkpofu.<ref name="rubbish">{{Cite web|title=Climate Pioneer Shilshila Acharya listed among BBC 100 Women 2024|url=https://kathmandupost.com/climate-environment/2024/12/03/climate-pioneer-shilshila-acharya-listed-among-bbc-100-women-2024|accessdate=2024-12-07|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ sonye na ndepụta BBC nke ụmụ nwanyị narị na-akpali akpali.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC 100 Women 2024: Who is on the list this year? - BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-4f79d09b-655a-42f8-82b4-9b2ecebab611|accessdate=2024-12-07|work=News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Mahadum Tribhuvan]] [[Otú:Ndị si Baglung District]] [[Otú:Ndị ọka mmụta sayensị gburugburu]] [[Otú:Ndị ọzụ ahịa na Nepelese]] 03yxf1bb9ctljcnytaru2ptsmy8kc59 672606 672604 2026-07-05T09:43:18Z Specialyvonne 56002 672606 wikitext text/x-wiki    {{Databox}} '''Shilshila Acharya''' bụ onye Nepalese na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke duziri mkpọsa na-aga nke ọma iji mụbaa mmepụta plastik Ndị Nepal. Ọ belatara mba ya iji akpa plastik eme ihe ma ọ nwetaghachila ihe mkpofu nke ndị na-arị ugwu na-eleta. N'afọ , ọ sonyeere ndepụta BBC's listi ụmụ nwanyị Otu narị na-akpali akpali. == Ndụ == A mụrụ Acharya na Baglung. Ọ tụrụ ezinụlọ ya n'anya mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nzere bachelọ nke ọgwụ, bachelọ na-ahụ maka ịwa ahụ nke ga-eme ka ọ bụrụ dọkịta na-awa ahụ. O mere ka ezinụlọ ya kwenye na ọ ga-ahọrọ ịmụ sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi n'agbanyeghị na ego dị na ya enweghị isi. Ọ ga-adị ya mkpa ịkwụ ụgwọ maka agụmakwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Kathmandu n'ihi na enweghị agụmakwụkwọ na efu maka sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ gara Norway iji mụọ ihe n'oge a na agụmakwụkwọ na efu nke gọọmentị Nepal na Norway kwadoro. Ọ gụrụ ụdị dị iche iche na sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi <ref>{{Cite web|author=of 2024|first=Ganesh Khatiwada :: Silsila Acharya Named Among BBC's 100 Influential Women|title=Silsila Acharya Named Among BBC's 100 Influential Women of 2024|url=https://www.ecospherenews.com/detail/191|accessdate=2024-12-08|work=ecospherenews}}</ref> na Mahadum Tribhuvan na Mahadum Bergen ma nweta nzere masta. <ref>{{Cite web|title=Shilshila Acharya – Avni|url=https://avnicenter.org/team/52/|accessdate=2024-12-08|language=en-US}}</ref> Otu n'ime mkpọsa mbụ ya bụ ịtụ aro ka okporo ụzọ Nepalese nwee osisi a kụrụ n'akụkụ ya.<ref name="p108">{{Cite book|author=Rich|first=Carrie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92h6EAAAQBAJ&dq=shilshila+acharya&pg=PA108|title=Impact the World: Live Your Values and Drive Change As a Citizen Statesperson|date=2022-05-10|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-84891-2|language=en}}</ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ, ọ sonyeere Himalayan Climate Initiative ka ọ malitere ime ihe iji belata ojiji nke akpa plastik na Nepal <ref name="p108">{{Cite book|author=Rich|first=Carrie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=92h6EAAAQBAJ&dq=shilshila+acharya&pg=PA108|title=Impact the World: Live Your Values and Drive Change As a Citizen Statesperson|date=2022-05-10|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-119-84891-2|language=en}}</ref> ọ bụ ezie na nke a abụghị echiche mbụ. Ìgwè ya chọrọ ibelata ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ agbọghọ a na-ere ahịa na mba ofesi. Ìgwè ya sonyeere njikọ aka na Bhat-Bhateni Supermarket, nnukwu ụlọ ahịa, <ref name="p108" /> iji gbaa ume iji akpa ákwà kama iji akpa plastik a na-atụfu atụfu. Akpa ákwà na-ewu ewu. Ndị mmadụ zụrụ ha, mana ha ejighị ha mee ihe. Ọ dị ndị otu ahụ mkpa ịchọta ụzọ ọhụrụ iji metụta ndị mmadụ.