Kema Chikwe

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      <text bytes="1094" sha1="tuf9451ckeucjx1xgk1zacmn3g3a103" xml:space="preserve">Kemafo N[[Naijiria|onye]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;rem &quot;Kema&quot; Chikwe bụ onye bụbu Minista Naịjirịa nke Federal Aviation. Ọ na-ejide ọkwa nke National Women Leader nke pati ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria PDP ugbu a.

Chikwe malitere akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ ise n'[[Abá|Aba]] na nke bụ Abia State ugbu a. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na French na Advanced Teachers' College, [[Òwèrè|Owerri]] . Ọ gakwara Queen's College nke City mahadum nke New York ebe ọ nwetara nzere na French. O nwetara nzere doctorate na [[University of Nigeria|Mahadum]] Naijiria, Nsukka, na agụmakwụkwọ.
Chikwe ghọrọ onye nta akụkọ redio, onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ. Ọ bụ onye isi na onye na-ebipụta akwụkwọ, Prime Time Limited, ndị na-ebipụtara magazin Ash. O bipụtara akwụkwọ atọ, dezie ọtụtụ akwụkwọ ma nye aka n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/PEOPLE/ad.asp?blurb=65|title=Kema Chikwe|work=Online Nigeria|accessdate=2010-02-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
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| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
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| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
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|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Montagnes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Sassandra-Marahoué.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[Usòrò:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Savanes.svg|center|128px]]
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
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|-
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| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
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|-
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| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
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|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
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| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
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|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
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| [[Usòrò:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Savanes.svg|center|128px]]
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| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
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|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
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| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
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| 
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|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
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| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Lagunes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Montagnes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Sassandra-Marahoué.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[Usòrò:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Savanes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Vallée du Bandama.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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        <id>8567</id>
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Montagnes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Sassandra-Marahoué.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[Usòrò:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Savanes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Vallée du Bandama.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Montagnes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Sassandra-Marahoué.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[Usòrò:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Savanes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Vallée du Bandama.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Montagnes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Sassandra-Marahoué District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[Usòrò:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Savanes.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Vallée du Bandama.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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        <id>8567</id>
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Montagnes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Sassandra-Marahoué District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[Usòrò:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Usòrò:Savanes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Vallée du Bandama.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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        <id>8567</id>
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Montagnes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Sassandra-Marahoué District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[Usòrò:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Usòrò:Savanes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Vallée du Bandama District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Woroba.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Montagnes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Sassandra-Marahoué District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[Usòrò:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Usòrò:Savanes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Vallée du Bandama District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Woroba District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District Zanzan.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Montagnes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Sassandra-Marahoué District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[Usòrò:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Usòrò:Savanes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Vallée du Bandama District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Woroba District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Yamoussoukro.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Zanzan District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|}

{{Wikidata list end}}</text>
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Côte d'Ivoire - District autonome Abidjan.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Montagnes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Sassandra-Marahoué District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[Usòrò:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Usòrò:Savanes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Vallée du Bandama District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Woroba District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Yamoussoukro Autonomous District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Zanzan District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
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{| class='wikitable sortable' style='width:100%'
!Article
!description
!Country
!Image
!Map
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830972|Abidjan Autonomous District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Abidjan Autonomous District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980352|Bas-Sassandra District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Bas-Sassandra District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q16629374|Comoé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Comoé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980374|Denguélé District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Denguélé District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003640|Gôh-Djiboua District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Gôh-Djiboua District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980363|Lacs District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lacs District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980365|Lagunes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Lagunes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980366|Montagnes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Montagnes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20365127|Sassandra-Marahoué District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Sassandra-Marahoué District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002161|Savanes District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| [[Usòrò:Boundiali-montagnes2.jpg|center|128px]]
| [[Usòrò:Savanes District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21002356|Vallée du Bandama District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Vallée du Bandama District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q20980371|Woroba District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Woroba District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q19830973|Yamoussoukro]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Yamoussoukro Autonomous District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
|-
| ''[[:d:Q21003689|Zanzan District]]''
| 
| [[Côte d'Ivoire]]
| 
| [[Usòrò:Zanzan District in Côte d'Ivoire.svg|center|128px]]
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  <page>
    <title>All Bengal Women's Union</title>
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      <text bytes="6425" sha1="qejvi9bu59syw2zsvlc4zwlervniykz" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
Ebidoro '''All Bengal Women's Union''' na afọ1932, ógè otu ogbako ụmụ nwanyị nọ na West Bengal guzobere otu ụmụ nwanyị nwere otú echiche iji nyere ụmụ nwanyị ibe ha na-enweghị enyemaka, ndị a na-erigbu ma na-emegbu aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Social welfare organization working for women empowerment and rehabilitation|url=http://www.abwu.org.in/aboutus.aspx|work=All Bengal Women's Union|accessdate=28 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004715/http://www.abwu.org.in/aboutus.aspx|archivedate=29 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mbido nke otu ahụ dị n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ịzụ ahịa ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka amụbaala ruo n'ókè na-enweghị atụ na West Bengal na mpaghara Calcutta na NGO bụ mbọ iji dozie nsogbu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=All Bengal Women's Union|url=https://www.endslaverynow.org/all-bengal-womens-union|work=End Slavery Now|accessdate=28 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=All Bengal Womens Union|url=http://grassrootsvolunteering.org/volunteer_opportunities/all-bengal-women-s-union|work=Grassroots Volunteering|accessdate=28 January 2018|archivedate=29 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129140348/http://grassrootsvolunteering.org/volunteer_opportunities/all-bengal-women-s-union}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'etiti Agha Ụwa abụọ, ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri na ndị agha amụbaala nke ukwuu ma ahịa anụ ahụ chọtara ahịa dị njikere ma gbasaa na Calcutta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Legg|first=Stephen|title=Anti-Vice Lives: Peopling the Archives of Prostitution in Interwar India|url=http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27895/1/ANTIVICE%20LIVES%20BLANK.pdf|publisher=University of Nottingham|accessdate=28 January 2018|date=2014|archivedate=29 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180129004732/http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/27895/1/ANTIVICE%20LIVES%20BLANK.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; Emere ''iwu'' ''Calcutta'' Suppression of Immoral Traffic Act na Children Act iji mee ka ndị uwe ojii nwee ike ịnapụta ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka n'ụlọ akwụna.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sen|first=Samita|title=75 Years IN The Shadow Of Sita|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1070111/asp/opinion/story_7228376.asp|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=28 January 2018|date=11 January 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maazị J. N. Basu, onye ọka iwu a ma ama na onye ọrụ ebere, debere iwu ọhụrụ akpọrọ The Bengal Suppression of Immoral Traffic Bill n'ihu ndị omebe iwu Bengal na 1932 .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Bengal Suppression of Immoral Traffic Act, 1933|url=https://archive.org/stream/1933WB6/1933WB6_djvu.txt|accessdate=28 January 2018|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; 


Kansụl ndị isi ala Bengal nke ụmụ nwanyị na ọgbakọ ọgbakọ ụmụ nwanyị Bengal niile kpebiri ka ha guzobe ọgbakọ kwụụrụ onwe ya maka Mgbochi nke okporo ụzọ rụrụ arụ na Bengal.

Òtù a malitere na aha ''All Bengal Women's Union'' ma debanye aha n'okpuru Iwu XXI nke 1860. All Bengal Women's Union nwere njikọ na International Abolitionist Federation, Geneva.&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;/&gt; Na 1 Eprel 1933, e nyere iwu ahụ. Romola Sinha, onye guzobere ya bụ onye isi oche mbụ nke Central Social Welfare Board na West Bengal.

N'ime ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ a ma ama nyere onyinye dị ukwuu na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ bụ Smt Maneck Modi, Smt Sheila Davar na Oriakụ Bela Sen.
Nleta nke Princess Anne (na Jenụwarị 2007) bụ ihe omume dị mkpa na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=LaLiga - 2022/2023 matches ≡ Football online ≡ LaLiga livescore {{!}} azscore.ng|url=https://azscore.ng/football/leagues/spain/laliga|work=azscore.ng|accessdate=2022-10-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tele&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Where Charity begins|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/1070111/asp/opinion/story_7219412.asp|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=28 January 2018|date=11 January 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Oriakụ Davar ghọrọ onye isi oche nke klọb ahụ mgbe Oriakụ Sinha nwụrụ. O guzobekwara Bustee Welfare Society nke dị na Lovelock Place. Oriakụ Bela Sen bụ onye isi oche nke Ngalaba mmepụta ihe ruo ogologo oge.

Ọtụtụ NGO dị ka Save the Children Fund na-enyere All Bengal Women's Union aka n'ọrụ ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;sponsor&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sponsorship for health and education of the poor children|url=http://www.abwu.org/projects.asp?project=sponsorship|work=All Bengal Women's Union|accessdate=28 January 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724220118/http://www.abwu.org/projects.asp?project=sponsorship|archivedate=24 July 2011|date=24 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Atụmatụ ==
Ọrụ ndị bụ isi nke nzukọ ahụ bụ:

* Ịmepụta ụlọ maka ụlọ nke ụmụ nwanyị meworo agadi
* Ịmepụta ụlọ ọdịmma ụmụaka (Ụlọ Akwụkwọ praịmarị)
* Inye ọzụzụ ọrụ aka
* Ịzụlite ụlọ ọrụ mmegharị ahụ
* The Refill Project maka ndị nwere nkwarụ mmụta
* Ọrụ Bakery nke na-enye ụmụ nwanyị na-agbanwe agbanwe ọrụ
* Nnyocha na akwụkwọ banyere ahia mmekọahụ nke ụmụaka na ụmụ nwanyị
* Ọrụ ndụmọdụ maka ụmụ nwanyị nwere nsogbu uche na uche (nke Hope Kolkata Foundation kwadoro)
* Mmemme nkwado maka mkpa ahụike na agụmakwụkwọ (na njikọ ya na ASHA na Save the Children)
* Enyemaka iwu n'efu nye ụmụ nwanyị bi n'okpuru akara ịda ogbenye nye ndị chọrọ ya maka nzube ọ bụla
* Sahayika Project, nke na-azụ ụmụ agbọghọ ndị arụrụala na ime ihe ike dị iche iche metụtara dị ka ayahs na ndị enyemaka nọọsụ.
* Shikshalaya Prakalpo Project, nke UNICEF kwadoro, bu n'obi inye agụmakwụkwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị nye ndị kwụsịrị akwụkwọ
* Ọrụ Swadhar, bu n'obi ịrụ ọrụ na ụmụ agbọghọ iri abụọ na ise sitere na mpaghara ọkụ na-acha uhie uhie nọ na mmalite ya

== Leekwa ==

* Ịgba akwụna na India
* Ịgba akwụna na Eshia
* Ịgba akwụna na Kolkata
* Ịgba akwụna na Mumbai
* Akwụkwọ iwu ụwa maka ikike ndị akwụna
* Kọmitii Durbar Mahila Samanwaya
* Kamathipura
* Garstin Bastion Road, New Delhi
* Budhwar Peth, Pune
* Ụmụ nwoke na-agba akwụna

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220519085618/http://abwu.org.in/ All Bengal Women's Union]</text>
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'''Anna Yuryevna Kuznetsova''' ( Russian ; amụrụ ya na 3 Jenụwarị 1982) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Russia na-eje ozi dị ka onye otu na osote onye isi oche nke State Duma kemgbe afọ 2021. N'oge gara aga, ọ bụ Kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụaka maka onye isi ala nke Russian Federation. n'etiti afọ 2016 nakwa afọ 2021.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Новым детским омбудсменом стала Анна Кузнецова|date=9 September 2016|url=http://tass.ru/politika/3607525|language=ru|publisher=[[TASS]]|accessdate=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Анна Кузнецова назначена Уполномоченным при Президенте по правам ребёнка|date=9 September 2016|url=http://www.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/52862|language=ru|publisher=[[Kremlin.ru]]|accessdate=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ndụ ==
A mụrụ Kuznetsova n'ụbọchị 3 Jenụwarị 1982 na Penza, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union .&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=3 January 2017|title=Биография Анны Кузнецовой|url=https://ria.ru/20170103/1484635646.html|accessdate=19 February 2021|work=РИА Новости|language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya bụ onye na-ewu ụlọ ma nne ya bụ injinia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=АРАСЛАНОВ|first=Антон|date=9 September 2016|title=Новый детский омбудсмен — безотказный человек и добрая любящая мама|url=https://www.kp.ru/daily/26580.7/3595278/|accessdate=19 February 2021|work=kp.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwekwara nwanne nwoke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;Мама убеждена, что я трудоголик&quot;: Анна Кузнецова о семье, искренности политиков и грантах|url=https://tass.ru/politika/3608423|accessdate=19 February 2021|work=ТАСС}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1997, ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Number 72 na Penza. Site n'afọ 1998 ruo afọ 1999, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Pedagogical Lyceum No. 3, nke dịkwa na Penza. N'afọ 2003, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na V.G. Belinsky Penza State Pedagogical University (nke bụ PSU ugbu a), na-eru eru dị ka &quot;onye nkuzi uche&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://lider.pnzgu.ru/kuznetsova Биография Анны Кузнецовой на сайте Пензенского государственного университета] pnzgu.ru (26 January 2021). Retrieved 27 January 2021.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite ọrụ ==
Kuznetsova wee malite ọrụ mmekọrịta ya dị ka onye ọrụ afọ ofufo. Ọ na-elekọta ụmụaka n'ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụaka mpaghara. N'afọ 2008 ruo n'afọ 2010, ọ bụ onye guzobere nzukọ ọha na eze, Blagovest ebe di ya bụ onye isi oche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;Мама убеждена, что я трудоголик&quot;: Анна Кузнецова о семье, искренности политиков и грантах|url=https://tass.ru/politika/3608423|accessdate=19 February 2021|work=ТАСС}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2011, Kuznetsova hiwere Pokrov Foundation nke na-enye enyemaka nye ezinụlọ buru ibu na ndị nwere obere ego. Na mpaghara Penza nke Russia, ego ahụ nyere aka na mmejuputa usoro ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ zuru oke &quot;Ndụ bụ onyinye dị nsọ&quot;, ebe otu n'ime ihe mgbaru ọsọ ndị bụ isi bụ mgbochi iji belata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ite ime. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ malitere asọmpi ememme All-Russian maka ndị ntorobịa na-elekọta mmadụ. Ebumnuche ya bụ ịmepụta na ichekwa ụkpụrụ ezinụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2014, Kuznetsova sonyeere All-Russian Popular Front . Ozugbo nke ahụ gasịrị, ntọala ya, Pokrov Foundation natara onyinye site na steeti na ego maka ịmepụta Ụlọ Ọrụ Nchedo Nne nke nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide maka ndị nne nwere ụmụaka nọ n'ọnọdụ ndụ siri ike. Otu afọ ka e mesịrị, Kuznetsova duziri Kọmitii Nchịkwa Penza. O nyere aka na nyocha nke ụlọ ọgwụ ndị na-amụ nwa na usoro nlekọta ọmụmụ. N'ihe dị ka n'otu oge ahụ, ọ bụ onye isi nke ụdị mpaghara nke nzukọ Mother of Russia. Enyemaka ọzọ nke ọrụ Kuznetsova bụ nke osote onye isi oche mbụ nke ọchịchị onye isi ala, Vyacheslav Volodin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://meduza.io/feature/2016/09/09/novyy-detskiy-ombudsmen-kto-ona|title=Новый детский омбудсмен. Кто она? {{!}} Анна Кузнецова помогала многодетным семьям, возглавляла ОНФ в Пензе и верит в телегонию|date=9 September 2016|work=meduza.io|language=ru|accessdate=19 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Детский омбудсмен Кузнецова: Не помню, чтобы я что-то говорила о телегонии|url=http://www.rosbalt.ru/russia/2016/09/10/1548970.html|accessdate=29 August 2017|archivedate=29 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170829204400/http://www.rosbalt.ru/russia/2016/09/10/1548970.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rbc.ru/rbcfreenews/57d2e5759a79475bb3210cc9?from=main|title=Новый детский омбудсмен прокомментировала заявления о телегонии|publisher=[[РБК]]|accessdate=10 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuznetsova nwere echiche na-akwado ndụ. Dị ka ụfọdụ mgbasa ozi si kwuo, o gosipụtara nkwado maka telegony n'ajụjụ ọnụ maka Penza Medical Journal; Otú ọ dị, ọ gọnahụrụ nkwupụta ahụ, na-ekwu na ya ekweghị na telegony.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=«Телегония — это конечно же не наука»|url=http://foma.ru/telegoniya-eto-konechno-zhe-ne-nauka-108861.html|date=10 September 2016|accessdate=29 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kemgbe afọ 2015, Kuznetsova bụ onye isi oche nke Association of the Organisation for the Protection of the Family, onye otu Women's Council n'okpuru Gọvanọ nke mpaghara Penza, onye enyemaka nke onye isi oche nke Commission of the Interfaith Interaction ma tinye aka na Enyemaka na Nchedo nke nnwere onwe nke akọ na uche nke Ụlọ Ọha nke mpaghara Penza.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

N'ọnwa Septemba 2015, Kuznetsova banyere n'òtù na-arụ ọrụ iji mepụta aro maka iwu ndị ọzọ nke ọrụ nke òtù na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya. N'otu afọ ahụ, Onye isi ala Vladimir Putin bịanyere aka na iwu nke Pokrov Foundation ghọrọ onye na-ahụ maka onyinye onye isi ala. 

N'afọ 2016, tupu e kenye ya dị ka Kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụaka, Kuznetsova sonyere na ntuli aka nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị United Russia. Ọ bịara n'ọkwa nke ise na nsonaazụ ndị otu pati.

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
[[Usòrò:Vladimir_Putin_and_Anna_Kuznetsova_(2016-09-09)_01.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|314x314px|Kuznetsova na onye isi ala Vladimir Putin, 2016]]

=== Kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụaka ===

==== 2016 ====
N'ụbọchị 9 Septemba 2016, a họpụtara Kuznetsova ka ọ bụrụ Kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụaka maka onye isi ala nke Russian Federation na onye isi ala Vladimir Putin, na-ekenye ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 September 2016|title=Анна Кузнецова назначена Уполномоченным при Президенте по правам ребёнка|url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/52862|accessdate=19 May 2021|work=Президент России|language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2016, o mepụtara ndekọ nke ndị na-enwe mmekọahụ na ndị na-edina ụmụaka iji gbochie ha ịrụ ọrụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ ọ bụla na Russia. Mgbe ahụ, a tụrụ aro ka e webata njikwa nchịkwa ndụ niile maka ndị na-edina ụmụaka na Machị 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 December 2016|title=Детский омбудсмен Кузнецова предложила создать реестр педофилов|url=https://www.newsru.com/russia/24dec2016/kuznetsova.html|accessdate=19 February 2021|work=NEWSru.com|language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rg.ru/2017/03/14/anna-kuznecova-predlozhila-vvesti-pozhiznennyj-kontrol-za-pedofilami.html|title=Анна Кузнецова предложила ввести пожизненный контроль за педофилами|date=14 March 2017|author=Lebedeva|first=Natalia|work=rg.ru|language=ru|accessdate=19 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2017–2018 ====
N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 2017, Kuznetsova sonyere na njide a kpọsara nke ọma nke ụmụaka iri na-elekọta site na Moscow Del Family. Nke a malitere mgbe otu onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ ọta akara kwuru okwu nke hụrụ mmerụ ahụ n'ahụ otu n'ime ụmụaka ahụ, ma mesịa chọpụta na n'ezie ụmụaka ahụ nwere nje HIV. Mgbe ha nyochachara ọnọdụ nke ikpe ahụ, kọmitii nke ndị ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ nke ụlọ ọrụ maka nkwado ọha na eze nke obodo Zelenograd mere mkpebi ịkwụsị ụmụaka ọ bụla ọzọ na-elekọta iji nọrọ na ezinụlọ ahụ. Onye isi nke Moscow Department of Labour and Social Protection kwadoro nke a. 

Mgbe nzukọ ndị nta akụkọ gasịrị n'ụbọchị 23 Disemba n'afọ 2016, Vladimir Putin nyere Kuznetsova na Mịnịstrị na-ahụ maka ọrụ na nchedo ọha na eze nke mba Russia ntụziaka ka ha mụọ omume nke iwepu ụmụaka n'ezinụlọ dịka usoro eji eme ihe gabiga ókè ma ọ bụ itinye aka na ezinụlọ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. N'ụbọchị 15 Mee n'afọ 2017, Kuznetsova hotara data sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọkàiwu ma gwa ndị mgbasa ozi na 'ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ na ọ dịghị ikpe edebanyere aha nke ụdị a'. Okwu ndị a kpatara esemokwu n'etiti òtù ndị nne na nna na ezinụlọ 75 na Russia. E zigara onye isi ala Vladimir Putin akwụkwọ ozi, nke ha kwuru na ọha na eze ekwenyeghị na data a edebanyere aha. 

N'ọnwa Mee 2017, onye otu Federation Council, Yelena Mizulina gosipụtara akụkọ ọzọ, dabere na data nke òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị na-emegide Kuznetsova chịkọtara. Ndị guzobere Kọmitii Ndị Nne na Nna Ural na Kọmitii Ndị Nne na Nna nke Yakaterinburg City, kwadoro Kuznetsova, na-akọwa na n'ime afọ asatọ nke ọrụ ha na mpaghara Sverdlovsk na Russia, ha enwetabeghị otu ikpe nke ntinye aka iwu na-akwadoghị nke ndị isi nlekọta na ezinụlọ. Ọzọkwa, iwepụ ụmụaka n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Встреча с Уполномоченным по правам ребёнка Анной Кузнецовой|url=http://kremlin.ru/events/president/news/54642|accessdate=19 February 2021|work=Президент России|language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe e mesịrị n'ọnwa Mee 2017, Kuznetsova gara mba Finland, ebe ọ bịanyere aka na Ombudsman ụmụaka nke mba a, Tuomas Kurttila akwụkwọ nkwekọrịta banyere mmekorita na nkwado nke ikike ụmụaka. Njem ahụ kpatara enweghị afọ ojuju n'etiti ndị na-eme ihe ike nke All-Russian Parental Resistance, bụ ndị mere ọtụtụ ngagharị iwe. N'abalị iri abụọ na anọ n'ọnwa Mee afọ 2017, otu n'ime ndị na-eme ihe ike na-ewu Ụlọ Nzukọ Ọha nke mba Russian Federation chere Kuznetsova n'enweghị ihe ịga nke ọma na mpempe akwụkwọ nke e dere, &quot;Russia adịghị mkpa onye nnọchi anya ikike nke iwebata teknụzụ ụmụaka Finnish&quot;. Ka ọ na-erule 29 na 30 Mee, ọrụ nke otu otu ahụ mere ọtụtụ obere ngagharị iwe n'obodo dị iche iche na Russia, na-eme ngagharị iwe megide Kuznetsova ma na-arịọ Vladimir Putin ka ọ ghara ịbịanye aka na atụmatụ nwata na-abịanụ nke dị irè site na 2018 ruo afọ 2027 ruo mgbe a ga-atụle ya na ọha na eze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://regnum.ru/news/society/2276762.html|title=«Ваша деятельность обманула ожидания общества»|date=18 May 2017|work=regnum.ru|language=ru|accessdate=19 May 2021|archivedate=5 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905225928/https://regnum.ru/news/society/2276762.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://regnum.ru/news/society/2280665.html|title=Детский омбудсмен Кузнецова решила защищать не детей, а чиновников?|date=28 May 2017|work=regnum.ru|language=ru|accessdate=19 May 2021|archivedate=5 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905230254/https://regnum.ru/news/society/2280665.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Сформирован новый совет при детском омбудсмене. В нем много священников|url=https://www.znak.com/2017-02-06/sformirovan_novyy_sovet_pri_detskom_ombudsmene_v_nem_mnogo_svyachennikov|accessdate=19 February 2021|work=www.znak.com|archivedate=2017-09-05|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905230653/https://www.znak.com/2017-02-06/sformirovan_novyy_sovet_pri_detskom_ombudsmene_v_nem_mnogo_svyachennikov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kuznetsova gbanwere usoro ọha na eze n'okpuru Kọmishọna gọọmentị etiti maka ikike ụmụaka. Ya na ya, e guzobere kansụl ọha na eze, nke e kewara n'ime ndị otu na-arụ ọrụ. Ọdịdị ahụ gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị ụkọchukwu nke Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Russia, yana ndị na-eme ihe ike nke òtù ọha na eze Ọtọdọks. Nguzobe nke kansụl ahụ dọtara nkatọ. N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2017, onye isi oche nke All-Russian Parental Resistance organisation Maria Mamikonyan na ndị isi nke ụfọdụ òtù ọha na eze hapụrụ kansụl ahụ. 

N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2018, o kwuru na ụmụnwanyị [[Ibe nwaanyị ugwu|nwere ike ibi akụkụ ahụ ha úgwù]] ma ọ bụrụhaala na ọ dịghị emerụ ahụ ahụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Кузнецова прокомментировала сообщения об услугах по &quot;женскому обрезанию&quot;|date=30 November 2018|url=https://ria.ru/20181130/1534969006.html|language=ru|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|accessdate=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Детский омбудсмен РФ назвала вопрос &quot;женского обрезания&quot; медицинским|date=30 November 2018|url=https://www.interfax.ru/russia/640192|language=ru|work=[[Interfax|Interfax.ru]]|accessdate=20 October 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ na-emegide iwu ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, nke ndị omeiwu Russia tụrụ aro n'ọnwa Disemba n'afọ 2019, na-ekwupụta na iwu ahụ megidere iwu ma na-eṅomi iwu mba ọzọ yiri ya.&lt;ref&gt;[https://tass.ru/obschestvo/7263647 Кузнецова назвала законопроект о домашнем насилии не соответствующим Конституции РФ ]&lt;/ref&gt;

==== 2019–2021 ====
N'ọnwa Disemba afọ 2019, mgbe e bipụtachara iwu banyere ime ihe ike n'ụlọ, Kuznetsova kọwaara ndị nta akụkọ na ọ na-enye echiche na-adịghị mma ugboro ugboro banyere akwụkwọ ahụ, n'ihi na ụkpụrụ ya anaghị agbaso Iwu Russia. O kwuru na iwu ahụ na-emegharị ụkpụrụ nke iwu ndị ọzọ ma gbaa ume ka a tụlee ma ọ dị mkpa ma ọlị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Кузнецова назвала законопроект о домашнем насилии не соответствующим Конституции РФ|url=https://tass.ru/obschestvo/7263647|accessdate=19 February 2021|work=ТАСС}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Septemba 2021, mgbe a họpụtara ya na State Duma, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọfịs Kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụaka.&lt;ref&gt;[http://publication.pravo.gov.ru/Document/View/0001202110010009 Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 29.09.2021 № 552 «О Кузнецовой А.Ю.» (Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 552 dated 29.09.2021 &quot;On Kuznetsova A.Yu.&quot;)]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Onye otu State Duma ===
N'ọnwa June 2021, Onye isi ala Vladimir Putin tụrụ aro Kuznetsova dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-eduga na ndepụta United Russia maka ntuli aka omebe iwu nke 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Кого Путин выбрал в лидеры «Единой России» на выборах и почему. Главное|url=https://www.rbc.ru/politics/20/06/2021/60cf31ad9a794780ed50bc36|accessdate=8 October 2021|work=РБК}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 19 Septemba 2021, a họpụtara ya na State Duma na ndepụta ndị otu United Russia. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gbara arụkwaghịm n'ọfịs Kọmishọna na-ahụ maka ikike ụmụaka.

Na 5 Ọktoba 2021, a họpụtara Kuznetsova maka ụlọ ọrụ nke osote onye isi oche nke State Duma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Фракции нового созыва назвали своих кандидатов на посты вице-спикеров|url=https://dumatv.ru/news/fraktsii-novogo-soziva-nazvali-svoih-kandidatov-na-post-vitse-spikerov?utm_source=yxnews&amp;utm_medium=desktop&amp;utm_referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fyandex.ru%2Fnews%2Fsearch%3Ftext%3D|accessdate=8 October 2021|work=ДумаТВ}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
[[Usòrò:Анна_Кузнецова_с_семьей.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|304x304px|Kuznetsova na ezinụlọ ya, 2021]]
Kuznetsova lụrụ Fr. Aleksey Kuznetsov kemgbe 2003. Di ya bụ onye ụkọchukwu nke Church of St. Basil of the Great na ụlọ egwuregwu ndị Ọtọdọks na Moscow.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Муж омбудсмена Кузнецовой служит в храме при школе, где обучение за год стоит ₽800 тыс.|url=https://www.znak.com/2021-07-19/muzh_ombudsmena_kuznecovoy_sluzhit_v_hrame_pri_shkole_gde_obuchenie_za_god_stoit_800_tys|accessdate=13 November 2021|work=www.znak.com|archivedate=2021-11-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211113202039/https://www.znak.com/2021-07-19/muzh_ombudsmena_kuznecovoy_sluzhit_v_hrame_pri_shkole_gde_obuchenie_za_god_stoit_800_tys}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ha nwere ụmụ asaa - ụmụnwanyị abụọ na ụmụnwoke ise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://rg.ru/2020/05/28/anna-kuznecova-rodila-sedmogo-rebenka.html|title=Анна Кузнецова родила седьмого ребенка|date=28 May 2020|author=Emelianenko|first=Vladimir|work=rg.ru|language=ru|accessdate=19 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mụrụ nwa ha nke ikpeazụ n'afọ 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Детский омбудсмен Анна Кузнецова родила седьмого ребенка|url=https://rg.ru/2020/06/01/detskij-ombudsmen-anna-kuznecova-rodila-sedmogo-rebenka.html|date=1 June 2020|work=Российская газета|language=ru|accessdate=15 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite ==

* Onyinye ndị na-ege ntị na III International Festival of Social Technologies for Life (2012)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Кузнецова Анна Юрьевна {{!}} Русская Православная Церковь, Синодальный отдел по церковной благотворительности и социальному служению|url=http://www.diaconia.ru/51a337c1eabc88f104000000|accessdate=19 February 2021|work=www.diaconia.ru|archivedate=17 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210117190928/http://www.diaconia.ru/51a337c1eabc88f104000000}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe nrite ncheta &quot;Na Ncheta ncheta afọ 700 nke ọmụmụ St. Sergius nke Radonezh&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;
* Ihe mgbochi obi - Maka Ọrụ Ọma. Digrii nke atọ nke Dayọsis Penza nke Chọọchị Ọtọdọks nke Russia&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Анна Кузнецова - «Многодетная семья должна стать элитой России» {{!}} Журнал Русский Дом|url=http://www.russdom.ru/node/9871|accessdate=19 February 2021|work=www.russdom.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe ịrịba ama ncheta - Maka uru na mmepe nke obodo Penza&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Анну Кузнецову наградили «За заслуги в развитии города Пензы»|url=https://pravda-news.ru/news/obshchestvo/annu_kuznetsovu_nagradili_za_zaslugi_v_razvitii_goroda_penzy/|accessdate=19 February 2021|work=pravda-news.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Medal - Maka Enyemaka - Kọmitii Nchọpụta nke Russia&lt;ref name=&quot;detigovru&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://deti.gov.ru/articles/news/anna-kuznecova-voshla-v-sostav-glavnogo-shtaba-yunarmii|title=Анна Кузнецова вошла в состав главного штаба «Юнармии»|date=5 July 2019|work=Уполномоченный при Президенте Российской Федерации по правам ребенка|language=ru|accessdate=19 May 2021|archivedate=20 January 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120132558/http://deti.gov.ru/articles/news/anna-kuznecova-voshla-v-sostav-glavnogo-shtaba-yunarmii}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Medal - &quot;Na Ncheta nke ndị dike nke ala nna&quot; nke Mịnịstrị Nchebe nke Russia (2019)&lt;ref name=&quot;detigovru&quot; /&gt;
* Ihe nrite - Maka onyinye iji wusie Iwu na Iwu ike (2019)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 December 2019|title=Омбудсмену Кузнецовой вручили медаль за вклад в укрепление правопорядка|url=https://aif.ru/society/law/ombudsmenu_kuznecovoy_vruchili_medal_za_vklad_v_ukreplenie_pravoporyadka|accessdate=19 February 2021|work=aif.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Medal - Maka ịdị ọcha nke echiche na ịdị elu nke omume&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Детский омбудсмен награждена &quot;за чистоту помыслов и благородство дел&quot; — СК РФ|url=https://news.myseldon.com/ru/news/index/220346272|accessdate=19 February 2021|work=news.myseldon.com|archivedate=22 July 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722192619/https://news.myseldon.com/ru/news/index/220346272}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Medal - Maka ịdị uchu&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ведомственными наградами МЧС России отмечен вклад детских омбудсменов в решение вопросов безопасности - Новости - МЧС России|url=https://www.mchs.gov.ru/deyatelnost/press-centr/novosti/4029882|accessdate=19 February 2021|work=www.mchs.gov.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe nrite - Maka onyinye maka mmepe nke usoro ụlọ mkpọrọ nke Russia&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=11 December 2019|title=Анну Кузнецову наградили медалью за вклад в укрепление правопорядка|url=https://ria.ru/20191211/1562247676.html|accessdate=19 February 2021|work=РИА Новости|language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebensidee ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://deti.gov.ru Official website] nke Russian Children's Rights Commissioner
* [&lt;nowiki&gt;http://www.kp.ru/radio/26580.7/3595289/&lt;/nowiki&gt;     ерман Пятов: Анна Кузне'ова — слабая     игура в сравнении с Павлом Астаховым
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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Anna Margareta &quot;Ann-Margret&quot; Holmgren, (née Tersmeden; 17 Febụwarị 1850 na ụbọchị iri na abụọ n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1940), bụ onye edemede [[Sweden]], onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, onye n'ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na onye na-eme udo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Franzén|first=Olle|title=Ann Margret Holmgren|url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Mobil/Artikel/13743|accessdate=December 1, 2018|publisher=[[Svenskt biografiskt lexikon]]|language=sv|archivedate=December 7, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045519/https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Mobil/Artikel/13743}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Category:Articles with hCards]]
[[Usòrò:Villa_åsen_kåbo_uppsala.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Villa_%C3%A5sen_k%C3%A5bo_uppsala.jpg/220px-Villa_%C3%A5sen_k%C3%A5bo_uppsala.jpg|thumb|Villa Åsen na mpaghara Kåbo na Uppsala]]

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
A mụrụ ya na Hässle Manor na Uppland, Sweden. Ọ bụ nwa nwanyị nke Baroness Augusta Jacquette Cederström (181860) na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye na-elekọta ụlọ, onye a ma ama Jacob Nils Tersmeden (1795-1867), ya mere nwa nwa nke Jacob Tersmeden na Lona Lisa Söderhielm.

N'afọ 1869, ọ lụrụ Frithiof Holmgren (1831-1897), dọkịta na prọfesọ na Mahadum Uppsala. Ebe obibi ha, Villa Åsen na mpaghara Kåbo na Uppsala, bụ ebe mkparịta ụka maka ụmụ akwụkwọ nwere ọgụgụ isi na ebe etiti maka echiche siri ike na nke oge a. N'etiti echiche nke oge a n'etiti ndị a siri ike bụ iwebata mba, ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ikike nhọpụta, ikike ndị ọrụ, igbochi afọ ime na ikweghị na Chineke. A na-eche na nke a nyere Holmgren ọmịiko siri ike, ọ sonyekwara na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Verdandi'' siri ike site na 1898 - 1905.&lt;ref name=&quot;amh&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Steinrud|first=Marie|title=Anna Margareta (Ann Margret) Holmgren|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/AnnMargretHolmgren|accessdate=December 1, 2018|publisher=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe di ya nwụsịrị na 1897, ọ kwagara [[Stockholm]] ebe ndị enyi ya Ellen Key na Lydia Wahlström kpaliri ya itinye aka na nha nhata nwoke na nwanyị. Dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị, Holmgren kpatara nnukwu esemokwu site na nkwado ya maka ịhụnanya na mmekọahụ n'èzí alụmdi na nwunye, na-emegide ụkpụrụ mmekọahụ abụọ nke oge a. N'onwe ya, ọ kwadoghị ọnọdụ gọọmentị nke òtù ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị na a ga-enye ụmụ nwanyị ikike ịtụ vootu na &quot;ọnọdụ hà nhata dị ka ụmụ nwoke&quot;, n'ihi na nke ahụ ga-apụta n'ezie na ọ bụ naanị ụmụ nwanyị nwere ọtụtụ n'ime iwu ga-enwe ike ịtụ vootu; nke a ga-ewepu ụmụ nwanyị lụrụ di, ndị nọ n'okpuru nlekọta nke di ha, ya mere Holmgren chọkwara ikike ụmụ nwanyị lụọ di na-atụ vootu, nke pụtara na ọ chọrọ ikike ka a kpọọ ha okenye.&lt;ref name=&quot;amh&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 1902, e gosipụtara mmeghachi omume abụọ gbasara mgbanwe ụmụ nwanyị na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu Sweden. Otu bụ nke Minista Ikpe Ziri Ezi Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, onye tụrụ aro ka e nye ndị ikom lụrụ di vootu abụọ, n'ihi na a ga-ewere ha ka ha mee vootu n'ọnọdụ ndị nwunye ha. Ọ bụ Carl Lindhagen gosipụtara atụmatụ nke ọzọ, onye tụrụ aro ka ụmụ nwanyị nwee ikike ịtụ vootu. Ntuziaka Hammarskjöld kpaliri iwe n'etiti ndị na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru ụmụ nwanyị, bụ ndị guzobere otu nkwado maka mmegharị Lindhagen. Na 4 June 1902, e hiwere Association for Women's Suffrage (Föreningen för Kvinnans Politiska Rösträtt ma ọ bụ FKPR): na mbụ ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ Stockholm, ọ ghọrọ nzukọ mba n'afọ sochirinụ. Holmgren bụ osote onye isi oche nke alaka Stockholm nke National Association for Women's Suffrage (Landsföreningen för kvinnans négoci rösträtt ma ọ bụ LKPR) site na 1902 ruo 1904 na odeakwụkwọ nke kọmitii ndị isi nke Swedish Society for Woman Suffrage site na 1903 ruo 1906. N'ime òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọrụ kachasị mkpa Holmgren bụ nke ọkà okwu: ọ bụ onye otu mbụ mgbe ntọala nke òtù ahụ gasịrị ịga mba niile iji kwuo okwu, kpọkọta ndị na-akwado ya ma guzobe ngalaba mpaghara nke òtù ndọrọ ndọrọ ego, ọrụ nke o ji netwọk ya sara mbara nke kọntaktị n'etiti ndị bụbu ụmụ akwụkwọ Uppsala. N'ụbọchị ọ gbara afọ iri isii n'afọ 1910, LKPR ji eriri ọla edo nke njikọ iri isii mee emume ya, ebe ọ tọrọ ntọala alaka iri isii nke ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ann Margret Holmgren|url=http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/rostratt/biografier/holmgren.xml|accessdate=December 1, 2018|publisher=Göteborgs Universitetsbibliotek|language=sv|archivedate=December 6, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235127/http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/rostratt/biografier/holmgren.xml}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nyere ya Illis quorum n'ụbọchị ncheta ọmụmụ ya nke afọ 75.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Holmgren bụkwa osote onyeisi oche nke Sveriges kvinnliga fredsförening (Swedish Women's Peace Association) site na 1901 ruo 1910, onye otu nsọpụrụ nke Nordic Museum na Philochoros Student Folk Dance Association (Philochoros Studentsernas Folkdansförening). Mgbe a gbasara LKPR mgbe eweputara ikike ụmụ nwanyị, Holmgren bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere Svenska kvinnors Aiggarförbund (Civic Society of Swedish Women) na 1921.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.student.uu.se/studorg/philochoros/english.php|title=Philochoros, the Royal Uppsala University Folk Dance Society|publisher=Philochoros Studenternas Folkdansförening|accessdate=December 1, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206235403/http://www.student.uu.se/studorg/philochoros/english.php|archivedate=December 6, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Holmgren na-arụsi ọrụ ike dị ka onye edemede n'okpuru aha &quot;Märta Bolle&quot;. O bipụtara Fru Stråhle . Tidsbilder ur tre slákled (1894) na När riddar Ulf suckar. Urjek familrönikan på Höögsborg (1896), ha abụọ sụgharịrị n'asụsụ German.&lt;ref name=&quot;amh&quot;/&gt;

Holmgren na di ya Frithiof Holmgren bụ nne na nna nke ụmụ asatọ, gụnyere ọkà mmụta sayensị [[Israel]] Holmgren (1871 Xi-1961). Ọ nwụrụ na 1940 ma lie ya na di ya na ili ochie Uppsala (Uppsala gamla kyrkogård).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ann Margret Holmgren|url=https://kulturpersoner.uppsalakyrkogardar.se/ann-margret-holmgren/|accessdate=2022-05-18|work=Gamla kyrkogården i Uppsala|language=sv-SE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ndepụta nke ndị na-eme udo
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    <title>Mary Musa</title>
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      <text bytes="3151" sha1="llbu7c75why8gu1sydh5kqm8kf7bwuh" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Mary Musa council chair.jpg|thumb|Mary Musa]]
'''Sia Mary Musa''' (onye a mụrụ Kaingbanja, nwụrụ n'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ puku abụọ na iri na ise) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Sierra Leone na onye na-eme ihe ike si Koidu-Sefadu, Kono District.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002748/http://www.voice-of-binkongoh.info/obituary-mrs-sia-mary-musa/|archivedate=4 November 2016|first=Aiah|author=Sodengbe|publisher=Kono District Development Association|title=OBITUARY: MRS. SIA MARY MUSA.|url=http://www.voice-of-binkongoh.info/obituary-mrs-sia-mary-musa/|accessdate=2 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye isi obodo Koidu, na onye otu ndị mmegide Sierra Leone People's Party (SLPP).

== Ọrụ mmalite ==
Mary Musa biri ma rụọ ọrụ n'obodo ya bụ Koidu, isi obodo na obodo kachasị ukwuu nke mpaghara Kono nke nwere diamond na mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Sierra Leone, na obodo nke anọ kachasị ukwuu na mba ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;/&gt; Ọ kụziri ma rụọ ọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ dị iche iche n'ógbè ahụ, gụnyere Jaima Secondary School, Koidu Secondary School.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot; /&gt;

== Ịga mba ọzọ na ịlaghachi Koidu ==
Mgbe Agha Obodo Sierra Leone tiwapụrụ, Mary Musa gara mba ọzọ, laghachi Koidu mgbe agha ahụ gwụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;USAID&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=USAID|title=Sierra Leone Leadership Training Breaks Barriers|url=http://www.usaid.gov/stories/sierraleone/ss_sierraleone_council.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061231192024/http://www.usaid.gov/stories/sierraleone/ss_sierraleone_council.html|archivedate=31 December 2006|accessdate=2 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; E bibiri akụkụ dị ukwuu nke akụrụngwa obodo ahụ mgbe ọ na-anọghị, gụnyere ụfọdụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ebe ọ kụziri, na nnukwu ọnwụ hapụrụ ọtụtụ ụmụ mgbei.&lt;ref name=&quot;USAID&quot; /&gt; Musa rụrụ ọrụ iji nye ụmụ ya na ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ mgbei ndị a ebe obibi, na-eji brik sitere n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ iwu obere ụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;USAID&quot; /&gt; N'ịgbaso nduzi ya, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị nkuzi ndị ọzọ nyere aka na usoro a.&lt;ref name=&quot;USAID&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
N'agbanyeghị mmegide dị ukwuu, n'ógbè ndị ikom na-achịkwa, Mary Musa gara n'ihu bụrụ nwanyị mbụ bụ onyeisi obodo na onyeisi oche nke kansụl Koidu.&lt;ref name=&quot;USAID&quot;/&gt; Mgbe a họpụtara ya, ụlọ ọrụ USAID nke gọọmentị United States zụrụ ya na usoro ihe owuwu mba, yana ọzụzụ idu ndú.&lt;ref name=&quot;USAID&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye na ọnwụ ==
Mary Musa lụrụ Maazị S.E.K. Musa, onye isi ọrụ gọọmentị, tupu agha obodo amalite, mana mgbe ọ laghachiri n'obodo ahụ ọ chọpụtara na e gburu di ya mgbe ọ nọ n'ebe a chụgara ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;USAID&quot;/&gt; Ya na di ya nwere ụmụ ise: Sia Mary Sawyer, Kumba Edna Keili, Finda Eileen Mattia, Yei Gladys Musa, na Sahr Edward Musa, yana ọtụtụ ụmụ na ụmụ ụmụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot; /&gt;

== Ebenside ==
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    <title>Aha mmadu,Onye Botswana</title>
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      <text bytes="9632" sha1="4xhz941og0whl70fb38mqrra988q0ru" xml:space="preserve">Opha Pauline Dube (amụrụ 1960) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu Motswana na Prọfesọ na-akpakọrịta na Ngalaba Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na Mahadum Botswana. O sonyere akwụkwọ akụkọ IPCC pụrụ iche gbasara okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 1.5 Celsius. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị sayensị iri na ise na-eke 2023 Global Sustainable Development Report maka United Nations.&lt;ref name=&quot;alumnus2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Australia Alumni, Professor Opha Pauline Dube, awarded the International Alumni of the Year – Australia Awards Africa|url=https://www.australiaawardsafrica.org/australia-alumni-professor-opha-pauline-dube-awarded-the-international-alumni-of-the-year/|accessdate=2021-01-26|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha na nkuzi ya na-elekwasị anya na akụkụ {{Infobox person|name=Opha Pauline Dube|image=Opha Pauline Dube at World Meteorological Organization.jpg|caption=Dube speaks at the [[World Meteorological Organization]] in 2019|birth_date=1960|nationality=Botswanan|education=[[Cranfield University]] (MPhil) &lt;br&gt; [[University of Queensland]] (PhD)

'''Scientific career'''|occupation=Associate Professor|known_for=Leading environmental scientist, who co-authored the IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5 °C|website=https://www.ub.bw/connect/staff/294}}mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke ndụ nke mgbanwe gburugbu ọru ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;alumnus2&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 2012, o nwere mkpakọrịta nyocha ná Australian National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility (NCCARF) na Mahadum Griffith ma nwee ọnọdụ yiri nke ahụ na Environmental Change Institute na Mahadum Oxford na 2018.

== Mmụta ==
E nyere Dube MPhil ya na Applied Remote Sensing na Cranfield Institute of Technology na UK na 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Staff Profiles {{!}} University of Botswana|url=https://www.ub.bw/connect/staff/294|accessdate=2021-03-26|work=www.ub.bw|archivedate=2021-04-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412155117/https://www.ub.bw/connect/staff/294}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;alumnus2&quot;/&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na PhD na Mahadum Queensland na 2000. O nwetara nzere doctorate ya n'ihi mmekorita dị n'etiti Mahadum Botswana na Mahadum Queensland nke Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation haziri. Ọrụ ahụ gụnyere nyocha  enwere ike itinye usoro mmetụta dịpụrụ adịpụ eji eme ihe na mpaghara Australia iji nyochaa [[mmebi ala]] na Botswana.

== Ọrụ na nyocha ==
Dube bụ osote prọfesọ na Ngalaba Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na Mahadum Botswana.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Nchọpụta ya na nkuzi ya na-elekwasị anya na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na nke biophysical nke mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi zuru ụwa ọnụ. Na 2012, o nwere mkpakọrịta nyocha na Australia National Climate Change Adaptation Research Facility (NCCARF) na Mahadum Griffith ma nwee ọnọdụ yiri ya na Environmental Change Institute na Mahadum Oxford na 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;alumnus2&quot; /&gt;

Dube bụ osote onye isi oche nke International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (IGBP)  n'etiti afọ 2010 na 2015&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr. Opha Pauline Dube {{!}} AWARD|url=https://awardfellowships.org/scientific_advisory/dr-opha-pauline-dube/|accessdate=2021-04-12|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma burukwa osote onye nduzi nke Kọmitii Mgbanwe Ihu igwe nke Botswana n'etiti 2017 na 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=GSDR 2023 {{!}} Department of Economic and Social Affairs|url=https://sdgs.un.org/gsdr/gsdr2023|accessdate=2021-04-05|work=sdgs.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dube na-eje ozi ugbu a dị ka onye isi oche nke Kọmitii ndụmọdụ sayensị nke nyocha ihu igwe maka mmepe n'Africa (CR4D) -UNECA[1] na osote onye isi oche ya nke World Meteorological Organisation (WMO) Scientific Advisory Panel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;


Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị editọ-isi nke echiche Elsevier dị ugbu a na akwụkwọ akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ na-adịgide adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi[1] na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke CSIRO Rangeland Journal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nations|first=United|title=Announcing the authors of the next Global Sustainable Development Report|url=https://www.un.org/en/desa/announcing-authors-next-global-sustainable-development-report|accessdate=2021-04-05|work=United Nations|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The World's 100 Most Influential People In Climate Policy|url=https://apolitical.co/lists/most-influential-climate-100/|accessdate=2021-03-26|work=Apolitical}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2019, edepụtara Dube na 100 kacha elu nke &quot;Ndị kacha nwee mmetụta n'ụwa na amụma ihu igwe&quot;[8] na Ọktoba 2020, onye odeakwụkwọ ukwu UN họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ndị sayensị iri na ise na-eke akụkọ 2023 Global Sustainable Development Report maka United Nations.

Dube jere ozi dị ka akụkụ nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Working Group II kemgbe akụkọ nyocha nke atọ&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; Otu a &quot;na-enyocha adịghị ike nke usoro mmekọrịta ọha na eze na akụ na ụba na okike na mgbanwe ihu igwe, nsonaazụ ọjọọ na nke dị mma nke mgbanwe ihu igwe na nhọrọ maka ime mgbanwe na ya&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Working Group II — IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/working-group/wg2/|accessdate=2021-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nyela aka na IPCC's Third,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Africa — IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar3/wg2/chapter-10-africa/|accessdate=2021-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fourth&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ecosystems, their Properties, Goods and Services — IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg2/ecosystems-their-properties-goods-and-services/|accessdate=2021-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Fifth&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Africa — IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/africa/|accessdate=2021-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Assessment Reports, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye edemede na onye nchịkọta akụkọ nyocha. Ọrụ ya na mgbanwe ihu igwe 2007: Mmetụta, Nkwado, na Vulnerability (AR4 WG2), dị ka akụkụ nke akụkọ nyocha nke anọ, mere ka a na-enye Dube akwụkwọ nzere Nobel Peace Prize Certificate na 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-08-03|title=Professor Opha Pauline Dube|url=https://alumni.uq.edu.au/story/5888/professor-opha-pauline-dube|accessdate=2021-04-05|work=alumni.uq.edu.au|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nọkwa na-ahazi onye na-ede akwụkwọ maka akụkọ abụọ pụrụ iche nke IPCC: Ijikwa ihe ize ndụ nke ihe omume dị oke egwu na ọdachi gaa n'ihu mgbanwe mgbanwe ihu igwe (SREX) &lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Managing the Risks: International Level and Integration across Scales — IPCC|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/managing-the-risks-of-extreme-events-and-disasters-to-advance-climate-change-adaptation/managing-the-risks-international-level-and-integration-across-scales/|accessdate=2021-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; na okpomoku zuru ụwa ọnụ nke 1.5 Celsius C (SR15) &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chapter 1 — Global Warming of 1.5 °C|url=https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/chapter/chapter-1/|accessdate=2021-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dube rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nyocha maka akụkọ nyocha nyocha nke isii IPCC na-abịa, n'isiakwụkwọ akpọrọ &quot;Nri, eriri, na ngwaahịa gburugburu ebe obibi ndị ọzọ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=IPCC Authors (beta)|url=https://archive.ipcc.ch/report/authors/report.authors.php?q=36&amp;p=&amp;p|accessdate=2021-04-05|work=archive.ipcc.ch}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==

* 2007: Onye na-anata International Nobel Peace Prize Certification &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;
* 2018: &quot;International Alumni of the Year&quot; na Mahadum Queensland's Alumni Awards kwa afọ &lt;ref&gt;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opha_Pauline_Dube#cite_note-alumnus2-2&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: Edepụtara na 100 kacha elu &quot;Ndị kacha emetụta ụwa na amụma ihu igwe&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==

* Allen, M.R., O.P. Dube, W. Solecki, F. Aragón-Durand, W. Cramer, S. Humphreys, M. Kainuma, J. Kala, N. Mahowald, Y. Mulugetta, R. Perez, M. Wairiu, na K. Zickfeld, 2018. Nhazi na ihe gbara ya gburugburu. Na: Global Warming nke 1.5°C. [https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/2/2019/06/SR15_Full_Report_Low_Res.pdf ''Okpomọkụ ụwa nke 1.5°C. '']Akụkọ pụrụ iche nke IPCC banyere mmetụta nke okpomọkụ ụwa nke 1.5 °C n'elu ọkwa tupu ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ụzọ ndị metụtara ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ zuru ụwa ọnụ, n'ihe gbasara ime ka mmeghachi omume zuru ụwa ọnụ na egwu nke mgbanwe ihu igwe, mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, na mgbalị iji kpochapụ ịda ogbenye [Masson-Delmotte, V. et al. (eds.) ]. Na Press.
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ihe jikọtara ya na usoro nnagide maka ụzọ mgbanwe na obodo ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ. Global Environmental Change, 28, 337-350. [[doi:10.1016/j.gloenvcha.2013.12.007]]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Njikọ ọkụ na ihu igwe: mmekọrịta na iji ala eme ihe, ahịhịa, na ala. ''Echiche dị ugbu a na Nkwado Gburugburu Ebe Obibi'', '''1''' (2), 161-169. [[doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2009.10.008|doi.org/10.1016/j.cosust.2009.10.008]]
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] Ecosystems, ihe onwunwe ha, ngwongwo, na ọrụ. Na: [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg2/ ''Mgbanwe ihu igwe 2007: Mmetụta, Mgbanwe na Mgbanwe. ''] [https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar4/wg2/ ''Enyemaka nke Working Group II na Akụkọ Nnyocha nke Anọ nke Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.''] [Parry, M.L. et al. eds.]. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 211-272.

== Njikọ mpụga ==


== Ebenside ==

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Òtù:1960 births]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mkpịsị ugodi Malawi</title>
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      <text bytes="4446" sha1="ag0wdhggkps71z3yz0dtmvduwibuhgl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
{| class=&quot;infobox biota&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)&quot; |Malawi spinyeel
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |[[File:Mastacembelus_shiranus.jpg|frameless]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 88%&quot; |The &quot;Rosette&quot; type, possibly a variant of ''A. shiranus'' or an [[undescribed species]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Konings&quot;&gt;[[Ad Konings|Konings, Ad]] (1990). ''Ad Konings' Book of Cichlids and all the other Fishes of Lake Malawi,'' pp. 473—476. {{ISBN|978-0866225274}}[[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0866225274|978-0866225274]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oliver&quot;&gt;Oliver, M.K: [https://web.archive.org/web/20230617080927/https://malawicichlids.com/mw11031.htm Aethiomastacembelus sp. &quot;Rosette&quot;.] MalawiCichlids. Retrieved 11 April 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;&gt;[[Conservation status]]&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;&gt;[[File:Status_iucn3.1_LC.svg|link=|alt=|frameless]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Least Concern]] &lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;([[IUCN Red List|IUCN 3.1]])&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 16 November 2021&quot;&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFKonings,_A.Kazembe,_J.Vreven,_E.2018&quot;&gt;Konings, A.; Kazembe, J.; Vreven, E. (2018). [https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/61187/47239346 &quot;''Mastacembelus shiranus''&quot;]. ''[[IUCN Red List|IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]''. '''2018''': e.T61187A47239346. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:&lt;span class=&quot;cs1-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T61187A47239346.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T61187A47239346.en]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;16 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)&quot; |[[Taxonomy (biology)|Scientific classification]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;&quot;&gt;[[File:OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg|link=Template:Taxonomy/Mastacembelus|15x15px|Edit this classification]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|Kingdom:
|[[Animal|Animalia]]
|-
|Phylum:
|[[Chordate|Chordata]]
|-
|Class:
|[[Actinopterygii]]
|-
|Order:
|[[Synbranchiformes]]
|-
|Family:
|[[Mastacembelidae]]
|-
|Genus:
|''[[Mastacembelus]]''
|-
|Species:
|&lt;div class=&quot;species&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;'''''M.&amp;nbsp;shiranus'''''&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)&quot; |[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |'''&lt;span class=&quot;binomial&quot;&gt;''Mastacembelus shiranus''&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;[[Albert C. L. G. Günther|Günther]], 1896&lt;/div&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)&quot; |[[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Fishbase&quot;&gt;Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). [http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Mastacembelus&amp;speciesname=shiranus &quot;''Mastacembelus shiranus''&lt;span style=&quot;padding-left:.15em;&quot;&gt;&quot;&lt;/span&gt;] in [[FishBase]]. August 2019 version.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; |
* ''Aethiomastacembelus shiranus'' &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Günther, 1896)&lt;/span&gt;
* ''Afromastacembelus shiranus'' &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:85%;&quot;&gt;(Günther, 1896)&lt;/span&gt;
|}
[[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]

Malawi spinyeel (''Mastacembelus shiranus'') bụ ụdị [[Fish|azụ]] dị n'ezinụlọ Mastacembelidae sitere na Africa. Ọ bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na ọdọ mmiri Malawi, gụnyere ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'onwe ya, ọdọ mmiri Malombe na ala Osimiri Shire.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn status 16 November 2021&quot;/&gt; Ọ bụ naanị ụdị spinyeel akọwapụtara na Lake Malawi, mana ụdị dị iche iche, ''Mastacembelus'' sp. A makwaara &quot;Rosette&quot;. Ọ bụghị ihe doro anya ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụ ụdị Malawi spinyeel ma ọ bụ ụdị a na-akọwaghị akọwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Konings&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oliver&quot;/&gt; Malawi spinyeel na-eru ihe dị ka 30 cm (12 in) n'ogologo, ma eleghị anya na-eri anụ ndị na-enweghị azụ na obere azụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Konings&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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We Need New Names bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ izizi nke afọ 2013 nke onye edemede Zimbabwe NoViolet Bulawayo. Akụkọ banyere afọ, We Need New Names na-akọ banyere ndụ nwa agbọghọ aha ya bụ Darling, nke mbụ dị ka onye dị afọ iri na [[Zimbabwe]], na-agagharị n'ụwa nke ọgba aghara na mmebi na ndị enyi ya, ma mesịa dị ka onye nọ n'afọ iri na ụma na Midwest United States, ebe ọdịnihu ka mma yiri ka ọ ga-apụta mgbe ọ na-aga isonyere nwanne nne ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Busby&quot;/&gt;

Isi nke mbụ nke akwụkwọ ahụ, &quot;Hitting Budapest&quot;, nke e gosipụtara na mbụ dị ka akụkọ na Boston Review, meriri 2011 Caine Prize for African Writing. mgbe Onye isi oche nke ndị ọka ikpe, Hisham Matar, kwuru, sị: &quot;Asụsụ nke 'Hitting Budapest' na-agbawa agbawa.&lt;ref&gt;NoViolet Bulawayo, [http://bostonreview.net/bulawayo-hitting-budapest &quot;Hitting Budapest&quot;], ''Boston Review'', 1 November 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Habila&quot;&gt;Helon Habila, [https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/jun/20/need-new-names-bulawayo-review &quot;We Need New Names by NoViolet Bulawayo – review&quot;], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 20 June 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Busby&quot;/&gt; Nke a bụ akụkọ nwere ike na ịdị arọ nke omume, ọ nwere nka iji zere nkọwa omume. NoViolet Bulawayo bụ onye edemede na-enwe obi ụtọ n'asụsụ.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303141123/http://caineprize.com/previous-winners/ &quot;Previous Winners&quot;], The Caine Prize.&lt;/ref&gt;

E depụtara We Need New Names maka Man Booker Prize (2013), Guardian First Book Award (2013), na Barnes &amp; Noble Discover Award finalist (2013).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thebookerprizes.com/the-booker-library/books/we-need-new-names|title=We Need New Names|publisher=The Man Booker Prize|accessdate=1 August 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/15/we-need-new-names-noviolet-bulawayo-guardian-first-book-award|title=We Need New Names by NoViolet Bulawayo|work=The Guardian|author=Guardian first book award 2013|date=15 November 2013|accessdate=5 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.barnesandnoble.com/u/discover-book-awards-winners-finalists/379003476/|title=2013 Discover Awards|publisher=[[Barnes &amp; Noble]]|author=|year=2013|accessdate=5 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye mmeri nke Etisalat Prize for Literature (2013), ma merie prestigious Hemingway Foundation / PEN Award maka ọrụ mbụ nke akụkọ ifo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bookslive.co.za/blog/2014/02/23/noviolet-bulawayo-wins-the-inaugural-etisalat-prize-for-literature/|title=NoViolet Bulawayo Wins the Inaugural Etisalat Prize for Literature|work=Books Live|author=Ben|date=23 February 2014|accessdate=23 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://etisalatprize.com/etisalat-prize-for-literature-announces-2013-shortlist/|title=Etisalat Prize for Literature Announces 2013 Shortlist|publisher=Etisalat Prize|author=|date=23 January 2014|accessdate=23 January 2014|archivedate=1 March 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301214613/http://etisalatprize.com/etisalat-prize-for-literature-announces-2013-shortlist/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/17/writer-from-zimbabwe-wins-penhemingway-award-for-first-novel/|title=Writer From Zimbabwe Wins PEN/Hemingway Award for First Novel|work=The New York Times|author=Allan Kozinn|date=17 March 2014|accessdate=2 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mlive.com/news/kalamazoo/index.ssf/2014/03/noviolet_bulawayo_wins_prestig.html|title=NoViolet Bulawayo wins prestigious Hemingway/PEN award|work=MLive.com|author=Yvonne Zipp|date=18 March 2014|accessdate=2 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ meriri Los Angeles Times Book Prize Art Seidenbaum Award maka akụkọ ifo mbụ (2013).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.latimes.com/books/jacketcopy/la-et-jc-winners-los-angeles-times-book-prizes-20140411,0,4418200.story|title=Jacket Copy: The winners of the Los Angeles Times Book Prizes are...|work=[[LA Times]]|author=Carolyn Kellogg|date=11 April 2014|accessdate=14 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Atụmatụ ==
Akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ malitere site n'ịgbaso otu ìgwè ụmụaka na-erubeghị afọ iri na ụma - onye bụ isi Darling na ndị enyi ya Shbo, Stina, Chipo, Bastard na Godknows - bi n'ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na [[Zimbabwe]] mgbe ndị uwe ojii Mugabe mebisịrị ụlọ ha. Onye edemede ahụ na-enye &quot;echiche anya nwatakịrị nke ụwa ebe a na-ekwu maka ntuli aka na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya mana ebe ọgba aghara na mmebi iwu na-aghọ ihe na-eme kwa ụbọchị, ebe ọnwụ na ọrịa na egwu nke ime ihe ike zoro ezo&quot; n'obodo a na-akpọ Paradaịs, ebe ndị mmadụ na-anwa ijide ùgwù mgbe ezinụlọ na-agbaji.&lt;ref name=&quot;Busby&quot;&gt;[[Margaret Busby]], [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/we-need-new-names-by-noviolet-bulawayo-8647510.html &quot;We Need New Names, By NoViolet Bulawayo&quot; (review)], ''[[The Independent]]'', 7 June 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụaka na-etinye ụbọchị ha na-eme ihe ọjọọ, na-ezu ohi guavas n'ógbè ndị bara ọgaranya a maara dị ka &quot;Budapest&quot;, na-echepụta ndụ nke njem na ime ka mmadụ kwere, na-arọ nrọ nke ịnụ ụtọ okomoko na mba ofesi n'ebe ndị dị ka Dubai na America.

Mgbe Darling mechara gaa mba ọzọ iji soro nwanne nne ya na-arụ ọrụ na [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]] biri, ọ chọpụtara ọtụtụ ọgụ ndị ọzọ na-eme ka a na-eche ihu dị ka onye Afrịka kwagara US, gụnyere ige ntị n'echiche na-ezighi ezi banyere ala a mụrụ ya, na-eme mgbanwe na ọdịbendị ọhụrụ, na eziokwu ahụ bụ na e nwere ọtụtụ ndị mbịarambịa iwu na-akwadoghị na steeti ndị egwu nke nchụpụ na-emetụta.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.goodreads.com/book/show/15852479-we-need-new-names ''We Need New Names''] at Goodreads.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụle ==
&quot;Nkọwa nke Bulawayo nke Zimbabwe bụ ihe a ma ama ọ bụghị maka nkọwa ya nke Paradaịs na Budapest kama maka nke Darling. ... Bulawayo bụ onye edemede nwere onyinye n'ụzọ doro anya. Ọ na-egosipụta ikike dị ịrịba ama iji jide obi erughị ala nke na-eso mbata ọhụrụ na America, iji mee ka ìhè doo anya otú reinvention nke onwe n'ebe ọhụrụ si emegide ncheta nchebe nke ụzọ ihe si laghachi n'ụlọ. - [[Uzodinma Iweala]], ''The New York Times''&lt;ref&gt;Uzodinma Iweala, [https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/09/books/review/we-need-new-names-by-noviolet-bulawayo.html &quot;Difficult Terrain&quot;], ''The New York Times'', 7 June 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;Olee otu onye edemede ga-esi kọọ akụkọ banyere mba nwere nkụda mmụọ n'enweghị nkụda obi? NoViolet Bulawayo na-achịkwa ya site n'ịmepụta ihe odide dị ụtọ ma na-aṅụrị ọṅụ nke na onye na-agụ ya na-adọrọ mmasị ha n'otu oge ahụ ọ na-achọpụta nsogbu mba ahụ. ... Bulawayo emeela ihe izizi nke na-emetụ n'ahụ ma na-akpali akpali mana nke na-enwekwa mmadu na ọchị. - Leyla Sanai, ''The Independent na''&lt;ref&gt;Leyla Sanai, [https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/reviews/review-we-need-new-names-by-noviolet-bulawayo-8772475.html &quot;Review: We Need New Names, By NoViolet Bulawayo&quot;], ''The Independent on Sunday'', 17 August 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Sunday

&quot;Ihe na-egbochi akwụkwọ ahụ ịda n'okpuru ibu nke ya bụ otu asụsụ, na echiche na nke a bụ onye edemede nwere ezigbo nkà na oké ọchịchọ nke nwere ike iju onye na-agụ ya anya n'oge ọ bụla site na mgbagwoju anya, ụfọdụ nkà na ụzụ, ma ọ bụ ihe karịrị akụkọ ahụ nke ga-eme ka ọ ghara inwe nchegbu na-adịghị mma gaa na ọkwa ọzọ, nke bara uru. N'ezie, gịnị bụ ebumnuche nke ịta ahụhụ n'akwụkwọ, ọkachasị n'akwụkwọ akụkọ na-eto eto, mana ije ozi dị ka onye na-amụ nwa maka uto ime mmụọ na nke uche?&quot; - [[Helon Habila]], ''The Guardian''&lt;ref name=&quot;Habila&quot;/&gt;

&quot;E dere ya na ike kinetic nke na-emetụta ndụ, onye ọ bụla nwere mmasị n'olu na-apụta n'akwụkwọ ụwa kwesịrị ịgụ akwụkwọ akụkọ NoViolet Bulawayo. Mgbe ụfọdụ, onye na-aṅụrị ọṅụ, onye na'atọ ọchị, onye na na-eru uju, onye na - obi ọjọọ, na onye na-agba ọchịchị mgba okpuru, onye na: Darling, bụ onye na-ele ọnọdụ mmadụ anya nke ọma. - Jim Hannan, World Literature Today&lt;ref&gt;Jim Hannan, [http://www.worldliteraturetoday.org/2014/january/we-need-new-names-noviolet-bulawayo &quot;We Need New Names by NoViolet Bulawayo&quot;], ''World Literature Today'', January 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

[M] kacha metụta ihe niile bụ ngosipụta mbụ nke Darling na ndị otu ya na-erubeghị afọ iri na ụma, na anya ha na-ekwu okwu na njakịrị ngwa ngwa - ihe dị ịtụnanya nke ndị mmadụ bụ ndị Bulawayo na-enye ohere ijikọta ihe aka ike na ịma aka. Ike ha na-enweghị mgbochi, mmụọ na olileanya, mgbe mgbe n'ihu ihe mgbu n'ezie, bụ ihe a na-echeta. &quot; - Margaret Busby, The Independent&lt;ref name=&quot;Busby&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite journal|author=Arnett|first=James|title=Taking Pictures: The Economy of Affect and Postcolonial Performativity in NoViolet Bulawayo's ''We Need New Names''|journal=Ariel: A Review of International English Literature|date=2016|volume=47|issue=3|pages=149–173|doi=10.1353/ari.2016.0028}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Frassinelli|first=Pier Paolo|title=Living in translation: Borders, language and community in NoViolet Bulawayo's ''We Need New Names''|journal=Journal of Postcolonial Writing|date=2015|volume=51|issue=6|pages=711–722|doi=10.1080/17449855.2015.1105855}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Gad|first=Fadwa Mahmoud Hassan|title=Emotion as a Border: A Reading of NoViolet Bulawayo's ''We Need New Names''|journal=Cairo Studies in English|date=2021|volume=2020|issue=2|pages=65–85|doi=10.21608/CSE.2021.173069}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Moji|first=Polo Belina|title=New names, translational subjectivities: (Dis)location and (Re)naming in NoViolet Bulawayo's ''We Need New Names''|journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies|date=2015|volume=27|issue=2|pages=181–190|doi=10.1080/13696815.2014.993937}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Musanga|first=Terrence|title=Perspectives of Zimbabwe–China relations in Wallace Chirumiko's 'Made in China' (2012) and NoViolet Bulawayo's ''We Need New Names''|journal=Journal of African Cultural Studies|date=2016|volume=29|issue=1|pages=81–95|doi=10.1080/13696815.2016.1201654}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Ndlovu|first=Isaac|title=Ambivalence of representation: African crises, migration and citizenship in NoViolet Bulawayo's ''We Need New Names''|journal=African Identities|date=2016|volume=14|issue=2|pages=132–146|doi=10.1080/14725843.2015.1108838}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Wilkinson|first=Robyn|title=Broaching 'themes too large for adult fiction': the child narrator in NoViolet Bulawayo's ''We Need New Names''|journal=English Academy Review|date=2016|volume=33|issue=1|pages=123–132|doi=10.1080/10131752.2016.1153579}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Michiko Kakutani, &quot;Nwa nke Ala Abụọ&quot;, ''The New York Times'', 15 Mee 2013.
* Ellah Allfrey, &quot;Coming Of Age Amid Upheaval In 'We Need New Names'&quot;, NPR Books, May 30, 2013.
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Akwa akwa arụmọrụ bụ '''ihe ndina''' a na-ejighị ihe ọdịnala dịka ogho mee.  Ihe ndina arụmọrụ na-agụnye ụfụfụ ncheta, gel, polyester, ma ọ bụ akwa nkeonwe. Ngwaahịa àkwà gụnyere akwa, ohiri isi, na [[Ihe na-echebe matarasị|ihe nchebe matarasị]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Westchester&quot;&gt;[http://www.westchestermagazine.com/Westchester-Magazine/Westchester-Home/Fall-2014-1/Your-Best-Bets-On-Beautiful-Bedding/ &quot;Your Best Bets on Beautiful Bedding&quot;] TodayMedia, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;  N'ihi ihe dị iche iche nke polyester ma e jiri ya tụnyere ogho, mmiri anaghị ahụ n'ebe nile nwere ike ịdị njọ n'ebe dị anya n'ahụ n'oge ụra.  Àgwà dị ala nke polyester pụtara na ọ na-eguzogide ntụpọ karịa ogho.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20230717062959/https://www.visionbedding.com/blog/guide-to-a-better-nights-rest &quot;Vision Bedding&quot;] Visionbedding, 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
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{{Databox}}'''Anika Molesworth''' bụ onye agroecology na ọkà mmụta sayensị. Ọ bụ onye ọha na eze na okwu gbasara nchekwa nri, nchekwa okike, mgbanwe ihu igwe na mmepe obodo ime obodo. Molesworth na-anọdụ ugbu a na Board of Directors of Farmers for Climate Action, kọmitii NSW nke Crawford Fund, ọ bụkwa Gọvanọ nke WWF-Australia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Our board|url=https://farmersforclimateaction.org.au/about-fca/our-board/|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=Farmers for Climate Action|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Osky|title=NSW Committee|url=https://www.crawfordfund.org/training/state-programs/nsw-committee/|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=The Crawford Fund|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WWF - Governors|url=https://www.wwf.org.au/about-us/leaders/governors/governors|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=www.wwf.org.au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ya ==
A mụrụ Molesworth na Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.  Ọ gụrụ nzere bachelọ sayensị ọkachamara na Agribusiness na Mahadum Charles Sturt (2007 – 2010), [4] Masters of Sustainable Agriculture na Mahadum Charles Sturt (gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Distinction) (2012 – 2015), [4] na PhD na Agroecosystems.  na Mahadum Deakin (2016-2020).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hudspith|first=Daniel|date=2019-07-22|title=Women in agriculture – let's push things forward|url=https://insight.study.csu.edu.au/women-in-agriculture-lets-push-things-forward/|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=Insight - Charles Sturt University|language=en-AU|archivedate=2020-09-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929003712/https://insight.study.csu.edu.au/women-in-agriculture-lets-push-things-forward/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Deakin researcher NSW Young Australian of Year Finalist|url=https://www.deakin.edu.au/about-deakin/media-releases/articles/deakin-researcher-nsw-young-australian-of-year-finalist|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=www.deakin.edu.au|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ya ==
Molesworth bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị agroecology Australia, onye ọrụ ugbo na onye na-akọwa ọha gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe, ọrụ ugbo na usoro nri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anika Molesworth Speaker profile|url=https://climateemergencysummit.org/speakers/anika-molesworth-speaker-profile/|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=National Climate Emergency Summit, Australia|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2014, Molesworth guzobere Climate Wise Agriculture, [7] nke bụ ikpo okwu na-ekerịta ihe ọmụma na isiokwu nke mgbanwe ihu igwe dịka ọ metụtara ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Climate Wise Agriculture|url=http://www.climatewiseagriculture.com/|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=Climate Wise Agriculture|language=en|archivedate=2020-09-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200921190804/http://www.climatewiseagriculture.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye isi nchoputa nke ndị ọrụ ugbo maka Climate Action, otu ndị ọrụ ugpo na-eduzi nke na-akwado ihe ngwọta ihu igwe nke na-akwalite obodo ime obodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Farmers for Climate Action {{!}} 2020|url=https://farmersforclimateaction.org.au/|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=Farmers for Climate Action|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi oche nke nzukọ ahụ na 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-10-30|title=NSW sheep farmers take top jobs on the re-shuffled Farmers for Climate Action board - Riverine Herald|url=http://www.riverineherald.com.au/rural-news/2020/10/30/1911750?slug=nsw-sheep-farmers-take-top-jobs-on-the-re-shuffled-farmers-for-climate-action-board&amp;amp=1|accessdate=2020-11-04|work=www.riverineherald.com.au|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Molesworth na-arụ ọrụ na mmepe ugbo mba ụwa kemgbe 2014, gụnyere ọtụtụ ọrụ na Australian Center for International Agricultural Research.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade|date=|title=Australian Embassy in Lao People's Democratic Republic|url=https://laos.embassy.gov.au/vtan/Young-farmers.html|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=laos.embassy.gov.au}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha ya lekwasịrị anya n'imeziwanye ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ụzọ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ebi ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-01-20|title=From Asia to outback Australia, farmers are challenged by climate change {{!}} Anika Molesworth|url=http://www.theguardian.com/environment/commentisfree/2017/jan/20/from-asia-to-outback-australia-farmers-are-on-the-climate-change-frontline|accessdate=2020-10-28|work=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara ya na kọmitii NSW nke Crawford Fund na 2018, nke na-akwado nyocha na mmepe na [[Oru ugbo|ọrụ ugbo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;/&gt; Molesworth sonyeere The Climate Reality Project na 2016, ma n'okpuru nduzi nke Onye guzobere ya na Onye isi oche ya bụ Al Gore, ọ ghọrọ Onye nkuzi nke Climate Reality na 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Picture You in Agriculture|date=2019-06-12|title=Young Farming Champion Anika Molesworth mentors changemakers at 41st Climate Reality Leaderships Corps event|url=https://art4agriculture.chat/2019/06/12/young-farming-champion-anika-molesworth-mentors-changemakers-at-41st-climate-reality-leaderships-corps-event/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-11-04|work=Picture You in Agriculture Chat|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka e mesịrị n'afọ ahụ, ọ gara [[Antarctica]] na njem kachasị ukwuu nke ụmụ nwanyị na [[STIM|STEM]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Barrier Daily Truth, Broken Hill's Daily Newspaper: Grazier to join Antarctica crew|url=https://bdtruth.com.au/main/news/article/10377-Grazier-to-join-Antarctica-crew.html|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=bdtruth.com.au|archivedate=2021-05-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510053300/https://bdtruth.com.au/main/news/article/10377-Grazier-to-join-Antarctica-crew.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Osky|title=Farming on Thin Ice: Post-voyage reflection|url=https://www.crawfordfund.org/news/farming-on-thin-ice-post-voyage-reflection/|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=The Crawford Fund|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmekọrịta ya na Homeward Bound emeela ka ọ bụrụ onye na-akwado ikpe ziri ezi, ndị ntorobịa ime obodo na ndị ndu mgbanwe ihu igwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=HB4 (2019) Participants {{!}} Homeward Bound|url=https://homewardboundprojects.com.au/hb1-participants/hb4-participants/|accessdate=2020-09-20|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tasmanian Times|date=14 February 2020|title=Antarctic Lessons For Us All|url=https://tasmaniantimes.com/2020/02/antarctic-lessons-for-us-all/|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=Tasmanian Times|language=en-US}}
[[Òtù:CS1 maint: url-status]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-10|title=Homeward Bound|url=https://rural-leaders.org.au/homeward-bound/|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=Australian Rural Leadership Foundation|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rushton|first=Gina|title=Australia's Bushfires Made Everyone Seriously Worried For Their Kids' Future. Now People Are Getting Organised.|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/ginarushton/farmers-firefighters-doctors-lawyers-bishops-climate-change|accessdate=2021-01-20|work=BuzzFeed|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka onye nkwurịta okwu sayensị&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Anika Molesworth|url=https://www.stemwomen.org.au/profile/anika-molesworth|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200929102659/https://www.stemwomen.org.au/profile/anika-molesworth|archivedate=2020-09-29|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=STEM Women|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; a ma ama na onye na-akọwa mgbasa ozi ugboro ugboro, Molesworth akọwaala ọrụ ya na The New York Times, The Guardian, The Conversation, ABC, SBS, na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bogle|first=Ariel|date=2017-05-17|title=In Rural Australia, a Generation Gap Widens Over Climate Change|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/17/world/australia/climate-change-carbon-emissions-nsw.html|accessdate=2020-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Smith|first=Fiona|date=2017-04-27|title=Invisible farmers: the young women injecting new ideas into agriculture {{!}} The future of farming|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/2017/apr/27/invisible-farmers-the-young-women-injecting-new-ideas-into-agriculture|accessdate=2020-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Thomson|first=Vivien|date=2019-11-06|title='It has been heart-wrenching': Australian farmers on living with drought {{!}} Vivien Thomson, John Hamparsum, Anika Molesworth and Mike Hayes|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/nov/07/it-has-been-heart-wrenching-australian-farmers-on-living-with-drought|accessdate=2020-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Molesworth|first=Anika|title=Anika Molesworth|url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/anika-molesworth-246590|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=The Conversation|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-11|title=Young Farmer of the Year digs the olden days|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2015-09-11/young-farmer-of-the-year-anika-molesworth/6767412|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-10-29|title=Former Young Farmer of the Year travels from Broken Hill to Sydney to lobby politicians|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/nsw-country-hour/former-young-farmer-of-the-year-talks-about-impact-of-drought/11649752|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=ABC Radio|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The young farmers excited by life on the land|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/insight/the-young-farmers-excited-by-life-on-the-land|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=Insight|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Farmers on frontline of climate change|url=https://www.sbs.com.au/news/farmers-on-frontline-of-climate-change|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=SBS News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Meet Three Aussie Scientists On The Frontline Of Australia's Climate Crisis|url=https://www.marieclaire.com.au/anika-molesworth-emma-kennedy-marissa-parrott-climate-activists|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=Marie Claire|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=McGeary|first=Kacie|date=2018-04-16|title=Instagram's Most Inspiring Environmentalists|url=https://passionpassport.com/instagrams-most-inspiring-environmentalists/|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=Passion Passport|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=AgWomen Anika Molesworth|url=https://www.agwomenglobal.com/blog/agwomen-anika-molesworth|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=AgWomen Global|language=en-NZ|archivedate=2018-09-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919060818/https://www.agwomenglobal.com/blog/agwomen-anika-molesworth}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sustainable Farming for Futures: Elena Duggan &amp; Dr Anika Molesworth|url=https://www.australianlamb.com.au/lamblegends/lamb-legends-elena-duggan-and-anika-molesworth/|accessdate=2021-01-20|work=www.australianlamb.com.au|language=en-au}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nyela aka na akụkọ ya na Kansụl&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-12-07|title=Hot topic in Paris: food security|url=https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/hot-topic-in-paris-food-security/|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=Climate Council|language=en-GB|archivedate=2020-04-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200411161846/https://www.climatecouncil.org.au/hot-topic-in-paris-food-security/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ihu igwe na Commission of the Human Future.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Need for Strategic Food Policy in Australia {{!}} Commission for the Human Future|url=https://www.humanfuture.net/node/112|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=www.humanfuture.net|archivedate=2021-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128062222/https://humanfuture.net/node/112}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2017, Molesworth gosipụtara okwu TEDxSydney Youth &quot;Ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe maka ọdịnihu ka mma&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Farmers are key to a better future {{!}} Anika Molesworth|url=https://tedxsydney.com/talk/farmers-are-key-to-a-better-future-anika-molesworth/|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=TEDxSydney|language=en-AU|archivedate=2020-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027034927/https://tedxsydney.com/talk/farmers-are-key-to-a-better-future-anika-molesworth/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị mbipụta Pan Macmillan ga-ebipụta akwụkwọ mbụ ya na 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Author|url=https://www.anikamolesworth.com/author.html|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=Anika Molesworth|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==

* 2020 Emily Hensley Award, Melbourne Girls Grammar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-16|title=2020 Emily Hensley Award|url=https://www.mggs.vic.edu.au/news/2020-emily-hensley-award-dr-anika-molesworth|accessdate=2021-01-20|work=Melbourne Girls Grammar|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019 Woman of Influence Award, Australian Financial Review&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Topic {{!}} Women of Influence|url=https://www.afr.com/women-of-influence|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=Australian Financial Review|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anika Molesworth|url=http://afrwomenofinfluence.com.au/alumni_search/anika-molesworth/|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=Afrwomen of Influence|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116084237/https://www.afrwomenofinfluence.com.au/alumni_search/anika-molesworth/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019 Future Shapers Award, Women of Style na Audi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mediaweek|date=2019-05-08|title=InStyle celebrates 10 remarkable women at 2019 Women Of Style|url=https://www.mediaweek.com.au/instyle-celebrates-10-remarkable-women-at-2019-women-of-style/|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=Mediaweek|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019 Homeward Bound onye nnọchi anya&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;
* 2018 Young Sustainability Champion Award, Green Globe Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=NSW Gov|date=|title=Roll out the green carpet - nominations open for Green Globes|url=https://www.environment.nsw.gov.au/news/nominations-open-for-green-globes|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=NSW Environment, Energy and Science|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018 Heroes of a Low-Carbon Economy Youth Champion, 350.org&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-09-18|title=CLIMATE CAMPAIGNER: Fighting for a farming future|url=https://www.weeklytimesnow.com.au/news/national/young-champion-wants-climate-change-action/news-story/247d6f11b4030556d63ba26a3b72b04b|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=www.weeklytimesnow.com.au|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2018 NSW/ACT Regional Achievement na Community Award for Agricultural Innovation&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Current Winners {{!}} Awards Australia|url=https://awardsaustralia.com/regional-achievement-community-awards/nsw/current-winners/|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=awardsaustralia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017 Young Australian nke Afọ, NSW Finalist&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;/&gt;
* 2017 NSW/ACT Young Achiever Award maka gburugburu ebe obibi na nkwado&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Previous Winners {{!}} Awards Australia|url=https://awardsaustralia.com/young-achiever-awards/nsw/previous-winners/|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=awardsaustralia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2017 TEDxSydney Onye na-eme ihe ngosi&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;
* 2016 Akụ̀ Ndị Dị Iche Nzuzo Nsọpụrụ Roll, NSW Ngalaba nke Ụlọ Ọrụ Ndị Isi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017|title=Hidden Treasures Honour Roll nominees|url=https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/about-us/rural-support/rural-womens-network/hidden-treasures/hidden-treasures-honour-roll-nominees|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=www.dpi.nsw.gov.au|language=en|archivedate=2020-10-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029142217/https://www.dpi.nsw.gov.au/about-us/rural-support/rural-womens-network/hidden-treasures/hidden-treasures-honour-roll-nominees}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015 Onye ọrụ ugbo na-eto eto nke afọ nke mba Australia, ABC Rural na Kondinin Group&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-09|title=Diverse farming the key to Tasmanian Matt Dunbabin's 2015 Farmer of the Year award win|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2015-09-09/matt-dunbabin-tasmanian-wine-wool-wins-farmer-of-year-2015/6761634|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=www.abc.net.au|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-10-29|title=Former Young Farmer of the Year travels from Broken Hill to Sydney to lobby politicians|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/nsw-country-hour/former-young-farmer-of-the-year-talks-about-impact-of-drought/11649752|accessdate=2021-01-20|work=ABC Radio|language=en-AU}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015 Crawford Fund Young Scholar&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Osky|title=Hearing from Past Crawford Scholars|url=https://www.crawfordfund.org/news/news-hearing-from-past-crawford-scholars/|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=The Crawford Fund|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2015 Onye nnọchiteanya na Nzukọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu maka Mgbanwe Ihu igwe, Paris&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Chan|first=Gabrielle|date=2015-11-06|title='Australia depends on it,' say two young farmers calling for action at UN climate talks in Paris|language=en-GB|work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/bush-mail/2015/nov/06/australia-depends-on-it-say-two-young-farmers-calling-for-action-at-un-climate-talks-in-paris|accessdate=2020-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 Onye mmeri na-eto eto n'ọrụ ugbo, Art4Agriculture&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Archibull Prize|url=http://archibullprize.com.au/climate-change/index.html#anika|accessdate=2020-09-20|work=archibullprize.com.au|archivedate=2021-02-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210223014512/http://archibullprize.com.au/climate-change/index.html#anika}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Leading Agriculture - Issue Ten — Anika Molesworth - Leading Agricultural Woman|url=http://leadingagriculture10.topmagazines.com.au/p678812/|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=Leading Agriculture - Issue Ten|archivedate=2018-03-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313220713/http://leadingagriculture10.topmagazines.com.au/p678812/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Young Farming Champions|url=https://sdgs.org.au/project/young-farming-champions/|accessdate=2020-11-26|work=Sustainable Development Goals Australia|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116213338/https://sdgs.org.au/project/young-farming-champions/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2014 Top 100 Women in Australian Agribusiness (Emerald Grain and Fairfax Agricultural Media)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Young farmer shows elite qualities|url=https://www.caseih.com/anz/en-au/News/Pages/News_Stories/Young-farmer-shows-elite-qualities.aspx|accessdate=2020-10-18|work=site|language=en-AU|archivedate=2020-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201018083326/https://www.caseih.com/anz/en-au/News/Pages/News_Stories/Young-farmer-shows-elite-qualities.aspx}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==

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{{Databox}}

'''Amir Kassam''', FRSB, [[Order of the British Empire|OBE]], bụ prọfesọ nleta na School of Agriculture, Policy and Development na Mahadum nke Reading, yana onye otu nzukọ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke Food and Agriculture Organization nke United Nations. E mere ya OBE na Queen's Birthday Honours List 2005 maka ọrụ maka ọrụ ugbo na mmepe ime obodo. Ọ bụ onye otu Royal Society of Biology.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Amir Kassam na Zanzibar, Tanzania.  natara BSc ya na ọrụ ugbo na PhD na ọrụ ugwo na Mahadum Reading, na MSc ya na ịgba mmiri na Mahadum California na Davis.

== Ọrụ ==
Kassam bụ prọfesọ nleta na School of Agriculture, Policy and Development na Mahadum Reading . &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ecaf.org/about-us/members-of-ecaf/item/55-honorary-member-dr-amir-kassam Honorary Member - Dr Amir Kassam] Antonio Holgado, European Conservation Agriculture Federation, 23 December 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;  bụkwa onye otu nzukọ zuru ụwa ọnụ nke Food and Agriculture Organization nke United Nations [1] na onye otu Royal Society of Biology . &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231103215335/https://www.fao.org/fsnforum/member/amir-kassam Amir Kassam.] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. Retrieved 4 July 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye na-akwado ọrụ ugbo na-enweghị ọrụ ugbo.

bụ onye nyocha na Institute for Agricultural Research, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Northern Nigeria; onye sayensị na ICRISAT, India; osote onye isi nchịkwa na WARDA (Africa Rice Centre), Cote d'Ivoire; odeakwụkwọ na-anọchi anya CGIAR Science Council, FAO, Rome; onyeisi oche nke Aga Khan Foundation (UK); onyeisi oche nke FOCUS Humanitarian Assistance Europe Foundation, na onyeisi oche nke Tropical Agriculture Association, UK.

&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/57665/supplement/10 ''The London Gazette'', Supplement No. 57665, 11 June 2005, p. 10].&lt;/ref&gt; mere Kassam onye otu Order of the British Empire (OBE) na Queen's Birthday Honours List 2005 maka ọrụ maka ọrụ ugbo na mmepe ime obodo.

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

* Kassam, A. (ed.), Advances in Conservation Agriculture Mpịakọta 1: Systems and Science, Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK.  
* Kassam, A. (ed.), Advances in Conservation Agriculture Mpịakọta 2: Practice and Benefits, Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-78676-268-9|978-1-78676-268-9]]
* Kassam, A. (ed.), Advances in Conservation Agriculture Mpịakọta 3: Adoption and Spread, Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, UK.   [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-1-78676-475-1|978-1-78676-475-1]]

== Ihe odide ==
A mụrụ Amir Kassam na [[Zanzibar]], Tanzania.  natara BSc ya na ọrụ ugbo na PhD na ọrụ ugwo na Mahadum Reading, na MSc ya na ịgba mmiri na [[Mahadum California na Davis]].{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRwUwRYeTyU Kassam na-ekwu maka ihe ndị na-eme n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na ọrụ ugbo.]
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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{{Infobox person|name=Alain Gomis|image=Alain Gomis Photo Call Félicité Berlinale 2017 04.jpg|caption=Alain Gomis at the [[67th Berlin International Film Festival]]|birth_date={{birth date and age|1972|3|6|df=yes}}|birth_place=|death_date=|death_place=|occupation={{ubl|Film director|Screenwriter}}|yearsactive=1999–present}}

&lt;ref name=&quot;FT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/24293056-b7db-11e7-bff8-f9946607a6ba|title=Alain Gomis on Félicité and feeling like an immigrant everywhere|work=Financial Times|accessdate=15 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allocine.fr/personne/fichepersonne_gen_cpersonne=68411.html?nopub=1|title=Alain Gomis|work=Allocine|accessdate=15 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;africanfilmny&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/alain-gomis/|work=africanfilmny.org|accessdate=1 December 2023|title=Alain Gomis Biography France / Senegal|publisher=African Film Festival, Inc. (AFF)|quote=Alain Gomis, born in France, is of Senegalese origin and studied cinematography at the Sorbonne. After graduating he organized and facilitated video production workshops for immigrant youth in Nanterre. By the age of twenty-six, he had already made three short films: Tourbillons, Tout le monde peut se tromper, and the documentary Caramels et chocolats. In 2001, Gomis directed his first feature film, L’Afrance. Gomis' 2012 film, Tey, was awarded the Etalon de Yenenga at FESPACO in 2012.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Africultures&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africultures.com/personnes/?no=4410|title=Moussa Yoro Bathily|date=2019|accessdate=2023-10-05|language=French|work=africultures.com|publisher=Africultures. Les mondes en relation}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;africine&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.africine.org/personne/alain-gomis/3207|title=Alain Gomis, Réalisateur/trice Producteur/trice Scénariste Monteur/se Dialoguiste|author=|first=|date=2020|work=africine.org|publisher=Fédération africaine de la critique cinématographique (FACC)|accessdate=2023-12-01|quote=Il est né en 1972 en France, où il a grandi. Il vit et travaille entre Paris et Dakar. En 2013, son 3ème long-métrage, Tey (&quot;Aujourd'hui&quot;), avec Saul Williams, est sélectionné en compétition au 62ème Festival de Berlin, puis remporte l'Étalon d'Or du Fespaco (festival panafricain du cinéma), une première pour un film sénégalais.|language=fr|archivedate=2024-12-13|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213071338/http://www.africine.org/personne/alain-gomis/3207}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;armes&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Dictionary of African Filmmakers|first=Roy|author=Armes|publisher=[[Indiana University Press]]|location=[[Bloomington, Indiana]]|year=2008|isbn=978-0253351166|oclc=177009058}}&lt;/ref&gt; '''Alain Gomis''' (amụrụ na 6 Machị 1972) bụ Onye nduzi ihe nkiri na Onye edemede French-Senegalese. &lt;ref name=&quot;Pond&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thewrap.com/oscars-foreign-language-shortlist-includes-square-fantastic-woman/|title=Oscars Foreign Language Shortlist Includes 'The Square,' 'A Fantastic Woman'|author=Pond|first=Steve|work=[[The Wrap]]|date=14 December 2017|accessdate=14 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;THR&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-92-films-submitted-foreign-language-film-academy-award-1046070|title=Oscars: 92 Films Submitted in Foreign-Language Category|author=Kilday|first=Gregg|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=5 October 2017|accessdate=5 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; họọrọ ihe nkiri Félicité ya nke afọ 2017 dị ka ntinye Senegalese maka Best Foreign Language Film na 90th Academy Awards, [1] na-eme ka ndepụta December dị mkpirikpi. [2]

== Ihe nkiri ndị a họọrọ ==

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name|0327120|Alain Gomis}}
* &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:YouTube&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;dnNXMPnklus&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;L'Afrance - Film d' Alain Gomis (2001)&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnNXMPnklus&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; id=&quot;mw9w&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;L'Afrance - Ihe nkiri nke Alain Gomis (2001) &lt;/span&gt; na YouTube. Oge vidiyo 1h 27m 16 s. Uploader Culture Tube 2017.
* &quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:YouTube&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;id&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;mKNZwvsF4ew&quot;},&quot;title&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Alain Gomis on Rewind &amp; Play and Elisabeth Subrin on Maria Schneider, 1983. NYFF60&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; href=&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mKNZwvsF4ew&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot; id=&quot;mw-g&quot; rel=&quot;mw:ExtLink nofollow&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;Alain Gomis na Rewind &amp; Play na Elisabeth Subrin na Maria Schneider, 1983. NYFF60&lt;/span&gt; na YouTube. Oge vidiyo 36m 46 s. Uploader Film at Lincoln Center 2023.
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â. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Forbes|first=Online|date=11 January 2021|title=O. B Lulu-Briggs, #31-Africa's 40 richest (2021)|pages=1–2|work=Forbes|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/oblulu-briggs|accessdate=11 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;Olu Benson Lulu-Briggs (1930–2018) bụ onye ndị obodo Naijiria na onye ọchụnta ego.  Ọ bụ &quot; Iniikeroari V&quot; nke elu Kalabari na onye isi oche nke Orwari Briggs House of Abonnema .  [1] [2] Dị ka akwụkwọ Forbes 2012 si kwuo Africa's 40 Rich List, OB Lulu-Briggs, onye nchoputa na onye isi oche Moni Pulo petroleum development Limited, bụ onye 31st kasị baarik n'Africa</text>
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{{Databox}}'''Ana Maria Severino de Almeida e Paiva''' bụ prọfesọ zuru oke na Mahadum Lisbon. Ọrụ ya dị gburugburu [[ọgụgụ isi]] na robotics . Ọ bụ onye otu European Association for Artificial Intelligence a họpụtara ahọpụta.

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ==
Paiva nwetara PhD na Mahadum Lancaster. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Paiva|first=Ana Maria Severino de Almeida e|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/557394907|title=Dynamic user and learner modeling.|date=1995|publisher=University of Lancaster|language=English|oclc=557394907}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2013 ọ ghọrọ Prọfesọ zuru oke na Ngalaba Kọmputa Sayensị na Injinia na Instituto Superior Técnico n'ime Mahadum Lisbon. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ORCID|url=https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3998-5188|accessdate=2022-01-02|work=orcid.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye nhazi nke otu mmadụ-robot mmekọrịta lekwasịrị anya nyocha Group on Artificial Intelligence for People and Society (GAIPS). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://gaips.inesc-id.pt/|accessdate=2021-10-12|work=gaips.inesc-id.pt|archivedate=2021-10-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009091854/http://gaips.inesc-id.pt//}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na 2020 ruo 2021, Paiva bụ Katherine Hampson Bessell Fellow na Harvard Radcliffe Institute . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ana Paiva|url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/people/ana-paiva|accessdate=2022-01-02|work=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị ahọpụtara ==

* {{Cite journal|author=Leite|first=Iolanda|title=Social Robots for Long-Term Interaction: A Survey|journal=International Journal of Social Robotics|date=April 2013|volume=5|issue=2|pages=291–308|doi=10.1007/s12369-013-0178-y}}
* {{Cite book|author=Dias|first=João|title=FAtiMA Modular: Towards an Agent Architecture with a Generic Appraisal Framework|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|date=2014|pages=44–56|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-12973-0_3|isbn=978-3-319-12972-3}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Paiva|first=Ana|title=Learning by Feeling: Evoking Empathy with Synthetic Characters|journal=Applied Artificial Intelligence|date=9 March 2005|volume=19|issue=3–4|pages=235–266|doi=10.1080/08839510590910165|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/08839510590910165|issn=0883-9514}}
*  

== Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu ==
Na 2018, Paiva nwetara ọnọdụ mbụ na Blue Sky Ideas Conference Track na AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-03-01|title=Blue Sky Ideas Conference Track at AAAI-18|url=https://cra.org/crn/2018/03/blue-sky-ideas-conference-track-at-aaai-18/|accessdate=2022-01-02|work=CRN|language=en-US|archivedate=2022-01-02|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220102180452/https://cra.org/crn/2018/03/blue-sky-ideas-conference-track-at-aaai-18/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akpọrọ Paiva onye otu maka European Association for Artificial Intelligence na 2019 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-07-03|title=Ana Paiva Elected EurAI Fellow|url=https://www.inesc-id.pt/ana-paiva-elected-eurai-fellow/|accessdate=2022-01-02|work=INESC-ID|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fellows {{!}} European Association for Artificial Intelligence|url=https://www.eurai.org/awards_and_grants/fellows|accessdate=2022-01-02|work=www.eurai.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nke Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence na 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elected AAAI Fellows|url=https://aaai.org/about-aaai/aaai-awards/the-aaai-fellows-program/elected-aaai-fellows/|accessdate=2024-01-02|work=AAAI|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Ana Paiva publications indexed by Google Scholar
* Pro-Social Machines | Ana Paiva | TEDxIST on YouTube, April 9, 2018
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{{Databox}}
[[Usòrò:01_Magdalena_Bałazińska_-_Stonebraker70_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Bałazińska na 2014]]
'''Magdalena Bałazińska''' bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị kọmputa nke nyocha ya metụtara ọdụ data na iyi data . Amụrụ na Poland ma gụrụ akwụkwọ na Algeria, Canada, na US, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Mahadum Washington, ebe ọ na-eduzi Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science &amp; Engineering.

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ==
Balazinska mụrụ na Poland. Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Algeria, ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na-asụ Polish na French, wee gaa [[Quebec]], Canada, bụ ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ mahadum na injinịa kọmputa na Polytechnique Montréal.{{R|duw}} Ọ gụchara Ph.D. na sayensị kọmputa na 2005 na Massachusetts Institute of Technology . Akwụkwọ edemede ya, ''Mmehie- ndidi na njikwa ibu n'ime sistemu nhazi iyi nke ekesara'', bụ Hari Balakrishnan na-elekọta ya. {{R|mg}}

Ọ sonyeere ngalaba Mahadum Washington na 2006, wee jee ozi mahadum dị ka onye isi nke eScience Institute na Associate Vice Provost for Data Science tupu, na 2019, a họpụtara ya dị ka onye isi nke Paul G. Allen School of Computer Science &amp; Engineering. {{R|duw|appoint}} 

== Nkwenye ==
Ọrụ Balazinska na nhazi iyi nkesa na-anabata mmejọ yana na reengineering software clones enwetala ihe nrite maka mmetụta ya na-adịte aka. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ACM na 2019 &quot;maka ntinye aka na sistemu data ekesa ekesa&quot;. {{R|facm}}

== Edensibia ==
.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.cs.washington.edu/people/faculty/magda Ibe ebe obibi]
* Magdalena Bałazińska nke  depụtara aha ya
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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  <page>
    <title>Asrar Bakr</title>
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      <text bytes="3883" sha1="izhfldohhpgknzj7y4rcz10403afurq" xml:space="preserve">&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Asrar BAKR at the FIBA Women's Afrobasket 2019|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/womensafrobasket/2019/player/Asrar-Bakr|accessdate=2024-04-15|work=FIBA.basketball|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;Asrar Bakr (amuru 10 August 1998) bu onye egwuregwu basketball nke Egypt nke na-egwu otu egwuregwu basketball nke ndi nwanyi Egypt yana kwa Sporting Club na Egypt .  [1] Ọ dị 5 ụkwụ 11 ịdị ogologo (180cm). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Asrar Bakr (Bakr A.) - Player Profile - Basketball24.com|url=https://www.basketball24.com/player/bakr-asrar/0xYAXCZn/|accessdate=2024-04-15|work=www.basketball24.com|language=en|archivedate=2024-04-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416190156/https://www.basketball24.com/player/bakr-asrar/0xYAXCZn/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ọrụ ==

=== Ndị otu mba ndị isi {{Cite web|author=Eurobasket|title=Asrar Bakr, Basketball Player, News, Stats - afrobasket|url=https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx|accessdate=2024-04-15|work=Eurobasket LLC}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Asrar Bakr (Bakr A.) - Player Profile - Flashscore.com.ng|url=https://www.flashscore.com.ng/player/bakr-asrar/0xYAXCZn/|accessdate=2024-04-15|work=www.flashscore.com.ng|language=en-NG}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-12-15|title=KPA knocked out of Fiba Africa Cup|url=https://nation.africa/kenya/sports/basketball/kpa-knocked-out-of-fiba-africa-cup-4056458|accessdate=2024-04-15|work=Nation|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ===

* 2023 FIBA AfroBasket Womenmụ nwanyị 2023: Soro na egwuregwu 3, nkezi isi 2, nkwụghachi 1, 0.7 na-enyere aka, yana arụmọrụ nke 2.
* 2023 FIBA AfroBasket Ụmụ nwanyị – Ndị ruru eru: Egwuru egwuregwu 5, nkezi isi 6.4, nkwụghachi 1, enyemaka 1.6, yana arụmọrụ nke 4.4.
* 2021 FIBA Women's Afrobasket - Ndị ruru eru - Mpaghara 5: Pụtara na egwuregwu 4, nkezi isi 2.8, nkwụghachi 1.8, enyemaka 1.8, yana arụmọrụ nke 4.
* 2019 FIBA Women's Afrobasket: Egwuru egwuregwu 4, nwere stats nke 0 isi, 0.5 rebounds, 0.8 na-enyere aka, yana arụmọrụ nke -0.5.
* 2019 FIBA Women's Afrobasket - Ndị ruru eru: Soro na egwuregwu 5, nkezi isi 3, nkwụghachi 1.4, enyemaka 2.2, yana arụmọrụ nke 2.6.
* 2017 FIBA Women's Afrobasket: Egwuru egwuregwu 6, nkezi isi 2.5, nkwụghachi 0.2, 0.3 na-enyere aka, yana arụmọrụ nke 0.3. N'ozuzu nkezi maka ndị agadi otu mba ngosi: 2.7 isi, 1 rebound, 1.2 na-enyere aka, na-arụ ọrụ nke 2.1. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-08-20|title=Egypt loses to Nigeria in the Afrobasket Championship|url=https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/8/18429/Egypt-loses-to-Nigeria-in-the-Afrobasket-Championship|accessdate=2024-04-15|work=EgyptToday}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Otu mba ndị ntorobịa &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Eurobasket|title=Asrar Bakr, Basketball Player, News, Stats - afrobasket|url=https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx|accessdate=2024-04-15|work=Eurobasket LLC}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFEurobasket&quot;&gt;Eurobasket. [https://www.eurobasket.com/index.aspx &quot;Asrar Bakr, Basketball Player, News, Stats - afrobasket&quot;]. ''Eurobasket LLC''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-04-15&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Asrar BAKR at the FIBA U19 Women’s Basketball World Cup 2017|url=https://www.fiba.basketball/it/world/u19women/2017/player/Asrar-Bakr|accessdate=2024-04-15|work=FIBA.basketball|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; ===

* 2017 FIBA U19 World Cup Basketball: Egwuru egwuregwu 7, nkezi isi 10.4, nkwụghachi 1, enyemaka 2.4, yana arụmọrụ nke 4.
* 2015 FIBA U19 World Championship: Soro na egwuregwu 6, nwere stats nke 1 isi, 0.8 rebounds, 1.3 na-enyere aka, yana arụmọrụ nke 0.2. N'ozuzu nkezi maka ngosipụta otu mba ndị ntorobịa: isi 5.7, 0.9 rebounds, 1.9 na-enyere aka, yana arụmọrụ nke 2.1.

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
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  <page>
    <title>Althea McNish</title>
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Althea McNish CM FSCD (15 Mee 1924 - 16 mbịara 2020) bụ onye na-ese ihe sitere na Trinidad bụ onye ndu onye akwa akwa Black Britain mbụ aha mba ụwa.

Amụrụ na Trinidad, McNish kwagara Britain na 1950s.  Eji ozi ya na Caribbean Artists Movement (CAM) na 1960, na-ekere òkè na ihe ngosi na akwụkwọ ozi nke CAM ma na-enyere aka iche nka Caribbean na ọha Britain.  A na-anya ọrụ ya na nchịkọta nke Victoria na Albert Museum, Whitworth Museum, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture na Cooper-Hewitt (Smithsonian Design Museum), n'etiti ebe ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240522114318/http://www.ajr.org.uk/index.cfm/section.journal/issue.Oct11/article=9171 &quot;Art notes (review)&quot;], AJR, October 2011 Journal.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://collection.cooperhewitt.org/objects/18441427/ &quot;Sample (England), 1962&quot;], Cooper Hewitt.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20161130002448/http://www.philamuseum.org/collections/permanent/312635.html?mulR=687477787%7C1 &quot;Printed Textile 'Caribe'&quot;], Philadelphia Museum of Art.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MoDA website&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=You searched for McNish|url=https://moda.mdx.ac.uk/?s=McNish|work=Museum of Domestic Design and Architecture (MoDA)|publisher=Middlesex University|accessdate=26 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;JC&quot;&gt;Tessler, Gloria (13 December 2018), [https://www.thejc.com/news/obituaries/obituary-john-saul-weiss-1.473895 &quot;Obituary: John Saul Weiss&quot;], ''[[Jewish Chronicle]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;McNish bụ onye otu nke Chartered Society of Designers .  Ọ akụkọ onye isi John Weiss (1933 – 2018).

== ndabere ==

=== Afọ mbụ ===
A markiiba Althea Marjorie McNish [1] na Port of Spain, Trinidad, gburugburu 1933. Nna ya, onye edemede Joseph Claude McNish, sitere na ndị ọbịa Merikin na Trinidad .  [2] Ọ na-ese ihe mgbe ọ bụ nwata, na-enyere aka na azụmahịa ime uwe nne ya site n'ime ihe ọrụ, bụ obere onye otu Trinidad Arts Society ma mee ihe mbụ ya mgbe ọ dị afọ 16. [  3] egwu ya ndị egwu obodo Sybil Atteck, Amy Leong Pang na Boscoe Holder, na ndị ọgbara ọhụrụ Europe dịka Vincent van Gogh .

=== Kwaga London ===
Na 1951 McNish so nne ya kwa London, England, isonyere nna ya n'ebe ahụ.  [1] [2] O nweelarị ebe ọ ga-agụ akwụkwọ na Architectural Association School of Architecture na Bedford Square dị ka akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na London School of Printing and Graphic Arts, Central School of Arts and Crafts na Royal College of Art .  [2] N'afọ ikpeazụ ya na London School of Printing and Graphic Arts, ọ nwera na textiles na agbamume nke Eduardo Paolozzi, wee họrọ textiles e biri ebi dị ka isiokwu nke iwe ya na ịga n'ihu na Royal College of Art  .  ebe Hugh Casson akwụkwọ talent ya.

Mgbe akwụkwọ akwụkwọ, ọ akwụkwọ ozi site na Arthur Stewart-Liberty, onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ ngalaba onwe, na-ozira ya otu ụbọchị site na tagzi Zika Ascher, bụ onye nyere ya ikike mkpokọta maka Dior .  [1] N'ime nke ọma maka ndị aha a ma ama, McNish bụ ihe Caribbean mbụ ama ama na ngalaba a.

Na 1966, McNish haziri akwa maka akwa akwa nke Elizabeth II n'oge egwu Queen na Trinidad.

O so na ihe ngosi nka nke Caribbean Artists Movement (CAM) mere na 1967, May 1968 na Jenụwarị 1971, na-agụnye textiles yana &quot;panel plastic in laminate&quot;.  [1] Maka akara Caribbean nke BBC TV mmemme mmemme Full House, nke John La Rose iduro ma eguzo ya na 3 February 1973, ọ chị ọchịchị ọrụ nke ndị na-ese ihe nkiri CAM dị ka ntọala studio maka ndị edemede CAM, ndị na-  egwu egwu na ndị na-eme ihe nkiri.  [2] N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ọrụ ya - nke akwa akwa atọ e biri ebi na- anya ya site na akụkọ ọrụ ya: Golden Harvest, Pomegranate na Fresco [3] - e sere na ngozi RCA Black: gara  aga, ugbu a &amp; Future (31 August-6 September 2011), [4] ] [5] nke Royal College of Art haziri na akwụkwọ ya na African na African-Caribbean Design Diaspora (AACDD) iji mee ememe nka na imewe site n  'aka ndi Afrika na Afrika-Caribbean akwụkwọ akwụkwọ &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20240522114321/http://www.aacdd.org/event/events/rca-black-past-present-future.html &quot;RCA Black: Past, Present &amp; Future&quot;], African and African Caribbean Design Diaspora, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Goddard, Juliette, [http://www.duniamagazine.com/2011/09/a-cultural-diversity-affair-at-the-royal-college-of-art-black-exhibition-in-london/ &quot;A Cultural Diversity Affair at the Royal College of Art BLACK EXHIBITION in London&quot;], ''Dunia'', 6 September 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmekọrịta ya na John Weiss ===
&lt;ref&gt;Brian W. Alleyne, [https://epdf.pub/radicals-against-race-black-activism-and-cultural-politics.html &quot;Radicals Against Race: Black Activism and Cultural Politics&quot;], Berg, 2002, pp. 145–46.&lt;/ref&gt;Na 1969 ọ ngosi John Weiss, onye na-ese ụlọ ụlọ, onye na-ese ihe na onye ọkọ ọkụ ihe mere eme, wee soro ya rụkọọ ọrụ site na 1971. Ha na John La Rose na-akpa ụka na 2 February 1999 dị  ka ụgwọ nke ndị Britannia: Ndụmahụ Ndụ na usoro Britain nke e mere na New Beacon Books (ndị ọzọ so na-agụnye Dennis Bovell, Gus John, Rev. Wilfred Wood, Aggrey Burke, Yvonne Brewster, na Alexis Rennie) &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.georgepadmoreinstitute.org/news-and-events/building-britannia-celebrates-the-windrush-generation-and-its-descendants &quot;Building Britannia Celebrates the Windrush Generation and its Descendants&quot;], [[George Padmore Institute]], 22 June 2022.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;JC&quot;/&gt;N'oge ọnwụ Weiss na 2018, Jake Leith, onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Chartered Society of Designers, kwuru, sị: &quot;John na Althea bụ ndị nwere ike dị ukwuu maka ndị na-eje ozi UK Eji na Textile Design.&quot;

McNish die na biri 2020, na ebe a na-elekọta ndị agadi Spring Lane na Muswell Hill .

== Atụmatụ ama ama ==
Ọtụtụ n'ime ngosi McNish gbadoro ụkwụ na okike n'agbanyeghị na ụfọdụ na-eji isiokwu na-adịghị ahụkebe, mgbe ụfọdụ geometric.  Otu n'ime mbụ ya iji banye na ikike, Golden Harvest na 1957, bụ akara ngosi na satin owu, nke Hull Traders rụpụtara ya nke o mekwara ụzọ ndị ọzọ maka ya), [1] ọbọ a dabere na ya.  ubi ọka wheat Essex mana na-eji agba akụ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ngosi ya Tropic, [2] akwa akwa e edina na silk ma njikere Zika Ascher na 1959, na Gilia, akwa akwa na-enye owu na- akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ na ola edo,  nke Hull Traders ikpe na 1961, nọ na ya.  nchịkọta akwa na Victoria &amp; Albert Museum .  Nakwa na 1959, maka ọrụ nke Ngalaba Nchọpụta Kere maka SS Oriana ọhụrụ, bụ nke ewepụtara na Nọvemba 1959 ma bụrụ onye ikpeazụ nke Orient Steam Navigation Company's the Ocean liners, ọ rụpụtara maka ụlọ nri abụọ, Rayflower [3] na painiapulu.  na pọmigranet, [4] [5] etinyere n'ime ogwe plastik Warerite, ahịrị nke Perstorp Group mechara ịchụso ya.  Nhazi nke 1960 nke ime ime Port of Spain General Hospital, Trinidad, site na ndị na-ese ezinụlọ ụlọ Devereux na Davies, ihe ihe osise McNish &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Rebuilding of the General Hospital, Port-of-Spain, Trinidad, West Indies; Architects: Devereux &amp; Davies|journal=Interbuild|date=May 1961|pages=28–30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;[[Holland Cotter|Cotter, Holland]], [https://www.nytimes.com/1997/10/24/arts/art-review-this-realm-of-newcomers-this-england.html?pagewanted=all &quot;ART REVIEW; This Realm of Newcomers, This England&quot;], ''The New York Times'', 24 October 1997.&lt;/ref&gt;Na 1997, na-egosi ihe ngosi Transforming the Crown: African, Asian and Caribbean Artists in Britain, 1966-1996, nke McNish ngwaọrụ na Studio Museum na Harlem, New York, na ndị ọzọ na-ese CAM, New York Times kọrọ na  ọ &quot;na-ihe ihe na-ahụ ahụkebe, ụdị akwa geometric sitere n'ike ike ns sitere n'Africa&quot;.

&lt;ref&gt; Stefanie Waldek, [https://www.architecturaldigest.com/story/women-designers-who-changed-history &quot;Five Female Designers Who Changed History&quot;], ''Architectural Digest'', 8 March 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;Na 2018 McNish hụrụ aha na Architectural Digest dị ka otu n'ime &quot;Ndị na-ahụ ụdị ọrụ nke ihe ihe mere eme&quot; (n' watch Maija Isola, Norma Merrick Sklarek, Muriel Cooper, na Denise Scott Brown )

McNish nwanne na 2018 BBC akwụkwọ ndị anọnye na-ama aha ọzọ onye nka ojii?  Akụkọ ihe omimi nke Britain zoro ezo, nke Brenda Emmanus gbasoro Sonia Boyce na otu mka ọ na-eduzi na-egosi ihe ngosi na Manchester Art Gallery, na- akara anya na ndị na-ese ihe nke Africa na Asia bụ ndị keere òkè n  'ịkpụzi ihe mere eme nke British art. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0bcy4kd ''Whoever Heard of a Black Artist? '']&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;Ramaswamy, Chitra (30 July 2018), [https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/jul/30/whoever-heard-of-a-black-artist-britains-hidden-art-history &quot;Whoever Heard of a Black Artist? Britain’s Hidden Art History review – a powerful picture of whitewashing&quot;], ''The Guardian''.&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.libertylondon.com/uk/features/althea-mcnish-colour-is-mine.html|title=The Importance of althea McNish|first=Kareem|author=Reid|publisher=Liberty|accessdate=30 July 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2022, isi nlegharị anya ọrụ ya, akpọrọ Althea McNish: Agba bụ nke m, atụkwasịkwara (2 Eprel – 11 Septemba 2022) na William Morris Gallery na Walthamstow, ọwụwa anyanwụ London, nke Liberty Fabrics na-akwado.[1] [2]  Rosie Sinclair nke Goldsmiths, Mahadum London, na-ekwu, sị: “Ma eleghị anya, mgbe ihe ngosi a gasịrị, ndị mmadụ ga-eleba anya n'ihe ndị e ji emepụta ihe na ákwà ndị e ji emepụta ihe ma na-eche ihe mere agba ji bụrụ akụkụ dị mkpa nke ụtọ imewe ọhụrụ n'ime ọha mmadụ n'oge a ma chee echiche banyere ya.  ndị mmadụ n'otu n'otu, onye ọsụ ụzọ imewe dị ka Althea, onye mere ka nke a mee.&quot;[3] Sinclair kwukwara, sị: &quot;Ọ bụ nwanyị ojii na-adịghị ahụkebe n'ime akụkọ ihe mere eme akwa mba ụwa.&quot;[4] dabara na ihe ngosi ahụ, Liberty Fabrics  eweghachitere mkpokọta capsule nke atụmatụ izizi McNish

Na 15 Mee 2023, dabara na ncheta ọmụmụ 99th nke ọmụmụ ya, ekpughere ihe ncheta na-acha anụnụ anụnụ na nsọpụrụ ya n'ụlọ mbụ ya na West Green Road na Tottenham, north London. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.haringey.gov.uk/news/late-tottenham-textile-artist-althea-mcnish-honoured-blue-plaque-west-green-road|title=Late Tottenham textile artist Althea McNish honoured with blue plaque on West Green Road|work=haringey.gov.uk|date=15 May 2023|accessdate=16 May 2023|archivedate=15 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230515185446/https://www.haringey.gov.uk/news/late-tottenham-textile-artist-althea-mcnish-honoured-blue-plaque-west-green-road}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://socanews.com/news/blue-plaque-unveiling-for-althea-mcnish/|title=Althea McNish Blue Plaque unveiled|first=Dunstn|author=Creavalle|work=Soca News|date=16 May 2023|accessdate=1 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ahọpụtara ==

; Ihe ngosi solo &lt;ref name=&quot;AAVAD&quot;&gt;[http://aavad.com/artistbibliog.cfm?id=10202 Althea McNish Bibliography and Exhibitions], AAVAD.&lt;/ref&gt;

* 1958: ''Althea McNish'' . Ụlọ osisi Woodstock, London.
* 1982: ''Althea McNish'' . Ụlọ ihe ngosi nke ndị mmadụ, London.
* 1997: ''Althea McNish'' . Hockney Gallery, Royal College of Art, London.
* 2003: ''Althea McNish: Ụwa m nke agba: Ọrụ mba ụwa na mkpali nke onye na-emepụta akwa akwa Black British Trinidadian'' . Mahadum Ohio, Athens, USA.
* 2022: ''Althea McNish: Agba bụ nke m'' . William Morris Gallery, London.
* 2023: ''Althea McNish: Agba bụ nke m'' . Mahadum nke Manchester, Whitworth Art Gallery, Manchester.

; Ihe ngosi otu &lt;ref name=&quot;AAVAD&quot;/&gt;

* 1961: ''Ihe osise nke Trinidad na Tobago Artists'' . Ụlọ ọrụ Commonwealth, London.
* 1967: ''Caribbean Artists Movement'' . Ụlọ ihe nkiri Royal, Stratford .
* 1968: ''Caribbean Artists Movement'' . Digby Stuart College, House of Commons nke United Kingdom na London School of Economics, London.
* 1971: ''Caribbean Artists na England'' . Ụlọ ọrụ Commonwealth, London.
* 1975: ''Caribbean Women Artists ngosi'' . Olympia International Arts Center, [[Kingston|Kingston, Jamaica]] .
* 1978: ''Afro-Caribbean Art'' . Ahịa Artists, London, nke Drum Arts Center haziri. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20220603235051/http://new.diaspora-artists.net/display_item.php?id=979&amp;table=artefacts &quot;Afro-Caribbean Art catalogue&quot;], Drum Arts Centre, London, 1978.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1978: ''Ụzọ Anyị Dị Ndụ Ugbu a'' . Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Victoria &amp; Albert, London.
* 1981: ''INDIGO '81 ihe ngosi mba ụwa'' . Indigo, Lille, France .
* 1982: ''Commonwealth Festival ngosi'' . Brisbane, Australia .
* 1986: ''Mee ma ọ bụ mebie'' . Henry Moore Gallery, London.
* 1996: ''Njikọ Caribbean 2: Pulse Island'' . Ụlọ ọrụ Islington Arts, London.
* 1997: ''Ịgbanwe okpueze: Ndị nka Africa, Eshia na Caribbean na Britain, 1966–1996'' . Caribbean Cultural Center, Studio Museum na Harlem, na Bronx Museum of Arts, New York.
* 1997: ''Trinidad na Tobago Site n'Anya nke Artist: Site na Cazabon ruo Narị Afọ Iri Ọhụrụ 1813–2000'' . Ụlọ ọrụ Commonwealth, London. Ihe ngosi na emume ncheta afọ 35 nke nnwere onwe nke Republic of Trinidad na Tobago.
* 1998: ''Isii na Otu: Ndị nka si Caribbean'' . Ụlọ ihe ngosi Morley, London.
* 2007: ''Azụmahịa na Alaeze Ukwu: Icheta Ịgba Ohu'' . Whitworth Art Gallery, Mahadum Manchester, Manchester. &lt;ref&gt;[http://revealinghistories.org.uk/legacies-commemorating-the-bicentenary-of-british-abolition/places/trade-and-empire-remembering-slavery-at-the-whitworth-art-gallery.html &quot;Legacies: Commemorating the bicentenary of British abolition: Trade and Empire: Remembering Slavery at The Whitworth Art Gallery&quot;], Revealing Histories.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.a-n.co.uk/events/trade-and-empire-remembering-slavery &quot;Trade and Empire: Remembering Slavery&quot;], a-n The Artists Information Company, 11 January 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|first=Alan|author=Rice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K71k4jPg2o8C&amp;q=weiss&amp;pg=PT90|title=Creating Memorials, Building Identities: The Politics of Memory in the Black Atlantic|publisher=Liverpool University Press|date=2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2011: ''RCA Black'' . Royal College of Art, London. &lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210520053902/https://www.rca.ac.uk/news-and-events/news/rca-black/ &quot;RCA Black&quot;], Royal College of Art, 25 August 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2019: ''Bilie, Bilie ugbu a.'' Somerset House, London. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Grant|first=Colin|authorlink=Colin Grant (author)|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2019/jun/02/get-up-stand-up-now-zak-ove-black-british-art|title=Get Up, Stand Up Now: Black British art's response to the Windrush scandal|date=2019-06-02|work=[[The Guardian]]|accessdate=2020-04-23|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nrite na nkwanye ugwu ==

* 1976: Chaconia Medal (Gold), Republic of Trinidad na Tobago, &quot;maka ogologo na meritorious ọrụ nka na imewe&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;PresTnT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Awards Database|url=https://otp.tt/trinidad-and-tobago/national-awards-database/|work=The Office of the President of Trinidad and Tobago}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1988: Award Scarlet Ibis, Trinidad na Tobago High Commission, London &lt;ref name=&quot;RCASociety&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Independence Arts Achievement award for Althea|url=http://www.rcasociety.net/content/independence-arts-achievement-award-althea|work=RCA Society|date=8 September 2012|accessdate=9 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2006: Dọkịta nsọpụrụ nke Fine Art, Mahadum Trinidad na Tobago &lt;ref&gt;Doughty, Melissa (5 December 2016), [https://web.archive.org/web/20240522114324/https://archives.newsday.co.tt/2016/12/05/colouring-the-world-how-textile-expert-changed-world-view/ &quot;Colouring the world How textile expert changed world view&quot;], ''Trinidad and Tobago Newsday''.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;RCASociety&quot; /&gt;
* 2008: Onye nta akụkọ bụ Angela Cobbinah kọwara ya dị ka &quot;ihe na-emetụta ozugbo, na-enyere aka ịmepụta usoro ejiji ọhụrụ yana kpalie ndị na-emepụta ejiji na-adọrọ mmasị na-aga n'ihu dị ka Zandra Rhodes .&quot; 
* 2012: Jubilee Gala Award for Achievement in Arts na UK High Commission of Trinidad na Tobago, na-eme ememe ncheta 50th nke nnwere onwe. &lt;ref name=&quot;RCASociety&quot; /&gt; 
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    <title>Amjad Abu Alala</title>
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      <text bytes="5594" sha1="5pb7igu90bfqzinku4bf9jrjuwuwcc3" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Amjad Abu Alala at the 2025 Red Sea Film Festival 20251205 (4).jpg|thumb|Amjad Abu Alala ]]
'''Amjad Abu Alala''' ( Arabic &lt;/link&gt; , banyere na Dubai ) bụ onye nduzi ihe nkiri Sudanese, onye na-ede ihe nkiri na onye na-ahụ ihe, onye na-akpa ma bi na United Arab Emirates.  Ọ bịara mara ụwa niile maka ihe nkiri izizi ya ị ga-anwụ na Twenty na 2019. Ihe nkiri a bụ mbụ ewepụtara site na Sudan maka ndepụta Academy na ngalaba 'Best International Film', mana sereghị ya na ọkwa ikpeazụ.  Ihe nkiri ya emeriwo, Otú ọ dị, ihe nrite na mmemme ihe nkiri mba ụwa ma ya na mba ụwa.