<ref name="wwfnepal">{{Cite web|title=Beating Plastic Pollution with Shilshila Acharya|url=https://www.wwfnepal.org/?328870/Beating-Plastic-Pollution-with-Shilshila-Acharya|accessdate=2024-12-08|work=www.wwfnepal.org|language=en}}</ref> Okwu mmeghe ọhụrụ ha bụ "Ee e meriri, m na-ebu akpa nke m" na nke a gbanwere omume. O mere ka gọọmentị Nepalese machibido iji akpa plastik eme ihe na Kathmandu.<ref name="rubbish">{{Cite web|title=Climate Pioneer Shilshila Acharya listed among BBC 100 Women 2024|url=https://kathmandupost.com/climate-environment/2024/12/03/climate-pioneer-shilshila-acharya-listed-among-bbc-100-women-2024|accessdate=2024-12-07|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na asatọ, [[Ebe Akụrụngwa Ụwa Nile Maka Okike|World Wildlife Fund]] dị na Nepal mere emume ncheta afọ iri abụọ na ise ya ma ha kpebiri ịmegharị onyinye nchedo ha. Acharya natara otu n'ime onyinye, nke e nyere ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, n'ihi ọrụ ya dị ka onye isi oche nke Himalayan Climate Initiative.<ref name="wwf25">{{Cite web|date=2018|title=CONSERVATION AWARDS 2018|url=https://wwfasia.awsassets.panda.org/downloads/conservation_award_brochure_2018.pdf|accessdate=8 December 2024|work=WWF Nepal}}</ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na iri itoolu, Ọ sonyere na mkpọsa iji belata nnukwu ihe mkpofu fọdụrụ na Himalayas site na ndị na-arị ugwu. Mgbasa ozi ya mere ka ewepụ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ tọn narị na iri na abụọ nke ihe mkpofu.<ref name="rubbish">{{Cite web|title=Climate Pioneer Shilshila Acharya listed among BBC 100 Women 2024|url=https://kathmandupost.com/climate-environment/2024/12/03/climate-pioneer-shilshila-acharya-listed-among-bbc-100-women-2024|accessdate=2024-12-07|work=kathmandupost.com|language=English}}</ref> N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ sonye na ndepụta BBC nke ụmụ nwanyị narị na-akpali akpali.<ref>{{Cite web|title=BBC 100 Women 2024: Who is on the list this year? - BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-4f79d09b-655a-42f8-82b4-9b2ecebab611|accessdate=2024-12-07|work=News|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ihe odide == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] [[Otú:Articles with hCards]] [[Otú:Mahadum Tribhuvan]] [[Otú:Ndị si Baglung District]] [[Otú:Ndị ọka mmụta sayensị gburugburu]] [[Otú:Ndị ọzụ ahịa na Nepelese]] iinwhjiell81rdkunxfbbvwsgqtxmw8 0 77445 672610 2026-07-05T10:01:12Z Specialyvonne 56002 Jiri '{{Short description|Malagasy politician}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Ralava Beboarimisa | image = Ralava Beboarimisa.jpg | caption = Beboarimisa in 2023 | birth_date = 1977 | birth_place = Madagascar | alma_mater = Université Paris XII<br>INSEAD<br>IHEDN | profession = Politician, financier | office1 = Minister of Environment, Ecology, Sea and Forests | term_start1 = January 2015 | term_end1 = April 201...' kere ihü 672610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Malagasy politician}} {{Infobox officeholder | name = Ralava Beboarimisa | image = Ralava Beboarimisa.jpg | caption = Beboarimisa in 2023 | birth_date = 1977 | birth_place = Madagascar | alma_mater = Université Paris XII<br>INSEAD<br>IHEDN | profession = Politician, financier | office1 = Minister of Environment, Ecology, Sea and Forests | term_start1 = January 2015 | term_end1 = April 2016 | office2 = Minister of Transport and Meteorology | term_start2 = August 2017 | term_end2 = January 2019 }} Ralava Beboarimisa (amụrụ n'afọ 1977) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Madagascar, onye na-ahụ maka ego, na onye na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ bu Minista nke Gburugburu ebe Obibi, Ecology, Oké Osimiri na Ọhịa (nke bụzi Minista nke Environment na Sustainable Development) site n'afọ 2015 ruo n'afọ 2016, na Minista nke njem na Meteorology site n'afọ 2017 ruo n'afọ 2019, na-eje ozi n'okpuru ọchịchị nke Jean Ravelonarivo, Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana, na Christian Ntsay.[1] 20g8nhdtwtig07m7glykkxojrqo9otp 672613 672610 2026-07-05T10:12:12Z Specialyvonne 56002 Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362067894|Ralava Beboarimisa]]" 672613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox officeholder | name = Ralava Beboarimisa | image = Ralava Beboarimisa.jpg | caption = Beboarimisa in 2023 | birth_date = 1977 | birth_place = Madagascar | alma_mater = Université Paris XII<br>INSEAD<br>IHEDN | profession = Politician, financier | office1 = Minister of Environment, Ecology, Sea and Forests | termstart1 = January 2015 | termend1 = April 2016 | office2 = Minister of Transport and Meteorology | termstart2 = August 2017 | termend2 = January 2019 }} <references /> '''Ralava Beboarimisa''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1977) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Madagascar, onye na-ahụ maka ego, na onye na-akwado gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ bu Minista nke Gburugburu ebe Obibi, Ecology, Oké Osimiri na Ọhịa (nke bụzi Minista nke Environment na Sustainable Development) site n'afọ puku abụọ na iri ise ruo n'afọ puku abụọ na iri isii, na Minista nke njem na Meteorology site n'afọ puku abụọ na iri asaa ruo n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na itoolu, na-eje ozi n'okpuru ọchịchị nke Jean Ravelonarivo, Olivier Mahafaly Solonandrasana, na Christian Ntsay. == Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ == Beboarimisa gụrụ akwụkwọ gbasara ego na mmekọrịta mba ụwa na [[France]], mesịa na-emecha agụmakwụkwọ ndị isi na idu ndú na INSEAD n'afọ puku na iri na otu na Institut des hautes études de défense nationale (IHEDN) n'afọ puku abụọ na iri ise. Ọ malitere ọrụ ya na ụlọ akụ itinye ego na Paris na Fimat International Banque (Société Générale group) ma mesịa na Newedge, ọkachamara na njikwa ihe ize ndụ ego na ngwọta ụgwọ maka ndị ahịa Ụgwọ Ọrụ. == Ọrụ == N'afọ puku abụọ na iri na otu, ọ laghachiri [[Madagascar]] dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Foundation for Protected Areas and Biodiversity of Madagascar (FAPBM). N'okpuru idu ndú ya, onyinye nke ntọala ahụ toro ruo ihe dị ka US $ 50 nde, na-akwado ihe karịrị ebe iri atọ echedoro na-ekpuchi nde hekta 3. Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche nke Consortium of African Funds for the Environment ma duru ndị nnọchi anya iri isii nke Madagascar gaa IUCN World Parks Congress na Sydney n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na anọ. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Mịnịsta na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na Jenụwarị afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise, Beboarimisa nọchitere anya [[Madagascar]] dị ka onye isi na-ekwu okwu na COP21 na Paris, na-akwado ego ihu igwe na nkwado siri ike maka mba ndị na-adịghị ike. O nyekwara ndị omeiwu "Iwu Beboarimisa" (Iwu No. 2015‐056), nke a nabatara na Disemba afọ 2015, nke mepụtara usoro ikpe pụrụ iche iji lụso ịzụ ahịa iwu nke rosewood na ebony ọgụ. Iwu ahụ mere ka ntaramahụhụ, ikike ikpe, na imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa sie ike, na-enyere Madagascar aka inweta nloghachi nke ụgbọ mmiri rosewood e weghaara na mba ọzọ, gụnyere tọn narị na iri abụọ site na Mauritius n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii. N'oge ọ bụ onye ozi, Madagascar gbasaa ebe ndị a na-echebe ruo ihe karịrị nde hekta asaa ma guzobe mpaghara ọhụrụ a na-echekwa mmiri n'okpuru "Nkwupụta nke Sydney" zuru ụwa ọnụ n'oge dị mkpirikpi n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na isii, visibiliti ya mere ka e kwuo na ọ nwere ike ịnọchi Jean Ravelonarivo dị ka praịm minista. N'oge ọ na-eje ozi na gburugburu ebe obibi, Beboarimisa chere nyocha ihu n'afọ 2016 maka ijide ihe karịrị Otu puku tọn nke a na-ekwu na ọ bụ osisi rosewood Malagasy na Singapore. O kwusiri ike na ọ dịghị ihe ọ bụla e nyere ikike mbupụ ma kwado ya na nyocha, ebe gọọmentị mba United States gosipụtara nkwado maka mbọ iwu mba ụwa nke Madagascar. n'afọ 2019, Ụlọikpe Mkpegharị Ikpe