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
A Ajụjụ Abu Alala na United Arab Emirates na ndị nne na nna Sudan wee tolite na Dubai .  Ọ nkwado mgbasa ozi na post na Mahadum Emirates wee mee akwụkwọ mbụ ya maka ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ TV Arab na Western.  Ọ nyerela ihe nkiri dị iche anọ ruo n'afọ 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Magdi|first=Samy|date=2020-12-20|title=A Sudan in transition presents first-ever film for Oscars|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/sudan-transition-presents-film-oscars-74913470|accessdate=2021-06-22|work=ABC News|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226195901/https://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/wireStory/sudan-transition-presents-film-oscars-74913470|archivedate=2020-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maka ihe nkiri mbụ ya, Abu Alala tụ na Sudan.  Ndị edemede ya sitere na Wad Madani na etiti Sudan, ọ chọkwara ihe ngosi ya.  N'ịchọ, adabara ọ bụghị naanị maka ndị na-ege Sudanese, ma maka ndị na-ekiri ya n'ụwa niile, ọ obere akwụkwọ nke onye edemede Sudan Hammour Ziada sitere na 2014 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lynx Qualey|first=Marcia|date=2019-09-10|title=Award-winning Film 'You Will Die at Twenty,' Based on Hammour Ziada Story|url=https://arablit.org/2019/09/10/you-will-die-at-twenty/|accessdate=2021-06-22|work=ArabLit &amp; ArabLit Quarterly|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200108152055/https://arablit.org/2019/09/10/you-will-die-at-twenty/|archivedate=2020-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nkiri ngosi ya ị ga-anwụ na iri abụọ ka ewepụtara wee nye ya na Venice International Film Festival na August 2019 dị ka nke ebube 'Venice Days' .  Na September 2019, ngosikwara ya na Toronto Film Festival .

Site na ndaba, a gbara ihe nkiri ahụ n'oge ikike Sudanese megide Omar al-Bashir, onye ndị agha kwaturu n'oge ngosi n'April 2019 mgbe ọ chịchara obodo ahụ ihe nkiri nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ 30. Nke a ada  nnukwu ihe aka nye ndị ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri niile, ọ bụghị naanị n'ihi mmachi egwu, mana n'ihi na ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ ihe nkiri na Sudan na ha ga-efega n'Esega n'Esetịpụ ụgbọ mmiri ha mapụtara maka agbapụ.  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=You Will Die at Twenty|url=http://www.dohafilminstitute.com/filmfestival/films/-376|accessdate=2021-06-21|work=Doha Film Institute|language=en-US|archivedate=2023-03-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319220843/https://www.dohafilminstitute.com/filmfestival/films/-376}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-01-21|title=Amjad Abu Alala's 'You will die at 20' revives Sudanese cinema|url=https://arab.news/pshay|accessdate=2021-06-22|work=Arab News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka onye na-ahụ ihe, Abu Alala hiwere ụlọ ihe ihe okike na ihe nkiri ya na Doha Film Institute ma obere ihe nkiri ise

N'afọ 2013, Abu Alala ihe nrite script Theatre Script kacha mma maka edemede ya 'Apple Pies'.  [1] N'ịkwalite ihe nkiri Sudanese, o tinyekwala aka na nhọrọ maka Sudan Independent Film Festival na Khartoum [2] na Arab Film Institute  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amjad Abu Alala {{!}} IFFR|url=https://iffr.com/en/persons/amjad-abu-alala|accessdate=2021-06-22|work=iffr.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2021, fotora ya ka onye otu juri maka mbụ nke mmemme ihe nkiri Locarno nke 74 nke a ga-eme site na 4 ruo 14 Ọgọst.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.locarnofestival.ch/LFF/locarno-74/awards-and-juries/Jury-Concorso-Internazionale.html|title=74th Locarno Film Festival (Concorso Internazionale: Jury)|work=Locarno Film Festival|date=July 3, 2021|accessdate=July 3, 2021|language=en|archivedate=October 31, 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211031142512/https://www.locarnofestival.ch/LFF/locarno-74/awards-and-juries/Jury-Concorso-Internazionale.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ọkacha mmasị ==
Na 2022, Abu Alala sonye na mbụ aka ihe nkiri Sight &amp; Sound nke aafa ahụ.  A na-eme ya kwa afọ iri iji họrọ ihe nkiri ekiri mma n'oge niile, site n'ịjụ ndị nke oge a ka ha edozi ihe nkiri iri nke ha isi. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.bfi.org.uk/sight-and-sound/greatest-films-all-time/all-voters/amjad-abu-alala&lt;/ref&gt;

Nhọrọ Abu Alala bụ:
 

== Ihe nkiri ==

* 2004: Kọfị na oroma (obere ihe nkiri)
* 2005: Nku nnụnụ (obere ihe nkiri)
* 2009: Teena (obere ihe nkiri)
* 2012: Studio (obere ihe nkiri)
* 2019: Ị ga-anwụ na iri abụọ, ihe nkiri ihe nkiri

Ememme Nkiri El Gouna, Egypt, 2019

* Golden Star na ngalaba maka asọmpi akụkọ: ''Ị ga-anwụ na iri abụọ''

Ememe ihe nkiri Venice 2019

* Lion of the Future Award maka ihe nkiri ngosi mpụta mbụ kacha mma: ''Ị ga-anwụ na iri abụọ''

== Hụkwa ==

* Cinema nke Sudan

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* {{IMDb name}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sx6eZag1Geg Interview with Amjad Abu Alala and excerpts of his film &quot;You will Die at Twenty&quot;] In German with English subtitles on [[YouTube]]
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    <title>Mahmoud Riad (onye na-atụpụta ụkpụrụ ụlọ)</title>
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      <text bytes="9442" sha1="g0a42bytpgmv57dx0xysk8tcmo73ns2" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Mahmoud Riad''' (kpọkwara Mahmud Ryad, Arabic  &amp;#x200E; 1905–1979 &lt;ref name=&quot;Volait&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Volait|first=Mercedes|url=https://shs.hal.science/halshs-03501411|title=Early experiments with subsidised housing: Mahmoud Riad’s garden suburbs 1950-54|date=2022|publisher=Jovis|isbn=978-3-86859-723-3|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ) bụ onye [[Egypt]] na -ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, onye na-eme atụmatụ obodo, na onye na-eme amụma ụlọ . N'ime ọrụ afọ iri anọ, Riad haziri ma wuo ọtụtụ ụlọ ngosi ihe ngosi na [[New York City|New York]], Cairo, Alexandria na Kuwait, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka &quot;ihe ntọala na narị afọ nke iri abụọ na ụlọ ndị Ijipt,&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cairobserver — Mahmoud Riad: Architect and Planner For The Modern...|url=https://cairobserver.com/post/143399689764/mahmoud-riad-architect-and-planner-for-the-modern|accessdate=2023-01-06|work=cairobserver.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; na otu n'ime ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ Egypt 'ọsụ ụzọ' . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ashour|first=Shaimaa|url=https://www.academia.edu/34458082/An_Overview_of_Pioneer_Egyptian_Architects_during_the_Liberal_Era_1919_1952_|title=An Overview of Pioneer Egyptian Architects during the Liberal Era(1919-1952)|date=2017-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-ejide ọkwa gọọmentị na ngalaba ụlọ na nhazi, ma guzobe ụlọ ọrụ mbụ nke gọọmentị Egypt maka ụlọ, Ngalaba Ụlọ ndị a ma ama . &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Shawkat|first=Yahia|title=Egypt's Housing Crisis: The Shaping of Urban Space|publisher=AUC Press|year=2020|location=Cairo and New York|pages=10–11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ na mmụta ==
Mahmoud Riad gụsịrị akwụkwọ na ngalaba ihe owuwu nke Mahadum Cairo na 1927 wee gaa n'ihu nweta akara ugo mmụta B.Arch na Mahadum Liverpool na 1931, ebe nwa akwụkwọ ya 5th year thesis design for a &quot;Combined Bus and Railway Terminal Station for Alexandria (Egypt)&quot; hụrụ ka o ji ụgwọ dị ukwuu na ọzụzụ Beaux Art ya na Liverpool na ntakịrị ihe ọdịnala obodo ya nke Middle-Eastern. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mahmoud Riad - School of Architecture - University of Liverpool|url=https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/architecture/our-people/alumni/mahmoudriad/|accessdate=2023-01-06|work=www.liverpool.ac.uk|archivedate=2023-01-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106030037/https://www.liverpool.ac.uk/architecture/our-people/alumni/mahmoudriad/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Riad nwetara diplọma ya na mmepe obodo n'otu ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ na 1933.

N'oge ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na 1930, ya na Shreve, Lamb na Harmon rụkọrọ ọrụ na ihe ngosi Manhattan ha, Ụlọ Ọchịchị Alaeze Ukwu na 500 Fifth Avenue . &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;

== Onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na onye nrụpụta obodo ==
[[Usòrò:Raid_1948_Madinat_al-Awqaf_Masterplan_-_Copy.jpg|thumb| Madinat al-Awqaf (taa Mohandessin) Masterplan, nke Riad mere mgbe onye isi ngalaba ihe owuwu nke Ministry of Awqaf na 1948.]]
Riad tọrọ ntọala ya, Riad Architects, na Cairo na 1934. Otú ọ dị, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ozugbo a họpụtara ya n'ọkwa gọọmenti dị ka onye mmepụta na nhazi, na-eme ka ọdịiche dị n'etiti ihe ọ rụrụ dị ka onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na nke ọha na eze.

Riad ghọrọ onye isi na ngalaba Architecture na Engineering na Ministry of Religious Endowments na 1939, ebe na 1948 o haziri Madinat al-Awqaf na nnukwu ala nke ozi nwere na Cairo's west bank na Giza. &lt;ref name=&quot;Volait&quot;/&gt; A maara mpaghara ahụ taa dị ka Mohandessin .
[[Usòrò:Kairó_Nile_Corniche,_Nile_Hilton_Hotel,_1962_Fortepan_93220.jpg|thumb| Nile Hilton na Cairo corniche na 1962, otu n'ime ụlọ atọ Riad haziri (nke a na Welton Becket) n'akụkụ osimiri.]]
N'afọ 1954, a họpụtara Riad ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa nke obodo Cairo emepụtara ọhụrụ, otu njikwa nke jikọtara ya na gọvanọ obodo ahụ . N'ebe ahụ, ọ haziri ihu Cairo mgbe nnwere onwe nke ọgbara ọhụrụ: na-eme atụmatụ facade nke obodo Nile na mkpọmkpọ ebe nke ogige ndị Britain nke Qasr al-Nil, na ịmepụta ụlọ gị nke jikọtara ya: Isi ụlọ ọrụ Arab League, na Cairo Municipality. Owuwu (E mechara jiri ya dị ka Arab Socialist Union 's, na onye nọchiri ya, isi ụlọ ọrụ National Democratic Party ), yana ụlọ oriri na nkwari akụ Nile Hilton (ugbu a Nile Ritz-Carlton) na onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ US Welton Becket . &lt;ref name=&quot;:03&quot;/&gt;

== Onye na-eme iwu ụlọ ==
Na 1945, Mahmoud Riad dere akwụkwọ amụma maka ịnye ụlọ dị ọnụ ala na [[Dị ka Karim si kwuo|Majalat al-Imara]], na-akọwa otú nsogbu ụlọ si bụrụ &quot;isi nsogbu mba nke kwesịrị ịdọrọ ọdụ ọdụm anya ngwa ngwa iji hụ na mmepe nke ndị mmadụ.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Riad|first=Mahmoud|date=1945|title=The Allocation of Industrial Areas and Constructing Worker Housing|url=https://www.archnet.org/publications/6102|accessdate=2023-01-11|work=archnet.org|publisher=Majallat al-Imarah|language=Ar|archivedate=2023-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230111100112/https://www.archnet.org/publications/6102}}&lt;/ref&gt; Edemede Riad tụlere atumatu ụlọ n'ọtụtụ mba ọdịda anyanwụ Europe, na-ewepụta amụma ọchịchị onye kwuo uche nke interwar socialist nke [[Austria]] nke Red Vienna maka ịbụ onye kacha nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'inye ụlọ dị ọnụ ala, ma na-atụ aro amụma ndị yiri ya na Egypt.

Ụfọdụ n'ime atụmatụ amụma ya etinyere n'ime afọ ole na ole n'ime ụlọ mbụ buru ibu ọha na eze na Imbaba, nke Ali Al-Maligi Massa'ud mere na nke mebiri ala na 1947, ebe usoro nchịkwa mgbazinye kwadoro n'afọ ahụ dọtara ụfọdụ n'ime ha. echiche ya, n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-aga n'ihu na atụmatụ ya maka ụtụ ụlọ na-aga n'ihu anabataghị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt;

1947 hụkwara Riad nyere ikike nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na obodo Delta nke Kafr al-Dawwar nyere ikike inye atụmatụ maka ụlọ ndị ọrụ ha, nke o wetara, na-ebelata ọnụ ahịa nke ukwuu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ụlọ ndị yiri ya.  Ihe ịga nke ọma ya mgbe ọ ka bụ onye isi na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ na Ministry of Awqaf, mere ka Ministry of Social Affairs jụọ ya, yana onye isi ha na ngalaba Fellah (ndị ọrụ ugbo), Dr. Ahmed Hussein (nke a kwadoro na ịtọlite ụlọ ọrụ ahụike ime obodo), na kwadebe ọmụmụ iji nye ezinụlọ ndị na-enweghị ego ụlọ na-enyocha mkpa afọ iri na ọkwa mba. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mgbe afọ abụọ gachara, nyocha ha siri ike, ''Mashru'a li-tawfir Al-sakan lil-tabaqat Al-mahduda Al-dakhl fi misr'' (The Project to Provide Housing to Limited Income Classes in Egypt) mere atụmatụ na a chọrọ ụlọ obibi 140,000 ka ọ dị. wuru kwa afọ, na ọnụego 40,000 n'ime obodo na 100,000 n'ime ime obodo, na-achọpụta na gọọmentị bụ naanị onye ọrụ nwere ikike ịme mmemme dị otú ahụ. 

N'iji ọmụmụ ihe ahụ kpọrọ ihe, Ministry of Social Affairs tọrọ ntọala Department of Popular Homes na 1950, ụlọ ọrụ mbụ dị elu nke Egypt maka ụlọ, ma họpụta Riad dị ka onye isi nchịkwa ya, na-enye ya ikike ọchịchị iji lekọta ọrụ ndị a chọrọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:02&quot;/&gt; Ụlọ ewu ewu nke Sharikat al-Ta'mir wal-masakin al-sha'biya nwere steeti wuru n'ime afọ 1950 ka a ga-ewukwasị n'echiche nke ya na Massau'd. 

== Ihe nrite ==

* 1977 - Richard Roth Jr., AIA, RIBA, nke Emery Roth &amp; Sons PC họpụtara ka ọ bụrụ onye ibe na American Institute of Architects, FAIA. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Riad Architecture Generation 01 Overview|url=https://www.riadarchitecture.com/about01|accessdate=2023-01-11|work=Riad Architecture|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ahọpụtara ==

* [https://www.riadarchitecture.com/generation-01 Ọrụ ahọpụtara]
* [https://www.archnet.org/publications/5890 Ụlọ ọgwụ ụmụaka na ụlọ mgbei, Abassiya, Cairo.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20241204193201/https://www.archnet.org/publications/5890 1941.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20241204191840/https://www.archnet.org/publications/6334 Ụlọ ụlọ ọrụ mkpuchi Misr, Cairo.] [https://web.archive.org/web/20241204191840/https://www.archnet.org/publications/6334 1948.]

== Edemede ==

* [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40101080 Alexandria: Mmepe atụmatụ obodo ya.] Nyochaa atụmatụ obodo, Vol. 15, Nke 4 (Dec., 1933), p.&amp;nbsp;233–248 ''.'' [Dabere na Tesis nke Mr. M. Riad kwadoro Diploma na Civic Design, Mahadum Liverpool.]
* ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20241204192844/https://www.archnet.org/publications/6102 Tahdid Al-manatiq Al-sana'iyya wa incha' masakin Al-'ummal]'' (The eke nke Industrial Areas na-ewu ọrụ ụlọ). &quot;Majallat al-Imarah 5, nọmba 2 &amp; 3 (1945): 13-18.
* ''Masakin Al-'ummal'' (Ụlọ ndị ọrụ), ''Majillat Al-muhandisin.'' Nọvemba 1947.
* - Mụ na Ahmed Hussein. ''Mashru'a li-tawfir Al-sakan lil-tabaqat Al-mahduda Al-dakhl fi misr'' (The Project to Give Housing to Limited Income Classes in Egypt). Ministry of Social Affairs. Cairo, 1949.

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị na-ese ụkpụrụ Egypt

== Ntụaka ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://riadarchitecture.com/ Webụsaịtị Riad Architecture]
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    <title>Mohammad Omer Khalil</title>
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      <text bytes="16935" sha1="455y56dk1eatoft5gz6by0of0fb5gjw" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Mohammad Omer Khalil''' (amuru 1936) bu onye omenka amuru na Sudan nke bi na [[New York City]] . Amụrụ na mpaghara Khartoum, Khalil mechara mụọ akwụkwọ na School of Fine and Applied Arts, ebe ọ kuziri ihe mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ. Ọ kwagara Italy ịga Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze ebe ọ gụrụ eserese, mosaics, eserese frescos na etching . Ọ gara n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na mosaics na Academy of Fine Arts. Khalil laghachiri [[Sudan]] ebe o kuziri ihe nkenke. Ọ kwagara United States of America na 1967.

Mgbe ọ kwagara New York City, Khalil ghọrọ ọkachamara na -ebipụta akwụkwọ ma mesịa mepee ụlọ ọrụ ebe ndị ahịa ya gụnyere [[Norman Lewis (artist)|Norman Lewis]], Louise Nevelson, na Sean Scully . Ọ malitere nkuzi na Pratt Institute na 1973, nke mbụ n'ime ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ebe ọ kụziiri ihe na US. Ọrụ Khalil nwetara ewu ewu, ọkachasị na North America na Europe. Ihe ngosi solo mbụ ya mere na 1979. Nke a sochiri ọtụtụ iri afọ nke ịga nke ọma na ihe ngosi na Africa, Eshia, Europe, na North America.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==

=== Ndụ mbido ===
A mụrụ Mohammad Omer Khalil na 1936 na mpaghara Burri Almahas nke Khartoum, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan ( [[Sudan]] nke oge a). Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Khartoum's School of Fine and Applied Arts na 1959 ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru onye na-ese ihe Gris Aristomenis Angelopoulos, ọ kụziri n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka afọ anọ na-esote. &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOPEEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Mohammad+Omer+Khalil%22&amp;pg=PA175|title=Encyclopedia of Arab American Artists|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|author=Oweis, Fayeq S|year=2007|pages=173–175|isbn=9780313070310}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;wandlee&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wlu.edu/arts/museums/visit/exhibitions/current-exhibits/mohammad-omer-khalil-musings/|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil: Musings|publisher=Washington &amp; Lee University|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Khalil kwagara Ịtali ka ọ mụọ ihe osise na mosaics na Accademia di Belle Arti di Firenze (ABAF) na Florence . Ọ nwere ike ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ n'ihi ịnata akwụkwọ mmụta n'aka Ministry of Education Sudan. Na ABAF, Kahlil gụrụ ihe osise fresco n'okpuru Primo Conti . Ọ gụkwara klaasị na etching n'okpuru Rodolfo Margheri. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ gụrụ mosaics na Academy of Fine Arts na Ravenna na 1966. &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;wandlee&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ ===

==== 1960 ruo 1980s ====
Mgbe Kahlil hapụsịrị Ịtali, ọ kụziri nwa oge na Khartoum Technical Institute na Sudan tupu ọ kwaga United States na 1967, wee ghọọ ọkachamara n'ime mbipụta akwụkwọ . &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOPEEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Mohammad+Omer+Khalil%22&amp;pg=PA175|title=Encyclopedia of Arab American Artists|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|author=Oweis, Fayeq S|year=2007|pages=173–175|isbn=9780313070310}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOweis,_Fayeq_S2007&quot;&gt;Oweis, Fayeq S (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOPEEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Mohammad+Omer+Khalil%22&amp;pg=PA175 ''Encyclopedia of Arab American Artists'']. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp.&amp;nbsp;173–175. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780313070310|&lt;bdi&gt;9780313070310&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;wandlee&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wlu.edu/arts/museums/visit/exhibitions/current-exhibits/mohammad-omer-khalil-musings/|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil: Musings|publisher=Washington &amp; Lee University|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.wlu.edu/arts/museums/visit/exhibitions/current-exhibits/mohammad-omer-khalil-musings/ &quot;Mohammad Omer Khalil: Musings&quot;]. Washington &amp; Lee University&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ Khalil nwetara ewu ewu, akụkụ nke ọrụ nka ọhụrụ nke Africa ruru Europe na North America. &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot; /&gt; Na 1970, o mepere atelier obibi, ebe ọ malitere ibipụta mbipụta maka ndị nka a ma ama, gụnyere Emma Amos, [[Romare Bearden]], Jim Dine, Al Held, [[Norman Lewis (artist)|Norman Lewis]], Louise Nevelson, na Sean Scully . &lt;ref name=&quot;wandlee&quot; /&gt;

Njem Khalil mere na mba Arab na oge ọ nọrọ na Italy na New York City emetụtala ọrụ ya nke ukwuu. &lt;ref name=&quot;moma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://post.moma.org/author/mohammad-omer-khalil/|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Museum of Modern Art|accessdate=December 6, 2023|archivedate=July 24, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724191205/https://post.moma.org/author/mohammad-omer-khalil/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ na Morocco ebe ngosi ngosi solo mbụ ya mere na 1979 na Galerie Basamat na Casablanca . Ihe ngosi solo sochiri nke a na New School na 1981, New York City's Limited Art Editions na 1984. N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ihe ngosi otu na El Paso Museum of Art, Texas Tacoma Art Museum, Washington Seventh Norwegian Print Biennial, na African American Museum na Dallas . &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275 &quot;Mohammad Omer Khalil&quot;]. Aicon Gallery&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1985, Khalil kere usoro etchings a na-akpọ ''Homage to Miro'', nke sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Joan Miró maka nka omenala. &lt;ref name=&quot;jai&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.jai-pur.com/etcetera_post/mohammad-omer-khalil/|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil Makes a Strong Statement at Aicon Gallery|work=J’AIPUR Journal|date=2019|accessdate=December 7, 2023|author=Miller, Autumn}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ ọ sonyeere na ihe ngosi otu na International Triennial of Original Graphic Prints na Grenchen, [[Switzerland]], Ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke Toledo na [[Ohaïyo|Ohio]], na Columbia Museum of Art na [[Nleda anyanwu Kàròlina|South Carolina]] . N'ime afọ iri fọdụrụnụ, e gosiri ọrụ Khalil na [[Israel]], Iraq, [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]], na [[Norway]] . Ihe ngosi Solo n'oge a gụnyere ndị dị na Alif Gallery na [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]], Eleini Gallery na [[London]], na Bronx Museum of Arts na New York City. &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275 &quot;Mohammad Omer Khalil&quot;]. Aicon Gallery&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Khalil bụ onye na-akwado egwu Bob Dylan na n'afọ 1986, o mepụtara usoro etchings nke nwere akụkụ asaa nwere mbipụta aquatint sitere na egwu Dylan . &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOPEEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Mohammad+Omer+Khalil%22&amp;pg=PA175|title=Encyclopedia of Arab American Artists|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|author=Oweis, Fayeq S|year=2007|pages=173–175|isbn=9780313070310}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOweis,_Fayeq_S2007&quot;&gt;Oweis, Fayeq S (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOPEEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Mohammad+Omer+Khalil%22&amp;pg=PA175 ''Encyclopedia of Arab American Artists'']. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp.&amp;nbsp;173–175. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780313070310|&lt;bdi&gt;9780313070310&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  N'ịkọwa mkpali maka iberibe ndị a, Khalil kwuru &quot;M na-ege Dylan ntị kwa ụbọchị ... n'oge ndụ m [mgbe] enwere mmetụta ọmịiko na mwute na iwe na ndụ Dylan na egwu.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;smithsonian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://africa.si.edu/exhibits/brave/khalil.html|title=Tangled Up in Blue|publisher=National Museum of African Art|accessdate=December 7, 2023|archivedate=July 28, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150728115725/http://africa.si.edu/exhibits/brave/khalil.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu n'ime mbipụta ndị a, ''Tangled Up in Blue'', mechara zụta ya site na [[National Museum of African Art]] na Washington, DC &lt;ref name=&quot;smithsonian&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na usoro a sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Dylan, ha na-egosi ihe nkiri na Sudan, gụnyere otu n'ime Suakin.

Usoro ọzọ na 1989-1990 sitere n'ike mmụọ nsọ Petra . N'ịzaghachi na etchings ndị a, [[Sylvia Williams]] dere, sị: &quot;Mgbe a jụrụ ya banyere ọgba ndị ahụ, [Khalil] kwuru na ọ chọrọ ịkọwa ihe omimi na ihe mgbagwoju anya nke na-atụ aro ma mmadụ na-ele anya n'ọchịchịrị ma ọ bụ na-ele anya n'ìhè. Kahlil na-ekwukarị banyere ìhè na ọchịchịrị. dị ka usoro mmetụta dị mma na nke na-adịghị mma nke ọ chọrọ ijide. &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOPEEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Mohammad+Omer+Khalil%22&amp;pg=PA175|title=Encyclopedia of Arab American Artists|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|author=Oweis, Fayeq S|year=2007|pages=173–175|isbn=9780313070310}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOweis,_Fayeq_S2007&quot;&gt;Oweis, Fayeq S (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOPEEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Mohammad+Omer+Khalil%22&amp;pg=PA175 ''Encyclopedia of Arab American Artists'']. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp.&amp;nbsp;173–175. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780313070310|&lt;bdi&gt;9780313070310&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Kemgbe 1990s ====
N'ime 1990s, e gosipụtara ọrụ Khalil na ihe ngosi otu na International Monetary Fund Center na Washington, DC, Herbert F. Johnson Museum of Art na New York na Osaka Triennial of Prints na Osaka, bụ ebe ọ meriri ihe nrite ọla. &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOPEEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Mohammad+Omer+Khalil%22&amp;pg=PA175|title=Encyclopedia of Arab American Artists|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|author=Oweis, Fayeq S|year=2007|pages=173–175|isbn=9780313070310}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOweis,_Fayeq_S2007&quot;&gt;Oweis, Fayeq S (2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=LOPEEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Mohammad+Omer+Khalil%22&amp;pg=PA175 ''Encyclopedia of Arab American Artists'']. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. pp.&amp;nbsp;173–175. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/9780313070310|&lt;bdi&gt;9780313070310&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275 &quot;Mohammad Omer Khalil&quot;]. Aicon Gallery&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ngosi Solo gụnyere ndị na Alif Gallery, Galerie Teinturerie na Institut du Monde Arabe na Paris, na Al-Wasiti Gallery na Amman . &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot; /&gt;

Otu nnukwu ihe ngosi mere na 1994-1995 na National Museum of African Art ebe e gosipụtara ọrụ Khalil, ihe ọkpụkpụ nke [[Amir Nour]], na &quot;akwụkwọ nka&quot; nke [[Atta Kwami]] dere. N'ịkọwa ọrụ Khalil na ''The Washington Post'', onye nta akụkọ dere ụdị nkà nke Khalil &quot;na-anabatakwa America Bob Dylan na Jordan mebiri Petra.&quot;  N'ịde na ''Nka Journal of Contemporary African Art'', Robert Condon kwuru na ọrụ Khalil na Nour &quot;na-agbagha echiche niile a ghọtara nke ihe abstraction pụtara&quot; ma kwuo na Khalil na-eji foto na etchings ya na-enye ọdịdị nke eserese. &lt;ref name=&quot;nka&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/422439/pdf|title=Amir Nour and Mohammad Omer Khalil|author=Condon, Robert|journal=Nka Journal of Contemporary African Art|year=1995|issue=2|pages=58–61}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'ike mmụọ nsọ onye na-ede uri Arabic a ma ama bụ Adunis, na 1999 Khalil kere usoro ''Harlem'', nke gosipụtara etchings nke abụ. Ọ meriri ihe nrite mbụ na mbipụta akwụkwọ na 2001 na 2003 na National Academy of Design, na na 2003 na International Bienneal na Cairo . &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LOPEEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=%22Mohammad+Omer+Khalil%22&amp;pg=PA175|title=Encyclopedia of Arab American Artists|publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing USA|author=Oweis, Fayeq S|year=2007|pages=173–175|isbn=9780313070310}}&lt;/ref&gt; E gosipụtara ihe ngosi ndị otu ya n'oge 2000 na Skoto Gallery na New York City, Institute du Monde Arabe na Paris, Kunsthalle Darmstadt na Darmstadt, British Museum na London, Arab American National Museum na [[Michigan]], Albareh Art Gallery na Bahrain, na Virginia Commonwealth University na Qatar . &lt;ref name=&quot;encyclopedia&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275 &quot;Mohammad Omer Khalil&quot;]. Aicon Gallery&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;December 6,&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe ngosi ihe ngosi ya na 2000s mere na Rochan Gallery na Jeddah, Skoto Gallery, Hassan II Center for International Encounters na Asilah, na Albareh Art Gallery. Nke a sochiri ihe ngosi otu na 2010 na Mathaf: Arab Museum of Modern Art na Doha, na ihe ngosi solo na Albareh Art Gallery, Meem Gallery na Dubai, na Aicon Gallery na New York City n'oge 2010s. &lt;ref name=&quot;bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.aicon.art/attachment/en/623dff28c1370d61553fab04/TextTwoColumnsWithFile/6169df4581a10a4a6f7b4275|title=Mohammad Omer Khalil|publisher=Aicon Gallery|accessdate=December 6, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọgwụgwụ 2010s na mmalite 2020s, ụmụ akwụkwọ si Mahadum Fisk weghachiri eserese iri na otu, gụnyere ''Inno'' nke Khalil. Ọrụ ndị a bụ akụkụ nke ihe ngosi njem, ''African Modernism in America'', nke a na-eme n'ụlọ ngosi ihe mgbe ochie dị iche iche na United States. &lt;ref name=&quot;fisk&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.tennessean.com/story/entertainment/arts/2023/05/24/fisk-university-students-gain-new-appreciation-for-art/70080521007/|title=isk University traveling art exhibit brings students to African modernism|work=The Tennessean|date=May 24, 2023|accessdate=December 7, 2023|author=Shoup, Craig|pages=A1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọzọ na-ese ihe na-anọchite anya ihe ngosi ahụ gụnyere [[Skunder Boghossian]], [[Ibrahim El-Salahi]], [[Mohamed Melehi]], [[Aimé Mpane]], [[Pilipili Mulongoy]], na [[Suzanna Ogunjami]], n'etiti ndị ọzọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;phillips&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.phillipscollection.org/press/phillips-collection-presents-african-modernism-america-1947-67|title=The Phillips Collection Presents African Modernism in America 1947-67|publisher=The Phillips Collection|accessdate=December 7, 2023|archivedate=October 1, 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231001161123/https://www.phillipscollection.org/press/phillips-collection-presents-african-modernism-america-1947-67}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ahọpụtara ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;250px&quot;&gt;
| ''Inno''(1966)
| ''La Chiesa''(1966)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Ihe osise Africa na nchịkọta ọdịda anyanwụ|Nkà Africa na mkpokọta Western]]
* Nkà Afrika nke oge a
* Ndepụta ndị nka Sudan
* Nkà ihe nkiri nke Sudan

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://dafbeirut.org/en/videos/2722-return-to-print-mohammad-omer-khalil-sudanese-artists-talks-of-his-journeys- Laghachi na Bipụta.] [https://dafbeirut.org/en/videos/2722-return-to-print-mohammad-omer-khalil-sudanese-artists-talks-of-his-journeys- Mohammad Omer Khalil.] [https://dafbeirut.org/en/videos/2722-return-to-print-mohammad-omer-khalil-sudanese-artists-talks-of-his-journeys- Ndị na-ese ihe Sudan na-ekwu maka njem ya.] , Ajụjụ ọnụ vidiyo na Aicon Gallery
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  <page>
    <title>Anne Appleby</title>
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'''Anne Appleby''' ( ọrịa 1954 [1] ) bụ ubi agba America na onye na-ese ihe n'ọdịdị ala, onye bi ma na-arụ ọrụ na Jefferson City, Montana. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://pdxcontemporaryart.com/appleby|title=Anne Appleby {{!}} pdx contemporary art|work=pdxcontemporaryart.com|accessdate=2017-03-18|archivedate=2018-03-10|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310202906/http://pdxcontemporaryart.com/appleby}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ndabere ==
Anne Appleby na 1954 na Harrisburg, Pennsylvania.  [1] Ọka nzere bachelọ nke Fine Arts na 1977 site na Mahadum Montana yana Master of Fine Arts na 1989 site na San Francisco Art Institute .  [1] [2] Tupu ya aga ụlọ ọrụ Art Institute, Appleby ngosi afọ iri na ise soro onye okenye Ojibwe India ngosi na Montana.  Site n'aka ya, ọ na-eke iji ndidi ya na-ekiri ihe ndị e kere eke.  [3] Appleby na Jefferson City, Montana . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.applebystudios.com/bio/|title=Bio|author=Appleby|first=Anne|work=Appleby Studios|accessdate=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
ArtZone 461 Gallery ndị ọrụ Appleby dị ka &quot;nhazi dị mfe nke ogwe akwa akwa&quot;, nwere aha na-enweta ns sitere na &quot;ụwa eke&quot;.  [1] Ọ bụ ebe na ogwe nwere ike ịpụta na mbụ monochromatic, ha bụ n'ezie &quot;mimi na ìhè gradations nke hue.&quot;  [1] A na- Ṅama ọrụ Appleby na nke ndị na-ese ihe “reductive” mana ọ dabara nke ọma na nkà ihe enyemaka “dị ọcha” nke ọtụtụ n'ime ha nwere.  Na 2004, Kenneth Baker dere na &quot;na-eji ụdị ọ clala ma e wezụga monochrome panels, Appleby alụ ọgụ ogụ mgbe na nsogbu nwere ike ime ugboro ugboro. Ma [ọ] na-enweta ihe ọhụrụ na iche iche nke na-eme.  ka onye na-ekiri ya kwenye na ọ talk nke ọ àlà. dị ka a ga-asisa na ọ bụ ya..&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.artzone461.com/1212-partners/appleby-i02.html|title=Anne Appleby - Partners Collection|work=ArtZone 461 Gallery|accessdate=2017-06-12|archivedate=2013-06-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626093246/http://artzone461.com/1212-partners/appleby-i02.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe ngosi na onyinye ===
O sonyela na ihe ngosi otu na ụlọ ọrụ dị ka Tacoma Art Museum na Washington, American Academy na Rome, na San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, ebe na 1996 e nyere onyinye onya SFMoMA SECA Art .  [1] [2] Ọ bụkwa onye 1999 ihe nrite Biennial sitere na Louis Comfort Tiffany Foundation na New York.  [2] Appleby na-egosi ụzọ na San Francisco's Anglim Gilbert Gallery, Franklin Parrasch Gallery na New York na Parrach Hiejenen na LA .

==== Ihe ngosi Solo ====
Anne Appleby enweela ihe ngosi solo dị iche iche. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.applebystudios.com/bio/solo-exhibitions.html|title=Solo Exhibitions|author=Appleby|first=Anne|work=Appleby Studios|accessdate=2017-06-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161216223139/http://applebystudios.com/bio/solo-exhibitions.html|archivedate=2016-12-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

=== Nchịkọta ahọpụtara ===
A na-enwe ọrụ Appleby na nchịkọta ihe ngosi nka dị iche iche. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Appleby|first=Anne|title=Selected Collections|url=http://www.applebystudios.com/bio/selected-collections.html|work=Appleby Studios|accessdate=4 June 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161217091837/http://applebystudios.com/bio/selected-collections.html|archivedate=17 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Official website
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20210512072908/http://anglimgilbertgallery.com/anne-appleby/#ms-34 Appleby at the Anglim Gilbert Gallery]
* [https://crownpoint.com/artist/anne-appleby/ View Anne Appleby's prints at Crown Point Press]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200128174003/http://www.eliridgway.com/anne-appleby-overview Anne Appleby at Eli Ridgway | Contemporary Art]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221004142008/https://franklinparrasch.com/artists/anne-appleby/ Anne Appleby at Franklin Parrasch]
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    <title>Beth Aala</title>
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      <text bytes="4397" sha1="40yq0h033oxn6hxfzgq0eurr3dc6m78" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person|name=Beth Aala|image=File:Beth Aala SFFILM 2026 02.jpg|caption=Beth Aala na San Francisco International Film Festival na 2026|birth_date=|birth_place=United States|nationality=American|occupation=Documentary filmmaker, film producer|years_active=|notable_works=''[[Supermensch: The Legend of Shep Gordon]]'', ''Rancher, Farmer, Fisherman'', ''Made in Boise''|awards=[[Emmy Award]], [[Peabody Award]]|website=}}

Bet Aala bụ ihe nrite ugboro atọ [1] onye America na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-ahụ ihe nkiri . &lt;ref name=&quot;manillaTimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.pressreader.com/philippines/manila-times/20111228/281921654896609|publisher=Manila Times|title=Fil-Am Beth Aala wins third Emmy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ ==
Nne na nna Aala si na Philippines kwa United States, [1] ebe a ile ya.  Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ Elk Grove na Sacramento .  [2] Aala nzere bachelọ site na UC San Diego na Visual Arts na Nkwu mmekọrịta &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Lo|first=Ricky|title=More than just a Wiltime 1st-year celebration|url=https://www.philstar.com/entertainment/2011/10/19/738704/more-just-wiltime-1st-year-celebration|accessdate=6 May 2020|work=philstar.com|date=19 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ihe nkiri ==
A mara Aala nke ọma maka ihe nkiri 2013 ya, Supermensch: The Legend of Shep Gordon , bụ nke ọ na-eduzi ma ụlọ ya na onye na-agụ ọchị Mike Myers. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2014/film/reviews/film-review-supermensch-the-legend-of-shep-gordon-1201217356/|title=Film Review: 'Supermensch: The Legend of Shep Gordon'|first=Justin|author=Chang|date=10 June 2014|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/culture/2016/09/28/films/shep-gordon-lives-life-like-movie/|title=Shep Gordon lives life like a movie - The Japan Times|date=28 September 2016|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye na-arụkọ ọrụ ọnụ, ya na Susan Froemke na John Hoffman, nke ihe nkiri Rancher, Farmer, Fisherman , nke ihe na ihe nkiri Sundance na 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/rancher-farmer-fisherman-film-review-sundance-2017-966841|title='Rancher, Farmer, Fisherman': Film Review - Sundance 2017|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=20 January 2017|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/film/reviews/rancher-farmer-fisherman-sundance-film-review-1201966543/|title=Sundance Film Review: 'Rancher, Farmer, Fisherman'|first=Dennis|author=Harvey|date=24 January 2017|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aala na-eduzi Made in Boise , nke akụkọ na June 2019 na mmemme ihe nkiri AFI DOCS .  Ihe nkiri a bụ akwụkwọ ozi gbasara mwepu azụmahịa ma soro ndị isi anya anọ.  [1] Ihe nkiri a ga-enwetata sara mbara dịka akụkụ nke usoro akwụkwọ PBS Independent Lens na Ọktoba 16, 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Made in Boise {{!}} Films {{!}} PBS|url=https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/documentaries/made-in-boise/|accessdate=2024-03-15|work=Independent Lens|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-01-28|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240128033406/https://www.pbs.org/independentlens/documentaries/made-in-boise/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2023 Aala na-eduzi Uncharted, ihe nkiri na-egosi n'azụ ihe nkiri nke Alicia Keys ' songwriting camp, &quot;Ọ bụ Music&quot;.  [1] Emere ihe nkiri a na 2023 Tribeca Festival. 

== Ihe nrite ==
Na 2005, Aala meri Emmy Award maka imekọ ihe na m nwere Tourette mana Tourette's akara m .  [1] Ọ natakwara Emmys maka ike na ngalaba &quot;Pụrụiche ọdịiche&quot; na 2008 na 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.emmys.com/bios/beth-aala|title=Beth Aala - Television Academy|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2006, o meri ngwaahịa Peabody maka imekọ ihe nkiri The Music in Me   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.peabodyawards.com/award-profile/the-music-in-me|title=The Music in Me|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2020, emere na Boise ka a ga-achọ maka eserese na akwụkwọ akwụkwọ elele na 41st News na Documentary Emmy Awards. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NOMINEES ANNOUNCED FOR THE 41ST ANNUAL NEWS &amp; DOCUMENTARY EMMY® AWARDS – The Emmys|url=https://theemmys.tv/news-41st-nominations/|accessdate=2024-03-15|work=theemmys.tv|date=6 August 2020|language=en-US|archivedate=2021-01-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125230257/https://theemmys.tv/news-41st-nominations/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bethany Aala}}
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{{Infobox person|name=Boris Blai|image=File:Boris Blai with bust of Russell Conwell.jpg|caption=Boris Blai|nationality=American|occupation=[[Sculptor]]|birth_name=|birth_date={{birth date|1893|7|24}}|birth_place=[[Rivne]], Ukraine|death_date={{death date and age|1985|6|28|1893|7|24}}|death_place=[[Philadelphia]], Pennsylvania, United States}}

Boris Blai (Julaị 24, 1893 - June 28, 1985) bụ onye ọkpụ ọkpụkpụ America.  Ọrụ ya bụ akụkụ nke ihe omume ọkpụkpụ na asọmpi nka na 1932 Summer Olympics

Na 1935, Blai ntọala wee bụrụ onye isi nke Stella Elkins Tyler School of Art na Mahadum Temple .   [1] Akpọrọ ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ aha otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ ya, bụ́ onye ya na di ya nyere ala na ụlọ ebe e hiwere ya. &lt;ref&gt;&quot;Sculptress Gives College $1,000,000 for Two-Year Course&quot;. ''[[Newsweek|News-Week]]''. July 13, 1935. p. 34-35. Retrieved May 8, 2022 via ''Proquest'' database. &quot;In September [the university] hopes to open the Stella Elkins Tyler Fine Arts College of Temple University.... No faculty has been chosen as yet, but Philadelphians feel sure that Blai,—Mrs. Tyler's genial stout teacher—will get the post of director.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.nytimes.com/1935/10/20/archives/temple-art-classes-in-50room-mansion-fouryear-course-is-instituted.html Temple Art Classes in 50-Room Mansion—Four-Year Course Is Instituted on Former Tyler Estate in Elkins Park]&quot;. ''New York Times''. 20 October 1935. p. N7. Retrieved May 8, 2022. &quot;Under the direction of Boris Blai, sculptor, who is director of the new school, the [Tyler mansion] has been remodeled into classrooms and studios.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Abụọ n'ime ihe osise Blai bụ ndị a na-enweta n'ihu ọha na ụlọ akwụkwọ Temple: nnukwu bọọdụ nke onye nchoputa Temple Russell Conwell nke na-achọ ebe ili Conwell mma, na obere ihe oyiyi Johnnie Ring, Conwell mere n'usoro n'oge Agha Obodo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.philart.net/artist/Boris_Blai/21.html|title=Artist: Boris Blai|work=philart.net|accessdate=August 24, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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{| class=&quot;infobox biography vcard&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;fn&quot;&gt;Amal Fashanu&lt;/div&gt;
|- class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Obodo
| class=&quot;infobox-data category&quot; | British
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Agụmakwụkwọ
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; | Mahadum Brunel, Mahadum IED
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Ọrụ(ọrụ)
| class=&quot;infobox-data role&quot; | Onye nta akụkọ, onye nta akụkọ, onye na-eme ihe nkiri, onye na-emepụta ejiji
|- class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; | Nne na nna 
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |
|}
[[Faịlụ:Amal Fashanu orange.jpg|thumb|Amal Fashanu ]]
'''Amal Fashanu''' bụ onye ngosi, odeakụkọ, onye nrụpụta ejiji na onye na-akwado mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na egwuregwu . O weputara akwụkwọ akụkọ BBC3 ''nke ndị egwuregwu nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke na Britain.'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Britain's Gay Footballers|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01bncfg|work=BBC3|accessdate=4 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke Justin Fashanu Foundation, yana Black Heart Label, ụdị uwe e mere iji kwalite ime ihe site na ejiji, na Amal Fashanu Handbags. N'afọ 2012, Fashanu bụ onye nyere aka na nzụkọ David Cameron maka ịkpa oke n'egwuregwu.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Fashanu bụ ada onye bụbu [[Footbọl|onye egwuregwu bọọlụ]] John Fashanu na ihe nlereanya Spanish [[Marisol Acuna]] . Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ St Christina dị na Lọndọn, tupu ọ kwaga Madrid na 1999 ka &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5D; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)&quot;&gt;gụọ&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5B;&lt;/sup&gt; na kọleji Runnymede . Na 2006 ọ malitere akwụkwọ ya na Mahadum Brunel dị na London, na-enweta BASc na Communications and Media Studies. Fashanu nwere akara ugo mmụta nna ukwu na imewe akpa aka site na Mahadum IED dị na Madrid .

Mgbe Fashanu nọ na mahadum, Fashanu nwere ọrụ na-aga nke ọma dị ka ihe nlereanya, ọkachasị n'ịkwado n'akụkụ Prọfesọ Green maka Puma na FHM .&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)&quot;&gt;a chọrọ nkọwa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

N'afọ 2012, Fashanu's BBC 3 Documentary ''Britain's Gay footballers'' weputara na otuto dị egwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Gray|first=Stephen|title=Gay Footballers Film Boosts BBC3 audience by 50%|url=https://www.pinknews.co.uk/2012/01/31/gay-football-film-boosts-bbc3-audience-by-5|work=Pink News|date=31 January 2012|accessdate=4 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịgbaso igbu onwe nke nwanne nna ya Justin Fashanu, onye na-agba chaa chaa nke £ 1m nke Britain nke bụkwa nwoke nwere mmasị nwoke n'ihu ọha, ihe nkiri ahụ nyochara mmekọ nwoke na nwanyị na ịkpa ókè n'ime ụwa football. Ahọpụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ maka ọtụtụ onyinye, gụnyere onyinye mgbasa ozi Britain na 2013.

Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya nke abụọ ''The Batman Shooting'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Batman Shootings|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01m7zwm|work=BBC3|accessdate=4 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2012) kpuchiri ogbugbu ahụ na sinima US nke otu onye gbara mmadụ 12 gburu mgbe ha na-ekiri The Dark Knight Rises . Nke atọ ya, ''Chọta Ụlọ Maka Nwanne m'' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Find A Home For My Brother|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b065g51h|work=BBC3|accessdate=4 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; (2015) nyochara usoro nlekọta nke enyere ndị na-eto eto nwere nkwarụ mmụta na [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|UK]] na [[Ghana]] .

Mgbe o mechara MA na akpa aka site na Mahadum IED, Fashanu kere Amal Fashanu Handbags. Akara ahụ na-emepụta akpa aka na ngwa okomoko ka ọ na-akwalite obere azụmaahịa.

Fashanu na-arụ ọrụ dịka onye nta akụkọ ma kọọ akụkọ maka BBC News, BBC Radio, talkSPORT, Sky News, Sky Sport, The Huffington Post &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amal Fashanu, TV Presenter|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/author/amal-fashanu/|work=Amal Fashanu|publisher=Huffington Post|accessdate=4 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ''The Guardian'' .

Fashanu na nna ya hibere Justin Fashanu Foundation &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://beta.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-details/?regid=1184383&amp;subid=0|title=Charity Details|work=beta.charitycommission.gov.uk|accessdate=2019-11-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; iji kpochapụ ajọ mbunobi na ịlụso agụụ mmekọahụ ọgụ na egwuregwu.

== Ntụaka ==
mmasị nwoke na Britain.  Ọ bụ onye nchoputa na onye isi oche nke Justin Fashanu Foundation, yana Black Heart Label, ụdị uwe e mere{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Amos Paul Kennedy Jr.</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="11694" sha1="ejk0321jt3ojn8ed6l0yhx3a2j0lv22" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Amos Paul Kennedy Jr.''' (amụrụ 1948) bụ onye nbipute America, onye na-ese akwụkwọ na onye na-ede akwụkwọ kacha mara amara maka nkọwa mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọkachasị na akwụkwọ mmado ebipụtara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.artbook.com/9781736863381.html|title=Amos Paul Kennedy, Jr.: Citizen Printer|publisher=Letterform Archive Books|year=2024|isbn=9781736863381}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu onye nkatọ kwuru na Kennedy bụ &quot;... anaghị atụ egwu ịjụ ajụjụ na-adịghị mma gbasara agbụrụ na nka nka.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=A.C.|title=Just &quot;a humble Negro printer&quot;|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/prospero/2012/03/new-documentary-proceed-and-be-bold|work=The Economist|accessdate=3 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Site na nwata, Kennedy nwere mmasị na akwụkwọ ozi na akwụkwọ ma mụọ calligraphy ruo ọtụtụ afọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Stop Calling Yourself a Creative {{!}} Communication Arts|url=http://www.commarts.com/columns/stop-calling-yourself-a-creative|work=Communication Arts|accessdate=3 September 2017|language=en-us|date=4 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ dị afọ 40, Kennedy gara Colonial Williamsburg, ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Virginia, ma ụlọ ahịa ebipụta na narị afọ nke 18 na-emesa ya nke ọma. Ihe omume ahụ nwere mmetụta nke ukwuu nke na ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ahịa akwụkwọ ozi nke obodo dị na Chicago &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kennedy, Jr.|first=Amos Paul|title=Stop Calling Yourself a Creative {{!}} Communication Arts|url=http://www.commarts.com/columns/stop-calling-yourself-a-creative|work=Communication Arts|accessdate=4 September 2017|language=en-us|date=4 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; na, n'ime otu afọ, ọ kwụsịrị ọrụ nyocha sistemụ AT&amp;T, nke o jigidere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ afọ iri abụọ, ịga n'ihu na-amụ akwụkwọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amos Kennedy Jr.: From Corporate Analyst To Modern-Day Artisan|url=http://99u.com/articles/54830/amos-kennedy-jr-from-corporate-analyst-to-modern-day-artisa|work=99U by Behance|accessdate=4 September 2017|date=13 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'iji ígwè obibi akwụkwọ na-eji aka eme ihe, ọ &quot;na-ewepụta nnukwu mbipụta nke akwụkwọ mmado mara mma, ndị na-ede akwụkwọ n'ụdị chipboard dị ọnụ ala, akwụkwọ mmado ndị na-ejikarị ọgba aghara na agba ink na-egbuke egbuke iji na-ejigide ihe na-egbuke egbuke na ihe na-adịghị mma ọtụtụ afọ ka e bipụtara ya. Ọ na-arụ ọrụ ya. Usoro na-agụnyekarị ibipụta ọtụtụ ederede ederede ... na-eme ka ọ bụrụ na ọ nweghị mbipụta abụọ na-abụ otu n'ezie.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Steeves|first=Andrew|title=Print! Amos Kennedy, Jr. &amp; the Fine Art of Rabblerousery|url=https://www.academia.edu/11018261/Print_Amos_Kennedy_Jr._and_the_Fine_Art_of_Rabblerousery|accessdate=4 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe obibi, ihe ngosi, na onyinye ==
A na-anabata Kennedy dị ka onye na-ese ihe na-ebi n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ, gụnyere Minnesota Center for Book Arts, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Robbins|first=Andrea|date=2017-05-27|title=Printer-in-Residence: Amos Paul Kennedy, Jr.|url=https://www.mnbookarts.org/printer-in-residence-amos-paul-kennedy-jr/,%20https://www.mnbookarts.org/printer-in-residence-amos-paul-kennedy-jr/|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=Minnesota Center for Book Arts|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Virginia Center for the Book na Mahadum Virginia, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-04-01|title=Amos Paul Kennedy, Jr. Residency Recap|url=https://www.vabookcenter.org/2019/04/01/amos-paul-kennedy-jr-residency-recap/|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=Virginia Center for the Book|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; BookLab na Mahadum Maryland, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Petrou Artist in Residence: Amos Kennedy @BookLab|url=https://arhu.umd.edu/events/petrou-artist-residence-amos-kennedy-booklab-0|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=University of Maryland College of Arts and Humanities}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Petrou Artist in Residence: Amos Kennedy @BookLab|url=https://arhu.umd.edu/events/petrou-artist-residence-amos-kennedy-booklab-0|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=University of Maryland College of Arts and Humanities}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Wells College Book Arts Center, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|date=2019-03-20|title=Amos Kennedy at Wells!|url=https://wellsbookartscenter.org/2019/03/20/amos-kennedy-at-wells/|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=Wells Book Arts Center|language=en|archivedate=2023-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103190042/https://wellsbookartscenter.org/2019/03/20/amos-kennedy-at-wells/}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'etiti ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.

E gosipụtara ọrụ ya n'ọtụtụ ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie, veranda, na ọba akwụkwọ, gụnyere Bainbridge Island Museum of Art, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amos Paul Kennedy, Jr.: Rosa Parks Series|url=https://www.biartmuseum.org/exhibitions/amos-paul-kennedy-jr-rosa-parks-series/|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=Bainbridge Island Museum of Art}}&lt;/ref&gt; Museum of Modern Art Library, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=January 9, 2017|title=Amos Paul Kennedy, Jr.: Quotations of Rosa Louise Parks and Church Fans|url=https://www.moma.org/calendar/exhibitions/3650|work=Museum of Modern Art}}&lt;/ref&gt; Institute for Contemporary Art na Virginia Commonwealth University, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amos Paul Kennedy Jr.: Passin' on to others|url=https://icavcu.org/projects/passiniton/|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=Institute for Contemporary Art|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Mahadum Indiana Bloomington Fine Arts Library. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2016-02-02|title=Exhibit: Prints and Artists' Books from Amos Paul Kennedy, Jr., Printmaker: A Selection from the Fine Arts Library {{!}} Indiana University Libraries|url=https://libraries.indiana.edu/exhibit-prints-and-artists-books-amos-paul-kennedy-jr-printmaker-selection-fine-arts-library|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=Indiana University Libraries / Arts &amp; Humanities|language=en|archivedate=2023-11-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231103190042/https://libraries.indiana.edu/exhibit-prints-and-artists-books-amos-paul-kennedy-jr-printmaker-selection-fine-arts-library}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke ahụ, a na-ejide ọrụ ya na nchịkọta na-adịgide adịgide nke Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Poster, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lippert|first=Angelina|date=2023-02-28|title=Amos Paul Kennedy Jr. and the Democracy of Printing|url=http://hyperallergic.com/802840/amos-paul-kennedy-jr-and-the-democracy-of-printing/|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=Hyperallergic|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; New York Center for Book Arts, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Center for Book Arts Archive : Amos Paul Kennedy Jr.|url=https://collections.centerforbookarts.org/Browse/objects/facet/entity_facet/id/1376|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=Center for Book Arts|archivedate=2023-03-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324003816/https://collections.centerforbookarts.org/Browse/objects/facet/entity_facet/id/1376}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Letterform Archive . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Coles|first=Stephen|date=2018-06-26|title=This Just In: Amos Kennedy Jr.|url=https://letterformarchive.org/news/amos-kennedy-jr/|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=Letterform Archive|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2015, a kwanyere Kennedy ugwu dị ka onye na-ese ihe na United States Glasgow Fellow na Crafts wee nata ihe nrite $50,000 na-enweghị njedebe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amos Paul Kennedy|url=http://www.unitedstatesartists.org/fellows/2015/amos-paul-kennedy|work=United States Artists|accessdate=4 September 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160925121439/http://www.unitedstatesartists.org/fellows/2015/amos-paul-kennedy|archivedate=25 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị American Printing History Association kpọrọ ya onye Laureate n'otu n'otu na 2021, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Announcement|date=2021-01-05|title=APHA's 2021 Awards Recipients Named|url=https://printinghistory.org/2021-awards-recipients-named/|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=American Printing History Association}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye na-ebi akwụkwọ pụtara ìhè sitere na [[Mid Atlantic Print Council]] na 2022. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=MAPC Power of Print|url=https://www.mapc2022.com/|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=MAPC Power of Print|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta ihe ndekọ ==
Mgbe ọ dị afọ 40, Kennedy gara Colonial Williamsburg, ụlọ ihe ngosi nka nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Virginia, ma ụlọ ahịa ebipụta na narị afọ nke 18 na-emesa ya nke ọma. Ihe omume ahụ nwere mmetụta nke
[[Usòrò:Letterpress_posters_by_Amos_Paul_Kennedy_Jr.jpg|alt=Colorful letterpress posters for &quot;St Louis Microfest&quot; spread out on a table alongside ink and other printing materials.|thumb| Akwụkwọ mmado akwụkwọ ozi nke Amos Paul Kennedy Jr.]]

* Amos Kennedy Print Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, DC Nchịkọta akwụkwọ mmado na mbipụta na-ekpuchi ihe gbasara ọha mmadụ nke ikike obodo, mkpọsa onyeisi oche, ntuli aka, ime nka (egwu, ihe nkiri, ihe nkiri), nka, akwụkwọ, ọrụ aka wdg 286 ihe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=[Amos Kennedy print collection]|url=https://lccn.loc.gov/2012649087|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kennedy &amp; Sons Collection, Mahadum Emory, Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, na Rare Book Library, Atlanta, GA. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kennedy &amp; Sons|first=Fine Printers|title=Kennedy &amp; Sons collection|url=https://findingaids.library.emory.edu/documents/kennedy908/|work=findingaids.library.emory.edu|accessdate=4 September 2017|language=en|date=16 November 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mkpokọta sitere na Kennedy &amp; Ụmụ nwoke, Ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ mara mma (azụmahịa azụmahịa azụmahịa nke Africa America), 1990–2015, 6.5 linear ft. (igbe iri na otu) na akwụkwọ buru ibu.
* Amos Paul Kennedy Jr. ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ, UC Santa Barbara Library, Pụrụ iche mkpokọta, Santa Barbara, CA. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Guide to the Amos Paul Kennedy Jr. collection Printers Mss 83|url=http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c85q50c4/admin/|work=oac.cdlib.org|accessdate=4 September 2017|archivedate=6 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906134623/http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c85q50c4/admin/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ mmado akwụkwọ ozi, brọdsides, akwụkwọ ozi, ndị fan, mbipụta na mkpọ, 1997–2013, 50.62 linear ụkwụ.
* Nchịkọta Amos Paul Kennedy, Jr., Akwụkwọ na-adịghị ahụkebe na Ọbá akwụkwọ ihe odide, Mahadum Illinois na Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://digital.library.illinois.edu/collections/81323eb0-e3fb-012f-c5b6-0019b9e633c5-f|title=Amos Paul Kennedy, Jr. Digital Collection|accessdate=2 March 2020|work=digital.library.illinois.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbipụta akwụkwọ ozi gụnyere akwụkwọ mmado, kaadị azụmahịa, obosara, fan, na maapụ yana mbipụta na mkpọ, 2000–2019, igbe iri na asaa.
* Amos Paul Kennedy Jr. nchịkọta ephemera, Akwụkwọ Nsọ ọgbara ọhụrụ na Archives, Ọbá akwụkwọ Newberry. Akwụkwọ mmado akwụkwọ ozi, ndị na-akwado akwụkwọ, mgbasa ozi, kaadị ekele, na ephemera ndị ọzọ sitere na 1990 ruo ihe dị ka 2012. 2.7 ụkwụ ahịrị, igbe 2. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Collection: Amos Paul Kennedy Jr. ephemera collection|url=https://archives.newberry.org/repositories/2/resources/996|accessdate=2023-11-03|work=Modern Manuscripts &amp; Archives at the Newberry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

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== Ntụaka ==
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      <comment>update photos</comment>
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[[Usòrò:Oast house, Cherry Tree Farm, Frittenden, Kent - June 2026.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Oast ọdịnala na Frittenden, Kent]]
Ụlọ oast, oast ma ọ bụ hop kiln bụ ụlọ emebere maka ikpo ọkụ (ịkpọ nkụ) hops dị ka akụkụ nke usoro ịme ihe. Enwere ike ịchọta ha n'ọtụtụ ebe na-eto eto (na nke bụbu hop-eto eto) ma na-abụkarị ezi ihe atụ nke ụlọ ọrụ ugbo. Agbanwewo ọtụtụ oasts na-adịghị arụ ọrụ ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ. A na-eji aha oast na oast eme ihe na Kent na Sussex. Na Surrey, Hampshire, Herefordshire na Worcestershire a na-akpọ ha hop kilns.

Ha nwere ụlọ nwere akụkụ anọ ma ọ bụ okpukpu abụọ (&quot;ihe mkpofu&quot;) na otu ma ọ bụ karịa kiln nke a na-agbasa hops ka akpọnwụ ya site na ikuku ọkụ na-esi na nkụ ma ọ bụ unyi n'okpuru. Ala ndị ahụ ihicha ahụ dị gịrịgịrị ma mebie oghere iji mee ka okpomọkụ gafere wee gbapụ n'otu ehi dị n'elu ụlọ nke ifufe na-atụgharị. A na-atụba hops ndị a kpụpụtara ọhụrụ n'ubi ka ha kpọọ nkụ wee wụsa ya ka ọ dị jụụ tupu ebuo ya ma ziga ya n'ebe a na-emepụta mmanya. A na-eji olumba Kentish kell mee ihe mgbe ụfọdụ maka kilns (&quot;Oast nwere kell atọ&quot;) na mgbe ụfọdụ ọ pụtara oast n'onwe ya (&quot;Were nna gị nri ehihie a, ọ na-arụ ọrụ na kell&quot;). Okwu oast n'onwe ya pụtakwara &quot;kiln&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Oxford English Dictionary]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụlọ oast nke mbụ dị na Golford, Cranbrook dị nso na Tunbridge Wells. Ọ malitere site n'oge na narị afọ nke 17 ma na-egosipụta nke ọma akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ banyere oasts obere oge ka ewebata hops na England n'etiti narị afọ nke 16. Ụlọ ndị mbụ a na-adọba ụgbọala bụ ụlọ a na-emegharị emegharị, ma, ka ọ na-erule narị afọ nke 18, e mepụtala ụlọ ndị dị ogologo pụrụ iche nke nwere elu ụlọ conical iji mee ka ọ dịkwuo ogologo. Na mbụ, ndị a bụ square, ma gburugburu 1800 roundel kilns ka e mepụtara na nkwenye na ha na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma. Ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala ka na-ewu ewu karịa na Herefordshire na Worcestershire wee laghachi na ejiji na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na narị afọ nke 19 mgbe e mesịrị. N'afọ ndị 1930, e ji oghere ndị na-adọrọ adọrọ dochie anya ehi ndị ahụ ka ndị na-agba ọkụ eletrik na oven mmanụ dizel na-arụ ọrụ.

Hops taa akpọnwụwo n'ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na ọtụtụ ụlọ oast dị n'ugbo ugbu a agbanweela ka ọ bụrụ ebe obibi. Otu n'ime ụlọ oast kacha mma echekwara bụ na Hop Farm Country Park na Beltring.

== Ịkpọ nkụ ==
[[Usòrò:Postcard_after_fire_at_Castle_Farm_oast,_Hadlow.jpg|thumb|Castle Farm, Hadlow, Kent, na-egosi mmebi ọkụ]]
Ebumnuche nke oast bụ ịcha hops. A na-enweta nke a site na iji ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ na-agafe n'ọkụ, kama usoro ịgba ọkụ.

Ndị otu ndị na-atụtụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'otu akụkụ ma na-enweta ego a kapịrị ọnụ n'ubi hop. A na-etinye akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ hops n'ime nnukwu akpa hessian a na-akpọ pokes (na Kent) ma ọ bụ akpa akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ (West Midlands). A ga-ebuga ihe ndị a na oast ma weba ya n'ime ebe a na-edebe ihe n'ala mbụ. Ụfọdụ oasts nwere ihe mmadụ na-ebuli elu maka nzube a, nke nwere ihe ndọba ụgbọala nke dị ihe dị ka mita 1.52 n'elu axle nke e tinyere eriri ma ọ bụ yinye na ya.

The green hops mgbe ọhụrụ e wepụtara nwere mmiri dị n'ihe dị ka 80%. Nke a chọrọ ka e belata ruo 6%, ọ bụ ezie na mmiri ga-arị elu ruo 10% n'oge nchekwa.

A na-agbasasị akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ hops na kilns. Ala ndị a na-abụkarị  1+1⁄4-inch (32 mm) battens square kpọgidere n'akụkụ aka nri n'ofe mkpọ ahụ, dọba ya ka e wee nwee oghere yiri nke ahụ n'etiti batten nke ọ bụla, ma were akwa ntutu inyinya kpuchie ya. A ga-agbasa hops ndị ahụ ihe dị ka sentimita iri na abụọ (300 mm) miri emi, mechie ọnụ ụzọ kiln na ọkụ ọkụ. Mgbe a na-ekpebi na a mịrị amị, a ga-emenyụ ọkụ ahụ ma wepụ ihe ndị ahụ na-esi na kiln na-eji scuppet, nke bụ nnukwu shọvelụ osisi nke nwere isi hessian. A ga-agbasa hops ndị ahụ n'ala ebe a na-ekpofu ihe ka ọ dị jụụ, a ga-etinyezi ya n'ime nnukwu akpa jute ndị a na-akpọ obere akpa na igwe hop. Akpa nke ọ bụla nwere ihe dị ihe dị ka 150 eze ukwu (5,500 L) nke hops ndụ ndụ. Ọ tụrụ otu narị arọ na otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ (140 pound (64  kg)) wee jiri nkọwa onye na-akụ osisi kanye ya, nke a chọrọ n'okpuru Iwu Hop (Mgbochi Wayo), 1866.

A na-ezigara akpa ndị ahụ n'ahịa, ebe ndị na-emepụta mmanya ga-azụta ha ma jiri hops kpọrọ nkụ mee ihe na usoro ime biya iji gbakwunye ụtọ ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka ihe nchedo.

Oasts na-enwu ọkụ mgbe ụfọdụ, mmebi ahụ na-ejedebe mgbe ụfọdụ na ọkụ (Castle Farm, Hadlow), ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ na-eduga na mbibi zuru oke nke oast (Stilstead Farm, East Peckham na Septemba 1983, na Parsonage Farm, Bekesbourne na Ọgọst 1996). [2][3]

== Oast ndị mbụ ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;Nkọwa mbụ nke oast sitere na 1574. Ọ bụ obere ụlọ dị mita 18 (5.49  site na mita 9 (2.74  na atụmatụ, na mgbidi 9 ụkwụ (2.74 . Okpomọkụ dị n'etiti dị ihe dị ka 2&quot; data-mw='{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;convert&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Convert&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;6&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;ft&quot;},&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;m&quot;},&quot;4&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;2&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwTA&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;6 feet (1.83  n'ogologo, 2 feet 6 inches (760  n'ịdị elu na 13 inches (330  n&quot;ime obosara. Ala dị n'elu bụ ala ịcha, na naanị ihe dị ka mita 5 (1.52  n'elu ala, a na-etinye hops kpọmkwem n'ala slated kama a na-ede ya na ákwà Hessian dị ka emere mgbe e mesịrị.[4]&lt;/nowiki&gt;

=== Mgbanwe n'Oasts ===
[[Usòrò:Oast_House,_Great_Dixter,_Sussex,_UK.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Great Dixter, East Sussex]]
N'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, a na-eji ụlọ nkwakọba ihe ma ọ bụ ụlọ nkwakọrịta eme ihe n'oge gara aga. N'afọ 1779, a gbanwere Chapel St. Peter, Frindsbury ka ọ bụrụ oast. [5] A tọghatakwara ụlọ ekpere dị na Horton, dị nso na Canterbury.[6] Akụkụ nke Hastings Priory na-eje ozi dị ka oast na 1823.[7] A tọghatakwara ọnụ ụzọ ámá nke Obí Bishọp, Bosbury, Herefordshire. [8]

A na-eme nke a site n'ịrụ ite ọkụ n'ime ụlọ ahụ, kewaa ya ụzọ atọ, a na-eji okpukpu nke elu anabata hops &quot;akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ&quot;, kpọọ ha ma pịa hops kpọrọ nkụ. Enwere ike ịhụ ihe atụ nke ụdị ntọghata a na ebe Catt, Paddock Wood,  na Great Dixter, Northiam.[9][10]

Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nke ụlọ nkwakọba ihe na ụlọ obibi ga-abụ site na iwu ite ọkụ n'otu nsọtụ ụlọ ahụ, dịka a hụrụ na Biddenden, Kent, ma ọ bụ site na ịgbakwunye ite ọkụ n&quot;èzí ụlọ ahụ dị ugbu a, dịka a hụ ya na Barnhill Farm, Hunton, nakwa na Sutton Valence, ma ọ bụghị ha abụọ, dịka aahụ ya na Ightham Mote.[11][12][13][14]

=== Oasts e wuru maka ebumnuche ===
[[Usòrò:Oast8.jpg|thumb|Ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Golford]]
Nkwekọrịta maka iwu oast na Flimwell na East Sussex na 1667 nyere ogo ụlọ ahụ dị ka 30 site na 15 feet (9.1 site na 4.6  na nke ọzọ a ga-ewu n'ebe ahụ ga-ewu na 1671 bụ 32 site na 16 feet (9.8 site na 4.9  ma ọ bụ 17 feet (5.2 , nwere ite ọkụ abụọ.[15] Ebe mbụ e wuru maka nzube bụ na Golford, Cranbrook, nke e wuru na 1750. Obere osisi a dị 21 site na 15 feet (6.4 site na 4.6  na atụmatụ, ma nwee elu ụlọ nwere tebụl. O nwere otu ite ọkụ, na otu mkpuchi n'elu ụlọ ahụ.[16]

== Oast ọdịnala ==
[[Usòrò:Oast2.jpg|thumb|Oast nwere ite ọkụ nwere akụkụ asatọ, ugbu a a a gbanwere ụlọ]]
Na mbido narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, a malitere iwu oast ọdịnala dịka anyị maara ugbu a. Ụlọ nkwakọba ihe nwere okpukpu abụọ ma ọ bụ atọ, nke nwere n'etiti otu na asatọ okirikiri. Ogologo ite ọkụ na-adịkarị site na ụkwụ 12 (3.66  ruo ụkwụ 18 (5.49  n'obosara, yana elu ụlọ conical. Ka ọ na-erule ngwụcha narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, e wuru square oven. Ihe ndị a na-adịkarị site na 16 feet (4.88  ruo 20 feet (6.10  square.[17] E wuru oast na Hawkhurst nwere ite ọkụ abụọ nwere akụkụ asatọ, 15 feet (4.57  gafee ala.[18]

== Oast nke oge a ==
[[Usòrò:Oast4.jpg|thumb|Bell 5, Beltring, nke e wuru n'afọ 1935]]
Na narị afọ nke iri abụọ, oasts laghachiri n'ụdị mbụ ya na ite ọkụ n'ime ụlọ na okpokoro n'elu ụlọ (Bell 5, Beltring). [19] Oasts ndị a buru ibu karịa ma jiri ihe ndị ọgbara ọhụrụ rụọ ha. E wuru Oasts na ngwụcha 1948 (Upper Fowle Hall, Paddock Wood),  ma ọ bụ 1950 (Hook Green, Lamberhurst).[20]

Oasts nke oge a yiri nke nta ka oasts ọdịnala. Nnukwu ụlọ ndị a nwere ike ịhazi hops site na ọtụtụ ugbo, dịka na Norton nso Teynham na Kent, nke e wuru na 1982.[21]

== Ihe owuwu ==

=== Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ ===
A na-eji ihe dị iche iche, gụnyere brik, osisi, ragstone, na sandstone, rụọ ihe owuwu.[22] Ihe mkpuchi nwere ike ịbụ osisi weatherboards, corrugated iron ma ọ bụ asbestos sheet.[23]

; Ebe a na-echekwa ihe

Ọtụtụ oasts bụ ụlọ e ji osisi rụọ, ọ bụ ezie na e ji brik wuo ụfọdụ kpamkpam, ma ọ bụ ragstone ma ọ bụrụ na nke a dị n'ógbè ahụ.[24][18] Ụfọdụ oasts bụ brik kpamkpam ma e wezụga n'ihu na ala, nke bụ osisi.[25]

; Ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ

A na-eji osisi ma ọ bụ brik rụọ ite ọkụ n'ime.[24] A na-eji brik, ragstone na brik, flint, ma ọ bụ sandstone wuo ite ọkụ n'èzí.[22] Ojiji a na-adịghị ahụkebe bụ na Tilden Farm, Headcorn ebe e ji Bethersden Marble wuo ọkụ ahụ.   N'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], e ji osisi rụọ oghere ole na ole ma kpuchie ya na ígwè corrugated (Crittenden Farm, Matfield).[24]

; Elu ụlọ ọkụ

A na-ejikarị osisi rụọ elu ụlọ ọkụ, ebe ọkụ ahụ dị n'èzí ma kpuchie ya ma ọ bụ tebụl ma ọ bụ slate.[26] Ụfọdụ oasts nwere okpokoro okpokoro nke e ji brik rụọ, a na-ekpuchi ha na tar ma ọ bụ pitch iji mee ka ha ghara ihu igwe.[27] Oasts ole na ole nwere okpokoro square nwere elu brik, ọzọ kpuchiri ya na tar ma ọ bụ pitch.[28] N'elu elu ụlọ ahụ ghere oghe, ma na-ebu okpu ma ọ bụ ikuku.[29]

=== West Midlands ===
A na-ejikarị brik ma ọ bụ nkume obodo rụọ ogige ntụrụndụ.

; Ebe a na-echekwa ihe

Brik bụ ihe a na-ejikarị ewu ụlọ ahụ, a na-eji osisi eme ihe naanị n'ala. A na-ejikwa nkume mee ihe mgbe ụfọdụ (Madley). [30] Ụfọdụ oasts nwere ihe igwe cider n'ala ala nke ụlọ nkwakọba ihe (Little Cowarne Court, Little Cowarne). [31]

; Ebe a na-ekpo ọkụ

[[Usòrò:Oast5.jpg|thumb|Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ na Munderfield, Herefordshire]]
Brik bụ ihe a na-ejikarị ewu ite ọkụ. E jikwa nkume mee ihe.[32]

; Elu ụlọ ọkụ

Elu ụlọ ọkụ nwere ike ịbụ osisi, kpuchie ya na tebụl ma ọ bụ slate, ma ọ bụ brik. Enwere ike ịcha elu ụlọ brik (Little Cowarne Court, Bromyard) ma ọ bụ hapụ ya (The Farm, Brockhampton). [33] A ga-eji okpu (Upper Lyde Farm, Pipe-cum-Lyde) ma ọ bụ ihe na-eme ka ikuku na-efe efe (Kidley, Acton Beauchamp) kpuchie elu ụlọ ahụ.[34][35]

== Ebe ndị a na-anọ ==
Enwere ike ịchọta oasts na UK na mba ofesi.

=== Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ England ===
A na-ejikọkarị oasts na Kent, ụlọ oast bụ ihe nnọchianya jikọtara ya na obodo ahụ. A na-ahụkwa ha na Sussex, Surrey na Hampshire.

=== West Midlands ===
Na West Midlands, ebe ndị isi na-eto hop bụ Worcestershire, Herefordshire na Gloucestershire. Na Worcestershire na Herefordshire, a maara ụlọ ndị dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ dị ka ọkụ ọkụ.

=== Europe ===
[[Usòrò:RHSpalt08.jpg|thumb|A na-eji ụlọ a dị na Spalt, Germany eme ihe maka ịcha hops.]]
Na [[Belgium]], isi ebe a na-eto hop bụ gburugburu Poperinghe na Ypres, West Flanders. A na-akụkwa hops gafee ókèala na Nord, [[France]]. A na-akụkwa Hops gburugburu Aelst, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Brussels.[36] Ewezuga Nord, isi ebe na-eto eto na France dị gburugburu Haguenau, Bas-Rhin na gburugburu Dijon na Bèze, Côte-d'Or.[37]

Na [[Jémanị|Germany]], a na-akụ hops gburugburu Tettnang, Baden-Württemberg; gburugburu Hallertau, Hersbruck, Illschwang na Spalt, Bavaria.[38] Na [[Chekia|Czech Republic]], a na-akụ hop gburugburu Roudnice, Hradec Králové Region na gburugburu Úštěk na Žatec, Ústí nad Labem Region. A na-akụkwa ha gburugburu Olomouc, Olomouic Region. Na [[Slovakia]], a na-akụ hops gburugburu Trenčín, Trenčín Region. A na-akụkwa hops na [[Poland]] na Russia.[39]

=== Australia ===

: ''Hụkwa John Terry''

[[Usòrò:OAST_HOUSES,_NEW_NORFOLK,_TASMANIA.jpg|thumb|Ụlọ ndị dị na New Norfolk, Tasmania]]
A na-akpọkarị ụlọ ọkụ hop n'Australia. Tasmania bụ nnukwu mpaghara na-eto eto, dịka akụkụ Victoria. N'ime narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-akụ hop na Kentish kwagara, ma were hops na ha. Na mbido, a gbanwere oasts Tasmanian site na ụlọ ndị dị ugbu a (New Norfolk, Ranelagh) mana e mechara wuo oasts (Valley Field, Bushy Park). Oasts ndị a nwere ventilators na-ekpuchi ekpuchi kama ikpuchi. A gbanwere New Norfolk oast site na mmiri igwe ma bụrụzi ebe ngosi ihe mgbe ochie. Ebe ọzọ nwere oasts bụ Tenna. E wuru oast nke oge a nke 400 site na 200 feet (120 site na 60  na Bushy Park na 1982.[40]&lt;ref name=&quot;Oz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://newnorfolk.org/~oast_house/|title=Places to Visit – The Oast House Hop Museum, New Norfolk|work=newnorfolk.org|accessdate=2024-08-10|archivedate=2023-11-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231130101823/http://www.newnorfolk.org/~oast_house/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbanwe ==
Site na mmụba nke usoro hop-picking, ọtụtụ oasts dara n'ọrụ. A kwaturu ụfọdụ ma gbafuo ndị ọzọ. Mkpa na-arịwanye elu maka ụlọ emeela ka a gbanwee ọtụtụ ụlọ n'ụlọ. Ndị kansụl mpaghara n'oge a na-esikarị ike na ịma mma nke ntụgharị karịa ka ọ dị tupu iwu atụmatụ amalite. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a ga-ewu ụlọ ọkụ, a na-enyekwa akwa na oast ndị a gbanwere.[42]

Ihe atụ mbụ nke a na-agbanwe ụlọ bụ Millar's Farm oast, Meopham, nke [[Sir Philip Alexander Waterlow, 4th Baronet|Sir Philip Waterlow]] gbanwere ụlọ na 1903.[43]

[[Usòrò:Oast Theatre, London Road, Tonbridge, Kent - June 2026 - 02.jpg|thumb|alt=Oast Theatre, Tonbridge|Oast Theatre, Tonbridge]]
Mgbanwe ndị ọzọ nke oasts maka ebumnuche ndị na-abụghị ebe obibi gụnyere ụlọ ihe nkiri (Oast Theatre, Tonbridge,[44] Oast house Theatre Rainham), ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ ntorobịa (Capstone Farm, Chatham,&lt;ref name=&quot;Capstone&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:ChathamCapstone3931.JPG|title=ChathamCapstone|first=Clem|author=Rutter|publisher=Wikimedia Commons|date=25 January 2008|accessdate=11 April 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọzọ na Lady Margaret Manor, Doddington - ugbu a bụ ebe obibi maka ndị nwere nsogbu mmụta),&lt;ref name=&quot;Youth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.doddington-kent.org.uk/history/history_assets/doddington_buildings/13_LadyMargaret_Manor.html|title=Doddington Historic Buildings: No. 13 Lady Margaret Manor|work=doddington-kent.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; ụlọ akwụkwọ (Sturry),  ụlọ achịcha (Chartham),[44] ebe ndị nleta (Bough Beechling Farm, Five Green, Wentley),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.geograph.org.uk/photo/325093|title=TQ6345: Tatlingbury Oast, Five Oak Green Road, Five Oak Green, Kent – During conversion to offices|author=Oast House Archive|work=www.geograph.org.uk|date=March 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Museum,[3][47][47]&gt;[49][50] 

National Trust nwere oast na Outridge, nso Brasted Chart, nke nwere oghere asatọ dị ụkọ,  otu na Castle Farm, Sissinghurst, gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ tii,  na nke ọzọ na Bateman, Burwash nke gbanwere ka ụlọ ahịa, na akwa a na-eji nduru dochie ya.[51][52]&lt;ref name=&quot;Batemans&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://flickr.com/photos/gauiscaecilius/54083074/|title=Out building at Batemans|work=flickr.com|author=White|first=Richard|date=1 May 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oast ndị adịgboroja ===
N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, e wuru ọtụtụ ụlọ iji yie ka ha bụ ndị na-eme ihe nkiri, ọ bụ ezie na n'eziokwu, nke ahụ abụghị eziokwu.[54] Ihe atụ nke a bụ:

* ụlọ ọha na eze nke Nnụnụ, Grove Green, Maidstone.
* Harrietsham, otu ọfịs.
* Ụlọ ọha na eze nke Oast House, Normanton.
* Ụlọ ọha na eze Oast House, Manchester.
* Langley Court, Beckenham, nke Wellcome Foundation wuru, nke bụzi akụkụ nke Glaxo Wellcome.
* Caring, Kent - Ụlọ ndị e wuru n'ụdị oasts.
* South Harrow, [[London]] - ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ e wuru n'ụdị oast (nke a kwatuchara ugbu a ma wughachi dị ka akụkụ nke ụlọ ọhụrụ). &lt;ref name=&quot;North Harrow&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://flickr.com/photos/thesixthland/108414245/|title=Remains of a pub, North Harrow|work=flickr.com/photos/thesixthland/|first=Miklos|author=Kiss|date=5 March 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;gallery widths=&quot;200px&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
Usòrò:Oast_House_in_Tudeley_Kent.jpg|alt=Oast House in Tudeley, Kent, now in residential use|Ụlọ Ọdịda AnyanwụTudeley, Kent, ugbu a na-eji ya eme ihe
File:Oast10.jpg|alt=Millar's Farm, Meopham|Ugbo Millar,Meopham
Usòrò:Oast1.jpg|alt=Castle Farm oast, Sissinghurst|Ugbo Castle oast,Sissinghurst
Usòrò:Mock Oast House at Tenacre Court, Ashford Road, Harrietsham, Kent - July 2026 - 02.jpg|alt=Fake oast at Harrietsham|Oast adịgboroja naHarrietsham[en→ig].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[malt]]&quot; id=&quot;mwAcU&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Malthouse&quot;&gt;Malthouse - ụlọ yiri nke a na-eji emepụta ọka bali iji mee malt, nke bụkwa ihe eji eme biya.
* Chunche - ụlọ maka ịcha Mkpụrụ vaịn (iji ikuku na-ekpo ọkụ) na Xinjiang, China.

== Ebem si dee ==
&lt;nowiki&gt;.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Ebe e si nweta ya ==

[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Dounia Issa</title>
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      <text bytes="1852" sha1="bljbhjrhzfy48sya3auoopzzxk7sxtx" xml:space="preserve"> [[File:Dounia Issa France 20260627 (1) (cropped).jpg|thumb|Dounia Issa]]

'''Dounia Issa''' (amuru 3 June 1981) bu onye egwuregwu [[basketball]] nke France lara ezumike nka. &lt;ref name=&quot;LNB profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lnb.fr/fr/Pro-A/200006/Joueurs/A24857/Dounia-Issa|title=Dounia Issa|publisher=[[Ligue Nationale de Basketball|LNB]]|accessdate=October 28, 2011|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Issa bụ onye otu ndị otu mba France na ntozu EuroBasket 2009 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ffbb.com/dtn/historique/fichier.php?id_jou=&amp;nom=ISSA&amp;prenom=Dounia|title=fiche joueur|publisher=[[Fédération Française de Basket-Ball|FFBB]]|accessdate=October 28, 2011|language=fr|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404211306/http://www.ffbb.com/dtn/historique/fichier.php?id_jou=&amp;nom=ISSA&amp;prenom=Dounia|archivedate=April 4, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye nchịkwa ugbu a nke Le Mans nke LNB Pro A. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sportando.basketball/en/dounia-issa-named-le-mans-head-coach/|title=Dounia Issa named Le Mans head coach|date=May 29, 2019|publisher=Sportando|language=En|accessdate=August 14, 2019|archivedate=August 14, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814111654/https://sportando.basketball/en/dounia-issa-named-le-mans-head-coach/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* (in French) [http://www.lnb.fr/fr/Pro-A/200006/Joueurs/A24857/Dounia-Issa Dounia Issa] at lnb.fr
* (in French) [https://web.archive.org/web/20120404211306/http://www.ffbb.com/dtn/historique/fichier.php?id_jou=&amp;nom=ISSA&amp;prenom=Dounia Dounia Issa] at ffbb.com
* [http://www.fibaeurope.com/cid_KNce8jInH7Qj1EsyH5rjn2.teamID_1462.compID_BYg5Rb55Jw-G5I3MZ6JB01.season_2011.roundID_7853.playerID_71867.html Dounia Issa] at fibaeurope.com
{{Le Mans Sarthe Basket current roster}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Issa, Dounia}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = Dr. Md.
| name                = Mizanur Rahman Kazi
| native_name         = 
| office              = Member of [[Meghalaya Legislative Assembly]]
| term_start          = 2023
| term_end            = 
| constituency        = [[Rajabala Assembly constituency|Rajabala]]
| predecessor         = [[Abdus Saleh]]
| successor           = 
| birth_date          = {{Birth year and age|1976}}
| birth_place         = [[Rajabala Assembly constituency|Rajabala]], [[Meghalaya]]
| death_place         = 
| death_date          = 
| party               = [[All India Trinamool Congress]]
| otherparty          = [[United Democratic Party (Meghalaya)|United Democratic Party]] &lt;small&gt;(2013-2018)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[National People's Party (India)|National People's Party]]&lt;small&gt;(2018-2023)&lt;/small&gt;
| alma_mater          = 
| relatives           = 
| children            = 2
| image               = Dr. Mizanur Rahman Kazi.jpg
}}

Mizanur Rahman Kazi (Bengali: মিজানুর রহমান কাজী) bụ dọkịta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ onye omeiwu ugbu a maka mpaghara Rajbala na ọgbakọ omebe iwu Meghalaya. Kazi bụ onye otu ndị India Association of Clinical Medicine na nnata nke Distance Fellowship in Diabetes Management (DFID) site na Christian Medical College Vellore. &lt;ref name=&quot;eight&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.myneta.info/meghalaya2018/candidate.php?candidate_id=5867|title=Mizanur Rahman Kazi|work=My Neta|accessdate=5 December 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
 
Mizanur Rahman Kazi (Bengali: মিজানুর রহমান কাজী) bụ dọkịta na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ onye omeiwu ugbu a maka mpaghara Rajbala na ọgbakọ omebe iwu Meghalaya. Kazi bụ onye otu ndị India Association of Clinical Medicine na nnata nke Distance Fellowship in Diabetes Management (DFID) site na Christian Medical College Vellore.

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Dr. Kazi zọọrọ ntuli aka nke Meghalaya Legislative Assembly na 2023 na tiketi All india Trinamool Congress ebe a họpụtara ya nke ọma, meriri onye omeiwu Abdus Saleh nke NPP ugboro anọ site na votu iri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.latestly.com/india/news/meghalaya-assembly-election-results-2023-trinamool-congress-candidate-mizanur-rahman-kazi-wins-by-only-10-votes-from-rajabala-seat-4903292.html|work=Latestly|title=Meghalaya Assembly Election Results 2023: Trinamool Congress Candidate Mizanur Rahman Kazi Wins by Only 10 Votes From Rajabala Seat|date=2 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebem si dee ==

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aref Ali Nayed</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder|name=Aref Ali Nayed|image=[[File:Dr Aref.jpg|thumb|]]|caption=Dr Aref Ali Nayed in 2021|office=[[Libya–United Arab Emirates relations|Libyan Ambassador to United Arab Emirates]]|primeminister=[[Abdullah al-Thinni]]|term_start=June 2011|term_end=October 2016&lt;ref&gt;Mojutaz Ali, [https://web.archive.org/web/20211108164948/https://www.libyaherald.com/2016/10/22/aref-nayed-resigns-as-libyan-ambassador-to-uae/ &quot;Aref Nayed resigns as Libyan ambassador to UAE&quot;], ''Libya Herald'', 22 October 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;|preceded=Omar al Ghanai|birth_place=[[Benghazi]], [[Kingdom of Libya]]|birth_date={{birth year and age|1962}}|alma_mater=[[University of Guelph]]&lt;br&gt;[[University of Toronto]]&lt;br&gt;[[Pontifical Gregorian University]]|party=[[Ihya Libya]]|website=http://arefnayed.com}}

{{Small|[[Doctor (title)|Dr.]]}} Dr. Aref Ali Nayed (Arabic: عارف علي النايض, romanized: ʿArif ʿAli al-Nayid; amuru 1962) bu onye oka mmụta Islam nke Libya na onye bu onye nnọchi anya Libyan na United Arab Emirates.[1] Nayed bụ onye nchoputa na onye nduzi nke Kalam Research &amp; Media (KRM), nke dabeere na Tripoli, Libya na Dubai. Ruo mgbe ntiwapụ nke mgbanwe na Libya, ọ kụziri na nkà mmụta okpukpe islam, mgbagha, na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ na Uthman Pasha Madrassa eweghachiri na Tripoli, ma na-elekọta ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na College Call College ebe ahụ. Tupu ntọhapụ nke Tripoli na 2011, National Transitional Council họpụtara ya dị ka onye nhazi nke Tripoli Taskforce. Mgbe a tọhapụrụ Tripoli na ngwụcha Ọgọstụ 2011, a gbasapụrụ ego ahụ ma mee ya onye isi nhazi nke otu Libya Stabilization Team. N'afọ gara aga, ọ bụ onye nhazi maka Ụlọ Ọrụ Nkwado nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọchịchị nke National Transitional Council (NTC) nke Libya. Ọ bụkwa odeakwụkwọ nke Network of Free Ulema - Libya. Dị ka ụlọ ọrụ Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thinking si kwuo, Nayed na-ahọrọ 50th n'etiti ndị Alakụba 500 kacha nwee mmetụta n'ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://themuslim500.com/profile/dr-aref-ali-nayed|title=Dr Aref Ali Nayed - The Muslim 500|work=Themuslim500.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Aref Ali Nayed na Benghazi na 1962 wee zụlite na Tripoli. Na 1978, Gaddafi weghaara ihe onwunwe na azụmahịa ezinụlọ Nayed na ezinụlọ ahụ gbapụrụ Libya, kwaga Costa Rica, Hong Kong, na n'ikpeazụ United States. O mechara gaa Canada ka ọ gụọ akwụkwọ na nkwụsi ike nke nna ya, wee nweta BSc na injinia na Mahadum Guelph dị na Ontario. Na Guelph, ọ nwere mmasị miri emi na nkà ihe ọmụma na sayensị wee nọgide na-emecha MA na Philosophy of Science, na mgbe ahụ a PhD na Hermeneutics. E bipụtara ọrụ doctoral ya na hermeneutics arụ ọrụ na 2011 site na Kalam Research and Media. N'ịga n'ihu n'ọkwa mmụta ya ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma na nkà mmụta okpukpe Islam na Mahadum Toronto wee bụrụ ọkachamara na nkà mmụta okpukpe Ndị Kraịst na Mahadum Pontifical Gregorian dị na Rome.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9oOb6HttUR0|title=لقاء الدكتور عارف النايض مع نبيل الحاج قناة ليبيا الأحرار (الجزء الأول)أمين|date=2 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ gara n'ihu were ọtụtụ ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ ma bụrụ Prọfesọ na Pontifical Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies na Rome, na International Institute for Islamic Thought and Civilization na Malaysia.

N'afọ ndị 1990, ọ laghachiri Libya ma duzie ụlọ ọrụ IT nwere ọfịs na Tripoli, Benghazi, Sharjah, na Hyderabad.

Ka ọchịchị Libya mbụ malitere ibuli ihe mgbochi na nkuzi okpukpe, o nyere aka weghachite na imeghe Madrasa Othman Pasha a ma ama na Old Madina nke Tripoli. Madrasa a bụ ebe ama ama maka ntuziaka nkà mmụta okpukpe na nke mmụọ na ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta Tripolitania na-eduga n'oge gara aga jikọtara ya na ya. Nayed kụziri nkà mmụta okpukpe, mgbagha, na ọnọdụ ime mmụọ n'ebe ahụ, ruo February 2011, mgbe ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Tripoli na-abawanye na ndị agha nke mbụ na-eme ihe ike, igbu mmadụ na nchịkọta nchịkọta nke ndị na-akwado Free Libyan ije.

Nayed bụkwa onye ndụmọdụ ukwu na Cambridge Inter-Faith Programme; Fellow nke Royal Aal Al-Bayt Institute na Jọdan; a họpụtakwara ya na Board of Advisors nke Templeton Foundation.

== Ọrụ ==
Site na 1984 ruo 1998, Nayed bụ onye nkuzi, na-akụzi na mahadum dị na North America, Europe, North Africa, Asia, na Middle East. Na 1998, Nayed kwụsịrị ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ya n'ihi ikike nna ya wee guzobe Agathon Systems Limited/Alada, ụlọ ọrụ injinịa na teknụzụ lekwasịrị anya na iwu ebe data, ịkparịta ụka n'Ịntanet, na akụrụngwa ụlọ akụ n'ofe Libya. Tupu mgbanwe mgbanwe Libya na 2011, Agathon nọchitere anya ụlọ ọrụ teknụzụ ụwa 33 na Libya, gụnyere IBM, CITRIX, NCR, Nortel, Microsoft, na APC. Nayed na-ahụ maka mmejuputa ọrụ n'ofe Libya wee bute ụfọdụ ọrụ izizi na akpaaka nke mpaghara mmanụ na ụlọ akụ nke Libya. Companieslọ ọrụ Nayed webatara sistemụ ATM n'ofe mba ahụ ma bụrụkwa maka usoro ịkwụ ụgwọ mba maka Central Bank of Libya. Ụlọ ọrụ ahụ arụkọla ọrụ na ụlọ akụ ọ bụla dị na Libya ma wuo netwọk data maka ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala Libya (NOC) na National Utility (GECOL), ma mepụta ebe data na Libya maka Schlumberger, British Petroleum, na WesternGECO. Alada wuru netwọk ụlọ ọrụ maka Total Oil. Site na oru Alada, NAted zụrụ ihe karịrị ndị injinia Libyan na-eto eto 200 wee nyere aka ịmalite azụmahịa IT asaa na nkwukọrịta n'aha ndị ọrụ mbụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

Dr Aref Nayed, Onye isi oche nke Ihya Libya Party nyere akwụkwọ ya iji kwupụta na ọ ga-azọ ọkwa onyeisiala maka ntuli aka nke 24 Disemba 2021 na isi ụlọ ọrụ nke Election Commission (HNEC) na Benghazi.

== Ọrụ ebere ==
Site na 1990 Nayed tinyere onwe ya na ihe onwunwe ya maka ọrụ ebere na mmekọrịta ọha na eze na Libya na mba ọzọ. Ọ rụọla ọrụ iji chekwaa ihe ọmụma ọdịnala, kwalite mmụta na iwulite ikike nke ndị Libya na-eto eto. Nayed nyere ọba akwụkwọ na Libya, Mali, Turkey, na Tajikistan. Site na ego nke ya, Nayed weghachiri akụkọ ihe mere eme Uthman Pasha Madrassa na ọbá akwụkwọ ya na Tripoli. Nayed guzobere ọbá akwụkwọ mahadum mbụ na Bani Walid na ọba akwụkwọ mpịakọta 25,000 ọzọ na Tripoli. Nayed rụrụ ọrụ na mbipụta na ịgbasa ihe odide na-akwalite mweghachi nke omenala Libya.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

Nayed nyekwara ego iji weghachi Al Ahly Sports, Cultural, and Social Club na Benghazi, yana klọb egwuregwu ndị ọzọ gafee Libya. Nayed na-eje ozi dị ka onyeisi oche nke Board of Directors nke Al Ahly SC na Benghazi.

== Kalam Research &amp; Media ==
N, 2009 Nayed tọrọ ntọala Kalam Research &amp; Media dabere na Tripoli, Tobruk, na Bayda na Libya, na Dubai, UAE. Emebere Kalam Research &amp; Media dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-eche echiche nke kọleji na ebe ọzụzụ raara nye nyocha, agụmakwụkwọ, mmepe ọdịnaya na iwulite ikike na nkà mmụta okpukpe islam, nkà ihe ọmụma na amamihe.

== Mgbanwe Ọchịchị Libya ==
Nayed sonyeere Mgbanwe Libya na 19 February 2011, mgbe o sonyechara na ngagharị iwe a ma ama na Tripoli. O guzobere Network of Free Ulema nke ndị ọkà mmụta Libyan mejupụtara, bụ ndị kpọrọ oku ka a kwụsị igbu ndị ọchịchị ozugbo. Mgbe ndị ọchịchị leghaara oku a anya wee gaa n'ihu na-egbu ndị ngagharị iwe, Network of Free Ulema kwadoro nnupụisi mepere emepe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.freeulema.org/|title=Free business profile for FREEULEMA.ORG provided by Network Solutions|work=Freeulema.org|accessdate=2024-09-22|archivedate=2023-11-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231124134722/http://www.freeulema.org/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe National Transition Council (NTC), Free Libya's de facto ọchịchị, e guzobere na Benghazi na 27 February, Nayed a na-akpọ ka guzobe na-elekọta ndị Nkwado otu na NTC Executive Office. N'oge mmalite nke mgbanwe mgbanwe, Nayed nyere aka n'inweta nkwado mpaghara na nke mba ụwa ma na-ekere òkè dị ukwuu n'ime ka United Arab Emirates kwenye ịnakwere ọchịchị Libya ọhụrụ.

N'ikpeazụ, a họpụtara Nayed ka ọ guzobe ma na-edu ndị ọrụ Tripoli Task Force maka ntọhapụ nke isi obodo, ọrụ nke NTC na Stabilization Team gbasapụrụ iji chekwaa akụrụngwa dị mkpa nke mba ahụ ma hụ na ndị nkịtị nọ na nchekwa na nchekwa ma nwee ohere ịnweta ihe ndị dị mkpa. na ọrụ. N'ime ọrụ a, Nayed mere mgbalị iji wepụ akụ Libyan wee nweta enyemaka enyemaka mba ụwa iji gboo mkpa nri, mmiri na ahụike ozugbo nke ndị Libya kacha emetụta esemokwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6NbCgUlUvAU|title=لقاء الدكتور عارف النايض (نبيل الحاج ليبيا الأحرار) الجزء الخامس والأخير|date=4 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onye nnọchi anya ==
[[Usòrò:LibyanPM.jpg|thumb|Nleta ndị minista na UAE]]
[[Usòrò:LibyaMinisterofCulture.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Minista ọdịbendị nke Libya na Abu Dhabi Book Fair]]
N'August 2011 Nayed bụ onye nnọchi anya onye nnọchi anya mbụ nke gọọmentị Libya post-Qaddafi họpụtara, na-eje ozi dị ka onye nnọchi anya United Arab Emirates. Mgbe emere ntuli aka na 2012, Nayed nyefere arụkwaghịm ya, ọnọdụ ọ siri ọnwụ na nhọpụta ya. Ndị ọchịchị Libya jụrụ arụkwaghịm ya. Kemgbe oge ahụ, Nayed agbaala arụkwaghịm ugboro ise, ndị ọchịchị Libya nọchiri anya jụrụ arụkwaghịm nke ọ bụla. N'oge ọ nọ n'ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya, Nayed anarala ọtụtụ ụgwọ ọnwa ma gosipụta oke ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.

== Mmụta ==
Nayed kpọkọtara nhọrọ nke nnukwu mahadum mba ụwa na ụlọ ọrụ ọzụzụ iji guzobe ụlọ ọrụ Libya maka ọmụmụ dị elu. Ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ lekwasịrị anya n'ịmepụta ikike n'etiti ndị na-eto eto Libya n'ógbè ndị ga-abara ọdịnihu mba ahụ uru.

== Nkà mmụta okpukpe ==
Dị ka onye ọkà mmụta okpukpe Alakụba gụrụ akwụkwọ na Maliki jurisprudence na ozizi Sufi oge gboo, Nayed gụrụ nkà mmụta okpukpe Ndị Kraịst na Pontifical Gregorian University dị na Rome wee jee ozi dị ka prọfesọ na Pontifical Institute of Arab and Islamic Studies na Rome, na International Institute for Islamic Thinking and Civilization in Rome. Malaysia.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Pkf5Hacz13g|title=لقاء الدكتور عارف النايض مع نبيل الحاج ليبيا الأحرار (الجزء الثالث)|date=2 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nayed bụ otu n'ime ndị isi ndị Alakụba n'ọhịa nke mmekọrịta okpukpe, ọ na-etinye aka na atụmatụ dị iche iche nke okpukpe kemgbe 1987, gụnyere A Common Word Between Us and You, nke ọ bụ otu n&quot;ime ndị mbụ bịanyere aka na ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.acommonword.com/signatories/|title=Signatories - A Common Word Between Us and You|work=Acommonword.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nayed bụ akụkụ nke ndị nnọchi anya Muslim na nzukọ ọmụmụ ihe jikọrọ ọnụ n'etiti ndị Alakụba na Ndị Kraịst na Vatican, Lambeth Palace, Cambridge, Yale, na Georgetown. Na 2006 mgbe Pope Benedict XVI kwuru okwu ndị na-ese okwu banyere Islam na Regensburg, Germany, Nayed bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkà mmụta Muslim 138 ndị depụtara akwụkwọ ozi na-akpọ mkparịta ụka Katọlik na Muslim. Nayed sokwa na ogbako nke ndị ụkọchukwu kọgharịrị akwụkwọ Fatwa nke narị afọ nke 14 Ibn Taymiyya na jihad, na-arụ ụka na ndị Islamist radical na-eji ya akwado igbu mmadụ bụ ndị na-eduhie eduhie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/17/world/africa/aref-nayed-man-of-god-and-technology-tries-to-steady-libya.html?_r=0|title=Aref Nayed, Man of God and Technology, Tries to Steady Libya|first=Anne|author=Barnard|work=The New York Times|date=16 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruo mgbe Mgbanwe Libya malitere, Nayed kụziri ihe gbasara nkà mmụta okpukpe Alakụba, arụmụka, na ime mmụọ na Uthman Pasha Madrassa e weghachiri na Tripoli, ma lekọta ụmụ akwụkwọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Islamic Call College. Na mgbakwunye, Nayed edeela ọtụtụ ihe gbasara nkà mmụta okpukpe Alakụba.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

Nayed bụ onye ndụmọdụ dị elu na Cambridge Inter-Faith Programme, Fellow nke Royal Aal Al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought na Jọdan, a họpụtakwara ya na bọọdụ ndị ndụmọdụ na Templeton Foundation . &lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

== Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọmụmụ Ihe Ndị Dị Elu na Libya ==
N'afọ 2012, Nayed guzobere ụlọ ọrụ Libyan Institute for Advanced Studies (LIAS), ụlọ ọrụ nyocha, ndụmọdụ, na agụmakwụkwọ nke mbụ e guzobere mgbe mgbanwe ahụ gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lias.ly/en/main/About|title=About LIAS|work=Lias.ly}}&lt;/ref&gt; LIAS nwere ọfịs na Tripoli, Bayda, na Tobruk yana Dubai. LIAS lekwasịrị anya n'iwulite ikike n'etiti ndị ntorobịa Libya iji nyere ha aka itinye aka na obodo na obodo ha. LIAS nwere ikike asatọ pụrụiche yana incubator azụmahịa nwere mmekọ. Ọ na-enye ọrụ ndụmọdụ na nkuzi sitere na agụmakwụkwọ ọkachamara ruo na mmemme nzere maka mmepe ọkachamara na nke onwe.

Ngalaba LIAS gụnyere ọmụmụ Libya, ọmụmụ nkwụsi ike, ọmụmụ atụmatụ, ndị ntorobịa na okike, gọọmentị, njikwa, mgbasa ozi, na nkwado.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lias.ly/en/main/departments|title=Academics|work=Lias.ly}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịlụso ime ihe ike ọgụ na Libya ==
Dị ka onye ọkà mmụta okpukpe a na-akwanyere ùgwù nke mba ụwa, Nayed abụrụla otu n'ime ndị na-akatọ ndị echiche Islamist na ndị na-eme ihe ike. Nayed so na ndị mbụ ọha na eze mata ndị Islamist dị ka ndị bụ isi na-akpaghasị ike na mgbe mgbanwe Libya na dị ka ndị bụ isi na-enyere ISIL na ndị ọzọ extremists. Nayed edeela na nkuzi nke ukwuu megide echiche ndị na-eme ihe ike ma na-akwado atụmatụ zuru ụwa ọnụ iji jụ ime ihe ike na ịkụziri ndị Alakụba na Islam dị ka okpukpe ọmịiko na ndidi. Nayed akwadola atụmatụ Sheikh Abdallah Bin Bayyah duziri.

Na Febụwarị 2015, Nayed gara Washington D.C. iji dọọ ndị omeiwu America aka na ntị megide egwu nke ISIL na Libya.&lt;ref&gt;Julian Pecquet, [http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2015/02/libya-islamic-state-aumf-terror-base-aref-ali-nayed.html# &quot;Islamic State covets Libya as global terror base, envoy warns&quot;], ''Al-Monitor'', 2 February 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Nayed lụrụ Nadia Hashani si Misrata; ha nwere ụmụ atọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

=== Akwụkwọ ===

* ''Operational Hermeneutics: Nkọwa dị ka itinye aka na Operational Artifacts''; KRM Press, Dubai (2011);
* The Author's Intention; ya na Jeff Mitscherling na Tanya Ditommaso dere; Lexington Books (2004) 
* Mmekọrịta Vatican: Njem Onye Ọkà mmụta okpukpe Alakụba na mkparịta ụka ndị Alakụba; KRM Press, Dubai (2016);
* Mmekọrịta siri ike;Essays on Religion, Extremism, Politics and Libya; KRM Press, Dubai (na-abịa 2017) 
* The Future of Muslim Theology (nke Blackwell ga-ebipụta na The Future of Jewish Theology nke Stephen Kepnes na The Future nke Christian Theology nke David F. Ford.

=== Akwụkwọ edemede ===

* &quot;Nkwupụta Ikwo nke Oké Mgbasa Ozi, Nkwekọrịta na Nkwekọ: Nzaghachi nke ndị Alakụba na 'Manifesto Muscat'&quot;.
* &quot;Ọnụ Ụtọ nke PROXIMITY: N'akụkụ nkà mmụta okpukpe nke agbata obi&quot;
* &quot;Ụgwọ arịrịọ: Ọbịbịa nke Sheikh Abdullah Bin Bayyah na nkwupụta Somalia&quot;
* &quot;N'elu Fascism: A New Libya Actualized&quot;
* &quot;Libya: Site na Iwu Mgbanwe gaa na Iwu Iwu&quot;
* &quot;Imerie ISIS na Libya: Atụmatụ Nweghachi Ọdachi&quot;
* &quot;ISIS na Libya: Ịmeri Agha Mgbasa Ozi&quot;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 

* [https://archive.today/20130127214135/http://www.livestream.com/worldeconomicforum/video?clipId=pla_06feff64-45da-4ca0-9fc1-9ebfef88e237 World Economic Forum Jordan 2011-Nchọpụta banyere ọdịnihu nke Libya panel mkparịta ụka, gụnyere Aref Nayed]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T0l1GvQsS7s&amp;feature=channel_video_title &quot;Ọmịiko na nghọta na Islam&quot;, The Bradley Lecture na Pontifical Institute of Arabic and Islamic Studies, Rome, May 2007]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NvbkHmQTVc8 Okwu mmeghe maka Nzukọ nke 1 nke ndị ọkà mmụta Libya na UAE, onye nnọchi anya Libya, Dubai, UAE, 15 Ọktoba 2011]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u5wv_XGlrfk Libya Stabilization Team, nzukọ mgbasa ozi ikpeazụ], Libyan Consulate, Dubai, 21 Septemba 2011
* [http://www.alarabiya.net/programs/2011/10/21/172990.html AlArabiya Ajụjụ ọnụ na Aref Nayed]
* [http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/commentary_on_benedict.php Nkọwa nke onye Alakụba banyere &quot;Okwukwe, Ezi Uche na Mahadum: Ncheta na Ntụgharị&quot;]
* Akụkọ profaịlụ na ''The New York Times''
* Akụkọ dị na La VieNdụ
* [http://www.kalamresearch.com/ Nnyocha Kalam na mgbasa ozi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20231124134722/http://www.freeulema.org/ Network nke Free Ulema]
* Akụkọ profaịlụ na Reuters
* [http://www.lias.ly/ Ụlọ Ọrụ Libya Maka Ọmụmụ Ihe Ndị Dị Elu]
{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Nayed, Aref Ali}}
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{{Reflist}}
[[Faịlụ:Yumna Zaidi.png|thumb|Yumna Zaidi]]
'''Yumna Zaidi''' (amụrụ 30 Julaị 1993) bụ onye omere Pakistan na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn Urdu. Amara maka ihe ngosi ya na ihe nkiri ọha na nke ihunanya. Zaidi bụ onye natara onyinye ise Lux Style Awards na Hum Awards abụọ.

Yumnazaidi pụtara mbụ bụ mgbe ọ nọ na 8th grade nwanne ya nwanyị nke okenye affan waheed ewebata director amin iqbal maka ọrụ nke nwanne nwanyị Affan waheed fouziya na drama serial muhabbat ab nai gi na 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt39839566/|work=www.imdb.com|accessdate=2026-05-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O buru ụzọ pụta dị ka onye na-akwado ihe nkiri ARY Digital 's domestic-drama ''Thakan'' (2012) wee rụọ ọrụ ndu n'ọtụtụ usoro onyonyo, gụnyere ihe nkiri ezinụlọ ''Meri Dulari'' na ọbọ ''Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi'' (ha abụọ 2013), nke mechara. nke mere ya nhọpụta nke Hum Award for Best Support Actress . O nwetara aha ewu ewu na Hum Award maka nhọpụta onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma site n'igosi nwunye nwere nsogbu na mmekọrịta ọjọọ nke Farooq Rind ''Rishtay Kuch Adhooray Se'' wee nweta otuto maka ekworo-ihe nkiri ''Mausam'' (ha abụọ 2014), ihe nkiri na-atọ ọchị ''Jugnoo'' (2015), na romance ''Zara Yaad Kar'' (2016) na ihe nkiri ịhụnanya ''Yeh Raha Dil'' (2017).

Zaidi nwetara otuto dị egwu wee guzobe onwe ya site na ịgba egwu na ''Dar Si Jaati Hai Sila'' (2017), ''Inkaar'' (2019), ''Pyar Ke Sadqay'' (2020), ''Dil Na Umeed To Nahi'' (2021) na ''Bakhtawar'' (2022) nke abụọ, nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ. N'ime ndị a nwetara onyinye Lux Style maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri TV kacha mma .

== Ndụ mmalite na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Zaidi na 30 Julaị 1993 na Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan .

Mpụta mbụ ihuenyo ya bụ ọrụ nkwado na ARY Digital 's 2012 ihe nkiri ụlọ ''Thakan'', wee soro ya na-ebute ụzọ na melodrama ''Khushi Ek Roag'' . Ọ pụtara na Urdu 1 's ''Teri Raah Main Rul Gai'' n'ihu [[Samiya Mumtaz]] na Sami Khan ebe ọ gbara agwa Maryam. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mangobaaz.com/yumna-zaidi-what-an-actor/amp|title=13 Times Pakistani Actor Yumna Zaidi Proved That She's A Force To Be Reckoned With|language=en-US|accessdate=2018-07-23|archivedate=2018-07-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180724032159/https://www.mangobaaz.com/yumna-zaidi-what-an-actor/amp}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zaidi nwetara otuto maka ịkọwapụta agwa mmetụta mmetụta uche na ihe nkiri, Geo TV 's ''Meri Dulari'' (2013) na Hum TV 's ''Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi'' (2013), nke mechara nweta ya nhọpụta onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma na Hum Awards. Ọrụ nkwanye ùgwù ya nke nwunye nwere nsogbu na mmekọrịta ịhụnanya dị egwu ''Rishtay Kuch Adhooray Se'' (2013), guzobe ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Pakistan wee nweta ya Hum Award maka Best Actress na Best Actress Nhọpụta . Zaidi mechara pụta ihe pụrụ iche na usoro 2013 ''Sannata'' wee rụọ ọrụ nkwado na directorial Kashif Nisar ''Kis Se Kahoon'' n'akụkụ [[Sajal Aly|Sajal Ali]] na Agha Ali . Ọ nwetara nkwanye ùgwù sara mbara maka ịkọwapụta ụdị agwa dị iche iche na ihe nkiri ''Mausam'' (2014), ''Madawa'' (2015), ''Guzaarish'' (2015), na ''Jugnoo'' (2015), ''Kaanch Ki Guriya'' (2015), ''Paras'' (2015) na ''Aap ki Kaneez'' ( 2015), ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwetara ọtụtụ nhọpụta onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma. &lt;ref name=&quot;TNS&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/209794-TV-actors-we-want-to-see-in-cinema|title=TV actors we want to see in cinema|author=Shabbir|first=Buraq|work=The News International|accessdate=2018-07-23|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe onyonyo ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
! Aha
! Ọrụ
! Netwọk
|-
| 2014
| ''Subah Be Daagh Hai''
| Aịsha
| Hum TV
|-
| 2019
| ''Shaadi agaghị ekwe omume''
| Raina
| TV Otu
|-
| 2020
| ''Raja Ki Raji''
| Haya
| ARY Digital &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/510427-how-to-keep-yourself-entertained-this-eid|title=How to keep yourself entertained this Eid|date=8 March 2019|author=Shirazi|first=Maria|work=The News International|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

=== Ngosipụta ndị ọzọ ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
! Aha
! Ọrụ
! Ihe ndetu
|-
| 2014
| ''Shareek-e-Hayat''
| Na-emegharị ugboro ugboro
| Usoro ihunanya Anthology, ọdịdị Episodic
|-
| 2014
| ''Kitni Girhain Baaki Hain''
| Na-emegharị ugboro ugboro
| Usoro anthology
|-
| 2016
| ''Salam Zindagi''
| Onwe ya
| Ụtụtụ Talkshow nke Faysal Qureshi kwadoro ya
|-
| 2017
| ''Mehmaan Qadardan''
| Onwe ya
| Ọdịdị pụrụ iche 
|-
| 2017
| ''Jago Pakistan Jago''
| Onwe ya
| Ọbịa na ndị otu ''Dar Si Jaati Hai Sila'' maka nkwalite ọrụ a
|-
| 2017
| ''Mazaaq Raat''
| Onwe ya
| Ọbịa na Abdullah Ejaz
|}

== Ihe nrite na nhọpụta ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Award
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Category
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Work
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Result
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ref
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2014
| rowspan=&quot;8&quot; |Hum Awards
|Best Supporting Actress
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Ullu Baraye Farokht Nahi''
| {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=2nd Servis Hum Awards Held at Karachi|url=http://www.web.pk/2014/servis-2nd-hum-awards-2014-by-hum-network-karachi/|publisher=Web [[Pakistan]]|work=Umar Farooq|date=5 April 2014|accessdate=7 April 2014|archivedate=7 July 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170707185911/https://www.web.pk/2014/servis-2nd-hum-awards-2014-by-hum-network-karachi/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Actress
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Rishtay Kuch Adhooray Se''
| {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Winner List of 2nd Hum Awards|url=http://showbizspice.com/winner-list-of-2nd-hum-tv-awards-2014/|publisher=Showbiz Spice|date=30 March 2014|accessdate=6 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140403141351/http://showbizspice.com/winner-list-of-2nd-hum-tv-awards-2014/|archivedate=3 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Actress Popular
| {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Winners of Hum Awards 2014 and Pictures|url=http://www.hamaridunya.pk/28964-winner-list-of-2nd-hum-tv-awards-2014-exclusive-pictures.html|publisher=Humari Dunya|date=2 April 2014|accessdate=9 April 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407074155/http://www.hamaridunya.pk/28964-winner-list-of-2nd-hum-tv-awards-2014-exclusive-pictures.html|archivedate=7 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2015
|Best Actor in a Negative Role
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Mausam''
| {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1173462|title=HUM TV Awards 2015: the nominations are in|author=Desk|first=Entertainment|date=2015-04-02|work=DAWN.COM|accessdate=2018-07-29|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2016
|Best Actress
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Jugnoo''
| {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hum Awards 2016 Complete Nominations List|url=http://www.brandsynario.com/hum-awards-2016-complete-nominations-list/|work=Maheen Nusrat|publisher=Brandsynario|date=April 6, 2016|accessdate=April 6, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best Actress Popular
| {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hum Awards 2016 Complete Nominations List|url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/magazine/instep-today/112163-What-to-expect-at-the-Hum-Awards-2016|publisher=[[The News International]]|date=April 13, 2016|accessdate=April 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|Best On-screen couple with Ahmed Ali
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Yeh Raha Dil''
| {{Nom}}
|&lt;ref name=&quot;D.Pakistan&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://en.dailypakistan.com.pk/lifestyle/exciting-hum-awards-has-revealed-their-viewers-choice-nominations-list/|title=Exciting: Hum Awards has revealed their viewers choice nominations list|work=Daily Pakistan Global|accessdate=2018-07-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2018
|Best Actress
| scope=&quot;row&quot; |''Dar Si Jaati Hai Sila''
| {{Won}}
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://images.dawn.com/news/1183796|title=Here's everyone who won big at the 7th Hum Awards|work=Dawn Images|date=October 1, 2020|accessdate=April 18, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|2020
|19th Lux Style Awards
|Best Actress (Viewers' Choice)
|''Inkaar''
|{{Won}}
|
|- 
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2021
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |20th Lux Style Awards
|Best Actress Critics' Choice
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Pyar Ke Sadqay''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/amp/899266-geo-lsa-2021-yumna-zaidi-celebrates-the-year-with-2-best-actor-awards|title=GEO LSA 2021: Yumna Zaidi celebrates the year with two 'Best Actor' awards|work=Thenews|accessdate=10 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Best Actress Viewers' Choice
|{{Won}}
|-
|''Raaz-e-Ulfat''
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2022
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |21st Lux Style Awards
|Best Actress (Critics' Choice)
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Dil Na Umeed To Nahi''
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
|Best Actress (Viewers' Choice)
|{{Nom}}
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2023
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |22nd Lux Style Awards
|Best Actress - Critics' choice
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |''Bakhtawar''
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://thefridaytimes.com/07-Oct-2023/yumna-zaidi-wins-big-at-lsa-2023%3fversion=|title=Yumna Zaidi Wins Big At LSA 2023|date=7 October 2023|work=The Friday Times|accessdate=8 October 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Best TV Actress – Viewer's choice
|{{Won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |IPPA Awards
|Best TV Actor Female
|{{Nom}}
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.brauss.in/ippa-awards-2023-winners-list/|title=IPPA Awards 2023 Winners List, Best Actor, Best Film all details|work=Brauss.in|accessdate=23 October 2023|archivedate=24 October 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231024170037/https://www.brauss.in/ippa-awards-2023-winners-list/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2024
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Hum Awards
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Best Actress Popular
|{{Won}}
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.samaa.tv/2087321717-hum-awards-2024-yumna-zaidi-sehar-khan-among-top-winners|title=Hum Awards 2024: Yumna Zaidi, Sehar Khan among top winners|work=SamaaTV|accessdate=1 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bolnews.com/showbiz/2024/09/hum-awards-2024-which-celebrity-took-trophies-to-home/|title=Hum Awards 2024: Which celebrity took trophies to home?|work=BolNews|accessdate=29 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''Ishq-e-Laa''
|{{Nom}}
|-
|Best On-screen couple with Azaan Sami Khan
|{{Nom}}
|}

== Ntụaka ==
Nahi (2013), nke mechara nweta ya nhọpụta onye na-akwado ihe nkiri kacha mma na Hum Awards. Ọrụ nkwanye ùgwù ya nke{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Beatrice Heron-Maxwell</title>
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      <text bytes="3200" sha1="njah6qmae9gkwl86qlq94ghgli7hvuu" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Beatrice Heron-Maxwell (1859–1927).png|thumb|Beatrice Heron-Maxwell ]]
'''Beatrice Maude Emelia Huddart Heron-Maxwell''' (15 Julaị 1859 - 7 Maachị 1927) bụ onye odee Britain nwere oke. Ihe gbasara ọnwụ ya kwuru na ya edeela ihe karịrị akụkọ mkpirisi narị asaa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

A mụrụ ya '''Beatrice Maude Emelia Eastwick''' na 15 Julaị 1859 na London,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Clare|first=John|title=SFE: Heron-Maxwell, Beatrice|url=https://sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/heron-maxwell_beatrice|accessdate=2022-10-02|work=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction}}&lt;/ref&gt; nwa nwanyị nke Edward Eastwick, onye ọwụwa anyanwụ, onye nnọchi anya mba ọzọ, na Onye omeiwu, na Rosina Jane Hunter. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/burkespeeragebar0001unse|title=Burke's Peerage &amp; baronetage|date=1999|location=Crans, Switzerland|publisher=Burke's Peerage (Genealogical Books)|isbn=978-2-940085-02-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nwanne ya nwanyị bụ onye edemede [[Florence Eastwick]]. Ọ lụrụ F. Lane Huddart ma ha nwere ụmụ nwanyị abụọ. Ọ malitere ọrụ edemede ya mgbe ọnwụ Huddart gasịrị. N'afọ 1891, ọ lụrụ Spencer Horatio Walpole Heron-Maxwell, nwa Sir John Heron- Maxwell, Baronet nke isii nke Springkell.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kemp|first=Sandra|title=The Oxford companion to Edwardian fiction|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Charlotte Mitchell, David Trotter|isbn=978-0-19-172738-2|location=New York|oclc=171047293}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beatrice Heron-Maxwell bipụtara n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere The Bystander, The Harmsworth Monthly Pictorial Magazine, Pall Mall, The Strand, na Tit-Bits. [1] Ya The Adventures of a Lady Pearl Broker gosipụtara nwanyị nchọpụta, Mollie Delamere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Slung|first=Michele B.|url=http://archive.org/details/crimeonhermindfi00slun|title=Crime on her mind : fifteen stories of female sleuths from the Victorian era to the forties|date=1975|location=New York|publisher=Pantheon Books|isbn=978-0-394-49573-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kestner|first=Joseph A.|url=http://archive.org/details/sherlockssisters0000kest|title=Sherlock's sisters : the British female detective, 1864-1913|date=2003|location=Aldershot, Hants, England ; Burlington, VT|publisher=Ashgate|isbn=978-0-7546-0481-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ akụkọ ya bụ The Queen Regent bụ akwụkwọ Ịhụnanya nke Ruritanian banyere nwa agbọghọ di ya nwụrụ nke ghọrọ onye na-achị mba agwaetiti.''&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;''

Ụgbọ ala gbara Beatrice Heron-Maxwell na Westbourne Grove, London wee nwụọ n'ụlọọgwụ ụbọchị abụọ ka e mesịrị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=8 Mar 1927|title=Death of Beatrice Heron-Maxwell|pages=12|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/258881013/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ==

* Ihe omume nke nwanyị Pearl Broker. London: New Century Press, 1899.&amp;nbsp;
* A Woman's Soul (ya na Florence Eastwick) London: Horace Marshall and Son, 1900.
* Ihe nwere ike ime: Akụkọ sitere n'okike na Supernatural. London: Francis Griffiths, 1901.&amp;nbsp;
* ''Eze Nwanyị Regent,'' 1903.

== Ihe odide ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ana María Flores</title>
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'''Ana María Flores Sanzetenea''' (amụrụ 29 Julaị 1952) bụ onye injinia [[Bolivia]], nwanyị ọchụnta ego, onye bụbu onye omebe iwu na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. A makwaara ya maka ịzọ ọkwa onye isi ala Bolivia na ntuli aka izugbe nke 2009, bụ nke ọ gụchara n'ọkwa ise.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Ana María Flores na 29 July 1952 na obodo Sucre, Bolivia. Ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na nke sekọndrị mere n'obodo ya. Ọ gara n'ihu gụọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị, gaa United States ịga mụọ injinia obodo na kọleji Trinity. Ọ lụkwara nwa amaala Amerịka. Afọ ole na ole ka ha lụsịrị, Flores lụrụ ụmụ nwanyị abụọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;mirada&quot; /&gt;

N'oge ndụ ya na-arụ ọrụ, Flores tinyere onwe ya kpamkpam na azụmahịa nke ngwá ọrụ ndị na-egwupụta ihe na ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu ụlọ Whenhell, nke ọ bụ onye isi njikwa na onye nwe ya site na afọ 27, site na 1979 ruo 1984. &lt;ref name=&quot;mirada&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.eldia.com.bo/index.php?cat=150&amp;pla=3&amp;id_articulo=21228|title=Una mirada a la vida de los 8 presidenciables|work=[[El Día (Bolivia)|El Día]]|language=Spanish|date=6 December 2009|accessdate=6 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye nnọchi anya ụlọ ọrụ Renardet Ingenieurs sitere na 1984 ruo 1992, Santi Consulting site na 1990 ruo 1997, na Iberinsa site na 1992 ruo 1998. Flores bụkwa onye nwe otu itinye ego Cristal site na 1995 ruo na njedebe ya na 2002. &lt;ref name=&quot;NB&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.inesad.edu.bo/pdf/edicionimpresaNuevaBolivia.pdf|title=Ana María Flores|work=Nueva Bolivia|page=16|language=Spanish|accessdate=6 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
akwụkwọ sekọndrị, gaa United States ịga mụọ injinia obodo na kọleji Trinity. {{Reflist|30em}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Agnes Macphail</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder|children=1921}}

Agnes Campbell Macphail (March 24, 1890 - Febụwarị 13, 1954) [1] bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Canada na nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara na Houselọ Commons nke Canada. Ọ jere ozi dị ka onye otu nzuko omeiwu (MP) site na 1921 ruo 1940; site na 1943 ruo 1945 na ọzọ site na 1948 ruo 1951, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye otu ọgbakọ omebe iwu nke Ontario, na-anọchite anya ụgbọ mmiri Toronto nke York East. Na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'oge ndụ ya niile na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na-aga n'ihu, Macphail rụrụ ọrụ maka ọtụtụ nnọkọ, nke kachasị nke Progressive Party na Co-operative Commonwealth Federation. Ọ kwalitere echiche ya site na ide kọlụm, nhazi onye na-eme ihe, na iwu.