nke Singapore kagburu ikpe, na-ewere osisi ndị ahụ dị na njem kama ibubata n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. Mgbe a gbanwere ọchịchị n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 2017, ọ ghọrọ Minista na-ahụ maka njem na ihu igwe, na-eje ozi ruo Jenụwarị n'afọ 2019. N'ọrụ a, ọ malitere mgbanwe na nchịkwa njem na nchekwa, ọrụ ihu igwe nke oge a, ma mee ka usoro ịdọ aka ná ntị nke cyclone nke Madagascar sie ike, karịsịa site na ịbanye na mmemme Climate Risk and Early Warning Systems (CREWS). Ọ na-ahụkwa maka nnukwu ọrụ akụrụngwa, gụnyere mmụba nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Tamatave (Toamasina) na iwu ọdụ ụgbọ elu ọhụrụ na Ivato International Airport na Antananarivo. == Omume obodo == N'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 2018, Beboarimisa guzobere òtù obodo Bâtir la République, nke e guzobere iji kwalite itinye aka ụmụ amaala na arụmụka ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. Òtù NGO na-ahazi nzukọ ọha na eze banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mba, ọkachasị n'ihe dị ka ụbọchị iri na anọ nke ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1958, nkwupụta nke mba mbụ nke Madagascar. == Ọrụ mba ụwa == N'ọkwa mba ụwa, Beboarimisa esonyewo n'ọtụtụ ọrụ African Union Observations missions N'ọnwa Disemba nke afọ 2023, ọ sonyeere ndị ọrụ AU na ntuli aka onye isi ala nke Democratic Republic of the Congo, nke onye mbụ onye isi ala Madagascar bụ Hery Rajaonarimampianina duziri. == Ihe odide == {{Infobox officeholder | name = Ralava Beboarimisa | image = Ralava Beboarimisa.jpg | caption = Beboarimisa in 2023 | birth_date = 1977 | birth_place = Madagascar | alma_mater = Université Paris XII<br>INSEAD<br>IHEDN | profession = Politician, financier | office1 = Minister of Environment, Ecology, Sea and Forests | termstart1 = January 2015 | termend1 = April 2016 | office2 = Minister of Transport and Meteorology | termstart2 = August 2017 | termend2 = January 2019 }} == Njikọ mpụga == * [https://www.linkedin.com/in/ralavabeboarimisa/ Ralava Beboarimisa na LinkedIn] * [https://www.facebook.com/BatirLaRepublique/ Iwu Republic Facebook page] [[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]] mwkeu3a3drm65izdaw2qihrs72aezei 0 77446 672617 2026-07-05T10:56:18Z Specialyvonne 56002 Jiri '{{Short description|Russian lawyer and economist (born 1957)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}} {{Infobox person | name = Akhatov, Aydar Gabdulkhaevich<br /><small>[[Russian language|Rus.]] Ахатов, Айдар Габдулхаевич</small><br /><small>[[Tatar language|Tat.]] Əхәтов, Айдар Габделхәй улы</small> | image = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010).jpg | alt = | caption = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010) | birth_date =...' kere ihü 672617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Russian lawyer and economist (born 1957)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}} {{Infobox person | name = Akhatov, Aydar Gabdulkhaevich<br /><small>[[Russian language|Rus.]] Ахатов, Айдар Габдулхаевич</small><br /><small>[[Tatar language|Tat.]] Əхәтов, Айдар Габделхәй улы</small> | image = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010).jpg | alt = | caption = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010) | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|06|20}} | birth_place = [[Tobolsk]], [[Tyumen]] Oblast, [[Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union | alma_mater = [[Kazan State University]], [[Bashkir State University]], [[Saint Petersburg Mining Institute]], [[UCLA]] | death_date = | death_place = | known_for = President of the company "CITY", economist, president of the first environmental fund in the USSR / Russia, author of the first Russian ecological encyclopedia, ecologist, artist | occupation = Lawyer, economist, ecologist | awards = [[File:Statuette of Award "Entrepreneur of the Year".jpg|33px]] | spouse = | website = {{URL|www.akhatov-a.ru}} | signature = }} sex18rilyes3871tx8cn1tomv120ruc 672619 672617 2026-07-05T11:26:58Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* */ 672619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Russian lawyer and economist (born 1957)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}} {{Infobox person | name = Akhatov, Aydar Gabdulkhaevich<br /><small>[[Russian language|Rus.]] Ахатов, Айдар Габдулхаевич</small><br /><small>[[Tatar language|Tat.]] Əхәтов, Айдар Габделхәй улы</small> | image = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010).jpg | alt = | caption = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010) | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|06|20}} | birth_place = [[Tobolsk]], [[Tyumen]] Oblast, [[Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union | alma_mater = [[Kazan State University]], [[Bashkir State University]], [[Saint Petersburg Mining Institute]], [[UCLA]] | death_date = | death_place = | known_for = President of the company "CITY", economist, president of the first environmental fund in the USSR / Russia, author of the first Russian ecological encyclopedia, ecologist, artist | occupation = Lawyer, economist, ecologist | awards = [[File:Statuette of Award "Entrepreneur of the Year".jpg|33px]] | spouse = | website = {{URL|www.akhatov-a.ru}} | signature = }} ==Akụkọ ndụ== Aydar Akhatov bụ ọkachamara mba ụwa n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ụzọ njikwa akụ na ụba nke nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. 1b99e14w64ij0revgwdvncwgj8880xq 672621 672619 2026-07-05T11:35:33Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 672621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Russian lawyer and economist (born 1957)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}} {{Infobox person | name = Akhatov, Aydar Gabdulkhaevich<br /><small>[[Russian language|Rus.]] Ахатов, Айдар Габдулхаевич</small><br /><small>[[Tatar language|Tat.]] Əхәтов, Айдар Габделхәй улы</small> | image = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010).jpg | alt = | caption = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010) | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|06|20}} | birth_place = [[Tobolsk]], [[Tyumen]] Oblast, [[Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union | alma_mater = [[Kazan State University]], [[Bashkir State University]], [[Saint Petersburg Mining Institute]], [[UCLA]] | death_date = | death_place = | known_for = President of the company "CITY", economist, president of the first environmental fund in the USSR / Russia, author of the first Russian ecological encyclopedia, ecologist, artist | occupation = Lawyer, economist, ecologist | awards = [[File:Statuette of Award "Entrepreneur of the Year".jpg|33px]] | spouse = | website = {{URL|www.akhatov-a.ru}} | signature = }} ==Akụkọ ndụ== Aydar Akhatov bụ ọkachamara mba ụwa n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ụzọ njikwa akụ na ụba nke nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="gabdulkhaevich24" /><ref name="eurasian-defence1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurasian-defence.ru/node/7987|title=Centre for Military and Political Studies: Akhatov Aydar Gabdulkhaevich|access-date=21 May 2013|archive-date=5 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105073537/http://eurasian-defence.ru/node/7987|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um2dJa9sEH8|title=TV: Экологические проблемы:отходы / Ecological Problems: Waste|date=25 May 2009 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref name="VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov">[http://gaidar.viperson.ru/wind.php?ID=5122 VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov] {{in lang|ru|en}}</ref> The chairman of the Commission of experts, a member of Presidium of the Higher Ecological [[Council]] at the [[State Duma of the Russian Federation]] (1997–2008).