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
[[Usòrò:Macphail_sign.JPG|thumb|Ihe ịrịba ama &quot;Agnes Macphail Country&quot; n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ceylon, Ontario]]
Agnes Macphail mụrụ Dougald McPhail na Henrietta Campbell na Proton Township, Grey County, Ontario. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-asụpe aha nna ya &quot;McPhail&quot; mgbe a mụrụ ya, ọ chọpụtara na njem ya na Scotland na-esote na a na-ede aha nna nna ya dị ka &quot;Macphail&quot; ma gbanwee aha ya iji gosipụta nke a. A zụlitere ya na Ụka ​​Metọdist, mana ọ tụgharịrị gaa na chọọchị Reorganized Latter Day Saint mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na ụma. Nke a bụ chọọchị nwanne nna ya bụ́ onye ozi ala ọzọ.[1] N'afọ ndị sochirinụ, ọ sonyeere United Church of Canada, bụ́ nke mebiworo chọọchị Metọdist n'oge ntorobịa ya.

Macphail gara Owen Sound Collegiate na Vocational Institute maka otu afọ. N'agbanyeghị na ọ mere nke ọma, ọ gara Stratford Normal School ka o nwee ike ịgụcha akwụkwọ ya mgbe ya na onye ikwu ya na-abanye. Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1910 na asambodo onye nkuzi klas nke abụọ. O tinyere akwụkwọ maka ọkwa ise wee nabata ya na ise niile. O mechara kwuo na nke a abụghị n'ihi ikike ya kama ọ bụ n'ihi ụkọ ndị nkuzi n'oge ahụ.[1] Ọ kụziri n'ọtụtụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ime obodo Ontario n'obodo ndị dị ka Port Elgin, Honeywood, na Newmarket &quot;Mkpọrọgwụ na alaka nke Saugeen&quot;, akwụkwọ akụkọ ihe mere eme obodo, na-ekwu na Agnes MacPhail bụ onye nkuzi na ụlọ akwụkwọ Gowanlock, na &quot;ga-ebuli onwe ya elu ruo n'ókè. counter top&quot; na Burgoyne Store na-arụrịta ụka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na &quot;ụmụ nwoke&quot; ruo ọtụtụ awa

Mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na Sharon, Macphail ghọrọ onye na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, sonye na United Farmers of Ontario (UFO) na nzukọ ụmụ nwanyị ya, United Farm Women of Ontario. Ọ ghọkwara onye na-ede akwụkwọ maka Farmer's Sun n'oge a.

Dị ka ọtụtụ ndị ama ama n'oge ahụ, Macphail bụ onye na-akwado eugenics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Macphail|first=Agnes|title=Agnes' Politics|url=https://vitacollections.ca/multiculturalontario/472/exhibit/12|work=Women's History In Ontario|accessdate=15 March 2022|archivedate=8 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308115102/https://vitacollections.ca/multiculturalontario/472/exhibit/12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị gọọmentị etiti ==
Mgbe gọọmentị etiti Conservative mezigharịrị Iwu Nhọrọ na 1919, a họpụtara Macphail ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Progressive Party nke Canada maka Mpaghara ntuli aka nke Grey Southeast na ntuli aka gọọmentị nke 1921. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye omeiwu n'akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Canada. A họpụtara ya ọzọ na ntuli aka gọọmentị etiti nke 1925, 1926, na 1930.

Macphail jụrụ Royal Military College of Canada na 1924 n'ihi na ọ na-akụzi mpako ma na-enye ụmụ ndị ọgaranya agụmakwụkwọ dị ọnụ ala; na 1931 ọ jụrụ nkwado gọọmentị maka kọleji ahụ ka ọ na-emegide ya n'ihi ihe ndị na-eme udo.&lt;ref&gt;R. Preston 'Canada's RMC: A History of the Royal Military College' (Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1969)&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka onye otu Progressive Party, Macphail sonyeere Ginger Group, otu akụkụ nke Progressive party nke mechara guzobe Co-operative Commonwealth Federation (CCF). Ọ ghọrọ onye isi oche mbụ nke Ontario CCF na 1932. &lt;ref name=&quot;Stewart&amp;Shackeltonp171&quot;&gt;Stewart &amp; Shackelton (1959), pp. 171–172&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ọ hapụrụ CCF na 1934 mgbe United Farmers of Ontario wepụrụ egwu nke mmetụta Kọmunist na Ontario CCF.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stewart&amp;Shackeltonp178&quot;&gt;Stewart &amp; Shackelton (1959), p. 178&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na Macphail abụghịzi onye otu CCF, ọ nọgidere na-anọ nso na ndị CCF MP ma na-esokarị nzukọ caucus. CCF emeghị ndị na-azọ ọkwa megide Macphail na mkpọsa gọọmentị etiti atọ sochirinụ.

Na ntuli aka gọọmentị etiti nke afọ 1935, a họpụtara Macphail ọzọ, n'oge a dị ka onye United Farmers of Ontario-Labour MP maka Grey - Bruce riding e guzobere ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Candidates|work=History of Federal Elections since 1867|publisher=[[Elections Canada]]|url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&amp;Search=Cres&amp;canName=&amp;canParty=101&amp;ridProvince=0&amp;ridName=&amp;submit1=Search|accessdate=2007-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609211221/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E|archivedate=2009-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; A hapụrụ ya iji aha pati ahụ mee ihe, ọbụlagodi mgbe ọ kwụsịrị ịbụ nzukọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1934. Ọ bụ olu siri ike maka nsogbu ime obodo mgbe niile. Macphail bụkwa onye nkwado siri ike maka mgbanwe ntaramahụhụ na mgbalị ya nyere aka ịmalite nyocha nke Archambault Commission na 1936. Akụkọ ikpeazụ ahụ ghọrọ ihe ndabere maka mgbanwe n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ndị Canada mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị.{{Cite news|title=First Woman MP, Miss Macphail Dies|work=Kitchener-Waterloo Record|date=February 15, 1954|page=5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nchegbu Macphail nwere maka ụmụ nwanyị nọ na usoro ikpe mpụ mere ka ọ, na 1939, guzobe Elizabeth Fry Society of Canada, nke akpọrọ aha onye Britain na-eme mgbanwe Elizabeth Fry.

Ihe kpatara ya gụnyere ụgwọ ezumike nká maka ndị agadi na ikike ndị ọrụ. Macphail bụkwa nwanyị Canada mbụ nọ na Njikọ Mba na [[Switzerland]]&quot; id=&quot;mwVQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Geneva, Switzerland&quot;&gt;Geneva, Switzerland, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Kọmitii Nkwụsị Agha Ụwa. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ onye na-eme udo, ọ họọrọ Canada ịbanye n'[[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]].

Na ntuli aka nke afọ 1940, e meriri ya. Site na ọnwụ nke United Reform MP maka Saskatoon City, Walter George Brown, ụbọchị ole na ole mgbe ntuli aka ahụ gasịrị, United Reform Movement kpọrọ Macphail ka ọ gbaa ọsọ na ntuli aka iji mejupụta oche ahụ. N'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ, onye na-azọ ọkwa onye Progressive Conservative bụ Alfred Henry Bence meriri ya. O nwetara vootu 4,798, ebe Macphail nọ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ na vootu 4,057.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=By-Elections: SASKATOON CITY (1940/08/19)|work=History of Federal Elections since 1867|publisher=[[Elections Canada]]|url=http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E&amp;Search=Bres&amp;ridProvince=0&amp;genElection=0&amp;byElection=1940%2F08%2F19&amp;submit1=Search|accessdate=2007-05-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609211221/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/HFER/hfer.asp?Language=E|archivedate=2009-06-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ mkpọsa gọọmentị etiti ikpeazụ ya dị ka onye na-azọ ọkwa.

== Onye nta akụkọ ==
Macphail bụ onye na-enye onyinye ugboro ugboro na akwụkwọ akụkọ na Grey County dị ka Flesherton Advance na ''Markdale Standard'', na-arụkarị ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya ma ọ bụ onye nnọchianya na mba ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://images.ourontario.ca/ghpl/117676/page/5?n=|title=Flesherton Advance, 22 Jul 1931, p. 4|work=images.ourontario.ca|accessdate=2018-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; O dere ozi sitere na Nzukọ Ndị Omeiwu banyere akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke na-amasị ndị obodo ime obodo n'ụlọ, ma nye aka na kọlụm mgbe ọ na-eme njem ma na-agwa ụmụ amaala nọ na mpaghara ndị ọzọ okwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://images.ourontario.ca/ghpl/117697/page/9?n=|title=Flesherton Advance, 23 Dec 1931, p. 8|work=images.ourontario.ca|accessdate=2018-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; O dekwara ọtụtụ ihe maka The Farmer's Sun, akwụkwọ Ontario na-aga n'ihu kwa izu, gụnyere ọtụtụ ihe ncheta banyere akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ime obodo Ontario.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://images.ourontario.ca/Macphail/details.asp?ID=24161&amp;number=2|title=Women Pioneers of Proton Part 1|work=images.ourontario.ca|accessdate=2018-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'èzí ọfịs, o dere kọlụm ọrụ ugbo maka akwụkwọ akụkọ The Globe and Mail na Toronto ma nye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na Newmarket Era.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.ourontario.ca/newmarket/115165/page/9|title=Newmarket Era (Newmarket, ON1861 ), 29 May 1931, p. 8|work=news.ourontario.ca|accessdate=2018-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọdachi ezinụlọ mere n'obodo ya gasịrị, Macphail kwagara n'ógbè Toronto nke East York, Ontario wee laghachi na Ontario CCF na 1942 wee bụrụ onye nhazi ugbo ya.

== ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mpaghara ==
Na ntuli aka mpaghara 1943, a họpụtara Macphail ka ọ bụrụ ọgbakọ omebe iwu nke Ontario dị ka onye otu Ontario CCF na-anọchite anya ịnya ụgbọ ala Toronto nke York East.[1] Ya na Rae Luckock bụ ụmụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara na ndị omebe iwu Ontario. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ e ṅụrụ iyi dị ka onye otu nzuko omeiwu Provincial Ontario (MPP). Ọ bụ ezie na e meriri ya na ntuli aka mpaghara 1945, a họpụtara ya ọzọ na ntuli aka 1948. Macphail bụ onye na-ahụ maka iwu ịkwụ ụgwọ nha nhata mbụ nke Ontario, gafere na 1951, mana enweghị ike ịga n'ihu na mbọ ya mgbe e meriri ya na ntuli aka mechara n'afọ ahụ. N'oge ahụ, Macphail enweghị ike ịkwado onwe ya site na nta akụkọ, ikwu okwu ọha na nhazi maka Ontario CCF.

Macphail chọsiri ike ịhụ ụmụ nwanyị ndị ọzọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ kọwara, sị: &quot;Ihe ka ọtụtụ n'ime ụmụ nwanyị na-eche na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị abụghị nwanyị. Ọ bụghị m nwanyị. Abụ m mmadụ&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;KWRObit&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=First Woman MP, Miss Macphail Dies|work=Kitchener-Waterloo Record|date=February 15, 1954|page=5}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&quot;First Woman MP, Miss Macphail Dies&quot;. ''Kitchener-Waterloo Record'' (Microfilm). Canadian Press. February 15, 1954. p.&amp;nbsp;5.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Macphail alụghị di. Ọ nwụrụ na February 13, 1954, mgbe ọ dị afọ 63, na Toronto, obere oge tupu e nye ya oge ịhọpụta na Senate nke Canada.[1] E liri ya na Priceville, Ontario, ya na nne na nna ya na Gertha Macphail, otu n'ime ụmụnne ya nwanyị abụọ.

== Ihe ndekọ ntuli aka ==
{{Canadian election result/top|ON|1943|percent=yes|change=yes}}
{{CANelec|ON|CCF|Agnes Macphail|12,016|46.4|}}
{{CANelec|ON|PC|John A. Leslie|10,440|40.3|}}
{{CANelec|ON|Liberal|H.J. McConnell|3,459|13.3|}}
{{Canadian election result/total|Total valid votes|25,915|100.0||}}
{{Canadian election result/source|Montreal Gazette (Google News)&lt;ref name=&quot;1943 Election Results&quot;/&gt;}}
{{end}}

=== Federal: Saskatoon CityObodo Saskatoon ===
{{1940 Canadian federal by-elections/Saskatoon City}}

== Ihe Nketa ==
[[Usòrò:Macphail_Memorial_Elementary_School_Flesherton_Ontario.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|200x200px|A gụrụ Macphail Memorial Elementary School na Flesherton, Ontario aha Agnes Macphail]]
[[Usòrò:Agnes_Macphail_plaque.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ihe ncheta akụkọ ihe mere eme na-asọpụrụ Macphail n'èzí Owen Sound Collegiate &amp; Vocational Institute (OSCVI) ]]

* N'afọ 1968, mgbe Ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Grey Highlands nọchiri Flesherton High School, a gbanwere ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọrịtandrị ochie ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ elementrị ma kpọọ ya Macphail Memorial Elementary School. E ji ụlọ akwụkwọ ọhụrụ nke otu aha dochie ụlọ a n'afọ 2006.
* N'afọ 1981, a gụrụ ụlọ akwụkwọ ọha na eze dị na Scarborough, Ontario aha ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Agnes Macphail PS|work=Schools|publisher=[[Toronto District School Board]]|year=2007|url=http://www.tdsb.on.ca/scripts/schoolasp.asp?schno=4669|accessdate=2007-09-20|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012054148/http://www.tdsb.on.ca/scripts/schoolasp.asp?schno=4669|archivedate=12 October 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 1993, n'ịsọpụrụ ncheta afọ iri ise nke nhọpụta Macphail na ndị omeiwu Ontario, Michael Prue, onye isi obodo East York, kwupụtara na a ga-akpọ March 24 kwa afọ dị ka Agnes Macphail Day.
* N'afọ 1994, kansụl East York guzobere ''Onyinye Agnes Macphail''. A na-enye onyinye ahụ kwa afọ nye &quot;onye bi n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ York nke nyere onyinye dị ịrịba ama n'ógbè nke ikike ịha nhata na ikpe ziri ezi nke ọha na eze na onye gosipụtara ma gaa n'ihu na omenala Macphail nke idu ndú&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.toronto.ca/city-government/awards-tributes/awards/agnes-macphail-award/|title=Agnes Macphail Award|date=Aug 15, 2017|accessdate=May 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 1997, East York meghere asọmpi Agnes Macphail kwa afọ maka ụmụ akwụkwọ. Na mgbakwunye, enwere ọtụtụ saịtị na mgbalị aha ya na East York, gụnyere Agnes Macphail Parkette, nke dị na nkuku Mortimer Street na Pape Avenue; Agnes Macphaal Playground, Agnes MacPhail Youth Resource Centre na Agnes MacPhai Food Bank (nke niile dị na 444 Lumsden Avenue).
* N'afọ 1999, Brownstone Homes wuru ụlọ ọhụrụ ma gụọ okporo ámá aha ya, Macphail Ave, kwa na Pape &amp; Mortimer.&lt;ref&gt;EastYorkRealtor.com&lt;/ref&gt;
* N'afọ 2005, na asọmpi nke onye bụbu Ontario MPP Marilyn Churley, a họpụtara Agnes Macphail dị ka nwanyị kachasị ukwuu n'Ontario.
* Na June 24, 2006, a kpughere ihe ncheta na ọla nchara na-echeta ndụ Agnes Macphail na Hopeville, Ontario. N'otu afọ ahụ, e debere akara okporo ụzọ awara awara nke a na-akpọ &quot;Ị na-abanye ugbu a na Agnes Macphail Country&quot; n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke obodo nta Ceylon, na nkwonkwo nke Grey Roads 4 na 14 (nke a maara n'ógbè ahụ dị ka &quot;Six Corners&quot;), na Grey Road 9, n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke Hopeville. A kpọrọ Grey County Road 9 n'etiti Highway 6 na Highway 10 Agnes MacPhail Road . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Agnes Macphail Digital Collection: Agnes Macphail Country Sign|publisher=[[Grey Highlands Public Library]]|year=2007|url=http://images.ourontario.ca/Macphail/details.asp?ID=24423|accessdate=2010-02-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A na-akpọ ụlọ obibi dị na 860 Mercer Street na Windsor, Ontario &quot;Agnes Macphail Manor&quot;.
* Ihe omume 2015 nke Murdoch Mysteries (oge 8, ihe omume 17, &quot;Election Day&quot;) na-ahụ nwa agbọghọ Agnes Macphail (nke Zoe Fraser gosipụtara) na-egosi mmasị na mmegharị suffragette.
* Ọ pụtara na mbipụta 2017 &quot;Canada 150&quot; nke akwụkwọ ego dollar iri nke Canada n'akụkụ John A. Macdonald, George-Étienne Cartier na James Gladstone ma bụrụkwa nwanyị mbụ na-abụghị eze nwere ebe na-adịgide adịgide na ego Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bankofcanada.ca/banknotes/bank-note-series/commemorative-notes/banknote150/|title=Explore the New $10 Note|work=www.bankofcanada.ca|accessdate=May 3, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebe ndebe ihe ochie ==
E nwere ego Agnes Macphail na Library and Archives Canada.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Finding aid to Agnes Macphail fonds, Library and Archives Canada|url=http://data2.archives.ca/pdf/pdf001/p000001331.pdf|accessdate=June 2, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nọmba ncheta bụ R4413.

== Ihe odide na ihe odide ==

=== Ihe edeturu ===
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Hortensia Herrero</title>
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      <text bytes="3600" sha1="tuirjv0b6cn0gxmdv9irp66q5sd4rqx" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Hortensia Herrero.jpg|thumb|Hortensia Herrero]]
'''Hortensia Herrero Chacón''' (amụrụ 20 Mee 1950) bụ nwanyị ọchụnta ego ijeri Spain, na onye nwe 28% nke Mercadona, yinye nnukwu ụlọ ahịa Spanish. Dị ka nke February 2021, ''Forbes'' na-eme atụmatụ na ọnụ ahịa ya ruru ijeri US $ 2.6. &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Forbes profile: Hortensia Herrero|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/hortensia-herrero/|work=Forbes|accessdate=25 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ ya na Valencia na 20 May 1950,  ma nwee akara mmụta na Economics na Mahadum Valencia .&lt;ref name=&quot;fundacionhortensiaherrero1&quot;&gt;https://www.fundacionhortensiaherrero.org/wp-content/uploads/CV_Hortensia_Herrero_CAST.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Ọrụ ==
Ebe ọ bụ na 1990 Herrero nwere, tinyere di ya, 80% nke mbak nke Mercadona, na a osote onye isi oche nke ụlọ ọrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.eleconomista.es/empresas-finanzas/noticias/4823825/05/13/El-perfil-Asi-es-Hortensia-Herrero-vicepresidenta-de-Mercadona-y-mujer-de-Juan-Roig.html|title=Así es Hortensia Herrero, vicepresidenta de Mercadona y mujer de Juan Roig|author=El Economista.es|date=15 April 2013|accessdate=7 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ebere ==
Herrero malitere ọrụ enyemaka ya na nkwado ya site na ịmepụta Hortensia Herrero Foundation nke dabeere na Valencia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fundacionhortensiaherrero.org/patronato/|title=Patronato|work=Fundación Hortensia Herrero|accessdate=7 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126001300/http://www.fundacionhortensiaherrero.org/patronato/|archivedate=26 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntọala ahụ na-achọ ịweghachi, zụlite ma kesaa nghọta akụkọ ihe mere eme na omenala nke Comunitat Valenciana. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fundacionhortensiaherrero.org/mision/|title=Misión|work=Fundación Hortensia Herrero|accessdate=7 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161126001304/http://www.fundacionhortensiaherrero.org/mision/|archivedate=26 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isi ọrụ ya metụtara mgbake nke ihe nketa nka na, na mgbakwunye, ọ malitela ọrụ metụtara ụwa ịgba egwu, ballet, egwu na nka. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.abc.es/estilo/gente/20150306/abci-hortensia-herrero-mujer-roig-201503052105.html|title=Hortensia Herrero, mucho más que la mujer de Juan Roig|author=ABC|date=9 March 2016|accessdate=7 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwenye ==
Na 2014, a họpụtara Herrero &quot;nwa nwanyị kachasị amasị&quot; site na obodo Valencia. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.europapress.es/comunitat-valenciana/noticia-juan-roig-hortensia-herrero-paco-roca-reciben-titulo-hijos-predilectos-aportacion-ciudad-20141003154223.html|title=Juan Roig, Hortensia Herrero y Paco Roca ya son Hijos Predilectos de Valencia por su aportación a la ciudad|author=Europa Press|date=10 October 2014|accessdate=7 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2022, Herrero gụnyere na &quot;50 Over 50: EMEA 2022&quot; nke ''Forbes'' nke ụmụ nwanyị 50 gbara afọ 50 na Europe, Middle East na Africa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=McGrath|first=Maggie|title=50 Over 50: EMEA 2022|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/maggiemcgrath/2022/01/18/50-over-50-emea-2022/|accessdate=2022-08-30|work=Forbes|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ọ lụrụ Juan Roig, bụ onye ọ zutere mgbe ha abụọ na-amụ akụnụba na Mahadum Valencia . &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot; /&gt; Ha nwere ụmụ anọ ma biri na Valencia, Spain. &lt;ref name=&quot;Forbes&quot; /&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>tuirjv0b6cn0gxmdv9irp66q5sd4rqx</sha1>
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    <title>Anastasia Muliana</title>
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{{Databox}} 
'''Anastasia Hanifah Muliana''' .bụ onye Indonesian[1] na onye injinia America nke nyocha ya gbasara sistemu siri ike na viscoelasticity nke asphalt, laminates, smart material, na ihe ndị ọzọ mejupụtara.  Ọ bụ prọfesọ nke injinịa injinia na Mahadum Texas A&amp;M, ebe ọ bụkwa Linda &amp; Ralph Schmidt '68 Prọfesọ, onye isi oche maka nkuzi ngalaba na ịga nke ọma na injinị injinia, yana onye nnọchi anya ngalaba maka kọleji injinia.{{R|tamu}}

== Agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ==
Muliana majored in civil engineering at the Bandung Institute of Technology, graduating in 1997. She went to Georgia Tech for graduate study in engineering, and earned a master's degree in civil engineering there in 1999, but switched to structural engineering and mechanics for her 2004 Ph.D.{{R|tamu}}

Ọ sonyeere Texas A&amp;M dị ka osote prọfesọ injinịa injinia na 2004, wee were ya dị ka prọfesọ osote na 2010. {{R|ptc}} Akpọrọ ya aha ya site na kọleji injinịa nke mahadum dị ka TEES Faculty Fellow na Cain Faculty Fellow na 2016,   wee họpụta ya dị ka G. Paul Pepper '54 Prọfesọ na 2017. {{R|pepper}}

== Nkwenye ==
Muliana bụ onye mmeri 2006 nke National Science Foundation CAREER Award, {{R|career}} na onye mmeri 2008 nke Onye isi ala Early Career Award maka ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị injinia . {{R|pecase}} Akpọrọ ya aha onye otu ASME na 2016. {{R|asme }}

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=asme&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.asme.org/getmedia/356e1810-c2f4-41d8-80c2-f5de20f64442/fellows-all-updated-2022.pdf|title=Fellows|publisher=America Society of Mechanical Engineers|access-date=2022-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=cain&gt;{{citation|url=https://engineering.tamu.edu/news/2016/03/muliana-appointed-cain-faculty-fellow-i.html|title=Muliana appointed Cain Faculty Fellow I|date= March 28, 2016|first=Timothy|last=Schnettler|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University College of Engineering|access-date=2022-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=career&gt;{{citation|url=https://tees.tamu.edu/news/2006/01/muliana-wins-prestigious-nsf-career-award-for-composite-research.html|title=Muliana wins prestigious NSF CAREER Award for composite research|date=February 16, 2015|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University College of Engineering|access-date=2022-09-28|archive-date=2022-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221002041747/https://tees.tamu.edu/news/2006/01/muliana-wins-prestigious-nsf-career-award-for-composite-research.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=indonesian&gt;{{citation|url=http://education.embassyofindonesia.org/indonesia-faculties-in-us/|title=Diaspora Akademisi|publisher=Embassy of Indonesia|access-date=2022-09-28|archive-date=2022-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928205907/http://education.embassyofindonesia.org/indonesia-faculties-in-us/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=pepper&gt;{{citation|url=https://engineering.tamu.edu/news/2017/09/mechanical-engineering-faculty-appointed-new-endowed-positions.html|title= Mechanical engineering faculty appointed new endowed positions|date=September 18, 2017|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University College of Engineering|access-date=2022-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=pecase&gt;{{citation|url=https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=115171|title=President Honors Outstanding Early-Career Scientists|date=July 13, 2009|publisher=National Science Foundation|access-date=2022-09-28|archive-date=2022-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928205900/https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=115171|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=ptc&gt;{{citation|url=https://ptc.tamu.edu/profile-anastasia-muliana/|title=Anastasia Muliana|work=Polymer Technology Consortia|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University|access-date=2022-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=tamu&gt;{{citation|url=https://engineering.tamu.edu/mechanical/profiles/muliana-anastasia.html|title=Anastasia Muliana|work=Profiles|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University College of Engineering|access-date=2022-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=tees&gt;{{citation|url=https://tees.tamu.edu/news/2016/03/three-professors-selected-as-texas-am-engineering-experiment-station-faculty-fellows.html|title=Three professors selected as Texas A&amp;M Engineering Experiment Station faculty fellows|date=March 8, 2016|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University College of Engineering|access-date=2022-09-28|archive-date=2023-03-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230307174539/https://tees.tamu.edu/news/2016/03/three-professors-selected-as-texas-am-engineering-experiment-station-faculty-fellows.html|url-status=dead}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amina Ben Doua</title>
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      <text bytes="1382" sha1="bvgddluk94fnqsx97utm8zeqrj8j3h8" xml:space="preserve">[[Usòrò:Amina_Ben_Doua_2010.jpg|thumb|Foto nke Amina Ben Doua e sere na 2010.]]
Amina Ben Doua bụ onye na-egosi TV na onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-eme redio na onye mgbasa ozi redio ama ama. Ọ gosipụtara na Hannibal TV na Attessia TV. Ọ sonyeere Mosaique FM na 2003. Kemgbe 2008 ọ na-akwado ihe ngosi kwa ụbọchị &quot;Forum Mosaique&quot;.[1] Ọ lụrụ na 15 June 2019. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.arabesque.tn/ar/article/53663/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%81%D8%B5-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1|title=الاعلامية أمينة بن دوة تدخل القفص الذهبي (صور)|accessdate=2024-10-25|archivedate=2025-02-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250224075943/https://www.arabesque.tn/ar/article/53663/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%81%D8%B5-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A-%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Redio ===
2003-2008: Ahla Sbah (Mosaic FM) 2008: Forum (Mosaik FM) 

=== Telivishọn ===
2015: Het Nahkiw (Hannibal TV) 2016: Houna Al An ([[Attessia TV|Atessia TV]]) 

== Ihe odide ==

[[Òtù:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Andrea Andreen</title>
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[[Usòrò:Andrea_Andreen.jpg|thumb|Andrea Andreen]]
Ellenor Andrea Andreen (1888-1972) bu dibia bekee, onye udo na nwanyi. Dị ka dibịa, ọ bụ ọkachamara na ọgwụgwọ ọrịa shuga, na-ejikọta mgbochi nri na insulin. Onye a ma ama na òtù ụmụ nwanyị Sweden, ọ ghọrọ onye kansụl nke Women's International Democratic Federation na 1945, mechaa ghọọ osote onye isi oche. Ọ bụ onye isi oche Svenska Kvinnors Vänsterförbund (Swedish Women's Left-wing Association) site na 1946 ruo 1964. Onye siri ike na-akwado mwepu ngwa agha nuklia, na 1953 e nyere ya Stalin Peace Prize.. &lt;ref name=&quot;ub&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/fred/biografier/andreen.xml|title=Andrea Andreen|publisher=Göteborgs Universitet|accessdate=20 October 2017|language=Swedish|archivedate=20 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171020191337/http://www.ub.gu.se/kvinn/portaler/fred/biografier/andreen.xml}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://unhistoryproject.org/research/research_experiences-haan.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20160107021704/http://unhistoryproject.org/research/research_experiences-haan.html|archivedate=2016-01-07|title=Research Experiences: Francisca de Haan|publisher=United Nations History Project|date=December 2011|accessdate=20 October 2017|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ, ezinụlọ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Amụrụ na 11 Julaị 1888 na Örby, Västra Götaland County, Andrea Andreen bụ ada nke onye isi ụlọ ọrụ akwa akwa Johan Walfrid Andreen na Eleonore Andreen. Ọ bụ ezie na nne na nna ya bụ ndị na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na ndị Chartauanist, ha kwenyere na ụmụ ha nwanyị kwesịrị inwe ohere agụmakwụkwọ dị ka ụmụ ha nwoke. Ya mere, Andrea Andreen gara ụlọ akwụkwọ nkeonwe na Fritsla, ma bụrụzie onye ọchịchị kụziri ya n'ụlọ.[1] Ọ gara Göteborg's Girls gymnasium, matriculating si Hvitfeldtska gymnasiet na 1905. Na 1909, ọ lụrụ kemist na Nobel Laureate Svedberg onye ya na ụmụ abụọ, n'ime ha Hillevi Svedberg, tupu di na nwunye a gbara alụkwaghịm na 1914. Site na 19437 ọ bụ 19427 ka 19427. lụrụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Nils Wohlin. &lt;ref name=&quot;Nilsson2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Nilsson|first=Ulrika|title=Det heta könet: Gynekologin i Sverige kring förra sekelskiftet|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8i9zBQAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT257|year=2014|publisher=Wahlström &amp; Widstrand|isbn=978-91-46-22678-9|pages=257–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ahụike ==
Ọ malitere ọmụmụ ọgwụ na Mahadum Uppsala na 1909 mana ọ kwụsịrị ọmụmụ ya ruo 1917, na-agụsị akwụkwọ na nkà mmụta ọgwụ na Karolinska Institute na [[Stockholm]] na 1919. N'ime afọ agụmakwụkwọ 1908-1909, ọ na-arụkwa ọrụ na bọọdụ nke Uppsala Christian Student Association. Andreen na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'òtù ụmụ akwụkwọ Uppsala ma n'oge afọ agụmakwụkwọ 1913-1914, ọ nọ n'ọkwa osote onye isi oche nke otu ahụ. Ọ bụkwa onye nduzi nke Office for Information and Career Counseling nke Uppsala Student Associations &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=skbl.se - Ellenor Andrea Andreen|url=http://skbl.se/en/article/AndreaAndreen|accessdate=2024-04-14|work=skbl.se|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ natara nzere doctorate ya n'afọ 1933. Mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ dị ka dọkịta ụlọ ọgwụ, o guzobere ụlọ nyocha maka nyocha ọrịa shuga ma nyochaa na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Sankt Göran na 1923. E wegara ụlọ nyocha ahụ na Stockholm City Health Authority afọ ole na ole ka e mesịrị ma gbanwee ya ka ọ bụrụ ụlọ ọgwụ n'ozuzu, na Andre Andreen dị ka onye nduzi. N'afọ 1945, a gbanwere aha ụlọ nyocha ahụ ka ọ bụrụ Stockholms sjukhusdirektions kliniska centrallaboratorium (ụlọ ọgwụ na-achịkwa ụlọ ọgwụ Stockholm). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

O nwekwara ọrụ onwe ya, na-emeso ndị ọrịa shuga.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nilsson2014&quot;/&gt;

Mgbe ewepụtara insulin na 1921, Andreen nọrọ afọ isii na Harvard Medical School na Boston ebe ya na Otto Folin rụkọrọ ọrụ na ụlọ nyocha ya. Ya na Elliott P. Joslin mụtara otu esi ejikọta ọgwụgwọ insulin na nri dị mma. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sweden, ọ na-eme usoro a na ndị ọrịa shuga ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nilsson2014&quot;/&gt;

== Udo na ikike ụmụ nwanyị ==
Na mgbakwunye na ọmụmụ ihe na ọrụ ya, Andrea Andreen na-arụsi ọrụ ike na ọha mmadụ. Ọnụ na Ada Nilsson, Alma Sundquist na Gerda Kjellberg na ndị ọzọ nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ Karolina Widerström na mmekọahụ mmụta na ịdị ọcha. Andreen kụziri physiology na Högre lärarinneseminariet dị na Stockholm site na 1921 ruo 1941, agụmakwụkwọ ahụike na ụlọ akwụkwọ Brummer na Statens normalskola för flickor site na 1922 ruo 1929; na mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa na ịdị ọcha mmekọahụ na Institute for Social Political and Communal Education and Research. Site na 1938 ruo 1941, ọ jere ozi dị ka onye isi oche nke Stockholm City Authority for Assistance of Maternity. Na 1935, ya na Ada Nilsson, o bipụtara Undervisning isexualhygien. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

A họpụtara Andreen ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ụmụ nwanyị Nya Idun na 1919 ma mesịa bụrụ osote onye isi oche na onye isi oche ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-06-03|title=Andrea Andreen-Svedberg|url=http://nyaidun.se/andrea-andreen-svedberg/|accessdate=2022-04-17|work=nyaidun.se|language=sv-SE}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ ndị 1930, Andreen bụ onye otu ''Frisinnade Kvinnor'' (Liberated Women) ebe o nyere aka na magazin ''Tidevarvet''  ma kwalite ịdị ọcha mmekọahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Helena Tolvhed|title=A Sound Citizen in a Sound Body: Sport and the Issue of Women's Emancipation in 1920s Sweden|journal=Journal of Women's History|date=Summer 2015|volume=27|issue=2|doi=10.1353/jowh.2015.0014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nzukọ ahụ mechara bụrụ nke a maara dị ka ''Svenska Kvinnors Vänsterförbund'' (Swedish Women's Left-wing Association). Ọ lụrụ ọgụ maka nnọchite anya nhata nke ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke na ntuli aka ime obodo na nke mba. Andreen bụ onye isi oche nke nzukọ ahụ site na 1946 ruo 1964. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọsụ ụzọ Sweden bụ ndị kwalitere iwebata egwuregwu maka ụmụ nwanyị, na-egosi na mmega ahụ adịghị emerụ ụmụ nwanyị ahụ karịa ụmụ nwoke.&lt;ref name=&quot;ub&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 1945, ọ ghọrọ onye otu kansụl nke Women's International Democratic Federation mgbe e guzobere ya na Paris. Ọ bụ onye na-eme udo, na-emegide ngwá agha nuklia maka Sweden. N'afọ ndị 1950, ọ sonyere na kọmitii mba ụwa na-enyocha ojiji America na-eji agha nje eme ihe na China na Korea.&lt;ref name=&quot;ub&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 1953, e nyere ya Lenin Peace Prize . &lt;ref name=&quot;Nilsson2014&quot;/&gt;

Site na 1967 ruo 1971, ọ dezigharịrị magazin ''Vi Kvinnor'' (We Women). Onye otu na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke Swedish-Korean Association, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi oche nsọpụrụ na 1970. &lt;ref name=&quot;vf&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vf.se/uncategorized/andrea-andreen-pionjaren-som-glomts-bort/|title=Andrea Andreen – pionjären som glömts bort|publisher=VF|date=6 November 2015|author=Hansen, Maria|accessdate=21 October 2017|language=Swedish|archivedate=21 October 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021220206/https://www.vf.se/uncategorized/andrea-andreen-pionjaren-som-glomts-bort/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFHansen,_Maria2015&quot;&gt;Hansen, Maria (6 November 2015).  (in Swedish). VF. Archived from  on 21 October 2017&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 October&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv)]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Andrea Andreen nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa na 20 Eprel 1972.&lt;ref name=&quot;vf&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gw.geneanet.org/karosenius?lang=sv&amp;n=andreen&amp;nz=arosenius+f+rank+av+westren&amp;ocz=0&amp;p=ellnor+andrea&amp;pz=petrus|title=Ellnor Andrea Andreén|publisher=Geneanet|accessdate=21 October 2017|language=Swedish|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171021164411/https://gw.geneanet.org/karosenius?lang=sv&amp;n=andreen&amp;nz=arosenius+f+rank+av+westren&amp;ocz=0&amp;p=ellnor+andrea&amp;pz=petrus|archivedate=21 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ==

* N'okpuru nkatọ na mmekọahụ, mit Ada Nilsson, Stockholm, 1935
* Bakteriekrig na Korea och Kina: akụkọ från den pagua ventenskapliga__ssw____ssw____sw____ssw____sswa____swa____sw__
* ''Svenska kvinnors vänsterförbund: na femtioårsberättelse.'', Stockholm, 1954
* ''N'ozuzu ya, n'elu'', n'ebe a na-akpọ Atomåldern, Stockholm, 1960

== Hụkwa ==

== Ihe odide ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Andréa de Balmann</title>
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      <text bytes="2350" sha1="8uemxyxb101cvuhlcg05ii2194yjhwe" xml:space="preserve">Andréa de Balmann (24 Eprel 1913 – 2007) [1] bụ nwanyị French Polynesia mbụ ruru eru dị ka dọkịta. Ọ bụ nne dọkịta Mareva Tourneux &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tahiti-infos.com/Legion-d-honneur-Mareva-Tourneux-nommee-chevalier_a173415.html|title=Légion d'honneur : Mareva Tourneux nommée chevalier|publisher=Tahiti Infos|language=fr|date=16 July 2018|accessdate=9 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A mụrụ De Balmann na Makatea na Tuamotus.[1] Nna ya bụ onye isi ụlọ ọrụ French Phosphate n'ebe ahụ.[2] Nne ya nwụrụ na ọrịa influenza nke 1918 mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ, mgbe ọ dị afọ 11, e zigara ya France maka agụmakwụkwọ ya.[1] Mgbe nwanne nna ya na ya bi nwụrụ, ọ hapụrụ naanị ya na France.[1] Na 1936, ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ dị ka dọkịta na-awa eze, na 1939, dị ka dọkịta ahụike - nwanyị Polynesia mbụ mere ya. Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, ọ laghachiri na Tahiti, bụ ebe ọ tinyere aka na nkata nke otu Mamao iji kwado French Polynesia maka Free France..&lt;ref name=&quot;TI2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tahiti-infos.com/80-ans-du-ralliement-Le-groupe-de-Mamao_a193854.html|title=80 ans du ralliement : Le groupe de Mamao|publisher=Tahiti Infos|language=fr|date=28 August 2020|accessdate=9 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye nduzi nke ngalaba ịmụ nwa na ụlọ ọgwụ Vaiame, ma mesịa bụrụ onye nduzi Malardé Institute.&lt;ref name=&quot;GFObit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gastonflosse.typepad.fr/mon_weblog/2007/02/obsques_de_mme_.html|title=Obsèques de Mme Andréa de Balmann|publisher=Gaston Flosse|date=8 February 2007|accessdate=9 May 2023|archivedate=14 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914040044/https://gastonflosse.typepad.fr/mon_weblog/2007/02/obsques_de_mme_.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1972, e mere ya knight nke Ordre National du Mérite. A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na 1981, na onye isi na 1990. &lt;ref name=&quot;GFObit&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 1977, e mere ya knight nke Legion of Honour. A kwalitere ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi na 1997. &lt;ref name=&quot;GFObit&quot; /&gt; N'ọnwa Jenụwarị afọ 1997, e mere ya onye isi nke Order of Tahiti Nui . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.france-phaleristique.com/ordre_tahiti_nui_titulaires.htm|title=LISTE DES TITULAIRES|publisher=|date=21 July 2021|accessdate=9 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==</text>
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      <text bytes="2599" sha1="g4zj044al423cjpdyr3iadt57y13icn" xml:space="preserve">Anna Margarete Stegmann (12 Julaị 1871 - 1 Julaị 1936) bụ onye Switzerland-German ọkà mmụta akwara ozi, ọkà n'akparamàgwà mmadụ na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụ onye otu Social Democratic Party nke Reichstag nke Weimar Republic. &lt;ref name=&quot;biosop&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://zhsf.gesis.org/biosop_db/biosop_db.php?id=210160|title=Dr. med. Anna Margarete Stegmann|work=Sozialdemokratische Parlamentarier in den deutschen Reichs- und Landtagen 1876-1933|language=de|accessdate=2024-10-31|archivedate=2018-12-01|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201005340/http://zhsf.gesis.org/biosop_db/biosop_db.php?id=210160}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ada onye ọrụ ugbo, a mụrụ ya Anna Margarete Meyer na Zürich, Switzerland. Ndị mụrụ ya abụọ anwụọla mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na isii. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na ozi nzi ozi Switzerland, gụchaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị wee gaa mụọ ọgwụ. Stegmann nwetara doctorate ya na 1910 na Zurich. Ọ sonyeere Social Democratic Party na 1918.[1] Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ n'ọrụ ya, ọ natara ikike ịme ọgwụ na 1920 wee malite ọrụ na Dresden..&lt;ref name=&quot;pbl&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.psychoanalytikerinnen.de/deutschland_biografien.html#Stegmann|title=Margarete Stegmann geb. Meier (1871-1936)|work=Psychoanalytikerinnen. Biografisches Lexikon|language=de|accessdate=2024-10-31|archivedate=2024-12-09|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209214900/https://www.psychoanalytikerinnen.de/deutschland_biografien.html#Stegmann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime afọ 1920, ọ bụ onye otu International Psychoanalytical Association, Schopenhauer Society na Women's International League for Peace and Freedom. Mgbe ndị Nazi Party nwetara ike na Germany, ọ hapụrụ Switzerland.&lt;ref name=&quot;biosop&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ddp&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.reichstag-abgeordnetendatenbank.de/select.html?pnd=130115061|title=Stegmann, Anna Margarete|work=Datenbank der deutschen Parlamentsabgeordneten|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1920 to 1924, she was an unpaid member of the city council of Dresden. She served as a member of the Reichstag from May 1924 to September 1930.&lt;ref name=&quot;biosop&quot;/&gt; In 1924, she argued for the right of women to [[Iwepu afọ ime|abortion]]; in the spirit of those times, eugenic reasons were used to justify abortion in certain cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;pbl&quot;/&gt;

Ọ lụrụ Arnold Stegmann na 1911 mana ọ nwụrụ na 1914.&lt;ref name=&quot;ddp&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;biosop&quot;/&gt;

Ọ nwụrụ na Arlesheim mgbe ọ dị afọ iri isii na anọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;biosop&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

== Ihe odide ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Thierno Aliou</title>
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      <text bytes="5016" sha1="5mqw9hi5ypxr7ca9a8o43ogxl62cr1b" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:ThiernoA-Bhoubha-Ndiyan-2.jpg|thumb|Thierno Aliou Bhouba]]
Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndian (Thierno Aliou Bah; c. 1850 na Donghol - 23 Machị 1927 na Labé) [1] bụ onye edemede Fula dị mkpa, akwụkwọ nri, onye Muslim na onye-alọta dị na Fouta-Djalon, French West Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bah1996&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bah|first=Thierno|title=Mon combat pour la Guinée|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z9sRoLuvRlEC&amp;pg=PA30|year=1996|publisher=KARTHALA Editions|language=French|isbn=978-2-86537-687-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==

=== Ndị nna nna ===
Thierno Aliou sitere na Ali Kali Doukouré.  Ali Kali bụ onye Fulani sitere n'amara Bah ma ọ bụ Ourourbhe.  Otú ọ dị, ọ kwadoro aha Doukoure site na Sarakolle Chief onye nabatara ya na Diafouna.  Mgbe nwa nwa ya, Thierno Malal si Diafouna (Mali nke oge a), ọ biri na Koin dị nso n'ugwu, ọ hụrụ ya Diafouna ma guzo aha nna ya ka ọ bụrụ Bah, aha mbụ nke nna nna ya.. 

O mechara gaa Labé wee zute Karamoko Alfa na Dimbin onye nyere ya nri na ala maka isiokwu ya, mana afọ juru ya na obere obere maka ili ya nke o gwuru n'onwe ya.  N'ịbụ onye nnukwu omume ọma dị otú ahụ́ n'anya, Karamoko Alpha sere ya Imam Ratib - utu aha nke nwa ya nwoke Thierno Abdourrahman ketara, onye jere ozi Karamoko Alfa n'obí eze ọhụrụ ya na Missidé Hindé (nke e e ahapụ emu Modi Younoussa, nna nna Thierno Diawo Pellel) wee malite n'ebe ahụ..

N'ikpeazụ, mgbe Karamoko Alpha biri na Labé, o ụmụ abụọ nke Thierno Malal na ụmụ nwoke asaa nke Thierno Abdourrahman.  Ọ nwụrụ afụ iri ka e ịhụ, mana Imamate o nyere ike na-eketa n' Rwanda Thierno Malal, na-agafe Thierno Mamadou Bano, Thierno Mamadaou na Thierno Aliou.

=== Mmụta ===
Thierno Aliou ndabere kor'an n'okpuru nna ya Thierno Mamadou;  akwụkwọ akwụkwọ na tertiary ya n'akwụkwọ akwụkwọ nke ndị ọkà በቋሚነት atọ dị ukwuu n'oge ahụ: nwanne nna ya Thierna Abdoulaye Ndouyêdio, Thierno Boubacar Poti Séléyanké nke Dimbin na Thierno Abdourrahmane Kaldouyanké nke Sombili (nke a na-akpọkwa Thierno Doura).

Ọ gbasoro isiokwu nke akara, nhọrọ (nkà nhọrọ, Asụsụ Arabic, akwụkwọ, nhọrọ, wdg).  Ọ akwụkwọ akwụkwọ Arabic, nke nyere ya ọtụtụ ide ọtụtụ ọrụ n'asụsụ a ma bụrụ onye ntụgharị maka ndị isi nke Labé mgbe ọ na-enwe ndị ọbịa Arab.

=== Oge na Bhoubha Ndian ===
Onye nkuzi ikpeazụ ya (Thierno Doura) ntụziaka ya ndị ọzọ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị niile nke Fouta ka ọ akwụkwọa akwụkwọ ozi ndị isi Arab nke Alamamy zitere;  si otú a bụrụ onye a ma ama mpaghara nke Fouta na Guinea.

Thierno Aliou ala dị kilomita 30 site na Labé mgbe nwanne nna ya Thierno Abdourrahmane Talibé , ngosi ya otu n'ime ụmụ ya-ma nye ya dị ka onyunyo onyunyo ya niile dị na mba ahụ (ụmụ anụ, ala, ihe mmetụta, wdg).   Mgbe ahụ, ọ were aha Thierno Aliou Bhoubha Ndian.  Ɔ keentay na Bhouba Ndian ruo afọ 24, na-enye ikpe ziri ezi, na-anabata ụmụ akwụkwọ si n'obodo niile nke Fouta, ụmụ ụmụ ndị isi na ndị a ma ama.  Ọ na-enweta ikike ego site na ubi ya na azụmahịa ya iji kwado mkpa nke isiokwu ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya, na-ekesa onya ọ mgba e nyere ya.

=== Oge ọ nọrọ na Madina ===
Ọ kwagara Madina, 75 kilomita site na Labé na 1898.  N'ebe ahụ, ọ zutere nwanne nna ya Modi Mamadou Samba, onye mụrụ ya otu n'ime ụmụ ya ekiri.  Akụ ya onye isi nke Ourourbhé (Bah, Baldé) nke Dowsaré Labé, Kolia, Manda Saran, Soumma, Fétoyambi na Woundoudi.  O wuru ụlọ alakụba n'ebe ahụ ma mee ya ebe ezumike ime ike ya.

Mgbe mmalite ọgwụgwọ nke 1912 nri, a mgbaàmà ya ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke canton nke Donghora - ọrụ ọ nabatara n'iche ọkụ n'obi na ikike nke ndị enyi ya na ndị na-akwado ya bụ ndị na-atụ egwu na ọ ga-ahụ mmegide nke dakwasịrị ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ na Fouta.[1]  Ọ chịrị afã abụrụ ma bụrụ onye a manyere ndị dị mfe na 1916. Otú ọ dị, ọ gara n'ihu na ọrụ na-eji ọkụ, ngosi ngosi na-amata nke ndị nchọpụta akwụkwọ nke Gọvanọ General nke French West Africa haziri na Dakar. 

Thierno Aliou nwụrụ na 23 Machị 1927 mgbe ọ dị afọ 80. E liri ya n'otu ụgbọ dị nso na nnukwu ụlọ alakụba nke nwa ya nwoke Thierno Abdourrahmane, ụmụ ụmụ ya abụọ El Hadj Ibrahima Caba na El Hadj Mamadou Badr, na El Hadja Aliou Teli Laria nwa nwa enyi ya Thierno Mahmoudou Laria onye mere nwa enyi ya Thierno Mahmoudou Laria onye mere.

Thierno Aliou hapụrụ ọtụtụ ụmụ:  Thierno Siradiou, Karamoko Bano, Thierno Lamine, Thierno Mamadou, Thierno Abdoulaye, Karamoko Chaikou, Thierna Habib, Thierno Abdourrahmane, Aguibou Oubaidoullahi Dai, Assiatou, Oussoumâni, Mariama Sira, Barratou Djiwo, Fatimatou Souadou, Diaraye, Kadiatou na Aissatou.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Asụsụ Moro</title>
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      <text bytes="14246" sha1="9ce6594rk5xy4kqtnqn6tnjjtq0iyet" xml:space="preserve">'''Moro''' bụ [[Asụsụ Kordofan|asụsụ Kordofania]] a na-asụ n'Ugwu Nuba nke South Kordofan, [[Sudan]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Moro Language Project|url=http://moro.ucsd.edu/|accessdate=2023-01-31|work=moro.ucsd.edu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ akụkụ nke Western otu West Central Heiban Kordofonia asụsụ ma bụrụ nke Niger-Congo phylum.  N'afọ 1982, e nwere ndị na-ekwu okwu Moro dị 30,000. Nke a bụ tupu agha obodo Sudan nke abụọ ya mere ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-ekwu okwu na nso nso a nwere ike ịdị iche. Enwere ike ịhụ mmetụta nke Arabic na a na-enyo enyo na taa ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke okwu Moro nwere njikọ ma ọ bụ malite na asụsụ Arabic. 

== fonology ==
Enwere ụda olu dị iche iche n'asụsụ Moro. Na-emekarị ụdaume &quot;e&quot;, &quot;a&quot; na &quot;o&quot; nwere ụda dị ala, ebe ụdaume &quot;i&quot;, &quot;u&quot; na &quot;ʌ&quot; nwere ụda dị elu. Udaume “ə” bụ ụdaume Schwa ya mere na-anọpụ iche.

Mmadụ nwere ike ịhụ nkwekọ n'ụdaume, nkwụsị eze, iguzogide ihichapụ na mkpebi vowel hiatus na itinye ụkpụrụ ụda nke nwere ike dochie anya n'ime asụsụ ahụ. Agbanyeghị, ọ dị mkpa iburu n'obi na abụọ nke ikpeazụ pụrụ iche na ihe kpatara na Moro (9;2,11). 

=== Ndepụta Ngwaahịa ===
Moro nwere akara ụdaume asaa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Black|first=K.|title=The Moro Language Grammar and Dictionary|publisher=Sudan Research Unit, Faculty of Arts|year=1971|series=Linguistic Monograph Series|location=Khartoum}}&lt;/ref&gt;  &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ritchart|first=Amanda|url=http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/44/paper3141.pdf|title=Selected Proceedings of the 44th Annual Conference on African Linguistics|publisher=Cascadilla Proceedings Project|year=2015|editor=Kramer|pages=231–242|chapter=Schwas in Moro Vowel Harmony}}&lt;/ref&gt; ahaziri ya na tebụl dị n'okpuru. [ə] nwere ike ịbụ epenthetic ma ọ bụ mbelata nke ụdaume mpụta /ieou/; ọ na-apụtakwa na mgbọrọgwụ na-enweghị isi iyi nke mbelata. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jenks|first=Peter|date=2011|title=High Tone in Moro: Effects of Prosodic Categories and Morphological Domains|journal=Natural Language and Linguistic Theory|volume=29|pages=211–250|doi=10.1007/s11049-011-9120-x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Àgwà nke schwa [ə] na nkwekọ n'ụdaume Moro ka e weere dị ka ihe mere e ji debe ụdaume abụọ [ə] na Moro - nke dị elu nke na-ebuli ụdaume, na nke dị ala nke na-adịghị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Ndepụta ụdaume
!
! N'ihu
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Central
! Azu
|-
! Elu
| i
|
|
| u
|-
! N'etiti
| e
| ọ
| ʌ
| o
|-
! Dị ala
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | a
|
|}
Na mgbakwunye, a na-agbakwa mgba ọkụ diphthongs dị ka [iə], [eə], [oa], na [uʌ]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Ọkụ diphthong na-agụ dị ka otu nkeji na-ebu ụda. Ogologo ụdaume abụghị ihe dị iche, mana a na-ahụkarị ịgbatị ogologo oge n'ụda olu mepere emepe ma ọ bụ nke mmalite. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

A na-enye ngwa ahịa consonantal nke Moro n'okpuru. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Ndepụta nke consonantal
!
! Labial
! eze
! Alveolar
! Retroflex
! Palatal
! Velar
|-
! Kwụsị
| p b
| t̪ d̪
| t d
|
|
| k g
|-
! Mmekọrịta 
|
|
|
|
| tʃ dʒ
|
|-
! Nke na-ese okwu
| f v
| ð
| s 
|
|
|
|-
! imi
| m
|
| n
|
| ɲ
| ŋ
|-
! Trill
|
|
| r 
|
|
|
|-
! Mpịakọta
|
|
| ɾ
| ɽ
|
|
|-
! N'akụkụ
|
|
| l 
|
|
|
|-
! Mmanya
|
| w
|
|
| j
|
|}
Enwere ike ịwepụta consonants, ewezuga [ɾ,ɽ,j]. Nkwụsị ụda na /v/ na-achọpụta dị ka enweghị olu mgbe mkpụrụ osisi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

=== Udaume Harmony ===
 
Moro nwere usoro nkwekọ ụdaume dị elu 'otu nzọụkwụ', nke a na-ebuli ụdaume ala / eao/ nke affixes na ndị ibe ha dị elu [i ʌ u] ma ọ bụrụ na ụdaume mgbọrọgwụ dị elu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; Na mgbakwunye na nkwekọrịta na-achịkwa mgbọrọgwụ- ma ọ bụ stem, Moro na-egosipụtakwa ụkpụrụ nkwekọ na-achị achị nke ụfọdụ mgbakwunye ndọtị na-akpalite iwelite prefixes bu ụzọ na ụdaume mgbọrọgwụ, yana suffix na-esote; suffixes nkwekọ na-akpalite ndị a bụ ihe na-akpata ''-i'', ngwa- ''ət̪,'' na passive ''-ən'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

==== Schwa na Moro Vowel Harmony ====
Ụfọdụ mgbọrọgwụ Moro nwere [ə] na-ebute nkwekọ ụdaume, ebe ndị ọzọ adịghị; N'otu aka ahụ, ebe suffix nke ngwa na nke na-agafe agafe nwere [ə] ma na-ebute nkwekọ nke ụdaume, Moro na-egosipụta suffixes ndị ọzọ nwere [ə], dị ka antipassive - ''əđ'', nke na-adịghị. Ihe omumu ihe omumu gosiputara na schwas nke na-ebute nkwekorita nke udaume na Moro gosiputara usoro F1 di ala nke ukwuu karia ndi na-adighi, na schwas na onodu udaume ewelitere na Moro gosiputara ihe F1 di ala nke ukwuu karia ndi no na onodu eweliteghi. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; Dị ka nke a, ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta na-arụ ụka na Moro na-agụnye ụdaume schwa abụọ: schwa dị elu, nke na-ebute nkwekọ nke ụdaume, na schwa dị ala, nke na-adịghị. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

=== Ụda ===
 

== Ụtọ asụsụ ==

=== Aha aha na nkebiokwu aha ===

==== Klas aha ====
Enwere ike ekewa Moro n'ime klaasị aha iri na asatọ: 8 isi, 5 obere na 5 enweghị ọnụ.  Ọtụtụ n'ime klaasị ndị a nwere prefix klaasị ha n'otu n'otu, otu prefix na concord yana otutu prefix na concord. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Semantic ID
!Class prefix
!Singular prefix
!Singular concord
!Plural prefix
!Plural concord
|-
!people
|g/l
|?/w
|G
|L
|L
|-
!animals/body parts
|l/ŋ
|L
|L
|Ñ
|Ñ
|-
!trees
|đ/g
|Đ
|Đ
|W
|G
|-
!common things
|g/n
|?
|Đ
|N
|N
|-
!Things of shapes
|l/ŋ
|l/ɽ/ɽr
|l/ɽ/ɽr
|Ŋ
|Ŋ
|-
!Long things
|đ/r
|Đ
|Đ
|R
|R
|-
!          /
|g/n
|Đ
|Đ
|?
|G
|-
!Large and harmful things
|đ/j
|Đ
|Đ
|y
|y
|-
!Domestic/small animals
|ŋ/ŋ
|Ŋ-
|Ŋ-
|Ñ
|Ñ
|-
!Liquids and abstract nouns
|ŋ
|Ŋ-
|Ŋ-
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
!Emotions
|đ
|đ
|Đ
|{{n/a}}
|{{n/a}}
|-
!Cow, goat, irregular nouns
|r/j
|{{n/a}}
|r
|{{n/a}}
|Y
|-
!Foreign words
|j/j
|{{n/a}}
|Y
|{{n/a}}
|y
|}
Enwere ụfọdụ iwu amapụtara maka owuwu nke ọtụtụ dịka klaasị aha ya si dị:

=== Syntax ===

==== Usoro ihe mejupụtara ====
Nkejiokwu Moro dị mfe nwere Isiokwu - Ngwaa - Ihe:
 
Usoro nke akpaokwu aha dị n'usoro nke: Noun - ngosi - ọnụọgụ - Adjective. Klaasị aha bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Niger-Congo, ọkachasị n'asụsụ Bantu dịka Kikuyu ma ọ bụ Swahili. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Nádam
| N'ezie
| Ngwọta
| Nóré
|-
| Akwụkwọ
| Ndị ahụ
| Abụọ
| uhie
|}

=== Mkpesa ọmụmụ ===
N'ime asụsụ Moro, e meela ọtụtụ nrịbama dị ka okwu ọnụ si dị. Ka ọ dị ugbu a ka akọwara morphemes ndị a:

# Ihe kpatara: tinye &quot;-i&quot;
# Mgbanwe/ntụgharị uche: “-ən-“ + mgbanwe nke ụdaume ikpeazụ
#: ''Ọmụmaatụ: “raico” = ịwụsa; &quot;raicenu&quot; = a ga-awụsa''
# Ngwa: suffix “ət”
# Antipassive: “əđ” 
# Nkwugharị: tinye prefix &quot;ka-&quot;
#: ''Ọmụmaatụ: “arənđo” = ikewa; “akarənđo” = ikewa ọtụtụ ugboro''
# N'otu oge: tinye &quot;ta-&quot; na ngwaa tupu nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta
# Akụkọ/usoro: tinye “nə-“ na ngwaa tupu nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta (2.1; 3)
# Adjective: ọ bụrụ na agbakwunyere &quot;-nano&quot; na ụfọdụ adjectives, ha nwere ike ịghọ ngwaa
#: ''Ọmụmaatụ: &quot;gaicia&quot; (= ọjọọ) + &quot;nano&quot; = gaicianano'' 
# Ebe: jiri suffix &quot;e-&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;i-&quot; n'ụzọ kwekọrọ na ụdaume ndị a
#: ''Ọmụmaatụ: '''é''' -lógopájá = '''n'ime''' iko; '''í''' -lútí = '''na''' ikwiikwii'' &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Usoro edemede ==
Tupu ndị ozi ala ọzọ mbụ bịarutere na 1936, e ji mkpụrụedemede Arabic dee Moro, ya mere ndị na-asụ Moro amaghị mkpụrụedemede ukwu Latịn.  Ndị mgbasa ozi-ọma kere usoro ọkpụkpụ nke gụnyere mkpụrụedemede ukwu ma tụgharịkwara Agba Ọhụrụ ka ọ bụrụ Moro n'asụsụ Ləŋorəban. Taa Moro nwere consonants 22 na ụdaume 7 nke otu n'ime ha bụ Schwa. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+mkpụrụedemede Moro [ 19 ]
| [[A]]
| [[B]]
| [[C]]
| [[D]]
| Ḏ
| Đ
| [[E]]
| Ë
| Ə
| [[F]]
| [[G]]
| [[I]]
| [[J]]
| [[K]]
| [[L]]
| [[M]]
| [[N]]
| Ñ
| Ego
| [[O]]
| [[P]]
| [[R]]
| Ɽ
| [[S]]
| [[T]]
| Ṯ
| [[U]]
| [[W]]
| [[Y]]
|-
| a
| b
| c
| d
| ḏ
| đ
| e
| ọ
| ọ
| f
| g
| i
| j
| k
| l
| m
| n
| ñ
| ŋ
| o
| p
| r
| ɽ
| s
| t
| ṯ
| u
| w
| y
|}
A na-ejikarị ''Đ'' eme ihe n'ụdị a kụrụ ihe n'efere ya, ihe dịka ⟨ d̶ ⟩

== Olumba ==
Enwere olumba 7 nke Moro (Onye ọbịa 1997a).  Enyere aha ''ethnologue'' n'ime mbo. 

* Laiyənia ma ọ bụ Layenia  (Laiyen)
* Tobəɽelda ma ọ bụ Thetogovela  (Toberelda, Umm Gabralla)
* Ọlụba (Ulba)
* Nnụbụ (Nubwa)
* Nḏərria or Ndërria &lt;ref name=&quot;Blench2005&quot; /&gt; (Nderre)
* Ləmwarəŋ (Dhimorong; = Werria)
* Ləŋorəban (Longorban, Umm Dorein)

Olumba ọ bụla dabara na ebo dị iche, ma ewezuga Ləmwarəŋ na Ləŋorəban, bụ́ ndị ejikọtala n'otu ezinụlọ a maara dị ka Wërria. Ya mere, enwere mkpokọta 6 dị iche iche ezinụlọ. Enwere ihe dị iche n'asụsụ dị iche iche, ọkachasị na labial: &quot;t&quot; na &quot;d&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;ɽ&quot; na &quot;t&quot;. N'okwu ndị ọzọ, a na-ahụta &quot;b&quot; nke olumba Ləŋorəban dị ka &quot;f, v, w,&quot; na olumba ndị ọzọ.

: ''Ọmụmatụ: “vomit” n’olumba'' Ləŋorəban ''bụ: “bi'' ɗ ''u”, ebe n’asụsụ ndị ọzọ ọ bụ: “fiđu” ma ọ bụ “wiđu”.''

Enwekwara nnukwu ọdịiche ntụgharị asụsụ na olumba.

: ''Ọmụmaatụ: “majen” na'' Ləŋorəban ''pụtara “ugbu a” mana na olumba ọzọ na-ezo aka na “ogologo oge gara aga”.''

Nke a na-eduga ọbụna na eziokwu ahụ bụ na ndị na-asụ olumba Tobəɽelda enweghị ike ịghọta nsụgharị nke Agba Ọhụrụ nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Ləŋorəban.  Nkọwa maka nke a nwere ike ịbụ, na ndị na-asụ olumba Ləŋorəban yiri ka ha nọpụrụ iche na mpaghara na ndị na-asụ olumba ndị ọzọ ma na-enweta mmetụta site na asụsụ ndị ọzọ ha na-agba gburugburu dị ka Katcha ma ọ bụ Utundi. 

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ọgụgụ ọzọ ==

* Blench, Roger. 2005. [https://web.archive.org/web/20210130092745/http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Moro/Moro%20dictionary%20complete.pdf ''A dictionary of the Moro language of the Nuba hills, Sudan'']. m.s.
* Black, K. &amp; K. Black 1971. [http://wals.info/refdb/record/Black-and-Black-1971 ''The Moro language: grammar and dictionary'']. Khartoum: Sudan Research Unit. MacDiarmid, P.A. and D.N.
* Edwards, G. 1941. ''Moro Dictionary''. (handwritten m.s.)
* Gibbard, George, Hannah Rohde &amp; Sharon Rose. (2009). [http://www.lingref.com/cpp/acal/38/paper2139.pdf Moro Noun Class Morphology]. In M. Matondo, F. McLaughlin &amp; E. Potsdam (eds.) ''Selected Proceedings of the 38th Annual Conference on African Linguistics''. Cascadilla Proceedings Project, 106-117.
* {{Cite web|author=Guest|first=Elizabeth|date=1997a|url=http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Moro/guest_moro-phonology1997.pdf|title=Moro Phonology}}  m.s.
* Guest, Elizabeth. 1997b. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250523233358/https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Moro/Moro%20noun%20classes.pdf ''Moro Noun Classes''].  m.s.
* Guest, Elizabeth. 1997c. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250523190029/https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Moro/guest_moro-verbs1997.pdf ''Moro Verbs''].  m.s.
* Guest, Elizabeth. 1997d. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250528011456/https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Moro/moro-verbs-lex1997.pdf ''Moro Verbs Lexicon''].  m.s.
* Guest, Elizabeth. 1997e. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250523223857/https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Moro/guest_moro-nt-history1997.pdf ''History of the Moro NT''].  m.s.
* Guest, Elizabeth. 1998. [https://web.archive.org/web/20250528072858/https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Moro/guest_misc-grammar%20moro1998.pdf ''Miscellaneous Moro Grammar''].  m.s.
* Jenks, Peter. (to appear) Noun phrases in Moro. In R. Blench &amp; T. Schadeberg (eds.) ''Languages of the Nuba Mountains''.
* Jenks, Peter &amp; Sharon Rose (2011). High Tone in Moro: Effects of Prosodic Categories and Morphological Domains. ''Natural Language and Linguistic Theory'' 29, 211-250.
* Jenks, Peter and Sharon Rose. (to appear) Syllable Weight and High Tone in Moro. ''Papers from the 45th Chicago Linguistic Society''.
* Rose, Sharon. The morphological structure of the Moro verb. In R. Blench &amp; T. Schadeberg (eds.) ''Languages of the Nuba Mountains''.
* MacDiarmid. 1931. The languages of the Nuba Mountains. Sudan Notes and Records 14:149-162.
* Schadeberg, Thilo C. 1981. ''A Survey of Kordofanian''. Volume 1: The Heiban Group. Hamburg: Helmut Buske.
* Stevenson, Roland C. 1956-57. &quot;A survey of the phonetics and grammatical structures of the Nuba Mountain languages, with particular reference to Otoro, Katcha and Nyimang&quot;. ''Afrika und Übersee'' 40:73-84, 93-115; 41:27-65, 117-153, 171-196.
* Strabone, Andrew &amp; Sharon Rose. (2012). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121555/http://idiom.ucsd.edu/~rose/ACAL41.pdf ''Morpho-phonological properties of the Moro causative'']. ''Selected Proceedings of the 41st Annual Conference on African Linguistics''. Cascadilla Proceedings Project.
* [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Moro/ali_marriage-moro-ms.pdf Moro Marriage notes]
* [http://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Moro/SIL-moro.pdf Notes on Language Use in the Moro Community in Khartoum]

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://moro.ucsd.edu/ Ọrụ Asụsụ Moro (UCSD)]
* [http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/moro/#/ Moro Story Corpus (UC Berkeley)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250524063539/https://www.rogerblench.info/Language/Niger-Congo/Kordofanian/Moro/Moro%20page.htm Ngwa Moro (Roger Blench na Elizabeth Guest)]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Dzodzi Tsikata</title>
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Dzodzi Tsikata bụ onye nwanyị Ghana, agụmakwụkwọ, prọfesọ nke Development Sociology na onye isi Institute of African Studies (IAS) na Mahadum Ghana.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/child-marriage-violates-rights-of-victims.html|title=Child marriage violates rights of victims - Graphic Online|author=Omoha|first=Esther|work=Graphic Online|accessdate=2017-11-04|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Dzodzi Tsikata in the video 'Making their voices count the situation in Ghana'.png|thumb|Dzodzi Tsikata ]]
Dzodzi Tsikata bụ prọfesọ na Institute of Statistical Social and Economic Research na Mahadum Ghana. Mmasị agụmakwụkwọ ya gụnyere okwu gbasara nwoke na nwanyị na mmepe, amụma nhatanha nwoke na nwanyị na omume. A họpụtara ya na June 2015 dị ka onyeisi oche nke Council for Development of Social Science Research in Africa (CODESRIA) na 14th General Assembly meeting na Senegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ug.edu.gh/news/prof-dzodzi-tsikata-elected-president-codesria-0|title=Prof. Dzodzi Tsikata Elected President Of CODESRIA|work=www.ug.edu.gh|publisher=University of Ghana|accessdate=2017-11-25|archivedate=2015-07-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703195209/http://www.ug.edu.gh/news/prof-dzodzi-tsikata-elected-president-codesria-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mmasị nyocha ya gụnyekwara mmegbu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na-arụ ọrụ n'ógbè ahụ site na nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ ndị a na-ekwukarị na ha nwere &quot;njikọ ole na ole&quot; n'ime akụ na ụba nke mba ndị ha na-arụkọ ọrụ na ha. Tinyere ndị nchọpụta si na Mahadum Sussex na Mahadum nke Western Cape, Dzodzi Tsikata natara ego site na Economic and Social Sciences Research Council iji nyochaa uru na ọghọm nke ụdị ọrụ ugbo azụmahịa na Africa.

Kemgbe Ọgọst 2016, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Professor Dzodzi Tsikata {{!}} Institute of African Studies {{!}} University of Ghana|url=https://ias.ug.edu.gh/content/professor-dzodzi-tsikata|accessdate=2022-07-16|work=ias.ug.edu.gh|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụ onye nduzi nke Institute of African studies na Mahadum Ghana. Ọ bụ onye na-akwado megide alụmdi na nwunye n'oge na obodo Ghana, nke na-ahụ ugbu a otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ nke ụmụ agbọghọ na-alụ di tupu ha eruo afọ iri na asatọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/child-marriage-violates-rights-of-victims.html|title=Child marriage violates rights of victims - Graphic Online|author=Omoha|first=Esther|work=Graphic Online|accessdate=2017-11-25|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Asụsụ Kalašma</title>
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      <text bytes="4945" sha1="2u3fljecnny1dbq2ffl5cavfloaq27j" xml:space="preserve">'''Asụsụ Kalašma''', ma ọ bụ '''Kalasmaic''', bụ asụsụ Anatolian ekpochapụla asụ na ọchịchị Kalašma ikpeazụ nke Bronze Age, nke dị na nsọtụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Het, ma eleghị anya na ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ebe bụ ugbu a ógbè Turkey nke Bolu . &lt;ref name=&quot;uni-wuerzburg&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Indo-European Language Discovered|url=https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/news-and-events/news/detail/news/new-indo-european-language-discovered/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926200114/https://www.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/news-and-events/news/detail/news/new-indo-european-language-discovered/|archivedate=2023-09-26|accessdate=2024-11-12|work=www.uni-wuerzburg.de|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''www.uni-wuerzburg.de''.  from the original on 2023-10-18&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-11-12&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchọpụta ==
Achọpụtara ederede Kalasmaic nke mbụ (ma ruo ugbu a naanị) na 2023, ndị nyocha na Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg . Edere ya na mbadamba ụrọ (nke e depụtara KBo 71.145  ), ọ bụ akụkụ nke ebe nchekwa Bogazköy nke e gwupụtara na Hattusa, isi obodo ndị Het. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Georgiou|first=Aristos|date=2023-09-22|title=Archaeologists discover previously unknown language from ancient tablet|url=https://www.newsweek.com/archaeologists-discover-previously-unknown-language-ancient-tablet-1829289|accessdate=2023-09-26|work=Newsweek|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbadamba ụrọ ahụ, nke e dere na cuneiform Hettite nke narị afọ nke 13 TOA, &lt;ref name=&quot;Schwemer2024xix&quot; /&gt; bụ otu n'ime ọtụtụ n'ime emume ndekọ ndekọ nke ndị ọchịchị na ndị agbata obi. &lt;ref name=&quot;uni-wuerzburg&quot;/&gt; Okwu mmeghe ya nke asụsụ Het na-akọwa isi ihe odide ya dị ka &quot;asụsụ nke ala Kalašma&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;uni-wuerzburg&quot; /&gt; ( {{Lang|hit|&lt;sup&gt;[[URU (Sumerogram)|URU]]&lt;/sup&gt;ka-la-aš-mi-li}} &lt;ref name=&quot;Schwemer2024xix&quot; /&gt; ).

Asụsụ ahụ bụ Prof. Daniel Schwemer depụtara ya, n'ọrụ ya &quot;Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi (Cuneiform Texts from Boghazköi)&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-08-11|title=Kalašma Language Deciphered: A Forgotten Indo-European Language of the Bronze Age Anatolia|url=https://www.thearchaeologist.org/blog/kalama-language-deciphered-a-forgotten-indo-european-language-of-the-bronze-age-anatolia|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20241112182644/https://www.thearchaeologist.org/blog/kalama-language-deciphered-a-forgotten-indo-european-language-of-the-bronze-age-anatolia|archivedate=2024-11-12|accessdate=2024-11-12|work=The Archaeologist|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=|title=Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi|url=https://www.hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de/kbo/|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20241112190242/https://www.hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de/kbo/|archivedate=2024-11-12|accessdate=2024-11-12|work=www.hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de|language=De}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma bụrụ akụkụ nke ngalaba Anatolian nke ezinụlọ asụsụ Indo-European dịka Prọfesọ Elisabeth Rieken kwadoro na Philipps-Universität . Ọnọdụ ya n'ime asụsụ ndị Anatolian ejighị n'aka, mana a na-eche na ọ bụ akụkụ nke obere ndị Luwic . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Chrysopoulos|first=Philip|date=2023-09-23|title=New Indo-European Language Discovered in Ancient City of Hattusa|work=Greek Reporter.|url=https://greekreporter.com/2023/09/23/new-indo-european-language-ancient-hatussa/|accessdate=2023-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Language of Kalašma: A New Branch of Anatolian|url=https://www.phil.uni-wuerzburg.de/en/altorientalistik/aktuelles/meldungen/single/news/the-language-of-kalasma-a-new-branch-of-anatolian/|accessdate=2024-02-05|work=www.phil.uni-wuerzburg.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Schwemer|first=Daniel|title=Keilschrifttexte aus Boghazköi|date=2024|publisher=Akademie der Wissenschaften und der Literatur|location=Mainz|pages=XIX, XXXI [text], 42-43 [images]|url=https://www.hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de/kbo/pdfs/Schwemer_KBo_71_1_7.pdf#page=81|accessdate=6 February 2024|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E bipụtara nkọwa zuru ezu nke ederede na Nọvemba 2024 site n'aka Elisabeth Rieken, Ilya Yakubovich na Daniel Schwemer. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rieken|first=Elisabeth|date=2024|title=Eine neue Sprache im Hethiterreich: Der Fund der Kalašma-Tafel|url=https://publications.dainst.org/journals/aa/article/view/4461|journal=Archäologischer Anzeiger|volume=1|pages=11-35|accessdate=21 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
Karakhanid, mana asụsụ ahụ n'onwe ya ka amatakwara na ọ yitere asụsụ Uyghur ochie. E ji m{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* ''Thesaurus Linguarum Hethaeorum digitalis'' [https://www.hethport.uni-wuerzburg.de/TLHdig/tlh_xtx.php Chọọ maka &quot;KBo 71.145&quot;] maka ntụgharị asụsụ nke mbadamba (na gloss nke mmeghe Hit)</text>
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      <text bytes="6616" sha1="0xdd5aisoc7ng245aotmtlfrp30o0n4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language|name=Podhale dialect|states=[[Poland]]|region=Podhale|familycolor=Indo-European|fam2=[[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]|fam3=[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]|fam4=[[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]]|fam5=[[Lechitic languages|Lechitic]]|fam6=[[Polish language|Polish]]|fam7=[[Lesser Poland dialect group|Lesser Polish]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&amp;l2=dialekt-malopolski&amp;l3=podhale|title= Podhale|last= Karaś|first= Halina|year= 2010|website= www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl|access-date= |accessdate= 2025-03-21|archivedate= 2024-12-04|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20241204024348/http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&amp;l2=dialekt-malopolski&amp;l3=podhale}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

'''Olumba Podhale''' ( Polish   ) so na otu olumba mba Poland dị obere ma dị na mpaghara [[Poland]] . Ọ bụ n'akụkụ otu n'ime olumba ndị bụ nke agbụrụ Goral . Ọ jikọtara olumba Orawa na ọdịda anyanwụ, olumba Kliszczak dị n'ebe ugwu, yana olumba Spisz na olumba Zagórze n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&amp;l2=dialekt-malopolski&amp;l3=podhale|title=Podhale|author=Karaś|first=Halina|year=2010|work=www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl|accessdate=|archivedate=2024-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204024348/http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&amp;l2=dialekt-malopolski&amp;l3=podhale}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gwara, ciekawostki gwarowe w regionach - Górale Podhalańscy - Etnozagroda|url=https://www.etnozagroda.pl/gorale-podhalanscy/gwara-ciekawostki-gwarowe-w-regionach|accessdate=2024-07-20|work=www.etnozagroda.pl}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== fonology ==
Ụdị olu olumba Polish dị obere (yana olumba Polish ka ukwuu), ikwupụta consonants nke ikpeazụ tupu ụdaume na mmiri mmiri dị ebe a. Ụdị olumba ndị Poland dị obere bụ ọnụnọ nke mazuration. A na-ahụ ụda okwu mbụ ebe a: 'pôwiadajom (powia'dają). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

=== Udaume ===
A na-ejigide m mgbe rz gasịrị, nke akpọpụtara dị ka y na Standard Polish, ma ọ bụ nwee ike ịgbanwe gaa na ś, 'warziwa (warzywa), psinieśli (przynieśli). Ihe kachasị ama, ihe a na-akpọ &quot;Podhalanian archaism&quot; dị ebe a; mgbe etymological cz, ż, sz (ugbu a c, z, s) yana mgbe etymological cy, zy, sy, i gachara, nke bụ mkpọpụta izizi: dzisiyjs-im (dzisiejszym). Nke a dịkwa na okwu mbinye ego: bic-igiel. Otú ọ dị, tupu ł na l, m na-atụgharị gaa na y, ma heterosyllabically na tautosyllabically, n'agbanyeghị Podhalanian archaism: strzelył (strzelił), naucył mie (nauczył mnie). Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-edobe ablaut: mietła, wiesna (miotła, wiosna). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

==== Udaume ndị a kpọpụrụ akpọchi ====
A na-edobe ụdaume ndị a kpọpụrụ akpọchi: górále (górale), n'agbanyeghị na ọ na-ejikọta ngwa ngwa na o, karịsịa na-enweghị labialization. Slanted é merged with y after both hard and soft consonants: biyda (bieda). Slanted ọ ka edobere ka ọ: górále. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

==== Udaume imi ====
Udaume imi na-ejigide nasality okwu-medially tupu sibilants, ma ọ bụghị ę na-decomposed n'ime yN na ą n'ime oN. N'oge gara aga nke ngwaa na-agwụ na -ąć, -on, -yn bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị: wzion, wziyna (wziął, wzięłą). Nghọta imi nke okwu-ikpeazụ nwere ike ịdịgasị iche dabere na njirimara ọdịdị ha. Final -ę a na-aghọta dị ka -ym na onye mbụ ugbu/ọdịnihu singular nke ngwaa: widzym (widzę), dị ka -e na accusative singular nke feminine nouns nke na-ejedebe na akụkọ ihe mere eme jasne a na nominative: babe (babę), ma -om n'ihi na nwanyi nouns na akụkọ ihe mere eme agwụ na slanted -á na nominative: om ( om) świętą). Final -ą na-aghọta dị ka -om na onye nke atọ ugbu/ọdịnihu otutu ngwaa: zapuscajom (zapuszczajom), na na ebubo na ngwá ọrụ nke otu okwu nke nwanyị adjectives, ọnụọgụgụ, na nnọchiaha: w drugom strone (w drugą stronę); przed drugom wojnom (przed drugą wojną). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

==== Prothesis ====
o na-edobe okwu-na mbido ô na mgbe ụfọdụ n'etiti. Mmalite a mgbe ụfọdụ nwere prothetic h, na prothetic j a na-ahụkwa ná mmalite na medially n'ihu dị iche iche ụdaume; Usoro abụọ a bụ nke ikpeazụ bụ naanị naanị na okwu ụfọdụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

=== Consonants ===
Okwu-ikpe-azụ -ch na-atụgharị gaa na -k n'ọtụtụ ebe nke aha: 'pô pôtôkak (po ptakach); otutu genitive/locative nke adjectives, ọnụọgụgụ, na nnọchiaha: drugik (drugich); onye mbụ gara aga (aorist) otu ngwaa: byłek (byłem). Nke a na-apụtakwa na stem-ikpeazụ -ch: duk (duch), urughuru niek (niech). Oge mbu na-atụgharị gaa na k- na ụyọkọ n'okwu ụfọdụ: krzciny (chrzciny). ch- gbanwere na f- na ngwaa chcieć: nie fce (nie chce). Dark ł na-anọkarị n'oge gara aga, mana n'ọgbọ ndị na-eto eto, a na-eji /w/ dochie ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

== Ntughari ==
A na-ahụ àgwà mgbagharị nke Goral ebe a.

=== Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals ===
The genitive nke ọnụọgụgụ na-emekarị larịị ka -ik ma ọ bụ -uk: siedmik lot (siedmiu lat), do trzidziestuk piynciu stopni (do trzydziestu pięciu stopni). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

== Okwu okwu ==

=== Nhazi Okwu ===
Enwere ike ịhụ ọchịchọ imepụta okwu Goral ebe a. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

==== Aha aha ====
Mkpokọta aha na-akpụ -acka (-aczka) na -ba na-adịkarị ebe a: sarpacka (szarpaczka) 'szamotanina, rękoczyny', chciyjba 'chcenie, chęć'. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

==== Ngwaa ====
Ngwaa nwere -á- mepụta ihe na-agabigaghị ókè na -t-: siáty (siany). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&amp;l2=dialekt-malopolski&amp;l3=podhale&amp;l4=podhale-gwara-regionu|author=Kąs|first=Józef|title=Gwara regionu - Podhale|year=2010|work=www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl|accessdate=|archivedate=2025-10-18|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20251018125623/http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l3=podhale&amp;l4=podhale-gwara-regionu&amp;l1=opis-dialektow&amp;l2=dialekt-malopolski}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Olumba nke asụsụ Polish
* Asụsụ nke Europe
* Asụsụ Polish

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <text bytes="11481" sha1="e3tavhab5u1fq1h1lnn6r0xainrix33" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language|name=Ostróda dialect|states=[[Poland]]|region=Ostróda|familycolor=Indo-European|fam2=[[Balto-Slavic languages|Balto-Slavic]]|fam3=[[Slavic languages|Slavic]]|fam4=[[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]]|fam5=[[Lechitic languages|Lechitic]]|fam6=[[Polish language|Polish]]|fam7=[[Masovian dialect group|Masovian]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&amp;l2=dialekt-mazowiecki&amp;l3=ostrodzkie|title= Ostródzkie|last= Karaś|first= Halina|year= 2010|website= dialektologia.uw.edu.pl|access-date= 19 July 2024|accessdate= 21 March 2025|archivedate= 30 March 2025|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20250330222419/http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&amp;l2=dialekt-mazowiecki&amp;l3=ostrodzkie}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

'''Olumba Ostroda''' ( Polish   ) so na otu olumba Masovia, ma mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ewere ya dị ka akụkụ nke ọhụrụ agwakọta olumba, &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt; ma dị na mpaghara [[Poland]] . Ọ jikọtara olumba Lubawa n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, olumba Masurian dị na ndịda, olumba Warmia n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ, yana olumba agwakọta ọhụrụ n'ebe ugwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&amp;l2=dialekt-mazowiecki&amp;l3=ostrodzkie|title=Ostródzkie|author=Karaś|first=Halina|year=2010|work=dialektologia.uw.edu.pl|accessdate=19 July 2024|archivedate=16 July 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716094916/http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&amp;l2=dialekt-mazowiecki&amp;l3=ostrodzkie}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== fonology ==
Ụdị olumba ndị Masovia, iwepụta consonants nke ikpeazụ tupu ụdaume na mmiri mmiri dị ebe a, gụnyere n'ihu clitics. Ụdị olumba ndị Masovia mana nke a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Polish Karịrị bụ enweghị nkesa . Enwere ike ịhụ nhịahụ n'otu oge n'etiti ụfọdụ ndị na-ekwu okwu n'ihi mmetụta Masurian: pietruska (pietruszka). Nke a na-ahụkarị ebe a bụ jabłonkowanie: cziapka (czapka), ciasam (czasem), nwere ọtụtụ mgbanwe, ọkachasị maka cz, sz. Agbanyeghị, nke a na-ahụkarị bụ nghọta nke Standard Polish. N'otu aka ahụ, ś, ź, ć, na dź nwere ike imezu n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Ọtụtụ mgbe, a na-aghọta ha dị ka na Standard Polish: siano (siano). Ha nwekwara ike na-esi ike ugboro ugboro szi, żi, czi, na dżi: sziano (siano). Opekempe, kaszubienie nwere ike ime: sano (siano). Mgbanwe ndị a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mmetụta German. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;
=== Udaume ===
Mmalite ja-, ra- na-agbanwekarị je-, re- n'okwu ndị a kapịrị ọnụ: jebłko (jabłko), reno (rano). Medial -ar- na-atụgharị gaa na -er-: derł (darł), ter (tarł). Edozila okwu ụfọdụ: zawiesy (zawiasy). Ikpeazụ -ej na-atụgharị gaa na -ij/-yj na mgbe ụfọdụ na-aga n'ihu ruo -i/-y: późnij (później), lepi (lepiej), wjincy (więcej), o dziewjonty (o dziewiątej). y na-ewelitekarị m, na-ahapụ ike nke consonant gara aga dị ka isi ụda ụda: a bili te (a byli te), agbanyeghị, a na-edobekarị ịkpọ okwu ọkọlọtọ. i/y na-ebulikarị tupu ł: żuł (żył), robiuł (robił). Mobile -e- mgbe ụfọdụ na-apụ n'anya na aha kpụrụ na -ek, -ec, karịsịa na genitive nke aha ebe: podwieczórk (podwieczorek), z Kaliszk (z Kaliszek). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

==== Ụdaume ndị a kpọpụrụ akpọchi ====
A na-edobe Slanted á ebe a, mana a na-ebuli ya mgbe ụfọdụ ka o. A na-edobe Slanted é ebe a, mana mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ebuli ya na i ma ọ bụ y, na-emekarị ka consonants dị nro. A na-edobe Slanted ọ ebe a, mana a na-ebulitekarị gị. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;
==== Udaume imi ====
Udaume imi na-abụkarị nke Standard Polish, mana mgbe ụfọdụ a na-ebuli ya na i/y, u: psuntyj (piątej), pamińć (pamięć). Udaume imi na etiti okwu na-etolitekarị. Tupu sibilants, enwere ike idowe imi imi, ma ọ bụ denasalization nwere ike ime: gęś, geś (gęś), wąs, wos (wąs). Tupu l, ł, yana okwu-n'ikpeazụ, ma ę na ą na-emekarị denazalise: wode (wodę), spsiéwajo (śpiewają). oN na eN na-ebuli elu na uN, óN na yN: una (ona), słómo (słomą), potym (potem). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

==== Prothesis ====
Mmalite mgbe nwere prothetic j-: jimię (imię). Mmalite o labialiazes ka ô, na ọ na-adịkarịghị ebidokwa u to û. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;
=== Consonants ===
N'ebe ndịda na ọwụwa anyanwụ, labials dị nro na-emebi n'ọtụtụ ụzọ, dịka: w' &gt; wź, (nke na-adịkarịghị) wż(i), p' &gt; pś, (nke na-adịkarịghị) pch, (nke na-adịkarịghị) psz(i). Mkpọpụta wż(i) na psz(i) bụ ihe sitere na mmetụta German. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, labials dị nro na-emebi dị iche iche: w'&gt; wj. Soft m' na-aghọta n'ụzọ abụọ, dabere na ọnọdụ. N'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ (site na Podlejki, Mielno, na Stęmbark) m 'adịghị agbanwe agbanwe, ma n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ ọ na-agbanwe na ń: niasto (miasto), na mgbe ụfọdụ ike ike: nasto (miasto). Enwere ike nweta ngwụcha ngwụcha ngwa ngwa -ami dị ka ọ dị na Standard Polish, ma ọ bụ sie ike: z listamy (z listami). N'aka nke ọzọ, labials dị nro nwere ike isi ike, ikekwe n'ihi mmetụta German: peśń (pieśń). Otú ọ dị, nke a bụ oge ụfọdụ. Ụyọkọ św', ćw' i dźw' na-agbasi ike: śwat (świat), ćwerć (ćwierć), dźwerze (dźwierze). Consonants dị nro ikpeazụ nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na-emebikwa: jedwabś (jedwab), karpś (karp), gołombś (gołąb). ń nwekwara ike na-esi ike mgbe ụfọdụ n'ihi mmetụta German: konski (koński). Otú ọ dị, nke a bụ oge ụfọdụ. A na-edobe kie dị nro na gie, na kie dị nro na-esikarị ike ky, gy. A na-edobekwa Hard ch. Otu kt na-atụgharịkarị na cht: nicht (nikt). i nwere ike isiri ike ịgha ụgha mgbe ụfọdụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

=== Nkwekọrịta ===
Ngwaa na-adịkarị n'ụdị enweghị nkwekọrịta: bo sie bojał (bo się bał). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

== Ntughari ==
Ọtụtụ àgwà mkparị ndị Masurian a na-ahụkarị dị ebe a. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

=== Aha aha ===
Ngwucha nke otu nwoke bụ -owju n'ihi mmeru nke -owi na -u: bratowju (bratu). Aha nwoke na neuter na-agwụ na sz, ż mgbe ụfọdụ na-ewere -e kama -u n'otu ebe: o kosie (o koszu). -ów na-achọsi ike iji dị ka genitive plural agwụ agwụ n'agbanyeghị okike. Ọtụtụ dative na-abụkarị -ám/-am kama -om: ludziám (ludziom). The Old instrumental plural endings -oma (-óma, -uma), -ama nwere ike ịhụ ebe a: nożoma (nożami), rękama, renkoma (rękami). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

=== Adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and numerals ===
Ntụnyere okwu nkwuwa okwu nakwa nke nwanyị genitive/locative singular of adjectives, pronouns, and numerals nwere ike ịbụ -ij/-yj ma ọ bụ -y/-i n'ihi mgbanwe ụda. Otu ihe eji eme ihe/locative na-abụkarị -ém kama -ym/-im na njedebe dative/instrumental plural na-abụkarị -émy kama -ymi/-imi n'ihi ịzụ nwa: takiem (takim), wszystkiemi (wszystkimi). N'ebe ndịda, njedebe genitive/locative plural nke adjectives bụ -éch kama -ych/-ich site na ntụnyere -ém: téch dobréch (tych dobrych). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;
=== Ngwaa ===
Ụfọdụ ngwaa ndị na-adịte aka gara aga nwere -er- kama -ar- n'ihi mgbanwe ụda. Enwere ike ịmepụta oge gara aga na -uł kama -ył/-ił kwa n'ihi mgbanwe ụda. Ochie mbụ na-abịa tense dual end -wa ugbu a bụ njedebe nkịtị maka onye mbụ nọ ọtụtụ na mkpa: idziewa (idziemy), cytájwa (czytajmy). Enwere ike ịmalite oge gara aga mgbe ụfọdụ ma ọ bụ na-enweghị clitics nkeonwe: wiósem (wiozłem), ja słiszał (ja słyszałem). Ụdị nke mbụ a na-ahụkarị n'oge gara aga bụ -śmy, ma mgbe ụfọdụ a na-eji archaic -m: chodziliśmy (chodziliśmy), bralim (braliśmy). A na-ejikwa onye mbụ dual-wa mgbe ụfọdụ. Onye nke abụọ nọ na nke gara aga plural maka ngwaa bụ -ta: niesieta (niesiecie). -cie na-eji maka ndị agadi ma ọ bụ ndị a na-akwanyere ùgwù: siądźcie, babciu. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;
== Okwu okwu ==
Àgwà nhazi okwu Masovia dị ebe a. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

=== Nhazi Okwu ===
A na-ahụ usoro nhazi okwu Masovia ebe a.

==== Aha aha ====
A na-eji -ak mepụta aha ndị na-egosi ụmụ anụmanụ na-eto eto na ndị mmadụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

==== Adjectives, adverbs, nnọchiaha na ọnụọgụgụ ====
A na-emepụta ihe dị elu na ná-/náj- kama naj-. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;

==== Ngwaa ====
Ọtụtụ mgbe ngwaa na-agwụ na -eć na-ebuli elu na -yć/-ić (site na -éć). &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot; /&gt;
== Syntax ==
A na-ajụkarị aha nwoke dị ka aha anụmanụ nwoke: te dobre chłopy (ci dobrzy chłopi), mana nkwekọrịta virile na-eji ngwaa: te dobre chłopy kosili (ci dobrzy chłopi kosili), kobjety musieli (kobiety musiały). Ọtụtụ mgbe a na-eji dwa maka aha nwanyị kama dwie: dwa rodziny (dwie rodziny). Mgbe ụfọdụ ọnụọgụ dị n'elu ise anaghị achị ọtụtụ mmadụ: trzydzieści siedem hektary (trzydzieści siedem hektarów). Ọtụtụ mgbe a na-eji bez na przez eme ihe n'otu n'otu. German syntax na-emekarị calqued ebe a: wódkę miał stoić (wódka stała u niego; German: stehen haben), widzę moją dekę leżeć (widzę, że moja serweta leży; German: ich sehe etwas liegen ), dostanie kumó: German kupić kapić ; bekommen), n'etiti ihe ndị ọzọ syntactical. A na-agbakọkwa ọtụtụ okwu okwu, ma ọ bụ nwee ihe edochiri ya n'ihi ịgbakọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;dialektologiagwararegionu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&amp;l2=dialekt-mazowiecki&amp;l3=ostrodzkie&amp;l4=ostrodzkie-gwara-regionu-mwr|author=Garczyńska|first=Justyna|title=Gwara regionu – wersja rozszerzona|year=2010|work=dialektologia.uw.edu.pl|accessdate=19 July 2024|archivedate=15 September 2025|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250915183129/http://www.dialektologia.uw.edu.pl/index.php?l1=opis-dialektow&amp;l2=dialekt-mazowiecki&amp;l3=ostrodzkie&amp;l4=ostrodzkie-gwara-regionu-mwr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGarczyńska2010&quot;&gt;Garczyńska, Justyna (2010). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Olumba nke asụsụ Polish
* Asụsụ nke Europe
* Asụsụ Polish

== Ntụaka ==
Fna ndenye ọkọwa okwu. A na-eme ya site na iji ụdị ngwaa nke Abụọ gbakwunyere ngwụcha -o, -aw, ma ọ bụ -á . Ụdị enweghị njedebe a dị na olumba niile ebe a na-eji ụdị gerund eme ihe n'otu aka ahụ na English -ing gerund. A na-emepụtakwa njedebe nke abụọ site na iji ụdị stem II gbakwunyere njedebe - an . Ọ nwekwara ike ịrụ ọrụ dị ka gerund ma na-eji ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ otu okwu na Bekee ruo-infinitive. Agbanyeghị, ojiji ya na-ebelata n'olumba ugwu ebe a na-eji ụdị ngwaa edochi ya n'ọdịnihu. Na olumba ebe a na-eji ma ụdị n'ọdịnihu na nke abụọ enweghị njedebe, a na-emepụta ụdị n'ọdịnihu site na iji azuokokoosisi m gbakwunyere njedebe agbanwe{{Reflist}}
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  <page>
    <title>Amina Lemrini</title>
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      <text bytes="3985" sha1="kprz0a7fffno2hlx7pzxbwv6nyjh30p" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}} Amina Lemrini El Ouahabi bụ onye Moroccan na-akwado ikike mmadụ, na onye isi ala Morocco's Haute Autorité de la Communication audiovisuelle (Higher Council of Audiovisual Communication).

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Lamrini nwetara PhD (doctorat d'État) na sayensị agụmakwụkwọ. {{Cite web|url=http://www.cndh.org.ma/an/advisory-coucil-human-rights-members/mrs-amina-lemrini-el-ouahabi|title=Mrs. Amina Lemrini El Ouahabi - Conseil National des Droits de l'Homme|author=|date=|work=www.cndh.org.ma|accessdate=10 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Lamrini bụ onye guzobere na onye bụbu onye isi oche nke Democratic Association of Moroccan Women (Association Démocratique des Femmes Marocaines).&lt;ref name=&quot;McDougall2004&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=[[James McDougall (academic)|James McDougall]]|title=Nation, Society and Culture in North Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QcaPAgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA127|accessdate=10 November 2017|date=2 August 2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-76106-6|pages=127–128}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SandbergAqertit2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Eve Sandberg|title=Moroccan Women, Activists, and Gender Politics: An Institutional Analysis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eQiqBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA56|accessdate=10 November 2017|date=26 September 2014|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-8210-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lamrini bụ onye guzobere Moroccan Organization for Human Rights (OMDH). &lt;ref name=&quot;cndh.org.ma&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cndh.org.ma/an/advisory-coucil-human-rights-members/mrs-amina-lemrini-el-ouahabi|title=Mrs. Amina Lemrini El Ouahabi - Conseil National des Droits de l'Homme|author=|date=|work=www.cndh.org.ma|accessdate=10 November 2017}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[http://www.cndh.org.ma/an/advisory-coucil-human-rights-members/mrs-amina-lemrini-el-ouahabi &quot;Mrs. Amina Lemrini El Ouahabi - Conseil National des Droits de l'Homme&quot;]. ''www.cndh.org.ma''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10 November&lt;/span&gt; 2017&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2012, Eze Mohammed nke Isii họpụtara Lamrini dị ka onye isi oche nke Kansụl Kasị Elu nke Nkwurịta Okwu Audiovisual, na Royal Palace na Rabat . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lematin.ma/journal/2012/Activite-Royale_S-M--le-Roi-nomme-Amina-Lamrini-El-Ouahabi-presidente-du-Conseil-superieur-de-la-communication-audiovisuelle-et-Jamal-Eddine-Naji-DG-de-la-communication-audiovisuelle/166400.html|title=Le Matin - S.M. le Roi nomme Amina Lamrini El Ouahabi présidente du Conseil supérieur de la communication audiovisuelle et Jamal Eddine Naji DG de la communication audiovisuelle|first=, MAP, LE|author=MATIN|date=|work=lematin.ma|accessdate=10 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nọchiri  Ahmed Ghazali, na-esochi ịchụpụ ya na mberede.[1] A na-akpọ ya &quot;un choix emblématique&quot; (nhọrọ akara ngosi), na onye aka ekpe kwadoro ikike mmadụ na ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.libe.ma/Amina-Lamrini-et-Jamal-Eddine-Naji-nouveaux-responsables-de-la-HACA-Les-lecons-d-un-limogeage_a27296.html|title=Amina Lamrini et Jamal Eddine Naji, nouveaux responsables de la HACA : Les leçons d’un limogeage|first=Narjis|author=Rerhaye|date=|work=libe.ma|accessdate=10 November 2017|archivedate=11 November 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171111094654/http://www.libe.ma/Amina-Lamrini-et-Jamal-Eddine-Naji-nouveaux-responsables-de-la-HACA-Les-lecons-d-un-limogeage_a27296.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==
Lamrini ebipụtala akwụkwọ ntuziaka nkuzi gbasara agụmakwụkwọ na [[ikike ụmụaka]], ma dee edemede na mbipụta gbasara okwu ndị gbara nnwere onwe ụmụ nwanyị gburugburu gụnyere, &quot;L&quot;image de la femme dans le discours scolaire&quot; na &quot;Femmes et développement humain: cas du Maroc&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;cndh.org.ma&quot;/&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ọ bụ nne ụmụ abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;cndh.org.ma&quot;/&gt;

== Edemsibia ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anna Wendzikowska</title>
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      <text bytes="4456" sha1="7exx1uhdk4tzczka7oe4lfxgj6ovy0e" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}'''Anna Danuta Wendzikowska''' (amụrụ 7 Septemba 1981) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anna Danuta Wendzikowska {{!}} Powiązania|url=https://rejestr.io/osoby/2205860/anna-wendzikowska|accessdate=2023-11-22|work=Rejestr.io|language=pl|archivedate=2023-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231122151406/https://rejestr.io/osoby/2205860/anna-wendzikowska}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ onye omere Polish, onye nta akụkọ na onye ngosi ihe onyonyo. Ọ bụ onye nta akụkọ nke ''Dzień Dobry TVN'' site na 2007–2022.

== Ọrụ ==
Ọ bụ onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Stefan Batory Gymnasium na Lyceum . Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Private Acting School of Halina na Jan Machulski ( ''Prywatnej Szkoły Aktorskiej Haliny i Jana Machulskich w Warszawie'', ugbu a na-akpọ ''Szkoła Aktorska Haliny i Jana Machulskich'' ) na Warsaw otu afọ. Ọ malitekwara ọmụmụ akwụkwọ akụkọ na Mahadum Warsaw, mana ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na [[London]], ebe ọ kwagara na 2005. Na London, ọ nwetara ego ọzọ site n'ịrụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-akpọ oku na dịka onye na-eje ozi n'ụlọ nri n'ụlọ nri.

N'afọ 2007, ọ pụtara na vidiyo egwu maka egwu &quot;Kill The Pain&quot; nke Poise Rite dere. Ọ na-eme na usoro telivishọn ''M jak miłość'', ebe ọ na-arụ ọrụ nke Monika.

Site na Septemba ruo Ọktoba 2011, ọ sonyere na mbipụta nke iri na atọ nke mmemme ''Dancing with the Stars.'' ''Taniec z gwiazdami'' na TVN . Onye ya na ya na-agba egwú bụ Michał Stukan, bụ́ onye ya na ya weere ọnọdụ nke iri.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Site na 2007 – 2010 ọ lụrụ Christopher Combe, onye si mba ọzọ nke Greek-America nke ọ zutere na London. Na 2014 ọ zutere Patryk Ignaczak [ pl ], onye na-agụ egwu na AudioFeels [ pl ], onye ya na ya gbara akwụkwọ mgbe otu ọnwa gachara. Na Jenụwarị 2015, ọ mụrụ nwa nwanyị Kornelia, mgbe otu afọ gachara, ha kewara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://jastrzabpost.pl/newsy/anna-wendzikowska-z-corka-i-partnerem-na-okladce-gali_146659.html|title=Anna Wendzikowska z córką i partnerem na okładce &quot;Gali&quot;! Pokazała twarz Kornelii|language=pl|publisher=jastrzabpost.pl|accessdate=8 Jan 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ zutere onye ọchụnta ego Jan Bazyl na 2017, onye ya na ya nwere nwa nwanyị ọzọ, Antonina (amụrụ 2018). Ha kewara ụzọ na 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://plejada.pl/polscy-celebryci/anna-wendzikowska-miala-meza-kim-jest-pierwszy-maz-gwiazdy-dzien-dobry-tvn/elnm093?srcc=undefined|title=Anna Wendzikowska opowiedziała o pierwszym mężu. Kim jest Christopher Combe?|language=pl|work=plejada.pl|accessdate=2024-08-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ nwa nwanne onye mmebe ejiji Malwina Wędzikowska [ pl ] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://styl.interia.pl/gwiazdy/slawni/news-zaskakujaca-rodzinna-historia,nId,363480|title=Zaskakująca rodzinna historia|language=pl|work=styl.interia.pl|accessdate=2024-08-15|archivedate=2021-10-27|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211027060858/https://styl.interia.pl/gwiazdy/slawni/news-zaskakujaca-rodzinna-historia,nId,363480}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

* 2001–02: ''Lokatorzy'' dị ka Wioletta Puszczyk, Marlena
* 2002: ''Nienasycenie'' dị ka Eliza
* 2003: ''Gosi'' dị ka Monika
* 2004: ''Dziki'' dị ka Kasia
* 2004: ''Onye ọrụ'' dị ka akwụna (Nkeji 5, anaghị akwụ ụgwọ)
* 2004: ''Apụghị iru'' dị ka Soraya
* 2004, 2007: ''Kryminalni'' dị ka onye nnabata, Monika
* 2005: ''Pierwsza miłość'' dị ka onye nnabata (Nkeji 60)
* 2005: ''Klinika samotnych serc'' dị ka Kaja
* 2006: ''Serce na dłoni'' as Ania
* 2006: ''Oyi Kenya'' dị ka ''szatniarka''
* 2008: ''echere ikpeazụ'' dị ka nwanyị
* 2008: ''Ụgwọ ahụ'' dị ka Halina Lesnik
* 2008: ''Na-abịa'' dị ka nne
* 2008–09: ''Klan'' dị ka Kaja
* 2009: ''Londyńczycy'' dị ka onye nnabata
* 2010: ''Edge'' dị ka Agata
* 2010: ''Ọnwụ'' dị ka Vita
* Site na 2011: ''M jak miłość'' dị ka Monika
* 2014: ''Paranoia'' (obere ihe nkiri) dịka nwanne nwanyị
* 2015: ''Bangistan'' dị ka onye nche ókè na ọdụ ụgbọ elu
* 2016: ''Ezi mpụ'' dị ka onye nta akụkọ ajụjụ ọnụ

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Anna Wendzikowska at IMDb
* [http://www.filmweb.pl/person?id=80759 Anna Wendzikowska] on Filmweb (in Polish)
* [http://www.filmpolski.pl/fp/index.php/1135225 Anna Wendzikowska] on filmpolski.pl (in Polish)
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Andile Dlamini</title>
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      <text bytes="9733" sha1="dy7ikngzslgixf23abhyeryeyqjihfn" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Andile_Dlamini_(cropped).jpg|thumb|Andile Dlamini]]
Andile ‘Sticks’ Dlamini (amụrụ 2 Septemba 1992) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ South Africa nke na-egwu egwu dị ka onye na-eche nche maka ọgbakọ SAFA Women’s League Mamelodi Sundowns na hollywoodbets super league na otu mba ụmụ nwanyị South Africa.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-27|title=Hollywoodbets Super League - SAFA.net|url=https://safa.net/hollywoodbets-super-league/|accessdate=2024-12-28|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-12-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241224191533/https://safa.net/hollywoodbets-super-league/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Andile Dlamini na 2nd nke Septemba 1992 na Thembisa, obodo dị na Johannesburg, South Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;sasolbio&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ klọb ==
Andile Dlamini malitere ịgba bọọlụ ọkachamara ka ọ gbasịrị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị mba South Africa n'okpuru afọ 20; E mechara họrọ ya maka otu.[1] Aha ya bụ &quot;Sticks&quot;, ọ na-egwuri egwu maka Phomolong Ladies.&lt;ref name=&quot;sasolbio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Andile &quot;Sticks&quot; Dlamini|url=http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/player-profiles/andile-%E2%80%9Csticks%E2%80%9D-dlamini|publisher=Sasol in Sport|accessdate=17 November 2016|archivedate=4 August 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804131048/http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/player-profiles/andile-%E2%80%9Csticks%E2%80%9D-dlamini}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mamelodi Sundowns Nwanyị ===
Dlamini sonyeere Sundowns Ladies na 2010.

Na Septemba 2021, ọ so na otu ndị meriri asọmpi asọmpi ụmụ nwanyị Cosafa 2021.[1] Na Nọvemba 2021, ha meriri asọmpi mbụ nke ụmụ nwanyị CAF.[2] Dlamini bụ onye na-eche goolu n'asọmpị a ma nye ya ndị otu asọmpi ahụ&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-11-21|title=CAF TSG releases the Best XI of TotalEnergies CAF Women's Champions League {{!}} CAFOnline.com|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-women-champions-league/news/caf-tsg-releases-the-best-xi-of-totalenergies-caf-women-s-champions-league|accessdate=2023-12-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121120846/https://www.cafonline.com/caf-women-champions-league/news/caf-tsg-releases-the-best-xi-of-totalenergies-caf-women-s-champions-league|archivedate=21 November 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ afọ 2022, ndị otu ahụ bụ ndị na-esote asọmpi asọmpi asọmpị ụmụ nwanyị nke Cosafa nke afọ 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-08-13|title=EN, FR, PR: Green Buffaloes stun Mamelodi Sundowns to win regional title|url=https://cosafa.com/green-buffaloes-stun-mamelodi-sundowns-to-win-regional-title/|accessdate=2023-12-29|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2022, ha bụ ndị na-esote maka 2022 CAF Women's Champions League . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Abrahams|first=Celine|date=2022-11-14|title=ASFAR Crowned 2022 CAF Women's Champions League Winners|url=https://gsport.co.za/asfar-crowned-2022-caf-womens-champions-league-winners/|accessdate=2023-11-10|work=gsport4girls|language=en-ZA|archivedate=2025-03-31|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250331142941/https://gsport.co.za/asfar-crowned-2022-caf-womens-champions-league-winners/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Septemba 2023, ha meriri na 2023 Cosafa Women's Champions League na Dlamini meriri onye na-edebe goolu nke asọmpi ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-09-08|title=EN, FR, PR: Mamelodi Sundowns qualify for CAF Women's Champions League finals|url=https://cosafa.com/mamelodi-sundowns-qualify-for-caf-womens-champions-league-finals/|accessdate=2023-12-29|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa Nọvemba 2023, ha meriri na 2023 CAF Women's Champions league maka oge nke abụọ na Dlamini meriri onye na-edebe goolu nke asọmpi ahụ ma mee ka ọ banye n'òtù nke asọmpi yina.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Ọ pụtara nke mbụ ya maka otu egwuregwu bọọlụ ụmụ nwanyị nke mba South Africa megide Botswana na 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;sasolbio&quot;/&gt; Dlamini abụwo onye na-edebe goolu maka otu ahụ, na Thokozile Mndaweni na [[Roxanne Barker]] na-ewere oge mbụ. Nke a pụtara na ọ bụ ezie na a kpọrọ aha Dlamini na ndị otu nke 2012 Summer Olympics na [[London]], United Kingdom, na 2016 Summer Olympics na [[Rio de Janeiro]], Brazil, ọ naghị agba bọọlụ n'oge ọ bụla n'oge asọmpi ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;shine&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ngidi|first=Njabulo|title=Dlamini's chance to shine for Banyana|url=http://www.iol.co.za/sport/soccer/dlaminis-chance-to-shine-for-banyana-2090499|accessdate=17 November 2016|work=IOL|date=16 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere nkụda mmụọ mgbe e wepụrụ South Africa na 2015 All Africa Games na agba nke mbụ site na ịdọrọ mgbe otu ọ bụla nọ n'ọkwa otu dọtara egwuregwu ha niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mokwena|first=Busisiwe|title=Draw breaks Banyana hearts!|url=http://www.dailysun.co.za/Sport/Draw-breaks-Banyana-hearts-20150915|accessdate=17 November 2016|work=Daily Sun|date=15 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe onye nkuzi Desiree Ellis rutere, a tụrụ aro na Dlamini nwere ike ịnwe ohere ka mma ịghọ onye na-edebe goolu mbụ, ọkachasị mgbe a tọhapụrụ Barker mgbe e mesịrị karịa ka a tụrụ anya ya maka egwuregwu enyi na enyi na asọmpi Africa Women Cup of Nations nke 2016.&lt;ref name=&quot;shine&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Dlamini bụ Onye Kraịst, ma na-agụ [[Akwụkwọ Nsọ|Bible]] iji kwadebe maka egwuregwu bọọlụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;qanda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Q &amp; A with Sasol Banyana Banyana's Andile Dlamini|url=http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/news/q-sasol-banyana-banyana%E2%80%99s-andile-dlamini|publisher=Sasol in Sport|accessdate=17 November 2016|date=29 April 2016|archivedate=18 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161118040613/http://www.sasolinsport.co.za/banyana/news/q-sasol-banyana-banyana%E2%80%99s-andile-dlamini}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Mamelodi Sundowns Nwanyị'''

* Njikọ Ụmụ nwanyị SAFA: 2020, 2021, 2022, 2023
* CAF Women's Champions League: 2021, 2023; onye nke abụọ: 2022

'''Saụt Afrịka'''

* Iko Mba Afrịka nke ụmụ nwanyị: 2022, onye nke abụọ: 2012, 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=29 June 2023|title=Magaia brace hands South Africa first TotalEnergies WAFCON trophy|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/magaia-brace-hands-south-africa-first-wafcon-trophy/|accessdate=6 August 2023|work=CAF|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'''Onye ọ bụla'''

* Women's Africa Cup of Nations Team nke asọmpi ahụ: 2022&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=26 July 2022|title=CAF announces TotalEnergies Women's AFCON 2022 Best XI|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-africa-cup-of-nations/news/caf-announces-totalenergies-women-s-afcon-2022-best-xi/|accessdate=7 August 2023|work=CAF|language=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onye na-edebe goolu kacha mma na CAF Women's Champions League: 2021, 2023
* IFFHS CAF Women's Team of The Year: 2022&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=31 January 2023|title=IFFHS CAF Women's Team 2022|url=https://www.iffhs.com/posts/2490|accessdate=7 August 2023|work=The International Federation of Football History &amp; Statistics (IFFHS)}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gauteng Sports Personality of the Year: 2022 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-02-19|title=Andile Dlamini, Lara van Niekerk and Daniel van Vuuren win big at Gauteng Sports awards {{!}} soccer|url=https://www.sabcsport.com/soccer/news/andile-dlamini-lara-van-niekerk-and-daniel-van-vuuren-win-big-at-gauteng-sports-awards|accessdate=2023-11-14|work=SABC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gauteng Ụmụ nwanyị na-eme egwuregwu nke Afọ: 2022 &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-03-05|title=Andile Dlamini wins big at the Gauteng Women in Sports Awards {{!}} soccer|url=https://www.sabcsport.com/soccer/news/andile-dlamini-wins-big-at-the-gauteng-women-in-sports-awards|accessdate=2023-11-14|work=SABC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tshwane Sports Women of the Year: 2022 &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;
* Onye na-eme egwuregwu nke Afọ: 2023 &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Newsroom|first=gsport|date=2023-09-12|title=Andile Dlamini Steals the Show at 2023 Momentum gsport Awards|url=https://gsport.co.za/andile-dlamini-steals-the-show-at-2023-momentum-gsport-awards/|accessdate=2023-11-09|work=gsport4girls|language=en-ZA|archivedate=2024-07-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240723173309/https://gsport.co.za/andile-dlamini-steals-the-show-at-2023-momentum-gsport-awards/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Feather Awards Onye Egwuregwu nke Afọ: 2023  &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=And the winners of the Feather Awards XV are (drum roll please) ...|url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/tshisa-live/tshisa-live/2023-11-09-and-the-winners-of-the-feather-awards-xv-are-drum-roll-please-/|accessdate=2023-11-10|work=TimesLIVE|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=SMag scoops Media of the Year at Feather Awards|url=https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/s-mag/culture/2023-11-10-smag-scoops-media-of-the-year-at-feather-awards/|accessdate=2023-11-10|work=SowetanLIVE|language=en-ZA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* CAF Women's Champions League Team of the Tournament: 2023 &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-11-22|title=CAF Women's Champions League, Cote d'Ivoire Best Xl confirmed|url=https://www.cafonline.com/caf-womens-champions-league/news/caf-women-s-champions-league-cote-d-ivoire-best-xl-confirmed/|accessdate=2023-11-22|work=CAF|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Africa ụmụ nwanyị XI: 2023 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-11-12|title=Osimhen, Oshoala named African Men's and Women's Player of the Year at the CAF Awards 2023|url=https://www.cafonline.com/news/osimhen-oshoala-named-african-men-s-and-women-s-player-of-the-year-at-the-caf-awards-2023/|accessdate=2023-12-15|work=CAF|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
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    <title>Zandile Majozi</title>
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{{Infobox officeholder
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'''Zandile Majozi''' bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị South Africa bụ onye ghọrọ onye omeiwu na ụlọ omeiwu South Africa na ntuli aka izugbe nke 2019 dịka onye nnọchi anya Inkatha Freedom Party .

== Ọrụ ndị omeiwu ==
N'afọ 2019, Majozi guzoro maka ntuli aka na South Africa National Assembly dị ka 5th na mpaghara IFP na ndepụta ntuli aka nke mba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) Candidates for the 2019 national election|url=https://www.pa.org.za/election/2019/national/party/ifp/|work=People's Assembly|accessdate=1 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na ntuli aka ahụ, ọ meriri oche na National Assembly. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=SEE: These are the people who will represent you in Parliament, provincial legislatures|url=https://www.news24.com/news24/Elections/News/see-these-are-the-people-who-will-represent-you-in-parliament-provincial-legislatures-20190515|accessdate=1 January 2021|work=News24|date=15 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Who's nominated for the National Assembly &amp; provincial legislatures?|url=https://ewn.co.za/2019/05/15/who-s-nominated-for-the-national-assembly-and-provincial-legislatures|accessdate=1 January 2021|work=EWN|date=15 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe nhọpụta, e kenyere Majozi na kọmitii ndị a: Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Ụmụ nwanyị Multi-Party, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Committee on Multi-Party Women's Caucus|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/committee-details/174|work=Parliament of South Africa|accessdate=1 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kọmitii Pọtụfoliyo na Nkwukọrịta, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Portfolio Committee on Communications|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/committee-details/142|work=Parliament of South Africa|accessdate=1 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Kọmitii Pọtụfoliyo na Ndị uweojii. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Portfolio Committee on Police|url=https://www.parliament.gov.za/committee-details/154|work=Parliament of South Africa|accessdate=1 January 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 21 June 2021, Majozi ghọrọ onye otu kọmitii maka ajụjụ nyocha nke ngalaba 194, bụ nke e hiwere iji chọpụta mma ọhaneze Busisiwe Mkhwebane nwere n'ọkwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Maqhina|first=Mayibongwe|date=23 June 2021|title=Busisiwe Mkhwebane impeachment committee reconstituted|work=IOL|url=https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/busisiwe-mkhwebane-impeachment-committee-reconstituted-67dd0cbb-535b-4793-a15f-1279fd877a26|accessdate=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ntuli aka izugbe nke 2024, a họpụtara Majozi ọzọ ka ọ bụrụ nzuko omeiwu na ndepụta mba IFP. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The 400 MPs elected to the National Assembly - IEC - DOCUMENTS {{!}} Politicsweb|url=https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/the-400-mps-elected-to-the-national-assembly--iec|accessdate=2024-06-11|work=www.politicsweb.co.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20240522141141/https://www.parliament.gov.za/person-details/162 Nwada Zandile Majozi] na omeiwu nke South Africa
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Afro-Brazilian culture</title>
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      <text bytes="31779" sha1="e9wg8hkkj0zkx01di9f6l7ww7d25eo7" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Encontro_estadual_de_maracatus.jpg|thumb|320x320px|Na Pernambuco, akụkọ ọdịnala na rhythm Afro-Brazilian mbụ pụtara: congada na maracatu. Na foto ahụ, ngagharị Maracatu Nação na Recife.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Congada - Festa folclórica une tradições africanas e ibéricas|url=https://educacao.uol.com.br/disciplinas/cultura-brasileira/congada-festa-folclorica-une-tradicoes-africanas-e-ibericas.htm|accessdate=2017-03-03|work=UOL}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-05-29|title=Maracatu: Um ritmo musical e uma forma de manifestação cultural tradicional de Pernambuco|url=https://sopacultural.com/maracatu-um-ritmo-musical-e-uma-forma-de-manifestacao-cultural-tradicional-de-pernambuco/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Sopa Cultural}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Omenala Afro-Brazil bụ nchikota nke ngosipụta omenala na Brazil nke nwere mmetụta ụfọdụ sitere na omenala Africa kemgbe oge ọchịchị ruo ugbu a. Ọtụtụ n'ime omenala Africa rutere Brazil site na ahia ohu transatlantic, ebe omenala ndị Europe na nke ụmụ amaala na-emetụta ya, nke pụtara na njirimara ndị Africa sitere na omenala Brazil na-ejikọta ya na ntụaka omenala ndị ọzọ.

Ugbu a, enwere ike ịmata akụkụ siri ike nke omenala Africa n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke obodo Brazil, dị ka egwu na-ewu ewu, okpukperechi, nri, akụkọ ọdịnala na mmemme ndị na-ewu ewu. Na steeti Maranhão, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo na Rio Grande do Sul bụ ndị kasị emetụta omenala si Africa n'ihi na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ohu natara n'oge ahia ohu na n'ime ha Mbugharị mgbe ọgwụgwụ nke sugar okpete na mpaghara Northeast.

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ebelata ya n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, akụkụ nke ọdịbendị Brazil nke sitere n'Afrịka nwere usoro nke revalorization site na narị afọ de 20 gaa n'ihu nke ka dị taa.

== Ọganihu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Rugendas_-_Escravos_Benguela,_Angola,_Congo,_Monjolo.jpg|thumb|Ndị ohu Africa na Brazil sitere n'ọtụtụ mba (Rugendas, c. 1830).]]
N'ozuzu, ma n'oge colonial na na narị afọ nke 19, njirimara omenala nke sitere na Europe bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Brazil, ebe a na-elegharakarị ihe ngosi omenala Afro-Brazil anya, nkụda mmụọ na ọbụna machibido. Ndị ọchịchị na-akwụsịkarị okpukpe ndị Afro-Brazil na nkà agha capoeira. N'aka nke ọzọ, a nabatara ụfọdụ ihe ngosi akụkọ ọdịnala, dị ka congadas na maracatu, yana okwu egwu dị ka lundu, ma kpalie ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-05-23|title=Cultura Negra: Nossa gente e nossa história|url=https://vermelho.org.br/2012/05/23/cultura-negra-nossa-gente-e-nossa-historia/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Vermelho}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site n'etiti narị afọ nke 20 gaa n'ihu, okwu ọdịnala Afro-Brazil malitere ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-anabata ma na-enwe mmasị n'ebe ndị ọkachamara Brazil nọ dị ka ezigbo okwu nka nke mba. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụghị ihe ngosi omenala nile anabatara n'otu oge. Samba bụ otu n'ime okwu mbụ nke omenala Afro-Brazil nke a na-enwe mmasị na ya mgbe ọ nwetara ọnọdụ dị mma na egwu ndị a ma ama na mmalite nke narị afọ nke 20. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

N'ikpeazụ, gọọmentị Estado Novo ọchịchị aka ike nke Getúlio Vargas mejuputa atumatu iji kpalite ịhụ mba n'anya ebe enwere ike ịnakwere omenala Afro-Brazil n'ihu ọha. Ọ bụ n'oge a ka mmemme ụlọ akwụkwọ samba nwetara nkwado gọọmentị site na General Union of Samba Schools nke Brazil, nke hiwere na 1934. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Fernandes|first=Nelson da Nóbrega|date=2012-11-01|title=ESCOLAS DE SAMBA, IDENTIDADE NACIONAL E O DIREITO À CIDADE|url=https://www.ub.edu/geocrit/sn/sn-418/sn-418-47.htm|journal=Revista Electrónica de Geografía y Ciencias Sociales|volume=16|issue=416}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Otu ihe ahụ mere na ngosipụta ọdịbendị ndị ọzọ. Capoeira, nke a na-ewere dị ka ọrụ nke ndị omempụ na ndị omempụrụ iwu, bụ nke Mestre Bimba nyere onye isi ala Vargas na 1953, onye kpọrọ ya &quot;naanị egwuregwu mba n'ezie&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Fernandes|first=Fernanda|date=2020-11-23|title=Quem foi Mestre Bimba, criador da capoeira regional|url=https://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/index.php/reportagens/16849-quem-foi-mestre-bimba,-criador-da-capoeira-regional|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=MultiRio}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na 1950s gaa n'ihu, mkpagbu nke okpukpe Afro-Brazilian belatara ma akụkụ nke ndị nọ n'etiti Rio de Janeiro nabatara umbanda. N'ime afọ iri sochirinụ, okpukpe Afro-Brazilian malitere ịbụ ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ na-eme ememe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

N'afọ 2003, a bịanyere aka na Iwu No. 10.639, nke gbanwere [[Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education|Iwu nke Ntuziaka na Ntọala nke Mmụta]] (LDB), na-achọ ka ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị na nke sekọndrị nke Brazil tinye nkuzi nke akụkọ ihe mere eme na ọdịbendị Afro-Brazilian na usoro mmụta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=LEI No 10.639, DE 9 DE JANEIRO DE 2003|url=https://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/leis/2003/l10.639.htm|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Presidency of the Republic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọmụmụ Afro-Brazilian ==
[[Faịlụ:Sobradomadalena.jpg|thumb|Ebe ndebe ihe ochie nke Abolition - Ebe ndebe nke ọdịbendị Afro-Brazilian, na Recife.]]
A na-egosipụta mmasị na ọdịbendị Afro-Brazilian site n'ọtụtụ ọmụmụ na ngalaba nke sociology, anthropology, ethnology, egwu na asụsụ, n'etiti ndị ọzọ, lekwasịrị anya na nkwupụta na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke ọdịbendị Afrro-Brasilian.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gomes|first=Nilma Lino|date=2008-09-10|title=EDUCAÇÃO E DIVERSIDADE CULTURAL: REFLETINDO SOBRE AS DIFERENTES PRESENÇAS NA ESCOLA|url=https://files.ufgd.edu.br/arquivos/arquivos/78/NEAB/Educacao%20e%20Diversidade%20Cultural.pdf|journal=Mulheres Negras - do Umbigo Para O Mundo}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta Brazil, dị ka onye ọka iwu Edison Carneiro, onye nyocha Nina Rodrigues, onye edemede Jorge Amado, onye na-ede uri na onye edemede sitere na Minas Gerais Antonio Olinto, onye edemede na onye nta akụkọ João Ubaldo, ọkà mmụta ihe ọmụmụ na onye na-ahụ maka ihe ochie bụ Raul Lody, yana ndị mba ọzọ dị ka ọkà mmụta mmekọrịta ọha na eze French bụ Roger Bastide, onye na-ese ihe nkiri America na onye na-ese foto bụ Pierre Verth Land. Carybé, raara onwe ha nye ịnakọta data na omenala Afro-Brazil, nke a na-amụbeghị nke ọma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Jensen|first=Tina Gudrun|year=2001|title=Discursos sobre as religiões afro-brasileiras - Da desafricanização para a reafricanização|url=https://www.pucsp.br/rever/rv1_2001/t_jensen.htm|journal=Estudos da Religião|issue=1|pages=1–21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụfọdụ n'ime ha sonyere n'okpukpe Afro-Brazilian, dị ka João do Rio; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Serafim|first=Vanda Fortuna|title=JOÃO DO RIO E A HISTÓRIA DAS RELIGIÕES AFRO-BRASILEIRAS|url=https://revistas.unilasalle.edu.br/index.php/Mouseion/article/download/1589/1057|journal=UnilaSalle|volume=17|issue=1|pages=41–60}}&lt;/ref&gt; a kpọrọ ndị ọzọ ka ha sonye na candomblé dị ka ndị otu zuru oke, na-enweta ọkwa nsọpụrụ dị ka [[Obá de Xangô|Obá nke Xangô]] na Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá na [[Ogã]] na Ilê Ajé Oká na Ilê Axé Iyá Omin Iyamassê, na-enyere aka n'ụzọ ego iji lekọta ''[[Terreiro (religion)|Terreiros]]'' ndị a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ferreti|first=Sergio|title=Nina Rodrigues e a Religião dos Orixás|url=http://gmbahia.ufba.br/index.php/gmbahia/article/viewFile/307/298|journal=Gazeta Médica da Bahia|volume=76|pages=54–59}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Costa|first=José Ricardo da|title=Antonio Olinto: pele branca, alma da África|url=https://ojs.ufgd.edu.br/index.php/Raido/article/view/14545|journal=Raído|date=2021|volume=15|issue=37|pages=36–50|doi=10.30612/raido.v15i37.14545}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ndị ụkọchukwu na-ede akwụkwọ wepụtara onwe ha ide akụkọ ihe mere eme nke okpukpe Afro-Brazilian site n'enyemaka nke ndị ọkà mmụta nwere ọmịiko ma ọ bụ ndị otu candomblés. Ndị ọzọ, ebe ọ bụ na ha enweelarị agụmakwụkwọ, ghọrọ ndị edemede n'otu oge ahụ na ọnọdụ ha dị ka ndị ụkọchukwu, dị ka ndị ọkà mmụta ọdịdị mmadụ [[Júlio Santana Braga]] na [[Vivaldo da Costa Lima]], iyalorishás Nne Stella na Giselle Cossard Binon - Omindarewa, prọfesọ Agenor Miranda, ọkàiwu Cléo Martins na prọfesor sociology [[Reginaldo Prandi]], n'etiti ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ramos|first=Cleidiana|date=2015-01-29|title=Entrevista Júlio Braga: &quot;Sou criança em relação a esse mundo milenar&quot;|url=https://www.geledes.org.br/entrevista-julio-braga-sou-crianca-em-relacao-esse-mundo-milenar/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Portal Geledés}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-09-22|title=Morre antropólogo Vivaldo da Costa Lima|url=https://www.correio24horas.com.br/salvador/morre-antropologo-vivaldo-da-costa-lima-0910|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Correio do Povo|archivedate=2023-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816162506/https://www.correio24horas.com.br/salvador/morre-antropologo-vivaldo-da-costa-lima-0910}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-04-25|title=Mãe Stella de Oxóssi é eleita membro da Academia de Letras da Bahia|url=https://politicalivre.com.br/2013/04/mae-stella-de-oxossi-e-eleita-para-academia-de-letras-da-bahia/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Política Livre|archivedate=2023-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816162459/https://politicalivre.com.br/2013/04/mae-stella-de-oxossi-e-eleita-para-academia-de-letras-da-bahia/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ribeiro|first=Bruno|title=Mãe de Santo à francesa|url=http://www.revistabrasileiros.com.br/edicoes/16/textos/372/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Brasileiros|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100102034658/http://www.revistabrasileiros.com.br/edicoes/16/textos/372/|archivedate=2010-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lobo|first=Flavio|date=2013-01-09|title=Entrevista: Reginaldo Prandi estuda religiões afro-brasileiras|url=http://redeglobo.globo.com/globouniversidade/noticia/2013/01/entrevista-reginaldo-prandi-estuda-religioes-afro-brasileiras.html|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=G1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okpukpe ==
[[Faịlụ:Igreja_do_Rosário_dos_Homens_Pretos_(3597939043).jpg|thumb|Chọọchị nke Our Lady of the Rosary of the Black Men of Olinda bụ chọọchị mbụ na Brazil nke ụmụnne ndị isi ojii nwere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Inventário dos Lugares de Memória do Tráfico Atlântico de Escravos e da História dos Africanos Escravizados no Brasil|url=http://www.labhoi.uff.br/sites/default/files/4_inventario_igrejas.pdf|journal=UFF}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
N'ozuzu, e mere ndị isi ojii si Africa kpọta dị ka ndị ohu ozugbo ma manye ha ịgbaso Okpukpe Katọlik. Otú ọ dị, ntọghata bụ naanị elu na okpukpe ndị sitere n'Afrịka jisiri ike nọgide site na omume nzuzo ma ọ bụ syncretism na Katọlik. Ụfọdụ okpukpe Afro-Brazilian ka na-edebe ọtụtụ omenala Africa ha, dị ka omenala candomblé na [[Xangô do Nordeste|xangô]] na mpaghara ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ; e guzobere ndị ọzọ site na njikọ okpukpe, dị ka batuque, tambor de mina, [[xambá]] na umbanda.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ferreti|first=Mundicarmo|year=1997|title=TAMBOR DE MINA E UMBANDA: O culto aos caboclos no Maranhão|url=http://www.repositorio.ufma.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/205|journal=GPMINA|issue=39}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Motta|first=Roberto|title=O ÚTIL, O SAGRADO E O MAIS-QUE-SAGRADO NO XANGÔ DE PERNAMBUCO|url=https://www.scielo.br/j/ha/a/C47NX6PK5K7vPr5L7pfGTvR/?format=pdf&amp;lang=pt|journal=Horizontes Antropológicos|date=1998|volume=4|issue=8|pages=168–181|doi=10.1590/S0104-71831998000100009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, okpukpe Afro-Brazilian na-egosi mmetụta sitere na Katọlik na ụmụ amaala [[encantaria]] na pajelança. Syncretism na-egosipụtakwa onwe ya n'omenala nke baptizim nke ụmụaka na alụmdi na nwunye na Chọọchị Katọlik, ọbụlagodi mgbe ndị otu ahụ na-agbaso okpukpe Afro-Brazilian n'ihu ọha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rocha|first=Leandro Mendes|title=ENCANTARIAS BRASILEIRAS. A EMERGÊNCIA DE RELIGIOSIDADES HÍBRIDAS AFRO-AMERÍNDIAS: O CASO DO MESTRE IRINEU SERRA – DAIME|url=https://revistas.ufg.br/racs/article/download/55385/26457/231399|journal=Articul. Constr. Saber|volume=3|issue=1|pages=280–313}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Brazil, ndị isi ojii na ndị Mulatto, ma ọ bụ ndị ohu ma ọ bụ mmadụ a tọhapụrụ, na-ejikọkarị onwe ha n'òtù okpukpe Katọlik. Sisterhood of Our Lady of the Good Death na Sisterhood of Notre Lady of the Rosary of the Black Men so n'ime ndị kachasị mkpa, na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka njikọ dị n'etiti Katọlik na okpukpe Afro-Brazilian. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Silva|first=Livia Maria Baêta da|title=A IRMANDADE DE NOSSA SENHORA DA BOA MORTE, UMA PERSPECTIVA MUSEOLÓGICA E DE GÊNERO|url=https://www.cult.ufba.br/enecul2005/LiviaMariaBaetadaSilva.pdf|journal=Enecult|volume=1}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSilva&quot;&gt;Silva, Livia Maria Baêta da. [https://www.cult.ufba.br/enecul2005/LiviaMariaBaetadaSilva.pdf &quot;A IRMANDADE DE NOSSA SENHORA DA BOA MORTE, UMA PERSPECTIVA MUSEOLÓGICA E DE GÊNERO&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. ''Enecult''. '''1'''.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ott|first=Carlos|title=A IRMANDADE DE NOSSA SENHORA DO ROSARIO DOS PRETOS DO PELOURINHO|url=https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/afroasia/article/download/20681/13276|journal=UFBA|pages=119–126}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOtt&quot;&gt;Ott, Carlos. [https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/afroasia/article/download/20681/13276 &quot;A IRMANDADE DE NOSSA SENHORA DO ROSARIO DOS PRETOS DO PELOURINHO&quot;]. ''UFBA'': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;119–&lt;/span&gt;126.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Omume nke Katọlik ọdịnala nwere mmetụta Afrịka n'ofufe nke ndị senti sitere n'Afrịka dịka Saint Benedict, Saint Elesbaan, Saint Ephigenia na Saint Anthony nke Noto ([[Antônio de Categeró|Saint Anthony nke Carthage]] ma ọ bụ Saint Anthony nke Etiopia);&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Oliveira|first=Anderson José Machado de|title=O Culto dos Santos no Brasil Colonial: aspectos teóricos e metodológico|url=https://view.officeapps.live.com/op/view.aspx?src=http%3A%2F%2Fsnh2013.anpuh.org%2Fresources%2Frj%2FAnais%2F1998%2Fautor%2FAnderson%2520Jose%2520Machado%2520de%2520Oliveira%2520.doc&amp;wdOrigin=BROWSELINK|journal=ANPUH}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zarattini|first=Fábio|title=Santos negros carmelitas e franciscanos: estudo das imagens de Minas Gerais e Pernambuco|url=https://revistas.pucsp.br/index.php/rever/article/download/55916/40052/181812|journal=REVER|volume=22|issue=1|pages=59–76|doi=10.23925/1677-1222.2021vol22i1a5}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'ofuce kachasị mma nke ndị senti nwere njikọ dị mfe na orishas Afrịka dị ka Saints Coszena na Damian (ibeji), Saint George (Ogun na Rio de Janeiro), Saint Barbara (Yansbaan),  n'ịme nke ndị senti ọhụrụ a ma ama dị ka Escrava Anchanya nke ndị nsọ nke ndị nsọ,  na-ekpe ekpere nke ndị nsọ Sanitisha nke Sanitisha:  na-eme na Sanitisha (Santuantuantuantu:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mulheres de terreiros, as memórias ancestrais e a resistência pelo sagrado|url=https://www.awure.com.br/mulheres-de-terreiros-as-memorias-ancestrais-e-a-resistencia-pelo-sagrado/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Awure|date=22 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-05-28|title=Anastácia, a santa popular brasileira|url=https://www.mulheresdeluta.com.br/anastacia-a-santa-popular-brasileira/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Mulheres de luta|author=de Luta|first=Mulheres|archivedate=2023-11-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231129123352/http://www.mulheresdeluta.com.br/anastacia-a-santa-popular-brasileira/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-06-01|title=Acompanhe a trezena de Santo Antônio e alcance suas graças em 13 dias|url=https://www.terra.com.br/vida-e-estilo/horoscopo/acompanhe-a-trezena-de-santo-antonio-e-alcance-suas-gracas-em-13-dias,15af3ce383b509f609253c063bd45ce56sdwkez7.html|accessdate=2013-08-16|work=Terra}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Dourado|first=Tatiana Maria|date=2013-06-07|title=Festa do Senhor do Bonfim ganha título de Patrimônio Imaterial do Brasil|url=https://g1.globo.com/bahia/noticia/2013/06/festa-do-senhor-do-bonfim-ganha-titulo-de-patrimonio-imaterial-do-brasil.html|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=G1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na Katọlik na-agọnahụ ịdị adị nke orishas, ụka Pentikọstal kwenyere na ịdị adị ha, mana dị ka ndị mmụọ ọjọọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Monteiro|first=Flavio Pantoja|title=Presença Demoníaca: A influência da figura demoníaca na fé pentecostal e neopentecostal|url=https://seer.ufu.br/index.php/cdhis/article/download/59699/32064/265664|journal=CDHIS|volume=34|issue=1|pages=231–255|doi=10.14393/cdhis.v34n1.2021.59699}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka IBGE si kwuo, 0.3% nke ndị Brazil na-ekwu na ha na-agbaso okpukpe ndị sitere n'Afrịka, ọ bụ ezie na ọnụ ọgụgụ ka ukwuu nke ndị mmadụ na-agbasasị okpukpe ndị a na nzuzo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rodrigues|first=Jéssica|date=2022-03-17|title=Entidades lançam pesquisa inédita para mapear racismo e violência religiosos no Brasil|url=https://www.brasildefato.com.br/2022/03/17/entidades-lancam-pesquisa-inedita-para-mapear-racismo-e-violencia-religiosos-no-brasil|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Brasil de Fato}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na mbụ, ọtụtụ ndị ụbụrụ na-aghọ nkọ na ndị na-ese ihe dị ka Jorge Amado, Dorival Caymmi, Vinícius de Moraes, Caetano Veloso, Gilberto Gil, Maria Bethânia (onye gara Nne Menininha's ''Terreiro''), Gal Costa (onye a malitere na Orisha Babalú-Ayé), Mestre Didi (nwa nke Frealorishá Caymmi), [[Antonio Risério]] de Moraes (onye na-eseji), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Guimarães|first=Julia|date=2007-02-28|title=A ialorixá do Brasil|url=https://www.otempo.com.br/entretenimento/magazine/a-ialorixa-do-brasil-1.315900|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=O Tempo}}&lt;/ref&gt; Belto).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Beniste|first=José|title=Mitos yorubás: o outro lado do conhecimento|publisher=Bertrand Brasil|year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Franco|first=Tasso|date=2013-10-06|title=Filho de Mãe Senhora, mestre DIDI morre aos 95 anos de idade|url=https://www.bahiaja.com.br/cultura/noticia/2013/10/06/filho-de-mae-senhora-mestre-didi-morre-aos-95-anos-de-idade,65019,0.html|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=BahiaJá}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Candomble_Pernambuco.jpg|thumb|Candomblé na Pernambuco.]]

=== Okpukpe ndị Afrịka na Brazil ===

* [[Babaçuê]] - Pará;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Campelo|first=Marilu Márcia|title=As duas africanidades estabelecidas no Pará|url=https://www.unicamp.br/~aulas/Conjunto%20II/4_13.pdf|journal=Revista Aulas|volume=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Batuque - Rio Grande do Sul;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Charles|first=Hungbono|date=2016-10-26|title=O Batuque do Rio Grande do Sul – Uma religião de Orixás|url=https://ocandomble.com/2016/10/26/o-batuque-do-rio-grande-do-sul-uma-religiao-de-orixas/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Cabula]] - Espírito Santo, Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro na Santa Catarina; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nogueira|first=Guilherme Dantas|title=EU CANGIRA, DEIXA A GIRA GIRAR: A CABULA CAPIXABA E SEUS VESTÍGIOS EM MINAS GERAIS|url=https://periodicos.unb.br/index.php/revistacalundu/article/download/7634/6303/13250|journal=Revista Calundu|volume=1|issue=2|pages=71–90}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Candomblé - Na steeti niile nke Brazil;
* [[Egungun cult|Okpukpe Egungun]] - Bahia, Rio de Janeiro na São Paulo; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-07-25|title=O Culto dos Ancestrais – Egungun|url=https://ocandomble.com/2017/07/25/o-culto-dos-ancestrais-egungun/|accessdate=2023-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ifá Cult - Bahia, Rio de Janeiro na São Paulo; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-02-18|title=Religiões Afro-Brasileiras|url=http://deusesehomens.com.br/religioes/afro-brasileiras/item/205-religioes-afro-brasileiras|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Deuses &amp; Homens}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Macumba - Rio de Janeiro; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Britto|first=Rossana|title=Noite na macumba: as religiões afro-brasileiras e o bailado de Eros Volusia|url=https://revistaplura.emnuvens.com.br/plura/article/download/1037/pdf_114/4264|journal=Revista de Estudos de Religião|volume=6|issue=2|pages=307–319}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Omoloko]] - Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais na São Paulo; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Silva|first=Walerson Fernandes da|title=O CULTO OMOLOKÔ E SUA RELAÇÃO COM A UMBANDA E O CANDOMBLÉ|url=https://www.ufjf.br/bach/files/2016/10/WALERSON-FERNANDES-DA-SILVA.pdf|journal=UFJF}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kimbanda - Rio de Janeiro na São Paulo; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-12-11|title=Religiões afro-brasileiras derivam de crenças de mais de 4 séculos|url=http://www.morcegada.unir.br/?p=708|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Morcegada|archivedate=2023-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816162500/http://www.morcegada.unir.br/?p=708}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tambor nke Mina - Maranhão na Pará; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;
* [[Terecô]] - Maranhão; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Carvalho|first=Cleide|title=Codó, no Maranhão, é a terra dos pais de santo|url=https://oglobo.globo.com/politica/codo-no-maranhao-a-terra-dos-pais-de-santo-8043533|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=G1|date=6 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Umbanda - Na steeti niile nke Brazil; &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;
* Xambá - Alagoas na Pernambuco; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Iglesia|first=Marcus|date=2018-12-03|title=Território da ancestralidade africana, Nação Xambá é patrimônio vivo de Pernambuco|url=https://www.cultura.pe.gov.br/canal/patrimonio-cultural-3/territorio-da-ancestralidade-africana-nacao-xamba-e-patrimonio-vivo-de-pernambuco/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Portal Cultura}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Xangô do Nordeste - Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas na Sergipe; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
* Òtù;
* Ụmụnne nwanyị nke Our Lady of the Good Death; &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Silva|first=Livia Maria Baêta da|title=A IRMANDADE DE NOSSA SENHORA DA BOA MORTE, UMA PERSPECTIVA MUSEOLÓGICA E DE GÊNERO|url=https://www.cult.ufba.br/enecul2005/LiviaMariaBaetadaSilva.pdf|journal=Enecult|volume=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ụmụnne nwanyị nke Our Lady nke Rosary nke ndị isi ojii; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ott|first=Carlos|title=A IRMANDADE DE NOSSA SENHORA DO ROSARIO DOS PRETOS DO PELOURINHO|url=https://periodicos.ufba.br/index.php/afroasia/article/download/20681/13276|journal=UFBA|pages=119–126}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Syncretism; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-04-18|title=Qual a ligação entre os santos católicos e os orixás?|url=https://super.abril.com.br/mundo-estranho/qual-a-ligacao-entre-os-santos-catolicos-e-os-orixas|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Super Interessante}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe osise ==
[[Faịlụ:Neide_da_Costa.jpeg|thumb|Onye na-akpa ákwà nke Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá candomblé ''Terreiro'' na Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.]]
Alaká Africa, nke a maara na Brazil dị ka pano-da-costa, bụ nke ndị na-akpa ákwà nke Ilê Axé Opô Afonjá candomblé ''Terreiro'' na Salvador, na mbara igwe a na-akpọ Casa do Alaká.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Casa do Alaká|url=http://casadoalaka.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071008082253/http://casadoalaka.com/|archivedate=2007-10-08|accessdate=2008-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mestre Didi, [[Alapini]] (onye nchụàjà dị elu) nke ofufe [[Egungun]] na [[Açobá|Azobá]] (onye nchụaja kachasị elu) nke okpukpe Babalú-Ayé na Orishas nke ụwa, bụkwa onye na-ese ihe ma ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya kpamkpam na akụkọ ifo na nka [[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|author=Franco|first=Tasso|date=2013-10-06|title=Filho de Mãe Senhora, mestre DIDI morre aos 95 anos de idade|url=https://www.bahiaja.com.br/cultura/noticia/2013/10/06/filho-de-mae-senhora-mestre-didi-morre-aos-95-anos-de-idade,65019,0.html|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=BahiaJá}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFranco2013&quot;&gt;Franco, Tasso (2013-10-06). [https://www.bahiaja.com.br/cultura/noticia/2013/10/06/filho-de-mae-senhora-mestre-didi-morre-aos-95-anos-de-idade,65019,0.html &quot;Filho de Mãe Senhora, mestre DIDI morre aos 95 anos de idade&quot;]. ''BahiaJá''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihe osise, ọtụtụ ndị na-ese ihe na ndị na-emepụta ihe etinyela onwe ha n'igosi ịma mma nke candomblé, umbanda na batuque na ákwà ha. Otu n'ime ha bụ onye na-ese ihe na onye na-ise ihe n'Argentina bụ Carybé, onye raara ọtụtụ ndụ ya na Brazil nye na-ese ma na-ese Orishas na ememme ruo n'ụzọ kachasị mma. Enwere ike ịhụ ihe ọkpụkpụ ya na Afro-Brazilian Museum ma bipụta akụkụ nke ọrụ ya n'akwụkwọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Silva|first=Vagner Gonçalves da|title=Artes do axé. O sagrado afro-brasileiro na obra de Carybé|journal=Ponto Urbe|date=2012|volume=10|issue=10|doi=10.4000/pontourbe.1267}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na foto, onye France Pierre Fatumbi Verger, onye gara Bahia na 1946 ma nọrọ ruo ụbọchị ikpeazụ nke ndụ ya, gosipụtara ndị Brazil na oji na ọcha na ihe niile nke candomblé. E wezụga ise foto, ọ ghọrọ akụkụ nke okpukpe ahụ, ma na Brazil ma n'[[Afrịka]], ebe a malitere ya dị ka Babalawo, yana ịmalite Pierre Verger Foundation na Salvador, ebe nchịkọta foto ya niile dị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Souty|first=Jérôme|title=IMAGEM, ORALIDADE E ESCRITA: UMA ANÁLISE DA TRAJETÓRIA DE PIERRE FATUMBI VERGER|url=https://www.scielo.br/j/afro/a/z7cQp4dB7LXDH4jXmf5L5Yz/?lang=pt&amp;format=pdf|journal=Afro-Ásia|volume=45|pages=185–194}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Pierre Verger pela cidade|url=https://www.salvadordabahia.com/roteiros/pierre-verger-pela-cidade/|accessdate=2023-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nri ==
A na-ekwukarị feijoada Brazil, nke a na-ewere dị ka nri mba Brazil, dị ka ihe ndị ohu kere, ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwere ike ịbụ na e mepụtara ya na ''[[Senzala|senzalas]]''. Otú ọ dị, n'oge ndị a, a na-ewere ''[[feijoada]]'' Brazil dị ka mgbanwe okpomọkụ nke ''feijoada'' Portuguese nke a na-ejikarịghị ndị ohu. N'agbanyeghị nke a, nri mpaghara Brazil nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu site na nri ndị Afrịka, agwakọta ya na ihe oriri ndị Europe na nke ụmụ amaala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-05-09|title=Origem da Feijoada e sua História: Você tem certeza que ela nasceu nas senzalas?|url=https://fundacaocargill.org.br/historia-da-feijoada/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Fundação Cargill}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nri nke Bahia bụ nke na-egosipụtakarị mmetụta Afrịka na nri ya dịka ''[[Akara|acarajé]]'', ''caruru'', ''vatapá'' na ''[[moqueca]]''. A na-eji [[Nmanu nri|mmanụ nkwụ]], nke e si n'osisi nkwụ nke Afrịka weta na Brazil n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọzọ, akwadebe efere ndị a. Na Bahia, e nwere ụzọ abụọ iji kwadebe usoro nri ndị a. N'ụzọ dị mfe karị, nri ndị ahụ enweghị ọtụtụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ ma na-eme ya na candomblé ''Terreiros'' iji nye orishas. N'ụzọ ọzọ, a na-etinye ya n'èzí ''Terreiros'', a na'iji ọtụtụ ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ na-akwadebe nri ahụ ma na-atọ ụtọ karị, ndị baianas do acarajé na-ere ya ma na-ata ya na ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na ụlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=França|first=Érico da Silva|title=A FORMAÇÃO DA &quot;CULINÁRIA BAIANA&quot;: SOB UMA ÓTICA &quot;AFRICANA&quot;|url=http://snh2013.anpuh.org/resources/anais/35/1397424147_ARQUIVO_AFORMACAODACULINARIABAIANA.pdf|journal=ANPUH|volume=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Egwú ==
Egwú ndị Afro-Brazilians mepụtara bụ ngwakọta nke mmetụta sitere n'ofe Afrịka ndịda Sahara na ihe ndị Portuguese na, ruo n'ókè dị ala, egwu ụmụ amaala, nke mepụtara ụdị dịgasị iche iche. Egwú ndị a ma ama na Brazil nwere mmetụta siri ike site na rhythms Africa; ụdị ndị kachasị ewu ewu bụ samba, [[marabaixo]], maracatu, [[Ijexá (rhytm)|ijexá]], coco, jongo, carimbó, lambada, maxixe, maculelê.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-05-29|title=Maracatu: Um ritmo musical e uma forma de manifestação cultural tradicional de Pernambuco|url=https://sopacultural.com/maracatu-um-ritmo-musical-e-uma-forma-de-manifestacao-cultural-tradicional-de-pernambuco/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Sopa Cultural}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;[https://sopacultural.com/maracatu-um-ritmo-musical-e-uma-forma-de-manifestacao-cultural-tradicional-de-pernambuco/ &quot;Maracatu: Um ritmo musical e uma forma de manifestação cultural tradicional de Pernambuco&quot;]. ''Sopa Cultural''. 2023-05-29&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-08-16&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-01-27|title=Jongo, expressão da cultura afro-brasileira|url=https://www.multirio.rj.gov.br/index.php/reportagens/8637-jongo-expressao-da-cultura-afro-brasileira|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=MultiRio}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-12-04|title=Maxixe – Conheça a origem e história do Tango Brasileiro!|work=Terravista Brasil|url=https://terravistabrasil.com.br/maxixe/|accessdate=2023-08-16|archivedate=2023-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816162508/https://terravistabrasil.com.br/maxixe/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-01-14|title=Carimbó: ritmo de herança afro-indígena é tradição no Pará|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/rfi/2022/01/14/carimbo-ritmo-de-heranca-afro-indigena-e-tradicao-no-para.htm|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=UOL}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-04-17|title=O que é o Maculele|url=https://www.capoeiranossanacao.com.br/o-que-e-o-maculele/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Capoeira Nossa Nação}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị nnọọ ka ọ mere n'ógbè nile nke America ebe ndị ohu Africa nọ, a na-eleghara egwu ndị Afro-descendants mere anya na mbụ ma na-ewepụ ya, ruo mgbe ọ nwetara aha ọjọọ na mmalite narị afọ nke 20 wee bụrụ nke kachasị ewu ewu taa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kuehn|first=Frank|title=ESTUDO ACERCA DOS ELEMENTOS AFRO-BRASILEIROS DO CANDOMBLÉ NAS LETRAS E MÚSICAS DE VINÍCIUS DE MORAES E BADEN POWELL: os &quot;Afro-Sambas&quot;.|url=https://www.academia.edu/685708|journal=Terceiro Colóquio de Pesquisa da Pós-Graduação em Música, Escola de Música|date=January 2002|pages=94–103}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ngwá egwu Afro-Brazil ===

* Ọ na-egbu mgbu;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Instrumentos Musicais Africanos|url=https://brasilescola.uol.com.br/geografia/instrumentos-musicais-africanos.htm|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Brasil Escola}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Agogô;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Alfaia;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alfaia|url=http://www.percussionista.com.br/instrumentos/alfaia.htm|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Percussionista}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Mwakpo;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-03-15|title=A História do Atabaque|url=http://casademiguelarcanjo.com.br/orixas/a-historia-do-atabaque/|accessdate=2023-08-16|work=Casa de Miguel|archivedate=2023-08-16|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230816162500/http://casademiguelarcanjo.com.br/orixas/a-historia-do-atabaque/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Berimbau;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;
* Ịgbà;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Omenala Africa na Rio Grande do Sul
* Quilombo
* Akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Afro-Brazil

== Ihe odide ==

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'''Linda L. Horton''' Ọ bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị ihe onwunwe si America yana onye na-ahụ maka nduzi nke Office of Basic Energy Sciences (BES) n'okpuru United States Department of Energy

== Mmụta ==
Horton nwetara Ph.D. ya na Mahadum Virginia na ngalaba sayensị ihe, wee malite ọrụ ya na electron microscopy na Oak Ridge National Laboratory, ebe ọ mechara bụrụ onye nduzi nke Center for Nanophase Materials Sciences. Ọ jikwara ọrụ dị mkpa na Board of Directors nke Microscopy Society of America, Materials Research Society, na ASM International.
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{{Reflist}}
[[Faịlụ:Niyonzima haruna.jpg|thumb|Niyonzima haruna]]
Haruna Fadhili Niyonzima (amụrụ 5 Febụwarị 1990) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Rwandan nke na-agba egwu dị ka onye ọkpọ egwuregwu bọọlụ Libyan Premier League Al Ta'awon na onye isi otu mba Rwanda.

== Ọrụ klọb ==
A mụrụ ya na Gisenyi, Niyonzima agbaala bọọlụ na Rwanda na Tanzania maka Etincelles, Rayon Sports, APR, Young Africans, Simba na A.S. Kigali . 

Niyonzima hapụrụ AS Kigali na ngwụcha afọ 2019 iji laghachi na klọb Young Africans. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Muhinde|first=Jejje|title=Haruna confirms talks with former club Young Africans|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/sports/haruna-confirms-talks-former-club-young-africans|accessdate=18 March 2020|work=The New Times|date=21 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mwebe|first=Michael|title=Niyonzima jets in ahead of derby|url=https://www.ippmedia.com/en/sport/niyonzima-jets-ahead-derby|accessdate=18 March 2020|work=The Guardian Tanzania|publisher=ippmedia.com|date=3 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Niyonzima mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa maka Rwanda n'afọ 2006,  ma pụta na egwuregwu FIFA World Cup. 

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

: ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ nke Rwanda na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ihe mgbaru ndụ Niyonzima ọ bụla gasịrị.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Haruna Niyonzima 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Mba.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ụbọchị
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ebe a na-anọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Onye mmegide
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ihe ruru
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Nsonaazụ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ịsọ mpi
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |June 2, 2007
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Amahoro Stadium, Kigali, Rwanda
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Equatorial Guinea
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2008 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3
|9 Disemba 2007
|National Stadium, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| Eritrea
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–1
|2007 CECAFA Cup
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4
|22 Disemba 2007
|National Stadium, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| Sudan
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1–2
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–2
|2007 CECAFA Cup
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |5
|8 Disemba 2009
|Nyayo National Stadium, Nairobi, Kenya
| Zimbabwe
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |4–1
|2009 CECAFA Cup
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; |6
|26 Nọvemba 2012
|Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, Uganda
| Malawi
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
| align=&quot;center&quot; |2–0
|2012 CECAFA Cup
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke ndị na-agba bọọlụ ụmụ nwoke nwere 100 ma ọ bụ karịa mba ụwa

== Edemsibia ==

== Njikọ mpụga ==

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Shabani Christophe Nonda (amuru 6 Maachị 1977) bu onye okacha amara n'egwuregwu bọọlụ nke gbara egwu dika onye ọkpọ. Amụrụ na Burundi, ọ gbara ndị otu mba DR Congo, wee nweta asọmpị iri atọ na isii wee nye goolu iri abụọ. A họpụtara ya maka ndị otu DR Congo maka asọmpi iko mba Africa nke afọ 2002. O nwere ọrụ ama ama na ndị dike East Africa Young Africans (Yanga), tupu ya abanye na ndị ọkachamara Vaal na South Africa.

== Ọrụ klọb ==
A mụrụ ya na Bujumbura, Burundi, Nonda malitere ọrụ ya na Atletico Olympic  na 1992. Mgbe ọ zụchara ọzụzụ na Uganda na Mbarara F.C. mgbe ahụ na-egwuri egwu na [[Tanzania]] na Young Africans na na South Africa na Vaal Professionals, onye nnọchi anya FIFA bụ Marcelo Houseman chọpụtara ya bụ onye tinyere Nonda na Switzerland na FC Zürich na 1996 maka ego mbufe nke US $ 150,000. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]&lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2012)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Mgbe ọ gwụchara onye kacha gbaa goolu na Switzerland afọ abụọ na-aga n'ihu, a kpọfere ya na Stade Rennais nke France na 1998 maka ego ndekọ nke US $ 9 nde dollar, ma mesịa kwaga AS Monaco na 2000 ọzọ maka € 20 nde, iji dochie David Trezeguet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nonda&quot; /&gt; Egwuregwu ya, gụnyere ndị nke 2004 UEFA Champions League final, mere ka ọ gaa Serie A club AS Roma na nkwekọrịta afọ atọ na 2005, nke ọ nwetara € 1.8 nde na ngụkọta kwa oge.  (n'agbanyeghị ụtụ isi gụnyere ụtụ isi mpaghara nwere ike ịgbakwunye ihe dị ka 50%) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.asroma.it/pdf/corporate/operazioni_di_mercato/2005-06-10_sottoscritto_il_contratto_economico_per_le_prestazioni_sportive_del_calciatore_shabani_cristophe_nonda.pdf|title=AS Roma - Official Website - Rome - Football - Soccer|work=www.asroma.it|accessdate=31 August 2012|archivedate=23 September 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221828/http://www.asroma.it/pdf/corporate/operazioni_di_mercato/2005-06-10_sottoscritto_il_contratto_economico_per_le_prestazioni_sportive_del_calciatore_shabani_cristophe_nonda.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/4084036.stm|title=Nonda signs for Roma|accessdate=5 December 2008|date=11 June 2005|publisher=BBC|archivedate=18 February 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218193803/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/4084036.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, ọ dịghị mgbe ọ ruru ihe ọ nwere - n'otu akụkụ n'ihi mmerụ ahụ ọ nwere mgbe ọ nọ na Monaco - ma nọrọ oge 2006-07 na mgbazinye na Blackburn Rovers nke England. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/blackburn_rovers/5303764.stm|title=Rovers take Roma striker on loan|accessdate=5 December 2008|date=31 August 2006|publisher=BBC|archivedate=18 February 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218123444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/blackburn_rovers/5303764.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ nọ na Blackburn, Nonda kwupụtara ebumnuche ya ịbịanye aka na nkwekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide,  Blackburn họọrọ ịghara ịbịanye Nonda na nkwekọ na-adịru adịgide ma  o mechara bịanye aka na klọb Turkey Galatasaray n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2007 na nkwekọta afọ abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/6368413.stm|title=I want to stay in England - Nonda|accessdate=5 December 2008|date=16 February 2007|publisher=BBC|archivedate=10 July 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710223249/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/6368413.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/blackburn_rovers/6227824.stm|title=Blackburn in fight to keep Nonda|accessdate=5 December 2008|date=22 June 2007|author=Paul Fletcher|publisher=BBC|archivedate=16 September 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916185750/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/teams/b/blackburn_rovers/6227824.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/6972687.stm|title=Shabani Nonda moves to Galatasary|accessdate=5 December 2008|date=31 August 2007|author=Ibrahim Sannie|publisher=BBC|archivedate=13 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210313114537/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/africa/6972687.stm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 28 Jenụwarị 2010, Galatasaray tọhapụrụ ya site na nkwekọrịta ha abụọ.

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Ọ bụ ezie na a mụrụ ya na Burundi, Nonda nwere nwa amaala si [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]] na ruo ugbu a 36 mba ụwa maka mba ahụ, na goolu 20 kemgbe afọ 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nonda&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://noshaf.com/index.php?page=nonda|title=Nonda Shabani Fondation : NOSHAF|work=noshaf.com|accessdate=3 November 2013|archivedate=28 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180728213523/http://noshaf.com/index.php?page=nonda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ lara ezumike nká na bọọlụ mba ụwa n'afọ 2005, wee laghachi n'afọ 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/africa/6954745.stm|title=Nonda set to return for DR Congo|accessdate=5 December 2008|date=20 August 2007|publisher=BBC|archivedate=3 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210303072146/https://secure-uk.imrworldwide.com/v51.js}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nyere Djibouti hat-trick na World Cup Qualifications na 2008.

== Egwuregwu bọọlụ n'èzí ==

=== Omume mgbasa ozi ===
N'oge niile ọ na-agba bọọlụ, Nonda emeela ihe ngosi DJ maka ụlọ ọrụ redio Burundi.

=== Nkwado ===
 
Nonda bụ onye otu &quot;Champions for Peace&quot;, otu ndị na-eme egwuregwu a ma ama na-etinye aka n'inye udo n'ụwa site na egwuregwu, nke Peace and Sport, otu mba ụwa dị na [[Monako|Monaco]], mepụtara.

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

=== Klọb ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko mba[a]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko Njikọ[b]
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị ọzọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |FC Zürich
|1995–96
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ Mba A
|10
|4
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|10
|4
|-
|1996–97
|31
|8
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|31
|8
|-
|1997–98
|34
|24
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|35
|24
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!75
!36
!1
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!76
!36
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Nnụnụ ndị a na-akpọ reindeer
|1998–99
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Nkewa 1
|32
|15
|1
|1
|3
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|36
|18
|-
|1999–2000
|30
|16
|4
|1
|1
|0
|6[c]
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|41
|19
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!62
!31
!5
!2
!4
!2
!6
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!77
!37
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Monaco
|2000–01
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Nkewa 1
|29
|12
|0
|0
|3
|1
|5[d]
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|37
|16
|-
|2001–02
|30
|14
|2
|0
|2
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|34
|17
|-
|2002–03
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ 1
|35
|26
|1
|1
|4
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|40
|28
|-
|2003–04
|12
|5
|0
|0
|0
|0
|4[d]
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|16
|6
|-
|2004–05
|10
|0
|3
|0
|2
|0
|3[d]
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|18
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!116
!57
!6
!1
!11
!5
!12
!4
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!145
!67
|-
|Rom
|2005–06
|Usoro A
|15
|4
|2
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|5[e]
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|22
|8
|-
|Blackburn Rovers (onye a gbazitere) 
|2006–07
|Njikọ Premier
|26
|7
|2
|0
|1
|0
|7[e]
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|36
|8
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |Galatasaray
|2007–08
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Süper Lig
|24
|11
|3
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|6[e]
|3
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|33
|14
|-
|2008–09
|24
|4
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|9[f]
|2
|1[g]
|1
|35
|7
|-
|2009–10
|13
|7
|4
|2
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|7[h]
|7
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|24
|16
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!61
!22
!8
!2
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!22
!12
!1
!1
!92
!37
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!355
!157
!24
!7
!16
!7
!52
!21
!1
!1
!448
!193
|}

== Nsọpụrụ ==
'''Monaco'''

* Iko nke Ligue: 2002-03; onye nke abụọ: 2000-012000–01
* Onye nke abụọ na UEFA Champions League: 2003-042003–04

'''Rom'''

* Supercoppa Italiana: 2007

* Süper Lig: 2007-082007–08
* Turkish Super Cup: 2008

'''Onye ọ bụla'''

* Onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ na Swiss Super League: 1997-98 (24 goolu) 
* Onye na-agba bọọlụ mba ọzọ nke afọ: 1997-981997–98
* Onye kacha gbaa bọọlụ na Ligue 1: 2002-03 (26 goolu) 
* Ligue 1 Team of the Year: 2002-03&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sportpalmares.eu/Trophees-UNFP-Oscars-du-football,239.html?lang=fr|title=Palmares Trophées UNFP - Oscars du football - Equipe-type de Ligue 1 ( &gt; Football &gt; Trophées &gt; Trophées UNFP - Oscars du foot) sur SportPalmares, tous les palmares du sport se trouvent ici !!|author=ABI|work=www.sportpalmares.eu|accessdate=1 November 2017|archivedate=15 April 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190415115123/https://www.sportpalmares.eu/Trophees-UNFP-Oscars-du-football,239.html?lang=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>ivay9pq5rzy278frvhnien77zlpra3q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Saidi Ntibazonkiza</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>65310</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673486</id>
      <parentid>452405</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T22:31:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Munachiso Excel</username>
        <id>62462</id>
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      <comment>Added an image</comment>
      <origin>673486</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8188" sha1="6g0ffi1423ahoei28muq3r35qyi60hz" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Saidi Ntibazonkiza 2011.jpg|thumb|Saidi Ntibazonkiza ]]
Saidi Ntibazonkiza Likati (amuru 1 Mee 1987) bu onye okacha amara nke ndi Burundi nke na-agba egwu dika winger maka klọb Premier League Tanzania Simba na otu mba Burundi.

== Ọrụ ==

=== Klọb ===
Ntibazonkiza malitere ịgba bọọlụ na Vital'O. Dị ka Onye na-achọ ebe mgbaba, ọ bịara [[Netherlands]] na 2005. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=The Proud Cockerel|title=Burundian wonderkid looking to earn his Spurs|url=http://www.clubfanzine.com/tottenham_hotspur/v2.showNews.php?id=16146|date=2008-11-25|accessdate=2009-06-30|archivedate=2019-12-08|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191208024808/http://www.clubfanzine.com/tottenham_hotspur/v2.showNews.php?id=16146}}&lt;/ref&gt; NEC bụ klọb bọọlụ ọkachamara kacha nso, n'ihi nke ahụ, ya na ndị otu ntorobịa ha zụrụ. N'ikpeazụ, NEC bịanyere aka na ya na nkwekọrịta na-adịgide adịgide. Na mbido oge 2006-07, ọ malitere igwu egwu maka otu ndị ntorobịa, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a kwalitere ya na ndị otu mbụ. Na 18 Nọvemba 2006, megide Sparta Rotterdam, Ntibazonkiza gbara egwuregwu mbụ ya na Eredivisie. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=Voetbal International|title=Saidi Ntibazonkiza|url=http://www.vi.nl/Spelers/Speler/SaidiNtibazonkiza.htm|accessdate=2009-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ natasịrị ikike obibi Dutch, Ntibazonkiza bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na-ejikọta ya na NEC ruo n'oge ọkọchị nke afọ 2009. Ọ bịanyekwara aka na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta ọzọ ruo n'afọ 2012 na Jenụwarị 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/news/kind=1/newsid=790453.html|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20090108035803/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/news/kind=1/newsid=790453.html|archivedate=January 8, 2009|title=UEFA Europa League|publisher=[[UEFA]]|date=|accessdate=2010-04-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Саиди Нтибазонкиза игрок ФК Кайсар|url=http://fckaysar.kz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=167:saidi-ntibazonkiza-igrok-fk-kajsar&amp;catid=2&amp;Itemid=101&amp;lang=ru|work=fckaysar.kz|publisher=FC Kaisar|accessdate=10 February 2017|language=Russian|date=10 February 2017|archivedate=11 February 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170211075124/http://fckaysar.kz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=167:saidi-ntibazonkiza-igrok-fk-kajsar&amp;catid=2&amp;Itemid=101&amp;lang=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe Kaysar Kyzylorda tọhapụrụ ya, Ntibazonkiza laghachiri na klọb mbụ ya, Vital'O nke Burundi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ingabire|first=Arsene|title=Intamba : probable retour du légendaire Ntibazonkiza, les fans jubilent|url=https://www.jimbere.org/burundi-retour-saidi-ntibazonkiza-intamba-football/|work=jimbere.org|publisher=Jimbere|accessdate=12 June 2020|date=27 February 2020|archivedate=12 June 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612091757/https://www.jimbere.org/burundi-retour-saidi-ntibazonkiza-intamba-football/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ mba ụwa ===
Ntibazonkiza gbara bọọlụ maka ọtụtụ ndị ntorobịa Burundi, na ndị otu mba ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;NFT Stats&quot; /&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

=== Klọb ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko Mba
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Iko Njikọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Kọntinent
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ndị ọzọ
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
|-
!Nkewa
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |NEC
|2006–07
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Eredivisie
|7
|0
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|7
|0
|-
|2007–08
|6
|0
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|6
|0
|-
|2008–09
|28
|5
|
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|28
|5
|-
|2009–10
|22
|5
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|24
|5
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!63
!10
!2
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!65
!10
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Cracovia
|2010–11
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |Ekstraklasa
|27
|5
|2
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|29
|5
|-
|2011–12
|21
|3
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|21
|3
|-
|2012–13
|Njikọ m
|5
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|5
|0
|-
|2013–14
|Ekstraklasa
|29
|8
|1
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|30
|8
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!85
!17
!3
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |-
!88
!17
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Akhisar Belediyespor
|2014–15
|Süper Lig
|13
|1
|3
|1
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|16
|2
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Caen
|2015–16
|Njikọ 1
|14
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|14
|1
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Caen nke Abụọ
|2015–16
|Asọmpi nke France Amateur 2
|4
|1
|0
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|4
|1
|-
| valign=&quot;center&quot; |Caesar
|2017
|Njikọ Premier nke Kazakhstan
|10
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -
|10
|2
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọrụ ya niile
!189
!32
!8
!1
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!0
!197
!33
|}

=== Mba Nile ===
''Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ziri ezi dị ka egwuregwu a gbara na 26 Machị 2021.''&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT Stats&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/42931.html|title=Saidi Ntibazonkiza|work=National-Football-Teams.com|accessdate=11 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Burundi
|-
!Afọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
|2004
|6
|2
|-
|2010
|1
|0
|-
|2011
|6
|1
|-
|2012
|2
|0
|-
|2014
|3
|2
|-
|2015
|1
|2
|-
|2020
|3
|4
|-
|2021
|1
|1
|-
!Ngụkọta
!23
!12
|}

==== Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa ====
{{updated|26 March 2021.}}&lt;ref name=&quot;NFT Stats&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;font-size:95%;&quot;
!Mba.
!Ụbọchị
!Ebe a na-anọ
!Onye mmegide
!Ihe ruru
!Nsonaazụ
!Ịsọ mpi
|-
|1.
|13 Disemba 2004
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Addis Ababa]] Stadium, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| Rwanda
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |3–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&amp;quot;&quot; |2004 CECAFA Cup
|-
|2.
|22 Disemba 2004
| Sudan
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2–1
|-
|3.
|June 5, 2011
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Prince Louis Rwagasore Stadium, Bujumbura, Burundi
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Rwanda
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |3–1
|2012 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru
|-
|4.
|5 Machị 2014
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1–1
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |Ndị nwere omume enyi
|-
|5.
|7 Septemba 2014
| Tanzania
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2–0
|-
|6.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |25 Machị 2015
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ogige George nke Ise, Curepipe, Mauritius
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Mauritius
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1–1
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2–2
|-
|7.
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2–2
|-
|8.
|11 Ọktoba 2020
|National Stadium, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| Tanzania
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1–0
|-
|9.
|11 Nọvemba 2020
|Ogige Egwuregwu Cheikha Ould Boïdiya, Nouakchott, Mauritania
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | Mauritania
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1–1
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |2021 Africa Cup of Nations iru eru
|-
|10.
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |15 Nọvemba 2020
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Intwari Stadium, Bujumbura, Burundi
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1–0
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |3–1
|-
|11.
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |3–1
|-
|12.
|26 Machị 2021
| Central African Republic
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |1–2
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |2–2
|}

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Saidi Ntibazonkizana National-Football-Teams.com
* Saidi Ntibazonkizana90minut.pl  (n'asụsụ Polish) 
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>6g0ffi1423ahoei28muq3r35qyi60hz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nizar Khalfan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>65340</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673591</id>
      <parentid>450504</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T09:53:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Munachiso Excel</username>
        <id>62462</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added an image</comment>
      <origin>673591</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5958" sha1="dremfmobb006lmwoz62v7f532rmafns" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Nizar-Khalfan.jpg|thumb|Nizar-Khalfan]]
 

'''Nizar Khalfan''' (amuru 21 June 1988) bu onye okacha amara ndi Tanzania nke na-egwu egwu dika onye n’etiti Pamba.

== Ọrụ ==

=== Ọrụ mmalite ===
Khalfan malitere ịgba bọọlụ n'obodo ya bụ Mtwara na otu ndị ntorobịa akpọrọ Score FC. Dị ka nwa akwụkwọ Khalfan gara Ligula Primary School na Ocean Secondary School na Mtwara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.whitecapsfc.com/men/roster/players/nizar_khalfan.aspx|title=Nazir Khalfan Vancouver Whitecaps|publisher=Whitecapsfc.com|date=2 January 2010|accessdate=1 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Klọb ===
Khalfan malitere ọrụ ya na Mtibwa Sugar FC. Ọ sonyeere klọb Kuwait Premier League Al Tadamon maka oge 2007-08.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://soccersceneusa.blogspot.com/|title=Residency Beefs Up Roster, Signing Three; Cut Two|publisher=Soccersceneusa.blogspot.com|date=29 February 2004|accessdate=9 December 2009|archivedate=8 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708063151/http://soccersceneusa.blogspot.com/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Jenụwarị afọ 2008 ọ hapụrụ Al Tadamon gaa na klọb Lebanọn Tadamon Sour, mana n'oge na-adịghị anya ọ laghachiri na Tanzania Premier League na Moro United.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/12788.html|title=Player profile|work=National-Football-Teams.com|accessdate=9 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ sonyeere otu egwuregwu Canada bụ Vancouver Whitecaps FC na 22 Ọgọstụ 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.whitecapsfc.com/archive/feature07010902.aspx|title=Canada awaits Nizar, Nadir – This Day|publisher=Whitecapsfc.com|date=1 July 2009|accessdate=9 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara egwuregwu itoolu maka Caps n'oge ha gara nke ọma n'afọ 2009 wee bịanye aka na nkwekọrịta nkwekọrịta iji soro otu ahụ gbaa bọọlụ n'afọ 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.whitecapsfc.com/archive/feature11030902.aspx|title=Hirano, Moose, and Khalfan re-sign|publisher=Whitecapsfc.com|date=3 November 2009|accessdate=9 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gbara goolu mbụ ya maka Whitecaps na 12 June 2010 na egwuregwu megide Austin Aztex.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://ussf.demosphere.com/stats/2010/1634203.html|title=USSF Division-2 Pro League|publisher=Ussf.demosphere.com|date=12 June 2010|accessdate=8 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 9 Febụwarị 2011 ọ bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta ọhụrụ otu afọ maka oge egwuregwu bọọlụ Major League nke afọ 2011. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.whitecapsfc.com/news/2011/02/whitecaps-fc-sign-khalfan-and-koffie|title=Whitecaps FC sign Khalfan and Koffie|publisher=Whitecapsfc.com|date=9 February 2011|accessdate=8 November 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vancouver hapụrụ Khalfan na 23 Nọvemba 2011, Philadelphia Union họpụtara ya na MLS Waiver Draft.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.philadelphiaunion.com/news/2011/11/union-claim-midfielder-khalfan-mls-waiver-draft|title=2011|publisher=Philadelphia Union|date=|accessdate=23 February 2012|archivedate=27 November 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127034701/http://www.philadelphiaunion.com/news/2011/11/union-claim-midfielder-khalfan-mls-waiver-draft}}&lt;/ref&gt; Union tọhapụrụ ya ọnwa atọ ka e mesịrị tupu oge 2012. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.philadelphiaunion.com/news/2012/02/union-waive-midfielder-khalfan|title=Union waive midfielder Khalfan|publisher=Philadelphia Union|date=23 November 2011|accessdate=23 February 2012|archivedate=26 December 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226124138/http://www.philadelphiaunion.com/news/2012/02/union-waive-midfielder-khalfan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mba Nile ===
Khalfan bụbu onye otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Tanzania. Ọ gbara egwuregwu ise n'ime asọmpi ntozu Tanzania maka asọmpi Iko Mbaụwa nke 2010, nyere akara na mmeri 4–1 meriri Mauritius na 6 Septemba 2008. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminaries/africa/matches/round=250418/match=300036577/report.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914012347/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminaries/africa/matches/round=250418/match=300036577/report.html|archivedate=14 September 2008|title=FIFA Game Report: Mauritius vs Tanzania|publisher=Fifa.com|date=|accessdate=9 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mekwara goolu mmeri n'egwuregwu ahụ na mmeri 2-1 megide Burkina Faso na Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium na Dar-es-Salaam na 14 June 2007. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200706/14/eng20070614_384269.html|title=Tanzanian XI leave for Bukina Faso for Cup qualifier|publisher=English.peopledaily.com.cn|date=14 June 2007|accessdate=9 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa ===
Ozi ndị a dị irè ruo 11 Nọvemba 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?player=26525&amp;region=-11|title=Live sports scores, news and more|publisher=goalzz.com|date=|accessdate=23 February 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!#
!Ụbọchị
!Ebe a na-anọ
!Onye mmegide
!Ihe ruru
!Nsonaazụ
!Ịsọ mpi
|-
|1
|2 September 2006
|Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| Burkina Faso
|2–1
|2–1
|2008 African Cup of Nations Qualifiers
|-
|2
|9 December 2006
|Benjamin Mkapa National Stadium, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| DR Congo
|1–0
|2–0
|Ndị nwere omume enyi
|-
|3
|2 June 2007
|CCM Kirumba Stadium, Mwanza, Tanzania
| Senegal
|1–0
|1–1
|2008 African Cup of Nations Qualifiers
|-
|4
|9 June 2008
|Ogige George nke Ise, Curepipe, [[Mauritius]]
| Mauritius
|1–2
|1–4
|2010 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|-
|5
|13 January 2009
|Mandela National Stadium, Kampala, Uganda
| Burundi
|2–2
|3–2
|2009 CECAFA Cup
|}

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Nizar KhalfannaEgwuregwu bọọlụ nke Major League
* [http://www.whitecapsfc.com/men/roster/players/nizar_khalfan.aspx Vancouver Whitecaps Biography]
* Nizar Khalfanna National-Football-Teams.com
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>dremfmobb006lmwoz62v7f532rmafns</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Princess Olufemi-Kayode</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>65364</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673494</id>
      <parentid>628512</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T22:47:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Munachiso Excel</username>
        <id>62462</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added an image</comment>
      <origin>673494</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2519" sha1="dq6loqiqrj86khp00lh964s9v2om2fb" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Dr Princess Olukayode (1).jpg|thumb|Dr Princess Olukayode ]]
'''Princess Olufemi-Kayode''' (nke a makwaara dị ka Modupe Olufemi -Kayode)  bụ onye Naijiria na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi na onye na-ahụkarị maka ikike ụmụaka. Olufemi-Kayode ghọrọ onye Ashoka fellow na afọ pụkụ abụọ na asaa. Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Media Concern for Women and Children Initiative (MEDIACON), otu na-abụghị maka inweta uru (NGO) nke UNDP depụtara  nke na-arụ ọrụ na ụmụaka ndị a na-emegbu ma na-erigbu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Mapping of Laws, Policies and Services on Gender Based Violence and Its Intersections with HIV in Nigeria|url=http://sbccvch.naca.gov.ng/sites/default/files/Mapping%20of%20Policies%20on%20GBV%20and%20HIV%20(2).pdf|accessdate=2017-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Princess bụ onye lagbụrụ mmetọ ụmụaka, &lt;ref name=&quot;shore&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.isharehope.com/interviews/51-dr-princess-olufemi-kayode-abused-but-not-hopeless-isharehope/|title=Princess Olufemi ''Abused but not hopeless''|publisher=I share hope|accessdate=14 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye ndị enyi ya metọrọ ọtụtụ ugboro.  N'afọ pụkụ, narị itoolu na iri asaa na itoolu, o dere uri abụọ banyere ahụmahụ mmetọ ụmụaka ya.

== Ọrụ ==
Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-ede akwụkwọ akụkọ na akwụkwọ akụkọ The Punch, ebe ọ na-elekọta otu kọlụm a na-akpọ &quot;Princess Column&quot;. Ọ bụ ọkà okwu mba ụwa na onye hụrụ ụmụaka n'anya. N'afo pụkụ abụọ, o guzobere Media Concern Initiative for Women and Children, otu na-abụghị nke gọọmentị maka ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụaka nke na-elekwasị anya n'ọhịa mgbochi ime ihe ike mmekọahụ na nzaghachi nsogbu na Naịjirịa na Africa. Ọ pụtara na ihe ngosi okwu redio na mmemme telivishọn dị iche iche. &lt;ref name=&quot;shore&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.isharehope.com/interviews/51-dr-princess-olufemi-kayode-abused-but-not-hopeless-isharehope/|title=Princess Olufemi ''Abused but not hopeless''|publisher=I share hope|accessdate=14 February 2017}}&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Ọ ghọrọ onye Ashoka fellow na afọ pụkụ na asaa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Princess Olufemi-Kayode|url=https://www.ashoka.org/en/fellow/princess-olufemi-kayode|publisher=Ashoka Fellow|accessdate=17 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{DEFAULTSORT:Olufemi-Kayode, Princess}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>dq6loqiqrj86khp00lh964s9v2om2fb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Stephane Aziz Ki</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>65366</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673492</id>
      <parentid>444807</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T22:40:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Munachiso Excel</username>
        <id>62462</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added an image</comment>
      <origin>673492</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3807" sha1="piecfqaiakix5c0wtuaboep9ix3dwmi" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Stephane Aziz Ki (cropped).jpg|thumb|Stephane Aziz ]]
 

'''Stephane Aziz Ki''' (amụrụ na 6 ọnwa Maachị afọ 1996) bụ ọkachamara n'egwuregwu bọọlụ na-egwu egwu dịka onye etiti egwuregwu  Botola klọb Wydad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ippmedia.com/en/sport/yanga-begins-premierleague-title-defense-visit-polisi-tanzania|title=Yanga begins PremierLeague title defense with visit to Polisi Tanzania|date=August 16, 2022|work=ippmedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amụrụ na Ivory Coast, ọ na-agbara ndị otu mba Burkina Faso bọọlụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.leballonrond.fr/player.php?id=475220|title=Stephane Aziz Ki :: ASEC Mimosas|work=leballonrond.fr|accessdate=2022-06-15|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615063838/https://www.leballonrond.fr/player.php?id=475220|archivedate=2022-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ klọb ==
Aziz Ki malitere ọrụ ya dị elu na mpaghara San Roque nke Spanish na 2015. Na ọnwa Jenụwarị 2017, ọ kwagara na klọb Cypriot[[AC Omonia|Omonia]], ebe ọ pụtara ugboro (iri na atọ) 13, gụnyere kpakpando asaa.&lt;ref name=&quot;omonia&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://omonoia.com.cy/info.php?section=1&amp;page=0&amp;newsid=4847&amp;lang=GR|title=Matt Ατομικά στατιστικά: Στεφάν Αζίζ|publisher=AC Omonia Nicosia|date=31 May 2017|accessdate=4 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara gbaa bọọlụ maka klọb ndị Cypriot ibe ya Aris Limassol na mbinye ego na  Nea Salamina, tupu Ọkwaga Africa ịbanye na klọb Ivory Coast AFAD Djékanou na ASEC Mimosas, Ndị otu Tanzania Young Africans sochiri na 2022,  na Moroccan Botola akụkụ Wydad na 2025.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.panafricafootball.com/post/st%C3%A9phane-aziz-ki-officially-joins-wydad-athletic-club|title=Stephane Aziz Ki officially joins Wydad Athletic Club|publisher=Pan Africa Football|date=24 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ klọb ==
{{updated|match played 24 February 2018}}Dị ka egwuregwu gbara na 24 Febụwarị 2018
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Club
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Season
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |League
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Cup
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Europe
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Total
|-
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
!Apps
!Goals
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |'''San Roque'''
|-
|2015–16
|24
|2
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|24
|2
|-
!Total
!24
!2
!0
!0
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
!24
!2
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; valign=&quot;center&quot; |'''[[AC Omonia|Omonia]]'''
|-
|2016–17
|13
|0
|2
|0
|0
|0
|2
|1
|-
|2017–18
|5
|0
|0
|0
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |–
|5
|0
|-
!Total
!18
!0
!2
!0
!0
!0
!20
!0
|-
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Career total
!42
!2
!2
!0
!0
!0
!44
!2
|}

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
A mụrụ Aziz Ki na Ivory Coast ma bụrụ onye Burkinabé.  Ọ gbara bọọlụ mbụ ya na Burkina Faso na asọmpi enyi na enyi ha meriri  Morocco na 24 Maachi afọ 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.leballonrond.fr/match_live.php?id=5336269|title=Maroc 2–0 Burkina-Faso :: Matchs Amicaux Sélections 2017 :: Détails du jeu :: leballonrond.fr|work=leballonrond.fr|language=fr|accessdate=2017-08-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220615064336/https://www.leballonrond.fr/match_live.php?id=5336269|archivedate=2022-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.zerozero.pt/video.php?id=719423|title=Morocco 2–0 Burkina Faso :: Videos :: zerozero.pt|work=zerozero.pt|language=pt|accessdate=2017-08-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Goolu mba ụwa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!No.
!Date
!Venue
!Opponent
!Score
!Result
!Competition
|-
|1.
|7 June 2022
|FNB Stadium, Johannesburg, [[South Africa]]
| Eswatini
| align=&quot;center&quot; |'''3'''–1
| align=&quot;center&quot; |3–1
|2023 Africa Cup of Nations
|-
|}

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Stephane Aziz Ki na Soccerway
{{Wydad AC squad}}{{Burkina Faso squad 2023 Africa Cup of Nations}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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      <text bytes="9441" sha1="b7zb4lskz53isydt27zn97v3zy1dbt7" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Prof. Mary Abukutsa-Onyango in 2010.png|thumb|Prof. Mary Abukutsa-Onyango]]
 

'''Mary Oyiela Abukutsa-Onyango''' (amuru 20 Febrụwarị 1959) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị gbasara ọdịmma mmadụ na ọrụ ugbo si Kenya bụ ọkachamara na olericulture, agronomy, physiology osisi. Abukutsa-Onyango bụ prọfesọ nke ịkọ ahịhịa na Mahadum Jomo Kenyatta nke Agriculture na Teknụzụ nke ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya n'ubi nri ụmụ amaala Africa'''.'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Abukutsa Onyango amụla ka a ga-esi jiri akwụkwọ nri ụmụafọ Afrịka lụso erighị ihe na-edozi ahụ́ n'Afrịka ma na-edobe ụdị ego a na-enweta n'agbanyeghị na ihu igwe na ihu igwe siri ike karị.

== Ndụ mbụ na ezinụlọ ==
A mụrụ Mary Oyiela Abukutsa-Onyango na 20 Febụwarị 1959 na Ematsuli, Kenya. Ọ bụ nwa nke atọ n'ezinụlọ nwere ụmụ asatọ nke Enos Abukutsa Masele na Rosebella Amumbwe Abukutsa. E mere ya baptizim na chọọchị Seventh Day Adventist nke Ilungu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1975 site n'aka Pastor Washington Buka . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Mgbe ọ na-etolite na Kenya, Abukutsa-Onyango dara ọrịa n'ihi na ọ na-asọ protein anụmanụ, ya mere ezinụlọ ya siri akwụkwọ nri ndị Afrịka buru ibu ebe ọ bi dị ka African nightshade, jute mallow, na akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke cowpeas. Otu n'ime nne nne ya na-esi nri pumpkin na ahụekere ma ọ bụ sesame paste. Nna Abukutsa-Onyango, Enos gbara ume ma kwado nwa ya nwanyị ka ọ bụrụ onye nkuzi, nne ya Rosebella kụziiri ya ịhụ n'anya na ilekọta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Abukutsa-Onyango lụrụ J.C. Onyango na 3 Eprel 1987 ma nwee ụmụ nwoke abụọ, Douglas Ochieng&quot; na Anthony Okelo.

== Mmụta ==
Abukutsa-Onyango gara ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị Ematsuli site na 1966 ruo 1972 na Emuhya, Kenya. O mechara gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị Bunyore site na 1973 ruo 1976 na Wekhomo, Kenya na Ng'iya Girls High School na 1977 na Ng'iya, Kenya. O nwetara nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na ọrụ ugbo na 1983 na Mahadum Nairobi. Ọ nwetara Masters of Science na Agriculture na 1988 na Mahadum Nairobi. N'ikpeazụ, ọ natara Dọkịta nke nkà ihe ọmụma na Olericulture, Plant Physiology and Nutrition na 1995 site na Wye College, University of London.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Selected Profile from Directory: Mary Abukutsa-Onyango|url=http://www.mafs-africa.org/mary_abukutsa-onyango|work=Modernizing African Food System Consortium|date=5 December 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ na ọrụ ==
Mmasị na ekele Abukutsa-Onyango nwere maka akwụkwọ nri ndị Afrịka sitere na nsogbu na protein anụmanụ ọ nwere mgbe ọ bụ nwatakịrị. Nke a mere ka ọ chụsoo ọrụ ugbo n'ihi na ọ chọrọ &quot;ịkọwapụta ikike zoro ezo na akwụkwọ nri ndị Afrịka&quot;, ka o kwuru.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-etinye aka na nyocha nke akwụkwọ nri ndị Afrịka kemgbe 1990 na ọkwa agụmakwụkwọ na ọkwa bara uru na ndị ọrụ ugbo. Ọ nyochara osisi ndị Kenya iji nyochaa ịdị irè nke mkpụrụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-eji. Nnyocha ya agbanweela ma ọ na-elekwasị anya na ihe na-edozi ahụ nke akwụkwọ nri. Nnyocha ya egosila na ahịhịa amaranth, osisi ududo, na African nightshade nwere protein na ígwè buru ibu ma baa ọgaranya na calcium, folate, na vitamin A,C, na E.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Shackleton|title=African Indigenous Vegetables in Urban Agriculture|date=2009|publisher=Earthscan|location=London|isbn=978-1-84407-715-1|url=http://www.actuar-acd.org/uploads/5/6/8/7/5687387/african_indigenous_vegetables_in_urban_agriculture_earthscan_2009.pdf|accessdate=20 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isi nri nke akwụkwọ nri ndị a dị ka Abukutsa-Onyango nyochara nwere ike inyere aka lụso nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ ọgụ n'Africa ka ha na-enye ndị na-enweghị ike ịzụta anụ ihe oriri na protein dị mkpa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Abukutsa-Onyango bụ onye otu African Women in Agricultural Research and Development (AWARD), mmemme e mepụtara iji mụbaa ụmụ nwanyị nwere nkà na-akwado ụmụ nwanyị ọrụ ugbo Africa. Site na profaịlụ a, Abukutsa-Onyango enweela ike imetụta ndị na-eme iwu Kenya. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, Ministri Ahụike dụrụ ụlọ ọgwụ ọdụ ka ha jiri akwụkwọ nri ndị Afrịka mee ihe na nri ndị ọrịa HIV.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|work=IRIN|title=No Longer a Weed|date=1 December 2015|url=http://www.irinnews.org/report/85613/kenya-no-longer-weed}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abukutsa-Onyango ebipụtala ihe karịrị edemede sayensị iri abụọ a nyochara ndị ọgbọ ya ma na-akụzi ugbu a dị ka prọfesọ nke ọrụ ugbo na Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology na Juja, Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|work=Kenya National Academy of Sciences|title=Prof. Mary Oyiela Abukutsa-Onyango|url=http://www.knascience.org/index.php/members/82-knas/140-prof-mary-oyiela-abukutsa-onyango}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwado ==
Abukutsa-Onyango akwadowo iri ahịhịa ndị Afrịka ruo ihe karịrị afọ 20. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hamada|first=Rachel|title=Meet the Women Fighting for Africa's Food Future|work=The Ferret|date=26 May 2015|url=https://theferret.scot/meet-the-women-fighting-for-africas-food-future/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ duziri mkpọsa agụmakwụkwọ ọha na eze ma soro Ụlọ oriri na ọṅụṅụ na nnukwu ụlọ ahịa rụọ ọrụ iji chọpụta otu esi etinye akwụkwọ nri ndị a na-edozi ahụ n'ime nri ndị mmadụ. Nsogbu dị ịrịba ama bụ na ndị mmadụ amaghị otú e si esi akwụkwọ nri. Abukutsa-Onyango chọtara usoro nri ndị ọgbọ ọhụrụ furu efu ma nwalee ha maka uru nri na-edozi ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Cernasky|first=Rachel|title=The Rise of Africa's Super Vegetables|work=Nature|publisher=Macmillan|date=9 June 2015|url=http://www.nature.com/news/the-rise-of-africa-s-super-vegetables-1.17712}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abukutsa-Onyango kwenyere na akwụkwọ nri ndị Afrịka nwere uru na-edozi ahụ karịa akwụkwọ nri ndị ọzọ dị ka cabbage na spinach.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Cernasky|first=Rachel|title=The Rise of Africa's Super Vegetables|work=Nature|publisher=Macmillan|date=9 June 2015|url=http://www.nature.com/news/the-rise-of-africa-s-super-vegetables-1.17712}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;1&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFCernasky2015&quot;&gt;Cernasky, Rachel (9 June 2015). [http://www.nature.com/news/the-rise-of-africa-s-super-vegetables-1.17712 &quot;The Rise of Africa's Super Vegetables&quot;]. ''Nature''. Macmillan.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-akwado nloghachi nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị a iji dozie nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ, ahụike, na ịda ogbenye.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ching|first=Lim Li|title=Indigenous Crops to Solve Food Crises amid Climate Change|work=Third World Network|url=http://www.twn.my/title2/susagri/2010/susagri130.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2010 ọ kwukwara banyere ihe isi ike nke ibipụta echiche ya na mkpa nke Open Access na Mahadum nke Nairobi Library nke Bioline International haziri.

Abukutsa-Onyango ekwuola okwu na TED@Nairobi maka ọchụchọ TED2013 Talent. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=TED2013 Talent Search|work=TED.com|url=https://www.ted.com/about/conferences/past-teds/ted2013-talent-search}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nyere ihe akaebe banyere enweghị nri akwụkwọ nri nke ndị Afrịka na atụmatụ maka ịzụ ahịa na ịkwalite akwụkwọ nri ndị Afrịka. Ọ na-ekwu n'ụzọ dị mkpirikpi uru nke ịzụlite akwụkwọ nri ndị a dị ka oge uto ha dị mkpirisi, ime mgbanwe na ihu igwe mpaghara, ịnagide nrụgide, na uru nri na-edozi ahụ.

== Onyinye na mmata ==

* E gosipụtara nyocha Abukutsa-Onyango na US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton na 5 August 2009 na NARL-KARI. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Onyango|first=Abukutsa Mary Oyiela|title=African indigenous vegetables in Kenya : strategic repositioning in the horticultural sector|date=2010|publisher=Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology|location=Nairobi, Kenya|isbn=978-9966-923-31-8|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235323508}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* O meriri ihe nrite mbụ na ihe nrite RUFORUM maka asọmpi nyocha nke ndị ọkachamara na ụmụ nwanyị sayensị na Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ma bụrụ onye African Union nabatara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Ọ natara CGIAR Science Award for Outstanding Communications site na Consultative Group in Agricultural Research (CGIAR) na 2007. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|work=Kenya National Academy of Sciences|title=Prof. Mary Oyiela Abukutsa-Onyango|url=http://www.knascience.org/index.php/members/82-knas/140-prof-mary-oyiela-abukutsa-onyango}}&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* E nyere ya International Scientist of the year 2002 site na International Biographical Centre, Cambridge, England.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Ọ natara ihe nrite Edinburgh na 2014 maka nraranye n'ịchọta ihe ngwọta na-adịgide adịgide maka oke ibu na nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ n'Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=15 February 2014|title=Edinburgh Science Festival 2014 Programme Launched|work=Edinburgh Guide|url=http://www.edinburghguide.com/news/edinburghinternationalsciencefestival/14218-edinburghsciencefestival2014programmelaunched}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O2nVA0WS430
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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'''Glenda Elisabeth Gray''' MB BCh, FC Paeds, DSc (hc), OMS bụ dọkịta South Africa, ọkà mmụta sayensị na onye na-akwado ọrụ ọkachamara na nlekọta ụmụaka na ọgwụ nje HIV. N'afọ 2012, e nyere ya nsọpụrụ kachasị elu nke South Africa, Order of Mapungubwe (Silver).  Ọ ghọrọ nwanyị mbụ bụ onye isi oche nke South African Medical Research Council  n'afọ 2014, Time  kwuru na ọ bụ otu n'ime &quot;ndị 100 kacha nwee mmetụta&quot; na 2017 ma ''Forbes Africa'' depụtara ya n'etiti &quot;ndị inyom 50 kachasị ike n'Africa&quot; na 2020. Nkà mmụta nyocha ya gụnyere ịmepụta ọgwụ microbicides maka ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmekọahụ na Ọgwụ mgbochi HIV.

== Mbido ndụ, agụmakwụkwọ na ọrụ ==
Gray was the fifth of six children born in the gold mining town [[:en:Boksburg|Boksburg]], South Africa in 1962. Her father was a mechanical engineer at the mines and her mother was a bookkeeper. Under the [[:en:Apartheid|apartheid]] government of the time, Boksburg was a low income, racially segregated town. Her family were not typical of the residents of the town in that they had black friends.

Grey kpebiri site na afọ 6 na ọ ga-abụ dọkịta. Ezinụlọ ya ji agụmakwụkwọ kpọrọ ihe nke ukwuu: nna ya bụ onye mbụ n'ime ezinụlọ ya ịga mahadum na ise n'ime ụmụaka isii gara mahadum. Atọ n'ime ha, gụnyere Grey, gara n'ihu n'ọkwa dị elu ma gbasoo ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ, mana nna ha ebighị ịhụ nke a ka ọ nwụrụ mgbe Gray dị afọ 16.

=== Mgbalị na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ===
Gray banyere na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand na 1980 ebe ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike ruo afọ isii wee soro afọ asaa nke ọkachamara na pediatrics.  Ụmụnne ya anọworị na mahadum ma otu n'ime ụmụnne ya na-etinye aka na njikọ ụmụ akwụkwọ siri ike nke na-emegide ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Gray sonyeere Òtù Ndị Ọrụ Ahụike, otu na-ezube iwepụ ihe ndị dị na ụlọ ọgwụ South Africa. N'afọ 1983, e gosipụtara ọrịa HIV / AIDS mbụ na ọnwụ na South Africa na Gray tinyere aka n'ịkụziri obodo South Africa otu esi egbochi HIV. 

=== Nnyocha HIV na ime ihe ike ===
Ka ọ na-erule oge Gray gụsịrị ọzụzụ ya dị ka dọkịta ụmụaka na 1993, nje HIV jupụtara n'etiti ọtụtụ ụmụaka nabatara na Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, ụlọ ọgwụ kachasị ukwuu n'Africa,  nke dị na mpụga obodo ndị isi ojii kachasị ukwuu na South Africa, Soweto. N'afọ 1993, Gray, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya James McIntyre, guzobere ụlọ ọgwụ HIV perinatal.
[[Faịlụ:Fogarty-nih-50th-symposium-panel-ncds_(28770784048).jpg|thumb|Glenda Gray (n'aka nri) na nnọkọ nke iri ise nke Fogarty NIH, 1 Mee 2018]]
N'afọ 1996, Gray malitere nyocha UNAIDS PETRA, n'ime obodo ise dị na South Africa, Tanzania na Uganda, iji chọpụta ịdị irè nke usoro mgbochi nje dị mkpirikpi.  N'afọ 1999, e nyere ya International Fogarty Fellowship iji mụọ Clinical Epidemiology.

Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Perinatal HIV Research Unit (PHRU),  akụkụ nke Medical School nke Mahadum nke Witwatersrand, nke dị na Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital tupu nhọpụta ya dị ka onye isi oche nke kansụl nyocha ahụike na 2014. A naghị edekọkarị nje HIV dị ka ihe na-akpata ọnwụ n'oge 1990s na 2000s mana enwere ike ịhụ mmetụta ya na ọnụọgụ ọnwụ ụmụaka na ụmụaka.

N'isi mmalite 2020, a kwụsịrị n'oge ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ọgwụ mgbochi HIV nke Grey na-eduzi. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ, gụnyere 5407 ndị na-enweghị nje HIV, malitere na 2016 ma kwesịrị ịnọgide na-aga n'ihu ruo 2022. Otú ọ dị, data mbido elere na January 2020 iji nyochaa nchekwa na ịdị irè gosipụtara 129 nje HIV na otu ịgba ọgwụ mgbochi na 123 na-achịkwa placebo. Ọtụtụ ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị HIV ekwenyeghị na ọmụmụ ihe ahụ ga-aga nke ọma, dị ka nchọpụta mbụ e mere na Thailand gosiri na ọ dị naanị 31%. Grey kwenyere na n'ihi oke ọrịa nje HIV na South Africa, nnwale ọhụrụ bara uru ịchụso. Ndị ụlọ ọrụ nlekota onwe ha nke nyochara nsonaazụ nwa oge kwubiri na ọ bụ ihe efu ịga n'ihu na ọmụmụ ihe ahụ.

== Ihe omume ndị ọzọ ==

* Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI), Onye otu Kọmitii ndụmọdụ sayensị (site na 2023) 

== Nkwado na ndị otu ==
Gray bụ onye otu Academy of Science nke South Africa, onye mba ọzọ na-arụkọ ọrụ na United States Institute of Medicine, onye sayensị A-rated National Research Foundation nke South Africa, onye nchọpụta isi maka HIV Vaccine Trials Network na onye otu American Academy of Microbiology.

Na mgbakwunye:

* N'afọ 1997, e nyere Gray onyinye &quot;Nwanyị nke 90&quot;.
* A kọwara Gray dị ka otu n'ime &quot;Icons of the Century&quot; na mbipụta Millennium Collectors nke Longevity Magazine.
* N'afọ 2001, magazin Science kọrọ banyere Gray na onye ọrụ ibe ya, James McIntyre.
* [[Nelson Mandela]] nyere Gray onyinye Mandela maka ahụike na ikike mmadụ n'afọ 2002.
* N'afọ 2003, e depụtara Gray n'akwụkwọ Inspirational Women at Work .  
* N'afọ 2009, e nyere ya N&quot;Galy - Mann lectureship iji kwado enyemaka ya na nyocha HIV. 
* O nwere nzere doctorate nke Mahadum Simon Fraser nyere ya n'afọ 2012.
* N'afọ 2013, European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership nyere ya &quot;Outstanding African Scientist Award&quot;.
* 2013 The Order of Mapungubwe: SilverUsoro nke Mapungubwe: ọlaọcha
* A họpụtara Gray ka ọ bụrụ onye otu African Academy of Sciences n'afọ 2015
* A kpọrọ Gray otu n'ime &quot;Ndị 100 kachasị emetụta&quot; site na Time na 2017.  
* Na 2019 Mahadum Rhodes dị na Grahamstown nyere Gray nzere doctorate na iwu (LLD, hc).
* E depụtara Gray n'etiti &quot;Ndị inyom 50 kachasị ike n'Africa&quot; site na ''Forbes Africa'' na 2020. 

== Arụmụka ==

=== Usoro nwa ọhụrụ ===
Gray has not been a stranger to controversy. At her first research presentation in 1996 at an international AIDS conference, she championed the position that HIV positive women in developing countries should feed their babies infant formula rather than breast milk to avoid the transmission of HIV from mother to child. The prevailing opinion at that time was that the risk of infant death by [[Afọ ọsịsa|diarrheal diseases]], caused by mixing contaminated water with the infant formula, outweighed the chance of contracting HIV. Gray's research in the Soweto communities indicated that infant formula could be safely used,  but this put her in direct conflict with the activists who had led boycotts against Nestle, because of their infant formula, since the 1970s.Subsequent research on the topic demonstrated high deaths in formula fed compared to breastfed children of HIV-infected mothers.

=== AZT ===
Ọgwụ Zidovudine (nke a makwaara dị ka azidothymidine (AZT)) bụ ọgwụ mgbochi retroviral nke enwere ike iji gbochie nnyefe nke HIV site n'aka nne gaa nwatakịrị n'oge ịmụ nwa. Usoro ọgwụgwọ ahụ bụ izu iri na anọ, ụmụ nwanyị nọ na mba ndị na-emepe emepe enweghị ike ịkwụ ụgwọ nke a. N'agbanyeghị nkatọ sitere na nchịkọta akụkọ nke The New England Journal of Medicine, Gray mere nnwale (na-emegharị ọmụmụ ihe sitere na Thailand) site na iji usoro ọgwụgwọ dị mkpirikpi megide placebo nke gosipụtara na usoro dị mkpirisi ahụ dị irè.   Otú ọ dị, gọọmentị South Africa, n'okpuru onye isi ala Thabo Mbeki na minista ahụike [[Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma]], jụrụ ikikere ka e jiri ọgwụ ahụ mee ihe, n'ihi na a na-ewere ya dị oke ọnụ. Gray tinyere aka n'inweta ọgwụ na ọgwụgwọ nke ndị ọrịa na nzuzo, na-emegide gọọmentị. 

Gray sonyere n'ịmalite Treatment Action Campaign (TAC), ya na Zackie Achmat na ndị ọzọ, dị ka òtù na-ahụ maka HIV / AIDS.  Naanị mgbe Gray natara 2002 Mandela Award for Health and Human Rights na agha iwu na 2003 metụtara TAC, bụ nevirapine, ọgwụ dị irè karịa AZT n'igbochi nne na nwa ibufe nje HIV,  na ọgwụ ndị ọzọ na-egbochi nje HIV nke gọọmentị kwadoro maka iji ya na South Africa.  Ka ọ na-erule mgbe ahụ, Manto Tshabalala-Msimang anọchiwo Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma dị ka Minista nke Ahụike na arụmụka megide ndị na-emegide retrovirals agbanweela site na nke ọnụ ahịa gaa na nkwado nke ọgwụ ọdịnala Africa karịa ọgwụgwọ omenala.

=== COVID-19 ===
N'afọ 2020, a họpụtara Gray na Kọmitii ndụmọdụ ahụike nke gọọmentị South Africa n'ihi ọrịa COVID-19 na South Africa. N'abalị iri abụọ na isii n'ọnwa Machị afọ 2020, gọọmentị South Africa tinyere ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mkpọchi zuru oke na ndị bi na ya. Site na 1 Mee 2020, e ji nwayọọ nwayọọ wepụ mkpọchi ahụ n'okpuru atụmatụ ise. Na 15 Mee 2020, Gray kwuru, &quot;Na mbụ, enwere ezi ihe mere a ga-eji tinye n'ọrụ mkpọchi ahụ iji belata mgbasa nke nje ahụ ma zụta oge iji kwadebe usoro ahụike, nke a mezuru n'ụzọ dị ukwuu&quot;. Ugbu a, ọ chere na &quot;a ga-ekpochapụ mkpọchi ahụ kpamkpam, nakwa na ntinye aka na-abụghị nke ọgwụ (NPI), dị ka ịsa aka, iyi ihe nkpuchi, ịhapụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mmachibido iwu na nnọkọ, kwesịrị itinye ya n'ọnọdụ. &quot;  Na mgbakwunye, o kwuru na:

* A na-ahụ ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke nsogbu nri na-edozi ahụ n'ụlọ ọgwụ, gụnyere na Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital. &quot;Anyị ahụbeghị nri na-edozi ahụ ruo ọtụtụ iri afọ, ya mere anyị na-ahụ ya na nke mbụ ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ&quot;, ka o kwuru.
* Ịpụ n'ime mkpọchi ahụ n'ụzọ &quot;ọnwa na ọnwa&quot; enweghị ihe ndabere na sayensị. Ọtụtụ iwu mkpọchi yiri ka ọ bụ &quot;mkpịsị aka&quot;, nke e mere n'ebe ahụ na obere ihe kpatara ya.

Ọ gwara ndị mgbasa ozi: 
 
Minista ahụike Zweli Mkhize kwuru na Gray &quot;mere nkwupụta na-ezighi ezi na nke na-enweghị isi&quot;. O kwuru na gọọmentị ahọpụtala obere kọmitii nyocha nke Gray bụ onye ya iji nye ha ndụmọdụ. O kwuru na nkwupụta mkpịsị aka ukwu ahụ &quot;na-emebi ọrụ na mgbalị jikọrọ aka nke National Coronavirus Command Council, Cabinet na gọọmentị n'ozuzu ya etinyela aka na ya. &quot;  Banyere nkwupụta banyere agụmakwụkwọ o kwuru, sị: &quot;Departmentị nke agụmakwụkwọ bụ isi etinyela aka n'ọtụtụ mkparịta ụka na ndị metụtara ya banyere ụzọ ziri ezi ha ga-esi meghee ụlọ akwụkwọ. 

N'ihi nkwupụta Mkhize, onye na-anọchite anya onye isi nchịkwa nke Ngalaba Ahụike, Anban Pillay, kwuru na ọ dị mkpa nyocha maka omume Gray. Na 25 Mee 2020, South African Medical Research Council rịọrọ mgbaghara maka nkwupụta Gray ma gbochie ndị ọrụ ya ịgwa ndị mgbasa ozi okwu  ebe ihe karịrị ndị ọkà mmụta 250 nyere nkwupụta nkwado maka ya. 

N'ụbọchị na-esote, 26 Mee 2020, Mkhize kwuru na ya &quot;na-ele Prọfesọ Glenda Gray anya dị ka ihe mechiri emechi&quot;, o kwukwara na &quot;enweghị ihe ndabere iji tụọ aro itinye aka na nnwere onwe agụmakwụkwọ&quot;.

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==
Gray edeela ma ọ bụ soro dee ihe karịrị edemede sayensị 300, gụnyere:

* {{Cite journal|author=MADHI|first=SHABIR A.|title=Correlation between CD4+ lymphocyte counts, concurrent antigen skin test and tuberculin skin test reactivity in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected and -uninfected children with tuberculosis|journal=The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal|volume=18|issue=9|year=1999|issn=0891-3668|doi=10.1097/00006454-199909000-00011|pages=800–805|pmid=10493341}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Schramm|first=Diana B.|title=In Vivo Effects of HIV-1 Exposure in the Presence and Absence of Single-Dose Nevirapine on Cellular Plasma Activation Markers of Infants Born to HIV-1-Seropositive Mothers|journal=Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes|volume=42|issue=5|year=2006|issn=1525-4135|doi=10.1097/01.qai.0000225009.30698.ce|pages=545–553|pmid=16837862}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Mnyani|first=Coceka N.|title=Implementation of a PMTCT programme in a high HIV prevalence setting in Johannesburg, South Africa: 2002–2015|journal=Southern African Journal of HIV Medicine|volume=21|issue=1|date=23 March 2020|issn=2078-6751|pmid=32284888|doi=10.4102/sajhivmed.v21i1.1024}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Shen|first=Xiaoying|title=HIV-1 Vaccine Sequences Impact V1V2 Antibody Responses: A Comparison of Two Poxvirus Prime gp120 Boost Vaccine Regimens|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|date=7 February 2020|issn=2045-2322|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-57491-z|pmid=32034163}}

Gray enyewo aka ma gosipụta ya n'ọtụtụ akwụkwọ gụnyere:

* {{Cite book|author=Mbali|first=M.|title=South African AIDS Activism and Global Health Politics|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|series=Global Ethics|year=2013|isbn=978-1-137-31216-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=khm-aaoSOGYC&amp;pg=PA121}}
* {{Cite book|author=Mayer|first=K.H.|title=HIV Prevention: A Comprehensive Approach|publisher=Elsevier Science|year=2009|isbn=978-0-08-092129-7|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_JsK3SfCgB0C}}
* {{Cite book|author=Oppenheimer|first=Gerald M.|title=Shattered Dreams: An Oral History of the South African AIDS Epidemic|publisher=Oxford University Press, USA|year=2007|isbn=978-0-19-530730-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gMSDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA154}}
* {{Cite book|author=Turok|first=K.|title=Life and Soul: Portraits of Women who Move South Africa|publisher=Double Storey|year=2006|isbn=978-1-77013-043-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VCAR_z6hHgUC&amp;pg=PR50-IA4}}
* {{Cite book|author=Kritzinger|first=Lisel|title=Inspirational women at work : 52 personal and life experiences shared to empower, encourage, uplift and inspire|publisher=LAPA|year=2003|isbn=978-0-7993-3177-6|oclc=54828454}}

== Edemsibia ==

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Publications by Glenda GraynaResearchGate
* [https://www.wits.ac.za/staff/academic-a-z-listing/g/glendagraywitsacza/ https://www.wits.ac.za/staff/academic-a-z-listing/g/glendagrayurusca/]
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Emile Amagat</title>
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      <text bytes="3476" sha1="fjygei1ex05ec0kpdkd3juokgr6kky6" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Émile Hilaire Amagat .jpg|thumb|Émile Amagat ]]
 

'''Emile Hilaire Amagat''' (2 Jenụwarị 1841 na Saint-Satur - 15 Febụwarị 1915) bụ onye France na-ahụ maka physics.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Encyclopédie [personnage]: Amagat|url=https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/personnage/Amagat/105072|publisher=Éditions Larousse|accessdate=19 March 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya, nke e bipụtara na 1872, gbasaa ọrụ Thomas Andrews, ma tinye atụmatụ nke isotherms nke carbon dioxide na nrụgide dị elu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daintith, Biog Sci&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Daintith|chapter=Amagat, Emile Hilaire|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/biographicalency00newy/page/14/mode/2up|title=Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists|publisher=Facts on File|location=New York|year=1981|isbn=978-0-87196-396-3|oclc=6709010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amagat bipụtara akwụkwọ na 1877 nke megidere nghọta dị ugbu a n'oge ahụ, na-ekwubi na coefficient nke compressibility nke mmiri na-ebelata na nrụgide na-arịwanye elu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daintith, Biog Sci&quot; /&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu na-ebipụta data na isotherms maka ọtụtụ gas dị iche iche n'etiti 1879 na 1882, [1] wee mepụta manometer hydraulic, nke nwere ike iguzogide ikuku 3200, na-emegide ikuku 400 site na iji ngwa iko.[2].  Na 1880 o bipụtara iwu ya nke akụkụ akwụkwọ mpịakọta, nke a maara ugbu a dị ka iwu  Amagat.

Maka ọmụmụ ya, ọ mepụtara ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ piezometer mbụ. Ọdịdị mbụ ya ruru n'ókè nke iji omimi nke oghere a na-egwu iji nweta nrụgide dị elu nke ikuku 430 iji mụọ usoro nke ọnọdụ nke gas ụfọdụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Foulc|first=J.-N.|title=Une expérience scientifique au XIXe siècle dans le puits Verpilleux|journal=Revue des Amis du Musée de la Mine de Saint-Étienne|language=fr|date=2020|volume=59|pages=25–28|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03038309v1|id=hal-03038309v1}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọkachamara ya mere ka ya na onye ọkà n'ihe ọmụmụ physics bụ Peter Tait rụkọọ ọrụ na mmepe nke piezometer dabara adaba maka ịtụle compressibility nke mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Aitken|first=F.|title=From Tait's Work on the Compressibility of Seawater to Equations-of-State for Liquids|series=From Deep Sea to Laboratory|date=2019|publisher=ISTE|location=London|isbn=978-1-78630-376-9|doi=10.1002/9781119663362}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A họpụtara Amagat ka ọ bụrụ onye otu Ụlọ akwụkwọ sayensị nke French na 9 June 1902.[1]  Otu nkeji njupụta nọmba, amagat, ka akpọrọ aha ya.  A họpụtara ya onye mba ọzọ nke Royal Society of London na 1897. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Boyle|first=R.|year=1899|title=The Laws of Gases|series=Harper's Scientific Memoirs|publisher=Harper &amp; Brothers Publishers|location=New York|url=https://archive.org/details/lawsofgasesmemoi00barurich/page/106/mode/2up|oclc=1738914}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụlọ akwụkwọ sayensị nke French nyere ya ihe nrite nke Prix Jean Reynaud mgbe 1915 gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Académie des sciences – Séance du 18 décembre|journal=Le Moniteur Scientifique du Docteur Quesneville|language=fr|date=March 1917|volume=84|issue=903|pages=67–69|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k215262f/f97.item#}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Na fim ==

* Na 2016 Polish film ''Marie Curie'', Daniel Olbrychski mere Amagat.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Works by or about Émile AmagatnaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet</text>
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      <text bytes="6667" sha1="hcn7ev2iusuyl70548rtvv63lt69dmh" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Charles-Emile Picard, ante 1909 - Accademia delle Scienze di Torino 0148 B.jpg|thumb|Emile Picard]]
 

'''Charles Émile Picard FRS(Maka)[1] FRSE (   ; 24 Julaị 1856 – 11 Disemba 1941) bụ onye France na-agụ mgbakọ na mwepụ.  A họpụtara ya onye otu nke iri na ise ka ọ nọrọ oche 1 nke Académie française na 1924.'''

== Ndụ ==
A mụrụ ya na Paris na 24 Julaị 1856 ma gụọ akwụkwọ  ebe ahụ na Lycée Henri-IV.  Ọ gụrụ mgbakọ na mwepụ na École Normale Supérieure. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002|date=July 2006|publisher=The Royal Society of Edinburgh|isbn=0-902-198-84-X|url=https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akwụkwọ mgbakọ na mwepụ Picard, akwụkwọ ọgụgụ, na ọtụtụ ihe odide a ma ama na-egosipụta mmasị dị iche iche, yana nkà dị egwu nke mgbakọ na mwepụta nke oge ya. Obere iwu Picard na-ekwu na ọrụ ọ bụla na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe na-ewere uru ọ bụla na mbara igwe dị mgbagwoju anya, ma eleghị anya otu. Nnukwu iwu Picard na-ekwu na ọrụ nyocha nke nwere ihe dị mkpa na-ewere uru ọ bụla na-enweghị njedebe, ma eleghị anya otu ihe, na mpaghara ọ bụla nke ihe dị iche. O nyere aka dị mkpa na nkuzi nke ọdịiche dị iche iche, gụnyere ọrụ na nkuzi Picard-Vessiot, Painlevé transcendents na iwebata ụdị otu symmetry maka usoro ọdịiche dị n'ahịrị. O webatara otu Picard na nkuzi nke elu algebraic, nke na-akọwa klas nke usoro algebra na elu modulo linear equivalence. N'ihe metụtara ọrụ ya na tiori ọrụ, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị ọkachamara mgbakọ na mwepụ mbụ jiri echiche na-apụta nke algebraic topology.  Na mgbakwunye na ọrụ echiche ya, Picard nyere onyinye na mgbakọ na mwepụ etinyere, gụnyere echiche nke telegraphy na elasticity.  Akwụkwọ ya anakọtara na-agba ọsọ na mpịakọta anọ.

Louis Couturat na Picard mụrụ ihe mgbako n'ime afọ 1891-1892, na-edetu nkọwa zuru ezu nke nkuzi ahụ.  Edobere ndetu ndị a ma dị ugbu a n'ime cahiers atọ sitere na Internet Archive.

Dị ka onye ya na ya dịkọrọ ndụ, Henri Poincaré, Picard nwere nchegbu dị ukwuu maka ọzụzụ nke ụmụ akwụkwọ mgbakọ na mwepụ, physics, na injinia. O dere akwụkwọ nkuzi mara mma na nyocha na otu n'ime akwụkwọ nkuzi mbụ na nkuzi nke relativity. Ihe odide Picard na-ewu ewu gụnyere akụkọ ndụ nke ọtụtụ ndị isi France na mgbakọ na mwepụ, gụnyere nna di ya, Charles Hermite.

Picard bụ onye otu nsọpụrụ mba ụwa nke American Academy of Arts and Sciences, [1] onye otu mba ụwa nke United States National Academy of Sciences, [2] na onye otu mba ofesi nke American Philosophical Society. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=C.+Emile+Picard&amp;title=&amp;subject=&amp;subdiv=&amp;mem=&amp;year=&amp;year-max=&amp;dead=&amp;keyword=&amp;smode=advanced|accessdate=2023-12-07|work=search.amphilsoc.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ezinụlọ ==
N'afọ 1881, ọ lụrụ Marie, nwa nwanyị nke Charles Hermite.

== Ọha ==
Charles Émile Picard bụ otu n'ime ndị guzobere na 1930 nke Society of Friends of André-Marie Ampère nke e mepụtara iji wulite ụlọ ngosi nka sayensị mbụ na France, Ampère Museum nke dị nso na  [[Lyon|Lyons]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Bulletin de la Société des Amis d'André-Marie Ampère|journal=Bulletin de la Société des Amis d'André-Marie Ampère|year=1931|volume=1|language=French}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

* 1891-96: Akwụkwọ edemede nke Analysis. &lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot;&gt;Paris: Gauthier-Villars na nwa ya nwoke. 1891. &lt;/cite&gt; &lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot;&gt;OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/530823 530823].&amp;nbsp;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Craig, T.|authorlink=Thomas Craig (mathematician)|title=Picard's ''Traité d'Analyse''|journal=[[Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society]]|year=1893|volume=3|issue=2|pages=39–65|url=http://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1893-03-02/S0002-9904-1893-00166-3/|doi=10.1090/s0002-9904-1893-00166-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Traité d'Analyse|year=1891|url=https://archive.org/details/traitdanalyse07picagoog|location=Paris|publisher=Gauthier-Villars et fils|oclc=530823}}
* 1905: Sayensị Ọgbara Ọhụrụ na ọnọdụ ya ugbu a. &lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot;&gt;Paris: E. Flammarion. 1914. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43307396 43307396].&amp;nbsp;&lt;/cite&gt;{{Cite book|title=La science Moderne et son état Actuel|year=1914|url=https://archive.org/details/lasciencemodern01picagoog|location=Paris|publisher=E. Flammarion|oclc=43307396}}
* 1906: (ya na Georges Simart) Theorie des Fonctions Algebrique de deux Variables Independente Mpịakọta 2, site na Internet Archive Ebe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet
* 1922:  &lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot;&gt;Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 1922. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1025334 1025334].&amp;nbsp;&lt;/cite&gt;{{Cite book|title=La Théorie de la Relativité et ses Applications à l'astronomie|year=1922|url=https://archive.org/details/lathoriedelare00picauoft|location=Paris|publisher=Gauthier-Villars|oclc=1025334}}
* 1922:  &lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot;&gt;Paris: Gauthier-Villars. 1922. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4855336 4855336].&amp;nbsp;&lt;/cite&gt;{{Cite book|title=Discours et Mélanges|year=1922|url=https://archive.org/details/discoursetmlan00picauoft|location=Paris|publisher=Gauthier-Villars|oclc=4855336}}
* 1931:  &lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot;&gt;Paris: s.n. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/13473598 13473598].&amp;nbsp;&lt;/cite&gt;{{Cite book|title=Éloges et Discours Académiques|location=Paris|publisher=s.n.|oclc=13473598}}
* 1978-81: Ọrụ nke Ch. -Ọ bụ. Picard Izu ohi I-IV. Paris: National Center of Scientific Research. OCLC 4615520.{{Cite book|title=Œuvres de Ch.-É. Picard|location=Paris|publisher=Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique|oclc=4615520}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot;&gt;''-Ọ bụ. Picard'' Izu ohi&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;I-&lt;/span&gt;. &amp;nbsp;Paris: National Center of Scientific Research. OCLC [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/4615520 4615520].&amp;nbsp;&lt;/cite&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ihe nrite Emile Picard
* Ìgwè Picard modular
* Mkpụrụ osisi Picard
* Mpi Picard
* Bregille Funicular

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
Mgbasa ozi metụtaraEmile Picardna Wikimedia Commons

* Émile PicardnaUsoro mgbakọ na mwepụ Genealogy Project
* Works by Émile PicardnaỌrụ Gutenberg
* Works by or about Émile PicardnaEbe Ndebe Ihe Ochie n'Intanet</text>
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    <title>Étienne Hirsch</title>
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'''Étienne Hirsch''' (20 Jenụwarị 1901 - 17 Mee 1994)bụ onye injinia obodo France na onye so na Nguzogide France n'oge Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ.  Ọ jere ozi dịka Onye isi oche nke Commission nke European Atomic Energy Community n'etiti 1959 na 1962 (lee Hirsch Commission). 

== Ndụ na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Étienne Hirsch na 1901 n'ezinụlọ [[Judaism|Ndị Juu]] sitere na [[Jémanị|German]] na Bohemian. Ọ bụ nwa Richard na Marianne Hirsch (née Schwenk), ndị Convoy 77 chụpụrụ na July 1944,  na nwanne Madeleine Melese (née Hirsch), na Juliette Lévy (née Hir Schsch) chụpụrụ ya na ụmụ ya Michèle, Jean-Paul, Alain na Catherine site na Convoy 35 na Septemba 1942. E gburu nne na nna ya na nwanne ya nwanyị Juliette na Auschwitz.

Mgbe e meriri France na Agha nke France n'oge [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], ọ sonyeere Charles de Gaulle na [[London]] ozugbo wee ghọọ onye isi na Free French Forces n'okpuru aha Commandant Bernard. General de Gaulle nyere Hirsch ọrụ inye ndị agha French Resistance na Kọntinent ahụ ngwá agha.N'afọ 1943, ọ bụ ezigbo enyi Jean Monnet na Kọmitii Ntọhapụ nke Mba France na Algiers.  Mgbe ntọhapụ nke France gasịrị, o duziri mmemme iji mee ka akụ na ụba France dị ọhụrụ.  O mechara jee ozi dịka onye nchịkwa nke European Coal and Steel Community.  Na 1959, Hirsch ghọrọ onyeisi oche nke European Atomic Energy Community  . 

== Hụkwa ==

* Ọrụ Hirsch

== Akwụkwọ ==

* 1988: Ainsi va la vie, Jean Monnet Foundation for Europe, Lausanne, 250 p. 

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* A na-etinye [https://archives.eui.eu/en/fonds/105556?item=EH akwụkwọ onwe onye] na [https://archives.eui.eu/oral_history/INT506 ajụjụ ọnụ] nke Étienne Hirsch na Historical Archives nke European Union na Florence
* [http://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/hirsche.htm Ajụjụ ọnụ akụkọ ihe mere eme na Etienne Hirsch]</text>
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    <title>Hanna Louisa Bissiw</title>
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      <text bytes="5844" sha1="jrd9gwyezq9wyuz6f6xy59oos1keqpm" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Hanna Bisiw and Agriculture Deputy Secretary Krysta Harden (cropped).jpg|thumb|Hanna Louisa Bisiw ]]
'''Hanna Louisa Bissiw''' (amuru 23 Julaị 1972) bu onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Ghana onye bụbu onye osote onye minista nri na ọrụ ugbo ma bụrụkwa onye omeiwu nke Tano South, mpaghara Brong Ahafo Ghana. . &lt;ref name=&quot;Hanna Louisa Bisiw&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/news/general-news/tsunami-hits-ndc-mps.html|title=Tsunami hits NDC MPs - Graphic Online {{!}} Ghana News|author=Bokpe|first=Seth J.|work=Graphic Online|language=en-GB|accessdate=2017-01-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye otu na National Women's Organizer nke National Democratic Congress na Ghana . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Boakye|first=Edna Agnes|date=2021-03-10|title=NDC remains united despite recent disagreements – Hannah Bissiw|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/03/ndc-remains-united-despite-recent-disagreements-hannah-bissiw/|accessdate=2021-03-10|work=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=‘NDC was robbed in 2020 presidential elections’ - Hanna Bissiw - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/ndc-was-robbed-in-2020-presidential-elections-hanna-bissiw/|accessdate=2021-04-06|work=My joyonline|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Dr.Hanna Louisa Bisiw na Techimantia na mpaghara Brong Ahafo nke [[Ghana]]. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị ya na Kumasi Girls Secondary School, ma mesịa nweta agụmakwụkwọ iji mụọ na Cuba, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ dị ka Veterinary Doctor (1999). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Deputy Minister- Livestock|url=http://mofa.gov.gh/site/?page_id=14516|work=Ministry of Food and Agriculture|publisher=Ministry of Food and Agriculture|accessdate=12 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Mgbe ọ laghachiri Ghana, Bissiw rụrụ ọrụ na Ụlọ Ọgwụ Ụmụ Anụmanụ ma rụkọọkwa ọrụ n'etiti Ghana na Cuba.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hanna Louisa Bisiw&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hanna Louisa Bisiw|url=http://www.aimcongress.com/en/speakers-2015/hanna-louisa-bisiw/|work=Annual Investment Meeting|publisher=Annual Investment Meeting|accessdate=12 September 2016|archivedate=20 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920222731/http://www.aimcongress.com/en/speakers-2015/hanna-louisa-bisiw/}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2008, ọ malitere ịrụsi ọrụ ike na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bilitere site n'ịbụ onye otu NDC Manifesto Committee (2008) ka ọ bụrụ osote minista nke steeti (Ministry of Water Resources, Works and Housing (MWRWH) (2009), osote minisita nke nri na ọrụ ugbo yana Onye omeiwu maka Tano South (2012 - 2017).  &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=My husband is rich – Hannah Bissiw Boasts|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/My-husband-is-rich-Hannah-Bissiw-Boasts-320180|work=GhanaWeb|accessdate=12 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr Bisiw wins Adom FM's &quot;Best Minister&quot; award|url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/258092/1/dr-bisiw-wins-adom-fms-best-minister-award.html|work=Modern Ghana|accessdate=12 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ebubo nrụrụ aka ==
Hanna Bissiw abụrụla onye a katọrọ n'ihu ọha n'afọ ndị gara aga maka ebubo nke ibi ndụ dị mma na mmefu nke akụ na ụba steeti.&lt;ref name=&quot;corrupt&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Boateng|first=Michael Ofori Amanfo|title=Group charges Hannah Bissiw of corruption|accessdate=2016-11-27|url=http://politics.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201109/72506.php|archivedate=28 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128133410/http://politics.myjoyonline.com/pages/news/201109/72506.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2010, Daily Searchlight kọrọ nyocha nzuzo na-atụ aro na ọ bụ onye nwe ụlọ abụọ nwere ọtụtụ ọnụ ụlọ ihi ụra na-ewu na Techimantia, obodo ya na mpaghara Brong Ahafo nke Ghana.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ghweb mansion&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Hannah-Bissiw-s-Controversial-Twin-Mansion-201486|title=Hannah Bissiw's Controversial Twin Mansion|accessdate=2016-11-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2014, Daily Guide bipụtara nkọwa nke emume ncheta ọmụmụ ya ebe e nyere ya Toyota Land Cruiser Prado ọhụrụ nke ruru $ 120,000. Akwụkwọ akụkọ na-akọwa ihe omume ahụ dị ka &quot;nnukwu oriri&quot;. Ọ zaghachiri na ụgbọ ala ahụ bụ onyinye ụbọchị ọmụmụ sitere n'aka di ya bara ọgaranya.&lt;ref name=&quot;rich&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=My husband is rich – Hannah Bissiw Boasts|accessdate=2016-11-27|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/My-husband-is-rich-Hannah-Bissiw-Boasts-320180}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nhọrọ 2016 ==
Hanna Bissiw tụfuru oche omeiwu nke Tano South Constituency na Brong Ahafo Region na tiketi National Democratic Congress na ntuli aka ndị omeiwu 2016. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị omeiwu ya boro ya ebubo na mgbe ọ tụfuru oche ya, ọ gbasiri mbọ ike iweghachite ngwa ụlọ ọgwụ ọ bu ụzọ nye ụlọọgwụ dị na mpaghara ya. Ọ gọrọ agọ ebubo ahụ na-ekwu na akụkọ ahụ ghọgburu ebumnuche ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=I was afraid the beds will rust - Hannah Bissiw|url=http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/I-was-afraid-the-beds-will-rust-Hannah-Bissiw-493914|accessdate=2017-02-25|work=Ghana Web}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Hanna Bissiw nwere ụmụ abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Hanna Louisa Bisiw|url=http://www.aimcongress.com/en/speakers-2015/hanna-louisa-bisiw/|accessdate=12 September 2016|work=Annual Investment Meeting|publisher=Annual Investment Meeting|archivedate=20 September 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920222731/http://www.aimcongress.com/en/speakers-2015/hanna-louisa-bisiw/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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'''Charles Alfred Barber''' C.I.E. (ụbọchị ịrị n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1860 - ụbọchị ịrị abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1933) bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara osisi na osisi na mba Britain, onye rụrụ ọrụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ ndụ ya na ndịda India. A kpọrọ Saccharum barberi, ụdị osisi na-eto n'ọhịa na ugwu India aha ya. Ọ bụ onye mbụ n'ịkwalite osisi ọhịa na India, site n'ịmepụta ụdị osisi dị iche iche n'etiti ụdị osisi ọhịa na nke siri ike na Saccharum officinarum a na-akọ nke nwere nnukwu shuga nke nwere ike ịlanarị oyi oyi nke ugwu [[Ndia]].  

== Mmụta ==
A mụrụ ya na ụbọchị ịrị n'ọnwa Nọvemba n'afọ 1860 na [[Cape Town]]Wynberg, Cape Town, nwa Rev. William Barber. Ọ gara gụọ akwụkwọ na New Kingswood, Bath na mgbe e mesịrị na Mahadum Bonn (1883-84). Na Mahadum Bonn, ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ n'okpuru Eduard Strasburger. Ọ sonyeere Mahadum Cambridge wee gafee sayensị okike Tripos na klas mbụ n'afọ 1887 (akụkụ nke mbụ) na 188 (akụkụ nke abụọ). Ọ natara MA n'afọ 1892 na Sc. D. n’afọ 1908. Ọ sonyeere na Leeward Islands dị ka Superintendent nke Botanical Station n'afọ 1892 ma rụọ ọrụ afọ anọ tupu ọ banye dị ka onye nkuzi na botany na Royal Engineering College na Cooper's Hill. N'afọ 1898, ọ sonyeere Madras Presidency dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ihe ọkụkụ nke gọọmentị. Ọ mụrụ mgbọrọgwụ na osisi site n'afọ 1906 ruo afọ 1908. Ọ ghọrọ ọkachamara na okpete na Gọọmentị n'afọ 1912. Ọ ghọrọ onye nkuzi na Tropical Agriculture na Mahadum Cambridge n'afọ 1919. E mere ya C.I.E. n'afọ 1918.&lt; 
== Ọrụ ọkachamara ==
Charles Alfred Barber rụrụ ọrụ n'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ịzụlite okpete na n'ihe ọkụkụ. O guzobere ụlọ ọrụ nyocha okpete nke a maara ugbu a dị ka Sugarcane Breeding Institute na Coimbatore yana ya na T.S. Venkatraman mepụtara ụdị okpete hybrid dabara adaba maka India. Ndị a gụnyere ngwakọta n'etiti osisi ndị dị n'ógbè na ndị siri ike si India nke a na-akpọ ''Saccharum barberi'' ugbu a n'aha ya na shuga dị elu nke na-emepụta Saccharum officinarum nke na-adịghị ndụ n'oge oyi nke ugwu India.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Dictionary Of British And Irish Botantists And Horticulturalists Including plant collectors, flower painters and garden designers|author=Desmond, Ray|publisher=CRC Press|year=1994}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ezo aka na mbufe a nke àgwà ndị bara uru n'ahịa site na okpete &quot;noble&quot; gaa na okpete India na nobilization nke okpete India.
 

== Ọnwụ ==
Charles Alfred Barber nwụrụ na Cambridge na ụbọchị ịrị abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 1933.&lt;ref name=&quot;cantab&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Alumni Cantabrigienses: A Biographical List of All Known Students, Graduates and Holders of Office at the University of Cambridge, from the Earliest Times to 1900, Volume 2|year=2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|author=Venn, John}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==</text>
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'''Ethel Mary Doidge''' (1887–1965) bụ onye Britain, ọkammụta ọgwụ na onye ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara nje bacteria, onye a mụrụ na South Africa. A mụrụ Doidge na Nottingham, England na 31 Mee 1887 ma gụọ akwụkwọ na South Africa na Epworth School na Pietermaritzburg na Huguenot College, Wellington, Western Cape. Na 1908, ọ sonyeere Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo Transvaal dị ka onye enyemaka nye Dr I.B. Pole Evans. Na 1909, Mahadum nke Cape of Good Hope nyere ya nzere MA, na 1914, enyere ya nzere D. Sc.; ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ nwetara nzere doctorate na South Africa. Akwụkwọ edemede ya bụ A bacterial disease of mango, Bacillus mangiferae n. sp.. [1] [2] A maghị ọrịa a n'oge gara aga na mpụga South Africa ma kpatara nnukwu mfu nye ndị na-akụ mango n'ebe ahụ ruo afọ ole na ole. N'afọ 1912, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Onye otu Linnean Society (FLS). A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi nke Division of Botany and Plant Pathology na 1919 wee bụrụ onye isi na-ahụ maka ọrịa osisi na 1929, ọkwá ọ nọ na ya ruo mgbe ọ lara ezumike nká na 1942. A nọgidere na-arụ ọrụ ya ruo afọ anọ ọzọ, n'oge ahụ ka ọ rụchara ọrụ ya na The South African fungi and lichens . [3]

__NOTOC__

Site na ihe ọmụma ya banyere nje bacteria na mycology, o jisiri ike dozie nsogbu ndị dị mkpa maka ọrụ ugbo. A họpụtara Doidge ka ọ bụrụ onye otu kansụl mbụ nke Mahadum South Africa. Ọ bụ onye guzobere South African Biological Society ma na 1922 e nyere ya nnukwu onyinye nke Society, Senior Captain Scott Memorial Medal, maka nyocha ya na ọrịa osisi South Africa.

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==
  

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke mycologists
* [[Ndepụta nke ndị dere South African botanical taxa|Ndepụta nke ndị edemede osisi South Africa]]
* Usoro oge nke ụmụ nwanyị na sayensị

== Ihe edeturu na ntụaka ==
{{Reflist|1}} 

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==
 

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Biography of Ethel DoidgenaS2A3Biographical Database nke Southern African Science
* [[google:ethel+mary+doidge&amp;btnG=Search+Books&amp;tbm=bks&amp;tbo=1&amp;gws_rd=ssl|Akwụkwọ Google]]
{{Authority control}}</text>
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      <text bytes="9079" sha1="ocmafp9aj7hks0pdsqbesorgh6kh6ga" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Atyoli Andrew Laah Yakubu and wife.jpg|thumb|Andrew Yakubu Laah]]
'''Andrew Laah Yakubu''' (amụrụ na Septemba 10, 1955) bụbu onye isi njikwa otu nke ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ ala Naịjirịa. Onyeisiala Goodluck Ebele Jonathan nyere ya ọkwa a n'afọ 2012'''.'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/5771-jonathan_sacks_nnpc_boss.html|date=26 June 2012|title=Jonathan fires NNPC boss, Austen Oniwon, names Andrew Yakubu as replacement|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;Ya na ndị otu njikwa ahụ nwetara nnwere onwe n'ọkwa ha iji mee ka mgbanwe ndị na-aga n'ihu na NNPC sikwuo ike site n'aka onye bụbu onyeisiala Goodluck Jonathan na Julaị 2014, a họpụtakwara Joseph Dawha dị ka onye ga-anọchi ya na Ọgọst 2014..&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/jonathan-sacks-nnpc-chief-yakubu-three-others/|title=Jonathan sacks NNPC chief Andrew Yakubu|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=2 August 2012|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-18606614|title=President Goodluck Jonathan sacks Nigeria oil bosses|date=27 June 2012|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ ==
A mụrụ Yakubu na Septemba 10, 1955, na Mawukili, Northern Region (ugbua dị na ndịda Kaduna State), Naịjirịa. Yakubu bụ onye na-eme ebere nke nyere aka na ọrụ ebere dị iche iche n'ọtụtụ ụka na òtù dị iche iche na Naịjirịa. Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, ọ na-akwado ndị ogbenye site n'inye onyinye, nkwado na agụmakwụkwọ maka ndị ogbenye site na iji ntọala ya. E nyere ya aha onyeisi &quot;Iya A̠tyap&quot; site n'aka Atyap Chiefdom nke Kaduna State na 2004, ọ bụkwa onye otu zuru oke nke Atyap Council of Chiefs.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAE&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/5771-jonathan_sacks_nnpc_boss.html|date=26 June 2012|title=Jonathan fires NNPC boss, Austen Oniwon, names Andrew Yakubu as replacement|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmụta ==
Yakubu gara Government College na [[Keffi]] site na 1969 ruo 1973, nweta asambodo ụlọ akwụkwọ West African. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ gara College of Arts and Science na [[Zaria]] ruo 1975, mgbe ọ banyere na [[Mahadum nke Ahmadu Bello|Mahadum Ahmadu Bello]] n'ebe ahụ, na-amụ injinia kemịkal.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Andrew Yakubu - the Quiet Player in a Key Sector|work=[[This Day]]|url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201310140398.html|date=12 October 2013|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na BA na 1979, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị iche iche na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe tupu ọ bụrụ onye isi nchịkwa ọrụ na NETCO na Machị 2005. Na mgbakwunye na agụmakwụkwọ ya na kemistri, ọ natara asambodo na Strategy and Organization site na Graduate School of Business Studies nke Mahadum Stanford.

== Ọrụ ==
Ọ hapụrụ ọrụ NETCO ya na Disemba 2006 iji rụọ ọrụ na Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, nke mbụ dị ka onye isi njikwa ma mesịa dị ka onye nchịkwa na onye isi oche. Ọ malitere ọrụ ahụ ọtụtụ ọnwa mgbe nsogbu mmanụ ala nke mba na Naịjirịa gasịrị, mgbe a na-ele NNPC anya n'ọtụtụ ebe dị ka nzukọ rụrụ arụ, &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Yakubu, NNPC GMD formally unveiled|work=[[P.M. News]]|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/07/01/yakubu-nnpc-gmd-formally-unveiled/|date=1 July 2012|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma na-elekọta mgbanwe n'ime ụlọ ọrụ mba ahụ ruo mgbe ewepụrụ ya n'oge ọchịchị onye isi ala Jonathan na ebubo nke nnupụisi. Ntinye aka nke Yakubu mere ka gas na-enye ahịa Naijiria na-eto site na 300 nde cubic feet kwa ụbọchị (mcfpd) ruo 1500mcfpD, nke 70% raara nye iji kwado ngalaba ike. Ọ nọgidere na-enwe nkwụsi ike n'inye na nkesa nke ngwaahịa mmanụ ala gafee mba ahụ, na ụlọ nrụpụta atọ nke Naịjirịa na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'oge ọ nọ n'ọkwa. Ọ na-agbanye Fluid Catalytic Cracking Units (FCC) na Kaduna refinery, Port Harcourt FCC na-arụ ọrụ, ebe Warri refinery na-agakwa site na mgbalị nke ndị ọkachamara nọ n'ụlọ ọ na-arụ.

Ọ bụ onye otu Nigerian Society of Engineers; onye otu Nigarian Society of Chemical Engineers; Onye otu Nigerian Association of Technologists in Engineering Associate Fellow, Chemical Society of Nigeria na onye injinia edebanyere aha nke Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria COREN. Ọ bụ onye otu Nigerian Association of Technologist in Engineering . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Yakubu, NNPC GMD formally unveiled|work=[[P.M. News]]|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/07/01/yakubu-nnpc-gmd-formally-unveiled/|date=1 July 2012|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2012/07/01/yakubu-nnpc-gmd-formally-unveiled/ &quot;Yakubu, NNPC GMD formally unveiled&quot;]. ''[[P.M. News]]''. 1 July 2012&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 October&lt;/span&gt; 2024&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Nsọpụrụ ya gụnyere Presidential Merit Award site na Nigerian Society of Chemical Engineers (1997) na GMD nke NNPC Award (1987).

== Mgbukpọ site na Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation ==
Onyeisiala Goodluck Jonathan chụpụrụ Yakubu n'ọkwa ya dịka onye isi njikwa otu NNPC n'ihi esemokwu dị n'etiti ya na Minista mmanụ ala Diezani Alison-Madueke onye a ga-ahọpụta dịka onye isi njikwa nke Nigerian Petroleum Development Company Limited (NPDC). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/5771-jonathan_sacks_nnpc_boss.html|date=26 June 2012|title=Jonathan fires NNPC boss, Austen Oniwon, names Andrew Yakubu as replacement|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi ala n'aka nke ọzọ kwuru na a chụpụrụ ndị otu njikwa NNPC iji mee ka mgbanwe ndị na-aga n'ihu na nzukọ ahụ sikwuo ike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/jonathan-sacks-nnpc-chief-yakubu-three-others/|title=Jonathan sacks NNPC chief Andrew Yakubu|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]|date=2 August 2012|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'abalị atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị n'afọ 2017, ndị ọrụ Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC) chọtara nnukwu ego (USD 9.8 nde na GBP 72,000) n'ụlọ ya n'obodo [[Kaduna]], Naịjirịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/5771-jonathan_sacks_nnpc_boss.html|date=26 June 2012|title=Jonathan fires NNPC boss, Austen Oniwon, names Andrew Yakubu as replacement|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Yakubu kọọrọ ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara ahụ na Kano ma mee nkwupụta ebe ọ kwetara na ọ bụ ya nwe ego ahụ, na-azọrọ na ọ bụ &quot;onyinye&quot; sitere n'aka ndị a na-akpọghị aha.

Ụlọ ọrụ na-alụso nrụrụaka ọgụ, EFCC, boro Yakubu ebubo n'ụlọ ikpe maka nkwupụta ụgha nke akụ ya, maka nchọpụta nke $9.8m n'ụlọ ya na Kaduna. Ụlọ ikpe ọ bụla ahụbeghị ya ikpe maka nrụrụaka na Naịjirịa.

Otú ọ dị, o tinyere akwụkwọ ikpe Naira ijeri megide EFCC na Attorney General nke Federation maka mmebi na Machị 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/5771-jonathan_sacks_nnpc_boss.html|date=26 June 2012|title=Jonathan fires NNPC boss, Austen Oniwon, names Andrew Yakubu as replacement|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2022, ụlọ ikpe dị elu nke gọọmentị etiti tọhapụrụ Andrew Yakubu ma tọhapụ ya ma ụlọ ikpe nyere EFCC iwu ka ọ weghachite ego ahụ e jidere.

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Yakubu lụrụ Sarah Yakubu onye ya na ya nwere ụmụ isii na ụmụ ụmụ itoolu. O nwere mmasị siri ike na egwuregwu golf na [[Footbọl|bọọlụ]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NAE&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Engr. Andrew Laah Yakubu|url=https://nae.ng/fellows-directory|work=The Nigerian Academy of Engineering|accessdate=3 October 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons category}}

* {{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/223140-efcc-recovered-9-8million-yakubu-ex-nnpc-gmd-see-mountains-dollars.html|title=223140 EFCC recovered 9/8 million Yakubu Ex NNPC GMD see mountains dollar|work=[[Premium Times]]|date=10 February 2017|accessdate=3 October 2024}}
* [https://www.okayng.com/photos-how-effc-uncovered-9-8m-74000-in-ex-nnpc-gmd-yakubu-andrews-house/ Foto EFCC ya kpughere nde 9/8 74000 na ụlọ NNPC GMD Yakubu Andrews] 
* {{Cite news|title=Kachikwu's appointment as new NNPC GMD, change people had been clamouring for - Stakeholders|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/08/kachikwus-appointment-as-new-nnpc-gmd-change-people-had-been-clamouring-for-stakeholders/|date=4 August 2015|accessdate=3 October 2024}}
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'''Averil Maud Bottomley''' (1889 - 1984) bụ onye South African Mycologist. Ọ bụ onye otu Southern Africa Association for the Advancement of Science na onye guzobere South African Biological Society . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science|url=https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=311|accessdate=2021-01-26|work=www.s2a3.org.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ ==
A mụrụ Averil Maud Bottomley n'ụbọchị ịrị abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Disemba, n'afọ 1889 na Kimberley, Cape Colony . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science|url=https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=311|accessdate=2021-01-26|work=www.s2a3.org.za}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=311 &quot;S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science&quot;]. ''www.s2a3.org.za''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 January&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Huguenot Seminary na Wellington na ụlọ akwụkwọ South Africa College (Cape Town University). &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=Mary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkfdQ3l1YQUC|title=Botanical Exploration Southern Africa|date=1981-06-01|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-86961-129-6|location=|pages=101|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1911, Mahadum nke Cape of Good Hope nyere Bottomley nzere Bachelor of Arts ma n'afọ 1912 gafere ule kọleji maka asambodo onye nkuzi na South African College dị na Cape Town.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ruo afọ abụọ, ọ kụziri na Worcester . &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
N'afọ 1913, a họpụtara Bottomley ka ọ bụrụ onye na-ahụ maka mycology.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rong|first=Isabella H.|date=2006|title=The South African National Collection of Fungi: celebrating a centenary 1905-2005|journal=Studies in Mycology|volume=55|pages=1–12|doi=10.3114/sim.55.1.1|issn=0166-0616|pmid=18490968}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe ahụ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ngalaba nke Plant Pathology na Mycology nke Ngalaba Ọrụ Ugbo na Pretoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science|url=https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=311|accessdate=2021-01-26|work=www.s2a3.org.za}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=311 &quot;S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science&quot;]. ''www.s2a3.org.za''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 January&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Bottomley lekwasịrị anya na ''Gasteromycetes'' nke South Africa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gunn|first=Mary|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mkfdQ3l1YQUC|title=Botanical Exploration Southern Africa|date=1981-06-01|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-86961-129-6|location=|pages=101|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFGunnCodd1981&quot;&gt;Gunn, Mary; Codd, L. E. W. (1 June 1981). [https://books.google.com/books?id=mkfdQ3l1YQUC ''Botanical Exploration Southern Africa'']. CRC Press. p.&amp;nbsp;101. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-86961-129-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-86961-129-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ chịkọtara fungi karịsịa gburugburu Pretoria (karịsịa Fountain's Valley), Greytown na Cape Town, ma tinye ha na Mycological Herbarium (mgbe e mesịrị National Collection of Fungi nke Plant Protection Research Unit) na Pretoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

N'afọ 1916, Bottomley ghọrọ onye otu Southern Africa Association for the Advancement of Science . [https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=311 &quot;S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science&quot;]. ''www.s2a3.org.za''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 January&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu afọ ahụ, ọ ghọrọ onye guzobere South African Biological Society . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=|first=|date=1919|title=Roll of Foundation Members of the SA Biological Society|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/31373#page/12/mode/1up|journal=South African Journal of Natural History|volume=1|issue=1|pages=8–15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1926, ọ gara International Congress of Plant Sciences na New York.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science|url=https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=311|accessdate=2021-01-26|work=www.s2a3.org.za}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=311 &quot;S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science&quot;]. ''www.s2a3.org.za''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 January&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1929, Bottomley bipụtara akwụkwọ The development of South African mycology and of the mycological herbarium at Pretoria na South African Journal of Science . [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2104721 &quot;The South African National Collection of Fungi: celebrating a centenary 1905-2005&quot;]. ''Studies in Mycology''. '''55''': &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1–&lt;/span&gt;12. [[Digital object identifier|doi]]:[[doi:10.3114/sim.55.1.1|10.3114/sim.55.1.1]]. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]]&amp;nbsp;[https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0166-0616 0166-0616]. [[PMC (identifier)|PMC]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;span class=&quot;id-lock-free&quot; title=&quot;Freely accessible&quot;&gt;[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2104721 2104721]&lt;/span&gt;. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&amp;nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18490968 18490968].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Bottomley lara ezumike nká na ngalaba Cryptogamic nke National Herbarium, Pretoria. [https://books.google.com/books?id=mkfdQ3l1YQUC ''Botanical Exploration Southern Africa'']. CRC Press. p.&amp;nbsp;101. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-86961-129-6|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-86961-129-6&lt;/bdi&gt;]]. [https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=311 &quot;S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science&quot;]. ''www.s2a3.org.za''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 January&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Averil Maud Bottomley nwụrụ na ụbọchị ịrị abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa  Febụwarị n'afọ 1984 na Johannesburg. 