<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.izdfeb.narod.ru/archiv/n_2_7.htm|title=index|website=www.izdfeb.narod.ru}}</ref> DSc in Economics (1998). t48mf12sva6t6zlsndgkdp3i6gdn8ew 672622 672621 2026-07-05T11:36:57Z Specialyvonne 56002 /* Akụkọ ndụ */ 672622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Russian lawyer and economist (born 1957)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}} {{Infobox person | name = Akhatov, Aydar Gabdulkhaevich<br /><small>[[Russian language|Rus.]] Ахатов, Айдар Габдулхаевич</small><br /><small>[[Tatar language|Tat.]] Əхәтов, Айдар Габделхәй улы</small> | image = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010).jpg | alt = | caption = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010) | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|06|20}} | birth_place = [[Tobolsk]], [[Tyumen]] Oblast, [[Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union | alma_mater = [[Kazan State University]], [[Bashkir State University]], [[Saint Petersburg Mining Institute]], [[UCLA]] | death_date = | death_place = | known_for = President of the company "CITY", economist, president of the first environmental fund in the USSR / Russia, author of the first Russian ecological encyclopedia, ecologist, artist | occupation = Lawyer, economist, ecologist | awards = [[File:Statuette of Award "Entrepreneur of the Year".jpg|33px]] | spouse = | website = {{URL|www.akhatov-a.ru}} | signature = }} ==Akụkọ ndụ== Aydar Akhatov bụ ọkachamara mba ụwa n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ụzọ njikwa akụ na ụba nke nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="gabdulkhaevich24" /><ref name="eurasian-defence1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurasian-defence.ru/node/7987|title=Centre for Military and Political Studies: Akhatov Aydar Gabdulkhaevich|access-date=21 May 2013|archive-date=5 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105073537/http://eurasian-defence.ru/node/7987|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um2dJa9sEH8|title=TV: Экологические проблемы:отходы / Ecological Problems: Waste|date=25 May 2009 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref name="VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov">[http://gaidar.viperson.ru/wind.php?ID=5122 VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov] {{in lang|ru|en}}</ref> Onyeisi oche nke Kọmishọn nke ndị ọkachamara, onye otu Presidium nke Kọnsụl Elu Ecological na Steeti Duma nke Russian Federation (1997–2008).[5] DSc na Akụnụba (1998). 7hd1dfmfm0ys5gldb0819yc4xbk9dgf 672630 672622 2026-07-05T11:55:02Z Specialyvonne 56002 672630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|Russian lawyer and economist (born 1957)}} {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}} {{Infobox person | name = Akhatov, Aydar Gabdulkhaevich<br /><small>[[Russian language|Rus.]] Ахатов, Айдар Габдулхаевич</small><br /><small>[[Tatar language|Tat.]] Əхәтов, Айдар Габделхәй улы</small> | image = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010).jpg | alt = | caption = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010) | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|06|20}} | birth_place = [[Tobolsk]], [[Tyumen]] Oblast, [[Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union | alma_mater = [[Kazan State University]], [[Bashkir State University]], [[Saint Petersburg Mining Institute]], [[UCLA]] | death_date = | death_place = | known_for = President of the company "CITY", economist, president of the first environmental fund in the USSR / Russia, author of the first Russian ecological encyclopedia, ecologist, artist | occupation = Lawyer, economist, ecologist | awards = [[File:Statuette of Award "Entrepreneur of the Year".jpg|33px]] | spouse = | website = {{URL|www.akhatov-a.ru}} | signature = }} ==Akụkọ ndụ== Aydar Akhatov bụ ọkachamara mba ụwa n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ụzọ njikwa akụ na ụba nke nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi.<ref name="gabdulkhaevich24" /><ref name="eurasian-defence1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurasian-defence.ru/node/7987|title=Centre for Military and Political Studies: Akhatov Aydar Gabdulkhaevich|access-date=21 May 2013|archive-date=5 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105073537/http://eurasian-defence.ru/node/7987|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um2dJa9sEH8|title=TV: Экологические проблемы:отходы / Ecological Problems: Waste|date=25 May 2009 |via=www.youtube.com}}</ref><ref name="VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov">[http://gaidar.viperson.ru/wind.php?ID=5122 VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov] {{in lang|ru|en}}</ref> Onyeisi oche nke Kọmishọn nke ndị ọkachamara, onye otu Presidium nke Kọnsụl Elu Ecological na Steeti Duma nke Russian Federation (1997–2008).[5] DSc na Akụnụba (1998). Ọkammụta nke Mahadum Russia nke Humanities. Ọkammụta nke International Academy of Ecology, Man and Nature Protection Sciences (General Consultative state of Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) nke United Nations). Ọkammụta nke International Informatisational Academy nke (General Consultative state of Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) nke United Nations). Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ atọ dị elu na [[Russian Federation]] (akụnụba, iwu, gburugburu ebe obibi-geographical), Aydar Akhatov gụchara akwụkwọ [[UCLA]]. Otu n'ime ndị guzobere na ndị ndu nke mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi na Russia. Ọ bụ onye sonyere na onye nhazi nke ọtụtụ ogbako mba ụwa na ogbako maka nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi. <ref name="viperson2" /> The delegate of the First All-Russian Congress on Environmental Protection (the delegate from the [[Republic of Tatarstan]]), Moscow, 3–5 June 1995.<ref>[http://www.wiwrf.ru/members/person_18478.html Who's Who in Russia: Aydar Akhatov.]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref><ref>[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42075421 The Materials of the All-Russian Congress on Nature Protection, 3–5 June 1995] {{in lang|en}}</ref><ref>[http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/russia/arf_meet.htm EIS/RF Meetings used as information sources: The All-Russian Congress on Environmental Protection. The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation, and the Inter-Agency Commission on Ecological Safety of the Security Council of the Russian Federation. Moscow, 3–5 June 1995] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119234617/http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/russia/arf_meet.htm |date=19 January 2008 }} {{in lang|en}}</ref> Aydar Akhatov mepụtara usoro nke usoro akụ na ụba maka ijikwa ihe ndị sitere n'okike na ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge mgbanwe gaa n'usoro ahịa (1990).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wiw-rf.ru/members/person_18478.html|title=АХАТОВ АЙДАР ГАБДУЛХАЕВИЧ (Президент, член Совета директоров ОАО "СИТИ" - управляющей компании по строительству и развитию "Московского Международного Делового Центра "Москва-Сити", г. Москва) / Наши участники / КТО ЕСТЬ КТО в России|website=www.wiw-rf.ru}}</ref> O dabere na nke mbụ na USSR / Russia kwụsịrị mmefu ego steeti gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike nke onye iwu (1990), si otú ahụ malite ịmalite usoro nke ego steeti mmefu ego na akụkụ dị iche iche na mba ahụ. Onye nchoputa nke mbụ na USSR / Russia municipal sanitary-ecological police (1990),<ref name="famous-scientists1">{{Cite web|url=https://famous-scientists.ru/anketa/ahatov-ajdar-gabdulhaevich-3626|title=доктор экономических наук Ахатов Айдар Габдулхаевич|website=famous-scientists.ru}}</ref> 6enx8zb2kmzhw50qn82wwsqup0o53v6