Ọ nwụrụ na ụbọchị ịrị abụọ na atọ n'ọnwa Febụwarị, n'afọ 1984 na Johannesburg, South Africa.

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==

* Ọrịa nke osisi ose (Agricultural Journal (Union of South Africa), 1915);
* Mwakpo parasitic na Eucalyptus globulus (Ibid, 1920, ya na K.A. Carlson);
* ''Akụkọ banyere fungi Natal nke J. Medley Wood chịkọtara'' (Akụkọ nke South African Association for the Advancement of Science, 1916);
* Nnyocha mbụ banyere ọrịa na-awakpo osisi Cupressus (Ibid, 1918);
* Nri fungus nke ụfọdụ ahịhịa (South African Journal of Natural History, 1921, na C. Fuller);
* ''Ụfọdụ n'ime ọrịa ndị dị mkpa na-emetụta ubi osisi na Transvaal'' (South African Journal of Science, 1936);
* Ndepụt''A'' e degharịrị nke ọrịa osisi na-eme na South Africa (1931, 78 pp., na [[Ethel Doidge|E.M. Doidge]]);
* ''Gasteromycetes nke South Africa'' (Bothalia, 1948);
* Mushrooms a na-eri eri na ndị na-egbu egbu na South Africa (Department of Agriculture, 1953).  [https://www.s2a3.org.za/bio/Biograph_final.php?serial=311 &quot;S2A3 Biographical Database of Southern African Science&quot;]. ''www.s2a3.org.za''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;26 January&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Edemsibịa ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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&lt;ref name=&quot;Sorley1935&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Merrow Egerton Sorley|title=Lewis of Warner Hall: The History of a Family, Including the Genealogy of Descendants in Both the Male and Female Lines, Biographical Sketches of Its Members, and Their Descent from Other Early Virginia Families|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yeWgvfDpwbwC&amp;pg=PA648|year=1935|publisher=Genealogical Publishing Com|isbn=978-0-8063-0831-9|pages=648}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Wedell&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Wedell|first=Marsha|title=Elite women and the reform impulse in Memphis, 1875-1915|publisher=Univ. of Tennessee Press|date=1991|edition=illustrated|pages=[https://archive.org/details/elitewomenreform00wede/page/81 81&amp;ndash;82]|chapter=The Nineteenth Century Club|isbn=0-87049-704-9|chapterurl=https://archive.org/details/elitewomenreform00wede/page/81}}&lt;/ref&gt;Annah Robinson Watson (1848-1930[1]) bụ onye odee Amerika, onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke narị afọ nke iri na itoolu, [2] na onye nchịkọta akụkọ ọdịnala America.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Watson Annah Walker Robinson na ụlọ Taylor, &quot;Springfields&quot;, na nso Louisville, Kentucky, nye Mary Louise Taylor Robinson na Archibald Magill Robinson.,[1] ọ bụ nwa nwa Hancock Taylor, nwanne onye isi ala Zachariah Taylor.[2] A kọwara Watson dị ka &quot;onye na-ahụ n'anya, onye na-agụ uri, na-eche echiche.&quot; Mgbe afọ ole na ole n'ime ime obodo gasịrị, ezinụlọ ya kwagara Louisville, Watson nwetara agụmakwụkwọ n'ebe ahụ ma mesịa na Chicago.[1]&lt;ref name=&quot;WillardLivermore1897&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Frances Elizabeth Willard|title=American Women: Fifteen Hundred Biographies with Over 1,400 Portraits: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of the Lives and Achievements of American Women During the Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nAEAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA752|year=1897|publisher=Mast, Crowell &amp; Kirkpatrick|pages=752}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Watson1910&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Annah Robinson Watson|title=Of Sceptred Race|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8XsUAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA158|year=1910|publisher=Early Printing and Publishing Company|pages=158}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Chicago]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WillardLivermore1897&quot; /&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ ya, ọ banyere n'etiti ọha mmadụ dị ka onye na-ede uri. Ọ gara n'ihu na-ede akwụkwọ, na-ebipụta &quot;Baby's Mission&quot;, nke nwetara ewu ewu ma bipụta ya na akwụkwọ akụkọ London Chatterbox. O nwetakwara mmeri na asọmpi na New York Churchman maka lullaby kacha mma. Na mgbakwunye na ibipụta ọtụtụ uri na akwụkwọ edemede n'okpuru aha nke ya, o bipụtakwara ọrụ ndị a na-edeghị aha ha, gụnyere nyocha na nchịkọta akụkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;WillardLivermore1897&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Frances Elizabeth Willard|title=American Women: Fifteen Hundred Biographies with Over 1,400 Portraits: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of the Lives and Achievements of American Women During the Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nAEAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA752|year=1897|publisher=Mast, Crowell &amp; Kirkpatrick|pages=752}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFrances_Elizabeth_WillardMary_Ashton_Rice_Livermore1897&quot;&gt;Frances Elizabeth Willard; Mary Ashton Rice Livermore (1897). [https://books.google.com/books?id=3nAEAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA752 ''American Women: Fifteen Hundred Biographies with Over 1,400 Portraits: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of the Lives and Achievements of American Women During the Nineteenth Century'']. Mast, Crowell &amp; Kirkpatrick. p.&amp;nbsp;752.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1870 Watson lụrụ James H. Watson, nwa nke onye ọka ikpe [[Mississippi]] John William Clark Watson. O mechara soro ezinụlọ ya biri na Memphis, Tennessee, ebe di ya na-arụ ọrụ iwu. O bipụtara akụkọ na nkwenkwe ụgha ndị sitere n'aka ndị Afrika emerika o doro anya na olumba nke onye na-ekwu okwu, ma na-eche echiche banyere ụdị agbụrụ agbụrụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sundquist&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Sundquist|first=Eric J.|title=To wake the nations: race in the making of American literature|publisher=Harvard University Press|date=1993|edition=3, illustrated|chapter=The Color Line|isbn=978-0-674-89331-3|chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q2xGixOlaKsC&amp;pg=PA308}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ya gụnyere Some Notable Families of America, Of Sceptred Race, Passion Flowers na akwụkwọ - &quot;Comparative Afro-American Folk-Lore&quot; - gụrụ na  Mba ụwa -Lome   onye  nke mba Columbian Exposition nke 1893.

Na Memphis, Watson bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke atọ nke Nineteenth Centuri Clób , klọb ụmụ nwanyị kachasị ukwuu na South.&lt;ref name=&quot;WillardLivermore1897&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Frances Elizabeth Willard|title=American Women: Fifteen Hundred Biographies with Over 1,400 Portraits: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of the Lives and Achievements of American Women During the Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3nAEAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA752|year=1897|publisher=Mast, Crowell &amp; Kirkpatrick|pages=752}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFFrances_Elizabeth_WillardMary_Ashton_Rice_Livermore1897&quot;&gt;Frances Elizabeth Willard; Mary Ashton Rice Livermore (1897). [https://books.google.com/books?id=3nAEAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA752 ''American Women: Fifteen Hundred Biographies with Over 1,400 Portraits: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of the Lives and Achievements of American Women During the Nineteenth Century'']. Mast, Crowell &amp; Kirkpatrick. p.&amp;nbsp;752.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ahụ, a na-ele klọb anya dị ka ụlọ akwụkwọ ebe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịgbasa mbọ ọgụgụ isi ha. Klọb ahụ nwere njikọ na Women's suffrage movement, ọ bụ ezie na ndị otu ahụ mere ka o doo anya na nke ha bụ ụdị ọrụ ụmụ nwanyị, nke a na-ejikarị nkọwa nke otu o si enyere ụmụ nwanyị aka ịba mma na ndụ ezinụlọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wedell1991&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Marsha Wedell|title=Elite Women and the Reform Impulse in Memphis, 1875-1915|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z8B_pUwkseIC&amp;pg=PA1|year=1991|publisher=Univ. of Tennessee Press|isbn=978-0-87049-704-9|pages=1–}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na Watson dọrọ aka ná ntị megide ịchụso ọrụ na mmefu nke ezinụlọ, ọ chọpụtara &quot;echiche ọhụrụ nke ike na ikike n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị America&quot;, wee bipụta The New Woman of the New South &amp; the Attitude of Southern Women on the Suffrage Question na onye suffragist Josephine Henry na 1895. &lt;ref&gt;Watson, Annah Walker (Robinson) 1848-. &quot;Of Sceptred Race,&quot;. Memphis, Tenn.: Early printing and publishing company, 1910 p 148.&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1913, General James Grant Wilson nyere uri Watson nke akpọrọ &quot;The Siege of Vicksburg, a Battle of the Bluffs&quot; n'aha ya maka nnọkọ nke 43 nke Society of the Army of the Tennessee . &lt;ref name=&quot;Tennessee1915&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Society of the Army of the Tennessee|title=Report of the Proceedings of the Reunions of the Society of the Army of the Tennessee|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y7Q6AQAAIAAJ|year=1915|pages=117–121}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1914, Watson bipụtara Golden Deeds on the Field of Honor: Stories of Young American Heroes, nke na-elekwasị anya na Agha Obodo, karịsịa site n'echiche ndịda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mills2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dr Claudia Mills|title=Ethics and Children's Literature|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oTnjBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA233|date=28 November 2014|publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.|isbn=978-1-4724-4074-7|pages=233–}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensede ==
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    <title>Amanda Adams</title>
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      <text bytes="4542" sha1="2jcl21cu5m5tp1ybs7ouv49fo0elsx9" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Amanda Adams 2010.jpg|thumb|225x225px|Amanda Adams ]]
 

Amanda Adams bụ onye ode akwụkwọ na ọkà mmụta ihe ochie sitere na Amerịka.[1] Ọ bụkwa onye nlereanya ejiji mbụ ma pụtara na mgbasa ozi Buffalo Jeans na 1996.[1]

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
O gara mahadum University of California, Berkeley, na ngalaba Anthropology na ngwụsị afọ 1990s wee mechaa nweta nkwanye ugwu Kroeber. O mechara nweta nzere masters na archaeology site na mahadum University of British Columbia, Vancouver. Ihe odide ihe ọmụmụ ya bụ Visions Cast on Stone, a na-ebipụta nke nchịkọta ha na magazin The Midden. 


Akwụkwọ mbụ Adams. A Mermaid's Tale, bụ maka akụkọ ifo mermaid si gburugburu ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shulman&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Shulman|first=Polly|title=A Model Archaeologist|url=http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_magazine/previous_issues/articles/2006_12_22/nodoi.6521714672264342508|accessdate=13 April 2015|publisher=AAAS|date=22 December 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ natara nyocha kpakpando na Booklist . &lt;ref name=&quot;Booklist&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=A Mermaid's Tale|url=http://www.booklistonline.com/ProductInfo.aspx?pid=1750955&amp;AspxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1|accessdate=13 April 2015|publisher=Booklist|date=15 September 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ ya nke abụọ, Ladies of the Field, na-akọwa ndụ ndị na-amụ banyere ihe ochie nke ụmụ nwanyị.&lt;ref name=&quot;ArrietaJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Arrieta|first=Julio|title=La reina del desierto|url=http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20140425/mas-actualidad/sociedad/reina-desierto-201404242232.html|accessdate=13 April 2015|publisher=El Correo|date=25 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arieta&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Arrieta|first=Julio|title=La arqueóloga peligrosa|url=http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20130524/mas-actualidad/sociedad/arqueologa-peligrosa-201305231942.html|accessdate=13 April 2015|publisher=El Correo|date=24 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;PW&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ladies of the Field: Women Archaeologists and Their Search for Adventure|url=http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-55365-433-9|accessdate=13 April 2015|publisher=Publishers Weekly|date=9 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

*  
*  &lt;ref name=&quot;ArrietaJ&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Arrieta|first=Julio|title=La reina del desierto|url=http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20140425/mas-actualidad/sociedad/reina-desierto-201404242232.html|accessdate=13 April 2015|publisher=El Correo|date=25 May 2014}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFArrieta2014&quot;&gt;Arrieta, Julio (May 25, 2014). [http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20140425/mas-actualidad/sociedad/reina-desierto-201404242232.html &quot;La reina del desierto&quot;]. El Correo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20140426005117/http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20140425/mas-actualidad/sociedad/reina-desierto-201404242232.html Archived] from the original on April 26, 2014&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 13,&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arieta&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Arrieta|first=Julio|title=La arqueóloga peligrosa|url=http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20130524/mas-actualidad/sociedad/arqueologa-peligrosa-201305231942.html|accessdate=13 April 2015|publisher=El Correo|date=24 May 2013}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFArrieta2013&quot;&gt;Arrieta, Julio (May 24, 2013). [http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20130524/mas-actualidad/sociedad/arqueologa-peligrosa-201305231942.html &quot;La arqueóloga peligrosa&quot;]. El Correo. [https://web.archive.org/web/20130607161334/http://www.elcorreo.com/vizcaya/20130524/mas-actualidad/sociedad/arqueologa-peligrosa-201305231942.html Archived] from the original on June 7, 2013&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;April 13,&lt;/span&gt; 2015&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091011113233/http://www.7x7.com/content/e/hot-20-2009-amanda-adams-archaeologist-and-founder-loki &quot;Hot 20 Under 40&quot; maka San Francisco]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131015204405/http://www.dmpibooks.com/book/ladies-of-the-field Dmpibooks.com]
* [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20060902.BKMERM02/TPStory/Entertainment/Books Globe and Mail Review of Books; September 2, 2006]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070910005022/http://sciencecareers.sciencemag.org/career_development/previous_issues/articles/2006_12_22/a_model_archaeologist/ Sciencecareers.sciencemag.org]
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Zainab Bahrani</title>
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Zainab Bahrani (Arabic: زينب البحراني; mụrụ na 29 Ọgọst 1962) bụ ọkachamara n'ụmụ asụsụ Iraq ma bụrụkwa Onye Nkuzi Edith Porada nke nka na ihe ọmụmụ ọdịnala mpaghara ọwụwa anyanwụ ochie na Mahadum Columbia. A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu nke American Academy of Arts and Sciences na 2020. Na 2019, a nyere ya Andrew Carnegie Fellowship; ọ gara aga nwetakwa Guggenheim Fellowship na 2003. Na 2009, a nyere ya James Henry Breasted Prize. Akwụkwọ ya The Graven Image gosiri &quot;nchigharị zuru oke nke ọdịdị ọdịnala Europe n'ihe gbasara ọdịbendị na nkà ndị Assyria na Babylonia ochie.&quot;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Nwa obodo Baghdad, Iraq, o nụrụ akwụkwọ na Europe na United States. O nwetara Master of Arts na ọkwa doctoral (Ph.D. 1989) na akụkọ ihe mgbe ochie na ihe ochie site na New York University's Institute of Fine Arts.

== Ọrụ ==
Tupu a họpụta ya na Mahadum Columbia, Bahrani ziri na Mahadum Vienna dị na Austria, State University of New York na Stony Brook, ma bụrụ onye na-elekọta na ngalaba Ihe Ọchịchị Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ dị na Metropolitan Museum of Art site na 1989 ruo 1992. Ọ bụkwa Slade Professor of Fine Art na Mahadum Oxford maka afọ 2010–11. Na Mee 25, 2004, họpụtara Bahrani ka ọ rụọ ọrụ na Coalition Provisional Authority dị ka Senior Consultant for Culture. O kwupụtara na ebumnobi ya bụ ịga n'ihu na ndozigharị nke Iraq National Museum na Iraq National Library. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ iji weghachite akwụkwọ na National Archives of Iraq.

Bahrani edegoro akwukwo gbasara nka ndị dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ oge ochie. Akwụkwọ ya The Infinite Image, Matthew Canepa kọwara dị ka ngwá ọrụ maka &quot;ịkwado mkpa nke nka ọdịda anyanwụ oge ochie n'usoro mkparịta ụka banyere nka nke oge a, mmemme, na ebe ngosi nka&quot;. Na Scramble for the Past, nke Bahrani dekọtara, o derekwa ngalaba nke kọwara otú ọchịchị kolonial Ottoman na European si eji ọdịnala Asiria mezuo &quot;ebumnuche nke echiche ha&quot;. N'ịchọpụta The Graven Image, ọkà n'akparamàgwà ihe ochie Jeremy Tanner kọwara otú akwụkwọ Bahrani si gosi &quot;mkpọtụ zuru oke nke ihe ngosi Eurocentric banyere ọdịbendị na nka nke Assyria na Babylonia oge ochie&quot;, na-akwalite echiche na echiche 'Mesopotamia' n'onwe ya bụ ihe mkpụrụ ngwaahịa kolonial. Akwụkwọ Bahrani The Ritual Body ka Carolyn Nakamura nyochara, onye kọwara ya dị ka &quot;mmụta na echiche bara ọgaranya banyere agha na ime ihe ike Assyro-Babylonian&quot;.

== Onyinye na mmata ==
A họpụtara Bahrani ka ọ wee bụrụ onye otu American Academy of Arts and Sciences na 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Zainab Bahrani {{!}} SOF/Heyman Profile|url=https://sofheyman.org/persons/zainab-bahrani|accessdate=2024-10-09|work=SOF/Heyman|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2019, e nyere ya Andrew Carnegie Fellowship; o nwere Guggenheim Fellowship n'afọ 2003. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.hoa.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/hoa/documents/pdf/Oxford_Slade_Professors.pdf|title=Oxford Slade Professors, 1870–present|publisher=University of Oxford|date=2012|accessdate=27 January 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213123228/http://www.hoa.ox.ac.uk/fileadmin/hoa/documents/pdf/Oxford_Slade_Professors.pdf|archivedate=13 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2009, e nyere ya James Henry Breasted Prize.

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

* ''Ụmụ nwanyị nke Babilọn: Mmekọahụ na nnọchiteanya na Mesopotemia'' (Routledge, 2001) 
* Ihe oyiyi ahụ: Nnọchiteanya na Babilọn na Asiria (Mahadum nke Pennsylvania Press, 2003) 
* ''Omenala nke Agha: Ahụ na Ime Ihe Ike na Mesopotemia'' (New York, 2008) 
* Zainab Bahrani, Zeynep Çelik, na Edhem Eldem, eds. ''Scramble for the Past: Akụkọ nke Archaeology na Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman.''  (Istanbul: SALT, 2011) 
* Ihe oyiyi na-adịghị agwụ agwụ: nka, oge na ọdịdị mara mma n'oge ochie (Reaktion Books, 2014) 
* War Essays (UCL Press, 2025). Enwere ike ibudata ụdị ohere a na-emeghe ebe a.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}
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    <title>Virginia Grace</title>
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Virginia Randolph Grace (1901–1994) bụ onye ọchịchị ọdịnala Amerịka, amara maka ọrụ ndụ ya na amphoras na aka ha edeturu akara.

N'ihi ọrụ a, amphoras na akara aka ha ugbu a bara uru dịka ngwaọrụ maka ịkọwa ọnọdụ ihe ngosi ọdịnala nke ọma ma na-eje ozi dị ka ihe ngosi bụ isi maka ịchọpụta na nghọta nke azụmahịa ochie n'oké osimiri Mediterenian.

Ụmụ akwụkwọ nyocha ya bụ ntọala nke ụlọ nchekwa pụrụ iche nke aka ejiri akara na-ekewa (nke dị ihe dịka ndekọ 150,000) sitere n'akụkụ ụwa ochie na nke ndị ọkà mmụta na-aga n'ihu na-agbakwunye.[1]

== Ndụ onwe onye na agụmakwụkwọ ==
Virginia Grace mụrụ na 1901 na New York City n’aka Lee Ashley na Virginia Fitz-Randolph Grace, ezinụlọ dị mma nke nna ya metụtara mbubata akwa.[1][2] Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụnne isii, gụnyere Emily Grace Kazakévich, onye ode akụkọ ihe mere eme Gris dị iche iche. Ọ gara Brearley School.[3]

Ọ gara akwụkwọ na Bryn Mawr College, ma gụsịrị akwụkwọ na 1922, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ kụziri ndị akwụkwọ sekọndrị English na mgbakọ na mwepụ ruo ọtụtụ afọ.[1] Na 1927 ọ laghachiri na Bryn Mawr, jikọtara ọmụmụ ya na otu afọ na American School of Classical Studies na Athens ma nweta PhD ya na 1934, na-arụ ọrụ na ihe mkpị akara amphora.[2][1]

Mgbe ọ nọ na Bryn Mawr, o ji otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ ibe ya gbaa ndụ, ọ bụ ezie na ha ejighị alụmdi na nwunye tupu ọ nwụọ (mgbe ole na ole tupu afọ 1940). O nwụrụ na Athens na 22 Mee 1994.

== Ọrụ nchọpụta ihe ochie ==
Ọrụ Grace gụnyere ịkpụ Pergamon, Halai na ili na Lapithos na Cyprus, yana mmekọrịta ndụ niile na Ndị na-egwupụta Ọkụ Agora, malitere na 1932. Na 1935, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na nkwupụta Bryn Mawr Tarsus. Ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ nleta na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Maka Nyocha Elu na Princeton ma nwetakwuo akwụkwọ Guggenheim abụọ iji kwalite nyocha ya, nke mbụ na 1938. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na Ngalaba Steeti nke U.S., ọfịs Ọrụ Greek O.S.S. na Istanbul, İzmir, Cairo, na na Athens National Museum.

Na 1989, e nyere ya Ezi Nrite Ọla Edo nke Archaeological Institute nke America.

== Ihe odide ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Virginia Grace Papers na ASCSA
* [http://www.amphoralex.org/timbres/AnsesTimbrees.php Nnyocha nke Database na nkọwa nke Matrices nke Stamped Amphora Handles na Alexandria]</text>
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    <title>Susan Chomba</title>
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'''Susan Chomba''' bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị Kenya na onye na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ onye nduzi na World Resources Institute. Chomba bụ onye otu Academy of Sciences nke Africa ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka ngalaba ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke akwụkwọ agụmakwụkwọ Frontiers na Human Dynamics. O sorokwa na ngalaba ndụmọdụ mba ụwa gbasara sistemu nri na-adigide na mweghachi odida obodo. Chomba enyela aka na nyocha na mmepe amụma gbasara mgbanwe ihu igwe, ọchịchị oke ọhịa na usoro nri na-adigide n'Africa. Ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya na mweghachi ala ọhịa, ọrụ ugbo, na imeziwanye ihe obibi ime obodo site na njikwa ala na-adigide. Ya na gọọmentị, ndị mmekọ mmepe, na ndị obodo na-arụkọ ọrụ iji kwalite ụzọ dabere na ihe akaebe maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na mgbanwe ọrụ ugbo n'ofe Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Susan Chomba {{!}} World Resources Institute |url=https://www.wri.org/profile/susan-chomba |access-date=2026-03-06 |website=www.wri.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Chomba tolitere na ịda ogbenye na mpaghara Kirinyaga.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=BBC 100 Women 2023: Who is on the list this year? - BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-02d9060e-15dc-426c-bfe0-86a6437e5234 |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne nne ya zụrụ Chomba n'ihi na nne ya, onye naanị ya na-azụ ụmụ, na-arụ ọrụ mgbe niile. Nne Chomba koro capsicum na agwa French n'obere ala nke nwanne nna nna ya nwere wee mepụta otu ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Wadekar |first=Neha |date=2023-06-21 |title='Women bear the biggest brunt of climate change,' says climate scientist Susan Chomba |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/jun/21/climate-scientists-susan-chomba-africa |access-date=2024-02-09 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe Chomba dị afọ iteghete, ụlọ akwụkwọ obibi dị n'ógbè ahụ jụrụ ya n'ihi ịda ogbenye ya, ya mere ọ gara nke tezikwara aka, di na Western Kenya. Mgbe nne ya enweghịzi ike iziga ya ebe ahụ, Chomba laghachiri Kirinyaga ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị nke mpaghara ahụ. E nyere nwa akwụkwọ ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụ ala iji kọọ ugbo. Chomba nwalere ọrụ ugbo, na-akụ cabbage iji guzogide ihu igwe oyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na Chomba nwere olileanya ịmụ iwu ma ọ bụ akụ na ụba ugbo, e debere ya na ọmụmụ ihe gbasara ọhịa na Mahadum Moi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=Susan Chomba {{!}} World Resources Institute |url=https://www.wri.org/profile/susan-chomba |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=www.wri.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge afọ nke atọ ya, mgbe ọ na-agụ akwụkwọ agroforestry, ọ chọtara akaraka ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Chomba sonyeere International Center for Research in Agroforestry, ebe ọ na-eme ka mba Afrika dịghachi ọhụrụ, mmemme mweghachi ala nke mba asatọ nke weghachiri otu nde hekta nke ala mebiri emebi na mba Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Chomba bụ onye otu mbụ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere masta abụọ nke mba Europe na Sustainable Tropical Forestry na Mahadum Bangor ya na Mahadum Copenhagen. Ọ rụchara ọrụ ubi na [[Tanzania]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Bangor Alumna among world's most influential women |url=https://www.bangor.ac.uk/news/2023-12-15-bangor-alumna-among-worlds-most-influential-women |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Bangor University |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu na-enweta Ph.D. ya na nchịkwa ọhịa na Mahadum Copenhagen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

N'oge afọ 2021, Chomba sonyeere World Resources Institute dịka onye nduzi nke Vital Landscapes for Africa, ebe ọ na-eduzi ọrụ ha na &quot;Forests, Food systems and People&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Susan Chomba |url=https://thinklandscape.globallandscapesforum.org/collection/susan-chomba/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=#ThinkLandscape |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụkwazi onye nnọchi anya ụwa maka Race to Zero na Race to Resilience n'okpuru UN High Level Champions for Climate Action.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Macklin |first=Fiona |date=2021-04-26 |title=Welcoming Global Ambassadors to Race to Zero and Race to Resilience |url=https://climatechampions.unfccc.int/welcome-to-the-global-ambassadors-to-race-to-zero-and-race-to-resilience/ |access-date=2024-02-09 |website=Climate Champions |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye ==

* Peter Henry Forestry Postgraduate Award, onye mbụ natara, Mahadum Bangor
* 2016: 16 Women Restoring the Earth, [[Global Landscapes Forum]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;
* 2022: ụmụ nwanyị 25 na-akpụzi omume ihu igwe n'ụwa niile, Greenbiz &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bangor Alumna among world's most influential women|url=https://www.bangor.ac.uk/news/2023-12-15-bangor-alumna-among-worlds-most-influential-women|accessdate=2024-02-09|work=Bangor University|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bangor Alumna among world's most influential women|url=https://www.bangor.ac.uk/news/2023-12-15-bangor-alumna-among-worlds-most-influential-women|accessdate=2024-02-09|work=Bangor University|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2023: 100 Women (BBC), nke gosipụtara 100 ụmụ nwanyị na-akpali akpali ma na-enwe mmetụta si gburugburu ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
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'''Malati Murmu''' (11 Febụwarị 1975 - 31 Disemba 2025) bụ onye nta akụkọ India na onye na-ahụ maka asụsụ nke a maara maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye mbiputa akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Fagun]], akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-ebipụta kwa ọnwa n'Asụsụ Santali site na iji edemede Ol Chiki. A maara ya nke ọma maka enyemaka ya n'ichekwa na ịkwalite asụsụ na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Santali site na mgbasa ozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph_OlChiki_Editor_2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Telegraph brings you the editor of the only Santhali newspaper printed in Ol Chiki|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-telegraph-brings-you-the-editor-of-the-only-santhali-newspaper-printed-in-ol-chiki/cid/1923480|work=The Telegraph|date=25 December 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite Ndụ ==
Malati Murmu bụ onye obodo Santal nke Odisha. A mụrụ ya n'imeobodo Gayalkata nke Kuliana block na mpaghara Mayurbhanj. Nna ya bụ Mangal Murmu, nne ya bụ Sharma, nke a makwaara dị ka Surukuni Murmu. Ọ malitere inwe njikọ ya na nkwado nke asụsụ Santali site n'ịbụ onye ntà akụkọ na mbipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ, na-elekwasị anya na mgbasa ozi asụsụ ụmụ amaala yana edemede Ol Chiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph_OlChiki_Editor_2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Telegraph brings you the editor of the only Santhali newspaper printed in Ol Chiki|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-telegraph-brings-you-the-editor-of-the-only-santhali-newspaper-printed-in-ol-chiki/cid/1923480|work=The Telegraph|date=25 December 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-telegraph-brings-you-the-editor-of-the-only-santhali-newspaper-printed-in-ol-chiki/cid/1923480 &quot;The Telegraph brings you the editor of the only Santhali newspaper printed in Ol Chiki&quot;]. ''The Telegraph''. 25 December 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 January&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Fagun'' ===
A malitere ''Fagun'' n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008 dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ọnwa n'asụsụ Santali nke e bipụtara na edemede Ol Chiki ma bipụta ya na Bhubaneswar, Odisha. E debara aha akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na Press Registrar General nke India na Febụwarị 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Registration details for periodical on Press Registrar General of India|url=https://prgi.gov.in/registration-title-details-data/fb67de0c-e74a-11ee-ab0e-00155d022d0b|work=Press Registrar General of India|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Malati Murmu jere ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Fagun'', ebe ezinụlọ ya sonyere na nguzobe na ímé mbipụta ya. A kọwawo akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị ka otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ole na ole na-asụ asụsụ Santali na India ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwalite akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Santali, ọdịbendị, na mmata mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'etiti obodo Santal gafee ọtụtụ steeti.

=== Nkwado asụsụ na ọdịbendị ===
Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Fagun'', Murmu ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi kwado maka mmata na mgbasawanye nke iji asụsụ Santali eme ihe na agụmakwụkwọ yana na ndụ ọhaneze. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2023, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mgbasa ozi nnọchi anya nke asụsụ Santali ndị zutere onye isi ala India, na-anọchite anya ''Fagun'' dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-ebipụta ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The President of India meeting with Santali language representatives|url=https://rb.nic.in/press-release-details?releaseId=204734|work=Rashtrapati Bhavan|date=25 October 2023|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwado ==
Ọrụ Murmu site na ''Fagun'' nwetara nlebara anya mba maka enyemaka ya na mgbasa ozi agbụrụ na nchekwa nke edemede Ol Chiki. Ọrụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-ahụ maka asụsụ ka e gosipụtara na mgbasa ozi mba na-elekwasị anya na nchekwa asụsụ ụmụ amaala na India.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph_OlChiki_Editor_2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Telegraph brings you the editor of the only Santhali newspaper printed in Ol Chiki|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-telegraph-brings-you-the-editor-of-the-only-santhali-newspaper-printed-in-ol-chiki/cid/1923480|work=The Telegraph|date=25 December 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-telegraph-brings-you-the-editor-of-the-only-santhali-newspaper-printed-in-ol-chiki/cid/1923480 &quot;The Telegraph brings you the editor of the only Santhali newspaper printed in Ol Chiki&quot;]. ''The Telegraph''. 25 December 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 January&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe Nrite ===

* Ihe nrite Maanavi site na Techno India Group (2023). &lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph_OlChiki_Editor_2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Telegraph brings you the editor of the only Santhali newspaper printed in Ol Chiki|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-telegraph-brings-you-the-editor-of-the-only-santhali-newspaper-printed-in-ol-chiki/cid/1923480|work=The Telegraph|date=25 December 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-telegraph-brings-you-the-editor-of-the-only-santhali-newspaper-printed-in-ol-chiki/cid/1923480 &quot;The Telegraph brings you the editor of the only Santhali newspaper printed in Ol Chiki&quot;]. ''The Telegraph''. 25 December 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 January&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* True Legends Award site na The Telegraph's Infocom-Advantage (2016). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Honour for True Legends|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/honour-for-true-legends/cid/1504061|work=The Telegraph (Odisha)|date=26 December 2016|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onyinye nke Ịdị Mma site na All India Small and Medium Newspaper Editor Council Odisha (2010) &lt;ref name=&quot;30Stades_Fagun_2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fagun: India’s only Santhali newspaper giving a fresh lease of life to tribal language &amp; culture|url=https://30stades.com/2021/09/06/fagun-indias-only-santhali-newspaper-ol-chiki-script-tribal-language-culture/|work=30Stades|publisher=30Stades|date=6 September 2021|accessdate=28 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onyinye Marshal Gaonta nke Marshal Gaont, Jhargram West Bengal (2015) &lt;ref name=&quot;30Stades_Fagun_2021&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Malati Murmu lụrụ Mangat Murmu, onye jikọtara ya na nhiwe na nchịkwa nke ''Fagun''. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Santali Saonhed Akhada, òtù Santali na-ede akwụkwọ nke dị na Bhubaneswar, Odisha . &lt;ref name=&quot;President_of_Saonhed_Akhda&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Santali language inclusion in curriculum demanded|url=https://www.orissapost.com/santali-language-inclusion-in-curriculum-demanded/|work=Orissa Post|date=23 January 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;OrissaPost_SantaliBookFair_2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Santali book stall opens at book fair|url=https://www.orissapost.com/santali-book-stall-opens-at-book-fair/|work=Orissa Post|date=18 December 2022|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ol Chiki Santali literature stall draws attention at Odisha State Book Fair|url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/ol-chiki-santali-literature-stall-draws-attention-at-odisha-state-book-fair/3201875|work=Press Trust of India|date=18 December 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Malati Murmu nwụrụ na 31 Disemba 2025 na Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Mgbasa ozi mpaghara kwuputara n'uju ihe ntinye ya na ọrụ mgbasa ozi Santali na mmepe asụsụ ụmụ amaala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Santali journalist Malati Murmu passes away|url=https://www.prameyanews.com/santali-journalist-malati-murmu-passes-away|work=Prameya News|date=1 January 2026|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ArgusNews_MalatiMurmu_2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=31 December 2025|title=Santali language champion Malati Murmu passes away at 51|url=https://argusnews.in/Odisha/santali-language-champion-malati-murmu-passes-away-|accessdate=28 January 2026|work=Argus News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Fagun]]
* Asụsụ Santali
* Ihe odide Ol Chiki

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'''Malati Murmu''' (11 Febụwarị 1975 - 31 Disemba 2025) bụ onye nta akụkọ India na onye na-ahụ maka asụsụ nke a maara maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye mbiputa akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Fagun]], akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-ebipụta kwa ọnwa n'Asụsụ Santali site na iji edemede Ol Chiki. A maara ya nke ọma maka enyemaka ya n'ichekwa na ịkwalite asụsụ na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Santali site na mgbasa ozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph_OlChiki_Editor_2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Telegraph brings you the editor of the only Santhali newspaper printed in Ol Chiki|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-telegraph-brings-you-the-editor-of-the-only-santhali-newspaper-printed-in-ol-chiki/cid/1923480|work=The Telegraph|date=25 December 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite Ndụ ==
Malati Murmu bụ onye obodo Santal nke Odisha. A mụrụ ya n'imeobodo Gayalkata nke Kuliana block na mpaghara Mayurbhanj. Nna ya bụ Mangal Murmu, nne ya bụ Sharma, nke a makwaara dị ka Surukuni Murmu. Ọ malitere inwe njikọ ya na nkwado nke asụsụ Santali site n'ịbụ onye ntà akụkọ na mbipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ, na-elekwasị anya na mgbasa ozi asụsụ ụmụ amaala yana edemede Ol Chiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph_OlChiki_Editor_2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Telegraph brings you the editor of the only Santhali newspaper printed in Ol Chiki|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-telegraph-brings-you-the-editor-of-the-only-santhali-newspaper-printed-in-ol-chiki/cid/1923480|work=The Telegraph|date=25 December 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-telegraph-brings-you-the-editor-of-the-only-santhali-newspaper-printed-in-ol-chiki/cid/1923480 &quot;The Telegraph brings you the editor of the only Santhali newspaper printed in Ol Chiki&quot;]. ''The Telegraph''. 25 December 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 January&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Fagun'' ===
A malitere ''Fagun'' n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008 dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ọnwa n'asụsụ Santali nke e bipụtara na edemede Ol Chiki ma bipụta ya na Bhubaneswar, Odisha. E debara aha akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na Press Registrar General nke India na Febụwarị 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Registration details for periodical on Press Registrar General of India|url=https://prgi.gov.in/registration-title-details-data/fb67de0c-e74a-11ee-ab0e-00155d022d0b|work=Press Registrar General of India|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Malati Murmu jere ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Fagun'', ebe ezinụlọ ya sonyere na nguzobe na ímé mbipụta ya. A kọwawo akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị ka otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ole na ole na-asụ asụsụ Santali na India ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwalite akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Santali, ọdịbendị, na mmata mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'etiti obodo Santal gafee ọtụtụ steeti.

=== Nkwado asụsụ na ọdịbendị ===
Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Fagun'', Murmu ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi kwado maka mmata na mgbasawanye nke iji asụsụ Santali eme ihe na agụmakwụkwọ yana na ndụ ọhaneze. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2023, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mgbasa ozi nnọchi anya nke asụsụ Santali ndị zutere onye isi ala India, na-anọchite anya ''Fagun'' dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-ebipụta ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The President of India meeting with Santali language representatives|url=https://rb.nic.in/press-release-details?releaseId=204734|work=Rashtrapati Bhavan|date=25 October 2023|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwado ==
Ọrụ Murmu site na ''Fagun'' nwetara nlebara anya mba maka enyemaka ya na mgbasa ozi agbụrụ na nchekwa nke edemede Ol Chiki. Ọrụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-ahụ maka asụsụ ka e gosipụtara na mgbasa ozi mba na-elekwasị anya na nchekwa asụsụ ụmụ amaala na India.

=== Ihe Nrite ===

* Ihe nrite Maanavi site na Techno India Group (2023). &lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph_OlChiki_Editor_2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Telegraph brings you the editor of the only Santhali newspaper printed in Ol Chiki|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-telegraph-brings-you-the-editor-of-the-only-santhali-newspaper-printed-in-ol-chiki/cid/1923480|work=The Telegraph|date=25 December 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-telegraph-brings-you-the-editor-of-the-only-santhali-newspaper-printed-in-ol-chiki/cid/1923480 &quot;The Telegraph brings you the editor of the only Santhali newspaper printed in Ol Chiki&quot;]. ''The Telegraph''. 25 December 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 January&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* True Legends Award site na The Telegraph's Infocom-Advantage (2016). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Honour for True Legends|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/honour-for-true-legends/cid/1504061|work=The Telegraph (Odisha)|date=26 December 2016|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onyinye nke Ịdị Mma site na All India Small and Medium Newspaper Editor Council Odisha (2010) &lt;ref name=&quot;30Stades_Fagun_2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fagun: India’s only Santhali newspaper giving a fresh lease of life to tribal language &amp; culture|url=https://30stades.com/2021/09/06/fagun-indias-only-santhali-newspaper-ol-chiki-script-tribal-language-culture/|work=30Stades|publisher=30Stades|date=6 September 2021|accessdate=28 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onyinye Marshal Gaonta nke Marshal Gaont, Jhargram West Bengal (2015) &lt;ref name=&quot;30Stades_Fagun_2021&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Malati Murmu lụrụ Mangat Murmu, onye jikọtara ya na nhiwe na nchịkwa nke ''Fagun''. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Santali Saonhed Akhada, òtù Santali na-ede akwụkwọ nke dị na Bhubaneswar, Odisha . &lt;ref name=&quot;President_of_Saonhed_Akhda&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Santali language inclusion in curriculum demanded|url=https://www.orissapost.com/santali-language-inclusion-in-curriculum-demanded/|work=Orissa Post|date=23 January 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;OrissaPost_SantaliBookFair_2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Santali book stall opens at book fair|url=https://www.orissapost.com/santali-book-stall-opens-at-book-fair/|work=Orissa Post|date=18 December 2022|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ol Chiki Santali literature stall draws attention at Odisha State Book Fair|url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/ol-chiki-santali-literature-stall-draws-attention-at-odisha-state-book-fair/3201875|work=Press Trust of India|date=18 December 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Malati Murmu nwụrụ na 31 Disemba 2025 na Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Mgbasa ozi mpaghara kwuputara n'uju ihe ntinye ya na ọrụ mgbasa ozi Santali na mmepe asụsụ ụmụ amaala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Santali journalist Malati Murmu passes away|url=https://www.prameyanews.com/santali-journalist-malati-murmu-passes-away|work=Prameya News|date=1 January 2026|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ArgusNews_MalatiMurmu_2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=31 December 2025|title=Santali language champion Malati Murmu passes away at 51|url=https://argusnews.in/Odisha/santali-language-champion-malati-murmu-passes-away-|accessdate=28 January 2026|work=Argus News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Fagun]]
* Asụsụ Santali
* Ihe odide Ol Chiki

== Edensibịa ==
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'''Malati Murmu''' (11 Febụwarị 1975 - 31 Disemba 2025) bụ onye nta akụkọ India na onye na-ahụ maka asụsụ nke a maara maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye mbiputa akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Fagun]], akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-ebipụta kwa ọnwa n'Asụsụ Santali site na iji edemede Ol Chiki. A maara ya nke ọma maka enyemaka ya n'ichekwa na ịkwalite asụsụ na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Santali site na mgbasa ozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph_OlChiki_Editor_2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Telegraph brings you the editor of the only Santhali newspaper printed in Ol Chiki|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-telegraph-brings-you-the-editor-of-the-only-santhali-newspaper-printed-in-ol-chiki/cid/1923480|work=The Telegraph|date=25 December 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite Ndụ ==
Malati Murmu bụ onye obodo Santal nke Odisha. A mụrụ ya n'imeobodo Gayalkata nke Kuliana block na mpaghara Mayurbhanj. Nna ya bụ Mangal Murmu, nne ya bụ Sharma, nke a makwaara dị ka Surukuni Murmu. Ọ malitere inwe njikọ ya na nkwado nke asụsụ Santali site n'ịbụ onye ntà akụkọ na mbipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ, na-elekwasị anya na mgbasa ozi asụsụ ụmụ amaala yana edemede Ol Chiki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph_OlChiki_Editor_2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Telegraph brings you the editor of the only Santhali newspaper printed in Ol Chiki|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-telegraph-brings-you-the-editor-of-the-only-santhali-newspaper-printed-in-ol-chiki/cid/1923480|work=The Telegraph|date=25 December 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-telegraph-brings-you-the-editor-of-the-only-santhali-newspaper-printed-in-ol-chiki/cid/1923480 &quot;The Telegraph brings you the editor of the only Santhali newspaper printed in Ol Chiki&quot;]. ''The Telegraph''. 25 December 2025&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;27 January&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Fagun'' ===
A malitere ''Fagun'' n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008 dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ọnwa n'asụsụ Santali nke e bipụtara na edemede Ol Chiki ma bipụta ya na Bhubaneswar, Odisha. E debara aha akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na Press Registrar General nke India na Febụwarị 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Registration details for periodical on Press Registrar General of India|url=https://prgi.gov.in/registration-title-details-data/fb67de0c-e74a-11ee-ab0e-00155d022d0b|work=Press Registrar General of India|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Malati Murmu jere ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Fagun'', ebe ezinụlọ ya sonyere na nguzobe na ímé mbipụta ya. A kọwawo akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị ka otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ole na ole na-asụ asụsụ Santali na India ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwalite akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Santali, ọdịbendị, na mmata mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'etiti obodo Santal gafee ọtụtụ steeti.

=== Nkwado asụsụ na ọdịbendị ===
Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Fagun'', Murmu ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi kwado maka mmata na mgbasawanye nke iji asụsụ Santali eme ihe na agụmakwụkwọ yana na ndụ ọhaneze. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2023, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mgbasa ozi nnọchi anya nke asụsụ Santali ndị zutere onye isi ala India, na-anọchite anya ''Fagun'' dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-ebipụta ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The President of India meeting with Santali language representatives|url=https://rb.nic.in/press-release-details?releaseId=204734|work=Rashtrapati Bhavan|date=25 October 2023|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwado ==
Ọrụ Murmu site na ''Fagun'' nwetara nlebara anya mba maka enyemaka ya na mgbasa ozi agbụrụ na nchekwa nke edemede Ol Chiki. Ọrụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-ahụ maka asụsụ ka e gosipụtara na mgbasa ozi mba na-elekwasị anya na nchekwa asụsụ ụmụ amaala na India.

=== Ihe Nrite ===

* Ihe nrite Maanavi site na Techno India Group (2023). 
* True Legends Award site na The Telegraph's Infocom-Advantage (2016). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Honour for True Legends|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/honour-for-true-legends/cid/1504061|work=The Telegraph (Odisha)|date=26 December 2016|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onyinye nke Ịdị Mma site na All India Small and Medium Newspaper Editor Council Odisha (2010) &lt;ref name=&quot;30Stades_Fagun_2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fagun: India’s only Santhali newspaper giving a fresh lease of life to tribal language &amp; culture|url=https://30stades.com/2021/09/06/fagun-indias-only-santhali-newspaper-ol-chiki-script-tribal-language-culture/|work=30Stades|publisher=30Stades|date=6 September 2021|accessdate=28 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onyinye Marshal Gaonta nke Marshal Gaont, Jhargram West Bengal (2015) &lt;ref name=&quot;30Stades_Fagun_2021&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Malati Murmu lụrụ Mangat Murmu, onye jikọtara ya na nhiwe na nchịkwa nke ''Fagun''. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Santali Saonhed Akhada, òtù Santali na-ede akwụkwọ nke dị na Bhubaneswar, Odisha . &lt;ref name=&quot;President_of_Saonhed_Akhda&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Santali language inclusion in curriculum demanded|url=https://www.orissapost.com/santali-language-inclusion-in-curriculum-demanded/|work=Orissa Post|date=23 January 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;OrissaPost_SantaliBookFair_2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Santali book stall opens at book fair|url=https://www.orissapost.com/santali-book-stall-opens-at-book-fair/|work=Orissa Post|date=18 December 2022|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ol Chiki Santali literature stall draws attention at Odisha State Book Fair|url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/ol-chiki-santali-literature-stall-draws-attention-at-odisha-state-book-fair/3201875|work=Press Trust of India|date=18 December 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Malati Murmu nwụrụ na 31 Disemba 2025 na Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Mgbasa ozi mpaghara kwuputara n'uju ihe ntinye ya na ọrụ mgbasa ozi Santali na mmepe asụsụ ụmụ amaala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Santali journalist Malati Murmu passes away|url=https://www.prameyanews.com/santali-journalist-malati-murmu-passes-away|work=Prameya News|date=1 January 2026|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ArgusNews_MalatiMurmu_2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=31 December 2025|title=Santali language champion Malati Murmu passes away at 51|url=https://argusnews.in/Odisha/santali-language-champion-malati-murmu-passes-away-|accessdate=28 January 2026|work=Argus News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Fagun]]
* Asụsụ Santali
* Ihe odide Ol Chiki

== Edensibịa ==
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'''Malati Murmu''' (11 Febụwarị 1975 - 31 Disemba 2025) bụ onye nta akụkọ India na onye na-ahụ maka asụsụ nke a maara maka ọrụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye mbiputa akwụkwọ akụkọ [[Fagun]], akwụkwọ akụkọ a na-ebipụta kwa ọnwa n'Asụsụ Santali site na iji edemede Ol Chiki. A maara ya nke ọma maka enyemaka ya n'ichekwa na ịkwalite asụsụ na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Santali site na mgbasa ozi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Telegraph_OlChiki_Editor_2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=The Telegraph brings you the editor of the only Santhali newspaper printed in Ol Chiki|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/culture/the-telegraph-brings-you-the-editor-of-the-only-santhali-newspaper-printed-in-ol-chiki/cid/1923480|work=The Telegraph|date=25 December 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmalite Ndụ ==
Malati Murmu bụ onye obodo Santal nke Odisha. A mụrụ ya n'imeobodo Gayalkata nke Kuliana block na mpaghara Mayurbhanj. Nna ya bụ Mangal Murmu, nne ya bụ Sharma, nke a makwaara dị ka Surukuni Murmu. Ọ malitere inwe njikọ ya na nkwado nke asụsụ Santali site n'ịbụ onye ntà akụkọ na mbipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ, na-elekwasị anya na mgbasa ozi asụsụ ụmụ amaala yana edemede Ol Chiki.

== Ọrụ ==

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Fagun'' ===
A malitere ''Fagun'' n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2008 dị ka akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa ọnwa n'asụsụ Santali nke e bipụtara na edemede Ol Chiki ma bipụta ya na Bhubaneswar, Odisha. E debara aha akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ na Press Registrar General nke India na Febụwarị 2009. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Registration details for periodical on Press Registrar General of India|url=https://prgi.gov.in/registration-title-details-data/fb67de0c-e74a-11ee-ab0e-00155d022d0b|work=Press Registrar General of India|publisher=Government of India|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Malati Murmu jere ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Fagun'', ebe ezinụlọ ya sonyere na nguzobe na ímé mbipụta ya. A kọwawo akwụkwọ akụkọ ahụ dị ka otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ ole na ole na-asụ asụsụ Santali na India ma rụọ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwalite akwụkwọ ọgụgụ Santali, ọdịbendị, na mmata mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya n'etiti obodo Santal gafee ọtụtụ steeti.

=== Nkwado asụsụ na ọdịbendị ===
Dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke ''Fagun'', Murmu ji ịnụ ọkụ n'obi kwado maka mmata na mgbasawanye nke iji asụsụ Santali eme ihe na agụmakwụkwọ yana na ndụ ọhaneze. N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2023, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị mgbasa ozi nnọchi anya nke asụsụ Santali ndị zutere onye isi ala India, na-anọchite anya ''Fagun'' dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-ebipụta ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The President of India meeting with Santali language representatives|url=https://rb.nic.in/press-release-details?releaseId=204734|work=Rashtrapati Bhavan|date=25 October 2023|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwado ==
Ọrụ Murmu site na ''Fagun'' nwetara nlebara anya mba maka enyemaka ya na mgbasa ozi agbụrụ na nchekwa nke edemede Ol Chiki. Ọrụ ya dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ na onye na-ahụ maka asụsụ ka e gosipụtara na mgbasa ozi mba na-elekwasị anya na nchekwa asụsụ ụmụ amaala na India.

=== Ihe Nrite ===

* Ihe nrite Maanavi site na Techno India Group (2023). 
* True Legends Award site na The Telegraph's Infocom-Advantage (2016). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Honour for True Legends|url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/odisha/honour-for-true-legends/cid/1504061|work=The Telegraph (Odisha)|date=26 December 2016|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onyinye nke Ịdị Mma site na All India Small and Medium Newspaper Editor Council Odisha (2010) &lt;ref name=&quot;30Stades_Fagun_2021&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Fagun: India’s only Santhali newspaper giving a fresh lease of life to tribal language &amp; culture|url=https://30stades.com/2021/09/06/fagun-indias-only-santhali-newspaper-ol-chiki-script-tribal-language-culture/|work=30Stades|publisher=30Stades|date=6 September 2021|accessdate=28 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onyinye Marshal Gaonta nke Marshal Gaont, Jhargram West Bengal (2015) &lt;ref name=&quot;30Stades_Fagun_2021&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Malati Murmu lụrụ Mangat Murmu, onye jikọtara ya na nhiwe na nchịkwa nke ''Fagun''. Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye isi oche nke Santali Saonhed Akhada, òtù Santali na-ede akwụkwọ nke dị na Bhubaneswar, Odisha . &lt;ref name=&quot;President_of_Saonhed_Akhda&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Santali language inclusion in curriculum demanded|url=https://www.orissapost.com/santali-language-inclusion-in-curriculum-demanded/|work=Orissa Post|date=23 January 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;OrissaPost_SantaliBookFair_2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Santali book stall opens at book fair|url=https://www.orissapost.com/santali-book-stall-opens-at-book-fair/|work=Orissa Post|date=18 December 2022|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Ol Chiki Santali literature stall draws attention at Odisha State Book Fair|url=https://www.ptinews.com/story/national/ol-chiki-santali-literature-stall-draws-attention-at-odisha-state-book-fair/3201875|work=Press Trust of India|date=18 December 2025|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Malati Murmu nwụrụ na 31 Disemba 2025 na Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Mgbasa ozi mpaghara kwuputara n'uju ihe ntinye ya na ọrụ mgbasa ozi Santali na mmepe asụsụ ụmụ amaala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Santali journalist Malati Murmu passes away|url=https://www.prameyanews.com/santali-journalist-malati-murmu-passes-away|work=Prameya News|date=1 January 2026|accessdate=27 January 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ArgusNews_MalatiMurmu_2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|date=31 December 2025|title=Santali language champion Malati Murmu passes away at 51|url=https://argusnews.in/Odisha/santali-language-champion-malati-murmu-passes-away-|accessdate=28 January 2026|work=Argus News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* [[Fagun]]
* Asụsụ Santali
* Ihe odide Ol Chiki

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>Maleng</title>
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      <text bytes="5033" sha1="5hdcpgtnn9vk2kppe1aibgdoqp0vlsg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Language|name=Maleng|nativename=''Bo''|states=[[Laos]], [[Vietnam]]|speakers=3,700|date=2000–2007|familycolor=Austro-Asiatic|fam2=[[Vietic languages|Vietic]]|fam3=Chutic|lc1=pkt|ld1=Pakatan|lc2=bgl|ld2=Bo}}

'''Maleng''' (autonym: /malɛń2/&lt;sup ab=&quot;&quot;&gt;Bo=&quot;#mwt7&quot; class=&quot;mw-ref reference&quot; data-cx=&quot;{}&quot; data-mw='{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;ref&quot;,&quot;attrs&quot;:{&quot;name&quot;:&quot;BabaevSamarina1&quot;},&quot;body&quot;:{&quot;html&quot;:&quot;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=\&quot;mw:Transclusion\&quot; data-mw=\&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;name&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;templatestyles&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;attrs&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;src&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;body&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;extsrc&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;cite book&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Template:Cite_book&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;last1&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Babaev&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;first1&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Kirill&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;last2&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Samarina&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;first2&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Irina&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;editor-last1&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Sidwell&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;editor-first1&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Paul&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;year&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;2021&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;title&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;A Grammar of May: An Austroasiatic Language of Vietnam&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;publisher&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Brill&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;isbn&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;978-9-00446-108-6&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;pages&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;12&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}\&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=\&quot;true\&quot; id=\&quot;mwgQ\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;cite about=\&quot;#mwt9\&quot; class=\&quot;citation book cs1\&quot; id=\&quot;CITEREFBabaevSamarina2021\&quot; data-ve-ignore=\&quot;\&quot;&gt;Babaev, Kirill; Samarina, Irina (2021). Sidwell, Paul (ed.). &lt;i id=\&quot;mwgg\&quot;&gt;A Grammar of May: An Austroasiatic Language of Vietnam&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Brill. p.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span id=\&quot;mwgw\&quot; typeof=\&quot;mw:Entity\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;12. &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;mw-redirect cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;129\&quot; href=\&quot;./ISBN_(identifier)\&quot; id=\&quot;mwhA\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;ISBN (identifier)\&quot;&gt;ISBN&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span id=\&quot;mwhQ\&quot; typeof=\&quot;mw:Entity\&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;a class=\&quot;cx-link\&quot; data-linkid=\&quot;130\&quot; href=\&quot;./Special:BookSources/978-9-00446-108-6\&quot; id=\&quot;mwhg\&quot; rel=\&quot;mw:WikiLink\&quot; title=\&quot;Special:BookSources/978-9-00446-108-6\&quot;&gt;&lt;bdi id=\&quot;mwhw\&quot;&gt;978-9-00446-108-6&lt;/bdi&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&quot;}}' id=&quot;cite_ref-BabaevSamarina1_2-0&quot; rel=&quot;dc:references&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Extension/ref&quot;&gt;[./Maleng_language#cite_note-BabaevSamarina1-2 &lt;span class=&quot;mw-reflink-text&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;[&lt;/span&gt;1&lt;span class=&quot;cite-bracket&quot;&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/sup&gt;), nke a makwaara dị ka '''Pakatan''' na Bo, bụ asụsụ Vietic nke Laos na Vietnam.

Maleng nwere usoro ndekọ Thavung nke ụzọ anọ nke ejiri pitch mee ka ọ dịkwuo mma.

''Malieng'', n'agbanyeghị na o nwere otu aha ahụ dị ka Maleng, bụ olumba nke [[Asụsụ Chut|Chut]] (Chamberlain 2003, Sidwell 2009).

== Ụdị dị iche iche ==
Maleng nwere ụyọkọ asụsụ atọ: &lt;ref name=&quot;BabaevSamarina1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Babaev|first=Kirill|editor=Sidwell|year=2021|title=A Grammar of May: An Austroasiatic Language of Vietnam|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-9-00446-108-6|pages=12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''Maleng''' (Mã Liều); '''Kha Pakatan'''; '''Malang'''; ''''''Hareme''''''/Harème (River 1902). Ụdị dị iche iche gụnyere '''Kha Muong Ben''' na '''Kha Bo''' (Fraisse 1950). 
* '''Pa Leng''', nke a makwaara dị ka Pa '''Lieng m'''(Đặng Nghiêm Vạn et al. 1986) 
* '''Kha Phong''' (nke bụbu exonym, mana a na-ejikwa ya eme ihe ugbu a); '''Maleng Kari'''; '''Maleng Bro'''. A makwaara ya dị ka '''Kha Nam Om''' (Fraisse 1949). Ndị Kha Phong bi n'obodo nta 2 ruo 3 na Laos, na otu obodo nta na mpaghara Hà Tĩnh, Vietnam. Lao nwere mmetụta siri ike. Michel Ferlus dere Maleng Bro na 1992 (lee Ferlus 1997 ), nakwa site na 2012-2013 Russian-Vietnamese Linguistic Expedition.

== Nbudata ==
A na-asụ Maleng n'obodo nta ndị a dị na Laos na Vietnam.

* Ógbè Khammouane, Laos N'olu Huay Pung Khom Song Khon Upper Nrong River Xang Huay E An
** Nolu Huay
** Pung K meriri
** Abụ Khon
** Osimiri Elu Nrong
** Xang Huay E An
* Ógbè Quảng Bình (ndị mmadụ 500+) na Ógbè Hà Tĩnh (na Mpaghara Hương Khê; mmadụ 133 na 2012), Vietnam Hương Lâm Hương Liên Lâm Hóa
** Hương Lâm
** Hương Liên
** Lâm Hóa

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* https://web.archive.org/web/20120321112336/http://cema.gov.vn/modules.php?name=Content&amp;op=details&amp;mid=493</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Esther Elo Joseph</title>
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        <username>NiferO</username>
        <id>20385</id>
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      <comment>Added an image</comment>
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      <text bytes="4003" sha1="j71lpmwbdbnbnhd2ruld8gfjwsvbn5y" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Athlete Nigerian aux Championnats d'Afrique d'athlétisme 2024 03.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Esther Elo Joseph ]]
 

'''Esther Elo Joseph''' (amụrụ n'ụbọchị nke anọ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2003) bụ onye Naijiria na-agba ọsọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/nigeria/esther-j-joseph-14888448|title=Esther Elo Joseph|accessdate=12 May 2024|work=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
O mere nke mbụ ya na mba ụwa na Egwuregwu Afrịka nke afọ 2023 na Accra, ebe o meriri ihe nrite ọlaọcha na mita 400 n'azụ Mary Moraa ma setịpụ ihe kacha mma n'ọsọ atọ ya niile, wee mechaa na sekọnd 51.61 kacha mma nke onwe na njedebe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/amusan-leads-gold-rush-in-accra-wins-hurdles-relay-events/?amp|work=Punchng|accessdate=12 May 2024|title=Amusan leads gold rush in Accra, wins hurdles, relay events|date=21 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ laghachiri na asọmpi ahụ wee nweta ọla edo na &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span about=&quot;#mwt15&quot; class=&quot;nowrap&quot; data-cx=&quot;[{&amp;amp;quot;adapted&amp;amp;quot;:true,&amp;amp;quot;partial&amp;amp;quot;:false,&amp;amp;quot;targetExists&amp;amp;quot;:true,&amp;amp;quot;mandatoryTargetParams&amp;amp;quot;:[],&amp;amp;quot;optionalTargetParams&amp;amp;quot;:[]}]&quot; data-mw=&quot;{&amp;amp;quot;parts&amp;amp;quot;:[{&amp;amp;quot;template&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;target&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;Érèkọbalà&amp;amp;quot;,&amp;amp;quot;href&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;./Templeeti:Érèkọbalà&amp;amp;quot;},&amp;amp;quot;params&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;1&amp;amp;quot;:{&amp;amp;quot;wt&amp;amp;quot;:&amp;amp;quot;4 × 400 m&amp;amp;quot;}},&amp;amp;quot;i&amp;amp;quot;:0}}]}&quot; data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwGw&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;4 × 400 m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; relay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/dawn-of-a-new-era-as-african-games-end/?amp|work=punchng.com|accessdate=12 May 2024|title=Dawn of a new era as African Games end|date=23 March 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O sonyere Naijiria na 2024 World Athletics Relays na Nassau, Bahamas . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=9 May 2024|work=Guarianng|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/ofili-okezie-made-our-job-easy-in-bahamas-says-afn/|title=Ofili, Okere made our jons easy in Bahamas says AFN|accessdate=11 May 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na oge nke 3:12.87, ndị otu Naijiria Mixed 4x400m nke Joseph, Samuel Ogazi, Ella Onojuvwevwo, na [[Chidi Okezie]] setịpụrụ ndekọ mba Naijiria ọhụrụ na ndekọ Afrịka na ihe omume ahụ na 5 Mee 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/nigeria-sports-news/691378-two-nigerian-teams-qualify-for-olympic-games-relays.html|work=[[Premium Times]]|accessdate=11 May 2024|date=5 May 2024|title=Two Nigerian teams qualify for Olympic Games Relays}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O sonyere na 2024 Summer Olympics ihe karịrị mita 400 n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2024, mana emesịrị wepụ ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.watchathletics.com/page/5840/women-s-400m-hurdles-results-paris-olympic-games-2024-athletics|date=8 August 2024|accessdate=29 August 2024|work=Watch Athletics|title=Women's 400m Hurdles Results - Paris Olympic Games 2024 Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/afn-lists-35-track-and-field-athletes-for-olympics/?amp|work=punchng.com|accessdate=7 July 2024|title=AFN lists 35 track-and-field athletes for Olympics|date=7 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Paris 2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=JOSEPH Esther Elo|url=https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/esther-elo-joseph_1976755|work=[[Paris 2024 Olympics]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241006174229/https://olympics.com/en/paris-2024/athlete/esther-elo-joseph_1976755|archivedate=6 October 2024}} ([https://paris2024.rtve.es/es/paris-2024/atleta/esther-elo-joseph_1976755 alternate link])&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Esther Elo JosephnaEgwuregwu Ụwa 
* Esther Elo JosephnaOlympics.com
* Esther Elo JosephnaEgwuregwu Afrịka nke Accra 2023 (nke e debere) 
* Esther Josephna InterSportStats
* Esther JosephnaInstagram 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Joseph, Esther Elo}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Temitope Adeshina</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>73383</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673401</id>
      <parentid>631510</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T17:36:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>NiferO</username>
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      <text bytes="5286" sha1="7x565ffgfyzoo74a9r6q9sg0hv7h3yk" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Athlete Nigerian aux Championnats d'Afrique d'athlétisme 2024 07.jpg|thumb|Temitope Adeshina]]
'''Temitope Simbiat Adeshina''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Temitope Adeshina.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 11 Nọvemba 1998) bụ onye Naijiria na-awụli elu. N'afọ 2024, ọ mebiri [[Ndepụta nke ndekọ Naijiria na egwuregwu|Ihe ndekọ mba]] na ịwụli elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldathletics.org/athletes/nigeria/temitope-adeshina-14828037|title=Temitope Adeshina|work=World Athletics|accessdate=9 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Na Juun 2022, o meriri ihe nrite ọlaọcha n'ọsọ elu na asọmpi egwuregwu Afrịka nke afọ 2022 na St Pierre, Mauritius. . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=24 June 2022|title=Nigerian Championships|accessdate=9 June 2024|url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7186969?eventId=10229526|work=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nọgidere na-abụ onye mmeri Naijiria n'afọ 2023. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=5 July 2023|title=Nigerian Championships|accessdate=9 June 2024|url=https://worldathletics.org/competition/calendar-results/results/7202088?eventId=10229526|work=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ banyere Mahadum Texas Tech na 2023, wee sonye n'ime ụlọ na mbido 2024 wee rịgoro elu kachasị mma na ndekọ mba nke mita 1.96 na Texas..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/adeshina-shatters-14-year-old-high-jump-record-in-u-s/|work=Guardianng|first=Gowon|author=Akpodonor|accessdate=9 June 2024|title=Adeshina shatters 14 year-old record|date=21 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na NCAA Championship na Eugene na 8 June 2024 ọ wụliri ihe kachasị mma, na ndekọ mba, 1.97 mita iji zute ọkọlọtọ iru eru Olympic 2024 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.makingofchamps.com/2024/06/09/adeshina-secures-olympic-ticket-at-the-ncaa-championships/|work=Making of Champs|accessdate=9 June 2024|title=Adeshina secures Olympic Ticket at the NCAA Championships!|first=Gregory|author=Airende|date=9 June 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bsnsports.com.ng/post/Temitope-Adeshina-Picks-Paris-Olympics-Ticket|work=bsnsports|accessdate=9 June 2024|title=Temitope Adeshina Picks Paris Olympics Ticket|date=9 June 2024|archivedate=9 June 2024|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20240609092517/https://bsnsports.com.ng/post/Temitope-Adeshina-Picks-Paris-Olympics-Ticket}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mulkeen|first=John|date=June 8, 2024|title=Pryce, Long and Jones impress in sprints at NCAA Championships|url=https://worldathletics.org/news/report/ncaa-championships-2024-pryce-long-jones-valby|accessdate=8 June 2024|work=World Athletics}}&lt;/ref&gt; O sonyere na ịwụli elu na 2024 Paris Olympics.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.watchathletics.com/page/5823/women-s-high-jump-results-paris-olympic-games-2024-athletics|work=Watch Athletics|accessdate=28 December 2024|title=Women's high jump Results - Paris Olympic Games 2024 Athletics|date=4 August 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/afn-lists-35-track-and-field-athletes-for-olympics/?amp|work=punchng.com|accessdate=7 July 2024|title=AFN lists 35 track-and-field athletes for Olympics|date=7 July 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O jikọtara maka mmeri na ịwụli elu na 2025 NCAA Indoor Championship na Virginia Beach na 15 Machị, ya na Elena Kulichenko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.flotrack.org/events/13874837-2025-ncaa-di-indoor-championship/videos?playing=13936592|work=Flotrack|accessdate=16 March 2025|title=Co-Champions In The Women's High Jump At The 2025 NCAA Indoor Championship|date=15 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara ya maka asọmpi World Athletics Indoor Championship nke 2025 na Nanjing na Machị 2025 mana ọ naghị asọmpi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulsesports.ng/athletics/story/afn-names-nine-athletes-for-world-indoor-championships-in-nanjing-2025031614585967254|work=Pulse Sports|accessdate=17 March 2025|title=AFN names nine athletes for World Indoor Championships in Nanjing|first=Funmilayo|author=Fameso|date=16 March 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; O setịpụrụ ihe ndekọ nke 1.97 mita iji merie n'ịgba ọsọ dị elu na Big 12 Conference finals na Mee 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.runnerspace.com/gprofile.php?mgroup_id=44531&amp;do=news&amp;news_id=671791|title=TEXAS TECH ADDS ANOTHER SWEEP OF BIG 12 TEAM TITLES|work=Runnerspace|accessdate=18 May 2025|date=18 May 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'asọmpi na Razorback International na 31 Jenụwarị 2026, ọ ruru mita 1.97 kacha mma, oge nke atọ n'usoro ọ ruru ogo ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=TREY CUNNINGHAM CLAIMS WORLD LEAD IN 60M HURDLES AT RAZORBACK INVITATIONAL|accessdate=1 Feb 2026|url=https://www.runnerspace.com/gprofile.php?mgroup_id=44531&amp;do=news&amp;news_id=674108|work=Runnerspace.com|date=31 Jan 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọnwa na-esote, o jikọtara ihe ndekọ ụlọ ọrụ Vashti Cunningham ma setịpụ ihe ndekọ ọhụrụ nke 1.96m na mmeri nke Big 12 Indoor Championship.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dyestat.com/gprofile.php?mgroup_id=44531&amp;do=news&amp;news_id=674336-Conference-Meet-Roundup-Avery-Pearson-Breaks-Big-12-600-Yards-Record-In-Prelim|work=Dye Stat|accessdate=1 March 2026|title=CONFERENCE MEET ROUNDUP: AVERY PEARSON BREAKS BIG 12 600 YARDS RECORD IN PRELIM|date=28 Feb 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
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'''Cynthia Chisom Umezulike''' bụ onye ọka iwu na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na Naijiria, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2023-01-21|title='Masculine dominance has been engraved in mindset of African women'|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/masculine-dominance-has-been-engraved-in-mindset-of-african-women/|accessdate=2024-11-19|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọkà mmụta iwu, onye na-ahụ Maka iwu, onye edemede &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Umezulike|first=Cynthia C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gAISEQAAQBAJ|title=The Death of Mother: An Ogbanje Story|date=2024-07-05|publisher=Troubador Publishing Ltd|isbn=978-1-80514-925-5|language=ar}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye na-akwado ihu igwe. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-12-26|title=Prioritise Human Rights, Citizens' Welfare, UK-based Lawyer tells Nigeria's Next President - Daily Trust|url=https://dailytrust.com/prioritise-human-rights-citizens-welfare-uk-based-lawyer-tells-nigerias-next-president/|accessdate=2024-11-19|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2020-08-16|title=Outrage, condemnation trail rise in rape cases|url=https://thesun.ng/outrage-condemnation-trail-rise-in-rape-cases/|accessdate=2024-11-19|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya maka ọrụ ya gbasara mmepe nke ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ, ikpe ziri ezi gbasara nwoke na nwanyị, iguzogide ihu igwe, na usoro akụ na ụba gụnyere mmadụ niile, na-elekwasị anya karịsịa n'ụmụ nwanyị ime obodo, akụnụba na-abụghị nke ọha, na obodo ndị metụtara ihu igwe na Afrịka na Global South. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cynthia Umezulike {{!}} University of Bedfordshire|url=https://www.beds.ac.uk/howtoapply/departments/school-of-accounting-law-and-sustainable-tourism/staff/cynthia-umezulike/|accessdate=2026-01-20|work=www.beds.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umezulike bụ onye isi oche na Global Human Rights Centre (GHRC) London, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Okeke-Korieocha|first=Ifeoma|date=2023-08-12|title=Victimhood shaped my activism against gender-based violence - Umezulike|url=https://businessday.ng/bd-weekender/article/victimhood-shaped-my-activism-against-gender-based-violence-umezulike/|accessdate=2024-11-19|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye guzobere Centre for Sustainable Development, Energy Transitions and Climate Change na Mahadum Bedfordshire, United Kingdom. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Africa|first=New|date=2024-05-27|title=Nigerian Model and Human Rights Lawyer bags 2 Master's Degrees and a PhD in Law from the UK|url=https://risingafrica.org/nigerian-model-and-human-rights-lawyer-bags-2-masters-degrees-and-a-phd-in-law-from-the-uk/|accessdate=2024-11-20|work=Rising Africa|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụkwa Onyeisi oche na onye nduzi nke International Conference on Human Rights, Sustainability and Climate Change, ogbako mba ụwa dị iche iche na-akwalite ụzọ ikike si ele ihe ịma aka ihu igwe na mmepe anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jeremiah|first=Urowayino|date=2024-11-21|title=COP29: Umezuulike urges human rights framework for climate action|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/11/cop29-umezuulike-urges-human-rights-framework-for-climate-action/|accessdate=2026-01-20|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; O meela onyinye ederede na nke ọnụ na usoro na nzukọ ndị ruuru mmadụ nke United Nations, gụnyere ntinye aka na Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ, ndị Rapporteurs pụrụ iche, na ndị ọkachamara na-arụ ọrụ na ikpe ziri ezi ihu igwe, azụmaahịa na ikike mmadụ, ịha nhata agbụrụ, ahụike uche, na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. na onye isi oche nke Hon. Justice Innocent Umezulike Foundation . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Justice Innocent Foundation|url=https://umezulikefoundation.org/team/|accessdate=2024-11-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Umezulike n'aka nna ya bụ onye ọka iwu nke jere ozi dị ka onye isi ikpe nke [[Enụgwụ|Enugu]] State Innocent Umezulike &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Admin|date=July 2020|title=Hon. Justice Innocent Umezulike: The Irony of the Wheels Of Justice|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/07/hon-justice-innocent-umezulike-the-irony-of-the-wheels-of-justice/|accessdate=19 November 2024|work=Vanguard}}&lt;/ref&gt; si Mgbidi na Enugu State.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot; /&gt; Ọ gara Our Lord's Shepherd International School (OLSIS) na Enugu ma mesịa sonye na Mahadum Igbinedion na Edo State, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere Bachelor of Laws (LL.B.).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=I want to give hope to the African Child - Cynthia, beauty queen|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/37340/i-want-to-give-hope-to-the-african-child-cynthia-beauty-q.html|accessdate=2024-11-19|work=Nigerian Voice}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara [[Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Iwu Nigeria|Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Iwu Naijiria]] wee bụrụ onye ọka iwu na onye ọka iwu n'iwu (BL) Federal Republic of Nigeria Law (BL). &lt;ref name=&quot;auto12&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ nwetara nzere Master of Laws (LL.M.) na [[International human rights law|Iwu ikike mmadụ nke mba ụwa]] site na Mahadum Queen Mary nke London ma mesịa nweta nzere masta nke abụọ LL. M. nzere na iwu mba ụwa na ikpe ikpe mpụ site na Mahadum nke East London . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2020-02-02|title=I love the mesmerising pillow talk collection –Dr. Cynthia Umezulike|url=https://thesun.ng/i-love-the-mesmerising-pillow-talk-collection-dr-cynthia-umezulike/|accessdate=2024-11-19|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara Birkbeck, Mahadum nke London, gụsịrị akwụkwọ na nzere Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) na iwu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2017-07-06|title=Doctoral students compete in Birkbeck's first Three Minute Thesis competition|url=https://www.bbk.ac.uk/news/doctoral-students-compete-in-birkbeck2019s-first-three-minute-thesis-competition|accessdate=2024-11-19|work=Birkbeck, University of London|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Mgbe ọ gụchara akwụkwọ ya, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dịka onyeisi iwu na nchịkwa azụmaahịa na Diamond Hanger Aviation London na onye nkuzi na iwu iwu na nchịkwa na Birkbeck, Mahadum nke London, na onye nkuzi ikike mmadụ mba ụwa na Mahadum Buckingham, onyeisi oche nke International Conference on Human Rights, Sustainability and Climate Change na Mahadum nke Buckingham. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lowson|first=James|title=University of Buckingham to host international human rights conference|url=https://www.bucksherald.co.uk/news/people/university-of-buckingham-to-host-international-human-rights-conference-4281768|accessdate=19 November 2024|work=The Bucks Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ghọkwara onye nduzi nke ikike mmadụ na nkwado ma rụọ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nke atọ nke Ịha nhata agbụrụ, Ịdị iche iche, na Ntinye aka, na-enyere òtù aka n'ịmepụta na itinye aka ọdịbendị iji mee ka mgbanwe usoro na ọdịbendị.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rapheal|date=2019-09-15|title=Nigeria has lost the generation of seasoned, intellectual jurists –Cynthia Umezulike, lawyer/daughter of late Justice Umezulike|url=https://thesun.ng/nigeria-has-lost-the-generation-of-seasoned-intellectual-jurists-cynthia-umezulike-lawyer-daughter-of-late-justice-umezulike/|accessdate=2024-11-19|work=The Sun Nigeria|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Activist Cynthia Umezulike (Ph.D.) Pioneers the World's First Human Rights in Fashion Centre to Solve Environmental and Human Rights Issues in the Fashion Industry – Concord News Now|url=https://news.concordnewsnow.com/story/333708/activist-cynthia-umezulike-phd-pioneers-the-worlds-first-human-rights-in-fashion-centre-to-solve-environmental-and-human-rights-issues-in-the-fashion-industry.html|accessdate=2024-11-19|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2019, Umezulike guzobere The Hon. Justice Innocent Umezulike Foundation, n'oge okwu ncheta nke na-eme emume ncheta ọnwụ nna ya site na ngosi nke akwụkwọ Hon. Justice Inocent Umezu Like: A Chronicle of Leading Judgements Mpịakọta 1 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Admin|title=Remembering Justice Umezulike|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/remembering-justice-umezulike/|accessdate=19 November 2024|work=The Nation}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma mesịa ghọọ onye isi oche na onye nlekọta nke ntọala ahụ, nke a na-akpọ aha nna ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://pure.hud.ac.uk/en/publications/hon-justice-innocent-umezulike-a-chronicle-of-leading-judgements-|title=Hon. Justice Innocent Umezulike: A Chronicle of Leading Judgements (Volume 1)|date=2019-09-27|publisher=Chenglo LImited|isbn=978-978-56313-5-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2024-09-14|title=Umezulike Foundation awards scholarship to UNILAG student|url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/umezulike-foundation-awards-scholarship-to-unilag-student/|accessdate=2024-11-19|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Edema|first=Grace|date=2024-03-12|title=Unilorin student wins N100,000 essay prize|url=https://punchng.com/unilorin-student-wins-n100000-essay-prize/|accessdate=2024-11-19|work=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Òtù Ndị Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu (United Nations Consultative Group) kwadoro ya n'aka onyeisi oche nke Kansụl Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ na 2024 dịka onye a họpụtara n'ọkwa abụọ ikpeazụ maka ọrụ ọkachamara n'onwe ya nke ikike mmadụ bụ Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Report of the Consultative Group to the President of the Human Rights Council relating to the vacancies of mandate holders to be appointed at the fifty-fifth session of the Human Rights Council|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/appointments/hrc55/CG-REPORT-HRC55_final.docx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121081123/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/appointments/hrc55/CG-REPORT-HRC55_final.docx|archivedate=2025-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; na dịka onye otu Working Group of Expert on the Rights of Peasants and Other People Working in Rural Areas . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Report of the Consultative Group to the President of the Human Rights Council relating to the vacancies of mandate holders to be appointed at the fifty-seventh session of the Human Rights Council|url=https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/appointments/hrc57/CG-REPORT-HRC57_to_HRC-President.docx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121082305/https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/hrbodies/hrcouncil/appointments/hrc57/CG-REPORT-HRC57_to_HRC-President.docx|archivedate=2025-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ osote prọfesọ na onye nduzi maka The Centre for Sustainable Development, Energy transition and Climate change.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jeremiah|first=Urowayino|date=2024-11-21|title=COP29: Umezuulike urges human rights framework for climate action|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/11/cop29-umezuulike-urges-human-rights-framework-for-climate-action/|accessdate=2025-07-24|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;''' '''

== Mgbalị maka ikike mmadụ na nkwado ihu igwe ==
A maara Umezulike maka ọrụ ya na ikike mmadụ, nkwado ihu igwe, ikpe ziri ezi nwoke na nwanyị, na itinye aka na nzukọ ọha na eze na-ekwu maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ nke gụnyere Black Lives Matter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Black Lives Matter: Breaking the Cycle of Silence on Social Media and Beyond – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2020/08/21/black-lives-matter-breaking-the-cycle-of-silence-on-social-media-and-beyond/|accessdate=2025-07-25|work=[[This Day]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enyemaka iwu na agụmakwụkwọ ya na-elekwasị anya na ikike mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ike ụmụ nwanyị, na Ikpe ziri ezi nke ihu igwe, ọkachasị na obodo ndị na-adịghị ike. N'otu echiche nke 2024 bipụtara na [[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]], ọ kwadoro mgbanwe ọgbọ na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria, na-akpọ maka itinye ndị ntorobịa na ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Anthony|date=2025-07-10|title=Why Nigeria must retire its political geriarchy|url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/why-nigeria-must-retire-its-political-geriarchy/|accessdate=2025-07-25|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; O sonyekwara na mkparịta ụka mba ụwa gbasara ọchịchị gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ebe o gosipụtara mkpa nkwurịta okwu dabere na ụkpụrụ iji kwalite ntụkwasị obi ọha na eze na atụmatụ metụtara ihu igwe  na COP29, ebe ọ kpọrọ oku maka njikọta nke ụkpụrụ ikike mmadụ n'ime iwu ihu igwe, na-ekwusi ike na usoro mmeghachi omume nwoke na nwanyị maka obodo ime obodo ndị mgbanwe ihu igwe metụtara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ling|first=Jacqueline|date=2023-07-03|title=How to cut through mistrust of ESG communications|url=https://pa.media/blogs/pr-services/how-to-cut-through-mistrust-of-esg-communications/|accessdate=2025-07-25|work=How to cut through mistrust of ESG communications - PA Media : PA Media|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jeremiah|first=Urowayino|date=2024-11-21|title=COP29: Umezuulike urges human rights framework for climate action|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2024/11/cop29-umezuulike-urges-human-rights-framework-for-climate-action/|accessdate=2025-07-25|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kemgbe 2024, Umezulike na-eje ozi dị ka osote onye isi oche nke UK Human Rights Lawyers Association, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Chioma|first=Unini|date=2025-02-27|title=Dr. Cynthia C. Umezulike Elected Vice Chair Of UK Human Rights Lawyers Association|url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/dr-cynthia-c-umezulike-elected-vice-chair-of-uk-human-rights-lawyers-association/|accessdate=2025-07-25|work=TheNigeriaLawyer|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-eme ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị ojii kachasị nta iji nwee ọkwa dị elu na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke nzukọ ahụ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-07-22|title=Patrons &amp; Executive Committee|url=https://hrla.org.uk/executive-committee/|accessdate=2025-07-25|work=Human Rights Lawyers Association|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma kpọọ ya aha n'etiti ndị kacha nwee mmetụta nke ndị Afrịka (MIPAD) n'okpuru 40 maka onyinye ya na iwu, iwu, na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Dr. Cynthia C. Umezulike|url=https://blog.mipad.org/dr-cynthia-c-umezulike/|accessdate=2025-07-25|work=blog.mipad.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2025, ọ haziri mkpọsa mmata banyere ọnọdụ ihu igwe na ọtụtụ mahadum UK, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=University hosts sustainability talk, tree planting &amp; Green Lunch event {{!}} University of Bedfordshire|url=https://www.beds.ac.uk/news/2025/june/university-hosts-sustainability-talk-tree-planting-green-lunch-event/|accessdate=2025-07-25|work=www.beds.ac.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; gụnyere Mahadum Bedfordshire, na-ejikọta agụmakwụkwọ iwu na mgbasa ozi gburugburu ebe obibi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-06-24|title=University hosts sustainability talk, tree planting &amp; Green Lunch event|url=https://www.bedfordtoday.co.uk/education/university-hosts-sustainability-talk-tree-planting-green-lunch-event-5191269|accessdate=2025-07-25|work=Bedford Today|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-06-24|title=University hosts sustainability talk, tree planting &amp; Green Lunch event|url=https://www.miltonkeynes.co.uk/education/university-hosts-sustainability-talk-tree-planting-green-lunch-event-5191905|accessdate=2025-07-25|work=Milton Keynes Citizen|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ọrụ ya maka ikike nwoke na nwanyị sitere na ahụmịhe onwe onye, gụnyere ịlanarị ime ihe ike ụmụaka na mmetọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Okeke-Korieocha|first=Ifeoma|date=2023-08-12|title=Victimhood shaped my activism against gender-based violence - Umezulike|url=https://businessday.ng/bd-weekender/article/victimhood-shaped-my-activism-against-gender-based-violence-umezulike/|accessdate=2025-07-25|work=Businessday NG|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ kwalitela mgbanwe iwu na nke ụlọ ọrụ iji kwado ikike akụ na ụba ụmụ nwanyị nọ n'ime ime obodo na Naịjirịa ma dee banyere usoro nna ochie na omenala ọdịbendị, na-agba ume ikwu okwu banyere njikọta nke enweghị nhata nwoke na nwanyị n'etiti ndị Afrịka.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=olufemiajasa|date=2025-02-21|title=Human rights lawyer advocates economic justice for rural market women|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/02/human-rights-lawyer-advocates-economic-justice-for-rural-market-women/|accessdate=2025-07-25|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Anthony|date=2023-01-21|title='Masculine dominance has been engraved in mindset of African women'|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/masculine-dominance-has-been-engraved-in-mindset-of-african-women/|accessdate=2025-07-25|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ide ihe ==

=== Ntinye aka nke United Nations na onyinye isiokwu ===
Umezulike emeela ọtụtụ onyinye ederede na nke ọnụ na usoro United Nations, na-emetụta okwu ụwa niile gbasara ikike mmadụ na ọchịchị na-adịgide adịgide.

O nyere nkọwa edere na United Nations Human Rights Council maka akụkọ isiokwu The Ocean and Human Rights, nke Special Rapporteur kwadebere maka ikike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe obibi dị ọcha, dị mma ma na-adịgide adịgide, Astrid Puentes Riaño (A / HRC/58/59) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Document Viewer|url=https://docs.un.org/en/A/HRC/58/59|accessdate=2026-01-20|work=docs.un.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O nyekwara aka na oku nke United Nations maka ntinye aka na Human Rights in the Life Cycle of Renewable Energy and Critical Minerals, nke Special Rapporteur on Climate Change wepụtara, na-ekwu maka ihe ize ndụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi metụtara nchọpụta mineral, usoro nnyefe akwụkwọ ndụ, na mmebi ọrụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=OHCHR {{!}} Call for inputs - Human Rights in the life cycle of Renewable Energy and Critical Minerals|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/calls-for-input/2025/call-inputs-human-rights-life-cycle-renewable-energy-and-critical-minerals|accessdate=2026-01-20|work=OHCHR|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Umezulike nyere ndị ọkachamara na United Nations Working Group of Experts on People of African Descent (WGEPAD) maka akụkọ isiokwu Fulfilling the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of People of African Disent in the Age of Digitalisation, Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technologies (A/HRC/57/70) 

N'ihe gbasara ahụike uche na nnwere onwe, Umezulike nyere nkwupụta ederede nke akpọrọ &quot;Nnwere onwe, Ịkwanyere ùgwù, na Ahụike Uche: Ịma Aka Ọgwụgwọ Enweghị Mmasị site na Lens Human Rights&quot; na Nzukọ Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu gbasara Ahụike Uche na Ikike Mmadụ nke Ụlọ Ọrụ nke Kọmishọna Ukwu maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ (OHCHR) haziri na Palais des Nations, Geneva. Ntinye aka a katọrọ omume mmanye nke uche ma kwado maka ụdị nlekọta ahụike uche nke dabere na ikike, nke nkwenye na-akwalite.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mental health and human rights|url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/health/mental-health-and-human-rights|accessdate=2026-01-20|work=OHCHR|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Echiche Akụkọ na Nkwupụta Ọha ===
A makwaara Umezulike maka nkọwa ya siri ike gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ọkachasị gbasara ọchịchị Naijiria, ịma mma obodo, na ịza ajụjụ gbasara ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya. E bipụtara echiche ya na usoro mgbasa ozi ndị isi gụnyere The Guardian, Vanguard, na Premium Times.

Akwụkwọ ndị a ma ama gụnyere:

* Invading Nigeria Is Not a Punchline and History Shows Guns A-Blazing Fixes Nothing - nzaghachi dị oke egwu maka okwu agha na okwu ntinye aka mpụga na nkọwa ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Times|first=Premium|date=2025-11-14|title=Invading Nigeria is not a punchline and history shows “guns a-blazing” fixes nothing, By Cynthia C. Umezulike|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/835295-invading-nigeria-is-not-a-punchline-and-history-shows-guns-a-blazing-fixes-nothing-by-cynthia-c-umezulike.html|accessdate=2026-01-20|language=en-GB|work=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2025-11-19|title=Invading Nigeria is not a punchline and fixes nothing|url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/columnists/invading-nigeria-is-not-a-punchline-and-fixes-nothing/|accessdate=2026-01-20|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ezigbo Nsogbu Naịjirịa abụghị idu ndú kama ọ bụ akparamagwa nke Led - nyocha nke ịza ajụjụ obodo, omenala ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, na nkwụsị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Amos|date=2025-10-24|title=Nigeria’s real crisis not leadership but psychology of the led|url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/columnists/nigerias-real-crisis-not-leadership-but-psychology-of-the-led/|accessdate=2026-01-20|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ihe mere Naịjirịa ga-eji laa ezumike nká n'ọchịchị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ya - na-akwado mgbanwe ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na imezigharị ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Anthony|date=2025-07-10|title=Why Nigeria must retire its political geriarchy|url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/why-nigeria-must-retire-its-political-geriarchy/|accessdate=2026-01-20|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ agụmakwụkwọ ===
Umezulike bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Lord Denning Law Journal ma na-eje ozi dị ka onye nchịkọta akụkọ maka Journal of Sustainability and Clean Energy, na-enye aka na ntụziaka na nyocha nke okwu pụrụ iche lekwasịrị anya na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, mgbanwe ike, na ọchịchị ihu igwe. Ọrụ nchịkọta akụkọ ya na-akwado agụmakwụkwọ interdisciplinary na-ejikọta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi, iwu, na mmepe nke ikike mmadụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Denning Law Journal|url=https://www.scienceopen.com/collection/7b872c0b-239a-4ce0-b761-edfaaa0d6cb5|accessdate=2026-01-20|work=ScienceOpen|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Special Issues Details - Clean Energy and Sustainability - SCIEPublish|url=https://www.sciepublish.com/journals/ces/special_issues/SDETCJ|accessdate=2026-01-20|work=www.sciepublish.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home Review Book - Cambridge Scholars Publishing|url=https://cambridgescholars.com/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260101154242/https://cambridgescholars.com/|archivedate=2026-01-01|accessdate=2026-01-20|work=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2024, o dere akụkọ dị mkpirikpi akpọrọ, The Death of Mother: An Ogbanje Story . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Death of Mother|url=https://troubador.co.uk/bookshop/contemporary/the-death-of-mother-VdHi|accessdate=2024-11-19|work=troubador.co.uk|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Death of Mother by Dr Cynthia C. Umezulike &amp;#124; Waterstones|url=https://www.waterstones.com/book/the-death-of-mother/dr-cynthia-c-umezulike//9781836281641|work=www.waterstones.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwado na onyinye ==
N'afọ 2022, ọ natara Distinguished Emerging Scholar Award site na Marymount Manhattan College, New York &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Imagining the Edible: Food, Creativity, and the Arts|url=https://estudiosnutricionales.com/assets/downloads/O22-Conference-Proceedings-PDF.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121080514/https://estudiosnutricionales.com/assets/downloads/O22-Conference-Proceedings-PDF.pdf|archivedate=2025-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onyinye Global Engagement site na Mahadum nke East London na 2024. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Alumni achievement awards|url=https://www.uel.ac.uk/about/alumni/alumni-achievement-awards|accessdate=2024-11-19|work=University of East London|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2010, ọ meriri Miss Commonwealth International Nigeria ma nọchite anya Nigeria na Miss Commonwealth International &lt;ref name=&quot;auto12&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-10-24|title=Cynthia Chisom Umezulike: set for higher heights|url=https://trumpetmediagroup.com/the-trumpet/fashion/cynthia-chisom-umezulike:-set-for-higher-heights/|accessdate=2024-11-19|work=Trumpet Media Group|language=en-gb|archivedate=2025-01-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121080827/https://trumpetmediagroup.com/the-trumpet/fashion/cynthia-chisom-umezulike:-set-for-higher-heights/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
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      <text bytes="8366" sha1="0f2be544he690cftq0emlh8gue3gnve" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:John Moorfield QSO (cropped).jpg|thumb|269x269px|John Moorfield ]]
 

'''John Cornelius Moorfield'''  QSO (18 Ọktoba 1943 – 19 Mee 2018), nke a makwaara dị ka Te Murumāra, bụ onye mmụta New Zealand nke nka ya dị na nkuzi asụsụ Māori.  Ọrụ ya, gụnyere ibipụta akụrụngwa maka ndị na-amụ asụsụ ahụ, nyere aka n'ịmalite asụsụ ahụ.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ ya n'ụlọ ọgwụ Huntly na 18 Ọktoba 1943, ma zụlite ya na Te Kauwhata, Moorfield bụ nwa nwoke Moya Ella Winifred Moorfield (née Walker) na di ya Robert Peter Moorfield . &lt;ref name=&quot;Death notice&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://notices.nzherald.co.nz/obituaries/nzherald-nz/obituary.aspx?n=john-cornelius-qso-moorfield&amp;pid=189064488|title=John Moorfield death notice|date=22 May 2018|work=New Zealand Herald|accessdate=23 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/newspapers/NZH19431022.2.3|title=Births|date=22 October 1943|work=New Zealand Herald|accessdate=23 May 2018|page=1}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Te Karere&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.tvnz.co.nz/shows/te-karere/home/professor-john-moorfield--te-murumra-passes-away|title=Professor John Moorfield, Te Murumāra passes away|date=20 May 2018|work=Te Karere|accessdate=23 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'agbanyeghị na ọ bụ Pākehā (onye New Zealand nke si Europe), ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na St Stephen's School - ụlọ akwụkwọ ụmụ nwoke Maori na Bombay, ndịda Auckland - ebe ndị nkuzi ya gụnyere Hoani Waititi .&lt;ref name=&quot;Te Karere&quot; /&gt; Asụsụ Maori dọtara mmasị Moorfield, wee gaa n'ihu na-agụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum nke Auckland, ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ụmụ akwụkwọ mbụ mechara Bachelor of Arts majoring na asụsụ Māori.  &lt;ref name=&quot;Waikato&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-events/media/2014/lecturer-wrote-the-book-on-te-reo-resources|title=Lecturer wrote the book on te reo resources|date=21 July 2010|publisher=University of Waikato|accessdate=23 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Auckland, Moorfield gara Auckland Secondary Teachers' College na 1967 iji zụọ dị ka onye nkuzi ụlọ akwụkwọ, wee malite ịchọ usoro dị irè nke ịkụzi asụsụ Maori.

N'afọ 1984, Moorfield gụsịrị Master of Education na Mahadum College of Wales, Aberystwyth, ebe akpọrọ thesis ya, An analysis of the bilingual method: theoretical and practical considerations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maramatanga.co.nz/person/professor-john-moorfield|title=Professor John Moorfield|publisher=Ngā Pae o Te Māramatanga|accessdate=25 May 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180524152511/http://www.maramatanga.co.nz/person/professor-john-moorfield|archivedate=24 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://whel-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo_library/libweb/action/dlDisplay.do?vid=44WHELF_ABW_VU1&amp;search_scope=LSCOP_44WHELF_ABW&amp;docId=44WHELF_ABW_ALMA_DS2148128230002418&amp;fn=permalink|title=Catalogue search|publisher=Aberystwyth University|accessdate=25 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1998, ọ nwetara nzere Doctor of Literature na Mahadum Otago, dabere na ọrụ ya nke akwụkwọ ọgụgụ na ihe onwunwe maka ndị okenye na-amụ asụsụ Maori.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://otago.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=OTAGO_ALMA21112672140001891&amp;context=L&amp;vid=DUNEDIN&amp;search_scope=Catalogue&amp;tab=library_catalogue&amp;lang=en_US|title=Library search|publisher=University of Otago|accessdate=25 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Timms|first=Catriona E.|title=Whāia te māramatanga: Māori language revitalisation and tertiary education in Te Ika ā Maui and Te Wai Pounamu|url=http://www.review.mai.ac.nz/mrindex/MR/article/view/26/26.html|journal=MAI Review|year=2007|issue=1|pages=1–12|accessdate=10 July 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Mgbe ọ hapụsịrị kọleji ndị nkuzi, Moorfield kụziri na Ngaruawahia High School, Wesley College, na Tuakau College, ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị di na Waikato na South Auckland . &lt;ref name=&quot;Waikato&quot; /&gt;

A họpụtara Moorfield ka ọ bụrụ onye ọrụ nke Mahadum Waikato na 1976, na-arụ ọrụ ma na-akụzi n'akụkụ Tīmoti Kāretu, Te Wharehuia Milroy na Hirini Melbourne.&lt;ref name=&quot;Waikato&quot; /&gt; N'inwe nchegbu banyere ezughi oke ihe onwunwe dịnụ iji kwado nkuzi nke asụsụ Maori nye ụmụ akwụkwọ toro eto, Moorfield malitere ịchịkọta ihe onwunwa ọdịyo na ide akwụkwọ kwesịrị ekwesị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Waikato&quot; /&gt; A nabatara usoro ihe onwunwe na akwụkwọ ọgụgụ nke ''Te Whanake'' na mba ụwa dị ka ihe nlereanya maka mmemme agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ ole na ole.&lt;ref name=&quot;GG&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gg.govt.nz/image-galleries/7047/media?page=2|title=Professor John Moorfield, of Hamilton|date=26 August 2010|work=The Governor-General|publisher=Government House|accessdate=25 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Waikato, Moorfield bụkwa onye na-ahụ maka nguzobe nke mmemme izizi nke Maori-medium.&lt;ref name=&quot;Te Karere&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Waikato&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GG&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe afọ iri abụọ na otu  gasịrị na Waikato, Moorfield kwagara Mahadum Otago na 1997, a rụkwara usoro ''Te Whanake'' ya maka mmụta asụsụ Maori na ọkwa niile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Waikato&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Otago&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.otago.ac.nz/te-tumu/about/history/index.html|title=History of Te Tumu|publisher=University of Otago|accessdate=25 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ebe ahụ, ọ malitere iso Tania Ka'ai rụkọọ ọrụ, na 2007 ma Moorfield na Ka'ai kwagara Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Auckland iji nweta ọkwa prọfesọ na ihe ọhụrụ na mmepe nke Māori.&lt;ref name=&quot;Otago&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://akoaotearoa.ac.nz/ako-hub/ako-aotearoa-northern-hub/news/aut-inaugural-professorial-address-tania-ka’ai-and-john-moorf|title=AUT Inaugural Professorial Address Tania Ka'ai and John Moorfield|date=10 September 2009|publisher=Ako Aotearoa|accessdate=25 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AUT&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mātauranga Māori - Māori &amp; indigenous development|url=https://www.aut.ac.nz/study/study-options/maori-and-indigenous-development/research/research-expertise/matauranga-maori|publisher=Auckland University of Technology|accessdate=24 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ akwụkwọ doctoral a ma ama nke Moorfield gụnyere Hana O'Regan.

N'afọ 2005, Moorfield bipụtara akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu Maori-English nke akpọrọ '''{{Lang|mi|Te Aka}}''' (nke pụtara &quot;The Vine&quot;), nke dị ma na mbipụta ma n'ịntanetị.&lt;ref name=&quot;Te_Aka&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Aka: Maori-English, English-Maori dictionary and index|date=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582548367}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Moorfield nwụrụ n'ọrịa kansa na 19 Mee 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;Death notice&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Te Karere&quot; /&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==
Na 2010 Queen's Birthday Honours, a họpụtara Moorfield dị ka Onye ibe nke Queen's Service Order, maka ọrụ maka agụmakwụkwọ asụsụ Maori.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dpmc.govt.nz/publications/queens-birthday-honours-list-2010|title=Queen's Birthday honours list 2010|date=2 June 2014|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=23 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==
Ọrụ ndị Moorfield bipụtara gụnyere:

* {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Nga Kupu me nga Tikanga|date=2000|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582542556}}
* {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Pihinga|date=2001|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=0-582-54327-4|edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Kākano: Pukapuka Tātaki = Study Guide|date=2002|publisher=Longman|location=Auckland|isbn=9780582545458|edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Kōhure|date=2004|publisher=Pearson Education New Zealand|location=Auckland|isbn=9780582545199|edition=2nd}}
* {{Cite book|author=Moorfield|first=John C.|title=Te Aka: Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary and Index|date=2005|publisher=Pearson Education|location=Auckland|isbn=978-0582548367}}

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://maoridictionary.co.nz ''Te Aka Māori-English, English-Māori Dictionary na Index'' online]
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'''James Te Wharehuia Milroy''' CNZM QSO (24 Julaị 1937 – 7 Mee 2019) bụ ọkammụta New Zealand na ọkachamara n'asụsụ Māori.  Ọ bụ onye Ngāi Tūhoe.  Ya na Tīmoti Kāretu na Pou Temara, Milroy bụ onye nkuzi na Te Panekiretanga o te Reo (Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-ahụ Maka Ọkachamara na Asụsụ Māori), nke ndị prọfesọ atọ tọrọ ntọala na 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;The New Zealand Herald&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Tahana|first=Yvonne|title=No apologies for pursuit of excellence in Maori|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&amp;objectid=10522751|work=New Zealand Herald|accessdate=12 April 2013|date=22 July 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.maoritelevision.com/news/regional/te-wharehuia-milroy-life-service-maoridom|title=Te Wharehuia Milroy – A life in service of Māoridom|work=Māori Television|language=en|accessdate=9 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ ya na 24 Julaị 1937, Milroy bụ nwa Kararaina Takurua na Frederick Milroy, &lt;ref name=&quot;Death notice&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://notices.nzherald.co.nz/obituaries/nzherald-nz/obituary.aspx?n=james-te-wharehuia-milroy&amp;pid=192820166&amp;|title=Professor James Te Wharehuia Milroy|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|date=7 May 2019|accessdate=7 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; na nwa nwa nke onye isi Tūhoe Takurua Tamarau. A zụlitere ya na Ruatoki ma gaa Rotorua Boys' High School . &lt;ref name=&quot;Makiha&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&amp;objectid=12228855|title=Tūhoe leader Professor Te Wharehuia Milroy farewelled in Rotorua|first=Kelly|author=Makiha|date=7 May 2019|work=Rotorua Daily Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge mmalite afọ 1990, Milroy ghọrọ onye otu Waitangi Tribunal. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ ma kụzie na Mahadum Waikato na Ngalaba Māori, n'akụkụ Tīmoti Kāretu.

Na 2003 Queen's Birthday Honours, a họpụtara Milroy dị ka Onye ibe nke Queen's Service Order maka ọrụ ọha na eze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/queens-birthday-honours-list-2003|title=Queen's Birthday honours list 2003|date=2 June 2003|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=7 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2005, Mahadum nke Waikato nyere ya nzere doctorate,  na 2009, ọ bụ onye natara onyinye Maori Creative New Zealand Te Waka Toi . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://calendar.waikato.ac.nz/officershonoursstaff/doctors.html|title=Honorary Doctors of the University of Waikato|publisher=[[University of Waikato]]|accessdate=9 May 2019|archivedate=6 April 2001|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010406115418/http://calendar.waikato.ac.nz/officershonoursstaff/doctors.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thebigidea.co.nz&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Witi Ihimaera takes top Te Waka Toi Award|url=http://www.thebigidea.co.nz/news/industry-news/2009/aug/59937-witi-ihimaera-takes-top-te-waka-toi-award|work=Industry News|publisher=thebigidea.co.nz|accessdate=12 April 2013|date=30 August 2009|archivedate=28 May 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528140839/http://www.thebigidea.co.nz/news/industry-news/2009/aug/59937-witi-ihimaera-takes-top-te-waka-toi-award}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara Milroy ka ọ bụrụ Onye ibe nke New Zealand Order of Merit, maka ọrụ na asụsụ Maori, na 2012 New Year Honours.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/new-year-honours-list-2012|title=New Year honours list 2012|date=31 December 2011|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=7 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na Kāretu rụkọtara ọrụ n'akwụkwọ ''{{Lang|mi|He Kupu Tuku Iho}}'', akwụkwọ mbụ e bipụtara kpamkpam na te reo Māori.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=http://www.press.auckland.ac.nz/en/browse-books/all-books/books-2018/He-Kupu-Tuku-Iho.html|title=He kupu tuku iho : ko te reo Māori te tatau ki te ao|author=Kāretu|first=Tīmoti|others=Milroy, Wharehuia, 1937–|year=2018|isbn=9781869408800|location=Tāmaki-makau-rau, Aotearoa|oclc=1031209214}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/360648/language-the-key-to-knowing-a-person-te-reo-maori-expert-sir-timoti-karetu|title=Language the key to knowing a person – te reo Māori expert Sir Tīmoti Kāretu|author=Boynton|first=John|date=28 June 2018|work=[[RNZ]]|language=en-nz|accessdate=29 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Milroy nwụrụ na 7 Mee 2019, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri asatọ na otu . &lt;ref name=&quot;Death notice&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Makiha&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/388654/te-reo-maori-expert-wharehuia-milroy-dies|title=Te reo Māori expert Wharehuia Milroy dies|date=7 May 2019|work=RNZ News|accessdate=7 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.waikato.ac.nz/news-opinion/media/2019/te-wharehuia-milroy-remembered|title=Te Wharehuia Milroy remembered|date=16 May 2019|work=www.waikato.ac.nz}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.waateanews.com/waateanews/x_news/MjE2NjM/Breakfast%20with%20Dale/Te-Wharehuia-Milroy-Morpheus-of-Māoridom|title=Te Wharehuia Milroy Morpheus of Māoridom|work=www.waateanews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://teaomaori.news/send-fit-king-te-reo-maori|title=A send-off fit for a king of te reo Māori|work=Māori Television|accessdate=2026-03-12|archivedate=2020-10-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026235243/https://www.teaomaori.news/send-fit-king-te-reo-maori}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://teaomaori.news/maori-linguists-honoured-book-launch|title=Māori linguists honoured at book launch|work=Māori Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/te-manu-korihi/388654/te-reo-maori-expert-wharehuia-milroy-dies|title=Te reo Māori expert Wharehuia Milroy dies|date=7 May 2019|work=[[RNZ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://royalsociety.org.nz/news/passing-of-professor-wharehuia-milroy/|title=Kua hinga te totara i Te Waonui-a-Tane Passing of Professor Wharehuia Milroy|work=Royal Society Te Apārangi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nwunye ya, Marion Rongomaianiwaniwa Milroy (née Fabling), nwụrụ n'afọ 2010. Ọ bụ nwa agbụrụ Te Arawa na Ngāti Kahungunu na nwanyị na-ekwu okwu maka Te Panekiretanga Māori Language Institute. E liri Milroy n'akụkụ nwunye ya na Kauae Cemetery na Ngongotahā . &lt;ref name=&quot;Makiha&quot; /&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Reflist}}</text>
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'''Wiremu Doherty''' bụ onye nkuzi Maori na agụmakwụkwọ nke [[New Zealand]] nke sitere na Tūhoe na Ngāti Awa. Ọ bụ onye isi ụlọ akwụkwọ nke mbụ nke kaupapa Māori.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&amp;objectid=3580562|title=Te reo immersion attacked - National - NZ Herald News|publisher=Nzherald.co.nz|date=2004-07-27|accessdate=2014-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ nwetara PhD na agụmakwụkwọ site na Mahadum Auckland na 2010 ma bụrụ onye prọfesọ na Te Wānanga o Awanuiārangi na onye isi oche kọmitii atụmatụ Māori maka ikike iru eru New Zealand. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://researchspace.auckland.ac.nz/handle/2292/5639|title=Mātauranga Tūhoe: the centrality of Mātauranga-a-iwi to Māori education|publisher=Researchspace.auckland.ac.nz|date=|accessdate=2014-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wananga.ac.nz/about/our-people/staff-profiles?profileID=d3921fec-be5e-e211-a075-005056b10005|title=Te Whare Wānanga o Awanuiārangi &amp;#124; Staff Profiles|publisher=Wananga.ac.nz|date=2012-07-18|accessdate=2014-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nzqa.govt.nz/maori/te-rautaki-maori/nga-kaituhono/|title=Ngā Kaitūhono|publisher=NZQA|date=2013-03-06|accessdate=2014-05-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://teaomaori.news/awanuiarangi-welcome-new-ceo|title=Awanuiārangi welcome new CEO|work=Māori Television}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/news/article.cfm?c_id=1&amp;objectid=12235794|title=Wiremu Doherty: Māori languish 'undeveloped' in vocational training|first=Wiremu|author=Doherty|date=2 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/national/programmes/teahikaa/audio/2018689743/dr-wiremu-doherty-on-landmarks-and-relationship-building-in-the-midst-of-conflict|title=Dr Wiremu Doherty on landmarks and relationship building in the midst of conflict.|date=5 April 2019|work=[[RNZ]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
&lt;references /&gt;
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Confidence Staveley</title>
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Confidence Staveley bụ [[Ndị Naijiria|Onye Naijiria]] cybersecurity na ọkachamara na teknụzụ ozi &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-11-02|title=Confidence Staveley is impacting the cyber security industry|url=https://technext24.com/2022/11/02/confidence-staveley-cyber-security-industry/|accessdate=2025-06-24|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-12-08|title=ISJ Influencer 2022: Confidence Staveley, Founder &amp; Executive Director, CyberSafe Foundation|url=https://internationalsecurityjournal.com/confidence-staveley-cybersafe-foundation/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=internationalsecurityjournal.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Confidence Staveley|url=https://events.pcisecuritystandards.org/2022-asia-pacific/speakers/confidence-staveley/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=2022 PCI SSC Asia Pacific Forum|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye guzobere na onye isi nchịkwa nke Cybersafe foundation; otu na-abụghị maka uru nke na-akwalite mmata na agụmakwụkwọ nchekwa cyber n'ime obodo ndị kacha nwee nsogbu na Afrịka..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Oluka|first=Peter|date=2023-10-27|title=10 Influential Thought Leaders in Cybersecurity|url=https://techeconomy.ng/10-influential-thought-leaders-in-cybersecurity/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Tech {{!}} Business {{!}} Economy|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=These women are shaping cybersecurity in Africa|url=https://businessday.ng/technology/article/these-women-are-shaping-cybersecurity-in-africa/|accessdate=2025-06-27|work=Businessday NG|date=30 January 2024|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na onye guzobere MerkleFence; ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ nchekwa ngwa.    &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=|title=Confidence Staveley|url=https://www.rsaconference.com/experts/Confidence%20Staveley|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=RSA Conference|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=World Economic Forum|title=Confidence Staveley|url=https://www.weforum.org/people/confidence-staveley/|accessdate=2025-06-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Confidence Staveley|url=https://nordicapis.com/speakers/confidence-staveley/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Nordic APIs|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-03-20|title=Confidence Staveley - Founder, MerkleFence, MerkleFence|url=https://www.infosecurity-magazine.com/profile/confidence-staveley/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Infosecurity Magazine|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe omuma agụmakwụkwọ ==
Staveley nwere nzere bachelọ nke sayensị na teknụzụ ozi na sistemụ ozi azụmaahịa na Mahadum Middlesex, London. O nwetara nzere masta na njikwa teknụzụ ozi na Mahadum Bradford. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Anthony|date=2022-08-06|title=Confidence Staveley: 'To embrace cybersecurity opportunities, women need to be open-minded'|url=https://guardian.ng/guardian-woman/confidence-staveley-to-embrace-cybersecurity-opportunities-women-need-to-be-open-minded/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Uduak|first=Happiness|date=2024-10-14|title=Confidence Staveley, Guardian of Africa's digital landscape.|url=https://thebenchmark.com.ng/confidence-staveley-guardian-of-africas-digital-landscape/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=thebenchmark.com.ng|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu ntuli aka na cryptology n'oge nna ya ukwu gosipụtara mmasị ya maka cybersecurity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Staff|first=S. C.|date=2024-11-13|title=Turning Obstacles into opportunities: Confidence Staveley Tackles gender gaps in cybersecurity|url=https://www.scworld.com/feature/turning-obstacles-into-opportunities-confidence-staveley-tackles-gender-gaps-in-cybersecurity|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=SC Media|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Ná mmalite ọrụ ya na 2011, Staveley rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye ọrụ IT na onye enyemaka Executive n'ime gọọmentị steeti Cross River, ebe ọ kwadoro ọrụ IT nke ngalaba ọha. O mechara banye n'ụlọ akụ, sonyeere Lloyds Banking Group dịka onye ndụmọdụ ọrụ ndị ahịa na onye ndụmọdụ ụlọ akụ ekwentị. Na 2013, ọ malitere ọrụ dịka ọkachamara IT na Calabar International Convention Centre. Ka ọ na-erule 2015, ọ kwagara na InfoGraphics Nigeria, ebe ọ na-ahụ maka ahịa teknụzụ na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta. Site na 2016 ruo 2019, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nyocha nchekwa cyber maka UIC Innovations Africa. Ka ọ na-erule Disemba 2019, a họpụtara ya onye njikwa obodo maka DIGISS, ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa kọmputa. N'otu oge ahụ ruo 2022, ọ na-edukwa Gidinerd, na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge dị ka onye mmekọ njikwa nke ụlọ ọrụ ahịa a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Koba|first=Melchior|title=Nigeria: Confidence raises awareness on cybersecurity|url=https://www.wearetech.africa/en/fils-uk/tech-stars/nigeria-confidence-raises-awareness-on-cybersecurity|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=www.wearetech.africa|language=fr-fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Confidence Staveley {{!}} Cyber Security Speaker Agent|url=https://cyber-security-speakers.com/speaker/confidence-staveley|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=The Cyber Security Speakers Agency|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cybersafe Foundation ===
N'afọ 2019, Staveley guzobere ntọala Cybersafe, otu nzukọ na-abụghị nke gọọmentị nke lekwasịrị anya n'ịkwado nkewa dijitalụ site n'inye obodo ndị na-enweghị ọrụ na Africa cybersecurity na nkà AI. Nzukọ ahụ na-enye ọzụzụ bara uru na atụmatụ mmata iji melite nchekwa dijitalụ na itinye akụ na ụba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Cybersafe Foundation Unveils Programme to Empower Girls – THISDAYLIVE|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2021/03/27/cybersafe-foundation-unveils-programme-to-empower-girls/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=[[This Day]]|date=27 March 2021|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cybersafe Foundation {{!}} Devex|url=https://www.devex.com/organizations/cybersafe-foundation-158268|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=www.devex.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-09-21|title=COVID-19: Nigeria's Cybersafe Foundation launches Project to Equip Digitally Vulnerable Groups, SMEs|url=https://www.inclusiontimes.com/covid-19-cybersafe-foundation-unveils-project-to-equip-digitally-vulnerable-groups-smes/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Inclusion Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke gụnyere CyberGirls Fellowship, mmemme ọzụzụ na ntụziaka maka ụmụ agbọghọ Afrịka.   &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=MURIDI|first=ANISA|date=2023-03-26|title=CyberSafe Foundation rolls out cyber security fellowship for women Program|url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2023/03/cybersafe-foundation-rolls-out-cyber-security-fellowship-for-women-program/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Capital Business|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bridging the Cyber Skills Gap|url=https://initiatives.weforum.org/bridging-the-cyber-skills-gap/case-study-details/cybergirls-fellowship/aJYTG0000000CM94AM|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=World Economic Forum}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Press Releases 2023 ISACA and CyberSafe Foundation Partner to Address Underrepresentation of Women in Tech|url=https://www.isaca.org/about-us/newsroom/press-releases/2023/isaca-and-cybersafe-foundation-partner-to-address-underrepresentation-of-women-in-tech|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=ISACA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2023-04-11|title=3rd cohort of CyberGirls Fellowship program admits 500 cybersecurity enthusiasts - Daily Trust|url=https://dailytrust.com/3rd-cohort-of-cybergirls-fellowship-program-admits-500-cybersecurity-enthusiasts/|accessdate=2025-06-25|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2021, nzukọ ya na ụlọ akụ etiti nke Naijiria jikọrọ aka nye ntinye aka cybersecurity mberede nke dugara na akwụkwọ ntuziaka cybersecurité mbụ nke Afrịka na egwu mmata cybersecuration Afrobeat #NoGoFallMaga . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Blessing .A|date=2021-07-21|title=CyberSecurity: Central Bank of Nigeria Launches 'NoGoFallMaga' Campaign|url=https://newscentral.africa/cybersecurity-central-bank-of-nigeria-launches-nogofallmaga-campaign/|accessdate=2025-06-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-02-15|title=#NoGoFallMaga: Cybersafe Foundation Launches Cybersecurity Awareness Handbook|url=https://techbuild.africa/nogofallmaga-cybersafe-foundation-launches-cybersecurity-awareness-handbook/|accessdate=2025-06-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2022, ntọala Cybersafe na mmekorita ya na Gọọmentị UK malitere Digital Access Program iji dozie ọdịiche dị n'etiti ndị nwoke na ndị nwanyị na Naịjirịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Oluka|first=Peter|date=2024-03-11|title=65,000+ Women and Girls Benefit from UK Funded CyberSafe Foundation's DigiGirls Programme|url=https://techeconomy.ng/65000-women-and-girls-benefit-from-uk-funded-cybersafe-foundations-digigirls-programme/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Tech {{!}} Business {{!}} Economy|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Empowering Women in Nigeria: The UK Government's Digital Access Program and Cybersafe Foundation Collaboration|url=https://tfdmovement.com/empowering-women-in-nigeria-the-uk-governments-digital-access-program-and-cybersafe-foundation-collaboratio/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=The Female Designer Movement|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=ITEdgeNews|date=2022-03-10|title=Cybersafe Foundation empowers girls on digital skills in Nigeria|url=https://www.itedgenews.africa/cybersafe-foundation-empowers-girls-on-digital-skills-in-nigeria/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=ITEdgeNews|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na mmata ==
Enyemaka Staveley nyere na cybersecurity enwetala nkwanye ùgwù zuru oke: na 2024 edepụtara ya n'etiti Top 40 Global Thought Leaders in Security and Safety, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=APSM_admin|date=2024-07-01|title=Life Safety Alliance Names 40 Top Security and Life Safety Thought Leaders|url=https://www.asiapacificsecuritymagazine.com/life-safety-alliance-names-40-top-security-and-life-safety-thought-leaders/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Asia Pacific Security Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Life Safety Alliance Names Top 40 Global Thought Leaders in Security &amp; Life Safety {{!}} SDM Magazine|url=https://www.sdmmag.com/articles/103338-life-safety-alliance-names-top-40-global-thought-leaders-in-security-and-life-safety|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=www.sdmmag.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Curtiss|first=Joy|date=2024-06-28|title=Life Safety Alliance Announces Top 40 Global Thought Leaders in Security and Life Safety|url=https://www.lifesafetyalliance.org/post/life-safety-alliance-announces-top-40-global-thought-leaders-in-security-and-life-safety|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Life Safety Alliance|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma kpọọ ya otu n'ime &quot;150 Fascinating Females Fighting Cybercrime&quot; site na Women Know Cyber. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Magazine|first=Cybercrime|date=2024-05-20|title=Women Know Cyber: 150 Fascinating Females Fighting Cybercrime|url=https://cybersecurityventures.com/women-in-cybersecurity-list/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Cybercrime Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2022, ọ nọ n'etiti ụmụ nwanyị 100 kachasị akpali akpali na Naịjirịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=#IWD: Owen Omogiafo, Lola Odedina, Ojy Okpe, Maryam Augie-Abdulmumin, Blessing Omakwu, Bolanle Austen Peters, Confidence Staveley, Weruche Opia, and more! These are Nigeria's 100 Most Inspiring Women for 2022! – Leading Ladies Africa|url=https://leadingladiesafrica.org/2022/03/08/iwd-owen-omogiafo-lola-odedina-ojy-okpe-maryam-augie-abdulmumin-blessing-omakwu-bolanle-austen-peters-confidence-staveley-weruche-opia-and-more-these-are-nigerias-100-most-inspirin/|accessdate=2025-06-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2023, o mere ndepụta nke ABCD Africa's 50 Most Impactful Voices. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Guardian|date=2023-03-08|title=ABCD Africa 50 Most Impactful Voices List released to mark 2023 International Women's Day|url=https://guardian.ng/features/abcd-africa-50-most-impactful-voices-list-released-to-mark-2023-international-womens-day/|accessdate=2025-06-27|work=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa nwanyị Naijiria mbụ a nabatara na Forbes Technology Council.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ibeh|first=Royal|date=2022-09-09|title=Forbes Technology Council Inducts Cybersafe Founder, Staveley|url=https://leadership.ng/forbes-technology-council-inducts-cybersafe-founder-staveley/|accessdate=2025-06-24|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A makwaara idu ndú ya na mba ụwa dị ka onye ndú Obama nke Afrịka nke afọ 2021,  ma nweta IFSEC Global &quot;One-to-Watch&quot; na Security &amp; Fire. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Foundation|first=Obama|title=Leader Confidence Staveley from 2022 Leaders Africa.|url=https://www.obama.org/programs/leaders/africa/2022/confidence-staveley/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Obama Foundation|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Moore|first=James|date=2021-07-21|title=Revealed: The IFSEC Global influencers in security and fire 2021 {{!}} IFSEC Insider|url=https://www.ifsecglobal.com/global/influencers-in-security-and-fire-2021/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=IFSEC Insider {{!}} Security and Fire News and Resources|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Onyinye ===

* Women in Tech Africa Awards - 2024&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women in Tech® Africa Awards Program|url=https://womenintech-awards.com/women-in-tech-africa-awards-program/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=Women in Tech Global Awards|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ISC2 Global Achievement Award - 2023&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ISC2 Global Achievement Awards 2023 Recipients|url=https://www.isc2.org/about/award-programs/2023-award-winners|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=www.isc2.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cyber Security Experts Association of Nigeria Merit Awards - 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-11-02|title=Confidence Staveley is impacting the cyber security industry|url=https://technext24.com/2022/11/02/confidence-staveley-cyber-security-industry/|accessdate=2025-06-25|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cyber Security Women Supporter of the Year Award - 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CSWY2022|url=https://leadmind.inteligenca.com/cswy2022/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=leadmind.inteligenca.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Meridian Global Citizen Award - 2022.
* Nwanyị nchebe cyber nke afọ - 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=CSWY2021|url=https://leadmind.inteligenca.com/cswy2021/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=leadmind.inteligenca.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* U.S. State Department International Visitor Leadership Program (IVLP) Impact Award - 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Initiative for Global Impact through the International Visitor Leadership Program|url=https://2021-2025.state.gov/new-initiative-for-global-impact-through-the-international-visitor-leadership-program/|accessdate=2025-06-24|work=United States Department of State|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Abisiga Mojeed Damilola
* Kennedy Ekezie
* [[Florence Seriki]]

== Edemsibia ==
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'''Lindsay Elizabeth Agnew''' (amụrụ na Machị 31, 1995) bụ onye egwuregwu bọọlụ lara ezumike nka nke Canada, onye gbara bọọlụ n'ihu dịka onye na-akwado ndị otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba Canada na klọb National Women's Soccer League North Carolina Courage, Houston Dash, na Washington Spirit.

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ Agnew na Kingston, Ontario, ọ malitere ịgba bọọlụ mgbe ọ dị afọ anọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;can_bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lindsay Agnew|url=http://canadasoccer.com/?t=profile&amp;pid=160|publisher=Canada Soccer|accessdate=March 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinụlọ ya kwagara Syracuse, New York na 2001, wee kwaga ọzọ na Columbus, Ohio na 2006. &lt;ref name=&quot;maxpreps.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maxpreps.com/news/F5KSXECMIUuxj8z8RC974w/dublin-jeromes-lindsay-agnew-doubles-as-world-cup-player-for-canada.htm|title=Dublin Jerome's Lindsay Agnew doubles as World Cup player for Canada – MaxPreps|date=September 26, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara Dublin Jerome High School na Dublin, Ohio ebe ọ gbara bọọlụ na varsity football n'ime afọ anọ niile ọ nọrọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị. Ọ gbakwara bọọlụ basketball..&lt;ref name=&quot;was_bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lindsay Agnew|url=http://washingtonspirit.com/persons/lindsay-agnew/|publisher=Washington Spirit|accessdate=March 26, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327165953/http://washingtonspirit.com/persons/lindsay-agnew/|archivedate=March 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe o nyesịrị ndị otu ahụ aka iru na ngwụcha nke steeti n'oge obere afọ ya, a kpọrọ Agnew aha na otu mbụ All-Ohio na ESPNHS nke abụọ All-American.&lt;ref name=&quot;was_bio&quot; /&gt;

Agnew gbaa bọọlụ klọb maka Ohio Premier ruo afọ ise ma nyere otu ahụ aka imeri asọmpi mba U-18 ECNL na 2013. &lt;ref name=&quot;was_bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lindsay Agnew|url=http://washingtonspirit.com/persons/lindsay-agnew/|publisher=Washington Spirit|accessdate=March 26, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327165953/http://washingtonspirit.com/persons/lindsay-agnew/|archivedate=March 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kọleji ===
Agnew gbara bọọlụ kọleji na Mahadum Ohio State site na 2013 ruo 2016.

== Ọrụ klọb ==

=== Mmụọ Wshington ===
Washington Spirit họọrọ Agnew dị ka onye nke iri na itoolu n'ozuzu na 2017 NWSL College Draft. &lt;ref name=&quot;was_bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lindsay Agnew|url=http://washingtonspirit.com/persons/lindsay-agnew/|publisher=Washington Spirit|accessdate=March 26, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327165953/http://washingtonspirit.com/persons/lindsay-agnew/|archivedate=March 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ ga-apụta ugboro asatọ n'oge mbụ ya.

=== Houston Dash ===
Na Jenụwarị 2018, e rere Agnew na Houston Dash iji gbanwere nke atọ n'ozuzu nke 2018 NWSL College Draft. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Washington Spirit acquires No. 3 overall pick in NWSL College Draft from Houston Dash|url=http://washingtonspirit.com/pro/washington-spirit-acquires-no-3-overall-pick-in-nwsl-college-draft-from-houston-dash/|publisher=Washington Spirit|date=January 16, 2018|accessdate=January 16, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dash hapụrụ ya na Jenụwarị 22, 2020 .&lt;ref name=&quot;NCC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccourage.com/news_article/show/1110059|title=NC Courage Signs Three NWSL Draft Picks, Agnew Ahead of Challenge Cup|author=Morgan Brown|publisher=North Carolina Courage|date=June 19, 2020|accessdate=June 19, 2020|archivedate=January 10, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110211518/https://www.nccourage.com/news_article/show/1110059}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SFC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/soccer/2020/01/28/canadian-lindsay-agnew-joins-sydney-fc-for-remainder-of-season.html|title=Canadian Lindsay Agnew joins Sydney FC for remainder of season|author=The Canadian Press|publisher=Toronto Star|date=January 28, 2020|accessdate=June 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sydney FC ===
Agnew bịanyere aka na Sydney FC nke Australian W-League n'etiti oge 2019-20 W-League na Jenụwarị 28, 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;SFC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/soccer/2020/01/28/canadian-lindsay-agnew-joins-sydney-fc-for-remainder-of-season.html|title=Canadian Lindsay Agnew joins Sydney FC for remainder of season|author=The Canadian Press|publisher=Toronto Star|date=January 28, 2020|accessdate=June 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere na egwuregwu 5, na-egwu nkeji 450, ma dekọọ 1 enyemaka.&lt;ref name=&quot;WLSC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.w-league.com.au/stats-centre#!/players|title=Westfield W-League Stats|publisher=Westfield W-League|accessdate=June 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Obi Ike nke North Carolina ===
A kpọrọ Agnew aha dị ka onye na-abụghị onye a kpọrọ na ndepụta nke North Carolina Courage nke NWSL na Machị 9, 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.socceramerica.com/publications/article/85183/rosters-2020-nwsl-preseason.html|title=Rosters: 2020 NWSL Preseason 03/10/2020|publisher=Soccer America|date=March 10, 2020|accessdate=June 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na June 19, 2020, Agnew bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta otu afọ, na nhọrọ otu afọ iji gbatịkwuo, na Courage. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newschain.uk/us/soccer/lindsay-agnew-signs-loan-deal-swedish-side-kif-orebro-nwsl-club-north-carolina-courage-24279|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930042803/https://www.newschain.uk/us/soccer/lindsay-agnew-signs-loan-deal-swedish-side-kif-orebro-nwsl-club-north-carolina-courage-24279|archivedate=September 30, 2020|title=Lindsay Agnew signs loan deal for Swedish side KIF Örebro from NWSL club North Carolina Courage|work=Newschain.uk|date=August 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ịla ezumike nká ===
Na Machị 11, 2022, Agnew kwupụtara ezumike nká ya na bọọlụ ọkachamara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lindsay Agnew Announces Retirement From Professional Soccer|url=https://www.nccourage.com/news/lindsay-agnew-announces-retirement-from-professional-soccer/|accessdate=2022-03-13|work=NC Courage|date=March 11, 2022|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Agnew natara oku mbụ ya na Ndị otu mba Canada na Jenụwarị 2017. &lt;ref name=&quot;was_bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lindsay Agnew|url=http://washingtonspirit.com/persons/lindsay-agnew/|publisher=Washington Spirit|accessdate=March 26, 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327165953/http://washingtonspirit.com/persons/lindsay-agnew/|archivedate=March 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na Mee 25, 2019, a kpọrọ ya aha na ndepụta ndị ga-asọmpi iko mba ụwa nke ụmụnwaanyị FIFA nke afọ 2019.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.canadasoccer.com/together-we-rise-canada-soccer-announces-squad-for-the-fifa-women-s-world-cup-france-2019-p162195-preview-1|title=Together We Rise: Canada Soccer announces squad for the FIFA Women's World Cup France 2019|accessdate=May 25, 2019|archivedate=June 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606103308/https://www.canadasoccer.com/together-we-rise-canada-soccer-announces-squad-for-the-fifa-women-s-world-cup-france-2019-p162195-preview-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

=== Klọb ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|+Egwuregwu na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na klọb, oge na asọmpi &lt;ref name=&quot;NCC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nccourage.com/news_article/show/1110059|title=NC Courage Signs Three NWSL Draft Picks, Agnew Ahead of Challenge Cup|author=Morgan Brown|publisher=North Carolina Courage|date=June 19, 2020|accessdate=June 19, 2020|archivedate=January 10, 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220110211518/https://www.nccourage.com/news_article/show/1110059}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMorgan_Brown2020&quot;&gt;Morgan Brown (June 19, 2020). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WLSC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.w-league.com.au/stats-centre#!/players|title=Westfield W-League Stats|publisher=Westfield W-League|accessdate=June 19, 2020}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.w-league.com.au/stats-centre#!/players &quot;Westfield W-League Stats&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Klọb
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Oge
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Njikọ
|-
!Njikọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
|-
|Mmụọ Washington
|2017
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |NWSL
|8
|0
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Houston Dash
|2018
|12
|0
|-
|2019
|7
|0
|-
|Sydney FC
|2019–20
|Njikọ W
|5
|0
|-
|Obi Ike nke North Carolina
|2020
|Iko Ihe ịma aka nke NWSL
|0
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ngụkọta ọrụ
!32
!0
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Ọdịdị na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ &lt;ref name=&quot;can_bio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lindsay Agnew|url=http://canadasoccer.com/?t=profile&amp;pid=160|publisher=Canada Soccer|accessdate=March 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; |{{Fbw|CAN}}
|-
!Afọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
|2017
|7
|0
|-
|2018
|3
|0
|-
|2019
|4
|0
|-
!Ngụkọta
!14
!0
|}

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Nna ya, Gary Agnew, bụ onye nkuzi ice hockey.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/soccer/lindsay-agnew-makes-impression-at-canada-senior-soccer-camp/article33999975/|title=Lindsay Agnew makes impression at Canada senior soccer camp|work=The Globe and Mail|date=February 13, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;maxpreps.com&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maxpreps.com/news/F5KSXECMIUuxj8z8RC974w/dublin-jeromes-lindsay-agnew-doubles-as-world-cup-player-for-canada.htm|title=Dublin Jerome's Lindsay Agnew doubles as World Cup player for Canada – MaxPreps|date=September 26, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
 
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Amade Camal</title>
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'''Amade Chemane Camal Jr.''' (1954 - 18 Septemba afọ 2025) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na onye ọchụnta ego Mozambik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-09-18|title=Amade Camal, a key voice in Mozambique's business and politics, passes away at 71|url=https://clubofmozambique.com/news/amade-camal-a-key-voice-in-mozambiques-business-and-politics-passes-away-at-71/|accessdate=2026-03-12|work=Mozambique|language=en-US|archivedate=2026-04-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260430182643/https://clubofmozambique.com/news/amade-camal-a-key-voice-in-mozambiques-business-and-politics-passes-away-at-71/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Onye isi oche nke Sir Comercio Internacional, na nna nke azụmaahịa njem na Mozambique. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=silviaapcampanico@gmail.com|date=2025-09-19|title=President Mourns Death of Amade Camal and Highlights Political and Business Legacy • 360 Mozambique|url=https://360mozambique.com/development/president-mourns-death-of-amade-camal-and-highlights-political-and-business-legacy/|accessdate=2026-03-12|work=360 Mozambique|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye otu Assembly of the Republic of Mozambique maka Nampula Province site n'afọ 1994 ruo afọ 1999. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Unknown title|year=1999|journal=Mozambiquefile: A Mozambique News Agency Monthly|issue=274–284}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmụta ==
Camal gụrụ akwụkwọ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị dị n'ógbè ahụ tupu ya enweta akwụkwọ mmụta ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Central|first=Biography|title=Amade Camal|url=https://biographycentral.com/biography/amade_camal|accessdate=2026-03-12|work=Biography Central|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ sekọndrị na agụmakwụkwọ, ọ nwetara nnabata na Mahadum Eduardo Mondlane na Maputo, ụlọ ọrụ praịmarị na mba ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-11-21|title=10 Best Universities in Mozambique [2025 Rankings]|url=https://edurank.org/geo/mz/|accessdate=2026-03-12|work=EduRank.org - Discover university rankings by location|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-03-22|title=Top Universities in Mozambique: Best Higher Education Institutions - Stay Ahead with Inforoc. Your Go To Hub for Tech Insights and Solutions.|url=https://inforoc.com/top-universities-in-mozambique/|accessdate=2026-03-12|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mahadum, ọ gụrụ sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na mmekọrịta mba ụwa, ebe ọ zụlitere nghọta zuru oke banyere ọchịchị, mmekọrịta mba na mba, na mpaghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, nke duziri ọrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Camal kwusiri ike maka nsogbu atụmatụ ime obodo na Maputo, na-ekwu na akụrụngwa adịghị mma nke obodo ahụ na-atụnye ụtụ na okporo ụzọ ya na-adịghị mma, ọkachasị n'oge ọgba aghara, na-emerụkwa mmegharị obodo na mpaghara ahụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amade Camal: &quot;falta de um estudo sobre a organização da mobilidade retrai soluções sustentáveis&quot;|url=https://www.oeconomico.com/amade-camal-falta-de-um-estudo-sobre-a-organizacao-da-mobilidade-retrai-solucoes-sustentaveis/|publisher=O Económico|language=Portuguese|date=17 September 2020|accessdate=16 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2023, iji mee mkpesa maka mmeri Israel na Palestine, ọtụtụ òtù Mozambik guzobere &quot;mpaghara nnwere onwe nke Israel&quot;. Ụlọ ọrụ Camal Sir International sonyeere ngagharị iwe ahụ, na-ekwu na ha ga-ajụ ire ngwaahịa ọ bụla nke Israel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mozambican citizens establish an Israeli Apartheid free zone|url=https://www.mozambiqueinsights.com/mozambican-citizens-establish-an-israeli-apartheid-free-zone/|publisher=Mozambique Insights|date=16 March 2023|accessdate=16 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ Onwe Onye ==
Onye Alakụba, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ynveEAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=amade+camal+muslim&amp;pg=PR28|title=Towards Jihad?: Muslims and Politics in Postcolonial Mozambique|isbn=978-1-80526-322-7|author=Morier-Genoud|first=Eric|date=26 October 2023|publisher=Hurst Publishers}}&lt;/ref&gt; Camal gara emume ọha nke Eid al-Adha na Maputo. Ọ katọrọ ịrị elu nke Islamism na Mozambique, na-ekwu na Islam bụ okpukpe udo .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=&quot;Nenhum muçulmano mata em nome da religião&quot;, disse Sheikh Umar Ayuba|url=https://opais.co.mz/nenhum-muculmano-mata-em-nome-da-religiao-disse-sheikh-umar-ayuba/|publisher=O Pais|language=Portuguese|date=28 June 2023|accessdate=16 June 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Camal nwụrụ na 18 n'ọnwa Septemba afọ 2025, mgbe ọ dị afọ 71. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Jesus|first=Tomasia de|date=2025-09-18|title=Presidente Chapo lamenta morte de Amade Camal e enaltece legado político e empresarial - Isoc News|url=https://news.isocmedias.co.mz/2025/09/18/presidente-chapo-lamenta-morte-de-amade-camal-e-enaltece-legado-politico-e-empresarial/,%20https://news.isocmedias.co.mz/2025/09/18/presidente-chapo-lamenta-morte-de-amade-camal-e-enaltece-legado-politico-e-empresarial/|accessdate=2026-03-12|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==
{{Reflist}} </text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anya Damola</title>
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'''Damola Hannah Ojo''' (amụrụ na 23 Juun 2003) bụ onye mgba freestyle nke Naịjirịa. O meriri ihe nrite ọlaedo na asọmpi mgba Afrịka nke 2025 na ihe nrite ọlaọcha na egwuregwu Islamic Solidarity nke 2025. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uww.org/athletes/ojo-damola-hannah|title=OJO Damola Hannah athlete profile|publisher=United World Wrestling|accessdate=12 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uww.org/athletes-results/damola-hannah-ojo-203537-profile|title=Damola Hannah Ojo results|publisher=United World Wrestling|accessdate=12 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Na asọmpi mgba Afrịka nke afọ 2025 na Casablanca, Ojo meriri ihe nrite ọlaedo na asọmpi freestyle nke ụmụ nwanyị nke kilogram 76. Ndekọ egwuregwu UWW gosiri na o meriri Rayhana Benrezik nke Algeria site na ọdịda wee merie Amy Youin nke Ijipt 6–0 na njedebe ikpeazụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uww.org/athletes/ojo-damola-hannah|title=OJO Damola Hannah athlete profile|publisher=United World Wrestling|accessdate=12 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uww.org/article/nigeria-perfect-womens-wrestling-egypt-wins-freestyle-title|title=Nigeria perfect in women's wrestling, Egypt wins freestyle title|publisher=United World Wrestling|date=5 May 2025|accessdate=12 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị nta akụkọ Naịjirịa kọkwara na ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị Naịjirịa anọ meriri ọlaedo na mmalite nke asọmpi ahụ na Morocco. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/792098-african-wrestling-championship-nigeria-wins-four-gold-medals-on-day-one.html|title=African Wrestling Championship: Nigeria wins four gold medals on day one|publisher=Premium Times|date=4 May 2025|accessdate=12 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/nigeria-finish-second-at-african-wrestling-championships/|title=Nigeria finish second at African Wrestling Championships|publisher=Punch|date=6 May 2025|accessdate=12 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe e mesịrị na 2025, Ojo meriri ihe nrite ọlaọcha na 2025 Islamic Solidarity Games na Riyadh na otu ụmụ nwanyị nke 76 kg freestyle. Nsonaazụ gọọmentị gosiri na o meriri Samar Amer Ibrahim Hamza nke Ijipt 8–2 na nkeji iri na ise na Pelagie Wilita nke Congo 10–0 na ọkara ikpeazụ tupu ya emerie Aeperi Medet Kyrgyzstan na njedebe ikpeazụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wrs-isg2025.com/discipline/WRE/results/WREWFS76KG------------QFNL0002----/results/|title=Islamic Solidarity Games 2025 wrestling results – Women's freestyle 76 kg quarter-finals|publisher=Islamic Solidarity Games Riyadh 2025|accessdate=12 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wrs-isg2025.com/discipline/WRE/results/WREWFS76KG------------FNL-0001----/results/|title=Islamic Solidarity Games 2025 wrestling results – Women's freestyle 76 kg final|publisher=Islamic Solidarity Games Riyadh 2025|accessdate=12 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na asọmpi mgba ụwa nke ụmụnwaanyị dị afọ 23 nke afọ 2025, Ojo sonye na asọmpi nke ụmụnwaanyị nke kilogram 76 n'efu ma mechaa n'ọkwa nke iri na anọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uww.org/ru/athletes/ojo-damola-hannah|title=OJO Damola Hannah athlete profile|publisher=United World Wrestling|accessdate=12 March 2026|archivedate=13 April 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260413215606/https://uww.org/ru/athletes/ojo-damola-hannah}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
kwụsị ime ihe ike megide ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ agbọghọ. [1] O tinyekwara aka na mgbalị Ford Foundation nke West Africa iji gbanwee ụkpụrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-emerụ ahụ, gụnyere ihe omume emere n'oge CSW 69 iji mee emume ncheta afọ 30 nke Nkwupụta Beijing na Platform for Action, na-akọwapụta ọrụ{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Yulduz Usmonova</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="12423" sha1="4eddipygik6cnzvmsg8ezuw4jjrhaty" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Yulduz Usmonova performing live in Dushanbe, 2017.jpg|thumb|335x335px|Yulduz Usmonova]]
 

'''Yulduz Usmonova''' (Uzbek: YulduzUsmonova, Юлдуз Усмонова; amụrụ na Disemba 12, 1963) bụ onye na-agụ egwu, onye na-ede egwu, onye edemede na onye na-eme ihe nkiri na Uzbek. Ọ bụ onye omenkà nke Uzbekistan na onye omenkà a ma ama nke Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan na Tajikistan. O nwetala aha ọma n'ọtụtụ ebe na Uzbekistan, akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Etiti Eshia, na n'oge na-adịbeghị anya na Turkey. Usmonova emekwara ihe nkiri n'ọtụtụ ihe nkiri Uzbek..

A mụrụ Yulduz Usmonova na Margilan na mpaghara Ferghana  nke Uzbekistan. Nne na nna ya na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ silk. Ọ gụrụ egwu na ụlọ akwụkwọ nkuzi dị na Margilan.

Gavharxonim Rahimova chọtara ya mgbe ọ bụsịrị abụ n'ihe ngosi Ụbọchị Ụmụnwaanyị. Rahimova nyeere aka meghee ọtụtụ ụzọ maka Usmanova. Mgbe e webatara ya na ndị prọfesọ si Uzbekistan State Conservatory, ọ kwadebere onwe ya n'okpuru nduzi ha. Ọ mụrụ olu, wee mechaa bụrụ onye na-abụ abụ a ma ama na Uzbekistan mgbe nnwere onwe ya gasịrị na 1991. Ọ ghọrọ onye a ma ama na Central Asia na mgbe e mesịrị na Turkey ma wepụtala egwu n'ọtụtụ asụsụ, dịka Uzbek, Uyghur, Turkish, Russian, Tajik, Arabic, Kazakh, Indian na Tatar.&lt;ref name=&quot;YB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Biography of Yulduz Usmanova (In Russian)|url=http://yulduz.uz/biografiya|work=Yulduz.uz|accessdate=25 April 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Yulduz Usmonova, site n'iji abụ ọdịnala eme ihe, nke mmụọ nke ịhụ mba n'anya bara ọgaranya, mepụtara abụ ndị dabeere n'amaokwu Muhammad Yusuf na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-ede uri (Anyị agaghị enye gị onye ọ bụla, [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]]&quot; id=&quot;mwLg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Uzbekistan&quot;&gt;Uzbekistan), (Ka ị nọgide na nke anyị, ndị m). Ọzọkwa, egwu Uzbek na narị afọ nke 20 gụnyere abụ ọdịnala (Nastarin, Sanamgina, Qizil Olma), abụ ememe (Nozanin, Buxorodan kuyov Qiling), abụ abụ-ihe nkiri (Ona, Shoh va gado, Otajon, Allohim, Muhammad Yusufga), ma mee ọtụtụ abụ mba ọzọ na nke enyi na enyi n'elu ikpo okwu, dị ka &quot;Allah Ya-Baba&quot; (n'asụsụ Arabic), &quot;Dunyo&quot; (n&quot; (n-n'asụsụ Turkish), &quot;Parvardigori&quot; (n) &lt;ref name=&quot;Biography7&quot; /&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ya-izvesten.ru/yulduz-usmanova-biografiya-lichnaya-zhizn-deti-muzh-pesni/|title=Творчество Юлдуз Усмановой с 2008-го года по наши дни|work=ya-izvesten.ru|date=16 January 2020|accessdate=2023-10-24}}&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;).

Na ngwụcha afọ 1980, Yulduz Usmonova wepụtara abọm izizi ya, &quot;''Mayda''&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Biography5&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Biography7&quot; /&gt; N'afọ 1990, ọ meriri n'ọkwa nke abụọ na asọmpi mba ụwa &quot;'''Osiyo ovozi''',&quot; nke emere na Alma-Ata.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography8&quot; /&gt; Mgbe nke a gasịrị, a nabatara abọm ya &quot;''Olma-Olm''&quot; nke ọma na World Music Charts [[Obodo Békè|Europe]], na-eru ọkwa dị elu. &lt;ref name=&quot;Biography5&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Biography8&quot; /&gt; Abụ ya &quot;I Wish You Were Here,&quot; nke nwere okwu Bekee na Uzbek, nwetara ọkwa dị elu n'ọtụtụ chaatị pop Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography7&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography8&quot; /&gt; Mgbe e mesịrị, o wepụtara abọm ndị dị ka &quot;''Jannona''&quot; (1995), &quot;Men shu Nintendo bo'lsang&quot; (1995). &lt;ref name=&quot;Biography7&quot; /&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, na 1999, Yulduz Usmonova sonyere na mmemme egwu na Netherlands. N'afọ 2002, a na-asọpụrụ ya na utu aha &quot;Middle Asia's Queen of the Arts&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;Biography5&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Biography7&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Biography8&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://yulduz.uz/biografiya/|title=Биография|work=yulduz.uz|accessdate=2023-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Ihe nkiri
!Afọ
!Ihe nkiri
!Ọrụ
!Ihe edeturu
|-
|1991
|''Ịtụ egwu''
|Yulduz
|
|-
|1992
|''Olov qa'ridagi farishta''
|Nargiza
|Ịbụ abụ
|-
|1995
|''Bolajon''
|Ya onwe ya
|Cameo
|-
|2000
|''Tohir va Zuhra yangi talqin''
|Ya onwe ya
|Cameo
|-
|2004
|''Muhabbat sinovlari 2''
|Ya onwe ya
|Cameo
|-
|2004
|''Qalblar naʻlqini''
|Nodira
|Ịbụ abụ
|-
|2004
|''Sarvinoz''
|Ya onwe ya
|Cameo
|-
|2011
|''Er bermoq - jon bermoq''
|Ya onwe ya
|Cameo
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Egwú
!Afọ
!Ihe nkiri
!Ihe nkiri
!Ihe edeturu
|-
|1990
|''Ịtụ egwu''
|Nwanyị Iron
|
|-
|1991
|''Ịtụ egwu''
|Nwoke Iron
|
|-
|1992
|''Olov qa'ridagi farishta''
|
|
|-
|1992
|''Kim jinni?''
|
|
|-
|1995
|''Bolajon''
|Nwa
|
|-
|2000
|''Tohir va Zuhra yangi talqin''
|Tohir na Zuhra: Nkọwa Ọhụrụ
|
|-
|2004
|''Muhabbat sinovlari 2''
|
|
|-
|2004
|''Qalblar naʻlqini''
|
|
|-
|2004
|''Sarvinoz''
|Sarvinoz
|
|-
|2005
|''Nahotki, ọ̀ bụ?''
|
|
|-
|2007
|''Bo'rilar''
|Anụ ọhịa wolf
|
|-
|2008
|''Oshiqlar''
|Ndị hụrụ n'anya
|
|-
|2011
|''Er bermoq - jon bermoq''
|
|
|-
|2013
|''Ọcha na-acha odo odo''
|
|
|-
|2015
|''Yolg'on niile''
|Ụwa Na-adịghị Nkwado
|
|-
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Vidio egwu
!Afọ
!Aha abụ
!Onye na-ese ihe
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2007
|&quot;Bir kuning baxsh na&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Nilufar Usmonova
|-
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |2017
|&quot;Anyị chọrọ otu mmeri&quot;
| rowspan=&quot;1&quot; |Akbar ft. Shirin Mamatova
|-
|}

== Nkọwapụta ==

; Abọm studio

* 1993: ''Alma Alma''
* 1995: ''Jannona''
* 1996: ''Binafscha''
* 1999: ''Oqqan daryo oqaveradi''
* 1999: ''Yulduz''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Yulduz|url=https://www.allmusic.com/album/yulduz-mw0000438369|work=Allmusic.com|accessdate=August 3, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2001: ''Buncha go'zal bu''
* 2001: ''Oshiqlik''
* 2002: ''Yoshligim, beboshligim''
* 2003: ''Mendan meni so'rama''
* 2003: ''Banyere Ịhụnanya''
* 2004: Ụmụ nwoke o'zimni topmasam''Ndị ikom o'zimni topmasam''
* 2005: ''Yondiraman, yonaman''
* 2005: ''Ayol''
* 2005: Biё, Jónam''Biё, Jọnm''
* 2006: ''APC sable tiladim''
* 2007: ''Kerak bo'lsa jonim fido''
* 2007: O'zbekiston - N'ihi na ọ bụ n'oge a na-adịghị anya''O'zbekiston - N'ụmụ nwoke&amp;nbsp;''
* 2008: ''Inadim''
* 2009: ''Dunya''
* 2009: Sen ham dị ka, koʻzmunchogʻingman''Sen ham asra, koʻzmunchogʻingman''
* 2010: ''Tilimdan emas dilimdan''
* 2010: ''Kible Benin Kalbimde''
* 2011: ''Bir Şans Lee''
* 2019: ''Ndị ikom seni sevaman''

== Ihe nkiri vidio ==

* (1991) &quot;Aylanma&quot;
* (1991) &quot;Qizil olma&quot;
* (2000) &quot;Sevgilim&quot; (feat. Ruslan Sharipov) 
* (2001) &quot;Nozanin&quot; (feat. Ruslan Sharipov) 
* (2003) &quot;Mendan meni soʻrama&quot;
* (2003) &quot;Senga&quot;
* (2004) &quot;Qalb&quot;
* (2004) &quot;Ndị ikom kimman ayt&quot;
* (2004) &quot;O'g'il bola&quot;
* (2005) &quot;Biyo jonam biyo&quot; (N'asụsụ Tajik) 
* (2005) &quot;Ko'rmasam bo'ls&quot;
* (2005) &quot;Nadur&quot; (feat. Akron Ibodullaev) 
* (2005) &quot;Sevaman seni&quot; (feat. Davron Ergashev) 
* (2006) &quot;Bevafo yorim&quot;
* (2006) &quot;Iymon&quot;
* (2006) &quot;Jon me bari jon&quot; (N'asụsụ Tajik) 
* (2006) &quot;Muhabbat&quot;
* (2006) &quot;Oh dilame&quot; (N'asụsụ Tajik) 
* (2006) &quot;Sog'inch&quot;
* (2006) &quot;Tik dị otú&quot; (N'asụsụ Russian) 
* (2006) &quot;Mụọ ozi m&quot; (N'asụsụ Russian) 
* (2007) &quot;Dadajon&quot;
* (2007) &quot;Oʻp - oʻp&quot;
* (2007) &quot;Oq kemo&quot;
* (2007) &quot;Yana bahor&quot;
* (2007) &quot;Любовь моя&quot; (feat. the band &quot;Dostar&quot;) (N'asụsụ Russian) 
* (2008) &quot;Mmetụta Allahim&quot; (N'asụsụ Turkish) 
* (2008) &quot;Babacim&quot; (N'asụsụ Turkish) 
* (2008) &quot;Öp&quot; (N'asụsụ Turkish) 
* (2008) &quot;Salovat&quot;
* (2008) &quot;Shekilli&quot;
* (2009) &quot;Görmesem Olmaz&quot; (feat Fatih Erkoç) 
* (2009) &quot;Yalan&quot;ya (N'asụsụ Turkish) 
* (2010) &quot;Beni kovma Kalbinden&quot; (N'asụsụ Turkish) 
* (2010) &quot;Seni severdim&quot; (N'asụsụ Turkish) 
* (2010) &quot;Yalvar guzel Allah排&quot; (N'asụsụ Turkish) 
* (2010) &quot;Yolvor goʻzal&quot;
* (2011) &quot;Aldadi&quot; (feat. Atham Yuldashev) 
* (2011) &quot;Aynanayin&quot;
* (2011) &quot;Belli belli&quot; (N'asụsụ Turkish) 
* (2011) &quot;Dunya&quot; (N'asụsụ Turkish) 
* (2011) &quot;Ey yor&quot; (N'asụsụ Tajik) 
* (2011) &quot;Koʻz yoshim oqar&quot;
* (2018) &quot;Yalli-yalli&quot;
* (2019) &quot;Taralli dalli&quot;
*
* (2022) &quot;Muhabbat&quot;
* (2022) &quot;Yor biyo&quot; (N'asụsụ Tajik, Malik) 
* (2022) &quot;Boonọ&quot;
* (2022) &quot;Tojiki medonet&quot; (n'asụsụ Tajik, feat Malik) 
* (2022) &quot;Kel&quot;
* (2022) &quot;Bas&quot; (n'asụsụ Tajik) 
* (2023) &quot;DA KUJO SHUMO&quot; (n'asụsụ Uzbek na Tajik, ọrụ Malik) 

== Onyinye ==
Ọ bụ onye mmeri nke ọtụtụ asọmpi egwu mba ụwa (Yurmala, 1989; Alma-Ata, 1991). E nyere ya aha &quot;Dame of Eastern Songs&quot; (2000, [[Turkéy|Turkey]]). Ọ na-eme ihe nkiri na [[Obodo Békè|Europe]], [[Asia|Eshia]], [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|America]], na North Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://24smi.org/celebrity/4339-iulduz-usmanova.html|title=Юлдуз Усманова|work=24smi.org|accessdate=2023-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ya-izvesten.ru/yulduz-usmanova-biografiya-lichnaya-zhizn-deti-muzh-pesni/|title=Творчество Юлдуз Усмановой с 2008-го года по наши дни|work=ya-izvesten.ru|date=16 January 2020|accessdate=2023-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ednews.net/ru/news/interview/532536-primadonna-uzbekskoy-estradi-yulduz-usmanova|title=Примадонна узбекской эстрады Юлдуз Усманова в Баку|work=ednews.net|accessdate=2023-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nnọchi anya oge abụọ na Kansụl Kasị Elu nke Republic of Uzbekistan (1995-2000).

* &quot;Onye na-ese ihe nke Uzbekistan&quot; (1993) &lt;ref name=&quot;Biography5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://repost.uz/yulduz-usmanova#5|title=Юлдуз Усманова - биография, фото, личная жизнь|work=repost.uz|accessdate=2023-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Onye na-ese ihe nke Uzbekistan (1995) &lt;ref name=&quot;Biography4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/acter/w/star/256350/bio/|title=УСМАНОВА ЮЛДУЗ УРАЙИМОХУНОВНА|work=www.kino-teatr.ru|accessdate=2023-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Biography8&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ednews.net/ru/news/interview/532536-primadonna-uzbekskoy-estradi-yulduz-usmanova|title=Примадонна узбекской эстрады Юлдуз Усманова в Баку|work=ednews.net|accessdate=2023-10-24}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://ednews.net/ru/news/interview/532536-primadonna-uzbekskoy-estradi-yulduz-usmanova &quot;Примадонна узбекской эстрады Юлдуз Усманова в Баку&quot;]. ''ednews.net''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2023-10-24&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Otu ihe mere n'oge gara aga&quot; (&quot;People's Artist of Karakalpakstan&quot;) (2000) 
* Ihe nrite pụrụ iche (2005) 
* Ihe nrite &quot;Shuhrat&quot; (2021) 
* &quot;El-yurt hurmati&quot; ordeni (Nchịkọta nke &quot;Nsọpụrụ nke Mba&quot;).  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://president.uz/uz/lists/view/6619|title=Ўзбекистон Республикаси мустақиллигининг ўттиз икки йиллиги муносабати билан фан, таълим, соғлиқни сақлаш, адабиёт, маданият, санъат соҳалари ва оммавий ахборот воситалари ходимларидан бир гуруҳини мукофотлаш тўғрисида|work=president.uz|accessdate=2023-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kun.uz/uz/news/2023/08/27/mustaqillik-bayrami-arafasida-talim-sogliqni-saqlash-va-madaniyat-sohalari-xodimlari-mukofotlandi|title=Mustaqillik bayrami arafasida ta'lim, sog'liqni saqlash va madaniyat sohalari xodimlari mukofotlandi|work=kun.uz|accessdate=2023-10-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Hormatly &quot;Türkmenist annua suratkeşi&quot; (Onye a na-asọpụrụ &quot;Onye na-ese ihe nke Turkmenistan&quot;) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=turkmenportal|date=2023-10-10|title=В Туркменистане состоялся гала-концерт мастеров культуры и искусств стран Центральной Азии {{!}} Культура|url=https://turkmenportal.com/blog/38739/v-turkmenistane-sostoyalsya-galakoncert-masterov-kultury-i-iskusstv-stran-centralnoi-azii|accessdate=2023-11-02|work=Туркменистан, интернет портал о культурной, деловой и развлекательной жизни в Туркменистане|language=ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
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  <page>
    <title>Lis Asklund</title>
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'''Louise Viveka Ulrika Asklund''', (onye amụrụ Lagercrantz, nke a maara site na aha njirimara ''Lis''), ((1913-03-23)  - (2006-01-12) ) bụ Onye nkuzi mmekọahụ na Sweden, onye na-eme ihe ngosi telivishọn na redio, na onye edemede.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uppslagsverket&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lis Asklund|url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/lis-asklund|work=Uppslagsverket|publisher=NE Nationalencyklopedin AB|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ndụ mbụ na alụmdi na nwunye ==
A mụrụ ya na 1913, nna Lis Asklund bụ onye bụbu onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ peat nke mechara na-elekọta Ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị na ụlọ akụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ise nne na nna ya nwere, nna ya mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ mgbe ọ lụchara di ọzọ. Nwanne ya nwoke, Olof Lagercrantz, gara n'ihu bụrụ onye edemede a ma ama. Nna ya chọrọ ka ụmụ ya nwanyị nweta agụmakwụkwọ na ohere maka ụmụ ya nwoke, Lis Asklund nwetakwara asambodo akwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Wallin dị na Stockholm mgbe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na 1933 ruo 1936 Lis Asklund zụrụ dị ka onye nọọsụ na Swedish Red Cross na Ụlọ ọgwụ Sabbatsberg, tupu ọ gaa nọrọ otu afọ na London na Florence Nightingale International Foundation, ebe ọ mụrụ ọtụtụ isiokwu metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nkà mmụta uche, ụkpụrụ omume, nkà ihe ọmụma, na nlekọta ahụike. O nwetakwara ahụmịhe bara uru na-arụ ọrụ na East End nke London.Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sweden na 1938, Lis Asklund ghọrọ otu n'ime naanị ndị ọrụ enyemaka ụlọ ọgwụ abụọ (nke bụ ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ) na-arụkọ ọrụ na Sweden n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye na-ahụ maka onyinye ruo n'afọ 1949.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot; /&gt;

N'otu afọ ahụ ka ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka almoner na Sweden, Lis Asklund zutere Erik Asklund, onye ya na ya lụrụ na 1940. Erik Asklund bụ onye edemede, na ndị otu ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị edemede na ọdịbendị Sweden n'oge ahụ, gụnyere Ivar Lo-Johansson, Nils Ferlin, Gunnar Ekelöf, Stig Åsberg, na Tora Dahl. Di na nwunye ahụ gara n'ihu mụọ nwa nwanyị (Malin) na 1946 na nwa nwoke (Jonas) na 1951. Lis Asklund mechara kọwaa alụmdi na nwunye ya na Erik Asklund dị ka enweghị obi ụtọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1986 bụ ''Uppbrott'' (Ọpụpụ), ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm na 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ na ahụike mmekọahụ ==
Iwu mbụ nke kwadoro ime ime na Sweden ka e tinyere n'iwu n'okpuru Iwu Ime Ime nke afọ 1938, mana nke a kwere ka ime ime n'okpuru obere ọnọdụ. Nke a mere ka ụmụ nwanyị chọọ ndị na-eme ime ime n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ihi na ha enweghị ike ime ime iwu kwadoro. Onye nta akụkọ nwanyị bụ Elise Ottesen-Jensen (onye aha ya bụ Ottar) gakwuuru Lis Asklund na 1940 ka o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ maka Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (Riksförbund för sexuell upplysning) ebe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịga maka ndụmọdụ ma nwee ike ịchụpụ ndị na-eme ime ime dị ize ndụ. Akụkụ nke a gụnyere inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itinye akwụkwọ maka ime ime, mana n'afọ ndị mbụ, a jụrụ ọtụtụ ngwa. Lis Asklund rụrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ọfịs a n'abalị yana ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Afọ abụọ ka e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ a, Asklund guzobere ebe ndụmọdụ ahụike mmekọahụ ọzọ maka obodo Stockholm, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lis Asklund gbara mbọ ka e belata iwu ime ime na Sweden ma bụrụ onye akaebe tupu nyocha ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ gbasara ime ime, nakwa mgbe e mesịrị nyocha gọọmentị nke afọ 1950 gbasara ime ime. Mgbalị ya rụpụtara ihe dị iche na 1946 mgbe e nyere ohere maka ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba dị ka ihe kpatara ime ime, nke mere ka ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-eme nke ọma maka ime ime ruo ihe dị ka ọkara. Na 1975, ime ime na Sweden bịara dị maka ọchịchọ ruo izu nke iri na asatọ nke ime ime..&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ndụ ya ==
N'afọ 1956, Lis Asklund malitere ịpụta na mmemme redio kwa izu Människor emellan (Between People) nke Swedish Broadcasting Corporation na-agbasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fleisher 230&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fleisher|first=Frederic|title=The new Sweden; the challenge of a disciplined democracy|date=1967|publisher=David McKay Co|url=https://archive.org/details/newswedenchall00flei/page/229/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihe ngosi ahụ, Asklund zara akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ndị na-ege ntị na-arịọ maka ndụmọdụ banyere nsogbu onwe onye dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwoke lụrụ di na nwunye nwere ezinụlọ na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ihena-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ riri ya ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ullerstam 108&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ullerstam|first=Lars|title=The Erotic Minorities|date=1966|publisher=Grove Press|url=https://archive.org/details/eroticminorities00ulle/page/108/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asklund pụtara na mmemme ahụ ruo 1968, na-enweta ihe dịka akwụwọ ozi 100 kwa izu (80% site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị) ma na-eru ndị na-ege ntị kwa izu nke ihe dịka mmadụ 700,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Asklund pụtakwara na mmemme redio ndị ọzọ, gụnyere akụkọ 1959 banyere ọnọdụ dị n'ụlọ ụmụaka Eugeniah nwere nkwarụ na Stockholm ebe ọ kọrọ ọnọdụ siri ike na ntaramahụhụ siri ike a na-enye ụmụaka maka obere mmejọ. Kọmịshọna steeti nwara ịkwụsị mgbasa ozi nke mmemme ahụ, n'agbanyeghị mbọ a mere ka emeziri iwu redio Swedish ka ọ tinye otu iwu iji gbasaa ọrụ dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkọ ahụ sochiri nyocha gọọmentị na 1961 nke kwadoro nchọpụta ya, ma mechie ụlọ ahụ. Asklund kwadokwara ihe omume telivishọn na 1965 nke kwadoro iwu ụlọ 300 maka ndị nwere nkwarụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime afọ ndị 1970s, a kpọbatara Asklund na ụdị Fountain House nke ịgwọ ọrịa uche na New York, ebe a na-agwọ nsogbu ahụike uche na obodo n'ụlọ klọb, kama n'ọnọdụ ahụike. Asklund mechara webata ihe nlereanya ahụ na Scandinavia, malite Swedish Fountain House Foundation na 1979, na-enyere aka na ntọala nke ọtụtụ alaka n'ime Sweden, ma bụrụ onye otu nsọpụrụ nke ụlọ klọb abụọ nke Sweden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flannery 177-178&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Flannery|first=Mary|title=Fountain House : portraits of lives reclaimed from mental illness|date=1996|publisher=Hazelden|isbn=156838128X|pages=177–178|url=https://archive.org/details/fountainhousepor0000flan/page/176/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

E nyere Asklund ihe nrite Socrates n'afọ 1978. E nyere onyinye ahụ maka &quot;ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ ọha na eze dị oke egwu dị ka onye nta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta na redio na telivishọn&quot;. Asklund nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'oge ndụ ya, gụnyere Vägen till mognad (The Road To Maturity) na 1966 na Torsten Wickbom nke lekwasịrị anya na nha nhata nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, &lt;ref name=&quot;Scobbie&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Scobbie|first=Irene|title=Sweden|date=1972|publisher=Praeger Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/sweden00scob/page/208/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samtal är Reagan (Conversations are work) na mkpa ndị dọkịta na-agwa ndị ọrịa ha okwu, na akwụkwọ ncheta ya ''Uppbrott'' na 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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'''Louise Viveka Ulrika Asklund''', (onye amụrụ Lagercrantz, nke a maara site na aha njirimara ''Lis''), ((1913-03-23)  - (2006-01-12) ) bụ Onye nkuzi mmekọahụ na Sweden, onye na-eme ihe ngosi telivishọn na redio, na onye edemede.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uppslagsverket&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lis Asklund|url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/lis-asklund|work=Uppslagsverket|publisher=NE Nationalencyklopedin AB|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ndụ mbụ na alụmdi na nwunye ==
A mụrụ ya na 1913, nna Lis Asklund bụ onye bụbu onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ peat nke mechara na-elekọta Ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị na ụlọ akụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ise nne na nna ya nwere, nna ya mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ mgbe ọ lụchara di ọzọ. Nwanne ya nwoke, Olof Lagercrantz, gara n'ihu bụrụ onye edemede a ma ama. Nna ya chọrọ ka ụmụ ya nwanyị nweta agụmakwụkwọ na ohere maka ụmụ ya nwoke, Lis Asklund nwetakwara asambodo akwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Wallin dị na Stockholm mgbe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ.

Site na 1933 ruo 1936 Lis Asklund zụrụ dị ka onye nọọsụ na Swedish Red Cross na Ụlọ ọgwụ Sabbatsberg, tupu ọ gaa nọrọ otu afọ na London na Florence Nightingale International Foundation, ebe ọ mụrụ ọtụtụ isiokwu metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nkà mmụta uche, ụkpụrụ omume, nkà ihe ọmụma, na nlekọta ahụike. O nwetakwara ahụmịhe bara uru na-arụ ọrụ na East End nke London.Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sweden na 1938, Lis Asklund ghọrọ otu n'ime naanị ndị ọrụ enyemaka ụlọ ọgwụ abụọ (nke bụ ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ) na-arụkọ ọrụ na Sweden n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye na-ahụ maka onyinye ruo n'afọ 1949.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot; /&gt;

N'otu afọ ahụ ka ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka almoner na Sweden, Lis Asklund zutere Erik Asklund, onye ya na ya lụrụ na 1940. Erik Asklund bụ onye edemede, na ndị otu ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị edemede na ọdịbendị Sweden n'oge ahụ, gụnyere Ivar Lo-Johansson, Nils Ferlin, Gunnar Ekelöf, Stig Åsberg, na Tora Dahl. Di na nwunye ahụ gara n'ihu mụọ nwa nwanyị (Malin) na 1946 na nwa nwoke (Jonas) na 1951. Lis Asklund mechara kọwaa alụmdi na nwunye ya na Erik Asklund dị ka enweghị obi ụtọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1986 bụ ''Uppbrott'' (Ọpụpụ), ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm na 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ na ahụike mmekọahụ ==
Iwu mbụ nke kwadoro ime ime na Sweden ka e tinyere n'iwu n'okpuru Iwu Ime Ime nke afọ 1938, mana nke a kwere ka ime ime n'okpuru obere ọnọdụ. Nke a mere ka ụmụ nwanyị chọọ ndị na-eme ime ime n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ihi na ha enweghị ike ime ime iwu kwadoro. Onye nta akụkọ nwanyị bụ Elise Ottesen-Jensen (onye aha ya bụ Ottar) gakwuuru Lis Asklund na 1940 ka o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ maka Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (Riksförbund för sexuell upplysning) ebe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịga maka ndụmọdụ ma nwee ike ịchụpụ ndị na-eme ime ime dị ize ndụ. Akụkụ nke a gụnyere inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itinye akwụkwọ maka ime ime, mana n'afọ ndị mbụ, a jụrụ ọtụtụ ngwa. Lis Asklund rụrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ọfịs a n'abalị yana ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Afọ abụọ ka e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ a, Asklund guzobere ebe ndụmọdụ ahụike mmekọahụ ọzọ maka obodo Stockholm, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lis Asklund gbara mbọ ka e belata iwu ime ime na Sweden ma bụrụ onye akaebe tupu nyocha ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ gbasara ime ime, nakwa mgbe e mesịrị nyocha gọọmentị nke afọ 1950 gbasara ime ime. Mgbalị ya rụpụtara ihe dị iche na 1946 mgbe e nyere ohere maka ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba dị ka ihe kpatara ime ime, nke mere ka ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-eme nke ọma maka ime ime ruo ihe dị ka ọkara. Na 1975, ime ime na Sweden bịara dị maka ọchịchọ ruo izu nke iri na asatọ nke ime ime..&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ndụ ya ==
N'afọ 1956, Lis Asklund malitere ịpụta na mmemme redio kwa izu Människor emellan (Between People) nke Swedish Broadcasting Corporation na-agbasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fleisher 230&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fleisher|first=Frederic|title=The new Sweden; the challenge of a disciplined democracy|date=1967|publisher=David McKay Co|url=https://archive.org/details/newswedenchall00flei/page/229/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihe ngosi ahụ, Asklund zara akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ndị na-ege ntị na-arịọ maka ndụmọdụ banyere nsogbu onwe onye dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwoke lụrụ di na nwunye nwere ezinụlọ na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ihena-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ riri ya ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ullerstam 108&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ullerstam|first=Lars|title=The Erotic Minorities|date=1966|publisher=Grove Press|url=https://archive.org/details/eroticminorities00ulle/page/108/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asklund pụtara na mmemme ahụ ruo 1968, na-enweta ihe dịka akwụwọ ozi 100 kwa izu (80% site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị) ma na-eru ndị na-ege ntị kwa izu nke ihe dịka mmadụ 700,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Asklund pụtakwara na mmemme redio ndị ọzọ, gụnyere akụkọ 1959 banyere ọnọdụ dị n'ụlọ ụmụaka Eugeniah nwere nkwarụ na Stockholm ebe ọ kọrọ ọnọdụ siri ike na ntaramahụhụ siri ike a na-enye ụmụaka maka obere mmejọ. Kọmịshọna steeti nwara ịkwụsị mgbasa ozi nke mmemme ahụ, n'agbanyeghị mbọ a mere ka emeziri iwu redio Swedish ka ọ tinye otu iwu iji gbasaa ọrụ dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkọ ahụ sochiri nyocha gọọmentị na 1961 nke kwadoro nchọpụta ya, ma mechie ụlọ ahụ. Asklund kwadokwara ihe omume telivishọn na 1965 nke kwadoro iwu ụlọ 300 maka ndị nwere nkwarụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime afọ ndị 1970s, a kpọbatara Asklund na ụdị Fountain House nke ịgwọ ọrịa uche na New York, ebe a na-agwọ nsogbu ahụike uche na obodo n'ụlọ klọb, kama n'ọnọdụ ahụike. Asklund mechara webata ihe nlereanya ahụ na Scandinavia, malite Swedish Fountain House Foundation na 1979, na-enyere aka na ntọala nke ọtụtụ alaka n'ime Sweden, ma bụrụ onye otu nsọpụrụ nke ụlọ klọb abụọ nke Sweden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flannery 177-178&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Flannery|first=Mary|title=Fountain House : portraits of lives reclaimed from mental illness|date=1996|publisher=Hazelden|isbn=156838128X|pages=177–178|url=https://archive.org/details/fountainhousepor0000flan/page/176/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

E nyere Asklund ihe nrite Socrates n'afọ 1978. E nyere onyinye ahụ maka &quot;ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ ọha na eze dị oke egwu dị ka onye nta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta na redio na telivishọn&quot;. Asklund nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'oge ndụ ya, gụnyere Vägen till mognad (The Road To Maturity) na 1966 na Torsten Wickbom nke lekwasịrị anya na nha nhata nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, &lt;ref name=&quot;Scobbie&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Scobbie|first=Irene|title=Sweden|date=1972|publisher=Praeger Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/sweden00scob/page/208/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samtal är Reagan (Conversations are work) na mkpa ndị dọkịta na-agwa ndị ọrịa ha okwu, na akwụkwọ ncheta ya ''Uppbrott'' na 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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'''Louise Viveka Ulrika Asklund''', (onye amụrụ Lagercrantz, nke a maara site na aha njirimara ''Lis''), ((1913-03-23)  - (2006-01-12) ) bụ Onye nkuzi mmekọahụ na Sweden, onye na-eme ihe ngosi telivishọn na redio, na onye edemede.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uppslagsverket&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lis Asklund|url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/lis-asklund|work=Uppslagsverket|publisher=NE Nationalencyklopedin AB|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ndụ mbụ na alụmdi na nwunye ==
A mụrụ ya na 1913, nna Lis Asklund bụ onye bụbu onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ peat nke mechara na-elekọta Ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị na ụlọ akụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ise nne na nna ya nwere, nna ya mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ mgbe ọ lụchara di ọzọ. Nwanne ya nwoke, Olof Lagercrantz, gara n'ihu bụrụ onye edemede a ma ama. Nna ya chọrọ ka ụmụ ya nwanyị nweta agụmakwụkwọ na ohere maka ụmụ ya nwoke, Lis Asklund nwetakwara asambodo akwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Wallin dị na Stockholm mgbe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ.

Site na 1933 ruo 1936 Lis Asklund zụrụ dị ka onye nọọsụ na Swedish Red Cross na Ụlọ ọgwụ Sabbatsberg, tupu ọ gaa nọrọ otu afọ na London na Florence Nightingale International Foundation, ebe ọ mụrụ ọtụtụ isiokwu metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nkà mmụta uche, ụkpụrụ omume, nkà ihe ọmụma, na nlekọta ahụike. O nwetakwara ahụmịhe bara uru na-arụ ọrụ na East End nke London.Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sweden na 1938, Lis Asklund ghọrọ otu n'ime naanị ndị ọrụ enyemaka ụlọ ọgwụ abụọ (nke bụ ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ) na-arụkọ ọrụ na Sweden n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye na-ahụ maka onyinye ruo n'afọ 1949.

N'otu afọ ahụ ka ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka almoner na Sweden, Lis Asklund zutere Erik Asklund, onye ya na ya lụrụ na 1940. Erik Asklund bụ onye edemede, na ndị otu ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị edemede na ọdịbendị Sweden n'oge ahụ, gụnyere Ivar Lo-Johansson, Nils Ferlin, Gunnar Ekelöf, Stig Åsberg, na Tora Dahl. Di na nwunye ahụ gara n'ihu mụọ nwa nwanyị (Malin) na 1946 na nwa nwoke (Jonas) na 1951. Lis Asklund mechara kọwaa alụmdi na nwunye ya na Erik Asklund dị ka enweghị obi ụtọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1986 bụ ''Uppbrott'' (Ọpụpụ), ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm na 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ na ahụike mmekọahụ ==
Iwu mbụ nke kwadoro ime ime na Sweden ka e tinyere n'iwu n'okpuru Iwu Ime Ime nke afọ 1938, mana nke a kwere ka ime ime n'okpuru obere ọnọdụ. Nke a mere ka ụmụ nwanyị chọọ ndị na-eme ime ime n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ihi na ha enweghị ike ime ime iwu kwadoro. Onye nta akụkọ nwanyị bụ Elise Ottesen-Jensen (onye aha ya bụ Ottar) gakwuuru Lis Asklund na 1940 ka o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ maka Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (Riksförbund för sexuell upplysning) ebe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịga maka ndụmọdụ ma nwee ike ịchụpụ ndị na-eme ime ime dị ize ndụ. Akụkụ nke a gụnyere inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itinye akwụkwọ maka ime ime, mana n'afọ ndị mbụ, a jụrụ ọtụtụ ngwa. Lis Asklund rụrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ọfịs a n'abalị yana ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Afọ abụọ ka e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ a, Asklund guzobere ebe ndụmọdụ ahụike mmekọahụ ọzọ maka obodo Stockholm, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lis Asklund gbara mbọ ka e belata iwu ime ime na Sweden ma bụrụ onye akaebe tupu nyocha ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ gbasara ime ime, nakwa mgbe e mesịrị nyocha gọọmentị nke afọ 1950 gbasara ime ime. Mgbalị ya rụpụtara ihe dị iche na 1946 mgbe e nyere ohere maka ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba dị ka ihe kpatara ime ime, nke mere ka ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-eme nke ọma maka ime ime ruo ihe dị ka ọkara. Na 1975, ime ime na Sweden bịara dị maka ọchịchọ ruo izu nke iri na asatọ nke ime ime..&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ndụ ya ==
N'afọ 1956, Lis Asklund malitere ịpụta na mmemme redio kwa izu Människor emellan (Between People) nke Swedish Broadcasting Corporation na-agbasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fleisher 230&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fleisher|first=Frederic|title=The new Sweden; the challenge of a disciplined democracy|date=1967|publisher=David McKay Co|url=https://archive.org/details/newswedenchall00flei/page/229/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihe ngosi ahụ, Asklund zara akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ndị na-ege ntị na-arịọ maka ndụmọdụ banyere nsogbu onwe onye dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwoke lụrụ di na nwunye nwere ezinụlọ na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ihena-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ riri ya ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ullerstam 108&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ullerstam|first=Lars|title=The Erotic Minorities|date=1966|publisher=Grove Press|url=https://archive.org/details/eroticminorities00ulle/page/108/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asklund pụtara na mmemme ahụ ruo 1968, na-enweta ihe dịka akwụwọ ozi 100 kwa izu (80% site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị) ma na-eru ndị na-ege ntị kwa izu nke ihe dịka mmadụ 700,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Asklund pụtakwara na mmemme redio ndị ọzọ, gụnyere akụkọ 1959 banyere ọnọdụ dị n'ụlọ ụmụaka Eugeniah nwere nkwarụ na Stockholm ebe ọ kọrọ ọnọdụ siri ike na ntaramahụhụ siri ike a na-enye ụmụaka maka obere mmejọ. Kọmịshọna steeti nwara ịkwụsị mgbasa ozi nke mmemme ahụ, n'agbanyeghị mbọ a mere ka emeziri iwu redio Swedish ka ọ tinye otu iwu iji gbasaa ọrụ dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkọ ahụ sochiri nyocha gọọmentị na 1961 nke kwadoro nchọpụta ya, ma mechie ụlọ ahụ. Asklund kwadokwara ihe omume telivishọn na 1965 nke kwadoro iwu ụlọ 300 maka ndị nwere nkwarụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime afọ ndị 1970s, a kpọbatara Asklund na ụdị Fountain House nke ịgwọ ọrịa uche na New York, ebe a na-agwọ nsogbu ahụike uche na obodo n'ụlọ klọb, kama n'ọnọdụ ahụike. Asklund mechara webata ihe nlereanya ahụ na Scandinavia, malite Swedish Fountain House Foundation na 1979, na-enyere aka na ntọala nke ọtụtụ alaka n'ime Sweden, ma bụrụ onye otu nsọpụrụ nke ụlọ klọb abụọ nke Sweden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flannery 177-178&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Flannery|first=Mary|title=Fountain House : portraits of lives reclaimed from mental illness|date=1996|publisher=Hazelden|isbn=156838128X|pages=177–178|url=https://archive.org/details/fountainhousepor0000flan/page/176/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

E nyere Asklund ihe nrite Socrates n'afọ 1978. E nyere onyinye ahụ maka &quot;ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ ọha na eze dị oke egwu dị ka onye nta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta na redio na telivishọn&quot;. Asklund nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'oge ndụ ya, gụnyere Vägen till mognad (The Road To Maturity) na 1966 na Torsten Wickbom nke lekwasịrị anya na nha nhata nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, &lt;ref name=&quot;Scobbie&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Scobbie|first=Irene|title=Sweden|date=1972|publisher=Praeger Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/sweden00scob/page/208/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samtal är Reagan (Conversations are work) na mkpa ndị dọkịta na-agwa ndị ọrịa ha okwu, na akwụkwọ ncheta ya ''Uppbrott'' na 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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'''Louise Viveka Ulrika Asklund''', (onye amụrụ Lagercrantz, nke a maara site na aha njirimara ''Lis''), ((1913-03-23)  - (2006-01-12) ) bụ Onye nkuzi mmekọahụ na Sweden, onye na-eme ihe ngosi telivishọn na redio, na onye edemede.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uppslagsverket&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lis Asklund|url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/lis-asklund|work=Uppslagsverket|publisher=NE Nationalencyklopedin AB|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ndụ mbụ na alụmdi na nwunye ==
A mụrụ ya na 1913, nna Lis Asklund bụ onye bụbu onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ peat nke mechara na-elekọta Ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị na ụlọ akụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ise nne na nna ya nwere, nna ya mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ mgbe ọ lụchara di ọzọ. Nwanne ya nwoke, Olof Lagercrantz, gara n'ihu bụrụ onye edemede a ma ama. Nna ya chọrọ ka ụmụ ya nwanyị nweta agụmakwụkwọ na ohere maka ụmụ ya nwoke, Lis Asklund nwetakwara asambodo akwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Wallin dị na Stockholm mgbe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ.

Site na 1933 ruo 1936 Lis Asklund zụrụ dị ka onye nọọsụ na Swedish Red Cross na Ụlọ ọgwụ Sabbatsberg, tupu ọ gaa nọrọ otu afọ na London na Florence Nightingale International Foundation, ebe ọ mụrụ ọtụtụ isiokwu metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nkà mmụta uche, ụkpụrụ omume, nkà ihe ọmụma, na nlekọta ahụike. O nwetakwara ahụmịhe bara uru na-arụ ọrụ na East End nke London.Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sweden na 1938, Lis Asklund ghọrọ otu n'ime naanị ndị ọrụ enyemaka ụlọ ọgwụ abụọ (nke bụ ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ) na-arụkọ ọrụ na Sweden n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye na-ahụ maka onyinye ruo n'afọ 1949.

N'otu afọ ahụ ka ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka almoner na Sweden, Lis Asklund zutere Erik Asklund, onye ya na ya lụrụ na 1940. Erik Asklund bụ onye edemede, na ndị otu ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị edemede na ọdịbendị Sweden n'oge ahụ, gụnyere Ivar Lo-Johansson, Nils Ferlin, Gunnar Ekelöf, Stig Åsberg, na Tora Dahl. Di na nwunye ahụ gara n'ihu mụọ nwa nwanyị (Malin) na 1946 na nwa nwoke (Jonas) na 1951. Lis Asklund mechara kọwaa alụmdi na nwunye ya na Erik Asklund dị ka enweghị obi ụtọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1986 bụ ''Uppbrott'' (Ọpụpụ), ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm na 1980. &lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ na ahụike mmekọahụ ==
Iwu mbụ nke kwadoro ime ime na Sweden ka e tinyere n'iwu n'okpuru Iwu Ime Ime nke afọ 1938, mana nke a kwere ka ime ime n'okpuru obere ọnọdụ. Nke a mere ka ụmụ nwanyị chọọ ndị na-eme ime ime n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ihi na ha enweghị ike ime ime iwu kwadoro. Onye nta akụkọ nwanyị bụ Elise Ottesen-Jensen (onye aha ya bụ Ottar) gakwuuru Lis Asklund na 1940 ka o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ maka Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (Riksförbund för sexuell upplysning) ebe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịga maka ndụmọdụ ma nwee ike ịchụpụ ndị na-eme ime ime dị ize ndụ. Akụkụ nke a gụnyere inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itinye akwụkwọ maka ime ime, mana n'afọ ndị mbụ, a jụrụ ọtụtụ ngwa. Lis Asklund rụrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ọfịs a n'abalị yana ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Afọ abụọ ka e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ a, Asklund guzobere ebe ndụmọdụ ahụike mmekọahụ ọzọ maka obodo Stockholm, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lis Asklund gbara mbọ ka e belata iwu ime ime na Sweden ma bụrụ onye akaebe tupu nyocha ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ gbasara ime ime, nakwa mgbe e mesịrị nyocha gọọmentị nke afọ 1950 gbasara ime ime. Mgbalị ya rụpụtara ihe dị iche na 1946 mgbe e nyere ohere maka ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba dị ka ihe kpatara ime ime, nke mere ka ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-eme nke ọma maka ime ime ruo ihe dị ka ọkara. Na 1975, ime ime na Sweden bịara dị maka ọchịchọ ruo izu nke iri na asatọ nke ime ime..&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ndụ ya ==
N'afọ 1956, Lis Asklund malitere ịpụta na mmemme redio kwa izu Människor emellan (Between People) nke Swedish Broadcasting Corporation na-agbasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fleisher 230&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fleisher|first=Frederic|title=The new Sweden; the challenge of a disciplined democracy|date=1967|publisher=David McKay Co|url=https://archive.org/details/newswedenchall00flei/page/229/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihe ngosi ahụ, Asklund zara akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ndị na-ege ntị na-arịọ maka ndụmọdụ banyere nsogbu onwe onye dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwoke lụrụ di na nwunye nwere ezinụlọ na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ihena-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ riri ya ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ullerstam 108&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ullerstam|first=Lars|title=The Erotic Minorities|date=1966|publisher=Grove Press|url=https://archive.org/details/eroticminorities00ulle/page/108/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asklund pụtara na mmemme ahụ ruo 1968, na-enweta ihe dịka akwụwọ ozi 100 kwa izu (80% site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị) ma na-eru ndị na-ege ntị kwa izu nke ihe dịka mmadụ 700,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Asklund pụtakwara na mmemme redio ndị ọzọ, gụnyere akụkọ 1959 banyere ọnọdụ dị n'ụlọ ụmụaka Eugeniah nwere nkwarụ na Stockholm ebe ọ kọrọ ọnọdụ siri ike na ntaramahụhụ siri ike a na-enye ụmụaka maka obere mmejọ. Kọmịshọna steeti nwara ịkwụsị mgbasa ozi nke mmemme ahụ, n'agbanyeghị mbọ a mere ka emeziri iwu redio Swedish ka ọ tinye otu iwu iji gbasaa ọrụ dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkọ ahụ sochiri nyocha gọọmentị na 1961 nke kwadoro nchọpụta ya, ma mechie ụlọ ahụ. Asklund kwadokwara ihe omume telivishọn na 1965 nke kwadoro iwu ụlọ 300 maka ndị nwere nkwarụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime afọ ndị 1970s, a kpọbatara Asklund na ụdị Fountain House nke ịgwọ ọrịa uche na New York, ebe a na-agwọ nsogbu ahụike uche na obodo n'ụlọ klọb, kama n'ọnọdụ ahụike. Asklund mechara webata ihe nlereanya ahụ na Scandinavia, malite Swedish Fountain House Foundation na 1979, na-enyere aka na ntọala nke ọtụtụ alaka n'ime Sweden, ma bụrụ onye otu nsọpụrụ nke ụlọ klọb abụọ nke Sweden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flannery 177-178&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Flannery|first=Mary|title=Fountain House : portraits of lives reclaimed from mental illness|date=1996|publisher=Hazelden|isbn=156838128X|pages=177–178|url=https://archive.org/details/fountainhousepor0000flan/page/176/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

E nyere Asklund ihe nrite Socrates n'afọ 1978. E nyere onyinye ahụ maka &quot;ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ ọha na eze dị oke egwu dị ka onye nta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta na redio na telivishọn&quot;. Asklund nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'oge ndụ ya, gụnyere Vägen till mognad (The Road To Maturity) na 1966 na Torsten Wickbom nke lekwasịrị anya na nha nhata nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, &lt;ref name=&quot;Scobbie&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Scobbie|first=Irene|title=Sweden|date=1972|publisher=Praeger Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/sweden00scob/page/208/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samtal är Reagan (Conversations are work) na mkpa ndị dọkịta na-agwa ndị ọrịa ha okwu, na akwụkwọ ncheta ya ''Uppbrott'' na 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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'''Louise Viveka Ulrika Asklund''', (onye amụrụ Lagercrantz, nke a maara site na aha njirimara ''Lis''), ((1913-03-23)  - (2006-01-12) ) bụ Onye nkuzi mmekọahụ na Sweden, onye na-eme ihe ngosi telivishọn na redio, na onye edemede.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uppslagsverket&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lis Asklund|url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/lis-asklund|work=Uppslagsverket|publisher=NE Nationalencyklopedin AB|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ndụ mbụ na alụmdi na nwunye ==
A mụrụ ya na 1913, nna Lis Asklund bụ onye bụbu onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ peat nke mechara na-elekọta Ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị na ụlọ akụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ise nne na nna ya nwere, nna ya mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ mgbe ọ lụchara di ọzọ. Nwanne ya nwoke, Olof Lagercrantz, gara n'ihu bụrụ onye edemede a ma ama. Nna ya chọrọ ka ụmụ ya nwanyị nweta agụmakwụkwọ na ohere maka ụmụ ya nwoke, Lis Asklund nwetakwara asambodo akwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Wallin dị na Stockholm mgbe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ.

Site na 1933 ruo 1936 Lis Asklund zụrụ dị ka onye nọọsụ na Swedish Red Cross na Ụlọ ọgwụ Sabbatsberg, tupu ọ gaa nọrọ otu afọ na London na Florence Nightingale International Foundation, ebe ọ mụrụ ọtụtụ isiokwu metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nkà mmụta uche, ụkpụrụ omume, nkà ihe ọmụma, na nlekọta ahụike. O nwetakwara ahụmịhe bara uru na-arụ ọrụ na East End nke London.Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sweden na 1938, Lis Asklund ghọrọ otu n'ime naanị ndị ọrụ enyemaka ụlọ ọgwụ abụọ (nke bụ ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ) na-arụkọ ọrụ na Sweden n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye na-ahụ maka onyinye ruo n'afọ 1949.

N'otu afọ ahụ ka ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka almoner na Sweden, Lis Asklund zutere Erik Asklund, onye ya na ya lụrụ na 1940. Erik Asklund bụ onye edemede, na ndị otu ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị edemede na ọdịbendị Sweden n'oge ahụ, gụnyere Ivar Lo-Johansson, Nils Ferlin, Gunnar Ekelöf, Stig Åsberg, na Tora Dahl. Di na nwunye ahụ gara n'ihu mụọ nwa nwanyị (Malin) na 1946 na nwa nwoke (Jonas) na 1951. Lis Asklund mechara kọwaa alụmdi na nwunye ya na Erik Asklund dị ka enweghị obi ụtọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1986 bụ ''Uppbrott'' (Ọpụpụ), ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm na 1980. 

== Ọrụ na ahụike mmekọahụ ==
Iwu mbụ nke kwadoro ime ime na Sweden ka e tinyere n'iwu n'okpuru Iwu Ime Ime nke afọ 1938, mana nke a kwere ka ime ime n'okpuru obere ọnọdụ. Nke a mere ka ụmụ nwanyị chọọ ndị na-eme ime ime n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ihi na ha enweghị ike ime ime iwu kwadoro. Onye nta akụkọ nwanyị bụ Elise Ottesen-Jensen (onye aha ya bụ Ottar) gakwuuru Lis Asklund na 1940 ka o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ maka Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (Riksförbund för sexuell upplysning) ebe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịga maka ndụmọdụ ma nwee ike ịchụpụ ndị na-eme ime ime dị ize ndụ. Akụkụ nke a gụnyere inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itinye akwụkwọ maka ime ime, mana n'afọ ndị mbụ, a jụrụ ọtụtụ ngwa. Lis Asklund rụrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ọfịs a n'abalị yana ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Afọ abụọ ka e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ a, Asklund guzobere ebe ndụmọdụ ahụike mmekọahụ ọzọ maka obodo Stockholm, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lis Asklund gbara mbọ ka e belata iwu ime ime na Sweden ma bụrụ onye akaebe tupu nyocha ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ gbasara ime ime, nakwa mgbe e mesịrị nyocha gọọmentị nke afọ 1950 gbasara ime ime. Mgbalị ya rụpụtara ihe dị iche na 1946 mgbe e nyere ohere maka ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba dị ka ihe kpatara ime ime, nke mere ka ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-eme nke ọma maka ime ime ruo ihe dị ka ọkara. Na 1975, ime ime na Sweden bịara dị maka ọchịchọ ruo izu nke iri na asatọ nke ime ime..&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ndụ ya ==
N'afọ 1956, Lis Asklund malitere ịpụta na mmemme redio kwa izu Människor emellan (Between People) nke Swedish Broadcasting Corporation na-agbasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fleisher 230&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fleisher|first=Frederic|title=The new Sweden; the challenge of a disciplined democracy|date=1967|publisher=David McKay Co|url=https://archive.org/details/newswedenchall00flei/page/229/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihe ngosi ahụ, Asklund zara akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ndị na-ege ntị na-arịọ maka ndụmọdụ banyere nsogbu onwe onye dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwoke lụrụ di na nwunye nwere ezinụlọ na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ihena-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ riri ya ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ullerstam 108&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ullerstam|first=Lars|title=The Erotic Minorities|date=1966|publisher=Grove Press|url=https://archive.org/details/eroticminorities00ulle/page/108/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asklund pụtara na mmemme ahụ ruo 1968, na-enweta ihe dịka akwụwọ ozi 100 kwa izu (80% site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị) ma na-eru ndị na-ege ntị kwa izu nke ihe dịka mmadụ 700,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Asklund pụtakwara na mmemme redio ndị ọzọ, gụnyere akụkọ 1959 banyere ọnọdụ dị n'ụlọ ụmụaka Eugeniah nwere nkwarụ na Stockholm ebe ọ kọrọ ọnọdụ siri ike na ntaramahụhụ siri ike a na-enye ụmụaka maka obere mmejọ. Kọmịshọna steeti nwara ịkwụsị mgbasa ozi nke mmemme ahụ, n'agbanyeghị mbọ a mere ka emeziri iwu redio Swedish ka ọ tinye otu iwu iji gbasaa ọrụ dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Akụkọ ahụ sochiri nyocha gọọmentị na 1961 nke kwadoro nchọpụta ya, ma mechie ụlọ ahụ. Asklund kwadokwara ihe omume telivishọn na 1965 nke kwadoro iwu ụlọ 300 maka ndị nwere nkwarụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime afọ ndị 1970s, a kpọbatara Asklund na ụdị Fountain House nke ịgwọ ọrịa uche na New York, ebe a na-agwọ nsogbu ahụike uche na obodo n'ụlọ klọb, kama n'ọnọdụ ahụike. Asklund mechara webata ihe nlereanya ahụ na Scandinavia, malite Swedish Fountain House Foundation na 1979, na-enyere aka na ntọala nke ọtụtụ alaka n'ime Sweden, ma bụrụ onye otu nsọpụrụ nke ụlọ klọb abụọ nke Sweden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flannery 177-178&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Flannery|first=Mary|title=Fountain House : portraits of lives reclaimed from mental illness|date=1996|publisher=Hazelden|isbn=156838128X|pages=177–178|url=https://archive.org/details/fountainhousepor0000flan/page/176/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

E nyere Asklund ihe nrite Socrates n'afọ 1978. E nyere onyinye ahụ maka &quot;ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ ọha na eze dị oke egwu dị ka onye nta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta na redio na telivishọn&quot;. Asklund nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'oge ndụ ya, gụnyere Vägen till mognad (The Road To Maturity) na 1966 na Torsten Wickbom nke lekwasịrị anya na nha nhata nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, &lt;ref name=&quot;Scobbie&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Scobbie|first=Irene|title=Sweden|date=1972|publisher=Praeger Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/sweden00scob/page/208/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samtal är Reagan (Conversations are work) na mkpa ndị dọkịta na-agwa ndị ọrịa ha okwu, na akwụkwọ ncheta ya ''Uppbrott'' na 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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'''Louise Viveka Ulrika Asklund''', (onye amụrụ Lagercrantz, nke a maara site na aha njirimara ''Lis''), ((1913-03-23)  - (2006-01-12) ) bụ Onye nkuzi mmekọahụ na Sweden, onye na-eme ihe ngosi telivishọn na redio, na onye edemede.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uppslagsverket&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lis Asklund|url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/lis-asklund|work=Uppslagsverket|publisher=NE Nationalencyklopedin AB|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ndụ mbụ na alụmdi na nwunye ==
A mụrụ ya na 1913, nna Lis Asklund bụ onye bụbu onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ peat nke mechara na-elekọta Ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị na ụlọ akụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ise nne na nna ya nwere, nna ya mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ mgbe ọ lụchara di ọzọ. Nwanne ya nwoke, Olof Lagercrantz, gara n'ihu bụrụ onye edemede a ma ama. Nna ya chọrọ ka ụmụ ya nwanyị nweta agụmakwụkwọ na ohere maka ụmụ ya nwoke, Lis Asklund nwetakwara asambodo akwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Wallin dị na Stockholm mgbe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ.

Site na 1933 ruo 1936 Lis Asklund zụrụ dị ka onye nọọsụ na Swedish Red Cross na Ụlọ ọgwụ Sabbatsberg, tupu ọ gaa nọrọ otu afọ na London na Florence Nightingale International Foundation, ebe ọ mụrụ ọtụtụ isiokwu metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nkà mmụta uche, ụkpụrụ omume, nkà ihe ọmụma, na nlekọta ahụike. O nwetakwara ahụmịhe bara uru na-arụ ọrụ na East End nke London.Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sweden na 1938, Lis Asklund ghọrọ otu n'ime naanị ndị ọrụ enyemaka ụlọ ọgwụ abụọ (nke bụ ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ) na-arụkọ ọrụ na Sweden n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye na-ahụ maka onyinye ruo n'afọ 1949.

N'otu afọ ahụ ka ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka almoner na Sweden, Lis Asklund zutere Erik Asklund, onye ya na ya lụrụ na 1940. Erik Asklund bụ onye edemede, na ndị otu ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị edemede na ọdịbendị Sweden n'oge ahụ, gụnyere Ivar Lo-Johansson, Nils Ferlin, Gunnar Ekelöf, Stig Åsberg, na Tora Dahl. Di na nwunye ahụ gara n'ihu mụọ nwa nwanyị (Malin) na 1946 na nwa nwoke (Jonas) na 1951. Lis Asklund mechara kọwaa alụmdi na nwunye ya na Erik Asklund dị ka enweghị obi ụtọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1986 bụ ''Uppbrott'' (Ọpụpụ), ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm na 1980. 

== Ọrụ na ahụike mmekọahụ ==
Iwu mbụ nke kwadoro ime ime na Sweden ka e tinyere n'iwu n'okpuru Iwu Ime Ime nke afọ 1938, mana nke a kwere ka ime ime n'okpuru obere ọnọdụ. Nke a mere ka ụmụ nwanyị chọọ ndị na-eme ime ime n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ihi na ha enweghị ike ime ime iwu kwadoro. Onye nta akụkọ nwanyị bụ Elise Ottesen-Jensen (onye aha ya bụ Ottar) gakwuuru Lis Asklund na 1940 ka o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ maka Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (Riksförbund för sexuell upplysning) ebe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịga maka ndụmọdụ ma nwee ike ịchụpụ ndị na-eme ime ime dị ize ndụ. Akụkụ nke a gụnyere inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itinye akwụkwọ maka ime ime, mana n'afọ ndị mbụ, a jụrụ ọtụtụ ngwa. Lis Asklund rụrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ọfịs a n'abalị yana ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Afọ abụọ ka e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ a, Asklund guzobere ebe ndụmọdụ ahụike mmekọahụ ọzọ maka obodo Stockholm, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lis Asklund gbara mbọ ka e belata iwu ime ime na Sweden ma bụrụ onye akaebe tupu nyocha ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ gbasara ime ime, nakwa mgbe e mesịrị nyocha gọọmentị nke afọ 1950 gbasara ime ime. Mgbalị ya rụpụtara ihe dị iche na 1946 mgbe e nyere ohere maka ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba dị ka ihe kpatara ime ime, nke mere ka ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-eme nke ọma maka ime ime ruo ihe dị ka ọkara. Na 1975, ime ime na Sweden bịara dị maka ọchịchọ ruo izu nke iri na asatọ nke ime ime..&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ndụ ya ==
N'afọ 1956, Lis Asklund malitere ịpụta na mmemme redio kwa izu Människor emellan (Between People) nke Swedish Broadcasting Corporation na-agbasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fleisher 230&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fleisher|first=Frederic|title=The new Sweden; the challenge of a disciplined democracy|date=1967|publisher=David McKay Co|url=https://archive.org/details/newswedenchall00flei/page/229/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihe ngosi ahụ, Asklund zara akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ndị na-ege ntị na-arịọ maka ndụmọdụ banyere nsogbu onwe onye dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwoke lụrụ di na nwunye nwere ezinụlọ na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ihena-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ riri ya ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ullerstam 108&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ullerstam|first=Lars|title=The Erotic Minorities|date=1966|publisher=Grove Press|url=https://archive.org/details/eroticminorities00ulle/page/108/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asklund pụtara na mmemme ahụ ruo 1968, na-enweta ihe dịka akwụwọ ozi 100 kwa izu (80% site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị) ma na-eru ndị na-ege ntị kwa izu nke ihe dịka mmadụ 700,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Asklund pụtakwara na mmemme redio ndị ọzọ, gụnyere akụkọ 1959 banyere ọnọdụ dị n'ụlọ ụmụaka Eugeniah nwere nkwarụ na Stockholm ebe ọ kọrọ ọnọdụ siri ike na ntaramahụhụ siri ike a na-enye ụmụaka maka obere mmejọ. Kọmịshọna steeti nwara ịkwụsị mgbasa ozi nke mmemme ahụ, n'agbanyeghị mbọ a mere ka emeziri iwu redio Swedish ka ọ tinye otu iwu iji gbasaa ọrụ dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ. Akụkọ ahụ sochiri nyocha gọọmentị na 1961 nke kwadoro nchọpụta ya, ma mechie ụlọ ahụ. Asklund kwadokwara ihe omume telivishọn na 1965 nke kwadoro iwu ụlọ 300 maka ndị nwere nkwarụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime afọ ndị 1970s, a kpọbatara Asklund na ụdị Fountain House nke ịgwọ ọrịa uche na New York, ebe a na-agwọ nsogbu ahụike uche na obodo n'ụlọ klọb, kama n'ọnọdụ ahụike. Asklund mechara webata ihe nlereanya ahụ na Scandinavia, malite Swedish Fountain House Foundation na 1979, na-enyere aka na ntọala nke ọtụtụ alaka n'ime Sweden, ma bụrụ onye otu nsọpụrụ nke ụlọ klọb abụọ nke Sweden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flannery 177-178&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Flannery|first=Mary|title=Fountain House : portraits of lives reclaimed from mental illness|date=1996|publisher=Hazelden|isbn=156838128X|pages=177–178|url=https://archive.org/details/fountainhousepor0000flan/page/176/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

E nyere Asklund ihe nrite Socrates n'afọ 1978. E nyere onyinye ahụ maka &quot;ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ ọha na eze dị oke egwu dị ka onye nta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta na redio na telivishọn&quot;. Asklund nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'oge ndụ ya, gụnyere Vägen till mognad (The Road To Maturity) na 1966 na Torsten Wickbom nke lekwasịrị anya na nha nhata nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, &lt;ref name=&quot;Scobbie&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Scobbie|first=Irene|title=Sweden|date=1972|publisher=Praeger Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/sweden00scob/page/208/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samtal är Reagan (Conversations are work) na mkpa ndị dọkịta na-agwa ndị ọrịa ha okwu, na akwụkwọ ncheta ya ''Uppbrott'' na 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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        <username>Chikwas</username>
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'''Louise Viveka Ulrika Asklund''', (onye amụrụ Lagercrantz, nke a maara site na aha njirimara ''Lis''), ((1913-03-23)  - (2006-01-12) ) bụ Onye nkuzi mmekọahụ na Sweden, onye na-eme ihe ngosi telivishọn na redio, na onye edemede.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uppslagsverket&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lis Asklund|url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/lis-asklund|work=Uppslagsverket|publisher=NE Nationalencyklopedin AB|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ndụ mbụ na alụmdi na nwunye ==
A mụrụ ya na 1913, nna Lis Asklund bụ onye bụbu onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ peat nke mechara na-elekọta Ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị na ụlọ akụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ise nne na nna ya nwere, nna ya mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ mgbe ọ lụchara di ọzọ. Nwanne ya nwoke, Olof Lagercrantz, gara n'ihu bụrụ onye edemede a ma ama. Nna ya chọrọ ka ụmụ ya nwanyị nweta agụmakwụkwọ na ohere maka ụmụ ya nwoke, Lis Asklund nwetakwara asambodo akwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Wallin dị na Stockholm mgbe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ.

Site na 1933 ruo 1936 Lis Asklund zụrụ dị ka onye nọọsụ na Swedish Red Cross na Ụlọ ọgwụ Sabbatsberg, tupu ọ gaa nọrọ otu afọ na London na Florence Nightingale International Foundation, ebe ọ mụrụ ọtụtụ isiokwu metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nkà mmụta uche, ụkpụrụ omume, nkà ihe ọmụma, na nlekọta ahụike. O nwetakwara ahụmịhe bara uru na-arụ ọrụ na East End nke London.Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sweden na 1938, Lis Asklund ghọrọ otu n'ime naanị ndị ọrụ enyemaka ụlọ ọgwụ abụọ (nke bụ ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ) na-arụkọ ọrụ na Sweden n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye na-ahụ maka onyinye ruo n'afọ 1949.

N'otu afọ ahụ ka ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka almoner na Sweden, Lis Asklund zutere Erik Asklund, onye ya na ya lụrụ na 1940. Erik Asklund bụ onye edemede, na ndị otu ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị edemede na ọdịbendị Sweden n'oge ahụ, gụnyere Ivar Lo-Johansson, Nils Ferlin, Gunnar Ekelöf, Stig Åsberg, na Tora Dahl. Di na nwunye ahụ gara n'ihu mụọ nwa nwanyị (Malin) na 1946 na nwa nwoke (Jonas) na 1951. Lis Asklund mechara kọwaa alụmdi na nwunye ya na Erik Asklund dị ka enweghị obi ụtọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1986 bụ ''Uppbrott'' (Ọpụpụ), ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm na 1980. 

== Ọrụ na ahụike mmekọahụ ==
Iwu mbụ nke kwadoro ime ime na Sweden ka e tinyere n'iwu n'okpuru Iwu Ime Ime nke afọ 1938, mana nke a kwere ka ime ime n'okpuru obere ọnọdụ. Nke a mere ka ụmụ nwanyị chọọ ndị na-eme ime ime n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ihi na ha enweghị ike ime ime iwu kwadoro. Onye nta akụkọ nwanyị bụ Elise Ottesen-Jensen (onye aha ya bụ Ottar) gakwuuru Lis Asklund na 1940 ka o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ maka Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (Riksförbund för sexuell upplysning) ebe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịga maka ndụmọdụ ma nwee ike ịchụpụ ndị na-eme ime ime dị ize ndụ. Akụkụ nke a gụnyere inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itinye akwụkwọ maka ime ime, mana n'afọ ndị mbụ, a jụrụ ọtụtụ ngwa. Lis Asklund rụrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ọfịs a n'abalị yana ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Afọ abụọ ka e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ a, Asklund guzobere ebe ndụmọdụ ahụike mmekọahụ ọzọ maka obodo Stockholm, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lis Asklund gbara mbọ ka e belata iwu ime ime na Sweden ma bụrụ onye akaebe tupu nyocha ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ gbasara ime ime, nakwa mgbe e mesịrị nyocha gọọmentị nke afọ 1950 gbasara ime ime. Mgbalị ya rụpụtara ihe dị iche na 1946 mgbe e nyere ohere maka ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba dị ka ihe kpatara ime ime, nke mere ka ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-eme nke ọma maka ime ime ruo ihe dị ka ọkara. Na 1975, ime ime na Sweden bịara dị maka ọchịchọ ruo izu nke iri na asatọ nke ime ime..&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ndụ ya ==
N'afọ 1956, Lis Asklund malitere ịpụta na mmemme redio kwa izu Människor emellan (Between People) nke Swedish Broadcasting Corporation na-agbasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fleisher 230&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fleisher|first=Frederic|title=The new Sweden; the challenge of a disciplined democracy|date=1967|publisher=David McKay Co|url=https://archive.org/details/newswedenchall00flei/page/229/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihe ngosi ahụ, Asklund zara akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ndị na-ege ntị na-arịọ maka ndụmọdụ banyere nsogbu onwe onye dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwoke lụrụ di na nwunye nwere ezinụlọ na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ihena-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ riri ya ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ullerstam 108&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ullerstam|first=Lars|title=The Erotic Minorities|date=1966|publisher=Grove Press|url=https://archive.org/details/eroticminorities00ulle/page/108/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asklund pụtara na mmemme ahụ ruo 1968, na-enweta ihe dịka akwụwọ ozi 100 kwa izu (80% site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị) ma na-eru ndị na-ege ntị kwa izu nke ihe dịka mmadụ 700,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Asklund pụtakwara na mmemme redio ndị ọzọ, gụnyere akụkọ 1959 banyere ọnọdụ dị n'ụlọ ụmụaka Eugeniah nwere nkwarụ na Stockholm ebe ọ kọrọ ọnọdụ siri ike na ntaramahụhụ siri ike a na-enye ụmụaka maka obere mmejọ. Kọmịshọna steeti nwara ịkwụsị mgbasa ozi nke mmemme ahụ, n'agbanyeghị mbọ a mere ka emeziri iwu redio Swedish ka ọ tinye otu iwu iji gbasaa ọrụ dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ. Akụkọ ahụ sochiri nyocha gọọmentị na 1961 nke kwadoro nchọpụta ya, ma mechie ụlọ ahụ. Asklund kwadokwara ihe omume telivishọn na 1965 nke kwadoro iwu ụlọ 300 maka ndị nwere nkwarụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime afọ ndị 1970s, a kpọbatara Asklund na ụdị Fountain House nke ịgwọ ọrịa uche na New York, ebe a na-agwọ nsogbu ahụike uche na obodo n'ụlọ klọb, kama n'ọnọdụ ahụike. Asklund mechara webata ihe nlereanya ahụ na Scandinavia, malite Swedish Fountain House Foundation na 1979, na-enyere aka na ntọala nke ọtụtụ alaka n'ime Sweden, ma bụrụ onye otu nsọpụrụ nke ụlọ klọb abụọ nke Sweden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flannery 177-178&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Flannery|first=Mary|title=Fountain House : portraits of lives reclaimed from mental illness|date=1996|publisher=Hazelden|isbn=156838128X|pages=177–178|url=https://archive.org/details/fountainhousepor0000flan/page/176/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E nyere Asklund ihe nrite Socrates n'afọ 1978. E nyere onyinye ahụ maka &quot;ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ ọha na eze dị oke egwu dị ka onye nta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta na redio na telivishọn&quot;. Asklund nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'oge ndụ ya, gụnyere Vägen till mognad (The Road To Maturity) na 1966 na Torsten Wickbom nke lekwasịrị anya na nha nhata nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, &lt;ref name=&quot;Scobbie&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Scobbie|first=Irene|title=Sweden|date=1972|publisher=Praeger Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/sweden00scob/page/208/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samtal är Reagan (Conversations are work) na mkpa ndị dọkịta na-agwa ndị ọrịa ha okwu, na akwụkwọ ncheta ya ''Uppbrott'' na 1986. &lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTT2006&quot;&gt;TT (12 January 2006). [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit &quot;Lis Asklund har avlidit&quot;]. ''Aftonbladet''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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        <id>56003</id>
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      <comment>Fixed reference error</comment>
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'''Louise Viveka Ulrika Asklund''', (onye amụrụ Lagercrantz, nke a maara site na aha njirimara ''Lis''), ((1913-03-23)  - (2006-01-12) ) bụ Onye nkuzi mmekọahụ na Sweden, onye na-eme ihe ngosi telivishọn na redio, na onye edemede.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uppslagsverket&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lis Asklund|url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/lis-asklund|work=Uppslagsverket|publisher=NE Nationalencyklopedin AB|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ndụ mbụ na alụmdi na nwunye ==
A mụrụ ya na 1913, nna Lis Asklund bụ onye bụbu onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ peat nke mechara na-elekọta Ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị na ụlọ akụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ise nne na nna ya nwere, nna ya mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ mgbe ọ lụchara di ọzọ. Nwanne ya nwoke, Olof Lagercrantz, gara n'ihu bụrụ onye edemede a ma ama. Nna ya chọrọ ka ụmụ ya nwanyị nweta agụmakwụkwọ na ohere maka ụmụ ya nwoke, Lis Asklund nwetakwara asambodo akwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Wallin dị na Stockholm mgbe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ.

Site na 1933 ruo 1936 Lis Asklund zụrụ dị ka onye nọọsụ na Swedish Red Cross na Ụlọ ọgwụ Sabbatsberg, tupu ọ gaa nọrọ otu afọ na London na Florence Nightingale International Foundation, ebe ọ mụrụ ọtụtụ isiokwu metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nkà mmụta uche, ụkpụrụ omume, nkà ihe ọmụma, na nlekọta ahụike. O nwetakwara ahụmịhe bara uru na-arụ ọrụ na East End nke London.Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sweden na 1938, Lis Asklund ghọrọ otu n'ime naanị ndị ọrụ enyemaka ụlọ ọgwụ abụọ (nke bụ ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ) na-arụkọ ọrụ na Sweden n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye na-ahụ maka onyinye ruo n'afọ 1949.

N'otu afọ ahụ ka ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka almoner na Sweden, Lis Asklund zutere Erik Asklund, onye ya na ya lụrụ na 1940. Erik Asklund bụ onye edemede, na ndị otu ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị edemede na ọdịbendị Sweden n'oge ahụ, gụnyere Ivar Lo-Johansson, Nils Ferlin, Gunnar Ekelöf, Stig Åsberg, na Tora Dahl. Di na nwunye ahụ gara n'ihu mụọ nwa nwanyị (Malin) na 1946 na nwa nwoke (Jonas) na 1951. Lis Asklund mechara kọwaa alụmdi na nwunye ya na Erik Asklund dị ka enweghị obi ụtọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1986 bụ ''Uppbrott'' (Ọpụpụ), ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm na 1980. 

== Ọrụ na ahụike mmekọahụ ==
Iwu mbụ nke kwadoro ime ime na Sweden ka e tinyere n'iwu n'okpuru Iwu Ime Ime nke afọ 1938, mana nke a kwere ka ime ime n'okpuru obere ọnọdụ. Nke a mere ka ụmụ nwanyị chọọ ndị na-eme ime ime n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ihi na ha enweghị ike ime ime iwu kwadoro. Onye nta akụkọ nwanyị bụ Elise Ottesen-Jensen (onye aha ya bụ Ottar) gakwuuru Lis Asklund na 1940 ka o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ maka Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (Riksförbund för sexuell upplysning) ebe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịga maka ndụmọdụ ma nwee ike ịchụpụ ndị na-eme ime ime dị ize ndụ. Akụkụ nke a gụnyere inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itinye akwụkwọ maka ime ime, mana n'afọ ndị mbụ, a jụrụ ọtụtụ ngwa. Lis Asklund rụrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ọfịs a n'abalị yana ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Afọ abụọ ka e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ a, Asklund guzobere ebe ndụmọdụ ahụike mmekọahụ ọzọ maka obodo Stockholm, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Lis Asklund gbara mbọ ka e belata iwu ime ime na Sweden ma bụrụ onye akaebe tupu nyocha ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ gbasara ime ime, nakwa mgbe e mesịrị nyocha gọọmentị nke afọ 1950 gbasara ime ime. Mgbalị ya rụpụtara ihe dị iche na 1946 mgbe e nyere ohere maka ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba dị ka ihe kpatara ime ime, nke mere ka ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-eme nke ọma maka ime ime ruo ihe dị ka ọkara. Na 1975, ime ime na Sweden bịara dị maka ọchịchọ ruo izu nke iri na asatọ nke ime ime..&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ndụ ya ==
N'afọ 1956, Lis Asklund malitere ịpụta na mmemme redio kwa izu Människor emellan (Between People) nke Swedish Broadcasting Corporation na-agbasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fleisher 230&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fleisher|first=Frederic|title=The new Sweden; the challenge of a disciplined democracy|date=1967|publisher=David McKay Co|url=https://archive.org/details/newswedenchall00flei/page/229/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihe ngosi ahụ, Asklund zara akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ndị na-ege ntị na-arịọ maka ndụmọdụ banyere nsogbu onwe onye dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwoke lụrụ di na nwunye nwere ezinụlọ na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ihena-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ riri ya ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ullerstam 108&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ullerstam|first=Lars|title=The Erotic Minorities|date=1966|publisher=Grove Press|url=https://archive.org/details/eroticminorities00ulle/page/108/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asklund pụtara na mmemme ahụ ruo 1968, na-enweta ihe dịka akwụwọ ozi 100 kwa izu (80% site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị) ma na-eru ndị na-ege ntị kwa izu nke ihe dịka mmadụ 700,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Asklund pụtakwara na mmemme redio ndị ọzọ, gụnyere akụkọ 1959 banyere ọnọdụ dị n'ụlọ ụmụaka Eugeniah nwere nkwarụ na Stockholm ebe ọ kọrọ ọnọdụ siri ike na ntaramahụhụ siri ike a na-enye ụmụaka maka obere mmejọ. Kọmịshọna steeti nwara ịkwụsị mgbasa ozi nke mmemme ahụ, n'agbanyeghị mbọ a mere ka emeziri iwu redio Swedish ka ọ tinye otu iwu iji gbasaa ọrụ dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ. Akụkọ ahụ sochiri nyocha gọọmentị na 1961 nke kwadoro nchọpụta ya, ma mechie ụlọ ahụ. Asklund kwadokwara ihe omume telivishọn na 1965 nke kwadoro iwu ụlọ 300 maka ndị nwere nkwarụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime afọ ndị 1970s, a kpọbatara Asklund na ụdị Fountain House nke ịgwọ ọrịa uche na New York, ebe a na-agwọ nsogbu ahụike uche na obodo n'ụlọ klọb, kama n'ọnọdụ ahụike. Asklund mechara webata ihe nlereanya ahụ na Scandinavia, malite Swedish Fountain House Foundation na 1979, na-enyere aka na ntọala nke ọtụtụ alaka n'ime Sweden, ma bụrụ onye otu nsọpụrụ nke ụlọ klọb abụọ nke Sweden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flannery 177-178&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Flannery|first=Mary|title=Fountain House : portraits of lives reclaimed from mental illness|date=1996|publisher=Hazelden|isbn=156838128X|pages=177–178|url=https://archive.org/details/fountainhousepor0000flan/page/176/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E nyere Asklund ihe nrite Socrates n'afọ 1978. E nyere onyinye ahụ maka &quot;ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ ọha na eze dị oke egwu dị ka onye nta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta na redio na telivishọn&quot;. Asklund nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'oge ndụ ya, gụnyere Vägen till mognad (The Road To Maturity) na 1966 na Torsten Wickbom nke lekwasịrị anya na nha nhata nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, &lt;ref name=&quot;Scobbie&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Scobbie|first=Irene|title=Sweden|date=1972|publisher=Praeger Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/sweden00scob/page/208/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samtal är Reagan (Conversations are work) na mkpa ndị dọkịta na-agwa ndị ọrịa ha okwu, na akwụkwọ ncheta ya ''Uppbrott'' na 1986. 

== Edensibia ==
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'''Louise Viveka Ulrika Asklund''', (onye amụrụ Lagercrantz, nke a maara site na aha njirimara ''Lis''), ((1913-03-23)  - (2006-01-12) ) bụ Onye nkuzi mmekọahụ na Sweden, onye na-eme ihe ngosi telivishọn na redio, na onye edemede.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uppslagsverket&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lis Asklund|url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/lis-asklund|work=Uppslagsverket|publisher=NE Nationalencyklopedin AB|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ndụ mbụ na alụmdi na nwunye ==
A mụrụ ya na 1913, nna Lis Asklund bụ onye bụbu onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ peat nke mechara na-elekọta Ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị na ụlọ akụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ise nne na nna ya nwere, nna ya mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ mgbe ọ lụchara di ọzọ. Nwanne ya nwoke, Olof Lagercrantz, gara n'ihu bụrụ onye edemede a ma ama. Nna ya chọrọ ka ụmụ ya nwanyị nweta agụmakwụkwọ na ohere maka ụmụ ya nwoke, Lis Asklund nwetakwara asambodo akwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Wallin dị na Stockholm mgbe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ.

Site na 1933 ruo 1936 Lis Asklund zụrụ dị ka onye nọọsụ na Swedish Red Cross na Ụlọ ọgwụ Sabbatsberg, tupu ọ gaa nọrọ otu afọ na London na Florence Nightingale International Foundation, ebe ọ mụrụ ọtụtụ isiokwu metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nkà mmụta uche, ụkpụrụ omume, nkà ihe ọmụma, na nlekọta ahụike. O nwetakwara ahụmịhe bara uru na-arụ ọrụ na East End nke London.Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sweden na 1938, Lis Asklund ghọrọ otu n'ime naanị ndị ọrụ enyemaka ụlọ ọgwụ abụọ (nke bụ ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ) na-arụkọ ọrụ na Sweden n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye na-ahụ maka onyinye ruo n'afọ 1949.

N'otu afọ ahụ ka ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka almoner na Sweden, Lis Asklund zutere Erik Asklund, onye ya na ya lụrụ na 1940. Erik Asklund bụ onye edemede, na ndị otu ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị edemede na ọdịbendị Sweden n'oge ahụ, gụnyere Ivar Lo-Johansson, Nils Ferlin, Gunnar Ekelöf, Stig Åsberg, na Tora Dahl. Di na nwunye ahụ gara n'ihu mụọ nwa nwanyị (Malin) na 1946 na nwa nwoke (Jonas) na 1951. Lis Asklund mechara kọwaa alụmdi na nwunye ya na Erik Asklund dị ka enweghị obi ụtọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1986 bụ ''Uppbrott'' (Ọpụpụ), ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm na 1980. 

== Ọrụ na ahụike mmekọahụ ==
Iwu mbụ nke kwadoro ime ime na Sweden ka e tinyere n'iwu n'okpuru Iwu Ime Ime nke afọ 1938, mana nke a kwere ka ime ime n'okpuru obere ọnọdụ. Nke a mere ka ụmụ nwanyị chọọ ndị na-eme ime ime n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ihi na ha enweghị ike ime ime iwu kwadoro. Onye nta akụkọ nwanyị bụ Elise Ottesen-Jensen (onye aha ya bụ Ottar) gakwuuru Lis Asklund na 1940 ka o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ maka Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (Riksförbund för sexuell upplysning) ebe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịga maka ndụmọdụ ma nwee ike ịchụpụ ndị na-eme ime ime dị ize ndụ. Akụkụ nke a gụnyere inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itinye akwụkwọ maka ime ime, mana n'afọ ndị mbụ, a jụrụ ọtụtụ ngwa. Lis Asklund rụrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ọfịs a n'abalị yana ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Afọ abụọ ka e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ a, Asklund guzobere ebe ndụmọdụ ahụike mmekọahụ ọzọ maka obodo Stockholm, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya.

Lis Asklund gbara mbọ ka e belata iwu ime ime na Sweden ma bụrụ onye akaebe tupu nyocha ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ gbasara ime ime, nakwa mgbe e mesịrị nyocha gọọmentị nke afọ 1950 gbasara ime ime. Mgbalị ya rụpụtara ihe dị iche na 1946 mgbe e nyere ohere maka ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba dị ka ihe kpatara ime ime, nke mere ka ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-eme nke ọma maka ime ime ruo ihe dị ka ọkara. Na 1975, ime ime na Sweden bịara dị maka ọchịchọ ruo izu nke iri na asatọ nke ime ime..&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ndụ ya ==
N'afọ 1956, Lis Asklund malitere ịpụta na mmemme redio kwa izu Människor emellan (Between People) nke Swedish Broadcasting Corporation na-agbasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fleisher 230&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fleisher|first=Frederic|title=The new Sweden; the challenge of a disciplined democracy|date=1967|publisher=David McKay Co|url=https://archive.org/details/newswedenchall00flei/page/229/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihe ngosi ahụ, Asklund zara akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ndị na-ege ntị na-arịọ maka ndụmọdụ banyere nsogbu onwe onye dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwoke lụrụ di na nwunye nwere ezinụlọ na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ihena-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ riri ya ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ullerstam 108&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ullerstam|first=Lars|title=The Erotic Minorities|date=1966|publisher=Grove Press|url=https://archive.org/details/eroticminorities00ulle/page/108/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asklund pụtara na mmemme ahụ ruo 1968, na-enweta ihe dịka akwụwọ ozi 100 kwa izu (80% site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị) ma na-eru ndị na-ege ntị kwa izu nke ihe dịka mmadụ 700,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Asklund pụtakwara na mmemme redio ndị ọzọ, gụnyere akụkọ 1959 banyere ọnọdụ dị n'ụlọ ụmụaka Eugeniah nwere nkwarụ na Stockholm ebe ọ kọrọ ọnọdụ siri ike na ntaramahụhụ siri ike a na-enye ụmụaka maka obere mmejọ. Kọmịshọna steeti nwara ịkwụsị mgbasa ozi nke mmemme ahụ, n'agbanyeghị mbọ a mere ka emeziri iwu redio Swedish ka ọ tinye otu iwu iji gbasaa ọrụ dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ. Akụkọ ahụ sochiri nyocha gọọmentị na 1961 nke kwadoro nchọpụta ya, ma mechie ụlọ ahụ. Asklund kwadokwara ihe omume telivishọn na 1965 nke kwadoro iwu ụlọ 300 maka ndị nwere nkwarụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime afọ ndị 1970s, a kpọbatara Asklund na ụdị Fountain House nke ịgwọ ọrịa uche na New York, ebe a na-agwọ nsogbu ahụike uche na obodo n'ụlọ klọb, kama n'ọnọdụ ahụike. Asklund mechara webata ihe nlereanya ahụ na Scandinavia, malite Swedish Fountain House Foundation na 1979, na-enyere aka na ntọala nke ọtụtụ alaka n'ime Sweden, ma bụrụ onye otu nsọpụrụ nke ụlọ klọb abụọ nke Sweden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flannery 177-178&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Flannery|first=Mary|title=Fountain House : portraits of lives reclaimed from mental illness|date=1996|publisher=Hazelden|isbn=156838128X|pages=177–178|url=https://archive.org/details/fountainhousepor0000flan/page/176/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E nyere Asklund ihe nrite Socrates n'afọ 1978. E nyere onyinye ahụ maka &quot;ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ ọha na eze dị oke egwu dị ka onye nta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta na redio na telivishọn&quot;. Asklund nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'oge ndụ ya, gụnyere Vägen till mognad (The Road To Maturity) na 1966 na Torsten Wickbom nke lekwasịrị anya na nha nhata nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, &lt;ref name=&quot;Scobbie&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Scobbie|first=Irene|title=Sweden|date=1972|publisher=Praeger Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/sweden00scob/page/208/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samtal är Reagan (Conversations are work) na mkpa ndị dọkịta na-agwa ndị ọrịa ha okwu, na akwụkwọ ncheta ya ''Uppbrott'' na 1986. 

== Edensibia ==
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        <username>Chikwas</username>
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'''Louise Viveka Ulrika Asklund''', (onye amụrụ Lagercrantz, nke a maara site na aha njirimara ''Lis''), ((1913-03-23)  - (2006-01-12) ) bụ Onye nkuzi mmekọahụ na Sweden, onye na-eme ihe ngosi telivishọn na redio, na onye edemede.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uppslagsverket&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lis Asklund|url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/lis-asklund|work=Uppslagsverket|publisher=NE Nationalencyklopedin AB|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ndụ mbụ na alụmdi na nwunye ==
A mụrụ ya na 1913, nna Lis Asklund bụ onye bụbu onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ peat nke mechara na-elekọta Ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị na ụlọ akụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ise nne na nna ya nwere, nna ya mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ mgbe ọ lụchara di ọzọ. Nwanne ya nwoke, Olof Lagercrantz, gara n'ihu bụrụ onye edemede a ma ama. Nna ya chọrọ ka ụmụ ya nwanyị nweta agụmakwụkwọ na ohere maka ụmụ ya nwoke, Lis Asklund nwetakwara asambodo akwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Wallin dị na Stockholm mgbe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ.

Site na 1933 ruo 1936 Lis Asklund zụrụ dị ka onye nọọsụ na Swedish Red Cross na Ụlọ ọgwụ Sabbatsberg, tupu ọ gaa nọrọ otu afọ na London na Florence Nightingale International Foundation, ebe ọ mụrụ ọtụtụ isiokwu metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nkà mmụta uche, ụkpụrụ omume, nkà ihe ọmụma, na nlekọta ahụike. O nwetakwara ahụmịhe bara uru na-arụ ọrụ na East End nke London.Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sweden na 1938, Lis Asklund ghọrọ otu n'ime naanị ndị ọrụ enyemaka ụlọ ọgwụ abụọ (nke bụ ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ) na-arụkọ ọrụ na Sweden n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye na-ahụ maka onyinye ruo n'afọ 1949.

N'otu afọ ahụ ka ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka almoner na Sweden, Lis Asklund zutere Erik Asklund, onye ya na ya lụrụ na 1940. Erik Asklund bụ onye edemede, na ndị otu ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị edemede na ọdịbendị Sweden n'oge ahụ, gụnyere Ivar Lo-Johansson, Nils Ferlin, Gunnar Ekelöf, Stig Åsberg, na Tora Dahl. Di na nwunye ahụ gara n'ihu mụọ nwa nwanyị (Malin) na 1946 na nwa nwoke (Jonas) na 1951. Lis Asklund mechara kọwaa alụmdi na nwunye ya na Erik Asklund dị ka enweghị obi ụtọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1986 bụ ''Uppbrott'' (Ọpụpụ), ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm na 1980. 

== Ọrụ na ahụike mmekọahụ ==
Iwu mbụ nke kwadoro ime ime na Sweden ka e tinyere n'iwu n'okpuru Iwu Ime Ime nke afọ 1938, mana nke a kwere ka ime ime n'okpuru obere ọnọdụ. Nke a mere ka ụmụ nwanyị chọọ ndị na-eme ime ime n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ihi na ha enweghị ike ime ime iwu kwadoro. Onye nta akụkọ nwanyị bụ Elise Ottesen-Jensen (onye aha ya bụ Ottar) gakwuuru Lis Asklund na 1940 ka o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ maka Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (Riksförbund för sexuell upplysning) ebe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịga maka ndụmọdụ ma nwee ike ịchụpụ ndị na-eme ime ime dị ize ndụ. Akụkụ nke a gụnyere inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itinye akwụkwọ maka ime ime, mana n'afọ ndị mbụ, a jụrụ ọtụtụ ngwa. Lis Asklund rụrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ọfịs a n'abalị yana ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Afọ abụọ ka e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ a, Asklund guzobere ebe ndụmọdụ ahụike mmekọahụ ọzọ maka obodo Stockholm, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya.

Lis Asklund gbara mbọ ka e belata iwu ime ime na Sweden ma bụrụ onye akaebe tupu nyocha ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ gbasara ime ime, nakwa mgbe e mesịrị nyocha gọọmentị nke afọ 1950 gbasara ime ime. Mgbalị ya rụpụtara ihe dị iche na 1946 mgbe e nyere ohere maka ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba dị ka ihe kpatara ime ime, nke mere ka ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-eme nke ọma maka ime ime ruo ihe dị ka ọkara. Na 1975, ime ime na Sweden bịara dị maka ọchịchọ ruo izu nke iri na asatọ nke ime ime..&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ndụ ya ==
N'afọ 1956, Lis Asklund malitere ịpụta na mmemme redio kwa izu Människor emellan (Between People) nke Swedish Broadcasting Corporation na-agbasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fleisher 230&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fleisher|first=Frederic|title=The new Sweden; the challenge of a disciplined democracy|date=1967|publisher=David McKay Co|url=https://archive.org/details/newswedenchall00flei/page/229/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihe ngosi ahụ, Asklund zara akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ndị na-ege ntị na-arịọ maka ndụmọdụ banyere nsogbu onwe onye dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwoke lụrụ di na nwunye nwere ezinụlọ na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ihena-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ riri ya ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ullerstam 108&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ullerstam|first=Lars|title=The Erotic Minorities|date=1966|publisher=Grove Press|url=https://archive.org/details/eroticminorities00ulle/page/108/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asklund pụtara na mmemme ahụ ruo 1968, na-enweta ihe dịka akwụwọ ozi 100 kwa izu (80% site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị) ma na-eru ndị na-ege ntị kwa izu nke ihe dịka mmadụ 700,000.

Asklund pụtakwara na mmemme redio ndị ọzọ, gụnyere akụkọ 1959 banyere ọnọdụ dị n'ụlọ ụmụaka Eugeniah nwere nkwarụ na Stockholm ebe ọ kọrọ ọnọdụ siri ike na ntaramahụhụ siri ike a na-enye ụmụaka maka obere mmejọ. Kọmịshọna steeti nwara ịkwụsị mgbasa ozi nke mmemme ahụ, n'agbanyeghị mbọ a mere ka emeziri iwu redio Swedish ka ọ tinye otu iwu iji gbasaa ọrụ dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ. Akụkọ ahụ sochiri nyocha gọọmentị na 1961 nke kwadoro nchọpụta ya, ma mechie ụlọ ahụ. Asklund kwadokwara ihe omume telivishọn na 1965 nke kwadoro iwu ụlọ 300 maka ndị nwere nkwarụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime afọ ndị 1970s, a kpọbatara Asklund na ụdị Fountain House nke ịgwọ ọrịa uche na New York, ebe a na-agwọ nsogbu ahụike uche na obodo n'ụlọ klọb, kama n'ọnọdụ ahụike. Asklund mechara webata ihe nlereanya ahụ na Scandinavia, malite Swedish Fountain House Foundation na 1979, na-enyere aka na ntọala nke ọtụtụ alaka n'ime Sweden, ma bụrụ onye otu nsọpụrụ nke ụlọ klọb abụọ nke Sweden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flannery 177-178&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Flannery|first=Mary|title=Fountain House : portraits of lives reclaimed from mental illness|date=1996|publisher=Hazelden|isbn=156838128X|pages=177–178|url=https://archive.org/details/fountainhousepor0000flan/page/176/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E nyere Asklund ihe nrite Socrates n'afọ 1978. E nyere onyinye ahụ maka &quot;ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ ọha na eze dị oke egwu dị ka onye nta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta na redio na telivishọn&quot;. Asklund nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'oge ndụ ya, gụnyere Vägen till mognad (The Road To Maturity) na 1966 na Torsten Wickbom nke lekwasịrị anya na nha nhata nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, &lt;ref name=&quot;Scobbie&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Scobbie|first=Irene|title=Sweden|date=1972|publisher=Praeger Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/sweden00scob/page/208/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samtal är Reagan (Conversations are work) na mkpa ndị dọkịta na-agwa ndị ọrịa ha okwu, na akwụkwọ ncheta ya ''Uppbrott'' na 1986. 

== Edensibia ==
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'''Louise Viveka Ulrika Asklund''', (onye amụrụ Lagercrantz, nke a maara site na aha njirimara ''Lis''), ((1913-03-23)  - (2006-01-12) ) bụ Onye nkuzi mmekọahụ na Sweden, onye na-eme ihe ngosi telivishọn na redio, na onye edemede.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uppslagsverket&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lis Asklund|url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/lis-asklund|work=Uppslagsverket|publisher=NE Nationalencyklopedin AB|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ndụ mbụ na alụmdi na nwunye ==
A mụrụ ya na 1913, nna Lis Asklund bụ onye bụbu onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ peat nke mechara na-elekọta Ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị na ụlọ akụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ise nne na nna ya nwere, nna ya mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ mgbe ọ lụchara di ọzọ. Nwanne ya nwoke, Olof Lagercrantz, gara n'ihu bụrụ onye edemede a ma ama. Nna ya chọrọ ka ụmụ ya nwanyị nweta agụmakwụkwọ na ohere maka ụmụ ya nwoke, Lis Asklund nwetakwara asambodo akwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Wallin dị na Stockholm mgbe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ.

Site na 1933 ruo 1936 Lis Asklund zụrụ dị ka onye nọọsụ na Swedish Red Cross na Ụlọ ọgwụ Sabbatsberg, tupu ọ gaa nọrọ otu afọ na London na Florence Nightingale International Foundation, ebe ọ mụrụ ọtụtụ isiokwu metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nkà mmụta uche, ụkpụrụ omume, nkà ihe ọmụma, na nlekọta ahụike. O nwetakwara ahụmịhe bara uru na-arụ ọrụ na East End nke London.Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sweden na 1938, Lis Asklund ghọrọ otu n'ime naanị ndị ọrụ enyemaka ụlọ ọgwụ abụọ (nke bụ ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ) na-arụkọ ọrụ na Sweden n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye na-ahụ maka onyinye ruo n'afọ 1949.

N'otu afọ ahụ ka ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka almoner na Sweden, Lis Asklund zutere Erik Asklund, onye ya na ya lụrụ na 1940. Erik Asklund bụ onye edemede, na ndị otu ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị edemede na ọdịbendị Sweden n'oge ahụ, gụnyere Ivar Lo-Johansson, Nils Ferlin, Gunnar Ekelöf, Stig Åsberg, na Tora Dahl. Di na nwunye ahụ gara n'ihu mụọ nwa nwanyị (Malin) na 1946 na nwa nwoke (Jonas) na 1951. Lis Asklund mechara kọwaa alụmdi na nwunye ya na Erik Asklund dị ka enweghị obi ụtọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1986 bụ ''Uppbrott'' (Ọpụpụ), ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm na 1980. 

== Ọrụ na ahụike mmekọahụ ==
Iwu mbụ nke kwadoro ime ime na Sweden ka e tinyere n'iwu n'okpuru Iwu Ime Ime nke afọ 1938, mana nke a kwere ka ime ime n'okpuru obere ọnọdụ. Nke a mere ka ụmụ nwanyị chọọ ndị na-eme ime ime n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ihi na ha enweghị ike ime ime iwu kwadoro. Onye nta akụkọ nwanyị bụ Elise Ottesen-Jensen (onye aha ya bụ Ottar) gakwuuru Lis Asklund na 1940 ka o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ maka Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (Riksförbund för sexuell upplysning) ebe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịga maka ndụmọdụ ma nwee ike ịchụpụ ndị na-eme ime ime dị ize ndụ. Akụkụ nke a gụnyere inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itinye akwụkwọ maka ime ime, mana n'afọ ndị mbụ, a jụrụ ọtụtụ ngwa. Lis Asklund rụrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ọfịs a n'abalị yana ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Afọ abụọ ka e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ a, Asklund guzobere ebe ndụmọdụ ahụike mmekọahụ ọzọ maka obodo Stockholm, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya.

Lis Asklund gbara mbọ ka e belata iwu ime ime na Sweden ma bụrụ onye akaebe tupu nyocha ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ gbasara ime ime, nakwa mgbe e mesịrị nyocha gọọmentị nke afọ 1950 gbasara ime ime. Mgbalị ya rụpụtara ihe dị iche na 1946 mgbe e nyere ohere maka ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba dị ka ihe kpatara ime ime, nke mere ka ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-eme nke ọma maka ime ime ruo ihe dị ka ọkara. Na 1975, ime ime na Sweden bịara dị maka ọchịchọ ruo izu nke iri na asatọ nke ime ime..&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFLönnroth2018&quot;&gt;Lönnroth, Louise (8 March 2018). [https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund &quot;Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund&quot;]. ''Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon''. Swe-Clarin&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;15 December&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ndụ ya ==
N'afọ 1956, Lis Asklund malitere ịpụta na mmemme redio kwa izu Människor emellan (Between People) nke Swedish Broadcasting Corporation na-agbasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fleisher 230&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fleisher|first=Frederic|title=The new Sweden; the challenge of a disciplined democracy|date=1967|publisher=David McKay Co|url=https://archive.org/details/newswedenchall00flei/page/229/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihe ngosi ahụ, Asklund zara akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ndị na-ege ntị na-arịọ maka ndụmọdụ banyere nsogbu onwe onye dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwoke lụrụ di na nwunye nwere ezinụlọ na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ihena-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ riri ya ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ullerstam 108&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ullerstam|first=Lars|title=The Erotic Minorities|date=1966|publisher=Grove Press|url=https://archive.org/details/eroticminorities00ulle/page/108/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asklund pụtara na mmemme ahụ ruo 1968, na-enweta ihe dịka akwụwọ ozi 100 kwa izu (80% site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị) ma na-eru ndị na-ege ntị kwa izu nke ihe dịka mmadụ 700,000.

Asklund pụtakwara na mmemme redio ndị ọzọ, gụnyere akụkọ 1959 banyere ọnọdụ dị n'ụlọ ụmụaka Eugeniah nwere nkwarụ na Stockholm ebe ọ kọrọ ọnọdụ siri ike na ntaramahụhụ siri ike a na-enye ụmụaka maka obere mmejọ. Kọmịshọna steeti nwara ịkwụsị mgbasa ozi nke mmemme ahụ, n'agbanyeghị mbọ a mere ka emeziri iwu redio Swedish ka ọ tinye otu iwu iji gbasaa ọrụ dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ. Akụkọ ahụ sochiri nyocha gọọmentị na 1961 nke kwadoro nchọpụta ya, ma mechie ụlọ ahụ. Asklund kwadokwara ihe omume telivishọn na 1965 nke kwadoro iwu ụlọ 300 maka ndị nwere nkwarụ.

N'ime afọ ndị 1970s, a kpọbatara Asklund na ụdị Fountain House nke ịgwọ ọrịa uche na New York, ebe a na-agwọ nsogbu ahụike uche na obodo n'ụlọ klọb, kama n'ọnọdụ ahụike. Asklund mechara webata ihe nlereanya ahụ na Scandinavia, malite Swedish Fountain House Foundation na 1979, na-enyere aka na ntọala nke ọtụtụ alaka n'ime Sweden, ma bụrụ onye otu nsọpụrụ nke ụlọ klọb abụọ nke Sweden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flannery 177-178&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Flannery|first=Mary|title=Fountain House : portraits of lives reclaimed from mental illness|date=1996|publisher=Hazelden|isbn=156838128X|pages=177–178|url=https://archive.org/details/fountainhousepor0000flan/page/176/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E nyere Asklund ihe nrite Socrates n'afọ 1978. E nyere onyinye ahụ maka &quot;ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ ọha na eze dị oke egwu dị ka onye nta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta na redio na telivishọn&quot;. Asklund nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'oge ndụ ya, gụnyere Vägen till mognad (The Road To Maturity) na 1966 na Torsten Wickbom nke lekwasịrị anya na nha nhata nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, &lt;ref name=&quot;Scobbie&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Scobbie|first=Irene|title=Sweden|date=1972|publisher=Praeger Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/sweden00scob/page/208/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samtal är Reagan (Conversations are work) na mkpa ndị dọkịta na-agwa ndị ọrịa ha okwu, na akwụkwọ ncheta ya ''Uppbrott'' na 1986. 

== Edensibia ==
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'''Louise Viveka Ulrika Asklund''', (onye amụrụ Lagercrantz, nke a maara site na aha njirimara ''Lis''), ((1913-03-23)  - (2006-01-12) ) bụ Onye nkuzi mmekọahụ na Sweden, onye na-eme ihe ngosi telivishọn na redio, na onye edemede.&lt;ref name=&quot;Uppslagsverket&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lis Asklund|url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/lis-asklund|work=Uppslagsverket|publisher=NE Nationalencyklopedin AB|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Lönnroth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lönnroth|first=Louise|title=Louise (Lis) Viveka Ulrika Asklund|url=https://skbl.se/en/article/LisAsklund|work=Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon|publisher=Swe-Clarin|accessdate=15 December 2021|date=8 March 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  

== Ndụ mbụ na alụmdi na nwunye ==
A mụrụ ya na 1913, nna Lis Asklund bụ onye bụbu onye ọrụ ụgbọ mmiri nke na-elekọta ụlọ ọrụ peat nke mechara na-elekọta Ụlọ ọrụ ịnshọransị na ụlọ akụ. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ụmụ ise nne na nna ya nwere, nna ya mechara mụọ ụmụ atọ mgbe ọ lụchara di ọzọ. Nwanne ya nwoke, Olof Lagercrantz, gara n'ihu bụrụ onye edemede a ma ama. Nna ya chọrọ ka ụmụ ya nwanyị nweta agụmakwụkwọ na ohere maka ụmụ ya nwoke, Lis Asklund nwetakwara asambodo akwụkwọ ya na ụlọ akwụkwọ Wallin dị na Stockholm mgbe ọ kwagara ebe ahụ.

Site na 1933 ruo 1936 Lis Asklund zụrụ dị ka onye nọọsụ na Swedish Red Cross na Ụlọ ọgwụ Sabbatsberg, tupu ọ gaa nọrọ otu afọ na London na Florence Nightingale International Foundation, ebe ọ mụrụ ọtụtụ isiokwu metụtara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, nkà mmụta uche, ụkpụrụ omume, nkà ihe ọmụma, na nlekọta ahụike. O nwetakwara ahụmịhe bara uru na-arụ ọrụ na East End nke London.Mgbe ọ laghachiri Sweden na 1938, Lis Asklund ghọrọ otu n'ime naanị ndị ọrụ enyemaka ụlọ ọgwụ abụọ (nke bụ ndị ọrụ mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na-arụ ọrụ n'ime ụlọ ọgwụ) na-arụkọ ọrụ na Sweden n'oge ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Aftonbladet&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=TT|title=Lis Asklund har avlidit|url=https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/0EVq5J/lis-asklund-har-avlidit|accessdate=15 December 2021|work=Aftonbladet|date=12 January 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara n'ihu dị ka onye na-ahụ maka onyinye ruo n'afọ 1949.

N'otu afọ ahụ ka ọ malitere ọrụ dị ka onye na-ahụ maka almoner na Sweden, Lis Asklund zutere Erik Asklund, onye ya na ya lụrụ na 1940. Erik Asklund bụ onye edemede, na ndị otu ha gụnyere ọtụtụ ndị edemede na ọdịbendị Sweden n'oge ahụ, gụnyere Ivar Lo-Johansson, Nils Ferlin, Gunnar Ekelöf, Stig Åsberg, na Tora Dahl. Di na nwunye ahụ gara n'ihu mụọ nwa nwanyị (Malin) na 1946 na nwa nwoke (Jonas) na 1951. Lis Asklund mechara kọwaa alụmdi na nwunye ya na Erik Asklund dị ka enweghị obi ụtọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ndụ ya nke afọ 1986 bụ ''Uppbrott'' (Ọpụpụ), ha mechara gbaa alụkwaghịm na 1980. 

== Ọrụ na ahụike mmekọahụ ==
Iwu mbụ nke kwadoro ime ime na Sweden ka e tinyere n'iwu n'okpuru Iwu Ime Ime nke afọ 1938, mana nke a kwere ka ime ime n'okpuru obere ọnọdụ. Nke a mere ka ụmụ nwanyị chọọ ndị na-eme ime ime n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị n'ihi na ha enweghị ike ime ime iwu kwadoro. Onye nta akụkọ nwanyị bụ Elise Ottesen-Jensen (onye aha ya bụ Ottar) gakwuuru Lis Asklund na 1940 ka o guzobe ụlọ ọrụ maka Swedish Association for Sexuality Education (Riksförbund för sexuell upplysning) ebe ụmụ nwanyị nwere ike ịga maka ndụmọdụ ma nwee ike ịchụpụ ndị na-eme ime ime dị ize ndụ. Akụkụ nke a gụnyere inyere ụmụ nwanyị aka itinye akwụkwọ maka ime ime, mana n'afọ ndị mbụ, a jụrụ ọtụtụ ngwa. Lis Asklund rụrụ ọrụ afọ ofufo n'ọfịs a n'abalị yana ọrụ ya dị ka onye na-eme ihe nkiri. Afọ abụọ ka e guzobere ụlọ ọrụ a, Asklund guzobere ebe ndụmọdụ ahụike mmekọahụ ọzọ maka obodo Stockholm, ya na onye ọrụ ibe ya.

Lis Asklund gbara mbọ ka e belata iwu ime ime na Sweden ma bụrụ onye akaebe tupu nyocha ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ gbasara ime ime, nakwa mgbe e mesịrị nyocha gọọmentị nke afọ 1950 gbasara ime ime. Mgbalị ya rụpụtara ihe dị iche na 1946 mgbe e nyere ohere maka ihe gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na akụ na ụba dị ka ihe kpatara ime ime, nke mere ka ọnụọgụgụ ndị na-eme nke ọma maka ime ime ruo ihe dị ka ọkara. Na 1975, ime ime na Sweden bịara dị maka ọchịchọ ruo izu nke iri na asatọ nke ime ime..

== Ọrụ mgbasa ozi na ndụ ya ==
N'afọ 1956, Lis Asklund malitere ịpụta na mmemme redio kwa izu Människor emellan (Between People) nke Swedish Broadcasting Corporation na-agbasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fleisher 230&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fleisher|first=Frederic|title=The new Sweden; the challenge of a disciplined democracy|date=1967|publisher=David McKay Co|url=https://archive.org/details/newswedenchall00flei/page/229/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ihe ngosi ahụ, Asklund zara akwụkwọ ozi sitere n'aka ndị na-ege ntị na-arịọ maka ndụmọdụ banyere nsogbu onwe onye dị iche iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nwoke lụrụ di na nwunye nwere ezinụlọ na-azọrọ na ọ bụ ihena-akpali agụụ mmekọahụ riri ya ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ullerstam 108&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Ullerstam|first=Lars|title=The Erotic Minorities|date=1966|publisher=Grove Press|url=https://archive.org/details/eroticminorities00ulle/page/108/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Asklund pụtara na mmemme ahụ ruo 1968, na-enweta ihe dịka akwụwọ ozi 100 kwa izu (80% site n'aka ụmụ nwanyị) ma na-eru ndị na-ege ntị kwa izu nke ihe dịka mmadụ 700,000.

Asklund pụtakwara na mmemme redio ndị ọzọ, gụnyere akụkọ 1959 banyere ọnọdụ dị n'ụlọ ụmụaka Eugeniah nwere nkwarụ na Stockholm ebe ọ kọrọ ọnọdụ siri ike na ntaramahụhụ siri ike a na-enye ụmụaka maka obere mmejọ. Kọmịshọna steeti nwara ịkwụsị mgbasa ozi nke mmemme ahụ, n'agbanyeghị mbọ a mere ka emeziri iwu redio Swedish ka ọ tinye otu iwu iji gbasaa ọrụ dị mkpa na ọha mmadụ. Akụkọ ahụ sochiri nyocha gọọmentị na 1961 nke kwadoro nchọpụta ya, ma mechie ụlọ ahụ. Asklund kwadokwara ihe omume telivishọn na 1965 nke kwadoro iwu ụlọ 300 maka ndị nwere nkwarụ.

N'ime afọ ndị 1970s, a kpọbatara Asklund na ụdị Fountain House nke ịgwọ ọrịa uche na New York, ebe a na-agwọ nsogbu ahụike uche na obodo n'ụlọ klọb, kama n'ọnọdụ ahụike. Asklund mechara webata ihe nlereanya ahụ na Scandinavia, malite Swedish Fountain House Foundation na 1979, na-enyere aka na ntọala nke ọtụtụ alaka n'ime Sweden, ma bụrụ onye otu nsọpụrụ nke ụlọ klọb abụọ nke Sweden.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flannery 177-178&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Flannery|first=Mary|title=Fountain House : portraits of lives reclaimed from mental illness|date=1996|publisher=Hazelden|isbn=156838128X|pages=177–178|url=https://archive.org/details/fountainhousepor0000flan/page/176/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22|accessdate=15 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

E nyere Asklund ihe nrite Socrates n'afọ 1978. E nyere onyinye ahụ maka &quot;ọtụtụ afọ nke ọrụ ọha na eze dị oke egwu dị ka onye nta akụkọ na onye na-emepụta na redio na telivishọn&quot;. Asklund nwere ọtụtụ akwụkwọ e bipụtara n'oge ndụ ya, gụnyere Vägen till mognad (The Road To Maturity) na 1966 na Torsten Wickbom nke lekwasịrị anya na nha nhata nke ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị, &lt;ref name=&quot;Scobbie&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Scobbie|first=Irene|title=Sweden|date=1972|publisher=Praeger Publishers|url=https://archive.org/details/sweden00scob/page/208/mode/2up?q=%22Lis+Asklund%22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Samtal är Reagan (Conversations are work) na mkpa ndị dọkịta na-agwa ndị ọrịa ha okwu, na akwụkwọ ncheta ya ''Uppbrott'' na 1986. 

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Mama Uka</title>
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'''Chukwueze Odinaka''' {{Audio|LL-Q1860 (eng)-Chikeme Chizurum-Chukwueze Odinaka.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ n'abalị iri na asatọ n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1991) nke a maara dị ka '''Mama Uka''' bụ onye Naijiria na-eme ihe ọchị na onye na-emepụta ọdịnaya nke na-eme egwuregwu na-eji ejiji nke nwanyị meworo agadi.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Mama Uka na iri na asatọ Ọgọstụ 1991 na [[Amachalla]], Enugu-Ezike na Igbo Eze North mpaghara gọọmentị ime obodo nke Enugu Steeti, ebe ọ gara agụmakwụkwọ praịmarị na nke sekọndrị tupu ọ gaa [[Institute of Management and Technology, Enugu|ulo akwukwu nke njikwa na teknụzụ, Enugu]] (IMT), ebe ọ nwetara nzere na sayensị kọmputa.&lt;ref name=&quot;News&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/01/02/mama-uka-the-voyage-of-a-comedy-icon/|title=Mama Uka: The Voyage of a Comedy Icon|date=2 January 2024|first=Taiwo|author=Okanlawon|work=[[P.M. News]]|accessdate=14 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nwa nke abụọ n'ime nwa ikpeazụ n'ezinụlọ ya.

== Ọrụ ==
Mama Uka, onye a na-ewere dị ka &quot;onye isi na ụlọ ọrụ na-eme ihe ọchị na Naijiria&quot;, na-eji Facebook dị ka isi ụzọ ya mgbe ọ na eyi uwe dị ka nwanyị meworo agadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tribune&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Nigeria's favourite Facebook skit makers|url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/nigerias-favourite-facebook-skit-makers/|first=Bioluwatife|author=Akinyemi|date=13 January 2024|work=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|accessdate=14 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mama Uka, onye bụkwa onye na-agụ egwu na onye na-emepụta ihe, nkeji ihe ọchị ya na 2016 mgbe ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na IMT, Enugu ma kwuo [[Lasisi Elenu]] na Tyler Perry dị ka ihe nlereanya ya.O nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ nde abuo.asato na-eso ụzọ na facebook. Akụkụ ya na-atọ ọchị na-edozi ọnọdụ ndị a na-eme kwa ụbọchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Okanlawon|first=taiwo|date=January 2, 2024|title=Mama Uka: The voyage of a comedy icon|url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2024/01/02/mama-uka-the-voyage-of-a-comedy-icon/|work=[[P.M. News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Mama Uka na Dera nwere nwa nwanyị onye ya na ya gbasara na iri na anọ Febụwarị 2022.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chris&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/my-painful-heartbreak-experience-mama-uka-comedian/|title=My painful heartbreak experience –Mama Uka, comedian|date=14 April 2023|first=Christian|author=Agadibe|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|accessdate=14 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nwa ya Mama na-eme ka mbọ ya mebie iwulite mmekọrịta ịhụnanya ha n'alụmdi na nwunye [nkọwa dị mkpa]. Ọ lara n'iyi mgbe ọ na-aga ịlụ ya afọ asatọ gara aga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=njoku|first=Benjamin|date=April 25, 2023|title=sweet and sour love story of mama uka|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/04/sweet-and-sour-love-story-of-mama-uka/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya na ya anọwo kemgbe afọ 2015. Ọ gara Enugu na Febụwarị iri na anọ, 2022 iji gwa ya ma ọ nọghị ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=njoku|first=benjamin|date=April 25, 2023|title=sweet and sour love story of mama uka|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/04/sweet-and-sour-love-story-of-mama-uka/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ chọtara ya na Ntachi Osa (nri nri) wee jide ya na nwoke ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=njoku|first=benjamin|date=April 25, 2023|title=sweet and sour love story of mama uka|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/04/sweet-and-sour-love-story-of-mama-uka/|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Edensibia ==
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'''E. Tendayi Achiume''' bụ Prọfesọ nke Iwu na Mahadum Stanford, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=School|first=Stanford Law|title=E. Tendayi Achiume|url=https://law.stanford.edu/e-tendayi-achiume/|accessdate=2026-02-27|work=Stanford Law School|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na onye bụbu onye isi ngalaba nke Promise Institute for Human Rights na Mahadim California, Los Angeles.

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka onye nta akụkọ pụrụ iche nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu gbasara ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na enweghị ndidi yiri ya site na nhọpụta ya na Septemba 2017 ruo Nọvemba 2022. Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ a họpụtara n'ọkwa a kemgbe e guzobere ya na 1993.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Achiume na [[Zambia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=UCLA law school assistant professor appointed to UN Human Rights Council|url=https://dailybruin.com/2017/10/11/ucla-law-school-assistant-professor-appointed-to-un-human-rights-council/|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=Daily Bruin}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ na-etolite, Achiume nwere onye nkuzi physics na-akpali akpali, ma buru ụzọ chee echiche ọrụ na physics na injinia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-01-24|title=Emerging Scholar Profile: Achiume Combats Intolerance Internationally|url=https://diverseeducation.com/article/108775/|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=Diverse|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gara United World College of the Atlantic na Wales, ebe o bu ụzọ nwee mmasị na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na iwu mba ụwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tendayi Achiume|url=https://www.uwcatlantic.org/alumni-story/tendayi-achiume|accessdate=2026-02-27|work=UWC Atlantic College|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Achiume nwetara akara ugo mmụta mahadum ya na Mahadum Yale. Ọ kwagara na Yale Law School maka Dọkịta Juris ya, ebe o nwetakwara asambodo na Development Studies..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=E. Tendayi Achiume '08 Named United Nations Special Rapporteur on Racism, Intolerance|url=https://law.yale.edu/yls-today/news/e-tendayi-achiume-08-named-united-nations-special-rapporteur-racism-intolerance|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=law.yale.edu|date=29 September 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge ọzụzụ ya, ọ bụ ọkachamara na mbata mba ụwa na ikike ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; O nwere mmasị karịsịa na mmetọ ikike mmadụ megide ndị [[Zimbabwe|Zimbabwean]] gbara ọsọ ndụ na-achọ ebe mgbaba na South Africa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị nzere doctorate ya, Achiume kwagara South Africa, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odeakwụkwọ iwu maka Dikgang Moseneke na Justice [[Yvonne Mokgoro]] na Ụlọikpe Iwu nke South Africa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Madsen|first=Mikael Rask|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=12hiDwAAQBAJ&amp;q=e.+Tendayi+Achiume+dikgang+moseneke&amp;pg=PT14|title=International Court Authority|date=2018-06-28|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-251504-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi na Mahadum nke Witwatersrand . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=E. Tendayi Achiume {{!}} The New Humanitarian|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/authors/e-tendayi-achiume|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=www.thenewhumanitarian.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nnyocha na ọrụ ==
N'ịgbaso ọnọdụ ya dị ka onye odeakwụkwọ iwu, e nyere ya Bernstein International Human Rights fellowship iji sonye na ọrụ ikike ndị mbịarambịa na Johannesburg's Lawyers for Human Rights . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tendayi Achiume – ACMS|url=http://www.migration.org.za/tendayi-achiume/|accessdate=2020-06-04|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2014, Achiume sonyeere ngalaba na [[Los Angeles]]&quot;&gt;Mahadum California, Los Angeles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=UCLA Law Magazine Fall 2014|url=https://issuu.com/uclalaw/docs/fall_2014_magazine_web/43|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=Issuu|date=October 2014|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na UCLA, Achiume na-eduga International Human Rights Clinic, mmemme nke na-akụziri ụmụ akwụkwọ ikike mmadụ mba ụwa site na ọrụ ahụike. Ọrụ ndị Achiume duziri gụnyere inye nkwado iwu maka Ụmụ amaala Amerịka, iwu iwu na Los Angeles na ụmụ nwanyị a tụrụ mkpọrọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Courses Page|url=https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/e-tendayi-achiume/law-717/|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=law.ucla.edu|archivedate=2020-06-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604223448/https://law.ucla.edu/faculty/faculty-profiles/e-tendayi-achiume/law-717/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka akụkụ nke mmemme ahụ, Achiume na Dignity na Power Now rụkọtara ọrụ, otu nzukọ dị na Los Angeles nke na-achọ ịkwado ndị nọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ na ezinụlọ ha. Ya na ụmụ akwụkwọ ya lere anya na mmebi iwu megide ụmụ nwanyị ndị na-acha ọbara ọbara na-arịa ọrịa uche. O gosipụtara na a na-egbochi ụmụ nwanyị ndị a mgbe niile nkwado ahụike ma ọ bụ nke uche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Students of UCLA Laws Intl Human Rights Clinic Prepare Report LA Jails|url=https://law.ucla.edu/news-and-events/in-the-news/2015/09/Students-of-UCLA-Laws-International-Human-Rights-Clinic-Prepare-Report-on-Abuses-Against-Women-of-Color-in-Los-Angeles-County-Jails/|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=law.ucla.edu|archivedate=2020-06-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604232355/https://law.ucla.edu/news-and-events/in-the-news/2015/09/Students-of-UCLA-Laws-International-Human-Rights-Clinic-Prepare-Report-on-Abuses-Against-Women-of-Color-in-Los-Angeles-County-Jails/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke nzukọ kwa afọ nke American Society of International Law na 2016. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ACHIUME E. Tendayi|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/european-commission-against-racism-and-intolerance/speakers-25th-anniversary-conference/-/asset_publisher/gpKt7YvAt4f1/content/e-tendayi-achiume|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=European Commission against Racism and Intolerance (ECRI)|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2017, a họpụtara Achiume na Kansụl Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke Mba Ndị Dị n'Otu dị ka onye na-ekwuchitere UN maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, ịkpa ókè Agbụrụ, Xenophobia na Nnwere Onwe Ndị Jikọrọ Aka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Achiume Bio|url=https://www.jeanvnelson35.org/achiume|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=Jean v Nelson at 35|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nwanyị mbụ nwere ọnọdụ dị otú ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

In 2018 Achiume visited the [[Obodoézè Nà Ofú|United Kingdom]] to study the prevalence of race crimes and how they were being exacerbated by Brexit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=OHCHR {{!}} End of Mission Statement of the Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance at the Conclusion of Her Mission to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|url=https://ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23073&amp;LangID=E|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=ohchr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-05-11|title=UK has seen 'Brexit-related' growth in racism, says UN representative|url=http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/may/11/uk-has-seen-brexit-related-growth-in-racism-says-un-representative|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=the Guardian|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her verdict was that the Home Office hostile environment policy had &quot;entrenched racism&quot; across the United Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-06-15|title=Austerity measures and hostile environment 'entrenching racism' in UK, says UN|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/austerity-racism-hostile-environment-xenophobia-un-report-rapporteur-immigration-bame-a8959866.html|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=The Independent|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; She encouraged the Government of the United Kingdom to evaluate its policies on discrimination and to investigate the criminalisation of young Black men.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=OHCHR {{!}} UN rights expert hails UK for anti-racism action but raises serious concerns over Immigration Policy, Prevent programme and Brexit|url=https://ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=23074&amp;LangID=E|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=ohchr.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Achiume identified that the anti-foreigner rhetoric that developed during the Leave.EU campaign was permeating society, and that austerity measures were disproportionately impacting communities of colour.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; In particular, she pointed out that &quot;hateful and stigmatising discourse had become 'normalised' – even involving some high-ranking officials&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-05-11|title=UN expert warns of 'stark increase' in hate crimes across UK, post-Brexit vote|url=https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/05/1009542|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=UN News|language=en|archivedate=2020-06-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604232621/https://news.un.org/en/story/2018/05/1009542}}&lt;/ref&gt; This visit was documented in her first report to the United Nations General Assembly, in which she concluded that &quot;ethnonationalist populism&quot; posed a considerable threat to racial equality.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A/73/305 - E - A/73/305|url=https://undocs.org/en/A/73/305|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=undocs.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, she benefited of the support of UCLA which received to this end a grant from the Ford Foundation, especially for research about raising issues from the Global South. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/work/our-grants/awarded-grants/awarded-grant/core-support-to-the-united-nations-special-rapporteur-on-contemporary-forms-of-racism-racial-discrim/132505|title=Core support to the United Nations Special Rapporteur on Contemporary Forms of Racism, Racial Discrimination, Xenophobia and Related Intolerance to conduct consultations and research on emerging issues from the Global South / Ford Foundation}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ọrịa COVID-19, Achiume nyochara ịrị elu nke Ịkpa ókè agbụrụ na xenophobia nke gbasara na SARS-CoV-2 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-05-29|title=A Conversation With U.N. Special Rapporteur E. Tendayi Achiume: COVID-19, Racism, and Xenophobia|url=https://www.justsecurity.org/70410/a-conversation-with-u-n-special-rapporteur-e-tendayi-achiume-covid-19-racism-and-xenophobia/|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=Just Security|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt; Karịsịa, o kwuru na ndị a na-eche na ha bụ ndị China ma ọ bụ ndị si n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia na-emetụta mwakpo xenophobic.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=UN expert hits out at COVID-19 xenophobia|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/latest-on-coronavirus-outbreak/un-expert-hits-out-at-covid-19-xenophobia/1776554|accessdate=2020-06-04|work=www.aa.com.tr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Achiume mesiri ike mkpa maka agụmakwụkwọ iji lụso ịkpa ókè agbụrụ ọgụ, nakwa na ịkpa ókè megide agbụrụ na ndị mba ọzọ kwesịrị ịghọ akụkụ dị mkpa nke agụmakwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

Na Ọktoba 4, 2023, a mara ọkwa na e nyere Achiume onyinye MacArthur Fellowship maka ọrụ ya &quot;ịgbanwe echiche ntọala nke iwu mba ụwa na njikọ nke ikpe ziri ezi agbụrụ na mbugharị ụwa.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=E. Tendayi Achiume|url=https://www.macfound.org/fellows/class-of-2023/e-tendayi-achiume|accessdate=2024-07-03|work=www.macfound.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2023, Achiume bịanyere aka n'akwụkwọ ozi nye Joe Biden katọrọ ogbunigwe Izrel na mgbochi siri ike nke Gaza ma kpọọ oku ka e kwụsị agha ozugbo. Ndị ọkà mmụta iwu sitere na ụfọdụ ngalaba iwu kacha ewu ewu na United States bịanyere aka na akwụkwọ ozi a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=US legal scholars urge Biden to seek immediate ceasefire from Israel|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/17/letter-biden-israel-ceasefire-legal-scholars|accessdate=17 October 2023|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=17 October 2023|author=Tait|first=Robert}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Legal Scholars Demand Withdrawal of US Support for Attacks on Gaza|url=https://legalscholarceasefire.org/|accessdate=17 October 2023|work=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==

* {{Cite web|author=Achiume|first=E. Tendayi|date=2016-06-12|title=Syria, Cost-sharing, and the Responsibility to Protect Refugees|publisher=[[UCLA]]: International Institute|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7p87x1mt|language=en}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Achiume|first=Tendayi|date=2013-07-16|title=Beyond Prejudice: Structural Xenophobic Discrimination Against Refugees|journal=Georgetown Journal of International Law|volume=45|issue=3|pages=323–381|language=en}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Achiume|first=E. Tendayi|date=2019-06-01|title=Migration as Decolonization|url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8m83b98j|journal=[[Stanford Law Review]]|language=en|volume=71|issue=6|pages=1509–1574|issn=0038-9765}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Achiume|first=E. Tendayi|date=2017|title=Reimagining International Law for Global Migration: Migration as Decolonization?|journal=AJIL Unbound|language=en|volume=111|pages=142–146|doi=10.1017/aju.2017.48|issn=2398-7723}}

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}
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    <title>Linda Masarira</title>
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      <text bytes="11650" sha1="ht0ekxg06prt4h8er9uihh6f39aqhw0" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Linda Masarira AfriqUPrising! Protest Movements (cropped).jpg|thumb|Linda Masarira ]]
 

'''Linda Ts intermediai Masarira''' bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Zimbabwe nke jere ozi dị ka onye na-ekwuchitere otu obere otu pati ndị mmegide na Zimbabwe, MDC-T nke Thokozani Khupe duziri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.zimeye.net/2018/04/26/newly-appointed-mdc-t-spokesperson-linda-masarira-issues-maiden-press-statement/|title=Newly Appointed MDC T Spokesperson, Linda Masarira Issues Maiden Press Statement|date=26 April 2018|work=Zimeye.net|accessdate=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Linda Masarira bụkwa onye na-agbachitere ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ nke a maara maka ọrụ ya n'ịkwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya, ịha nhata, nguzozi nwoke na nwanyị, ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwanyị, itinye aka na nnwere onwe akụ na ụba na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị maka ndị a na-akparaghị ókè nke ọha mmadụ. Ọ bụ onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Zimbabwe Labor Economists and African Democrats (LEAD) yana onye otu ndọrọ ndọrọọrọ ọchịchị Political Actors Dialogue (POLAD).

Masarira mere isi akụkọ mgbe ọ katọrọ Marry Mubaiwa na-arịa ọrịa onye bụbu nwunye onye na-agba bọọlụ Shingi Kawondera mgbe ha gbasara, Mary Mubaiwa lụrụ General Constantino Guvheya Nyikadzino Chiwenga onye bụ osote onye isi ala Zimbabwe ugbu a. Mary na Chiwenga kewara.

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
Linda Masarira tolitere na Harare ebe ọ nọ tupu ọ kwaga Bulawayo, Hwange na Mutare ebe a na-arụ ọrụ dị ka nwanyị ụgbọ okporo ígwè. Ọ laghachiri Harare na 2015 wee guzobe otu Zimbabwe Women In Politics Alliance.

== Ịgba mbọ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ ==
Mgbe ọtụtụ ngagharịiwe, arịrịọ na ngagharịiwe megide mmebi iwu ikike mmadụ nke Gọọmentị Zimbabwe mere n'oge ọchịchị Mugabe nke o hiwere, a tụrụ ya mkpọrọ ihe karịrị ụbọchị iri asatọ n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Chikurubhi maka ịma aka gọọmentị ịkwanyere ụmụ mmadụ ùgwù. N'oge mkpọrọ ya, Masarira kpọkọtara ụmụ nwanyị ibe ya ma duzie ngagharịiwe megide ọnọdụ ọjọọ ụmụ nwanyị na-eche ihu, gụnyere enweghị ihe mkpuchi ụlọ na ohere kwesịrị ekwesị maka ọrụ ahụike. N'ihi ngagharịiwe ya, a tara Masarira ahụhụ ma kpọga ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ ụmụ nwoke ebe a kpọchiri ya naanị ya ruo mgbe e mechara nye ya mgbapụta site n'iwu ụlọ ikpe ukwu na Septemba 2016.. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://zimbabwelatestnews.net/linda-masarira-finally-released-from-prison/#sthash.8tYwVuUK.dpbs|title=Linda Masarira finally released from prison - Zimbabwe Latest News|work=Zimbabwelatestnews.net|accessdate=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.zambianobserver.com/horror-pictures-zimbabwe-pro-democracy-activist-linda-masarira-appeared-in-court/|title=HORROR PICTURES: Zimbabwe Pro-democracy activist Linda Masarira Appeared In Court|date=19 September 2016|work=Zambianobserver.com|accessdate=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Linda Masarira haziri ọtụtụ mkpọsa ndị gara nke ọma gụnyere mkpọsa &quot;Bring Back our women from Kuwait&quot; ebe o tinyere aka n'ịrịọ gọọmentị Zimbabwe na ụlọ ọrụ nnọchiteanya Kuwait ka ha mee ngwa ngwa usoro nlọghachi nye ụmụ nwanyị Zimbabwe ndị a chụpụrụ n'ihi ịzụ ahịa mmadụ. Mgbe mkpọsa a gasịrị, gọọmentị Zimbabwe mechara wepụta atụmatụ ịchụpụ ndị niile a zụrụ azụ na mpụga Zimbabwe nke mere ka ihe karịrị ụmụ nwanyị 200 ndị ihe metụtara laghachi n'ụlọ..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2016/05/15/more-women-arrive-from-kuwait|title=More women arrive from Kuwait|work=Dailynews.co.zw|accessdate=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Linda Masarira na ndị enyi ya ise ndị ọzọ gụnyere Lynette Tendai Mudehwe nke Zimbabwe Activists Alliance malitere Occupy Africa Unity Square Campaign na June 2016, nke a haziri ka ọ gbaa ụbọchị iri na isii. Ndị uwe ojii Zimbabwe Republic gburu mkpọsa ahụ wee jide onye ọrụ ibe ya Patson Dzamara na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ na-eme mkpọsa maka ebubo izu ohi.

E jidere Linda n'ebubo nke igbochi usoro ikpe ziri ezi.

N'oge ọ nọ na National Railways of Zimbabwe na Systems Technology, Linda sokwa na otu ndị ọrụ ebe ọ kpọkọtara ndị ọrụ ndị ọzọ ka ha lụọ ọgụ maka ikike ọrụ ha, nke mere ka a chụpụ ya n'òtù ndị ahụ.

O kwuru na ihe ịma aka ndị ọ chere ihu dị ka onye Zimbabwe na-eto eto bụ ihe kpụrụ echiche ya na ihe ịma mma ndị a gụnyere okike na ikpe ziri ezi, ọrụ na ikpe ziri aga yana ikpe na-ezighị ezi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Mashate|first=Fredy|date=1 November 2020|title=Linda Tsungirirai Masarira _ Activism and Politics in Zimbabwe|work=[[YouTube]]|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATb2lIoq0aI|accessdate=25 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Masarira bụbu onye otu kọmitii nchịkwa nke People's Democratic Party (PDP) nke na-ahụ maka iwebata na ịhazi. Ọ bụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Movement for Democratic Change (MDC-T) nke Onye isi ala Dr [[Thokozani Khuphe|Thokozani Khupe]] na-eduzi ugbu a.

N'ọnwa Juun afọ 2018, Linda debanyere aha ya n'akwụkwọ ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu nke Harare Central na ntuli aka nke afọ 2018 nke ịha nhata nwoke na nwanyị na nkwenye ya na ọ nwere ike ime ka ndị ọrụ niile na-eche ikpe na-ezighị ezi ihu na [[Zimbabwe]].

N'ọnwa Ọktoba 2021, Masarira rụrụ ụka na twitter na Kọmitii Electoral nke Zimbabwe kwesịrị ịkwụ ụgwọ nhọpụta, site na 25,000 ruo 50,000 USD, iji mepụta oghere ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị jupụtara na ụkpụrụ nke echiche dị elu. Otú ọ dị, ya onwe ya enwetaghị ego nhọpụta, nke mere ka a machibido ya ịzọ ọkwa na ntuli aka 2023 yana ịnata ịkwa emo na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Arụmụka ==
N'ọnwa Mee afọ 2015, Linda pụtara n'ihu onye ọka iwu Mutare bụ Annia Ndiraya maka ebubo mkparị onye isi ala Zimbabwe n'oge ahụ bụ Robert Mugabe site n'ịkpọ ya dị ka ihe mkpofu nke ọ gọnahụrụ ebubo na-ekwu na e mebiri ya. A chụpụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'efu.

N'afọ 2016, a kọrọ na Masarira kwuru na &quot;ndịNdebele bụ ndị ụjọ na ụmụ ọhụrụ na-ebe ákwá&quot; na nnọkọ Crisis na Zimbabwe Coalition nke emere na Harare. Nkwupụta ahụ gbasara na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta ma bo ya ebubo maka ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. Masarira mere ka o doo anya na ọ pụtara na ọtụtụ Ndị Ndebele achọghị isonye na mbọ ha na-agba ịlụso ọchịchị Mugabe ọgụ maka ikike ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-local-byo-101345.html|title='Am not fazed by Ndebele coward remarks,' Linda Masarira vows|work=Bulawayo24.com|accessdate=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2017, Linda Masarira gbara ndị isi gọọmentị akwụkwọ gụnyere onye isi ala Zimbabwe ugbu a Emmerson Mnangagwa onye bụ osote onye isi ala yana minista na-ahụ maka ihe gbasara ụlọ n'oge ahụ Ignatius Chombo, onye isi ụlọ mkpọrọ Augustine Chihuri na onye isi ụlọ ikpe Paradzai Zimondi. O tinyere akwụkwọ ikpe $ 150,000 maka njide iwu na-akwadoghị n'ihi akwụkwọ ikike njide. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2017/06/linda-masarira-sues-mnangagwa/|title=Linda Masarira sues Mnangagwa - NewsDay Zimbabwe|work=Newsday.co.zw|accessdate=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Machị afọ 2018 o tinyere akwụkwọ n'ụlọ ikpe iwu na-agbagha ikike nke Onye isi ala Emmerson Mnangagwa onye batara n'ọchịchị mgbe 2017 Zimbabwe wepụrụ ọchịchị na Nọvemba afọ 2017. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zimbabwe-today.com/coup-linda-masarira-drags-mnangagwa-court/|title=Coup - Linda Masarira Drags Mnangagwa to Court - Zimbabwe Today|work=zimbabwe-today.com|accessdate=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianwatch.com/tag/linda-masarira/|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2018-07-11|archivedate=2025-04-23|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423205637/http://www.nigerianwatch.com/tag/linda-masarira}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge emume ụbọchị ndị ọrụ nke afọ 2018, a machibidoro Linda Masarira ịbanye n'ụlọikwuu VIP nke Zimbabwe Congress of Trade Unions, Peter Mutasa onye isi oche ZCTU kwuru na ha machibidoro onye na-ekwuchitere MDC-T ịnọdụ n'ụlọ nkwari VIP n'ihi na ọ chọrọ ịkpaghasị emume ụbọchị ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thezimbabwemail.com/zimbabwe/zctu-reveals-why-linda-masarira-was-barred-from-vip-tent/|title=ZCTU Reveals Why Linda Masarira Was Barred From VIP Tent|date=2 May 2018|work=Thezimbabwemail.com|accessdate=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Ọgọstụ 2019, ọ jụrụ Julius Malema itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Zimbabwe ma kwuo na &quot;Zimbabwe bụ mba nwere onwe ya ọ bụghị mgbatị nke South Africa&quot;. Ọ gbara ya ume ka ọ mee ka ọgwụgwọ COVID maka ndị mba ọzọ nọ na South Africa yana ịnye akwụkwọ Visa kama itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Zimbabwe. Fadzai Mahere jụrụ mmegharị a site n'aka ya nke dugara n'ọgụ na Twitter.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-08-04|title=Mahere Puzzled By Masarira's Attack On Malema Over Castigation Of Human Rights Abuses In Zimbabwe ⋆ Pindula News|url=https://news.pindula.co.zw/2020/08/04/mahere-puzzled-by-masariras-attack-on-malema-over-castigation-of-human-rights-abuses-in-zimbabwe/|accessdate=2020-08-26|work=Pindula News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2022, Masarira bụ onye &quot; ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kpọrọ asị&quot; metụtara n'ihi njikọ ya na ndị otu ZANU-PF. Mwakpo ahụ gụnyere ihere ahụ yana nkwupụta na ọ naghị asa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=African feminist activism and democracy: Social media publics and Zimbabwean women in politics online - African Journal of Inclusive Societies|url=https://www.si-ajis.org/articles/african-feminist-activism-and-democracy-social-media-publics-and-zimbabwean-women-in-politics-online/|accessdate=2025-11-11|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ ndị e nwere ==

* Onye guzobere na onye nhazi mba maka Zimbabwe Women in Politics Alliance.
* Onye nhazi mba maka Forum nke Ndị Ntorobịa Africa (Zimbabwean Chapter).
* Onye guzobere na Onye isi oche nke Association of Railways Terminated Employees.
* Onye isi oche nke Revolutionary Freedom Fighters.
* Onye isi oche nke STAR fellowship cohort 3.
* FES Alumni.
* Onye isi oche nke ndị ọrụ Trainmen Union (2008-2013).

== Onyinye na mmata ==

* Zimrights Nwanyị Nkwado nke Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ nke afọ 2016 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailynews.co.zw/articles/2016/11/24/human-rights-defenders-to-be-honoured|title=Human rights defenders to be honoured|work=Dailynews.co.zw|accessdate=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe nrite Giraffe maka Ihe Ndị Ruuru Mmadụ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.giraffe.org/linda-masarira|title=Linda Masarira|work=Giraffe.org|accessdate=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Fortune Magazine 2016 5th Most Powerful Woman in the World &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2016/12/05/the-worlds-most-powerful-women-december-5/|title=The World's Most Powerful Women: December 5|work=Fortune.com|accessdate=19 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Nwaanyị Africa dị ịrịba ama Ọktoba 2017

== Edemsibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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    <title>Nanjira Sambuli</title>
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Nanjira Sambuli (amụrụ na 1988) bụ onye nyocha Kenya, onye edemede, onye nyocha amụma na onye strategist nwere mmasị na ịrụ ọrụ na ịghọta mkpughe, mmetụta okike nke nnabata ICT na ọchịchị, mgbasa ozi, azụmaahịa na ọdịbendị. 

== Mmụta ==
Sambuli nwere nzere bachelọ na sayensị ego na Mahadum Nairobi.

== Ọrụ ==
Nanjira bụ Fellow na Technology and International Affairs Program na The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nanjira Sambuli|url=https://carnegieendowment.org/experts/2050|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210713083429/https://carnegieendowment.org/experts/2050|archivedate=13 July 2021|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Ford Global Fellow. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Ford Global Fellowship|url=https://www.fordfoundation.org/work/investing-in-individuals/the-ford-global-fellowship/|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=Ford Foundation|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke Transform Health Coalition,  onye otu na The New Humanitarian,  Development Gateway &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Home|url=https://transformhealthcoalition.org/|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=Transform Health|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Digital Impact Alliance &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2015-10-01|title=About Us|language=en|work=The New Humanitarian|url=https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/content/about-us|accessdate=2021-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; (DIAL) na Kọmishọna na Lancet &amp; Financial Times Global Commission (Governing Health Futures 2030 [4]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Our Board – Development Gateway – Data and digital solutions for international development.|language=en-US|work=Development Gateway|url=https://developmentgateway.org/board/|accessdate=2021-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Our Board|url=https://digitalimpactalliance.org/home/who-we-are/our-board/|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=Digital Impact Alliance|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Governing health futures 2030 - The Lancet and Financial Times Commission {{!}} Nanjira Sambuli|url=https://www.governinghealthfutures2030.org/staff-member/nanjira-sambuli/|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=Governing health futures 2030|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanjira na-anọdụkwa n'ọtụtụ bọọdụ ndụmọdụ, gụnyere World Economic Forum's Technology and Social Justice Initiatives, Alliance for Inclusive Algorithms &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Advisory Board|url=https://aplusalliance.org/advisory-board/|accessdate=September 19, 2023|work=aplusalliance.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Carnegie Council's AI and Equality Initiative . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Board of Advisors - Artificial Intelligence &amp; Equality Initiative|language=en-US|work=Carnegie Council Artificial Intelligence &amp; Equality Initiative|url=https://www.carnegieaie.org/board-of-advisors/|accessdate=2021-07-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, ọ bụ onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mba na mba na Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator (GESDA). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=GESDA - Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator {{!}} GESDA - Geneva Science and Diplomacy Anticipator|url=https://gesda.global/|accessdate=2021-07-09|work=gesda.global|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanjira jere ozi dị ka onye isi njikwa amụma na mbụ dị ka onye njikwa nha anya dijitalụ na World Wide Web Foundation.[1][2] Nanjira Sambuli bụ onye bụbu onye ndu nyocha na onye njikwa nyocha na iHub dị na Nairobi n'etiti 2013 na 2016. O kwuwo okwu n'ọtụtụ ọgbakọ na mmemme gbasara nha anya dijitalụ na amụma dijitalụ, gụnyere re:publica 2019, rp:Accra 2018, Mepee 2016 na Mgbakọ Afrịka gbasara Women na Teknụzụ. Nanjira bụ onye otu UN Secretary General's High Level Panel on Digital Cooperation wee jee ozi dị ka osote na UN Secretary General's High Level Panel for Women's Economic Empowerment (2016–17). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.omidyar.com/events/open-2016/speaker/nanjira-sambuli|title=Event Details: Speaker Bio {{!}} Omidyar Network|work=www.omidyar.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-10-10|archivedate=9 July 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190709010205/https://www.omidyar.com/events/open-2016/speaker/nanjira-sambuli}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Sambuli duuru ọrụ n'ịntanetị maka ikike ụmụ nwanyị na Web Foundation, nke nwere netwọkụ nke okike na òtù ikike dijitalụ n'ofe Africa, Eshia na Latin America.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Women's Rights Online|url=https://webfoundation.org/our-work/projects/womens-rights-online/|accessdate=2021-03-06|work=World Wide Web Foundation|date=12 May 2015|language=en|archivedate=10 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210310030747/https://webfoundation.org/our-work/projects/womens-rights-online/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sambuli mepụtara usoro maka ịnweta ike, nkwenye na ịdị irè nke Crowdsourcing, Umati, ọrụ nlekota okwu dị ize ndụ n'ịntanetị. [Nkọwa ọzọ dị mkpa] Ọrụ a na-aga n'ihu ugbu a na [[Kenya]], Nigeria na [[South Sudan]]. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ mbipụta n'ọtụtụ okwu gụnyere Kenya's Media Policy na Civic Tech Landscape. 

Ọ bụ onye nchịkọta akụkọ nke Innovative Africa . Ọ na-edekwa kọlụm mgbe ụfọdụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ Daily Nation na Kenya na akwụkwọ akụkọ mba ụwa.

N'afọ 2018, António Guterres, odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke United Nations kpọrọ ya ka ọ sonye na Kọmitii Ukwu na Digital Cooperation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://thisisafrica.me/nanjira-sambuli-global-digital-cooperation/|title=Femme the Future: Kenyan Digital Equality Advocate Nanjira Sambuli takes on Global Digital Cooperation - This Is Africa|date=2018-07-13|work=This Is Africa|accessdate=2018-10-10|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na Nkwado ==

* 2019 - A kpọrọ aha ya na ndepụta nke BBC 100 Women . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-50042279|title=BBC 100 Women 2019: Who is on the list this year?|date=16 October 2019|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/women/bbc-women-100-most-inspiring-world-2019-greta-thunberg-dina-asher-smith-aoc-a9157806.html|archiveurl=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/women/bbc-women-100-most-inspiring-world-2019-greta-thunberg-dina-asher-smith-aoc-a9157806.html|archivedate=18 June 2022|title=Greta Thunberg and Dina Asher-Smith among BBC list of 100 most inspiring women|date=2019-10-16|work=The Independent|language=en|accessdate=2019-10-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 2016 - A kpọrọ ya otu n'ime ndị Afrịka 100 kacha nwee mmetụta na New African Magazine

== Edensibịa ==
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    <title>Nyaradzo Mashayamombe</title>
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      <text bytes="7547" sha1="mbp4g18tflwwsxrpvc45xpd11ih3ptj" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Nyaradzo Mashayamombe.jpg|thumb|267x267px|Nyaradzo Mashayamombe na  2020]]
 

'''Nyaradzo 'Nyari' Mashayamombe''' bụ onye na-akwado ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ụmụ nwoke na Zimbabwe ma na-akwadokwa ikike ụmụ nwanyị na ndị mmadụ, ọ bụkwa onye ọchụnta ego mgbasa ozi, nakwa onye na-abụ abụ na onye na-ede uri n'oge ụfọdụ na-edekọ ihe n'asụsụ afro-jazz. Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Tag A Life International Trust (TaLI), otu nzukọ nkwado nke na-akwalite ikike na ikike ụmụ agbọghọ na ụmụ agbọghọ na Zimbabwe..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mugugunyeki|first=Moses|title=Nyari Mashayamombe: Singer, girl child activist|url=https://www.thestandard.co.zw/2015/08/09/nyari-mashayamombe-singer-girl-child-activist/amp/|accessdate=7 August 2020|work=The Standard}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyari is also the founder and CEO of Identities Media Holdings,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nyaradzo Mashayamombe: Women's Human Rights Activist|url=https://www.forum2000.cz/en/people/nyaradzo-mashayamombe|work=The Forum 2000 Foundation|publisher=The Forum 2000 Foundation|accessdate=7 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; a company that produces content that is featured on the only free to air national television station in Zimbabwe (ZBC TV) and on social media. As a recording artist, Nyari has released three studio albums.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mahachi|first=Calvin|title=Nyaradzo Mashayamombe launches third album|url=https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2015/11/13/nyaradzo-mashayamombe-launches-third-album/amp/|accessdate=7 August 2020|work=The Zimbabwe Independent}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
Nyari nwere nzere Master of Science na Development Studies site na Mahadum ụmụ nwanyị dị n'Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Reporter|first=Society|title=Nyari, changing lives one at a time|url=https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/nyarie-changing-lives-one-at-a-time|accessdate=7 August 2020|work=The Sunday Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ onye isi nchịkwa nke Tag A Life International Trust (TaLI), otu nkwado nke na-akwalite ikike ụmụ agbọghọ na ikike ụmụ agbọghọ dị na Zimbabwe. Tọrọ ntọala na 2010, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=YALI|title=Girl Power and Protection, Now and Forever|url=https://yali.state.gov/girl-power-and-protection-now-and-forever/|work=Young African Leaders Initiative|date=11 October 2014|publisher=The U.S. Department of State|accessdate=7 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; TaLI akwadowo ka steeti ahụ nye aka n'inye agụmakwụkwọ bụ isi maka ihe karịrị 500,000 ndị a machibidoro n'ụlọ akwụkwọ maka ịghara ịkwụ ụgwọ ụlọ akwụkwọ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=FINGAZ|title=Every Child in School campaign launched in Harare|url=https://www.financialgazette.co.zw/every-child-in-school-campaign-launched-in-harare/|accessdate=7 August 2020|work=The Financial Gazette}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyari bụkwa onye guzobere na onye isi oche nke Identities Media Holdings, ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ọdịnaya nke gosipụtara na naanị ụlọ ọrụ telivishọn mba na Zimbabwe. Ihe ngosi okwu ya, nke ọ bụ onye na-elekọta ya, nke a na-akpọ Identities/Umhlobo/Zvatiri, na-apụta na ZBC TV na mgbasa ozi mmekọrịta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Reporter|first=Society|title=Nyari, changing lives one at a time|url=https://www.sundaymail.co.zw/nyarie-changing-lives-one-at-a-time|accessdate=7 August 2020|work=The Sunday Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Langa|first=Veneranda|title=No one should endure violence|url=https://www.newsday.co.zw/2020/02/no-one-should-endure-violence/|accessdate=7 August 2020|work=NewsDay}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nyari bụ onye otu CIVICUS Alliance . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=CIVICUS|title=CIVICUS Board of Directors|url=https://www.civicus.org/index.php/who-we-are/civicus-board|work=CIVICUS|publisher=CIVICUS: World Alliance For Citizen Participation|accessdate=7 August 2020|archivedate=24 August 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200824010121/https://www.civicus.org/index.php/who-we-are/civicus-board}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge gara aga, ọ bụ onye otu Women's Coalition of Zimbabwe nakwa Community Solutions Alumni Board. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=The Forum 2000 Foundation|title=Nyaradzo Mashayamombe: Women's Human Rights Activist|url=https://www.forum2000.cz/en/people/nyaradzo-mashayamombe|work=The Forum 2000 Foundation|publisher=The Forum 2000 Foundation|accessdate=7 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Egwú ==
Dị ka onye na-edekọ egwu, Nyari ewepụtala abọm studio atọ ruo ugbu a. A na-akpọ abọm nke atọ ya Zvatiri, nke e wepụtara n'afọ 2015. Abọm Afro-jazz nke egwu iri na ise na-ekwu maka Afrịka, nsogbu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, ịhụnanya, ozi ọma, ịza ajụjụ na ọchịchị. Otu n'ime abụ ndị dị na abọm a na-akpọ Cry bụ njikọ aka n'etiti Nyari na Chiwoniso Maraire.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Zimoyo|first=Tafadzwa|title=Nyaradzo continues to make strides|url=https://www.herald.co.zw/nyaradzo-continues-to-make-strides/|accessdate=7 August 2020|work=The Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mahachi|first=Calvin|title=Nyaradzo Mashayamombe launches third album|url=https://www.theindependent.co.zw/2015/11/13/nyaradzo-mashayamombe-launches-third-album/|accessdate=7 August 2020|work=The Zimbabwe Independent|date=13 November 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nyari sokwa onye egwu Zimbabwe nwụrụ anwụ bụ Cephas Mashakada rụkọọ ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Staff Reporter|title=Mashakada: God takes back his gift|url=https://www.chronicle.co.zw/mashakada-god-takes-back-his-gift/|accessdate=7 August 2020|work=The Chronicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=FINGAZ|title=Nyaradzi Mashayamombe releases an awareness single|url=https://www.financialgazette.co.zw/nyaradzi-mashayamombe-releases-an-awareness-single/|accessdate=7 August 2020|work=The Financial Gazette}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Moyo|first=Roy|title=Cephas Mashakada has died|url=https://bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-national-byo-6787-article-cephas+mashakada+has+died.html|accessdate=7 August 2020|work=Bulawayo24}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na mmata ==
In 2013, she was recognized as one of Ten Outstanding Young People in Zimbabwe in the category of &quot;Contribution to Children, World Peace, and Human Rights&quot; by the Junior Chamber International. In 2015 she was awarded the Community Champion of the Year honors through the Zimbabwe International Women Awards&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=NED|title=Nyaradzo Mashayamombe: Empowering Young Women to Participate in the Movement for Democracy in Zimbabwe|url=https://www.ned.org/fellows/ms-nyaradzo-mashayamombe/|work=National Endowment for Democracy|date=14 April 2016|publisher=National Endowment for Democracy|accessdate=7 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Groove Magazine International|title=The 2015 Zimbabwe International Women's Awards Winners List|url=https://groovemagazineinternational.wordpress.com/2015/10/05/the-2015-zimbabwe-international-womens-awards-winners-list/|work=Groove Magazine International|date=5 October 2015|publisher=Groove Magazine International|accessdate=7 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In March 2021, she was the first person to advocate for a female second Vice President in Zimbabwe on her social media platforms and her website, Identities Media Holdings following VP Kembo Mohadi's resignation. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
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    <title>Lilly Becher</title>
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Lilly Becher (née Korpus, 27 Jenụwarị 1901, Nuremberg – 20 Septemba 1978, Berlin) bụ onye ode akwụkwọ German, odeakụkọ na onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Kọmunist. Achọpụtara dị ka otu n'ime ndị na-ede akwụkwọ na-emegide Nazi nke mbụ wepụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ gbasara mkpagbu ndị Juu na Nazi Germany n'oge 1930, Becher bụ nwunye nke onye edemede a ma ama bụ Johannes Becher ma nweta nkwanye ùgwù dị ukwuu na East Germany dị ka onye edemede n'onwe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=|title=Lilly (Korpus) Becher|url=http://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363%3b-1424.html?ID=4625|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=|work=bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
 
A mụrụ Becher dị ka Lilly Korpus na Nuremberg na 27 Jenụwarị 1901 ma gụọ akwụkwọ na Munich na Heidelberg. N'ịbanye na Communist Party of Germany (KPD) n'oge ọgba aghara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mbụ nke agha ụwa nke mbụ na 1919, ọ malitere ọrụ ogologo oge dị ka onye nta akụkọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1920s, na-arụ ọrụ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ KPD Die Rote Fahne na 1921 ma na-ahazi ngalaba ụmụ nwanyị nke Communist Party na 1922-1923.

Ọ kwagara Vienna na 1933, afọ [[Adolf Hitler|Hitler]] weghaara ike na Germany, nọrọ otu afọ tupu ọ gaa rụọ ọrụ maka ụlọ ọrụ mbipụta akwụkwọ Éditions du Carrefour na Paris, ebe o nyere aka kpọsara ma dekọọ nsogbu &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwLA&quot;&gt;Ndị Juu&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; Germany n'okpuru ọchịchị Nazi nke ala nna ya na nchịkọta 1936 nke Éditions del Carrefour Der Gelbe Fleck: die Ausrottung von 500000 dt. Juden, (The yellow spot: the extinction of 500000 dt. The Jews), otu n'ime akwụkwọ akụkọ mbụ dị otú ahụ na isiokwu ahụ. Ọ bụ Lion Feuchtwanger dere okwu mmalite nke akwụkwọ ahụ.

Mgbe ha zutere ma lụọ Johannes R. Becher, onye na-ede uri na onye gbara ọsọ ndụ site na ndị Nazi na Paris, ha abụọ kwagara Soviet Union, biri ebe ahụ ruo 1945. Ha abụọ sonyeere Kọmitii Mba maka Free Germany mgbe ndị Germany wakporo Soviet Union. Site na mmeri Germany na [[World War II|Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ]], ndị Bechers laghachiri na mpaghara Soviet nke ndị Allied na-achị Germany.

Lilly Becher rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkọta akụkọ nke Neuen Berliner Illustrierten, akwụkwọ akụkọ bụ́ isi nke East German kwa izu, malite n'afọ 1945 ruo 1950. Johannes Becher dere abụ ahụ n'egwú mba German Democratic Republic, Auferstanden aus Ruinen, n'otu oge ahụ.

Becher dechara akụkọ ndụ di ya na 1963, afọ ise ka ọ nwụsịrị na 1958.

Ọ nwetara nkwado dị elu site n'aka gọọmentị East German na 1960 na 1970s, n'etiti ha bụ ọkọlọtọ East German Banner of Labour (Banner der Arbeit) maka mmezu pụtara ìhè na 1969.

Becher nwụrụ na 20 Septemba 1978.

== Edensibịa ==
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    <title>Olivia Maurel</title>
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      <text bytes="1462" sha1="4bprat3v5o0i1mjkzx9v6vdyskn48o8" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:OliviaMaurel2020.jpg|thumb|Franco-American activist against surrogacy]]
 

'''Olivia Maurel''' (Onye amụrụ n'afọ 1991 na Louisville) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na Switzerland-French-American na onye na-emegide nnọchi anya nwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=García Herrería|first=Javier|date=2025-02-17|title=Olivia Maurel: &quot;La gestación subrogada es una nueva forma de trata de seres humanos&quot;|url=https://www.omnesmag.com/foco/olivia-maurel-la-gestacion-subrogada-forma-trata/|accessdate=2025-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Redacción|date=2024-04-05|title=Campaigner for the abolition of surrogacy, who was born via surrogacy, speaks of meeting Pope|url=https://apnews.com/video/pope-francis-assisted-reproductive-technology-italy-rome-olivia-maurel-4a0cd7abf537446b8cc25ab38b48a67e|language=inglés}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Casablanca Declaration, otu ndị ọkachamara na-akwado njedebe nke nnọchi anya n'ọnọdụ niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-09-09|title=Chile: MPs from 8 parties call for the abolition of surrogacy, after Olivia Maurel’s testimony!|url=https://declaration-surrogacy-casablanca.org/es/chile-mps-from-8-parties-call-for-the-abolition-of-surrogacy-after-olivia-maurels-testimony/|accessdate=2024-11-12|work=Declaration of Casablanca|language=inglés}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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'''Olivia Maurel''' (Onye amụrụ n'afọ 1991 na Louisville) bụ onye na-ahụ maka ụmụ nwanyị na Switzerland-French-American na onye na-emegide nnọchi anya nwa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=García Herrería|first=Javier|date=2025-02-17|title=Olivia Maurel: &quot;La gestación subrogada es una nueva forma de trata de seres humanos&quot;|url=https://www.omnesmag.com/foco/olivia-maurel-la-gestacion-subrogada-forma-trata/|accessdate=2025-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Redacción|date=2024-04-05|title=Campaigner for the abolition of surrogacy, who was born via surrogacy, speaks of meeting Pope|url=https://apnews.com/video/pope-francis-assisted-reproductive-technology-italy-rome-olivia-maurel-4a0cd7abf537446b8cc25ab38b48a67e|language=inglés}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ọnụ na-ekwuchitere Casablanca Declaration, otu ndị ọkachamara na-akwado njedebe nke nnọchi anya n'ọnọdụ niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-09-09|title=Chile: MPs from 8 parties call for the abolition of surrogacy, after Olivia Maurel’s testimony!|url=https://declaration-surrogacy-casablanca.org/es/chile-mps-from-8-parties-call-for-the-abolition-of-surrogacy-after-olivia-maurels-testimony/|accessdate=2024-11-12|work=Declaration of Casablanca|language=inglés}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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  <page>
    <title>Liina Orlova</title>
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      <text bytes="1067" sha1="34ok4s9zycvc47k9jipftx9jvz75kod" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Orlova, Liina.IMG 9408.JPG|thumb|200x200px|Liina Orlova  na 2014]]
 

'''Liina Hermaküla''' &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-11-23|title=Liina Hermaküla: Käige kontrollis! – Reformierakonna naisteühendus NaiRe – kõik algab naistest|url=https://naire.ee/blog/2016/11/23/liina-hermakula-kaige-kontrollis/|accessdate=2026-04-11|language=et}}&lt;/ref&gt; ( Onye amụrụ na abalị iri atọ nke ọnwa Septemba na afo 1941 na Chelyabinsk Oblast), nke a na-akpọkarị '''Liina Orlova''', bụ onye Estonia na-eme ihe nkiri. Tupu ọ rụọ ọrụ, ọ bụ nwa akwụkwọ na Estonian Academy of Music and Theatre n'etiti afọ 1961 na afọ 1965. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=II lend|url=https://eamt.ee/lennud/ii-lend/|accessdate=2026-04-11|work=Eesti Muusika- ja Teatriakadeemia|language=et}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe nkiri ==

* 1965: &quot;[[Supernoova]]&quot;
* 1986: &quot;[[Õnnelind flamingo]]&quot;
* 1987: &quot;Metsluiged&quot;
* 1990: &quot;Ainus pühapäev&quot;
* 2010: &quot;Punane elavhõbe&quot;
* 2011: &quot;Vereringe&quot;

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;references /&gt;
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  <page>
    <title>Rosabel Nelson</title>
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      <text bytes="4525" sha1="4piwq7kyhf2qd5y1edocyg8332w97qo" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Rosabel Nelson (cropped).png|thumb|300x300px|Rosabel Nelson  na 1911]]
Rosabel Edith Nelson (Septemba 1889 - Jun 1959) bụ onye nkwado nnwere onwe nke Samoan. Ọ bụ nwunye Ta'isi Olaf Frederick Nelson, onye ndu ntọala nke otu Samoan anti-colonial Mau movement. 

Rosabel Edith Nelson (Septemba 1889 - Jun 1959) bụ onye nkwado nnwere onwe nke Samoan. Ọ bụ nwunye Ta'isi Olaf Frederick Nelson, onye ndu ntọala nke otu Samoan anti-colonial Mau movement. 

Ọ bụ '''Rosabel Edith Moors''' na Septemba 1889, nwa nwanyị nke abụọ nke [[Harry Jay Moors]], onye ọchụnta ego America bara ọgaranya, na nwunye ya Samoan Fa'animonimo. Harry Moors bụ otu n'ime ndị ọchụnta ego na-aga nke ọma na Samoa na-achị ma bụrụ enyi Robert Louis Stevenson n'oge afọ ise nke onye edemede ahụ na Samoa. Rosabel Moore gụrụ akwụkwọ na St. Mary's na Apia na Mills College na San Francisco. Na July 1909, ọ lụrụ Nelson, nwa nwoke nke onye ọchụnta ego Sweden na nwunye ya Samoan. O. F. Nelson bụ otu n'ime ndị kasị baa ọgaranya n'àgwàetiti Pacific, karịsịa mgbe ejikọtara azụmahịa nna ya na Moors' na 1922 dị ka O. F, Nelson na Son Ltd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=O'Brien|first=Patricia|title=Tautai: Sāmoa, world history, and the life of Ta’isi O. F. Nelson|date=2017|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|isbn=978-0-8248-6653-2|location=Honolulu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=O'Brien|first=Patricia|title=Tautai: Sāmoa, world history, and the life of Ta’isi O. F. Nelson|date=2017|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|isbn=978-0-8248-6653-2|location=Honolulu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFO'Brien2017&quot;&gt;O'Brien, Patricia (2017). ''Tautai: Sāmoa, world history, and the life of Ta’isi O. F. Nelson''. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6653-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-8248-6653-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;N’ihi ihe omume ya na mmegharị Mau, a chụpụrụ O. F. Nelson na Samoa na 1927, hapụ Rosabel ka ọ na-elekọta azụmahịa ahụ. N'ime ka e mesịrị kpọọ Mgbuchapụ Black Saturday na December 28, 1929, ndị uwe ojii colonial gburu ndị Samoa itoolu, gụnyere Tupua Tamasese Lealofi III. Ka emechara ihe omume ahụ, ndị isi Mau bụ ndị echere maka njide na ikpe ikpe. Rosabel Nelson na ụmụ nwanyị atọ ndị ọzọ a ma ama hibere otu Women's Mau ka ha gaa n'ihu na-akpasu iwe megide gọọmentị colonial, bụ ndị zara ya site na igbu mmadụ, mwakpo ndị uwe ojii, na ebubo ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru megide Rosabel na nwanne ya nwanyị Priscilla. A mara ha ikpe maka ịgba ọchịchị mgba okpuru n’April 1930, a tụrụ ha mkpọrọ kwụsịtụrụ.

Rosabel Nelson nwụrụ na June 1959 na Papauta, Apia . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=July 1959|title=Deaths of Islanders|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-331389397/view?sectionId=nla.obj-336372234&amp;partId=nla.obj-331460052#page/n156/mode/1up|journal=Pacific Islands Monthly|volume=29|issue=10|pages=151}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Rosabel na O. F. Nelson nwere ụmụ nwanyị ise na otu nwa nwoke:

* Irene Gustava Noue Nelson (amụrụ n'afọ 1910) - lụrụ Tupua Tamasese Mea'ole ha bụkwa nne na nna Tui Atua Tupua Tmasese Tupuola Ta'isi Efi&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=O'Brien|first=Patricia|title=Tautai: Sāmoa, world history, and the life of Ta’isi O. F. Nelson|date=2017|publisher=University of Hawai'i Press|isbn=978-0-8248-6653-2|location=Honolulu}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFO'Brien2017&quot;&gt;O'Brien, Patricia (2017). ''Tautai: Sāmoa, world history, and the life of Ta’isi O. F. Nelson''. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. [[ISBN]]&amp;nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-6653-2|&lt;bdi&gt;978-0-8248-6653-2&lt;/bdi&gt;]].&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
* Olive Virginia Malienafau (amụrụ n'afọ 1911) - nwanyị ọka iwu mbụ na Samoa, lụrụ Fredrick Betham &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Joyce Rosabel Piliopo &quot;Billie&quot; (amụrụ na Disemba 25, 1913) - lụrụ Richard Carruthers na Hermann Retzlaff, nke ikpeazụ bụ nne Misa Telefoni Retzlaff &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Ta'isi Nelson (June 1915-September 1919) - nwụrụ na ntiwapụ influenza na Samoa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Sina Hope (amụrụ n'afọ 1916) - lụrụ Edward Annandale ma ha bụ nne na nna Dr. Viopapa Annandale-Atherton &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
* Sose Calmar Josephine Taufau (amụrụ na July 8, 1918) &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Edemsibịa ==
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    <title>Virgelina Chará</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Virgelina Chará.jpg|thumb|Virgelina Chará na 2005]]
'''Virgelina Chará''' (onye amụrụ na abalị iri na iteghete nke onwa Machị na afọ 1955) bụ onye Colombia na-ahụ maka ihe ndị ruuru mmadụ na onye na-akwa akwa.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Chará na abalị iri na iteghet nke onwa Machị na afọ1955 na Suárez na Valle del Cauca, Colombia.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-09-20|title=Virgelina Chará- Defensora de los derechos humanos|url=https://asomecosafro.com.co/virgelina-chara-defensora-de-los-derechos-humanos/|accessdate=2026-03-24|work=asomecosafro|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ nwa mbụ n'ime ụmụ anọ a mụrụ n'ezinụlọ Afro-Colombian. Site n'oge ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ ruo iri na asatọ, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka odibo na Cali iji kwado ezinụlọ ya, wee gaa ụlọ akwụkwọ n'uhuruchi wee gụsịrị akwụkwọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri abụọ naanọ. Mgbe ọ laghachiri Cauca, ọ rụrụ ọrụ na-akwado ndị na-egwupụta ihe n'ime ala na ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ ndị a manyere ire ala ha maka ọrụ mmepe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Virgelina Chará|url=https://1000peacewomen.org/en/network/1000-peacewomen/virgelina-chara-2153|accessdate=2026-03-24|work=PeaceWomen Across the Globe|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge esemokwu Colombia, na afọ 1985, ndị ikom ji égbè chụpụrụ Chará na Suárez, tinyere ndị bi na 6,650 si n'obodo ndị isi ojii dị n'ógbè ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Leguizamón|first=Andrea|date=2016-11-09|title=“Hemos tenido que vivir con la marca de la guerra y el dolor”: Virgelina Chará|url=https://plazacapital.co/conexiones/2191-hemos-tenido-que-vivir-con-la-marca-de-la-guerra-y-el-dolor-virgelina-chara|accessdate=2026-03-24|work=Plaza Capital|language=es-es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-02-28|title=“Con el lenguaje de las telas hemos logrado que mucha gente hable”: Virgelina Chará, lideresa social|url=https://www.uniminutoradio.com.co/con-el-lenguaje-de-las-telas-hemos-logrado-que-mucha-gente-hable-virgelina-chara-lideresa-social-jm/|accessdate=2026-03-25|work=UNIMINUTO Radio|language=es-CO}}&lt;/ref&gt; A chụpụrụ obodo ndị ahụ iji mee ka owuwu nke Salvajina Dam dị mfe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Camargo|first=Adriana Fabiola Nino|date=2022-12-18|title=Afro-Colombian activist among 1,000 women nominated for Nobel Peace Prize|url=https://orato.world/2022/12/18/afro-colombian-activist-among-1000-women-nominated-for-nobel-peace-prize/|accessdate=2026-03-25|work=Orato|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị otu Ndị agha kpọkwara ụmụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Chará gbagara na District nke Aguablanca. [es]&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Battistessa|first=Diego|date=2022-06-21|title=Remendar una Colombia rota a puntadas|url=https://elpais.com/planeta-futuro/que-mueve-a/2022-06-21/remendar-una-colombia-rota-a-puntadas.html|accessdate=2026-03-25|work=El País|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agbata afọ 2003 na afọ 2013, Chará kwadoro ụmụ nwanyị na ezinụlọ ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ site na Association for Women and Work (Spanish: Asociación para la Mujer y el Trabajo, nke e guzobere na afọ1994 na Cali).&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-09-20|title=Virgelina Chará- Defensora de los derechos humanos|url=https://asomecosafro.com.co/virgelina-chara-defensora-de-los-derechos-humanos/|accessdate=2026-03-24|work=asomecosafro|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Pinzón|first=Blanca Yaneth González|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Memory_and_New_Ways_of_Knowing/ZY8vEQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Virgelina+Char%C3%A1&amp;pg=PT89&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=Memory and New Ways of Knowing: Narratives of the Armed Conflict in Colombia|date=2025-05-13|publisher=Channel View Publications|isbn=978-1-80041-632-1|pages=188–189|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Junior|first=Joselicio|url=https://www.google.co.uk/books/edition/Vozes_Mulheres_da_Am%C3%A9frica_Ladina/kHKREQAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=Virgelina+Char%C3%A1&amp;pg=PT109&amp;printsec=frontcover|title=Vozes Mulheres da Améfrica Ladina: Movimentos de aquilombamento|date=2025-10-23|publisher=Dandara Editora|isbn=978-65-88586-59-4|language=pt-BR}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2005, Chará kwagara [[Bogotá]], ebe ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka onye ndụmọdụ iwu na ''Cooperativa Multiactiva Interétnica Nuevo Horizonte Limitada'', otu na-elekwasị anya na ikike mmadụ na ndị na-akwado ndị a chụpụrụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Virgelina Chará|url=https://1000peacewomen.org/en/network/1000-peacewomen/virgelina-chara-2153|accessdate=2026-03-24|work=PeaceWomen Across the Globe|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chará is a member of the Union of Seamstresses, based at the House of Peace in Bogotá.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Battistessa|first=Diego|date=2022-06-21|title=Remendar una Colombia rota a puntadas|url=https://elpais.com/planeta-futuro/que-mueve-a/2022-06-21/remendar-una-colombia-rota-a-puntadas.html|accessdate=2026-03-25|work=El País|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Camargo|first=Adriana Fabiola Nino|date=2022-12-18|title=Afro-Colombian activist among 1,000 women nominated for Nobel Peace Prize|url=https://orato.world/2022/12/18/afro-colombian-activist-among-1000-women-nominated-for-nobel-peace-prize/|accessdate=2026-03-25|work=Orato|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Virgelina Chara – Global University – English|url=https://our-global-u.org/oguorg/en/virgelina-chara/|accessdate=2026-03-25|work=our-global-u.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alongside a group of fellow seamstresses, she weaved a cloth embroidered with the stories of Colombian people who died during the war, including marginalised individuals, such as people from the LBGTQ+ community and who lived on the streets. It was large enough to cover the entire Plaza de Bolívar square in Bogotá and was produced with the support of the Center for Memory, Peace and Reconciliation (Spanish: Centro de Memoria Paz y Reconciliación, CMPR).&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-12-10|title=Virgelina Chará|url=http://centromemoria.gov.co/tag/virgelina-chara/|accessdate=2026-03-24|work=Centro de Memoria, Paz y Reconciliación (CMPR)|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-15|title=En video {{!}} La mujer que quiere cubrir con telas el Palacio de Justicia en un llamado por la verdad|url=https://www.semana.com/hilando-por-la-verdad/1825/|accessdate=2026-03-24|work=Semana - Últimas Noticias de Colombia y el Mundo|language=spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Uribe|first=Jairo Alberto Franco|date=2020-06-29|title=Aprendiendo de Virgelina Chará a celebrar la eucaristía|url=https://www.religiondigital.org/de_dios_se_habla_caminando/Aprendiendo-Virgelina-Chara-celebrar-eucaristia-activista-paz-colombia-memoria-victimas-cocina-reconciliacion_7_2245345447.html|accessdate=2026-03-24|work=Religión Digital|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; The piece has been displayed as an act of memory and as a tribute to the victims of the conflict.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Lamb|first=Esther|date=2021-12-13|title=Weaving place amidst violent geographies: afro-descendant women and the embodied politics of war in Colombia|url=https://www.crassh.cam.ac.uk/events/30415/|accessdate=2026-03-25|work=CRASSH - Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities|language=EN}}&lt;/ref&gt;Na 2017, Chará bụ otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ gosipụtara na ihe nkiri akwụkwọ Por Que Cantan Las Aves (2017), nke Alejandra Quintana na Adrián Villa mepụtara.

== Onyinye ==
N'afọ 2005, a kpọrọ Chará Nobel Peace Prize 1000 PeaceWomen Across the Globe (PWAG).&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Virgelina Chará|url=https://1000peacewomen.org/en/network/1000-peacewomen/virgelina-chara-2153|accessdate=2026-03-24|work=PeaceWomen Across the Globe|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Leguizamón|first=Andrea|date=2016-11-09|title=“Hemos tenido que vivir con la marca de la guerra y el dolor”: Virgelina Chará|url=https://plazacapital.co/conexiones/2191-hemos-tenido-que-vivir-con-la-marca-de-la-guerra-y-el-dolor-virgelina-chara|accessdate=2026-03-24|work=Plaza Capital|language=es-es}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Camargo|first=Adriana Fabiola Nino|date=2022-12-18|title=Afro-Colombian activist among 1,000 women nominated for Nobel Peace Prize|url=https://orato.world/2022/12/18/afro-colombian-activist-among-1000-women-nominated-for-nobel-peace-prize/|accessdate=2026-03-25|work=Orato|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-06-04|title=Desplazada y amenazada por policías y militares: la historia de la lideresa Virgelina Chará|url=https://www.colombia.com/podcasts/antesala/virgelina-chara-antesala-podcast-historia-vida-lideresa-desplazada-y-amenazada-militares-521848|accessdate=2026-03-24|work=Colombia.com|language=spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Amanda Coulson</title>
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[[Faịlụ:Boxing at the 2018 Summer Youth Olympics – Boys' light heavyweight Gold Medal Bout 018 (Amanda Coulson).jpg|thumb|Amanda Coulson ]]
'''Amanda Coulson''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na ise n'ọnwa Ọktoba n'afọ 1982) bụ onye nkuzi bọọlụ na England na onye bụbu Onye na-akụ ọkpọ nke na-asọmpi site n'afọ 1999 ruo n'afọ 2012. Ọ bụ onye isi oche nke kọmitii ụmụ nwanyị maka International Boxing Association, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị kachasị mma na-akụ ọkpọ n'England, ebe ọ meriri asọmpi ịkụ ọkpọ mba anọ na ọtụtụ asọmpi mba ụwa.

== Oge ọ malitere ndụ ==
A mụrụ Coulson na 15 Ọktoba n'afọ 1982 na Hartlepool . &lt;ref name=&quot;womenboxing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amanda Coulson {{!}} WOMEN'S BOXING|url=https://www.womenboxing.com/biog/coulsonamanda.htm|work=womenboxing.com|accessdate=21 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sharma|first=Sonia|title=Boxing star Amanda Coulson helps to inspire South Shields youngsters|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/boxing-star-amanda-coulson-helps-9967427|accessdate=21 April 2026|work=[[Evening Chronicle]]|date=1 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere inwe mmasị n'ịkụ ọkpọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na anọ, mgbe ọ gụsịrị otu isiokwu banyere ụmụ nwanyị Britain mbụ na-akụ ọkpọ. O siri ike ịchọta klọb ịkụ ọkpọ nke ga-anabata ya, n'ihi na ịkụ ọkpọ bụ egwuregwu ụmụ nwoke na-achịkwa. Ọ sonyeere Hartlepool Catholic Boys Boxing Club, nke e mechara nye aha ọzọ iji wepụ okwu &quot;Ụmụ nwoke&quot; na aha ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;IBA-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Amanda Coulson: how one article inspired a victorious boxing career|url=https://www.iba.sport/news/amanda-coulson-how-one-article-inspired-a-victorious-boxing-career/|accessdate=21 April 2026|publisher=[[International Boxing Association]]|date=7 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassan-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hassan|first=Nabil|title=Veteran Brit Amanda Coulson ready to take on the world|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/boxing/8967885.stm|accessdate=21 April 2026|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=8 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ịkụ ọkpọ ==
Ọgu mbụ nke Coulson lụrụ bụ n'afọ 1999, mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, ọ meriri onye ọ bụla ọ lụrụ ọgụ na England ma sọọ mpi na Ireland na [[Sweden]], merie asọmpi na nke ikpeazụ. O wee sọọ mpi n'afọ 2004 European Championships, ebe ọ zutere ndị asọmpi nwere ahụmịhe.&lt;ref name=&quot;IBA-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Amanda Coulson: how one article inspired a victorious boxing career|url=https://www.iba.sport/news/amanda-coulson-how-one-article-inspired-a-victorious-boxing-career/|accessdate=21 April 2026|publisher=[[International Boxing Association]]|date=7 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-akụ ọkpọ, Coulson rụrụ ọrụ oge niile dị ka onye ọrụ mberede.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassan-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Hassan|first=Nabil|title=Veteran Brit Amanda Coulson ready to take on the world|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/boxing/8967885.stm|accessdate=21 April 2026|publisher=[[BBC]]|date=8 September 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Steel-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Steel|first=Adam|title=Boxer Amanda Coulson's Olympic dream|url=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/sport/boxing/boxer-amanda-coulsons-olympic-dream-3701834|accessdate=21 April 2026|work=[[Teesside Live]]|date=13 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-eme mkpọsa maka nha nhata maka ụmụ nwoke na ụmụ nwanyị na ịkụ ọkpọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Hassan-2010&quot; /&gt; Nke a gụnyere inwe ọtụtụ ụmụ nwanyị n'ọrụ ndị ọzọ karịa ndị agha, dị ka ndị na-ekpe ikpe na ndị nkuzi.&lt;ref name=&quot;IBA-2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Amanda Coulson: how one article inspired a victorious boxing career|url=https://www.iba.sport/news/amanda-coulson-how-one-article-inspired-a-victorious-boxing-career/|accessdate=21 April 2026|publisher=[[International Boxing Association]]|date=7 January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Coulson bụ onye isi oche nke kọmitii ụmụ nwanyị maka International Boxing Association, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka otu n'ime ndị ọkụ ọkpọ ụmụ nwanyị England, &lt;ref name=&quot;womenboxing&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amanda Coulson {{!}} WOMEN'S BOXING|url=https://www.womenboxing.com/biog/coulsonamanda.htm|work=womenboxing.com|accessdate=21 April 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Sharma-2015&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Sharma|first=Sonia|title=Boxing star Amanda Coulson helps to inspire South Shields youngsters|url=https://www.chroniclelive.co.uk/news/north-east-news/boxing-star-amanda-coulson-helps-9967427|accessdate=21 April 2026|work=[[Evening Chronicle]]|date=1 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Steel-2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Steel|first=Adam|title=Boxer Amanda Coulson's Olympic dream|url=https://www.gazettelive.co.uk/sport/boxing/boxer-amanda-coulsons-olympic-dream-3701834|accessdate=21 April 2026|work=[[Teesside Live]]|date=13 May 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe ọ meriri asọmpi ịkụ ọkpọ mba anọ na ọtụtụ asọmpi mba ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;IBA-2022&quot; /&gt;

=== Ịnye nkuzi ===
N'afọ 2010, Coulson gbara asọmpi na World Championship na Barbados, na-atụ anya iru eru maka asọmpi Olimpik Summer afọ 2012, ebe etinyere ịkụ ọkpọ ụmụ nwanyị na nke mbụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;Hassan-2010&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Steel-2013&quot; /&gt; Mgbe ọ na-erughị eru, Coulson kpebiri ịla ezumike nká ma ghọọ onye nkuzi. Ọ bụ nwanyị nkuzi mbụ maka Great Britain mgbe ha gbara n'afọ 2018 Summer Youth Olympics na ndị asọmpi atọ meriri ihe nrite ọla edo.&lt;ref name=&quot;IBA-2022&quot; /&gt;

== Edemsibia ==
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    <title>Elsa Raccanelli</title>
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'''Elsa Raccanelli''' (na afọ nke iri na itoolu - na afọ nke iri abụọ) bụ onye na-agụ egwu opera na soprano nke Chile na-arụsi ọrụ ike na Spain na Ịtali. &lt;ref name=&quot;Collezione Digitale&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elsa Raccanelli: positivo carta|url=https://www.digitalarchivioricordi.com/it/fotografie/9376|work=Collezione Digitale|publisher=Archivio Storico Ricordi|accessdate=24 March 2026|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Operatore&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Operatore: Elsa Raccanelli|url=https://apps.unive.it/project/imla/operatori/8708|work=L’opera migrante|publisher=[[Ca' Foscari University of Venice]]|accessdate=24 March 2026|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Goldberg&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Goldberg|title=Celebrating Flamenco's Tangled Roots: The Body Questions|date=2022|publisher=Cambridge Scholars Publishing|location=Newcastle upon Tyne|isbn=9781527579422|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Celebrating_Flamenco_s_Tangled_Roots/b3VjEAAAQBAJ?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1&amp;dq=%22Elsa+Raccanelli%22+-wikipedia&amp;pg=PA443&amp;printsec=frontcover|accessdate=24 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 1907, Raccanelli gbara Laura na Iolanta na Teatro Comunale di Bologna . &lt;ref name=&quot;TCB&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=1904-1913|url=https://www.tcbo.it/il-teatro/archivio-storico/1904-1913/|work=Archivio storico|publisher=Teatro Comunale di Bologna|accessdate=24 March 2026|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 1912, Raccanelli rụrụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mweghachi ''Ndị Tzigana'' na Politeama Genovese. [it]&lt;ref name=&quot;Ponchielli&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Ponchielli|first=A.|title=Old Operas Have Milan Revivals|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_musical-america_1912-12-21_17_7/page/12/mode/2up?q=%22Elsa+Raccanelli%22|accessdate=24 March 2026|work=Musical America|date=21 December 1912|page=12}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge  afọ 1914-1915 na afọ1915-1916 Raccanelli rụrụ ọrụ na Gran Teatre del Liceu . &lt;ref name=&quot;Annals&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Elsa Raccanelli Solista|url=https://annals.liceubarcelona.cat/llocca/FFArtista?nomtau=artista&amp;idartista=20825|work=Annals|publisher=Gran Teatre del Liceu|accessdate=24 March 2026|language=ca}}&lt;/ref&gt; Raccanelli rụrụ ọrụ na Teatro Real na Teatro Donizetti n'oge afọ1919-1920. &lt;ref name=&quot;Operatore&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Operatore: Elsa Raccanelli|url=https://apps.unive.it/project/imla/operatori/8708|work=L’opera migrante|publisher=[[Ca' Foscari University of Venice]]|accessdate=24 March 2026|language=it}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe odide ==
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    <title>Sirje Runge</title>
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 {{Reflist}}'''Sirje Runge''' (amụrụ n'abalị iri na itoolu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1950) bụ onye Estonia na-ese ihe na onye na-ese onyinyo nke jikọtara ya na Geometric abstraction na minimalist painting.&lt;ref name=&quot;CCA-EN&quot;/&gt; Nnukwu ihe ngosi nyocha 2025-2026 na Kai Art Center gosipụtara ọrụ ya gafee afọ iri ise ma gosipụta mmasị ya na ìhè, agba, na nghọta. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kai-EN&quot;/&gt;

Runge pụtara n'ime ihe ngosi nka na imewe nnwale na Soviet Estonia n'oge mmalite nke afọ 1970, o nyekwara aka ịmalite ihe omume nka Harku '75 nke afọ 1975 na Harku.[1][2] Kemgbe afọ 2008, ọ na-akụzi ihe na Mahadum Tallinn, gụnyere dịka prọfesọ nke nka mara mma.

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Runge na [[Tallinn]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Kai-EN&quot;/&gt; Ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Estonian State Art Institute (nke bụzi Estonian Academy of Arts), na-ahụ maka imepụta ngwaahịa / imepụta ụlọ ọrụ (1975). &lt;ref name=&quot;CCA-EN&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ETIS&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sirje Runge|work=Estonian Research Information System (ETIS)|url=https://www.etis.ee/CV/Sirje_Runge/eng/|accessdate=1 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A tụlere ọrụ diplọma ya, nke bụ atụmatụ maka ịgbanwegharị etiti Tallinn, n'akwụkwọ e dere mgbe e mesịrị gbasara imewe Estonia na echiche obodo ndị na-akwado ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'oge gara aga.[1][2] Mahadum Tallinn akọwakwala nlebara anya ndị ọkà mmụta mba ụwa na ọrụ ahụ site n'isiokwu gbasara ọrụ ahụ na AA Files (Annals of the Architectural Association School of Architecture). &lt;ref name=&quot;TLU-AAFiles&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Tallinna Ülikooli professori Sirje Runge diplomitöö kohta ilmus teadusartikkel|work=Tallinn University|url=https://www.tlu.ee/uudised/tallinna-ulikooli-professori-sirje-runge-diplomitoo-kohta-ilmus-teadusartikkel|accessdate=1 March 2026|language=et}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==

=== Ná ngwụsị afọ 1960-1970: nka nnwale, imewe, na ''Harku &quot;75&quot;''&quot;75 ===
Ide ihe gbasara nka na ihe omume ndị Estonian Pop na avant-garde emeela ka Runge na ihe nkiri sara mbara nke onye na-emepụta ihe na onye na-ese ihe na-eduzi gbasara ihe ngosi na nhazi otu nke oge ahụ. N'akwụkwọ akụkọ Kunst nke e dere n'asụsụ Bekee, a kpọrọ ya aha n'etiti ndị metụtara okirikiri SOUP '69, a kpọkwara ya aha n'okpuru aha nna ya bụ Lapin n'ihe gbasara ọrụ mmalite nke afọ 1970.

Na Disemba 1975 Runge nyere aka ịmalite ma hazie ''Harku &quot;75&quot;''&quot;75 na Institute of Experimental Biology na Harku, ihe omume e mechara kọwaa dị ka ihe dị mkpa n'ime omenala nka Soviet na-abụghị nke gọọmentị Estonia. &lt;ref name=&quot;Tranzit-Harku&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Event Harku '75 – Objects, Concepts|work=Parallel Chronologies / tranzit.org Exhibition Archive|url=https://tranzit.org/exhibitionarchive/event-harku-75-objects-concepts/|accessdate=1 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;EKM-Harku&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Harku 1975. Objects, Concepts|work=Art Museum of Estonia (EKM)|url=https://kunstimuuseum.ekm.ee/syndmus/harku-1975-objektid-kontseptsioonid/|accessdate=1 March 2026|language=et}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fotokuu-Harku&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=On Fragile Grounds. Sirje Runge and Light|work=Tallinn Photomonth (Fotokuu)|url=https://www.fotokuu.ee/en/programme/on-fragile-grounds-sirje-runge-and-light|accessdate=1 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1970s-2000s: geometric abstraction, agba, na usoro buru ibu ===
Dị ka Estonian Centre for Contemporary Art si kwuo, ọrụ mbụ nke Runge jikọtara ihe owuwu na imewe mara mma, tupu ọ gbanwee gaa na nyocha usoro nke ụdị geometric na, na-arịwanye elu, agba dị ka onye na-ebu ihe dị mkpa na eserese ya. &lt;ref name=&quot;CCA-EN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sirje Runge|work=Estonian Centre for Contemporary Art (CCA) – Artists database|url=https://cca.ee/en/artists-database/sirje-runge|accessdate=1 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntuziaka Tallinn Art Hall maka ihe ngosi 2018 Abstraction as an Open Experiment na-akọwa usoro ''Geometry'' ya (1976-1977) ma tinye ya n'etiti ndị nchọpụta Estonia kachasị mma nke ụdị geometric mbụ na ohere dị mma na eserese. &lt;ref name=&quot;Kunstihoone-guide&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Abstraction as an Open Experiment (guide)|work=Tallinn Art Hall (Kunstihoone)|url=https://www.kunstihoone.ee/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/abstraktsioon_giid_eng.pdf|accessdate=1 March 2026|format=PDF}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nkatọ onwe onye tụlere ọrụ mbụ nke Runge na mmekọrịta ya na ọdịnala mpaghara nke geometric abstraction. Na nyocha nke afọ 2018 maka Arterritory, a kọwara ihe ngosi lekwasịrị anya na nka mbụ ya n'ihe gbasara mmasị 1970s na imezigharị na ịgụghachi ihe omimi nke Estonia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Arterritory-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=There is no single truth|work=Arterritory (review)|url=https://arterritory.com/en/visual_arts/reviews/22951-there_is_no_single_truth/|accessdate=1 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na ngwụcha afọ 1980 ruo n'afọ 1990, ọrụ Runge gara n'ihu na obere ihe osise na nnukwu ihe osise, gụnyere usoro dị ka Shadows na Architectones.&lt;ref name=&quot;CCA-EN&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 2000 ọ mepụtara nnukwu ihe osise gụnyere Dance Macabre (Surmatants), Great Love (Suur armatus), na Battle Flags (''Lahingulipud''). &lt;ref name=&quot;CCA-EN&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ na ihe ngosi ndị dị mkpa ==

=== Nnukwu Ịhụnanya na nrụzigharị ndị ọzọ ===
E gosipụtara nnukwu ọrụ Runge bụ Great Love (nke e sere na 2001-2003) dị ka ihe dị n'etiti ọrụ ya ma gosipụta ya na Kumu (Art Museum of Estonia) na 2010-2011. &lt;ref name=&quot;EVM-GL-2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Monumental painting in open air museum's nature|work=Estonian Open Air Museum (EVM)|url=https://evm.ee/discover/monumental-painting-in-open-air-museum-s-nature|accessdate=1 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EKM-GL-EN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sirje Runge. Great Love (30/10/2010 – 02/01/2011)|work=Art Museum of Estonia|url=https://kunstimuuseum.ekm.ee/en/syndmus/sirje-runge-suur-armastus/|accessdate=1 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe mmemme ihe ngosi nka na-ekwu na egosila ihe osise ahụ na mbụ na Museum of Architecture nke Estonia nakwa na Kumu gosipụtara ya na ụlọ ngosi nka nke oge a.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kumu-GL&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sirje Runge. Suur Armastus|work=Kumu Art Museum|url=https://kumu.ekm.ee/syndmus/sirje-runge-suur-armastus/|accessdate=1 March 2026|language=et}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2021, Runge malitere ọrụ yiri ya na Estonian Open Air Museum nke a na-etinye ihe osise ahụ n'èzí n'elu ihe owuwu e wuru n'ụzọ pụrụ iche ma hapụ ya ka ọ daa.&lt;ref name=&quot;EVM-GL-2&quot;/&gt;

=== N'elu ala na-adịghị ike. Sirje Runge na Light (Kai Art Center, 2025-2026) ===
Nnukwu ihe ngosi onwe onye, On Fragile Grounds. Sirje Runge na Light, meghere na Kai Art Center n'ọnwa Ọktoba afọ 2025 (dị ka akụkụ nke Tallinn Photomonth 2025) wee gaa ruo n'ọnwarị afọ 2026, na-egosi ọrụ gafee afọ iri ise ma na-ebute mmasị Runge na ìhè, agba, na nghọta.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kai-EN&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=On Fragile Grounds. Sirje Runge and Light|work=Kai Art Center|url=https://www.kai.center/en/exhibition/sirje-runge-on-fragile-grounds-sirje-runge-and-light|accessdate=1 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fotokuu-Harku&quot;/&gt; Mgbasa ozi nka nke oge a gụnyere akụkọ na nyocha na asụsụ Bekee dị ka Echo Gone Wrong na Contemporary Lynx.&lt;ref name=&quot;EGW-announce&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Exhibition 'On Fragile Grounds. Sirje Runge and Light' curated by Mėta Valiušaitytė at Kai Art Center|work=Echo Gone Wrong|url=https://echogonewrong.com/exhibition-on-fragile-grounds-sirje-runge-and-light-curated-by-meta-valiusaityte-at-kai-art-center/|accessdate=1 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;EGW-review&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sirje Runge's 'On Fragile Grounds' Through the Eyes of a Lithuanian|work=Echo Gone Wrong|url=https://echogonewrong.com/sirje-runges-on-fragile-grounds-through-the-eyes-of-a-lithuanian/|accessdate=1 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CLynx&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sirje Runge &amp; Valgus KAI Art Center|work=Contemporary Lynx|url=https://contemporarylynx.co.uk/in-conversation-with-epp-and-martin-kruus/sirje-runge-valgus-kai-art-center|accessdate=1 March 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Runge akụziwo na Estonian Academy of Arts ma nwee ọkwa na Mahadum Tallinn kemgbe afọ 2008, gụnyere dịka prọfesọ nke nka mara mma na ngalaba ndị metụtara School of Natural Sciences and Health na Baltic Film, Media, Arts and Communication School . &lt;ref name=&quot;CCA-EN&quot;/&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ETIS&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TLU-profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sirje Runge|work=Tallinn University|url=https://www.tlu.ee/inimesed/sirje-runge|accessdate=1 March 2026|language=et}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na mmata ==
Runge enwetala ọtụtụ nnukwu onyinye nka Estonia, gụnyere:

* Ihe nrite Konrad Mägi (1996).&lt;ref name=&quot;EAA-Konrad&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Konrad Mäe preemia|work=Estonian Artists' Association (Eesti Kunstnike Liit)|url=https://www.eaa.ee/konrad-mae-preemia|accessdate=1 March 2026|language=et}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Kristjan Raud Award (2001), kọrọ na ihe ngosi ya Puhtad valikud (Pure Choices) na Rotermann Salt Storage / Estonian Museum of Architecture . &lt;ref name=&quot;Delfi-Raud&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Kunsti aasta-preemiad jagatud|work=Delfi (Eesti Päevaleht)|date=21 May 2001|url=https://kultuur.delfi.ee/artikkel/50803798/kunsti-aasta-preemiad-jagatud|accessdate=1 March 2026|language=et}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Badge of Merit nke Mahadum Tallinn (2016).&lt;ref name=&quot;TLU-Badge&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Teenetemärk ja teenetemedal|work=Tallinn University|url=https://www.tlu.ee/teenetemark-ja-teenetemedal|accessdate=1 March 2026|language=et}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ihe nrite nke ihe omume ọdịnala nke Estonia na nka anya na nke a na-etinye n'ọrụ (nke enyere maka 2025).  &lt;ref name=&quot;Kulka-2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Selgusid Kultuurkapitali aastapreemiate laureaadid|work=Eesti Kultuurkapital|date=4 February 2026|url=https://www.kulka.ee/uudised/selgusid-kultuurkapitali-aastapreemiate-laureaadid-7|accessdate=1 March 2026|language=et|archivedate=15 February 2026|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20260215105449/https://kulka.ee/uudised/selgusid-kultuurkapitali-aastapreemiate-laureaadid-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ERR-Kulka&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Selgusid Kultuurkapitali aastapreemiate laureaadid|work=ERR Kultuur|date=5 February 2026|url=https://kultuur.err.ee/1609931723/selgusid-kultuurkapitali-aastapreemiate-laureaadid|accessdate=1 March 2026|language=et}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Dị ka CCA si kwuo, a na-edobe ọrụ Runge na mkpokọta ọha gụnyere Art Museum of Estonia na Tartu Art Museum, na mba ụwa na mkpokọta dịka Zimmerli Art Museum na Mahadum Rutgers.[1]. Ihe ngosi Kumu webatara Runge's Geometry VIII (1976) dịka akụkụ nke Zimmerli Art Museum's Norton na Nancy Dodge Collection of Soviet nonconformist art.

== Ihe ngosi ndị a họọrọ ==

* Sirje Runge Great Love (Kumu, 2010-2011).&lt;ref name=&quot;EKM-GL-EN&quot;/&gt;
* Old Venus (Haus Gallery, [[Tallinn]], 2017).&lt;ref name=&quot;ERR-OldVenus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Haus Galeriis pannakse vastamisi Noor ja Vana Veenus|work=ERR Kultuur|date=21 August 2017|url=https://kultuur.err.ee/614061/haus-galeriis-pannakse-vastamisi-noor-ja-vana-veenus|accessdate=1 March 2026|language=et}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Haus-OldVenus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sirje Runge Vana Veenus. Noor Veenus|work=Haus Gallery|url=https://haus.ee/?c=naitused-toimunud&amp;id=420&amp;l=et|accessdate=1 March 2026|language=et}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Abstraction dị ka Nnwale Mpaghara (Tallinn Art Hall, 2018).  &lt;ref name=&quot;Kunstihoone-guide&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Arterritory-2018&quot;/&gt;
* N'elu ala na-adịghị ike. Sirje Runge na Light (Kai Art Center, 2025-2026). &lt;ref name=&quot;Kai-EN&quot;/&gt;
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Uju Onwudiwe</title>
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      <text bytes="2667" sha1="jvl5f2o9t4jvf8gtg5iu5njnit3iv4l" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Uju Onwudiwe.jpg|thumb|300x300px|Uju Onwudiwe]]
'''Uju Onwudiwe''', onye amara nke ọma dịka '''Igolo Njaba''', bụ onye ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị Naijiria na onye otu ụlọ omeiwu Imo steeti. Ọ na-anọchi anya Njaba State Constituency na Owerri, [[Ọ̀hà Ímò|Imo State]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nation|first=The|date=2021-06-06|title=UJU ONWUDIWE: I never dreamt of going into politics|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/uju-onwudiwe-i-never-dreamt-of-going-into-politics/|accessdate=2026-04-12|work=The Nation Newspaper|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntọala agụmakwụkwọ ==
Uju Onwudiwe gụrụ akwụkwọ sekọndrị mbụ ya na Queen's College, Enugu. O mechara gụọ akwụkwọ na Akaụntụ na [[Enugu State University of Science and Technology|Mahadum Sayensị na Teknụzụ nke Enugu State]] (ESUT), ebe o nwetara nzere bachelọ nke Sayensị (B.Sc.). O nwetakwara nzere masta nke nchịkwa azụmaahịa (MBA) na [[University of Nigeria|Mahadum Naịjirịa]], Enugu Campus (UNEC). &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;Wix is a free website builder, meaning this is a self-published, user-generated blog or fan site. (April 2026)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
Uju Onwudiwe arụọla ọrụ dịka onye nchịkwa na ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara ego, nwee ahụmịhe n'òtù dịka Arab Contractors, Mefor Systems Inc., na Nnamdi Nwakwesi &amp; Co. 

Kemgbe e guzobere ya n'ụlọ omeiwu nke asatọ nke Imo State, o sonyekwala n'ọrụ iwu, gụnyere ịkwado ngagharịiwe na itinye aka na iwu ndị ahụ. Ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya n'ihe ndị dị ka mbelata ịda ogbenye, mmepe akụ na ụba, na nchekwa ọha, ebe ọ na-anọchite anya ndị omeiwu ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Okogba|first=Emmanuel|date=2017-01-17|title=How I survived attacks from Biafrans over grazing bill — Imo Lawmaker|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/survived-attacks-biafrans-grazing-bill-imo-lawmaker/|accessdate=2026-04-13|work=Vanguard News|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwanye ugwu na ihe nrite ==
Uju Onwudiwe anatala nkwanye ùgwù site n’aka òtù obodo na ụlọ ọrụ dị iche iche. Ụmụ nwanyị nọ na Njaba nyere ya aha Igolo (“ìhè na-enwu enwu”). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-15|title=Politics provides me platform for elaborate service to all – Onwudiwe|url=https://www.newsecho.com.ng/features/politics-provides-me-platform-for-elaborate-service-to-all-onwudiwe/|accessdate=2026-04-13|work=News Echo|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ntụaka ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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    <title>Mutiu Adepoju</title>
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      <text bytes="6308" sha1="6rwdufs3khptqiuyxo2p3ijf5mbwa4t" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:MutiuAdepoju.JPG|thumb|262x262px|Onye egwuregwu bọọlụ Naịjirịa bụ Mutiu Adepoju dịka onye na agba bọọlụ maka ndị agha Real Madrid CF n'oge egwuregwu ebere na Poland]]
'''Mutiu Adepoju''' {{Audio|LL-Q34311 (yor)-Tunmise123-Mutiu Adepoju.wav|Listen}} (amụrụ na 22 Disemba 1970) bụ onye Naijiria bụbu [[Footbọl|onye na-agba bọọlụ]] nke na-agba dịka onye na-eme egwuregwu n'etiti.

Ọ nọrọ ihe ka ukwuu n'ọrụ ya na Spain, na-enweta egwuregwu 175 na goolu 22 na La Liga n'ime oge asaa ma na-anọchite anya Racing de Santander na Real Sociedad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Mutiu, Adepoju Mutiu - Footballer|url=https://www.bdfutbol.com/en/j/j8.html|accessdate=18 June 2022|work=www.bdfutbol.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye mba Naijiria ruo afọ iri na abụọ, Adepoju pụtara maka mba ahụ na iko mba ụwa atọ na ọtụtụ Iko Mba Afrịka.

== Ọrụ klọb ==
Amụrụ na Ibadan, Adepoju (nke a na-akpọkwa aha mbụ ya na Spen) hapụrụ Nigeria na 1989 ịbanye na Real Madrid, mana o nweghị mgbe ọ gafere ihe ha nwere. Oge 1992 – 93 bụ ihe ịtụnanya ka ọ meriri ihe mgbaru ọsọ 11 na Segunda División iji nyere Racing de Santander aka ịlaghachi na La Liga, [1] [2] ma ọ gara n'ihu na-egosipụta oge niile maka ndị Cantabrian n'ime oge atọ na-esote.

Mutiu hapụrụ Real Sociedad maka 1996–97 mana, mgbe mkpọsa mbụ siri ike gasịrị, gbalịsiri ike guzobe onwe ya na Basques. Na 2001 – 02 ọ nọchitere anya Saudi Arabia's Al-Ittihad Club (Jeddah), mana ọ laghachiri Spain ngwa ngwa ebe ọ mere obere ngosi maka ụlọ ọgbakọ UD Salamanca nke abụọ.

Mgbe afọ abụọ ọzọ na-adịghị ike, na Turkey na Saịprọs, Adepoju lara ezumike nká na 2006 na obere egwuregwu nke Spain. O mechara laghachi na otu mbụ ya Shooting Stars FC, dị ka onye isi njikwa.

== Ọrụ mba ụwa ==
Adepoju bụ onye otu Nigeria U20 nke gbara na 1989 FIFA World Youth Championship. Mmetụta ya megide United States (nke gosipụtara Kasey Keller na goolu) na ọkara ikpeazụ mere ka e nwee mmeri ikpeazụ megide Portugal, mmeri 2-0.

Adepoju gara n'ihu na-anakọta 48 caps maka [[Nigeria national football team|akụkụ zuru ezu]], na goolu isii. O mere nke mbụ ya megide Togo n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1990, mana ọganihu ya bịara n'oge 1992 Africa Cup of Nations,  ma nyere mba ya aka imeri na mbipụta kọntinent ọzọ. 

Adepoju so na ndị otu Naịjirịa maka FIFA World Cup na 1994, 1998 - ebe o meriri na mmeri 3-2 megide Spain - na 2002, ọ bụ ezie na ọ naghị agba bọọlụ na asọmpi ikpeazụ.

== Ndekọ ọnụ ọgụgụ ọrụ ==

=== Mba Nile ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+Ọdịdị na ihe mgbaru ọsọ site na otu mba na afọ 
!Ndị otu mba
!Afọ
!Ngwaọrụ
!Ihe mgbaru ọsọ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |[[Nigeria national football team|Naịjirịa]]
|1990
|3
|0
|-
|1991
|1
|0
|-
|1992
|7
|1
|-
|1993
|3
|0
|-
|1994
|10
|2
|-
|1995
|5
|1
|-
|1996
|2
|0
|-
|1997
|4
|1
|-
|1998
|6
|1
|-
|1999
|2
|0
|-
|2000
|4
|0
|-
|2002
|1
|0
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |Ngụkọta
!48
!6
|}

: ''Akara na nsonaazụ depụtara ihe mgbaru ọsọ Naịjirịa na mbụ, kọlụm akara na-egosi akara mgbe ihe mgbaru ndụ Adepoju ọ bụla gasịrị.''

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Ndepụta nke ihe mgbaru ọsọ mba ụwa nke Mutiu Adepoju gbara
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Mba.
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ụbọchị
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ebe a na-anọ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Onye mmegide
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ihe ruru
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Nsonaazụ
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ịsọ mpi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; scope=&quot;col&quot; |Ref.
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1
|23 January 1992
|Stadium de l'Amitié, Dakar, Senegal
| Ghana
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–2
|1992 Iko Mba Afrịka
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ghana vs. Nigeria|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/18733/Ghana_Nigeria.html|work=National Football Teams|accessdate=7 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2
|26 March 1994
|El Menzah Stadium, Tunis, Tunisia
| Gabon
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–0
|1994 Iko Mba Afrịka
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria vs. Gabon|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/16764/Nigeria_Gabon.html|work=National Football Teams|accessdate=7 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3
|11 June 1994
|[[Obafemi Awolowo Stadium|Liberty Stadium]], [[Ibadan]], Nigeria
| Georgia
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5–1
|Ndị nwere omume enyi
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria vs. Georgia|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/27983/Nigeria_Georgia.html|work=National Football Teams|accessdate=7 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |4
|6 January 1995
|King Fahd International Stadium, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| Japan
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–0
|1995 King Fahd Cup
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nigeria vs. Japan|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/27282/Nigeria_Japan.html|work=National Football Teams|accessdate=7 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |5
|27 April 1997
|Ogige Egwuregwu nke August 4, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| Burkina Faso
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–0
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |2–1
|1998 FIFA World Cup iru eru
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Burkina Faso vs. Nigeria|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/25716/Burkina_Faso_Nigeria.html|work=National Football Teams|accessdate=7 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |6
|13 June 1998
|Stade de la Beaujoire, Nantes, France
| Spain
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |1–1
| style=&quot;text-align:center&quot; |3–2
|1998 FIFA World Cup
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Spain vs. Nigeria|url=https://www.national-football-teams.com/matches/report/11603/Spain_Nigeria.html|work=National Football Teams|accessdate=7 July 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.nigerianplayers.com/player.asp?pID=83 Profaịlụ ndị egwuregwu Naijiria]
* Mutiu Adepojuna BDFutbol
* Mutiu Adepojuna National-Football-Teams.com
* Mutiu Adepoju-FIFAndekọ asọmpi (echekwara) 
* [https://twitter.com/iammutiu8 Mutiu Adepoju X (Twitter)]
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
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'''Anne de Tinguy''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1950) bụ onye French ọkọ akụkọ ihe mere eme na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Kemgbe afọ 2005 ọ bụbu Prọfesọ Mahadum nke akụkọ ihe mere eme nke oge a na Institut national des langues et civilizations orientale. Ọ na-amụ mmekọrịta mba ụwa, ọkachamara na mba ọzọ amụma nke Russia na Ukraine, nakwa dị ka Mbugharị ọmụmụ.

== Ọrụ ==
Anne de Tinguy gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Institut national des langues et civilisations orientales (National Institute of Oriental Languages and Civilizations), ebe o nwetara nzere doctorate na sayensị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na 1981, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sudoc.fr/041408845|title=Anne de Tinguy SUDOC|accessdate=13 April 2020|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 2003 ọ nwetara ikike onye nduzi nyocha ya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sciences-po.asso.fr/profil/anne.detinguy81.|title=Anne de Tinguy|publisher=Sciences Po|language=fr|accessdate=13 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe ọ nwetasịrị akara mmụta doctorate, Tinguy ghọrọ prọfesọ na Center de recherches internationales ([[:fr:Centre de recherches internationales|fr]]). &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.inalco.fr/enseignant-chercheur/anne-tinguy|language=fr|title=Anne de Tinguy Profile|publisher=INALCO|accessdate=13 April 2020|archivedate=13 April 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413052613/http://www.inalco.fr/enseignant-chercheur/anne-tinguy}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site n'afọ 1989 ruo afọ 1990 ọ kụziri ihe na Institut des hautes études de la défense nationale, ọ kụzikwaara na Instituts d'études politiques . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencespo.fr/ceri/en/content/anne-de-tinguy|title=Anne de Tinguy|publisher=Sciences Po Centre for International Studies|accessdate=13 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2000, Tinguy ghọrọ osote onye isi oche nke French Association of Ukrainian Studies . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.afr-russe.fr/spip.php?article197|title=(75) PARIS : Association Française des Etudes Ukrainiennes (AFEU)|publisher=Ceriscope|accessdate=13 April 2020|archivedate=13 November 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191113140957/https://www.afr-russe.fr/spip.php?article197}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ na-eduzi nzere masta abụọ nke France na Russia na International Affairs na IEP na Paris na Moscow State Institute of International Relations . &lt;ref name=&quot;profile&quot;/&gt;

A kpọtụrụ ọrụ Anne de Tinguy na mmekọrịta mba ụwa metụtara Russia na Ukraine aha, ma ọ bụ a gbara ya ajụjụ ọnụ, na ụlọ ọrụ mgbasa ozi dị ka Libération, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2014/04/16/ukraine-comment-sanctionner-la-russie_998579|title=Ukraine : comment sanctionner la Russie ?|language=fr|date=16 April 2014|work=[[Libération]]|author=Bonal|first=Cordélia|accessdate=13 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; RFI, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.rfi.fr/fr/emission/20150405-russie-gorbatchev-poutine-ouverture-repli|title=De Gorbatchev à Poutine, de l’ouverture au repli|date=3 April 2015|work=RFI|author=Desesquelle|first=Daniel|language=fr|accessdate=13 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2014/03/03/poutine-la-crimee-avec-premeditation_984312|title=Poutine : la Crimée avec préméditation|date=3 March 2014|work=The Conversation|author=Despic-Popovic|first=Hélène|language=fr|accessdate=13 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Conversation, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://theconversation.com/vers-un-essoufflement-du-storytelling-de-vladimir-poutine-84449|title=Vers un essoufflement du storytelling de Vladimir Poutine ?|date=4 October 2017|work=The Conversation|author=LaMonica|first=Martin|language=fr|accessdate=13 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vatican News, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vaticannews.va/fr/monde/news/2019-03/annexion-crimee-ukraine-russie-europe-geopolitique.html|title=Cinq ans plus tard, ce qu'a changé l'annexion de la Crimée|date=21 March 2019|work=Vatican News|language=fr|accessdate=13 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; na HuffPost.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.fr/entry/macron-format-normandie-a-paris-un-format-efficace-pour-la-crise-en-ukraine_fr_5ded0ddfe4b00563b852c94c|title=Le format Normandie à Paris, un outil efficace pour la crise en Ukraine?|date=12 September 2019|work=HuffPost|author=Lucie Oriol|language=fr|accessdate=13 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a họputara ==

* ''USA-URSS, la détente'', Complexe ([[:fr:Éditions Complexe|fr]]), 1985  
* ''Les relations soviéto-américaines'', Presses Universitaires de France, Volume 2348 in the collection ''Que sais-je ?'', 1987,  
* ''Les années Gorbatchev. L'URSS de 1985 à 1991'', with Marie-Agnès Crosnier and Jean Gueit, Documentation française, 1993,  
* ''L'Effondrement de l'empire soviétique'', Bruylant ([[:fr:Éditions Bruylant|fr]]), 1998,  
* ''L'Ukraine, nouvel acteur du jeu international'', Bruylant ([[:fr:Éditions Bruylant|fr]]), 2001,  
* ''Contribution à l'étude de la puissance dans le monde de l'après-Guerre froide. Le cas de la Russie'', Institut d'études politiques de Paris, 2003
* ''Moscou et le monde'', 2008,  

== Edensibia ==
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    <title>Anny Duperey</title>
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Clear}}'''Anny Duperey'; born '''Annie Legras'''; 28 June 1947) is a French [[Actor|actress]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=d'arvor|first=Patrick Poivre|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Uwu1DwAAQBAJ|title=Secrets d'enfance|date=2019-10-15|publisher=L'Archipel|isbn=978-2-8098-1874-1|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; published photographer and best-selling author&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Média|first=Prisma|title=Anny Duperey – La biographie de Anny Duperey avec Gala.fr|url=https://www.gala.fr/stars_et_gotha/anny_duperey|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=Gala.fr|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jCl8NQEACAAJ|title=Anny Duperey: dossier biographique|date=1965|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Kraszewska|first=Agata|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RW0GzgEACAAJ|title=La figure maternelle dans &quot;Le Voile noir&quot;, autobiographie d'Anny Duperey|date=2006|publisher=Gerflint|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Dupeu|first=Jean-Marc|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rH_GDQAAQBAJ|title=L'intérêt du psychodrame analytique: Contribution à une métapsychologie de la technique analytique I|date=2015-12-31|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|isbn=978-2-13-079116-4|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Berre|first=Rozenn Le|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KmELEAAAQBAJ|title=L' Expérience du deuil|date=2020-11-19|publisher=Presses Universitaires du Septentrion|isbn=978-2-7574-3221-1|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; with a career spanning almost six decades&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Tessier|first=Bertrand|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hyTLDwAAQBAJ|title=Bernard Giraudeau – Le baroudeur romantique|date=2011-07-01|publisher=L'Archipel|isbn=978-2-8098-0584-0|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; as of 2021 and more than eighty cinema or television credits,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Tulard|first=Jean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nWocAAAAQBAJ|title=Le Nouveau guide des films – Intégrale|date=2013-07-18|publisher=Groupe Robert Laffont|isbn=978-2-221-12486-4|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; around thirty theatre productions and 15 books.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Marschall|first=Alain|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDFvDwAAQBAJ|title=Les secrets des Grandes Gueules|date=2018-09-26|publisher=L'Archipel|isbn=978-2-8098-2435-3|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; She is a five-time Molière Award for Best Actress nominee (known as the French Tony Awards),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Sharland|first=Elizabeth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5LmCmpNAcYAC|title=A Theatrical Feast in Paris: From Moliere to Deneuve|date=2005|publisher=iUniverse|isbn=978-0-595-37451-9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Arena|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B6ksDwAAQBAJ|title=Europe's Stars of '80s Dance Pop: 32 International Music Legends Discuss Their Careers|date=2017-07-21|publisher=McFarland|isbn=978-1-4766-3014-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1998|title=France's Moliere Award Nominations Announced|url=http://www.playbill.com/article/frances-moliere-award-nominations-announced-com-74237|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=Playbill|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170401032543/http://www.playbill.com:80/article/frances-moliere-award-nominations-announced-com-74237|archivedate=2017-04-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Riding|first=Alan|date=2000-05-21|title=THEATER/THE TONY AWARDS; And the Moliere for Best Actor Goes to . . .|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/05/21/theater/theater-the-tony-awards-and-the-moliere-for-best-actor-goes-to.html|accessdate=2021-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; was awarded two 7 d'Or (equivalent to the Emmy Awards)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Danglade|first=Jean-Philippe|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JC5rpCDaslIC|title=Marketing et célébrités|date=2013-04-10|publisher=Dunod|isbn=978-2-10-059776-5|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Reed|first=R. M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gU3uBwAAQBAJ|title=The Encyclopedia of Television, Cable, and Video|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-1-4684-6521-1|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was nominated for the César Award for Best Supporting Actress (known as the French [[Academy Awards|Oscars]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title='French Oscars' marked by anger and protest as Polanski boycotts ceremony|url=https://news.yahoo.com/brad-pitt-snubs-french-oscars-polanski-row-rages-104842168.html|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=news.yahoo.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Barbara Wojazer, Sheena McKenzie and Saskya Vandoorne|title=Actresses walk out of 'French Oscars' after Roman Polanski wins top awards|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/29/europe/roman-polanski-actresses-walk-out-cesar-awards-intl/index.html|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=CNN|date=29 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; for Yves Robert's ''Pardon Mon Affaire'' (1976). In 1977, she received the Prix Alice-Louis-Barthou [fr] awarded by the Académie Française. She is more commercially known for her leading role as Catherine Beaumont in the TF1 hit series ''Une famille formidable'' which ran for 15 seasons (1992–2018) regularly topping national primetime viewership numbers and also broadcast throughout [[Asụsụ French|French-speaking]] Europe peaking at 11 million viewers in [[France]] alone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Falchi|first=Karine de|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W2HkCwAAQBAJ|title=Ecrire une série télé: Toutes les astuces pour rédiger une bible efficace|date=2016-04-07|publisher=Editions Eyrolles|isbn=978-2-212-04588-8|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Sojcher|first=Frédéric|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j8BsDwAAQBAJ|title=Écrire un film: Scénaristes et cinéastes au travail|date=2018-09-20|publisher=Les Impressions nouvelles|isbn=978-2-87449-626-4|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Melquiond|first=Madeleine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gg4j9Wsgo9gC|title=On n'est pas sérieux quand on a 60 ans: Témoignage|date=2013-02-28|publisher=Max Milo|isbn=978-2-315-00446-1|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some of her most notable feature films include [[Jean-Luc Godard]]'s ''Two or Three Things I Know About Her'' (1967); Roger Vadim's ''Spirits of the Dead'' (1968); André Hunebelle's ''The Return of Monte Cristo'' (1968); Alain Resnais' ''Stavisky'' (1974); Umberto Lenzi's ''From Hell to Victory'' (1979); Henri Verneuil's ''A Thousand Billion Dollars'' (1982), Claude Berri's &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwlg&quot;&gt;Germinal&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (1993) or Alain Resnais' &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwmQ&quot;&gt;You Ain't Seen Nothin' Yet&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (2012).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Tulard|first=Jean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x7dTDwAAQBAJ|title=Le Nouveau guide des films – Tome 5|date=2018-04-19|publisher=Groupe Robert Laffont|isbn=978-2-221-21927-0|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Her trapeze number for the Gala de l'Union des artistes [fr] with Francis Perrin&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anny Duperey : Son histoire d'amour secrète ! - France Dimanche|url=https://www.francedimanche.fr/actualites/anny-duperey-son-histoire-d-amour-secrete|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=www.francedimanche.fr|date=2 August 2014|archivedate=2021-11-21|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211121113258/https://www.francedimanche.fr/actualites/anny-duperey-son-histoire-d-amour-secrete}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as her 'red dress scene' with Jean Rochefort swaying her hips as a nod to Marilyn Monroe on Vladimir Cosma's original score both became cult in French popular culture.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Telestar.fr|date=2017-10-10|title=Un éléphant ça trompe énormément : retour sur la scè... - Télé Star|url=https://www.telestar.fr/actu-tv/autres-emissions/un-elephant-ca-trompe-enormement-retour-sur-la-scene-culte-de-la-robe-306428|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=www.telestar.fr|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sports+|first=DH Les|date=2019-10-26|title=Anny Duperey : &quot;Je suis née d'une séance photo&quot;|url=https://www.dhnet.be/medias/cinema/je-suis-nee-d-une-seance-photo-5db05935f20d5a264d0f39ed|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=DH Les Sports +|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bastide|first=François-Régis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zYR7DwAAQBAJ|title=Au théâtre certains soirs: Chroniques|date=1972-01-01|publisher=Seuil (réédition numérique FeniXX)|isbn=979-1-03-690422-6|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; She was made a Chevalier ([[Asụsụ French|French]]: ''Knight'') of the Légion d'honneur as part of the [[France|French Republic]]'s 2012 New Year decoration class also honouring Hélène Carrère d'Encausse, Maurice Herzog and Salma Hayek.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nouvel an: Légion d'honneur pour Salma Hayek, Anny Duperey, Georges Pernoud, Patrick de Carolis... {{!}} Jean-Marc Morandini|url=https://www.jeanmarcmorandini.com/article-246837-nouvel-an-legion-d-honneur-pour-salma-hayek-anny-duperey-georges-pernoud-patrick-de|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=www.jeanmarcmorandini.com|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2015-09-16|title=Légion d'Honneur : Georges Pernoud, Anny Duperey, Patrick de Carolis et Salma Hayek décorés|url=http://www.premiere.fr/Tele/Legion-d-Honneur-Georges-Pernoud-Anny-Duperey-Patrick-de-Carolis-et-Salma-Hayek-decores|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=Premiere.fr|language=FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Recherche de décoré {{!}} La grande chancellerie|url=https://www.legiondhonneur.fr/fr/page/recherche-de-decore/102|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=www.legiondhonneur.fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; She has been a supporter of the charity SOS Children's Villages since 1993.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Anny Duperey, marraine de coeur depuis 1993|url=https://www.sosve.org/portraits/anny-duperey-marraine-de-coeur-depuis-1993/|accessdate=2021-11-21|work=SOS Villages d'Enfants|language=fr-FR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Cotteau|first=Gilbert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SQ1lAgAAQBAJ|title=SOS Villages d'enfant – A portée de coeur|date=2014-01-02|publisher=edi8|isbn=978-2-263-06316-9|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Oge ọ malitere ==
Ezinrọ Duperey si La Neuville-Chant-d'Oisel na Normandy.  Nne na nna ya, Lucien na Ginette Legras bụ ndị na-ese foto, ọnwụ mgbe ha dị afọ 8 &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Laurent|first=Denizeau|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mq7CDgAAQBAJ|title=La Vie, mode mineur|date=2017-04-21|publisher=Presses des Mines via OpenEdition|isbn=978-2-35671-434-3|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; ka ha mụrụ na ike na 6 Nọvemba 1955 na Sotteville-lès-Rouen, carbon monoxide na-egbu ya n'ime ụlọ ịsa ahụ ha n'ihi ihe na-ekpo ọkụ na ikuku na-ebelata ezu.  Mgbe ihe omume a, nne nne ya mere ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Chaumet|first=Nathalie|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=85BMRiHqoIsC|title=Du crépuscule à l'aube, le chemin du deuil|date=2006|publisher=Editions Olivetan|isbn=978-2-915245-40-0|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lecomte|first=Jacques|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YAI-Zv86efQC|title=Guérir de son enfance|date=2004-05-18|publisher=Odile Jacob|isbn=978-2-7381-1438-9|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=DESCHAMPS|first=Daniele|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rNOVDAAAQBAJ|title=L'engagement du thérapeute|date=2012-11-26|publisher=Eres|isbn=978-2-7492-1993-6|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe ọ gachara ihe nkiri nke obodo ya, ọ kwagara Paris ịga nke René Simon.  Ọ dị ka onye na-ese nke ma mee mbụ mbụ ya n'elu ikpo okwu na 1965, na-egwu na La Mamma nke André Roussin wee mee ihe ngosi mbụ ya na Jean-Luc Godard's Two or Three Things I Know About Her (1967).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Collectif|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3-0BCwAAQBAJ|title=Le Dictionnaire universel des créatrices|date=2015-11-26|publisher=Éditions des femmes|isbn=978-2-7210-0651-6|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
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[[Faịlụ:Anny_Duperey_Cannes_2012.jpg|thumb|360x360px|Duperey na 2012 Cannes Film Festival]]
.O so mee Ihe nkiri egwu abụọ na France, Spirits of the Dead (1968) na The Blood Rose (1970).  Na ihe nkiri Alain Resnais nke afọ 1974 Stavisky, ọ Citizen Arlette, eje ozi mara mma nke onye Alexandre Stavisky nke Jean-Paul Belmondo sere.  A ahụmahụ Anny Duperey maka onyonyo César nke afọ 1977 maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma na ọrụ Nkwado maka ebubo ya na &quot;Un éléphant ça trompe énormément&quot; (An Elephant Can Be Extremely Deceptive).  Maka ọrụ ya na ebe, ọ ritere ihe nrite 7 d'Or Best Actress abụọ.  Na ihe nkiri Bekee, Anny Duperey dị na Al Pacino na ihe nkiri Sydney Pollack nke 1977 Bobby Deerfield .  Ihe ngosi ndị ọzọ a ma ama egwu Les Compères na usoro TV 1992 Une famille formidable.

N'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke afọ 2006, ọ duziri Oscar na Lady na Pink (2002, French: Oscar et la dame rose), akwụkwọ ọmụmụ nke Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt dere;  ọ bụ akara na L'Avant-Seine Theatre na Colombes.{{Reflist}}

== Ọrụ ebere ==
onye na-ahụ maka mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya, Anny Duperey wepụtara onwe ya maka ihe ndị dị ka ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ Maka ọdịmma ụmụaka nke mba ụwa SOS Children's Villages na SOS-PAPA otu ụlọ ọrụ mba ụwa iji nyere aka hụ na ụmụaka ịgba alụkwaghịm nwere òkè zuru oke site n'aka ndị nne na nna abụọ.

== Ihe nkiri ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Ọrụ
!Onye nduzi
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ihe edeturu
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1967
|''Jerk na Istanbul''
|Apolline
|Francis Rigaud
|
|-
|''Nwoke ahụ ruru ọtụtụ ijeri''
|Barbara Novak
|Michel Boisrond
|
|-
|''Ihe Abụọ ma ọ bụ Atọ M maara Banyere Ya''
|Marianne
|[[Jean-Luc Godard]]
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1968
|''Mmụọ nke Ndị Nwụrụ Anwụ''
|Onye Nwanyị Na-arụ Ọrụ n'Ụlọikpe
|Roger Vadim
|Akụkụ &quot;Metzengerstein&quot;
|-
|''Nlaghachi nke Monte Cristo''
|Maria
|André Hunebelle
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1969
|''Ụmụ nwanyị''
|Helen
|Jean Aurel
|
|-
|''Di na nwunye na-eto eto''
|Ariane
|René Gainville
|
|-
|''Keeyyee, Barbara''
|Aglaé
|Michel Deville
|
|-
|1970
|''Rose Ọbara''
|Anne
|Claude Mulot
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1972
|''Ọ bụghị onye nzuzu, nnụnụ ahụ''
|Malita
|Jean Delannoy
|
|-
|''Ọdachi Alfred mere''
|Agathe Bodard
|Pierre Richard
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1973
|''Nnụnụ a na-adịghị ahụkebe''
|Marie-Laure de Porcheville
|Jean-Claude Brialy
|
|-
|''Enweghị ihe edeturu''
|Cora
|Bruno Gantillon
|
|-
|1974
|''Stavisky''
|Arlette
|Alain Resnais
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1975
|''Obi Ụtọ Ọjọọ''
|Marianne Malaiseau
|Bernard Toublanc-Michel
|
|-
|''Enweghị nsogbu! ''
|Janis
|Georges Lautner
|
|-
|''Hugs and Other Things [nke]''
|Maria
|Jochen Richter [nke]
|
|-
|1976
|''Mgbaghara Okwu M''
|Charlotte
|Yves Robert
|A họpụtara ya - César Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mmaCésar Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kachasị mma
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1977
|''Onye na-abịa''
|Nwunye Fluvio
|Samy Pavel
|
|-
|''Ọlaedo Night''
|Andrée
|Serge Moati
|
|-
|''Bobby Deerfield''
|Lydia
|Sydney Pollack
|
|-
|1978
|''Trocadéro na-acha anụnụ anụnụ lemon''
|Annie
|Michaël Schock
|
|-
|1979
|''Site na Hel Gaa na Mmeri''
|Fabienne Bodin
|Umberto Lenzi
|
|-
|1980
|''Ịchụpụ ụgbọala''
|Claudia Klessing
|Wigbert Wicker
|
|-
|1981
|''Psy''
|Colette
|Philip nke Broca
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1982
|''Nnukwu mgbaghara''
|Ihe a na-akpọ Carole
|Alexander Arcady
|
|-
|''Ogbugbu n'ụlọ''
|Aurélia Maudru
|Marc Lobet
|
|-
|''Otu puku ijeri dollar''
|Laura Weber
|Henri Verneuil
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1983
|''Ndị ibe''
|Christine Martin
|Francis Veber
|
|-
|''Ekwensu n'Agwaetiti ahụ''
|Dr. Gabrielle Martin
|Francis Leroi
|Fantasporto - Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|-
|1984
|''Ịghọ aghụghọ''
|Nathalie Verta
|Yannick Bellon
|
|-
|1988
|''Gandahar''
|Ambedọ Aka
|René Laloux
|
|-
|1993
|''Mkpụrụ osisi''
|Oriakụ Hennebeau
|Claude Berri
|
|-
|1999
|''N'oge na-adịghị anya''
|Aline
|Anne-Marie Etienne
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2007
|''Mụ na ya na-agba egwú''
|Nne Alexandra
|Valérie Guig Nabodet
|
|-
|''N'okpuru anya m''
|Nne Nne
|Stéphanie Vasseur
|Dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2008
|''N'akụkụ nke ọzọ nke àkwà''
|Ịdị larịị
|Pascale Pouzadoux
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |2009
|''Bamboo''
|Kaki
|Didier Bourdon
|
|-
|''Iden dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ''
|Nwanyị mara mma
|Costa-Gavras
|
|-
|''Mkpụrụ obi ndị nwere pixels''
|Helen
|Michael Castellanet
|Dị mkpirikpi
|-
|2011
|''Ịhụnanya Na-egbu Afọ Atọ''
|Nne Marc
|Frédéric Beigbeder
|
|-
|2012
|''Ị hụghị ihe ọ bụla''
|Nne Eurydice
|Alain Resnais
|
|-
|2019
|''Naanị Gigolo''
|Samantha
|Olivier Baroux
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |2023
|''N'Ụzọ Ojii''
|Helen
|Denis Imbert
|
|-
|''Njem Ndị Na-eyi Ụtọ''
|
|Pascal Thomas
|
|}

=== Telivishọn ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Aha ya
!Onye dere ya
!Onye nduzi
!Ihe edeturu
|-
|1965
|''Alụmdi na Nwunye Atọ nke Mélanie''
|Charlotte Frances
|[[Jean Meyer (actor)|Jean Meyer]]
|
|-
|1965-67
|''Nne''
|André Roussin
|André Roussin
|
|-
|1969
|''Liebeskonzil''
|Oskar Panizza
|Jorge Lavelli
|
|-
|1970
|''Arịa dị n'elu ugwu''
|Alfred Jarry
|Jean-Louis Barrault
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1971
|''Isabella, Ụgbọ Mmiri Atọ na Nwoke Obibi''
|Dario Fo
|Dario Fo
|
|-
|''Agha Trojan agaghị eme''
|Jean Giraudoux
|Jean Mercure
|
|-
|1973
|''N'abalị nke Iri na Abụọ''
|[[William Shakespeare]]
|Jean Le Poulain
|
|-
|1974
|''Isabella Morra''
|André Pieyre nke Mandiargues
|Jean-Louis Barrault
|
|-
|1977
|''Ụwa Ọhụrụ''
|Auguste Villiers nke Isle-Adam
|Jean-Louis Barrault
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1980
|''Akụkọ Oge Oyi''
|[[William Shakespeare]]
|Jorge Lavelli
|
|-
|''Nlebara anya na-adịghị ike''
|André Ernotte na Elliot Tiber
|André Ernotte
|
|-
|1981
|''Ịhụnanya nke Ịhụnanya''
|[Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]Molière
|Jean-Louis Barrault
|
|-
|1983
|''Nwa agbọghọ ahụ nwere ihe ọzọ''
|Bernard Slade
|Pierre Mondy
|
|-
|1984-85
|''Duet maka Otu''
|Tom Kempinski
|Raymond Gérôme
|
|-
|1986
|''Nkwughachi ma ọ bụ Ịhụnanya A Na-ata Ahụhụ''
|Jean Anouilh
|Bernard Murat
|
|-
|1987-89
|''Ihe Nzuzo''
|Henri Bernstein
|Andréas Voutsinas
|A họpụtara ya - Molière Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mmaIhe nrite Molière maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|-
|1990
|Ihe na-atọ gị ụtọ ịhapụ &amp; Ihe na-eme ka ị dị ọcha''Achịcha Ụlọ''
|Jules Renard
|Bernard Murat
|A họpụtara ya - Molière Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mmaIhe nrite Molière maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|-
|1994
|''Mgbe Ọ Na-agba Egwú''
|Martin Sherman
|Patrice Kerbrat
|
|-
|1995-97
|''Di Dị Mma''
|Oscar Wilde
|Adrian Brine
|A họpụtara ya - Molière Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mmaIhe nrite Molière maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|-
|2003
|''Ihe ncheta''
|John Murrell
|Bernard Murat
|
|-
|2006
|''Oscar na Lady na Pink''
|Éric-Emmanuel Schmitt
|Joël Santoni
|A họpụtara ya - Molière Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mmaIhe nrite Molière maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|-
|2010-11
|''nduru''
|Jean Anouilh
|Michel Fagadau
|A họpụtara ya - Molière Award maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mmaIhe nrite Molière maka onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma
|-
|2010-12
|''Mgbaghara Maka kapet''
|Bertrand Blier
|Bertrand Blier
|
|-
|2013
|''Nwanyị Na-eme Anụ N'Obi nke Chaillot''
|Jean Giraudoux
|Didier Long
|
|-
|2018
|''Nkịta na-enweghị atụ''
|Anny Duperey
|Ninon Bretecher
|
|-
|2022
|''Ụmụaka m hụrụ n'anya''
|[[Jean Marboeuf]]
|[[Jean Marboeuf]]
|
|-
|}

== Onye dere ya ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Afọ
!Akwụkwọ
!Onye bipụtara ya
!Ihe edeturu
|-
|1976
|''Ebe Obibi''
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |Mbipụta nke Threshold
|NovelPrix Alice-Barthou nke Académie française&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|1986
|''Ọnụ Mazarin''
|Akwụkwọ akụkọ
|-
|1992
|''Ihe Na-ekpuchi Ojii''
|Akụkọ ndụ
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1993
|''Ana m edegara gị akwụkwọ ozi''
|Akụkọ ndụ na akaebe
|-
|''Lucien Legras, onye na-ese foto a na-amaghị ama''
|Foto nke Lucien Legras (nna ya) 
|-
|1999
|''Nkịta na-enweghị atụ''
|Akụkọ
|-
|2002
|''Ka anyị gaa hụ ihe ọzọ, ọ chọrọ? ''
|Akwụkwọ akụkọ
|-
|2003
|''Okwu Nkịta''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Mbipụta Ramsay
|Ihe odide na ihe osise na Sonja Knapp
|-
|2004
|''Ihe Ndị Na-esi ísì ụtọ''
|Ihe odide
|-
|2005
|''Otu mgbede''
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |Mbipụta nke Threshold
|Akwụkwọ akụkọ
|-
|2008
|''Ndụ na nka ya, nka na ndụ ya''
|Akwụkwọ ozi n'etiti Anny Duperey na Nina Vidrovitch
|-
|2011
|''Ntutu na Ábụ́bà''
|Akwụkwọ akụkọ
|-
|2017
|''Nrọ Nne m''
|Akwụkwọ akụkọ
|-
|2018
|''Foto nke Annie''
|Akwụkwọ akụkọ
|-
|2022
|''Ebe Egwuregwu Na-aga''
|Akwụkwọ akụkọ
|-
|}

== Onyinye na nhọpụta ==
[[Faịlụ:Virginie_Lemoine_et_Anny_Duperey,_Molières_2018_2.jpg|thumb|373x373px|Virginia Lemoine na Duperey na 2018 Molière Awards.]]

=== Ihe nrite Molière ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ọrụ ndị a họpụtara
!Ụdị
!Nsonaazụ
|-
|1988
|''Ihe Nzuzo''
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma|{{Nom}}
|-
|1990
|Achịcha nke Ịsacha &amp; Obi Ụtọ nke Ịgba Agha''Obi ụtọ nke ịhapụ''
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma|{{Nom}}
|-
|1996
|''Di Dị Mma''
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma|{{Nom}}
|-
|2006
|''Oscar na nwanyị na-acha pinki pinki''
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma|{{Nom}}
|-
|2010
|''nduru''
|Onye na-eme ihe nkiri kacha mma|{{Nom}}
|}

=== Ihe nrite nke Caesar ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Afọ
!Ọrụ ndị a họpụtara
!Ụdị
!Nsonaazụ
|-
|1977
|''Mgbaghara Okwu M''
|Onye Nkwado Kasị Mma|{{Nom}}
|}

== Ihe odide ==

[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]</text>
      <sha1>l9g7azob5gb6bdsizgs4t6ux6arimw6</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Armande Gobry-Valle</title>
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      <text bytes="1987" sha1="0ez6gzjll3j79ruw54mg8c3latnn0qf" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Nwanyị French nke akwụkwọ ozi (amụrụ na 1953)}}
'''Armande Gobry-Valle''' (amụrụ na 1953) bụ nwanyị French nke akwụkwọ ozi. Ọ bụ onye nkụzi na [[Troyes]]. O dere ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ n'achọghị onye mbipụta. Na 1990, {{ill|éditions Viviane Hamy|fr}} bipụtara ''Terre tranquille'', nchịkọta akụkọ dị mkpirikpi. E nyere ya onyinye [[prix Goncourt du premier roman]] na 1991 maka ''Iblis ou la Défroque du serpent''. Onye dere akwụkwọ akụkọ asaa, Gobry-Valle bụkwa onye edemede nke akwụkwọ nka.

== Ọrụ ==
*1990: ''Terre tranquille'', éditions Viviane Hamy, {{ISBN|9782878580006}}
*1991: ''Iblis ou la Défroque du serpent'', éd. Viviane Hamy, {{ISBN|9782878580129}}
*1993: ''La Convulsion des brasiers'', éd. Viviane Hamy, {{ISBN|9782878580372}}
*1993: ''Un triptyque'', éd. Viviane Hamy, {{ISBN|9782878580365}}
*1995: ''Le Puits d'exil'', éd. Viviane Hamy, {{ISBN|9782878580624}}
*1995: ''Le Témoin compromis'', éd. Viviane Hamy, {{ISBN|9782878580624}}
*1997: ''Nocturnes'', éd. Viviane Hamy, {{ISBN|9782878580914}}
*2000: ''Debout parmi les ruines'', [[éditions du Seuil]], {{ISBN|9782020353304}}

== Isi mmalite ==
* {{Cite news|first1=Claude |last1=Mourthé|title=Armande Gobry-Valle : un triptyque|journal=Le Magazine Littéraire|issue=309|year=1993|page=85|issn=0024-9807|author1-link=Claude Mourthé}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
* [http://archives.lesoir.be/une-demi-academie-goncourt-la-noirceur-cannibale-d-arma_t-19910422-Z03W41.html ''Une demie-académie Goncourt, la noirceur cannibale d'Armande''] on ''[[Le Soir]]'' (22 April 1991)
* [http://www.viviane-hamy.fr/les-auteurs/article/armande-gobry-valle Armande Gobry-Valle] on éditions Viviane Hamy
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250411221019/https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Armande-Gobry-Valle/149673 Armande Gobry-Valle] on Babelio

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gobry-Valle, Armande}}
[[Category:Living people]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Naịl</title>
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[[Faịlụ:ISS035-E-007148 Nile - Sinai - Dead Sea - Wide Angle View.jpg|thumb|Nile]]
'''Naịl''' bụ nnukwu [[osimiri]] na-asọba n'ebe ugwu n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ [[Afrịka]] -asọ n'Oké Osimiri Mediterenian. Na 7,088 kilomita (4,404 mi) n'ogologo, ọ bụ Osimiri kachasị ogologo n'ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Nile River {{!}} Start, Map, Length, Facts, Continent, History, &amp; Location {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nile-River|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|accessdate=2026-06-05|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osimiri Naịl arụwo ọrụ dị mkpa na gburugburu ebe obibi, akụ na ụba, na akụkọ ọdịbendị nke [[Eluàlà]] ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Agathe-Pauline Caylac nke Caylan</title>
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[[W:ig:Agathe-Pauline Caylac de Caylan|Agathe-Pauline Caylac de Caylan]], '''Comtesse de Bradi''' (1 Mee 1782 - 7 Mee 1847) bụ onye odee akwụkwọ nke mba French nke nyere aka na akwụkwọ akụkọ, mepụtara ọmụmụ akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Corsica ma dee akwụkwọ maka ndị na-eto eto.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ Caylac de Ceylan na 1 Mee afo 1782 na mba Paris, France . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bradi, Agathe Pauline Caylac de Ceylan|url=https://data.cerl.org/thesaurus/cnp01369454|accessdate=2026-04-21|work=CERL Thesaurus}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Chronological Bibliography: Comtesse de Bradi|url=https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ch.cgi?206893+All|accessdate=2026-04-21|work=The Internet Speculative Fiction Database}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nna ya Guillaume Caylac de Ceylan bụ Knight nke Saint-Louis na kwa onyeisi ndị agha ịnyịnya nke sitere na Basque.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=de Montferrand|first=Alfred|authorlink=|url=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Les_Femmes_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bres_contemporaines_fran%C3%A7aises|title=Les Femmes célèbres contemporaines françaises|date=1843|pages=49-54|language=fr|chapter=Mme La comtesse de Bradi|chapterurl=https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Les_Femmes_c%C3%A9l%C3%A8bres_contemporaines_fran%C3%A7aises/Bradi}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nne ya bụ Bonne-Mille-Claude Caylac de Ceylan (née de Newer) si Sweden.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Bradi, Agathe-Pauline Caylac de Ceylan|url=https://shewrote.rich.ru.nl/persons/dc6749dc-204d-4125-804b-3131d23fc492/|accessdate=2026-04-21|work=SHE WROTE}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Caylac de Ceylan lụrụ onye bụ isi obodo Corsican mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na asaa. &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Sarrut|first=Germain|url=http://archive.org/details/biographiedeshom0301sarr|title=Biographie des hommes du jour industriels,--conseillers-d'État,--artistes,--chambellans,--députés,--prêtres,--militaires,--écrivains,--rois,--diplomates,--pairs,--gens de justice,--princes,--espions fameux,--savans.|date=1835|publisher=Paris : H. Krabe|others=Boston Public Library|pages=254|language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSarrutSaint-Edme1835&quot;&gt;Sarrut, Germain; Saint-Edme, Théodore Bourg (1835). [[iarchive:biographiedeshom0301sarr|''Biographie des hommes du jour industriels,--conseillers-d'État,--artistes,--chambellans,--députés,--prêtres,--militaires,--écrivains,--rois,--diplomates,--pairs,--gens de justice,--princes,--espions fameux,--savans'']] (in French). Boston Public Library. Paris : H. Krabe. p.&amp;nbsp;254.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Duplessy|first=Joseph|url=http://archive.org/details/DuplessyTresorLitteraireDesJeunesPersonnes|title=Trésor littéraire des jeunes personnes|date=1862|pages=277|language=fr}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFDuplessy1862&quot;&gt;Duplessy, Joseph (1862). [[iarchive:DuplessyTresorLitteraireDesJeunesPersonnes|''Trésor littéraire des jeunes personnes'']] (in French). p.&amp;nbsp;277.&lt;/cite&gt;
[[Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Comtesse Agathe-Pauline Caylac de Ceylan de Bradi|url=https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Comtesse-Agathe-Pauline-Caylac-de-Ceylan-de-Bradi/359462|accessdate=2026-04-21|work=Babelio|archivedate=2025-08-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20250806145500/https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Comtesse-Agathe-Pauline-Caylac-de-Ceylan-de-Bradi/359462}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20250806145500/https://www.babelio.com/auteur/Comtesse-Agathe-Pauline-Caylac-de-Ceylan-de-Bradi/359462 &quot;Comtesse Agathe-Pauline Caylac de Ceylan de Bradi&quot;]. ''Babelio''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;21 April&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ sooro di ya gaa mba Ịtali e merụọ di ya ahụ site na shrapnel nke Siege of Genoa ma ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ nwụọ n'ihi agụụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Mgbe ọ ghọsịrị nne nke ụmụ atọ, Caylac de Ceylan laghachiri France, biri na Château de Rebrechien, nso Orléans.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Caylac de Ceylan bipụtara akwụkwọ gbasara akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Corsica, nke a jụrụ mgbe ọdịda Napoleon gasịrị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 1826, o bipụtara nkatọ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na okpukpe nke echiche nke onye odee akwụkwọ nke ndi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ndi François Dominique de Reynaud, Comte de Montlosier, nke Vatican City nabatara nke ọma mana ọ mere ka ndị Liberals kpọọ ya onye ara, onye nzuzu Ndị Jesuit.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

Caylac de Ceylan bụ onye nyere aka na magazin ejiji, Journal des dames et des modes nke site na 1818, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt; na-ede banyere omume na ụkpụrụ omume. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=L’ÉPINAY (Marie de) 1801-1864|url=https://www.theatre-documentation.com/l-epinay-marie-de-1801-1864|accessdate=2026-04-21|work=Theatre-documentation|language=fr}}&lt;/ref&gt; O dekwara akwụkwọ maka ndị na-eto eto, nke ndi gụnyere akwụkwọ akụkọ dị mkpirikpi La fille spectre (''1833''), nke a sụgharịrị n'asụsụ Bekee dị ka The Little Dead Woman (1836). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

[[Joseph Duplessy]] dere banyere Caylac de Ceylan na &quot;ihe niile nke sitere na mkpịsị akwụkwọ ya bụ ihe nke a na-amata site na ịdị elu nke echiche ya, ịdị elu nke metụtara ya, ihe nke amara nke ụdị ya&quot;. &lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

Na mgbakwunye na ide ihe, Caylac de Ceylan nwere ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị oké ozu. &lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; onye nede akwụkwọ akụkọ na onye odee na-ede akwụkwọ gbasara agụmakwụkwọ bụ Stéphanie Félicité, Comtesse de Genlis mere ya enyi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;

Caylac de Ceylan nwụrụ n'abalị 7 Mee n'afo 1847 na mba Paris, France, mgbe ọ dị afọ 65.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Nwa ya nwanyị Marie de L'Épinay ghọkwara onye edemede.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]  (1836) Biographie des femmes auteurs contemporaines françaises / avec portraits dessinés de selon nature par M. Jules Boilly; et sous la dire. ''nke Maazị Alfred de Montferrand dere''. peeji nke 47.
{{Authority control}}</text>
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    <title>Amawom</title>
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{{Infobox settlement
&lt;!--See the Table at Infobox Settlement for all fields and descriptions of usage--&gt;
&lt;!-- Basic info  ----------------&gt;| name               = Amawom
| official_name      = Amawom
| native_name        = Amawom
| other_name         = 
| settlement_type    = Town
| nickname           = 
| motto              = &lt;!-- images and maps  -----------&gt;
| pushpin_map        = Nigeria
| pushpin_mapsize    = &lt;!-- Location ------------------&gt;
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Amawom in Nigeria
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| coordinates        = {{coord|5|28|0|N|7|34|0|E|region:NG|display=inline}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{NGR}}
| subdivision_type1  = State
| subdivision_name1  = [[Abia State]]
| subdivision_type2  = L.G.A
| subdivision_name2  = [[Ikwuano]]
| subdivision_type3  = Clan
| subdivision_name3  = [[Oboro (Nigeria)|Oboro]]
| established_title  = &lt;!-- Settled --&gt;
| established_date   = 
| established_title2 = &lt;!-- Incorporated (town) --&gt;
| established_date2  = 
| established_title3 = &lt;!-- Incorporated (city) --&gt;
| established_date3  = &lt;!-- Area    ---------------------&gt;
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type    = Monarchy
| leader_title       = [[Eze]]
| leader_name        = Eze HRM Elder Chukwudike Ebila Ironsi (Awom Oboro) &amp; Eze HRM Prof. Innocent C. Ezeala (Ibeuzo Ukwu)
| unit_pref          = Imperial
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 
| area_land_km2      = &lt;!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion--&gt;

&lt;!-- Population   -----------------------&gt;| elevation_m        = 137
| elevation_ft       = &lt;!-- Area/postal codes &amp; others --------&gt;
| elevation_footnotes = &lt;!--for references: use &lt;ref&gt; &lt;/ref&gt; tags--&gt;
| population_total   = 15,000
| population_as_of   = 2023
| population_footnotes = 
| population_density_km2 = 
| population_density_urban_sq_mi = 
| population_blank1_title = Ethnicities
| population_blank1  = [[Igbo people|Igbo]]
| population_density_blank1_km2 = 
| population_density_blank1_sq_mi = &lt;!-- General information  ---------------&gt;
| population_blank2_title = Religion
| population_blank2  = [[Christianity]]
| population_note    = 
| timezone           = [[West Africa Time|WAT]]
| utc_offset         = +1
| timezone_DST       = 
| utc_offset_DST     = 
| postal_code_type   = 3-digit postal code prefix
| postal_code        = 440109
| area_code          = 440
| iso_code           = NG.AB.IK
| website            = https://ng.geoview.info/amawom,7073524
| footnotes          = |&lt;!-- Politics -----------------&gt;
| area_magnitude     = 
}}
'''Amawom''' ''{{Audio|Ig-Amawom.ogg|(mkpọputa)}}''  bụ obodo dị na Oboro, Mpaghara Ọchịchị Ikwuano nke Steeti Abia, Naịjirịa..&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ezugwu|first=Obinna|title=2023: What Ndigbo Must Do - Rep Onuigbo - Business Hallmark|url=https://hallmarknews.com/2023-what-ndigbo-must-do-rep-onuigbo/|accessdate=2023-02-06|work=hallmarknews.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ikwuano LGA|url=https://www.finelib.com/listing/Ikwuano-LGA/62186/|accessdate=2023-02-06|work=www.finelib.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Daniels|first=Ajiri|date=2020-09-16|title=Abia communities cry out for help as gully erosion bites harder|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/abia-communities-cry-out-for-help-as-gully-erosion-bites-harder/|accessdate=2023-02-06|work=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aha a sitere n'okwu abụọ; Ama pụtara ebe na Awom pụtara ugbo. Amawom is believed to have been discovered in the 18th century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Obasi|first=Victor|title=The Last Prophet|publisher=m.okadabooks|location=Nigeria|pages=1|language=English}}&lt;/ref&gt; Awom Oboro and Ibeuzo Ukwu are the autonomous communities of Amawom.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nelson|first=Chukwu|date=2020-04-30|title=Covid-19: Ikwuano traditional rulers donate relief materials to subjects - Orient Daily News|url=https://orientdailynews.com/geopolis/abia/covid-19-ikwuano-traditional-rulers-donate-relief-materials-to-subjects/|accessdate=2023-02-06|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Asụsụ Bekee|English]] and [[Asụ̀sụ̀ Ìgbò|Igbo]] are the languages spoken in the town.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ikwuano Local Government Area|url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/lga/42/ikwuano|accessdate=2023-02-06|work=www.manpower.com.ng}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Amawom nwere obodo iri ya bụ; Mgbaja, Agbommiri, Umuobia, Mbachukwu, Umuokom, Mbakamanu, Mbaisara, Aga, Amaya na Aruamaeke.

Akụkọ ihe mere eme kwuru na ndị Amawom dị ugbu a abụghị mgbe niile otú ahụ, kama na obodo nta dị iche iche si n'ebe dị iche iche kwaga ebe obibi ugbu a. Nkwekọ dị ugbu a n'ọdịbendị bụ n'ihi mmekọrịta mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na omenala dị ogologo oge. N'oge tupu ọchịchị mgbe ahụ, mgbe e nwere nnukwu ala ndị mmadụ na-ebighị n'ebe dị iche iche, ndị mmadụ si n'otu ebe kwaga ebe ọzọ na-achọ ọnọdụ obibi ka mma. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ ịchọ ala ka mma, mmiri a na-ebugharị ebugharị ma ọ bụ naanị ebe dị mma karịa. Njem a nwekwara ike ịbụ n'ihi esemokwu na agha dị n'etiti agbụrụ. Ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ e kwuru n'elu mere ka ndị bi na Amawom ugbu a kwaga ebe obibi ha mbụ. Omenala ọnụ na-ekwu na ndị mbụ biri na Amawom bụ ndị Mgbajas. Ha kwagara ma biri na ndị ọzọ na mbụ na Olori Oboro ebe ugbu a nwere ụlọikpe omenala.. A na-ekwu na n'otu oge, otu onye so n'otu n'ime ezinụlọ nuklia dị na Olori nke a na-akpọ Igbo Nwanyi nwere ehi. Ehi a na-ata nri n'enweghị ihe mgbochi n'ime ọhịa ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Oge bịara mgbe ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na mmiri bịara dị ụkọ. Ehi ahụ malitere ịga ogologo oge, mgbe ụfọdụ na-anọ ụbọchị ole na ole tupu ọ laghachi n'ụlọ. Otú ọ dị, ha chọpụtara na oge ọ bụla ehi ahụ laghachiri, ọ na-ebu ụrọ ọcha (nzu) n'ụkwụ ya. Ya mere, ha chere na e nwere iyi ebe ọ bụla ehi ahụ gara ịṅụ mmiri. Site n'echiche a, Igbo Nwanyi zigara ndị ohu ya ka ha soro ehi ahụ na njem ịta nri ya ọzọ. Ndị ohu ahụ sooro ehi ahụ wee duru ha gaa n'iyi ebe ha hụrụ akara ụkwụ mbụ nke ehi ahụ. Ndị ohu ahụ laghachiri n'aka nna ha ukwu, onye wee kpọrọ ezinụlọ ya na ndị ohu ya wee biri nso iyi ahụ ọ kpọrọ 'Iyi Ukwu' (nnukwu iyi). Ebe mbụ ha biri nwere ọtụtụ osisi yiri nche anwụ a na-akpọ 'Uru'. N'ihi ya, a na-akpọ ebe ahụ 'Mbara Uru' (Uru Arena). Ebe a ghọrọ ebe etiti maka ọrụ mmekọrịta ọha na eze na ọdịbendị na azụmahịa niile na Amawom. Ndị Mgbaja bụ ndị mbụ biri na Amawom nwere ọnọdụ nke nwa mbụ (opara) na Amawom gasịrị, otu ọzọ si Bende. Ha biri nso Mgbaja ma mara dị ka Agbommiri. Nke a na-egosipụta ọnọdụ nke obodo ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe mmiri na-anabata nke obodo ahụ ('Muga na-aga na Agbommiri niile). Umuobia, ndị nke atọ si Ohokobe Ndume. Nna nna ha, Obia biri n'ebe ugwu Mgbaja. Ndị mmadụ ka na-ejikọta ụfọdụ na ndị ikwu ha na Ohokobe Ndume ka ha na-agbanwerịta nleta n'oge ememme. Onye ọzọ na-esote Umuobia bụ Mbaisara. Ha si Iyalu kwaga Ibere. Onye na-esote n'usoro bụ Aga. Ha sikwa na Bende kwapụ. Nwoke mbụ si Ndiokoro Ukwu Bende biri na Aga bụ Maazi Ikpo. N'ihi obere nghọtahie nke sitere na mmalite nke ndị dị elu iji jide ma chịkwaa ụfọdụ ọfịs nke ijere juju ha nke ọ na-emegide, ọ hapụrụ ka ọ biri n'ebe ọ hụrụ na Ukpom Bende ebe o nwere ndị enyi ochie bụ ndị bi n'obodo ahụ tupu ya. Ya na ụmụ ya nwoke abụọ; Amaobi na Nwulu biri. Ha mechara gaa n'ihu na njem ha na-ahapụ ọtụtụ ndị ikwu ha na Ukpom Bende ma mesịa biri na Amawom. Ọ bụ onye ọrụ ugbo a ma ama na onye na-akpụ ọkpụ, ọ na-emepụta ọkpụ, mbe na egbe obodo. O nwetara ala zuru oke maka ụmụ ya. Aga bịara na omenala nke ya. Nwa ọ bụla a mụrụ na Aga ga-enwerịrị aha otutu. Nke a anaghị akpata esemokwu ọ bụla n'etiti ha. Ọ bụ ihe nketa sitere n'aka ndị nna nna ha. Mgbe Aga sochiri, Mbachukwu sochiri, ha sikwa Bende kwaga. Mgbe ahụ, Mbakamanu sochiri, ndị nna nna ha buru ụzọ biri na Ekebedi na Oboro ebe ha si biri na Amawom n'ikpeazụ. Onye nke ọzọ bụ Umuokom, nna nna ha Okom, si Mbom na Ibeku kwaga. Onye nke ọzọ bụ Amaya. Ha si Isiala Oboro kwaga, nke a na-akpọbu Mbiopong. Ndị ikpeazụ bi bụ ndị Aru Amaeke. Ha si Arochukwu kwaga.

== Omenala ==
Amawom bụ obodo bara ọgaranya na ọdịbendị. Dabere na omenala ha, obodo nta ndị ahụ na-ekerịta ememe ha n'usoro nke uru na ọrụ ha na Amawom. Ememme ndị dị na Amawom gụnyere: Igba Mgba, Iri Iji, Igbu Ehi, Uju Agbala, Igba Ikoro, Uju Ede, Iri Ero, Isi Okonko, Egwu Ikpa, Inya Agwo, Izu Ahia, Igba Ekpe wdg. N'etiti ihe nketa ọdịbendị nke ndị Amawom bụ ememme Ekpe nke nwere njedebe ya na igbu isi nke [[ewu]] site na otu ọkpọ site na masquerade.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Ekpe Festival in Umuahia, Abia State Nigeria - Finelib.com Events|url=https://www.finelib.com/events/festivals/ekpe-festival-umuahia/241|accessdate=2023-02-14|work=www.finelib.com|archivedate=2023-02-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214212157/https://www.finelib.com/events/festivals/ekpe-festival-umuahia/241}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ==
N'ihe gbasara akụnụba, Amawom bara ọgaranya. Ha nwere ala ubi zuru oke ebe ha na-akọ ihe iji mepụta ụdị nri dị iche iche dịka garri, egusi, jim, ọka, koko, ugu, koko, plantain, unere, mmanụ nkwụ, osisi na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ nke a na-ere n'ọnụ ahịa dị ọnụ ala. Mgbe a na-ere ihe ndị a niile n'ahịa ha kwa ụbọchị nke na-amalite n'elekere anọ nke ehihie ma mechie n'elekere asaa nke mgbede, ọ na-enweta nnukwu ego maka ndị Amawom. Amawom bụkwa ebe azụmaahịa, ọtụtụ obodo dị na Oboro na-abịa Amawom maka azụmaahịa. Ahịa Mbara Uru bụ ebe azụmaahịa na azụmaahịa. Amawom nwere ụdị akụ dị iche iche sitere n'okike dịka ezigbo mmiri ọṅụṅụ, ala ubi, osisi akụ na ụba, anụ ọhịa, ọhịa wdg.

== Okpukpe ==
E nwere ụdị okpukpe abụọ a na-eme na Amawom. Ha bụ [[Efefe Kraịst|Iso Ụzọ Kraịst]] na okpukpe ọdịnala. [[Onye Kraịst|Ndị Kraịst]] ga-erube isi n'iwu [[God|Chineke]] ma soro nkuzi [[Jisọs Kraịst|Jizọs Kraịst]]. Ndị na-akwado ọdịnala na-efe chi. Ndị amụma na Amawom bụ Ogwuma, Ahia Njoku, Ala Isi Ama wdg. Nanị onye e nyere ikike ịchụ àjà nye chi ndị a bụ onye isi nchụàjà. Mgbe onye ụkọchukwu ahụ nwụrụ, onye ọzọ meworo agadi n'ezinụlọ ahụ nọchiri ya.

== ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
N'oge tupu ọchịchị ndị eze, Amawom enweghị onye isi. Usoro gọọmentị bụ nkewa. Mkpebi na-adabere n'òtù dị iche iche na-achị onwe ha nke dị n'ime ezinụlọ. A na-eme iwu mgbe niile n'ụlọ nwoke nke okenye n'ezinụlọ ahụ. Njikọ nke Northern na Southern Protectorates na 1914 mere ka Amawom nwee Chief mbụ ya na Chief Okukuru onye Chief Iroatu, mgbe ahụ High Chief Nzeribe Orunta, mgbe ahụ Chief ikpe tupu e mepụta onwe ya bụ Chief N.N. Okey nọchiri. N'ihi okike nke obodo ndị ọzọ na-achị onwe ha, Amawom nwetara obodo abụọ na-achịkwa onwe ha ha ha bụ: Ibe Uzo na Awom. Eze mbụ nke Awom bụ Late HRH Eze U. Orunta, na nke Ibe Uzo bụ Late HRh Major Irole. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, kọmitii ọrụ etiti nwere ụlọ ọrụ nke nwere ndị nnọchi anya si n'obodo ọ bụla, afọ, Ndi-Nkwo-Ukwu na ndị ntorobịa. Ìgwè ndị a niile na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị omeiwu nke obodo. Agba na-arụ ọrụ dị ka Ndị uwe ojii na ndị na-anakọta ụtụ isi. Ndi Nkwo-Ukwu na-edozi esemokwu, ha na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ndị ọka ikpe. Enweghị nkewa nke ike n'ihi na aka atọ nke gọọmentị na-arụ ọrụ aka. Amawom bụ nke a haziri na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. N'ihe gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, ọ bụghị ọchịchị aka ike kama ọ bụ ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya n'ihi na a na-ekwe ka ndị mmadụ kwupụta echiche ha tupu e mee mkpebi. Mmeghachi omume ndị mmadụ na-ekpebi ụdị mkpebi a ga-eme. Mkpebi na-eme bụ site na nkwekọrịta. Mgbe ọ bụla a ga-eme mkpebi, a na-ajụ ndị mmadụ na ndị otu mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ajụjụ mgbe niile. Amawom Chiefs/[[Eze|Ezes]] enweghị ike dị ka Emirs nke Northern Nigeria. Ọ bụrụ na o mee iwu na-ezighi ezi, ndị mmadụ ga-emegide ya.

== Ọdịdị mmekọrịta ọha na eze ==
Obodo iri nke Amawom na-alụ di na nwunye. Ha na-alụkwa di na nwunye na obodo ndị ọzọ gbara ha gburugburu, n'ihi nke a ha na-edozi esemokwu ha n'udo maka ịbụ ndị a na-akpakọrịta site n'ọbara n'otu ụzọ ma ọ bụ nke ọzọ. Ndị otu mmekọrịta dị iche iche na-enye aka na/na ndị isi ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị iji jikwaa ọrụ ha. Mana ọ bụrụ na a leda ha anya, mmegide na-ebilite, ọ nwekwara ike ibute enweghị ntụkwasị obi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ndị otu ezinụlọ na-eleta ma na-eme ndị mmadụ obi ụtọ n'oge ememme Yam na Ekpe ọhụrụ. Amawom na-ahazikwa mgba ọdịnala ebe obodo ndị gbara ha gburugburu na-abịa ịhụ. Ahịa Mbara Uru bụ ebe mmekọrịta ọha na eze nke Amawom na-eme ihe omume mmekọrịta dị iche iche ebe ahụ.

== Ụlọ akwụkwọ ==
• Awom Na Ebo Secondary Technical School&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2016-12-18|title=NRCRI trains, empowers 20,000 on root, tuber crops value addition|url=https://guardian.ng/features/nrcri-trains-empowers-20000-on-root-tuber-crops-value-addition/|accessdate=2023-02-06|work=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

• Amawom Community School&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Amawom Community School|url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/directory/listing/amawom-community-school/|accessdate=2023-02-06|work=Directory &amp; MarketPlace|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

• Amawom Central School&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Nigeria|first=Media|date=2018-04-23|title=Ikwuano L.G.A Polling Units/Wards|url=https://www.medianigeria.com/ikwuano-l-g-a-polling-units-wards/|accessdate=2023-02-06|work=Media Nigeria|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
• [[Umudike]]

== Edensibia ==
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Ariaria International Market ''{{Audio|Ig-Ariaria International Market.ogg|(mkpọpụta)}}'' bụ ahịa dị n'èzí nke dị na [[Aba, Nigeria|Aba]], obodo dị na Abia Steeti na Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/03/at-last-a-breath-of-fresh-air-at-ariaria-international-market/|title=At last a breath of fresh air at Ariaria International Market|first=Peter|author=Okuta|date=15 March 2012|accessdate=25 July 2015|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahịa ahụ bụ otu n'ime ahịa kachasị ukwuu na West Africa ma na-akpọ ya &quot;China nke Africa&quot; n'ihi mgbanwe ya n'ime uwe na Ọrụ akpụkpọ anụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.newtelegraphonline.com/bad-roads-ariaria-shoe-manufacturers-lament-poor-sales/|title=Bad roads: Ariaria shoe manufacturers lament poor sales|work=New Telegraph|first=Chijioke|author=Iremeka|date=4 May 2014|accessdate=25 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme na nhazi ==
E guzobere '''Ariaria''' International Market na 1976 mgbe ọkụ malitere nke bibiri ahịa Ekeoha ochie na Aba. Ahịa ahụ dị na mbụ n'ebe marsh.&lt;ref name=&quot;ria&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/03/at-last-a-breath-of-fresh-air-at-ariaria-international-market/|title=At last a breath of fresh air at Ariaria International Market|first=Peter|author=Okuta|date=15 March 2012|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ahịa ahụ maka ọrụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ na akpụkpọ anụ ya wee mee ka ọ bụrụ otu n'ime ahịa akpụkpọ anụ kachasị ukwuu na West Africa nke nwere ndị ahịa nde abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thenationonlineng.net/ariaria-market-for-upgrade/|title=thenationonlineng.net/ariaria-market-for-upgrade/|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'inwe ihe karịrị 37,000 ụlọ ahịa, ákwà, ngwongwo ụlọ na ihe ọgwụ dịkwa n'ahịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-09-20|title=EEI Markets|url=https://rea.gov.ng/eeimarkets/|accessdate=2025-05-09|work=Rural Electrification Agency|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-12-04|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241204223837/https://rea.gov.ng/eeimarkets/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ruo ihe karịrị afọ iri abụọ, ahịa ahụ enyela ndị ahịa ọrụ n'ụlọ na mba ofesi. Ndị na-emepụta ihe n'ahịa ahụ na-anya isi na ndị ahịa ha gafere ókèala Afrịka. &quot;Ọtụtụ ụmụ amaala na Yuropu na Afrịka nwere ahịa ha ga-ekele maka ọtụtụ akpụkpọ ụkwụ akpụkpọ anụ ha na-eyi,&quot; Amobi Nwanagu, Onyeisi oche nke StandUp Africa, na-ekwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Akinosun|first=Grace|date=2017-12-14|title=Abia State holds a lot of promise, Ariaria market is one, its emerging tech scene in Aba is another|url=https://techpoint.africa/2017/12/14/abia-ariaria-market-aba-tech-scene/|accessdate=2021-09-18|work=Techpoint Africa|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahịa ahụ gafere mpaghara gọọmentị atọ, [[Aba North]], [[Aba South]], na [[Osisioma Ngwa|Osisioma]].  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/155045-abia-government-denies-plans-relocate-ariaria-market.html|title=Abia government denies plans to relocate Ariaria market|date=12 February 2014|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[Premium Times]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.leadership.ng/features/391318/ariaria-market-generating-revenue-infrastructure|title=Ariaria Market: Generating Revenue But No Infrastructure|first=Mathias|author=Nwogu|date=21 November 2014|accessdate=26 July 2015|work=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ịma aka ==
A chọpụtala na idei mmiri na-aga n'ihu na ọkụ na-agbasa n'ihi atụmatụ na-adịghị mma bụ ihe ịma aka na-abịaghachi na ahịa ahụ. Idei mmiri nke afọ 2022 n'ahịa ahụ nke e mere site na nrụzigharị nke ngalaba A-line kpatara mere ngagharị iwe site n'aka ndị ahịa bụ ndị kwuru na idei mmiri ahụ furu ngwongwo ruru ijeri naira.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=RELEASE|first=PRESS|date=2022-10-12|title=Flooding: Governor Ikpeazu orders relocation of traders, goods at Ariaria Market|url=https://gazettengr.com/flooding-governor-ikpeazu-orders-relocation-of-traders-goods-at-ariaria-market/|accessdate=2025-05-09|work=[[Peoples Gazette]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gọọmentị Abia Steeti katọrọ omume a ma kpọọ ya ' ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị'.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=RELEASE|first=PRESS|date=2022-10-12|title=Flooding: Governor Ikpeazu orders relocation of traders, goods at Ariaria Market|url=https://gazettengr.com/flooding-governor-ikpeazu-orders-relocation-of-traders-goods-at-ariaria-market/|accessdate=2025-05-09|work=[[Peoples Gazette]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2024, gọọmentị Abia Steeti kwadoro iwughachi ụzọ Ariaria nke jikọtara ahịa na ụzọ awara awara Aba - Port Harcourt iji belata ihe ịma aka nke oke mmadụ na netwọk okporo ụzọ na-adịghị mma na ahịa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Nigeria|first=News Agency of|date=2024-03-19|title=Governor Otti approves rehabilitation of Enyimba-Ariaria road|url=https://gazettengr.com/governor-otti-approves-rehabilitation-of-enyimba-ariaria-road/|accessdate=2025-05-09|work=[[Peoples Gazette]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Rebekah Brown
| honorific_suffix    = {{Post-nominals|country=AUS|FASSA|size=100%}}
| office              = Interim Vice-Chancellor and President of the [[Australian National University]]
| chancellor          = [[Julie Bishop]]
| term_start          = September 2025
| term_end            = 
| predecessor         = [[Genevieve Bell]]
| successor           = 
| office1             = Provost and Senior Vice-President of the [[Australian National University]]
| chancellor1         = Julie Bishop
| termstart1          = June 2024
| termend1            = 
| office2             = Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research) and Senior Vice-President at [[Monash University]]
| termstart2          = June 2021
| termend2            = May 2024
| education           = [[Monash University]] ([[Bachelor of Civil Engineering (Honours)|BE (Hons)]]), [[University of New South Wales]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| occupation          = Academic
| honorific_prefix    = 
}}
'''Rebekah Ruth Brown''' bụ onye gụrụ akwụkwọ na mba Australia, onye so na Academy of the Social Sciences na mba Australia, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka osote onyeisi oche nwa oge na onyeisi oche nke Mahadum Mba Australia kemgbe Septemba 2025. Nnyocha ya bụ ọkachamara n'ịhazi mmiri obodo, mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, na ụzọ nyocha na-ejikọta ọtụtụ ngalaba ọmụmụ di ịche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Professor Rebekah Brown|url=https://www.anu.edu.au/about/university-executive/professor-rebekah-brown|work=Australian National University|date=2024-05-08|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==
Brown nwere nzere bachelọ nke injinia obodo na nsọpụrụ sitere na Mahadum Monash.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.monash.edu/gender-equity/iwd-2021/home/professor-rebekah-brown|title=Professor Rebekah Brown|accessdate=2026-04-19|work=International Women's Day 2021, Monash University|author=Monash University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụchara PhD na Ọmụmụ Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Mahadum New South Wales na 2003, yana akwụkwọ edemede doctoral nke akpọrọ &quot;Institutionalization of integrated stormwater management: multiple-case analysis of local management reform at the metropolitan Sydney.&quot;

Brown rụrụ ọrụ dị ka injinia obodo na ọrụ akụrụngwa n'ofe United Kingdom, Europe, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na Afrịka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;
== Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ==
Brown arụwo ọrụ na nyocha interdisciplinary na njikọ nke sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na njikwa mmiri na-adịgide adịgide kemgbe mmalite afọ 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.monash.edu/news/featured-news/sustainable-development-brings-clean-water-to-urban-slums|title=Global slum revitalisation research looks at water, sanitation and sustainable development|accessdate=2026-01-31|work=Monash University|author=Monash University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Brown jikọtara aka guzobe ebe nyocha obodo ndị na-emetụta mmiri na Mahadum Monash. O sonyere n'ịtọlite $120 nde (AUD) Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, nke nwere òtù ndị mmekọ 86 na ihe karịrị ndị nchọpụta 170.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rebekah Brown|url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/rebekah-brown-332071|work=The Conversation|date=2017-01-19|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọrụ a, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Chief Research Officer na onye isi mmemme Society-themed Program Leader, na-elekọta nsonaazụ nyocha sitere na ihe karịrị 100 ndị nchọpụta na ụmụ akwụkwọ doctoral 40 gafee ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na ọzụzụ 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.monash.edu/gender-equity/iwd-2021/home/professor-rebekah-brown|title=Professor Rebekah Brown|accessdate=2026-04-19|work=International Women's Day 2021, Monash University|author=Monash University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kpọtụrụ nnyocha Brown aha na nhazi UN-Habitat nke iwu gbasara drainage obodo (2014-2017), na nyocha UNESCO nke obodo 33 (2012), na site na Ụlọ Akụ̀ Mmepe Eshia na ịhazi atụmatụ itinye ego na akụrụngwa mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.monash.edu/news/featured-news/sustainable-development-brings-clean-water-to-urban-slums|title=Global slum revitalisation research looks at water, sanitation and sustainable development|accessdate=2026-01-31|work=Monash University|author=Monash University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na onwa June 2024, a họpụtara Brown dịka Provost na Senior Osote Onyeisi nke Mahadum Mba Australia, na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi osote onye isi oche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ANU announces new Provost|url=https://reporter.anu.edu.au/all-stories/anu-announces-new-provost|work=ANU Reporter|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en|date=2024-03-27|author=Diaz|first=Amanda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na-esote arụkwaghịm nke Genevieve Bell na Septemba 2025, a họpụtara Brown ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke ANU.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who is the New Interim VC Rebekah Brown?|url=https://anu-observer.org/2025/09/25/who-is-the-new-interim-vc-rebekah-brown/|work=ANU Observer|date=2025-09-25|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en|author=Vineet|first=Anushka}}&lt;/ref&gt; O meela onwe ya ije ozi na ọrụ a ruo opekata mpe na njedebe nke 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Brown kwupụtara njedebe nke usoro nhazi &quot;Renew ANU&quot; ma kpebie na ọ gaghị achụpụ ndị mmadụ n'ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ANU Renewed? Interim Vice-Chancellor Announces No More Forced Redundancies|url=https://anu-observer.org/2025/09/24/anu-renewed-interim-vice-chancellor-announces-no-more-forced-redundancies/|work=ANU Observer|date=2025-09-24|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; O depụtara ebumnuche atọ dị mkpa: ịmepụta nkwụsi ike, iwughachi ntụkwasị obi, na ịzụlite ntụziaka ọhụrụ maka mahadum ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WoroniInterim Vice Chancellor Rebekah Brown Takes Over|url=https://www.woroni.com.au/news/interim-vice-chancellor-rebekah-brown-takes-over/|work=Woroni|date=2025-09-18|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en|first=Paris|author=Chia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Brown jere ozi n'otu oge dị ka onye isi na onye osote onye isi ala n'oge a, na-enweghị onye isi ala a họpụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=First phase of a new ANU gets under way: hear from Rebekah Brown|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/9090712/rebekah-browns-bold-vision-for-anus-future-first-phase-starts/|work=www.canberratimes.com.au|date=2025-10-18|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en-au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha na mbipụta ===
Brown ebipụtala ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 220 na akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere Nature, Science, Global Environmental Change, na Water Research.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Professor Rebekah Brown|url=https://www.anu.edu.au/about/university-executive/professor-rebekah-brown|work=Australian National University|date=2024-05-08|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ya nwere h-index nke 50 na ihe karịrị 12,800 citations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Brown bụ onye mbụ n'ezinụlọ ya ịga mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who is the New Interim VC Rebekah Brown?|url=https://anu-observer.org/2025/09/25/who-is-the-new-interim-vc-rebekah-brown/|work=ANU Observer|date=2025-09-25|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en|author=Vineet|first=Anushka}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụrụ injinia dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ nọ na kọleji ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.anu.edu.au/about/university-executive/professor-rebekah-brown Prọfesọ Rebekah Brown na ANU]
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=eNYgC-QAAAAJ Profaịlụ onye ọkà mmụta Google]

== Ihe odide ==
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Rebekah Brown
| honorific_suffix    = {{Post-nominals|country=AUS|FASSA|size=100%}}
| office              = Interim Vice-Chancellor and President of the [[Australian National University]]
| chancellor          = [[Julie Bishop]]
| term_start          = September 2025
| term_end            = 
| predecessor         = [[Genevieve Bell]]
| successor           = 
| office1             = Provost and Senior Vice-President of the [[Australian National University]]
| chancellor1         = Julie Bishop
| termstart1          = June 2024
| termend1            = 
| office2             = Deputy Vice-Chancellor (Research) and Senior Vice-President at [[Monash University]]
| termstart2          = June 2021
| termend2            = May 2024
| education           = [[Monash University]] ([[Bachelor of Civil Engineering (Honours)|BE (Hons)]]), [[University of New South Wales]] ([[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]])
| occupation          = Academic
| honorific_prefix    = 
}}
'''Rebekah Ruth Brown''' bụ onye gụrụ akwụkwọ na mba Australia, onye so na Academy of the Social Sciences na mba Australia, ọ rụkwara ọrụ dịka osote onyeisi oche nwa oge na onyeisi oche nke Mahadum Mba Australia kemgbe Septemba 2025. Nnyocha ya bụ ọkachamara n'ịhazi mmiri obodo, mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, na ụzọ nyocha na-ejikọta ọtụtụ ngalaba ọmụmụ di ịche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Professor Rebekah Brown|url=https://www.anu.edu.au/about/university-executive/professor-rebekah-brown|work=Australian National University|date=2024-05-08|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Agụmakwụkwọ ==
Brown nwere nzere bachelọ nke injinia obodo na nsọpụrụ sitere na Mahadum Monash.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.monash.edu/gender-equity/iwd-2021/home/professor-rebekah-brown|title=Professor Rebekah Brown|accessdate=2026-04-19|work=International Women's Day 2021, Monash University|author=Monash University}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụchara PhD na Ọmụmụ Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Mahadum New South Wales na 2003, yana akwụkwọ edemede doctoral nke akpọrọ &quot;Institutionalization of integrated stormwater management: multiple-case analysis of local management reform at the metropolitan Sydney.&quot;

Brown rụrụ ọrụ dị ka injinia obodo na ọrụ akụrụngwa n'ofe United Kingdom, Europe, Ndịda Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Eshia, na Afrịka.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;
== Ọrụ agụmakwụkwọ ==
Brown arụwo ọrụ na nyocha interdisciplinary na njikọ nke sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na njikwa mmiri na-adịgide adịgide kemgbe mmalite afọ 2000.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.monash.edu/news/featured-news/sustainable-development-brings-clean-water-to-urban-slums|title=Global slum revitalisation research looks at water, sanitation and sustainable development|accessdate=2026-01-31|work=Monash University|author=Monash University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Brown jikọtara aka guzobe ebe nyocha obodo ndị na-emetụta mmiri na Mahadum Monash. O sonyere n'ịtọlite $120 nde (AUD) Cooperative Research Centre for Water Sensitive Cities, nke nwere òtù ndị mmekọ 86 na ihe karịrị ndị nchọpụta 170.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rebekah Brown|url=https://theconversation.com/profiles/rebekah-brown-332071|work=The Conversation|date=2017-01-19|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọrụ a, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka Chief Research Officer na onye isi mmemme Society-themed Program Leader, na-elekọta nsonaazụ nyocha sitere na ihe karịrị 100 ndị nchọpụta na ụmụ akwụkwọ doctoral 40 gafee ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na ọzụzụ 20.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.monash.edu/gender-equity/iwd-2021/home/professor-rebekah-brown|title=Professor Rebekah Brown|accessdate=2026-04-19|work=International Women's Day 2021, Monash University|author=Monash University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A kpọtụrụ nnyocha Brown aha na nhazi UN-Habitat nke iwu gbasara drainage obodo (2014-2017), na nyocha UNESCO nke obodo 33 (2012), na site na Ụlọ Akụ̀ Mmepe Eshia na ịhazi atụmatụ itinye ego na akụrụngwa mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.monash.edu/news/featured-news/sustainable-development-brings-clean-water-to-urban-slums|title=Global slum revitalisation research looks at water, sanitation and sustainable development|accessdate=2026-01-31|work=Monash University|author=Monash University}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na onwa June 2024, a họpụtara Brown dịka Provost na Senior Osote Onyeisi nke Mahadum Mba Australia, na-eje ozi dị ka onye isi osote onye isi oche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ANU announces new Provost|url=https://reporter.anu.edu.au/all-stories/anu-announces-new-provost|work=ANU Reporter|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en|date=2024-03-27|author=Diaz|first=Amanda}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na-esote arụkwaghịm nke Genevieve Bell na Septemba 2025, a họpụtara Brown ka ọ bụrụ osote onye isi oche na onye isi oche nke ANU.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who is the New Interim VC Rebekah Brown?|url=https://anu-observer.org/2025/09/25/who-is-the-new-interim-vc-rebekah-brown/|work=ANU Observer|date=2025-09-25|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en|author=Vineet|first=Anushka}}&lt;/ref&gt; O meela onwe ya ije ozi na ọrụ a ruo opekata mpe na njedebe nke 2026.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

Brown kwupụtara njedebe nke usoro nhazi &quot;Renew ANU&quot; ma kpebie na ọ gaghị achụpụ ndị mmadụ n'ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ANU Renewed? Interim Vice-Chancellor Announces No More Forced Redundancies|url=https://anu-observer.org/2025/09/24/anu-renewed-interim-vice-chancellor-announces-no-more-forced-redundancies/|work=ANU Observer|date=2025-09-24|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; O depụtara ebumnuche atọ dị mkpa: ịmepụta nkwụsi ike, iwughachi ntụkwasị obi, na ịzụlite ntụziaka ọhụrụ maka mahadum ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WoroniInterim Vice Chancellor Rebekah Brown Takes Over|url=https://www.woroni.com.au/news/interim-vice-chancellor-rebekah-brown-takes-over/|work=Woroni|date=2025-09-18|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en|first=Paris|author=Chia}}&lt;/ref&gt; Brown jere ozi n'otu oge dị ka onye isi na onye osote onye isi ala n'oge a, na-enweghị onye isi ala a họpụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=First phase of a new ANU gets under way: hear from Rebekah Brown|url=https://www.canberratimes.com.au/story/9090712/rebekah-browns-bold-vision-for-anus-future-first-phase-starts/|work=www.canberratimes.com.au|date=2025-10-18|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en-au}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nnyocha na mbipụta ===
Brown ebipụtala ihe karịrị akwụkwọ 220 na akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere Nature, Science, Global Environmental Change, na Water Research.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Professor Rebekah Brown|url=https://www.anu.edu.au/about/university-executive/professor-rebekah-brown|work=Australian National University|date=2024-05-08|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ ya nwere h-index nke 50 na ihe karịrị 12,800 citations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Brown bụ onye mbụ n'ezinụlọ ya ịga mahadum.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Who is the New Interim VC Rebekah Brown?|url=https://anu-observer.org/2025/09/25/who-is-the-new-interim-vc-rebekah-brown/|work=ANU Observer|date=2025-09-25|accessdate=2026-01-31|language=en|author=Vineet|first=Anushka}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ gụrụ injinia dị ka otu n'ime ụmụ nwanyị atọ nọ na kọleji ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://www.anu.edu.au/about/university-executive/professor-rebekah-brown Prọfesọ Rebekah Brown na ANU]
* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=eNYgC-QAAAAJ Profaịlụ onye ọkà mmụta Google]

== Edensibịa ==
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Alikhan Bukeikhanov
| native_name         = {{Nobold|Әлихан Бөкейханов}}
| native_name_lang    = kk
| image               = Bukeykhanov.jpg
| caption             = During the [[Viborg Manifesto]], {{circa|1907}}
| office              = Chairman of the [[Alash Orda]]&lt;br&gt;([[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan#List (1917–present)#Alash Autonomy (1917–1920)|Prime Minister of Kazakhstan]])
| predecessor         = ''Position established'';&lt;br&gt;[[Nikolai Sukhomlinov]] {{small|(as [[Governor-Generalship of the Steppes|Governor-General of the Steppes]])}}
| successor           = ''Position abolished''
| 1blankname          = {{nowrap|[[Supreme Ruler of Russia|Supreme Ruler]]}}
| 1namedata           = [[Alexander Kolchak]]
| firstminister       = [[Vladimir Volsky]] {{small|(as Chairman of the [[Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly]])}}&lt;br&gt;[[Nikolai Avksentiev]] {{small|(as Chairman of the [[Provisional All-Russian Government]])}}&lt;br&gt;[[Pyotr Vologodsky]] and [[Viktor Pepelyayev]]{{efn|As Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the [[Russian State (1918—1920)|Russian State]].|name=fn2}}
| title2              = Additional positions
| signature           = Alikhan Bukeikhanov Signature.svg
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1866|3|5|df=y}}
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1937|9|27|1866|3|5}}
| term_start          = 13 December 1917
| term_end            = 5 March 1920
| death_place         = [[Butyrka prison]], [[Moscow]], Soviet Union
| birth_place         = Tokraunskaya Volost, [[Semipalatinsk Oblast, Russia]]
| party               = [[Alash (party)|Alash]] (1917–1920)
| otherparty          = [[Constitutional Democratic Party]] (1905–1917)
| resting_place       = [[Novodevichy Cemetery]], Moscow
| alma_mater          = Omsk Technical School&lt;br&gt;Saint Petersburg Forestry Institute
| spouse              = {{marriage|Yelena Yakovlevna Sevostyanova|1901|1918|end=d}}
| children            = Zeinep (Elizabeth), Okitai (Sergei)
}}
'''Alikhan Nurmukhameduly Bukeikhanov''' (5 Maachị 1866 - 27 Septemba 1937) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kazakh, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, onye nta akụkọ na onye mbipụta akwụkwọ onye duuru otu Alash na gọọmentị nwa oge nke Alash Orda site na 1917 ruo 1920.

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Alikhan Bukeikhanov n'ime ezinụlọ ndị Alakụba Kazakh na 5 March 1866, na Tokyrauyn Volost, Alaeze Ukwu Russia. Ọ bụ nwa Nurmuhammed Bukeikhanov na dịka nwa nwa Barak Sultan, onye bụbu khan nke Orta zhuz, ọ bụ onye sitere na Genghis Khan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sultan-Khan Akkuly|title=Childhood and boyhood of the future leader of the nation: Alikhan was born different|url=http://e-history.kz/media/upload/2065/2014/10/27/b9b0e05f4555f26ba7b09cfb1949d4c8.pdf|date=December 2014|accessdate=January 31, 2015|publisher=e-history.kz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bukeikhanov gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Russian-Kazakh School na Omsk Technical School na 1890. O mechara mụọ akwụkwọ na Saint Petersburg Forestry Institute, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Faculty of Economics na 1894. N'oge Bukeikhanov dị obere, a kwenyere na ndị socialist metụtara ya.

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Bukeikhanova laghachiri na Omsk na-esote afọ iri na anọ na-arụ ọrụ. Site na 1895 ruo 1897, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi mgbakọ na mwepụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ Omsk maka ụmụaka Kazakh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=e-history.kz|title=Alikhan Bokeikhan: prison epopee|author=Sultan-Khan Akkuly|url=http://e-history.kz/en/publications/view/776|date=October 21, 2014|accessdate=January 31, 2015|archivedate=March 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042921/https://e-history.kz/en/publications/view/776}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bukeikhanov bụ onye so na njem Shcherbina nke 1896, bụ nke chọrọ nyocha na nyochaa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ ọ bụla nke gburugburu ebe obibi Russia Central Asia na ihe onwunwe na omenala na ọdịnala nke ndị bi na ya. Nke a bụ nke mbụ n'ime ozi ole na ole yiri nke a, nke ọ nabatara. Otu n’ime ihe ndị o nyere ndị e dekọrọ edekọ bụ “Ovtsevodstvo v stepnom krae” (“Ịzụ Atụrụ n’Ala Steppe”), bụ́ nke nyochara ọrụ ịzụ anụmanụ n’Ebe Etiti Eshia. Bukeikhanov bụ onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ mbụ nke Abay Kunanbayev, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ obituary na Semipalatinsky listok na 1905. Na 1909, o bipụtara nchịkọta ọrụ Kunanbayev.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Aigul Bidanova|title=Ethnic Costumes in 1902 Exhibition Came From Abai|url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2013/08/ethnic-costumes-in-1902-exhibition-came-from-abai/|date=August 21, 2013|accessdate=February 1, 2015|publisher=The Astana Times|archivedate=June 27, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627073358/http://www.astanatimes.com/2013/08/ethnic-costumes-in-1902-exhibition-came-from-abai/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
N'afọ 1905, ọru ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Bukeikhanov malitere mgbe ọ sonyeere Democratic Democratic Party. N'ọgwụgwụ 1905 na Uralsk Oblast Party Congress, ọ gbalịrị ịmepụta Kazakh Democratic Party mana ọ dara. N'ihi omume a, e jidere ya ma machibido ya ibi na Steppe Oblasts. Mgbe ọ chụgara ya, ọ kwagara Samara. A họpụtara ya na State Duma nke Alaeze Ukwu Rọshịa dị ka onye so na pati ahụ na 1906 wee bịanye aka na arịrịọ Vyborg iji mee mkpesa maka mgbasa nke Duma nke eze. Na 1908, e jidere ya ọzọ ma chụga ya na Samara ruo 1917. Mgbe ọ nọ na Samara, o so na Kọmitii Samara Guberniya nke People's Freedom Party guzobere na 1915.

=== Onye dere echiche nke First Kazakh Republic ===
[[Faịlụ:Baitursynuly,_Bokeikhan_and_Dulatuly.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Akhmet Baitursynov, Alikhan Bukeikhanov na Mirjaqip Dulatuli na Orenburg na 1913.]]
[[Faịlụ:Alash_intelligentsia,_Semipalatinsk,_1918.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Bukeikhanov n'etiti ndị Alash nwere ọgụgụ isi na Semipalatinsk na 1918.]]
N'onwa April 1917, Bukeikhanov, Akhmet Baitursynov na ọtụtụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo ndị ọzọ butere ụzọ n'ịkpọkọta All-Kazakh Congress na Orenburg.[8] N'ime mkpebi ya, Congress gbara ndị obodo ume ka ha laghachi n'ala niile ọchịchị gara aga weghaara na ya ma chụpụ ndị bi na mpaghara Kazakh-Kirghiz. Mkpebi ndị ọzọ chọrọ ka e bufee ụlọ akwụkwọ obodo n'aka ndị obodo na ịkwụsị ọrụ ewebatara na 1916. N'ime otu ahụ, Bukeikhanov, yana ndị Russia na-akwado onwe ha, ọkachasị ndị Kadets chọrọ ibu ụzọ dọta uche gaa na nsogbu akụ na ụba, ebe ndị ọzọ chọrọ ijikọ ndị Kazakh na ndị Turkic ndị ọzọ nke Russia.[9]Ọnwa atọ ka nke ahụ gasịrị, otu ndị omeiwu Kazakh-Kirghiz ọzọ zukọrọ na Orenburg. N'ebe ahụ, maka oge mbụ, echiche nke nnwere onwe ókèala pụtara, e wee guzobe otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kazakh-Kirghiz nke mba ahụ, Alash Autonomy. [10] Tupu mgbanwe nke February, Bukeikhanov na ndị Kadets jikọrọ aka na olileanya inweta ọkwa onwe onye maka ndị Kazakh ma kpọtụrụ onyeisi gọọmentị oge Russia Alexander Kerensky. Kerensky gara n'ihu mee Bukeikhanov onye komishọna. Na 19 Maachị 1917, a họpụtara ya dị ka Kọmishọna Gọọmentị Oge Ochie nke Turgay Oblast. Mgbe [[Mgbanwe Ọktoba|mgbanwe October]] gasịrị, a họpụtara ya na 1917 dị ka onyeisi oche nke ọchịchị Alash Orda nke Alash Autonomy.

Na 1920, mgbe nguzobe nke Soviet hegemony Bukeikhanova sonyeere Bolshevik Party wee laghachi na nkà mmụta sayensị ndụ. Ihe omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị o mere na mbụ mere ka ndị ọchịchị jiri enyo enyo na-ele ya anya, nke mere ka e jide ya na 1926 na 1928. Na 1926, e jidere Bukeikhanov n'ihi ọrụ mgbochi mgbanwe ma tinye ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Butyrka dị na Moscow. Ma n’ihi enweghị ihe akaebe n’ikpe mpụ e boro ya, a tọhapụrụ ya n’ụlọ mkpọrọ. Na 1930, ndị ọchịchị chụpụrụ ya na Moscow, bụ́ ebe e jidere ya na nke ikpeazụ na 1937 ma gbuo ya.

It was not until 1989 that the Soviet authorities rehabilitated him.

== Ihe odide ==
Akwụkwọ Bukeikhanov dere gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ &quot;Kirgizy&quot; (&quot;Ndị Kazakh&quot;) (1910), nke e bipụtara n'akwụkwọ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị omeiwu na mba dị iche iche nke AI Kosteliansky deziri. Ihe ndị ọzọ Bukeikhanov mere n'oge a gụnyere inyere aka n'ịmepụta ''Qazaq'', akwụkwọ akụkọ asụsụ Kazakh, na ide akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere &quot;Dala Walayatynyng Gazeti&quot; (Omsk), &quot;Orenburgskii Listok&quot;, &quot;Semipalatinskii Listok&quot;, &quot;Turkestanskie Vedomosti&quot; ( Tashkent), &quot;Stepnoi Pioner&quot; (Omsk), na &quot;Sary-Arqa&quot; (Semipalatinsk). Ọ bụkwa onye tinyere aka na ''Ay Qap'' na &quot;Sibirskie Voprosy&quot;.

== Ihe odide nkọwa ==
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{{Notelist}}

== Ihe odide ==
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=== Ebe e si nweta ya ===
* {{Citation | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=smDy35onbtAC | last = Pipes | first = Richard | author-link = Richard Pipes | title = The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923 | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | year = 1997 | isbn = 9780674309517}}
* {{Citation | last = Sabol | first = Steven | title = Russian Colonization of Central Asia and the Genesis of Kazak National Conscious | publisher = [[Palgrave Macmillan]] | year = 2003 | isbn=978-0333921425}}
* {{Citation | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=N3d07qFjyVwC&amp;q=Russian+Central+Asia&amp;pg=PA340 | last = Pierce | first = Richard A. | author-link = Richard Pierce (historian) | title = Russian Central Asia, 1867-1917: A Study in Colonial Rule | journal = Russian and East European Studies | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 1960 | issn=0080-4886}}

==External links==

{{Commons category}}
*[http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/98summer/pdf/uyama.pdf The Geography of Civilizations: A Spatial Analysis of the Kazakh Intelligentsia's activities, From the Mid-Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Century]

{{S-start}}
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{{S-new|reason=State founded}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Alash Autonomy|Prime Minister of Alash Autonomy]]|years=December 13, 1917 – March 5, 1920}}
{{S-aft|after=Formation destroyed}}
{{S-end}}


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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Alikhan Bukeikhanov
| native_name         = {{Nobold|Әлихан Бөкейханов}}
| native_name_lang    = kk
| image               = Bukeykhanov.jpg
| caption             = During the [[Viborg Manifesto]], {{circa|1907}}
| office              = Chairman of the [[Alash Orda]]&lt;br&gt;([[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan#List (1917–present)#Alash Autonomy (1917–1920)|Prime Minister of Kazakhstan]])
| predecessor         = ''Position established'';&lt;br&gt;[[Nikolai Sukhomlinov]] {{small|(as [[Governor-Generalship of the Steppes|Governor-General of the Steppes]])}}
| successor           = ''Position abolished''
| 1blankname          = {{nowrap|[[Supreme Ruler of Russia|Supreme Ruler]]}}
| 1namedata           = [[Alexander Kolchak]]
| firstminister       = [[Vladimir Volsky]] {{small|(as Chairman of the [[Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly]])}}&lt;br&gt;[[Nikolai Avksentiev]] {{small|(as Chairman of the [[Provisional All-Russian Government]])}}&lt;br&gt;[[Pyotr Vologodsky]] and [[Viktor Pepelyayev]]{{efn|As Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the [[Russian State (1918—1920)|Russian State]].|name=fn2}}
| title2              = Additional positions
| signature           = Alikhan Bukeikhanov Signature.svg
| birth_date          = {{Birth date|1866|3|5|df=y}}
| death_date          = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1937|9|27|1866|3|5}}
| term_start          = 13 December 1917
| term_end            = 5 March 1920
| death_place         = [[Butyrka prison]], [[Moscow]], Soviet Union
| birth_place         = Tokraunskaya Volost, [[Semipalatinsk Oblast, Russia]]
| party               = [[Alash (party)|Alash]] (1917–1920)
| otherparty          = [[Constitutional Democratic Party]] (1905–1917)
| resting_place       = [[Novodevichy Cemetery]], Moscow
| alma_mater          = Omsk Technical School&lt;br&gt;Saint Petersburg Forestry Institute
| spouse              = {{marriage|Yelena Yakovlevna Sevostyanova|1901|1918|end=d}}
| children            = Zeinep (Elizabeth), Okitai (Sergei)
}}
'''Alikhan Nurmukhameduly Bukeikhanov''' (5 Maachị 1866 - 27 Septemba 1937) bụ onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kazakh, onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị, onye nta akụkọ na onye mbipụta akwụkwọ onye duuru otu Alash na gọọmentị nwa oge nke Alash Orda site na 1917 ruo 1920.

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Alikhan Bukeikhanov n'ime ezinụlọ ndị Alakụba Kazakh na 5 March 1866, na Tokyrauyn Volost, Alaeze Ukwu Russia. Ọ bụ nwa Nurmuhammed Bukeikhanov na dịka nwa nwa Barak Sultan, onye bụbu khan nke Orta zhuz, ọ bụ onye sitere na Genghis Khan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sultan-Khan Akkuly|title=Childhood and boyhood of the future leader of the nation: Alikhan was born different|url=http://e-history.kz/media/upload/2065/2014/10/27/b9b0e05f4555f26ba7b09cfb1949d4c8.pdf|date=December 2014|accessdate=January 31, 2015|publisher=e-history.kz}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bukeikhanov gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Russian-Kazakh School na Omsk Technical School na 1890. O mechara mụọ akwụkwọ na Saint Petersburg Forestry Institute, ebe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ na Faculty of Economics na 1894. N'oge Bukeikhanov dị obere, a kwenyere na ndị socialist metụtara ya.

Mgbe ọ gụsịrị akwụkwọ, Bukeikhanova laghachiri na Omsk na-esote afọ iri na anọ na-arụ ọrụ. Site na 1895 ruo 1897, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye nkuzi mgbakọ na mwepụ na ụlọ akwụkwọ Omsk maka ụmụaka Kazakh.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|publisher=e-history.kz|title=Alikhan Bokeikhan: prison epopee|author=Sultan-Khan Akkuly|url=http://e-history.kz/en/publications/view/776|date=October 21, 2014|accessdate=January 31, 2015|archivedate=March 6, 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042921/https://e-history.kz/en/publications/view/776}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bukeikhanov bụ onye so na njem Shcherbina nke 1896, bụ nke chọrọ nyocha na nyochaa ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ akụkụ ọ bụla nke gburugburu ebe obibi Russia Central Asia na ihe onwunwe na omenala na ọdịnala nke ndị bi na ya. Nke a bụ nke mbụ n'ime ozi ole na ole yiri nke a, nke ọ nabatara. Otu n’ime ihe ndị o nyere ndị e dekọrọ edekọ bụ “Ovtsevodstvo v stepnom krae” (“Ịzụ Atụrụ n’Ala Steppe”), bụ́ nke nyochara ọrụ ịzụ anụmanụ n’Ebe Etiti Eshia. Bukeikhanov bụ onye na-ede akụkọ ndụ mbụ nke Abay Kunanbayev, na-ebipụta akwụkwọ akụkọ obituary na Semipalatinsky listok na 1905. Na 1909, o bipụtara nchịkọta ọrụ Kunanbayev.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Aigul Bidanova|title=Ethnic Costumes in 1902 Exhibition Came From Abai|url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2013/08/ethnic-costumes-in-1902-exhibition-came-from-abai/|date=August 21, 2013|accessdate=February 1, 2015|publisher=The Astana Times|archivedate=June 27, 2015|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150627073358/http://www.astanatimes.com/2013/08/ethnic-costumes-in-1902-exhibition-came-from-abai/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
N'afọ 1905, ọru ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Bukeikhanov malitere mgbe ọ sonyeere Democratic Democratic Party. N'ọgwụgwụ 1905 na Uralsk Oblast Party Congress, ọ gbalịrị ịmepụta Kazakh Democratic Party mana ọ dara. N'ihi omume a, e jidere ya ma machibido ya ibi na Steppe Oblasts. Mgbe ọ chụgara ya, ọ kwagara Samara. A họpụtara ya na State Duma nke Alaeze Ukwu Rọshịa dị ka onye so na pati ahụ na 1906 wee bịanye aka na arịrịọ Vyborg iji mee mkpesa maka mgbasa nke Duma nke eze. Na 1908, e jidere ya ọzọ ma chụga ya na Samara ruo 1917. Mgbe ọ nọ na Samara, o so na Kọmitii Samara Guberniya nke People's Freedom Party guzobere na 1915.

=== Onye dere echiche nke First Kazakh Republic ===
[[Faịlụ:Baitursynuly,_Bokeikhan_and_Dulatuly.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Akhmet Baitursynov, Alikhan Bukeikhanov na Mirjaqip Dulatuli na Orenburg na 1913.]]
[[Faịlụ:Alash_intelligentsia,_Semipalatinsk,_1918.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Bukeikhanov n'etiti ndị Alash nwere ọgụgụ isi na Semipalatinsk na 1918.]]
N'onwa April 1917, Bukeikhanov, Akhmet Baitursynov na ọtụtụ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị obodo ndị ọzọ butere ụzọ n'ịkpọkọta All-Kazakh Congress na Orenburg.[8] N'ime mkpebi ya, Congress gbara ndị obodo ume ka ha laghachi n'ala niile ọchịchị gara aga weghaara na ya ma chụpụ ndị bi na mpaghara Kazakh-Kirghiz. Mkpebi ndị ọzọ chọrọ ka e bufee ụlọ akwụkwọ obodo n'aka ndị obodo na ịkwụsị ọrụ ewebatara na 1916. N'ime otu ahụ, Bukeikhanov, yana ndị Russia na-akwado onwe ha, ọkachasị ndị Kadets chọrọ ibu ụzọ dọta uche gaa na nsogbu akụ na ụba, ebe ndị ọzọ chọrọ ijikọ ndị Kazakh na ndị Turkic ndị ọzọ nke Russia.[9]Ọnwa atọ ka nke ahụ gasịrị, otu ndị omeiwu Kazakh-Kirghiz ọzọ zukọrọ na Orenburg. N'ebe ahụ, maka oge mbụ, echiche nke nnwere onwe ókèala pụtara, e wee guzobe otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Kazakh-Kirghiz nke mba ahụ, Alash Autonomy. [10] Tupu mgbanwe nke February, Bukeikhanov na ndị Kadets jikọrọ aka na olileanya inweta ọkwa onwe onye maka ndị Kazakh ma kpọtụrụ onyeisi gọọmentị oge Russia Alexander Kerensky. Kerensky gara n'ihu mee Bukeikhanov onye komishọna. Na 19 Maachị 1917, a họpụtara ya dị ka Kọmishọna Gọọmentị Oge Ochie nke Turgay Oblast. Mgbe [[Mgbanwe Ọktoba|mgbanwe October]] gasịrị, a họpụtara ya na 1917 dị ka onyeisi oche nke ọchịchị Alash Orda nke Alash Autonomy.

Na 1920, mgbe nguzobe nke Soviet hegemony Bukeikhanova sonyeere Bolshevik Party wee laghachi na nkà mmụta sayensị ndụ. Ihe omume ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị o mere na mbụ mere ka ndị ọchịchị jiri enyo enyo na-ele ya anya, nke mere ka e jide ya na 1926 na 1928. Na 1926, e jidere Bukeikhanov n'ihi ọrụ mgbochi mgbanwe ma tinye ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ Butyrka dị na Moscow. Ma n’ihi enweghị ihe akaebe n’ikpe mpụ e boro ya, a tọhapụrụ ya n’ụlọ mkpọrọ. Na 1930, ndị ọchịchị chụpụrụ ya na Moscow, bụ́ ebe e jidere ya na nke ikpeazụ na 1937 ma gbuo ya.

It was not until 1989 that the Soviet authorities rehabilitated him.

== Ihe odide ==
Akwụkwọ Bukeikhanov dere gbasara ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị bụ &quot;Kirgizy&quot; (&quot;Ndị Kazakh&quot;) (1910), nke e bipụtara n'akwụkwọ otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị omeiwu na mba dị iche iche nke AI Kosteliansky deziri. Ihe ndị ọzọ Bukeikhanov mere n'oge a gụnyere inyere aka n'ịmepụta ''Qazaq'', akwụkwọ akụkọ asụsụ Kazakh, na ide akụkọ maka akwụkwọ akụkọ, gụnyere &quot;Dala Walayatynyng Gazeti&quot; (Omsk), &quot;Orenburgskii Listok&quot;, &quot;Semipalatinskii Listok&quot;, &quot;Turkestanskie Vedomosti&quot; ( Tashkent), &quot;Stepnoi Pioner&quot; (Omsk), na &quot;Sary-Arqa&quot; (Semipalatinsk). Ọ bụkwa onye tinyere aka na ''Ay Qap'' na &quot;Sibirskie Voprosy&quot;.

== Ihe odide nkọwa ==
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{{Notelist}}

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|30em}}

=== Ebe e si nweta ya ===
* {{Citation | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=smDy35onbtAC | last = Pipes | first = Richard | author-link = Richard Pipes | title = The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923 | publisher = [[Harvard University Press]] | year = 1997 | isbn = 9780674309517}}
* {{Citation | last = Sabol | first = Steven | title = Russian Colonization of Central Asia and the Genesis of Kazak National Conscious | publisher = [[Palgrave Macmillan]] | year = 2003 | isbn=978-0333921425}}
* {{Citation | url= https://books.google.com/books?id=N3d07qFjyVwC&amp;q=Russian+Central+Asia&amp;pg=PA340 | last = Pierce | first = Richard A. | author-link = Richard Pierce (historian) | title = Russian Central Asia, 1867-1917: A Study in Colonial Rule | journal = Russian and East European Studies | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | year = 1960 | issn=0080-4886}}

==External links==

{{Commons category}}
*[http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/98summer/pdf/uyama.pdf The Geography of Civilizations: A Spatial Analysis of the Kazakh Intelligentsia's activities, From the Mid-Nineteenth to the Early Twentieth Century]

{{S-start}}
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{{S-new|reason=State founded}}
{{S-ttl|title=[[Alash Autonomy|Prime Minister of Alash Autonomy]]|years=December 13, 1917 – March 5, 1920}}
{{S-aft|after=Formation destroyed}}
{{S-end}}


{{Authority control}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Neil Cherry</title>
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'''Neil James Cherry''' ONZM (29 Septemba 1946 - 24 Mee 2003) bụ onye [[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi|ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]] nke New Zealand.

== Akụkọ Ndụ ==

=== Ndụ mbụ na ezinụlọ ===
A mụrụ Cherry na Christchurch na Septemba 29, 1946.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBTQ&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Taylor|first=Alister|title=Honoured by the Queen – New Zealand|year=1994|publisher=New Zealand Who's Who Aotearoa|location=Auckland|isbn=0-908578-34-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị mụrụ ya bụ James Conrad Cherry na Mona Hartley, ndị lụrụ di na nwunye na 1940.&lt;ref name=&quot;Part 1&quot; /&gt; Cherry nwere ike ịkọ akụkọ nna nna ya na ''Cressy'', otu n'ime ụgbọ mmiri anọ mbụ malitere ibi na Canterbury.&lt;ref name=&quot;Part 1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hunt|first=Dorothy|title=Neil Cherry ONZM – his life and work: Part 1|url=http://www.nzine.co.nz/features/neilcherry_lifestory_part1.html|publisher=NZine|accessdate=14 May 2017|date=28 March 2003|archivedate=18 February 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218230437/http://www.nzine.co.nz/features/neilcherry_lifestory_part1.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A gụrụ Cherry akwụkwọ na Christchurch Technical College, wee gaa n'ihu mụọ physics na Mahadum Canterbury, gụchaa BSc(Hons) na 1969 na PhD na 1971.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBTQ&quot;/&gt; Akwụkwọ edemede doctoral ya, nke RGT Bennett na GJ Fraser na-elekọta, akpọrọ ''A study of wind and wavelength''.

Na 1968, Cherry lụrụ Gae Denise Miller, di na nwunye ahụ wee ga n'iru e mụta ụmụ abụọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBTQ&quot;/&gt;

=== Ọrụ ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 
Cherry bụ ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara mmetụta nke [[Radiation electromagnetic|radieshon elektrọnik]] n'ahụike mmadụ, mgbe ọ rụchara ọrụ mbụ ya na meteorology na ike ifufe.

=== Ndọrọndọrọ ọchịchị ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Na 1987 election ọ nọchitere anya otu Labour Party na ntuli aka Christchurch nke Fendalton. O mere ka ntuli aka Labour dịkwuo elu site na 6.73%, mana o dara votu 311 tupu o merie onye omeiwu nọ n'ọkwa Philip Burdon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Norton|first=Clifford|title=New Zealand Parliamentary Election Results 1946–1987: Occasional Publications No 1, Department of Political Science|year=1988|publisher=Victoria University of Wellington Press|location=[[Wellington]]|isbn=0-475-11200-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tupu 1990 election o tinyere onwe ya n'ọkwa iji dochie onye bụbu Praịm Minista Geoffrey Palmer dị ka onye ga-azọ ọkwa Labour na Christchurch Central. O tụfuru nhọpụta Labour nye Lianne Dalziel mana, dịka echiche ya si dị, ọ bụ onye nke abụọ ma kwe nkwa ịzọ ọkwa maka Dalziel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Malthus|first=Nigel|title=Cherry says he was 'runner-up'|work=[[The Press]]|date=20 September 1990|page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cherry jere ozi dị ka onye ndụmọdụ na Kansụl Ógbè Canterbury (Environment Canterbury)  site na 1992.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBTQ&quot;/&gt;

=== Ndụ na ọnwụ mgbe e mesịrị ===
[[Faịlụ:Windflow's_prototype_windmill.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|213x213px|A kpọrọ ihe igwe ikuku nke Windflow Technology &quot;Neil&quot; iji sọpụrụ Cherry]]
A chọpụtara na Cherry nwere ọrịa neurone moto na 2001, ọ malitekwara ịpụ apụ ruo mgbe ọ nwụrụ na 2003.&lt;ref name=&quot;Herald obit&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Obituary: Dr Neil Cherry|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/iobituaryi-dr-neil-cherry/XUJL2R3NVH2NHGYR2VYVQ5N4NI/|accessdate=8 November 2021|work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]|date=30 May 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkwanye ugwu na ihe nrite ==
Na 1990, e nyere Cherry ihe nrite ncheta afọ 1990 nke New Zealand.&lt;ref name=&quot;HBTQ&quot;/&gt; N'afọ 2002, a họpụtara Cherry ka ọ bụrụ onye isi nke Òtù Ihe nrite nke New Zealand, maka ọrụ sayensị, agụmakwụkwọ na obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/new-year-honours-list-2002|title=New Year honours list 2002|date=31 December 2001|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=28 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==

* {{Cite journal|author=Cherry|first=Neil|title=Schumann Resonances, a plausible biophysical mechanism for the human health effects of Solar|journal=[[Natural Hazards]]|volume=26|issue=3|year=2002|pages=279–331|doi=10.1023/A:1015637127504}}
* {{Cite journal|author=White|first=Warren B.|title=Influence of the Antarctic Circumpolar Wave upon New Zealand temperature and precipitation during autumn–winter|journal=Journal of Climate|volume=12|issue=4|year=1999|pages=960–976|doi=10.1175/1520-0442(1999)012&lt;0960:IOTACW&gt;2.0.CO;2}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Cooper|first=Duncan|url=https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/153/2/202/118459|title=Re:&quot;Cancer incidence near radio and television transmitters in Great Britain. I. Sutton Coldfield transmitter; II. All high power transmitters&quot;|journal=American Journal of Epidemiology|volume=153|issue=2|year=2001|pages=202–205|doi=10.1093/aje/153.2.202|pmid=11159167}}
* {{Cite book|author=Trought|first=M.C.T.|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/35465078.pdf|title=Practical considerations for reducing frost damage in vineyards|publisher=Report to New Zealand Winegrowers|year=1999}}

== Edensibịa ==
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[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
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    <title>Ashraf Choudhary</title>
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| honorific_prefix    = 
| name                = Ashraf Choudhary
| image               = Ashraf Choudhary.jpg
| caption             = 
| parliament          = New Zealand
| term_start          = 27 July [[2002 New Zealand general election|2002]]
| term_end            = 26 November [[2011 New Zealand general election|2011]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1949|02|15}}
| birth_place         = [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| death_date          = 
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| resting_place_coordinates = 
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| party               = [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour]]
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| partner             = &lt;!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--&gt;
| relations           = 
| children            = 
| alma_mater          = [[University of Agriculture, Faisalabad]] (UAF) Pakistan&lt;br&gt; [[Massey University]], New Zealand
| occupation          = 
| profession          = 
| cabinet             = 
| committees          = Primary Production Committee
| portfolio           = 
| signature           = 
| website             = 
| footnotes           = 
| blank1              = Fields
| data1               = [[Agricultural Engineering]]
}}
'''Ashraf Choudhary''' QSO (amuru 15 February 1949; Sialkot, Punjab) bu ​​onye sayensi Pakistani-New Zealand na injinia ugbo ma burubu onye otu nzuko omeiwu na New Zealand. Ọ bụ onye otu Labour Party, bụrụkwa onye omebe iwu mbụ nke New Zealand sitere na South Asia na Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Choudhary, Ashraf - New Zealand Parliament|url=https://www.parliament.nz/mi/mps-and-electorates/former-members-of-parliament/choudhary-ashraf/|accessdate=2021-09-26|work=www.parliament.nz|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Choudhary na ọkara Pakistan nke mpaghara Punjab na obodo Jajay n'ụlọ Chaudhry Muhammad Boota. O si na ezinụlọ nke ọrụ ugbo. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na obodo Sialkot,&lt;ref name=&quot;pildat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pildat.org/eventsdel.asp?detid=65|title=Patience and Persistence required for a stable democracy in Pakistan|date=25 December 2004|publisher=PILDAT|accessdate=7 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615031605/http://www.pildat.org/eventsdel.asp?detid=65|archivedate=15 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na injinia ugbo na Mahadum Agriculture, Faisalabad (UAF) na Faisalabad. Ọ gara n'ihu n'agụmakwụkwọ ya na mba ofesi, nweta akara ugo mmụta masters na injinia ugbo na Mahadum Newcastle n'elu Tyne, England na PhD na injinia ugbo na Mahadum Massey, New Zealand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;
== Ọrụ sayensị na obodo ==
Choudhary bụ [[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi|ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi]] na Mahadum Massey.&lt;ref name=&quot;pildat&quot;/&gt; O bipụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ sayensị n'ọhịa ya, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye isi mba ụwa maka [[Ịkpụcha|ịkọ ugbo]]. Ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya karịsịa n'usoro ọrụ ugbo na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. Choudhary nwere ụmụ atọ.

Tupu ọ banye na nzuko omeiwu, Choudhary arụọla ọrụ na ọtụtụ òtù obodo, gụnyere otu dịka New Zealand Federation of Ethnic Councils na FIANZ – Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (nke ọ bụ onyeisiala na 1984–85). N'ọkwa ya dịka onyeisi oche nke FIANZ, ọ na-ahụ maka nkwekọrịta anụ halal mbụ kwa afọ na New Zealand Meat Producers Board na June 1984, site n'enyemaka nke Mazhar Krasniqi, Hajji Abdul Rahim Rasheed na Dr. Mohammad Hanif Quazi. 

== Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị omeiwu ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Parliament
! Years
! Electorate
! Party
! List position
|-
| 47th
| 2002–2005
| List
| New Zealand Labour Party
| 40
|-
| 48th
| 2005–2008
| List
| New Zealand Labour Party
| 25
|-
| 49th
| 2008–2011
| List
| New Zealand Labour Party
| 31
|}Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ onye na-akwado otu Labour Party ruo oge ụfọdụ, a họpụtara Choudhary ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu dịka onye nnọchi anya otu Labour Party na ntuli aka nke afọ 2002. E ṅụrụ ya iyi na Qur'an, nke Winston Peters (onye ndu otu New Zealand First) katọrọ dị ka ihe na-emebi &quot;omenala ochie nke narị afọ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Zealand's first Muslim legislator in row over Quran {{!}} WWRN - World-wide Religious News|url=https://wwrn.org/articles/7895/|accessdate=2021-09-26|work=wwrn.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, Choudhary zara na omenala ahụ mebiri mgbe a ṅụrụ Praịm Minista Julius Vogel iyi na Torah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; N'ihi na ndị ọrụ omeiwu enweghị otu Qur'an, ha nwetara otu n'ụlọ ọrụ FIANZ, nke e nyeziri ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ omeiwu maka ojiji n'ọdịnihu.

N'oge ọ nọ na Palịament, Choudhary jere ozi na kọmitii ndị na-ahụ maka mmepụta ihe nke Primary, Gọọmentị Obodo na Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, na kọmitii ndị a họpụtara maka agụmakwụkwọ na sayensị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ọ bịakwara n'ihu ọha na eze na 2003, mgbe o jụrụ votu iji mee ka ịgba akwụna bụrụ iwu kwadoro. Ndị Alakụba were iwe maka mkpebi ya ịjụ ịtụ vootu ebe ọ bụ na a na-ahụ ịgba akwụna dị ka mmebi iwu nke okwukwe ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/content/206420/423466/article.html|title=Muslims upset with MP|date=17 July 2003|work=[[Television New Zealand]]|accessdate=7 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2011, a kpọtụrụ Choudhary aha na manifesto Anders Behring Breivik ''nke 2083: Nkwupụta nke nnwere onwe nke Europe'' ebe e jiri Choudhary mee ihe atụ nke enweghị ike ịnabata ndị Alakụba site n'ịghara ịnabata ịtụgbu ndị nwoke idina nwoke na ndị nwere mmekọahụ n'alụghị di na nwunye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-07-30|title=Mass killer sees NZ as haven in Islam conflict|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/5365851/Mass-killer-sees-NZ-as-haven-in-Islam-conflict|accessdate=2021-09-21|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Choudhary kwuru na 2004 na ịtụgbu mmadụ kwekọrọ na ozizi Quran, mana enweghị ebe ọ bụla na New Zealand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ashraf Choudhary on the stoning of gays » archived article sourced from GayNZ.com|url=https://www.pridenz.com/gaynz/842.html|accessdate=2021-09-26|work=www.pridenz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; O zara ntinye na manifesto ahụ site n'ikwu &quot;Ọ bụ onye na-eyi ọha egwu, anyị kwesịrị ịkatọ ihe o mere, nke ahụ bụkwa naanị ihe m chọrọ ikwu n'ezie.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ mgbe o mechara omeiwu ==
Na 29 Septemba 2011, Choudhary kwuru okwu ncheta ya n'ụlọ omeiwu ma ga-ala ezumike nka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe ntuli aka izugbe nke 2011 gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2011-09-29|title=Valedictory Speeches Sept 29|url=http://parliamenttoday.co.nz/2011/09/valedictory-speeches-sept-29/|accessdate=2022-04-16|work=parliamenttoday.co.nz|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe ọ lara ezumike nka, Choudhary anọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'obodo Pakistan na India nke Auckland na-agba ndị ntorobịa ume itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na-akwado mgbalị ndị na-enye ọbara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-02-13|title=Indian Newslink - Former MP calls more youngsters to politics|url=http://www.indiannewslink.co.nz/index.php/archives2012/may_15_2012_issue/former-mp-calls-more-youngsters-to-politics.html|accessdate=2021-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213172129/http://www.indiannewslink.co.nz/index.php/archives2012/may_15_2012_issue/former-mp-calls-more-youngsters-to-politics.html|archivedate=13 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-02-22|title=Indian Newslink - Pakistani blood donors do us proud|url=http://www.indiannewslink.co.nz/index.php/archives2012/feb_1_2012_issue/pakistani-blood-donors-do-us-proud.html|accessdate=2021-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222203844/http://www.indiannewslink.co.nz/index.php/archives2012/feb_1_2012_issue/pakistani-blood-donors-do-us-proud.html|archivedate=22 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ntuli aka nke afọ 2016 na ntuli aka nke afọ 2019, a họpụtara Choudhary ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ndị isi obodo Otara-Papatoetoe na ndị isi obodo Manukau District Health Board.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-10-11|title=Majorities for Labour and Action Team on southern local boards|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/manukau-courier/85169943/majorities-for-labour-and-action-team-on-southern-local-boards|accessdate=2021-09-26|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-09-12|title=Voice of ethnic communities gets stronger and louder|url=https://indiannewslink.co.nz/voice-of-ethnic-communities-gets-stronger-and-louder-2/|accessdate=2021-09-26|work=indiannewslink.co.nz|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-10-11|title=Three new members elected to Counties Manukau DHB|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/manukau-courier/85143467/three-new-members-elected-to-counties-manukau-dhb|accessdate=2021-09-26|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==
N'emume Afọ Ọhụrụ nke afọ 2001, a họpụtara Choudhary dịka onye otu Eze Nwanyị maka ọrụ obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=30 December 2000|title=New Year honours list 2001|url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/new-year-honours-list-2001|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=17 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leekwa ==

* Alakụba na New Zealand

== Ihe odide ==
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[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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      <text bytes="9732" sha1="hya9ee14tw7if3m486vom4ri0mq7pri" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific_prefix    = 
| name                = Ashraf Choudhary
| image               = Ashraf Choudhary.jpg
| caption             = 
| parliament          = New Zealand
| term_start          = 27 July [[2002 New Zealand general election|2002]]
| term_end            = 26 November [[2011 New Zealand general election|2011]]
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1949|02|15}}
| birth_place         = [[Sialkot]], [[Punjab (Pakistan)|Punjab]], [[Pakistan]]
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| resting_place       = 
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| birth_name          = 
| party               = [[New Zealand Labour Party|Labour]]
| otherparty          = &lt;!--For additional political affiliations--&gt;
| spouse              = 
| partner             = &lt;!--For those with a domestic partner and not married--&gt;
| relations           = 
| children            = 
| alma_mater          = [[University of Agriculture, Faisalabad]] (UAF) Pakistan&lt;br&gt; [[Massey University]], New Zealand
| occupation          = 
| profession          = 
| cabinet             = 
| committees          = Primary Production Committee
| portfolio           = 
| signature           = 
| website             = 
| footnotes           = 
| blank1              = Fields
| data1               = [[Agricultural Engineering]]
}}
'''Ashraf Choudhary''' QSO (amuru 15 February 1949; Sialkot, Punjab) bu ​​onye sayensi Pakistani-New Zealand na injinia ugbo ma burubu onye otu nzuko omeiwu na New Zealand. Ọ bụ onye otu Labour Party, bụrụkwa onye omebe iwu mbụ nke New Zealand sitere na South Asia na Pakistan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Choudhary, Ashraf - New Zealand Parliament|url=https://www.parliament.nz/mi/mps-and-electorates/former-members-of-parliament/choudhary-ashraf/|accessdate=2021-09-26|work=www.parliament.nz|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Choudhary na ọkara Pakistan nke mpaghara Punjab na obodo Jajay n'ụlọ Chaudhry Muhammad Boota. O si na ezinụlọ nke ọrụ ugbo. Ọ gara ụlọ akwụkwọ sekọndrị na obodo Sialkot,&lt;ref name=&quot;pildat&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pildat.org/eventsdel.asp?detid=65|title=Patience and Persistence required for a stable democracy in Pakistan|date=25 December 2004|publisher=PILDAT|accessdate=7 June 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110615031605/http://www.pildat.org/eventsdel.asp?detid=65|archivedate=15 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee nweta akara ugo mmụta na injinia ugbo na Mahadum Agriculture, Faisalabad (UAF) na Faisalabad. Ọ gara n'ihu n'agụmakwụkwọ ya na mba ofesi, nweta akara ugo mmụta masters na injinia ugbo na Mahadum Newcastle n'elu Tyne, England na PhD na injinia ugbo na Mahadum Massey, New Zealand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;
== Ọrụ sayensị na obodo ==
Choudhary bụ [[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi|ọkachamara n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi]] na Mahadum Massey.&lt;ref name=&quot;pildat&quot;/&gt; O bipụtala ọtụtụ akwụkwọ sayensị n'ọhịa ya, a na-ewerekwa ya dị ka onye isi mba ụwa maka [[Ịkpụcha|ịkọ ugbo]]. Ọrụ ya lekwasịrị anya karịsịa n'usoro ọrụ ugbo na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. Choudhary nwere ụmụ atọ.

Tupu ọ banye na nzuko omeiwu, Choudhary arụọla ọrụ na ọtụtụ òtù obodo, gụnyere otu dịka New Zealand Federation of Ethnic Councils na FIANZ – Federation of Islamic Associations of New Zealand (nke ọ bụ onyeisiala na 1984–85). N'ọkwa ya dịka onyeisi oche nke FIANZ, ọ na-ahụ maka nkwekọrịta anụ halal mbụ kwa afọ na New Zealand Meat Producers Board na June 1984, site n'enyemaka nke Mazhar Krasniqi, Hajji Abdul Rahim Rasheed na Dr. Mohammad Hanif Quazi. 

== Ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke ndị omeiwu ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Parliament
! Years
! Electorate
! Party
! List position
|-
| 47th
| 2002–2005
| List
| New Zealand Labour Party
| 40
|-
| 48th
| 2005–2008
| List
| New Zealand Labour Party
| 25
|-
| 49th
| 2008–2011
| List
| New Zealand Labour Party
| 31
|}Ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ onye na-akwado otu Labour Party ruo oge ụfọdụ, a họpụtara Choudhary ka ọ bụrụ onye omeiwu dịka onye nnọchi anya otu Labour Party na ntuli aka nke afọ 2002. E ṅụrụ ya iyi na Qur'an, nke Winston Peters (onye ndu otu New Zealand First) katọrọ dị ka ihe na-emebi &quot;omenala ochie nke narị afọ.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Zealand's first Muslim legislator in row over Quran {{!}} WWRN - World-wide Religious News|url=https://wwrn.org/articles/7895/|accessdate=2021-09-26|work=wwrn.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, Choudhary zara na omenala ahụ mebiri mgbe a ṅụrụ Praịm Minista Julius Vogel iyi na Torah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; N'ihi na ndị ọrụ omeiwu enweghị otu Qur'an, ha nwetara otu n'ụlọ ọrụ FIANZ, nke e nyeziri ya n'ọbá akwụkwọ omeiwu maka ojiji n'ọdịnihu.

N'oge ọ nọ na Palịament, Choudhary jere ozi na kọmitii ndị na-ahụ maka mmepụta ihe nke Primary, Gọọmentị Obodo na Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, na kọmitii ndị a họpụtara maka agụmakwụkwọ na sayensị.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ọ bịakwara n'ihu ọha na eze na 2003, mgbe o jụrụ votu iji mee ka ịgba akwụna bụrụ iwu kwadoro. Ndị Alakụba were iwe maka mkpebi ya ịjụ ịtụ vootu ebe ọ bụ na a na-ahụ ịgba akwụna dị ka mmebi iwu nke okwukwe ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://tvnz.co.nz/content/206420/423466/article.html|title=Muslims upset with MP|date=17 July 2003|work=[[Television New Zealand]]|accessdate=7 June 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2011, a kpọtụrụ Choudhary aha na manifesto Anders Behring Breivik ''nke 2083: Nkwupụta nke nnwere onwe nke Europe'' ebe e jiri Choudhary mee ihe atụ nke enweghị ike ịnabata ndị Alakụba site n'ịghara ịnabata ịtụgbu ndị nwoke idina nwoke na ndị nwere mmekọahụ n'alụghị di na nwunye.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2011-07-30|title=Mass killer sees NZ as haven in Islam conflict|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/5365851/Mass-killer-sees-NZ-as-haven-in-Islam-conflict|accessdate=2021-09-21|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Choudhary kwuru na 2004 na ịtụgbu mmadụ kwekọrọ na ozizi Quran, mana enweghị ebe ọ bụla na New Zealand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ashraf Choudhary on the stoning of gays » archived article sourced from GayNZ.com|url=https://www.pridenz.com/gaynz/842.html|accessdate=2021-09-26|work=www.pridenz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; O zara ntinye na manifesto ahụ site n'ikwu &quot;Ọ bụ onye na-eyi ọha egwu, anyị kwesịrị ịkatọ ihe o mere, nke ahụ bụkwa naanị ihe m chọrọ ikwu n'ezie.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ mgbe o mechara omeiwu ==
Na 29 Septemba 2011, Choudhary kwuru okwu ncheta ya n'ụlọ omeiwu ma ga-ala ezumike nka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị mgbe ntuli aka izugbe nke 2011 gasịrị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=|first=|date=2011-09-29|title=Valedictory Speeches Sept 29|url=http://parliamenttoday.co.nz/2011/09/valedictory-speeches-sept-29/|accessdate=2022-04-16|work=parliamenttoday.co.nz|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe ọ lara ezumike nka, Choudhary anọwo na-arụsi ọrụ ike n'obodo Pakistan na India nke Auckland na-agba ndị ntorobịa ume itinye aka na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ma na-akwado mgbalị ndị na-enye ọbara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-02-13|title=Indian Newslink - Former MP calls more youngsters to politics|url=http://www.indiannewslink.co.nz/index.php/archives2012/may_15_2012_issue/former-mp-calls-more-youngsters-to-politics.html|accessdate=2021-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130213172129/http://www.indiannewslink.co.nz/index.php/archives2012/may_15_2012_issue/former-mp-calls-more-youngsters-to-politics.html|archivedate=13 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2013-02-22|title=Indian Newslink - Pakistani blood donors do us proud|url=http://www.indiannewslink.co.nz/index.php/archives2012/feb_1_2012_issue/pakistani-blood-donors-do-us-proud.html|accessdate=2021-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130222203844/http://www.indiannewslink.co.nz/index.php/archives2012/feb_1_2012_issue/pakistani-blood-donors-do-us-proud.html|archivedate=22 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na ntuli aka nke afọ 2016 na ntuli aka nke afọ 2019, a họpụtara Choudhary ka ọ bụrụ onye otu ndị isi obodo Otara-Papatoetoe na ndị isi obodo Manukau District Health Board.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-10-11|title=Majorities for Labour and Action Team on southern local boards|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/manukau-courier/85169943/majorities-for-labour-and-action-team-on-southern-local-boards|accessdate=2021-09-26|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2019-09-12|title=Voice of ethnic communities gets stronger and louder|url=https://indiannewslink.co.nz/voice-of-ethnic-communities-gets-stronger-and-louder-2/|accessdate=2021-09-26|work=indiannewslink.co.nz|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2016-10-11|title=Three new members elected to Counties Manukau DHB|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/manukau-courier/85143467/three-new-members-elected-to-counties-manukau-dhb|accessdate=2021-09-26|work=Stuff|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nsọpụrụ ==
N'emume Afọ Ọhụrụ nke afọ 2001, a họpụtara Choudhary dịka onye otu Eze Nwanyị maka ọrụ obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=30 December 2000|title=New Year honours list 2001|url=https://dpmc.govt.nz/publications/new-year-honours-list-2001|publisher=Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet|accessdate=17 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leekwa ==

* Alakụba na New Zealand

== Edensibịa ==
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[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
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    <title>Cecile de Klein</title>
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'''Cecile de Klein''' FRSNZ (amụrụ na 1962)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=worldrugby.org|title=World Rugby {{!}} world.rugby|url=https://www.world.rugby/tournament/1110/teams/2907|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181007040314/https://www.world.rugby/tournament/1110/teams/2907|archivedate=2018-10-07|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=www.world.rugby|language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị Dutch-New Zealand na New Zealand Institute for Bioeconomy Science, ọkachamara na ala na [[sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]]. Na 2026, a họpụtara de Klein dị ka onye otu Royal Society Te Apārangi. De Klein bụkwa onyeisi otu egwuregwu rugby ụmụ nwanyị Dutch na iko mba ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị Rugby nke 1991.

== Ọrụ nyocha ==
De Klein gụchara nzere masta na bayoloji na 1988 wee nweta PhD na gburugburu ebe obibi na Mahadum Utrecht na 1993.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Cecile de Klein|url=https://www.agresearch.co.nz/about-us/our-people/cecile-de-klein/|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=AgResearch|language=en-NZ}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara mee nnyocha postdoctoral na UK, na-arụ ọrụ na ADAS, ụlọ ọrụ ndụmọdụ ọrụ ugbo na gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Mitchell|first=Rob|date=29 June 2016|title=Promising science for cutting dairy gases|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/81565917/promising-science-for-cutting-dairy-gases|accessdate=2 April 2026|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff news]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Klein na di ya kwagara New Zealand na 1995, ebe o sonyeere AgResearch (mechara banye na New Zealand Institute for Bioeconomy Science), nke dị na Invermay Agricultural Centre dị nso na Mosgiel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=New Zealand appoints Horizon Europe National Contact Points (NCPs) {{!}} EURAXESS|url=https://euraxess.ec.europa.eu/worldwide/australia-nz/news/new-zealand-appoints-horizon-europe-national-contact-points-ncps|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=euraxess.ec.europa.eu|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/farming/discovery/102448909/reducing-greenhouse-gas-emissions-a-priority|title=Reducing greenhouse gas emissions a priority|author=Chandar|first=Sonita|date=3 May 2018|accessdate=3 April 2026|work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff news]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Klein na-arụ ọrụ iji belata ikuku gas sitere na ọrụ ugbo, ọkachasị ikuku sitere na usoro anụ ụlọ a na-azụ anụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt;O mere nnyocha banyere usoro nitrogen, wee mepụta ụzọ iji tụọ ikuku nitrous-oxide nke ọma, nke na-eduga n'ịkọ akụkọ ka mma banyere ikuku ndị New Zealand.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Latest cohort of Ngā Ahurei Fellows announced|url=https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/news/latest-cohort-of-nga-ahurei-fellows-announced|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=Royal Society Te Apārangi}}&lt;/ref&gt; De Klein akwadola maka ' labs dị ndụ ', nke na-etinye ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị nchọpụta ọnụ na mpaghara mpaghara, iji nwalee na mezie ihe ngwọta maka nsogbu ikuku gas na-ekpo ọkụ na ọnọdụ ndụ nke na-egosipụta mgbanwe mpaghara na ọnọdụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ruralnewsgroup.co.nz/dairy-news/dairy-agribusiness/living-labs-to-tackle-emissions|title='Living labs' to tackle emissions|date=1 May 2024|accessdate=3 Apr 2026|work=Dairy News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na 2024, MBIE mgbaàmà de Klein dị ka Ebe mgba nke Horizon Europe maka New Zealand, na-ekpuchi mpaghara nri, akụ na-echebe bio, ihe okike, ọrụ ugbo na gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt; Ebe Mmekọrịta Mba na-enyere ndị nwere ike itinye akwụkwọ aka ịkwadebe ụlọ ọrụ nyocha maka mmemme ego Horizon Europe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Rennie|first=Richard|date=2024-05-31|title=Multibillion-euro fund opens door for NZ|url=https://www.farmersweekly.co.nz/technology/multibillion-euro-fund-opens-door-for-nz/|accessdate=2026-04-02|work=www.farmersweekly.co.nz|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

De Klein bụ onye isi okwu na XXII N Workshop Resolving Global Nitrogen Dilemma - ohere na ihe ịma aka di na Aarhus n'afo 2024.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://conferences.au.dk/nworkshop/speakers-sessions/wim-de-vries-6|title=Cecile de Klein|date=9 March 2026|accessdate=3 April 2026|work=NWorkshop}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2026, a họpụtara de Klein dị ka onye otu nke Royal Society Te Apārangi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ egwuregwu ==
De Klein gbara bọọlụ rugby ruo afọ iri na otu, ma bụrụkwa onyeisi otu ụmụ nwanyị Dutch, na-egwuri egwu na nọmba asatọ, na asọmpi mbụ nke iko mba ụwa nke ụmụ nwanyị Rugby na Wales na 1991.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

== Ọrụ ndị a họọrọ ==
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&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Mireia Boya Busquet
| image               = Mireia Boya e Busquet.jpg
| alt                 = 
| caption             = 
| birth_name          = 
| birth_date          = {{Birth year and age|1979}}
| birth_place         = [[Saint-Gaudens, Haute-Garonne|Saint-Gaudens]], France
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| occupation          = Professor, environmental scientist, politician
| spouse              = 
| children            = 
| citizenship         = [[Spanish nationality law|Spanish]]
| awards              = 
| alma_mater          = [[Université de Montréal]]
| signature           = Signatura Mireia Boya e Busquets.jpg
| party               = [[Corròp]]
| office              = Member of the [[Parliament of Catalonia]]
| constituency        = [[Province of Lleida]]
| term_start          = 19 January 2016
| term_end            = 28 October 2017
}}
'''Mireia Boya Busquet''' (amụrụ n'afo 1979) bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị Catalan, onye na-alu ogu maka odimma oha na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị si Spain. Ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ obodo Aran nke Les. Kemgbe February 2018 ọ bụ akụkụ nke odeakwụkwọ mba nke Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP). Ọ bụ onye otu nzuko omeiwu Catalan site na 2016 ruo 2017.

== Akụkọ Ndụ ==
Ada Ernesto Boya na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị Maria Pilar Busquets, o nwere akara ugo mmụta na Environmental Sciences site na Autonomous University of Barcelona (2002), nzere masta na Landscape Design (2004), na PhD na Land Management and Planning (2009) site na Université de Montréal. N'ọrụ ya, ọ bụ onye ndụmọdụ ọkachamara ma bụrụkwa onye nkụzi na-arụ ọrụ nwa oge na Mahadum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.upf.edu/web/humanitats/entry/-/-/75548/404/mireia-aran-boya|title=UPF official page|accessdate=19 October 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019171743/https://www.upf.edu/web/humanitats/entry/-/-/75548/404/mireia-aran-boya|archivedate=19 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; (&quot;asociada&quot;) nke Ngalaba Humanities nke Mahadum Pompeu Fabra.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.vilaweb.cat/noticies/la-cup-renova-el-40-dels-diputats-al-parlament/|title=La CUP renova el 40% dels diputats que té al parlament|work=[[VilaWeb]]|language=Catalan|date=11 January 2016|accessdate=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mireia Boya Busquet abụrụla onye na-alụ ọgụ maka nnabata nke njirimara Occitan nke ndagwurugwu Aran, ma bụrụ onye mbụ so na nzuko omeiwu Catalan jiri olumba Aranese na nzuko omeiwu nke Catalonia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.esdiario.com/895533049/Rozando-el-esperpento-la-nueva-diputada-de-CUP-solo-hablara-en-aranes.html|title=Rozando el esperpento: la nueva diputada de CUP sólo hablará en aranés|work=[[ESDiario.com]]|language=Spanish|date=20 January 2016|accessdate=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nwanne ya nwoke, Jusèp Boya Busquet [es], abụrụla onye isi nchịkwa nke Archives, Library, Museum, and Heritage of the Generalitat malite na Jenụwarị 2016, ọfịs a chụpụrụ ya n'ọrụ mgbe 2017 kwụsịtụrụ ọchịchị onwe onye nke Catalonia.

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Boya bụ onye hiwere ma bụrụkwa onye nhazi nke Assemblea Nacional Catalana na Val d'Aran na onye kansụl n'obodo Les maka pati Corròp, nke e ji echiche mba Occitan mee. Na ntuli aka nke 2015 gaa na Parliament of Catalonia, ọ bụ onye ga-azọ ọkwa CUP maka mpaghara Lleida, mgbe e mere ntuli aka na ntuli aka praịmarị. A họpụtaghị Boya, onye nke abụọ n'ime ndepụta ndị a na mpaghara ya, mana na 18 Disemba 2015, n'oge mkparịta ụka siri ike n'etiti CUP na otu ndị na-akwado nnwere onwe bụ Junts pel Sí, onye mbụ na CUP, Ramon Usall, gbara arụkwaghịm maka ihe kpatara ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20151219/30915108732/diputado-cup-renuncia-ramon-usall.html|title=Voto secreto en la asamblea de la CUP para decidir si se inviste a Artur Mas|first=Àlex|author=Tort|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|language=Spanish|date=19 December 2015|accessdate=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ụzọ dị otu a, Boya nọchiri ọkwa onye omeiwu mpaghara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.naciodigital.cat/lleida/noticia/16111/mireia/boya/sera/diputada/cup/substitucio/ramon/usall|title=Mireia Boya serà diputada de la CUP en substitució de Ramon Usall|first=Àlvar|author=Llobet|work=Nació Digital|language=Catalan|date=10 January 2016|accessdate=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.jornalet.com/nova/5499/una-occitanista-aranesa-candidata-al-parlament-de-catalonha-per-la-cup|title=Una occitanista aranesa candidata al Parlament de Catalonha per la CUP|work=Jornalet|language=Occitan|date=31 July 2015|accessdate=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; O sonyere na nnọkọ ndị omeiwu nke ntuli aka maka ụzọ isi nweta nnwere onwe maka Catalonia, ma tụọ vootu maka nkwupụta nnwere onwe nke Catalonia.

N'ime ntuli aka nke Disemba 21, 2017, n'ime votu 5,265 e mere na Val d'Aran, CUP nwetara 174 - 3.3% nke mkpokọta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://resultados.elpais.com/elecciones/2017/autonomicas/09/25-39.html|title=Resultados Electorales en Aran: Elecciones Cataluña 2017|work=[[El País]]|language=Spanish|accessdate=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Na Febụwarị 2018, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu odeakwụkwọ mba CUP dịka onye na-azọ ọkwa onye nọọrọ onwe ya, o nwetara votu 662.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20180216/44820594186/la-cup-renueva-su-cupula-con-equilibrios-internos-pese-al-exito-de-endavant.html|title=La CUP renueva su cúpula con equilibrios entre Endavant y Poble Lliure|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|language=Spanish|date=16 February 2018|accessdate=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ịbụ mba nke ndị Occitan ===
Dịka onye na-agbachitere mba Occitan, Boya na-akwado &quot;ọrụ nke obodo nwere asụsụ abụọ nke ya&quot;, obodo nke na-ele anya &quot;n'ebe ugwu, na Occitania&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.lavanguardia.com/politica/20160120/301542079265/diputada-cup-aranes-parlament.html|title=La nueva diputada de la CUP sólo hablará en aranés en la tribuna|first=Quico|author=Sallés|work=[[La Vanguardia]]|language=Spanish|date=20 January 2016|accessdate=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ikpe ikpe ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Na Disemba 22, 2017, Onyeikpe Pablo Llarena nke Ụlọikpe Kasị Elu nke Spain kwenyere na nyocha ahụ (eboro ebubo na mbụ) maka nnupụisi megide Mireia Boya (onyeisi oche nke otu ndị omeiwu CUP), Artur Mas (onyeisi oche nke PDeCat), Marta Rovira (odeakwụkwọ ukwu nke ERC), Anna Gabriel (onye na-ekwuchitere CUP), Marta Pascal (onye nhazi izugbe nke CUP), na Neus Lloveras [es] (onyeisi oche nke AMI), ihe niile maka isonye na ndị otu nhazi nke ntuli aka nnwere onwe Catalan mere na 1 Ọktoba 2017 na ọrụ dị mkpa na atụmatụ nkewapụ, nke Ụlọikpe Iwu nke Spain kagburu ụzọ njem ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.es/espana/abci-supremo-investiga-mas-rovira-y-gabriel-rebelion-201712221105_noticia.html|title=El juez imputa a Marta Rovira, Artur Mas y Anna Gabriel en la causa por rebelión|first=Nati|author=Villanueva|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=Spanish|date=22 December 2017|accessdate=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://okdiario.com/espana/cataluna/2017/12/22/imputada-boya-cup-sostiene-decision-del-supremo-venganza-1631314|title=La imputada Boya (CUP) sostiene que la decisión del Supremo es una 'venganza'|work=[[Okdiario]]|language=Spanish|date=22 December 2017|accessdate=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A kpọsara Boya dịka nyochachara na 14 Febụwarị 2018, a tọhapụrụ ya n'enweghị usoro nchekwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.abc.es/espana/abci-mireia-boya-declara-ante-5733616839001-20180214011307_video.html|title=Mireia Boya declara ante el Tribunal Supremo|work=[[ABC (newspaper)|ABC]]|language=Spanish|date=14 February 2018|accessdate=10 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
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      <text bytes="3578" sha1="bsucso66cxlem2iueyff6y2kc8vopsk" xml:space="preserve">= Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda =
== Improving the quality of Igbo content through diacritical marks ==
[[File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda.png|thumb|Publicity flyer for Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda-Improving the Quality of Igbo Content Through Diacritical Marks  2026]]
The Igbo Wikimedians User Group is pleased to invite community members, grantees, and anyone interested in contributing to Wikimedia projects in Igbo to participate in a two-day online training workshop on the use of Igbo diacritical marks.

Diacritical marks (tone marks and underdots) are essential components of written Igbo. They help preserve meaning, ensure correct pronunciation, and improve the quality and readability of content. However, these marks are often omitted in Wikimedia contributions, leading to ambiguity and reduced linguistic accuracy.

This training workshop aims to equip participants with the knowledge and practical skills needed to correctly use diacritical marks in Igbo-language content across Wikimedia projects.

== Objectives ==

* Increase awareness of the importance of Igbo diacritical marks.
* Improve participants' understanding of tone marks and underdots.
* Build contributors' capacity to correctly apply diacritical marks in Wikimedia projects.
* Promote higher-quality and more accurate Igbo content across Wikimedia platforms.

== Meeting details ==
'''Venue:''' Zoom

'''Link:'''https://us06web.zoom.us/launch/jc/81490543587

'''Meeting ID:''' 814 9054 3587

'''Passcode:''' 708884

== Event timeline ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Date/Time !! Activity !! Trainer !! Zoom/Recording Link !! Presentation Slides !! Status
|-
|
DAY 1
* 20 June 2026
* 5:00 pm WAT
|| Workshop Launch &amp; Training
|| [[User:Uzoejinwa |Uzoejinwa]]
|| [https://us06web.zoom.us/rec/share/XHRZt1hlqMjTr4h0qPO4RKFH5rJsskcnps7PB6sG-LMENhsZMQso9ScLHp4ZrR_0.UzkSqB2ukZRsPFGB?pwd=DLA9igaIDLi-ZIPsewAAIAAAADR-IZvUuEpOiq6GYfGmIK8zUAXDS9m3_wWr9rmQuXyzOjH8oie3G2rFZBy2SH6nEzAwMDAwNA Recording]
|| [ Slides]
|| {{Done}}
|-
|
DAY 2
* 21 June, 2026  
* 5:00PM WAT
|| Training session
|| [[User:Uzoejinwa |Uzoejinwa]]
|| [ Recording]
|| [ Slides]
|| 
|-
|
|}

== Target audience ==

* Members of the Igbo Wikimedians User Group
* Wikimedia grantees
* Igbo language speakers
* Students and researchers
* Anyone interested in contributing to Wikimedia projects in Igbo

== Expected outcomes ==
By the end of the workshop, participants will:

* Understand the importance of Igbo diacritical marks in preserving meaning and pronunciation.
* Gain knowledge of the correct use of tone marks and underdots in written Igbo.
* Strengthen their ability to contribute high-quality Igbo content on Wikimedia platforms.
* Be better equipped to promote the correct use of Igbo orthography in Wikimedia and other digital content.


== Organiser ==

* [[User:Nwonwu Uchechukwu P|Nwonwu Uchechukwu P]]

==Gallery ==
'''Day 1'''
&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda.png
File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda Virtual Launch Attendees.png
File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda -Introductory session.png
File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Introductory session 2.png
File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda -Learning the basics.png
&lt;/gallery&gt;

'''Day 2'''

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Day 2 Attendees.png
File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Day 1 Recap.png
File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Learning Diacritics.png
File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Keyboard Configuration Session.png
File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Adding Tone Marks.png
File:Ka Anyị Mụo Akara Ụda- Practice session.png
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Otú:Mmemme 2026]]</text>
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'''Ango Abdullahi''' (amụrụ na 13 Disemba 1938) bụ onye nkuzi Naijiria na onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị. Ọ bụbu osote onye ịsi Mahadum nke Mahadum Ahmadu Bello na onye nnọchi anya Zaria West nke Kaduna Steeti. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-01-30|title=How I became ABU's VC at 40 — Ango Abdullahi - Daily Trust|url=https://dailytrust.com/how-i-became-abus-vc-at-40-ango-abdullahi/|accessdate=2024-12-11|work=[[Daily Trust]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mbụ na alụmdi na nwunye ==
A mụrụ Ango Abdullahi na 13 Disemba 1938 n'obodo Old Giwa . &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Ọ lụrụ onye omeiwu nwụrụ anwụ [[Aisha Jummai|Aisha Jummai Alhassan]], nke a makwaara dị ka Mama Taraba . &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Mmụta ==
Ọ malitere ụlọ akwụkwọ praịmarị ya na Kali Elementary School n'afọ 1944 mana ọ gara Giwa Elementary School n'afọ gara aga, ebe ọ gụchara ihe achọrọ iji debanye aha na Zaria Middle School. Ọ gara Barewa College site na 1953 ruo 1958, na Nigerian College of Arts, Science and Technology site na 1959 ruo 1961. Ọ gụrụ akwụkwọ na Mahadum Ibadan site na 1961 ruo 1964 na Mahadum Steeti Kansas, United States. Ọ gara n'ihu nweta MSc. na [[agronomy]] na Ahmadu Bello University Zaria na 1968 na Ph.D. na agronomy n'afọ 1976. Ọ ghọrọ prọfesọ mgbe ọ dị afọ iri anọ, mechaa bụrụ osote onyeisi mahadum Ahmadu Bello dị na Zaria. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ==
Ọ bụ onye otu ndị omeiwu Zaria North-West nke Kaduna State. N'agbata afọ 1973 na 1975, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dịka kọmishọna maka steeti North-Central. Ọ bụ onyeisi nyocha ọrụ ugbo nke Mahadum Ahmadu Bello site na 1977 ruo 1979. O mechara bụrụ osote osote onye isi ọchịchị na 1979, mechaakwa bụrụ osote onye isi ọchịchị site na 1979 ruo 1984. O mechara rụọ ọrụ site na 1999 ruo 2003 dị ka onye ndụmọdụ pụrụ iche nke Onye isi ala [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] na nri na nchekwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|author=Oboh|date=2023-01-27|title=Vanguard Award: Ango Abdullahi, accomplished academic, elder statesman|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/01/vanguard-award-ango-abdullahi-accomplished-academic-elder-statesman/amp/|accessdate=2024-12-11|work=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFOboh2023&quot;&gt;Oboh (2023-01-27). [https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/01/vanguard-award-ango-abdullahi-accomplished-academic-elder-statesman/amp/ &quot;Vanguard Award: Ango Abdullahi, accomplished academic, elder statesman&quot;]. ''[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]''. Lagos, Nigeria&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Admin|date=2016-07-13|title=ABDULLAHI, Prof Ango|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/abdullahi-prof-ango/|accessdate=2024-12-11|work=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFAdmin2016&quot;&gt;Admin (2016-07-13). [https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/abdullahi-prof-ango/ &quot;ABDULLAHI, Prof Ango&quot;]. ''Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Ango Abdullahi bụ onye Alakụba, &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tosin|first=Alamu|date=2022-05-02|title=Ango Abdullahi Biography, Wiki, Net Worth, Age, Wife, State, Religion - NG News 247|url=https://www.ngnews247.com/ango-abdullahi-biography-wiki-net-worth-age-wife-state-religion/|accessdate=2024-12-11|work=Ent News Naija|language=en-US|archivedate=2024-12-14|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214015458/https://www.ngnews247.com/ango-abdullahi-biography-wiki-net-worth-age-wife-state-religion/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFTosin2022&quot;&gt;Tosin, Alamu (2022-05-02). . ''Ent News Naija''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-12-11&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; ọ bụkwa nna [[Ango Sadiq Abdullahi]], onye otu ụlọ nnọchiteanya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Aodu|first=AbdulRaheem|date=2023-02-28|title=Ango Abdullahi's son wins Sabongari Federal Constituency in Kaduna|url=https://blueprint.ng/ango-abdullahis-son-wins-sabongari-federal-constituency-in-kaduna/|accessdate=2024-12-11|work=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Onyinye na nsọpụrụ ==
Gọọmentị etiti nke Naịjirịa nyere ya n'afọ 2007 dị ka Commander of the Order of the Niger, CON, ma kpuwe Magajin Rafin Zazzau (Custodian of water and agricultural resources) okpueze site n'aka obodo ya Zaria Emirate n'otu afọ ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
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'''Anna Kernahan''' bụ onye na-ahụ maka ihu igwe, gburugburu ebe obibi, ikpe ziri ezi na ikike mmadụ, na onye guzobere Friday for Future Northern Ireland. Site na Belfast, Northern Ireland, ha bụkwa ndị edemede.[a] Ha na-eme ngagharị iwe na Fraịdee ọ bụla iji kweta Mgbanwe ihu igwe, dịka akụkụ nke Fraịdee Maka Ọdịnihu, ngagharị iwe ihu igwe zuru ụwa ọnụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;TheRegenerators1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://theregenerators.org/stories/meet-a-regenerator-anna-kernahan/|title=Meet Anna Kernahan|author=Studios|first=Regen|work=The Regenerators|date=2 December 2022|accessdate=16 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/whats-on/be/international-womens-day-30-women-23313017|title=International Women's Day: 30 women from Northern Ireland who are breaking down barriers|author=Corscadden|first=Jane|work=BelfastLive|date=8 March 2022|accessdate=10 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=BBC Radio Ulster - The Lynette Fay Show, Earth Day and harpist Brídín, Earth Day with youth climate activist Anna Kernahan|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09fgnth/player|accessdate=2023-09-10|work=BBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Big city centre climate strike demo takes place today|url=https://belfastmedia.com/city-centre-climate-strikes-kick-start-the-new-year-with-a-clear-message|accessdate=2023-09-13|work=Belfast Media Group|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Kernahan na 25 Julaị 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;TwitterPage&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/AnnaKernahan|title=Anna Kernahan|publisher=Self-published|accessdate=25 September 2024|work=x.com|author=Kernahan|first=Anna}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to better sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;better&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;source&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span typeof=&quot;mw:Entity&quot;&gt;&amp;&lt;/nowiki&gt;nbsp;&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;needed&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;  Dịka ha si kwuo, mgbe ọ dị nwata, Kernahan nwere mmasị n'okike n'inwe mmasị na gburugburu ebe obibi na anụ ọhịa na ịhụ ịdị n'okike n'anya, na-agagharị n'ugwu ma na-agụ akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma okike..&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BelfastInterview1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/features/being-out-in-nature-is-a-fun-way-to-learn/40150305.html|title='Being out in nature is a fun way to learn'|date=3 March 2021|work=Belfast Telegraph|accessdate=16 May 2023|quote=Did your interest in ecology/wildlife start at a young age? Yes, I've always loved being in nature, searching for worms and walking through hills. In nursery school I'd be digging in soil to search for insects and once I could read I was obsessed with nature encyclopaedias.}}&lt;/ref&gt; na 2019, oge ọ dị afọ iri na isii, mgbe ọ gụchara ihe gbasara [[Greta Thunberg]], [[School Strike for Climate|Fridays For Future]]  2018 IPCC special report, Kernahan nwere nchegbu maka ọnọdụ ihu igwe mberede, na-eche na usoro agụmakwụkwọ anaghị akụzi ihe dị oke mkpa gbasara nsogbu ihu igwe nakwa na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị amaghị nke ọma banyere nsogbu ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Interview with Anna Kernahan, Climate Strike Activist {{!}} Development Education Review|url=https://www.developmenteducationreview.com/issue/issue-30/interview-anna-kernahan-climate-strike-activist|accessdate=2024-01-30|work=www.developmenteducationreview.com}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.developmenteducationreview.com/issue/issue-30/interview-anna-kernahan-climate-strike-activist &quot;Interview with Anna Kernahan, Climate Strike Activist | Development Education Review&quot;]. ''www.developmenteducationreview.com''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2024-01-30&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=2022-07-05|title=Climate change: Northern Ireland pupils to study new qualification|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-62008312|accessdate=2023-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya mere, ha malitere ịkpalite mmata gbasara mmetụta mmetọ site n'ime ka a mara data sayensị gbasara isiokwu a ma mee ngagharị iwe, ịlụ ọgụ ma rịọ ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị ka ha mee ihe gbasara nsogbu ihu igwe&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

== Mmegide ==
[[Faịlụ:Annakernahan.jpg|thumb|255x255px|Anna Kernahan na-eme ngagharị iwe, dị ka akụkụ nke Youth Strike 4 Climate movement.]]
Dị ka ha si kwuo, Kernahan malitere dị ka onye na-ahụ maka ikpe ziri ezi mgbe ha dị afọ 13.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

Mgbe ahụ, na 2019, ha kpebiri ime ngagharị iwe ụlọ akwụkwọ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, ọ bụ ezie na ụlọ akwụkwọ ha akwadoghị echiche nke ime ngagharịiwe ụlọ akwụkwọ ma hapụ ha ka ha mee ya na mgbochi ole na ole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Mbụ, na Mee 2019, Kernahan sonyeere Northern Ireland Students' Climate Network, ngalaba Youth Strike 4 Climate nke Northern Ireland, na-eme ngagharị iwe kwa ọnwa. Mgbe ahụ, na Septemba 2019, ha mepụtara Friday For Future Northern Ireland, ngalaba mba Northern Irish nke Friday For Future na-eme ngagharị iwe ma na-eme ka a mara banyere mgbanwe ihu igwe na Friday ọ bụla. &lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsletterUK1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/education/ni-teenager-id-rather-be-school-taking-part-climate-strikes-1364982|title=NI Teenager: I'd Rather be in School Than Taking Part in Climate Strikes|author=((The Newsroom))|date=15 January 2020|work=News Letter|accessdate=1 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihi ya, Kernahan anọwo na-eme ngagharị iwe n'ụlọ akwụkwọ na Fraịdee ọ bụla n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla gbasara ihe ọkpụkpụ Spirit of Belfast, na-eme mkpesa ugboro ugboro naanị ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;UnsustainableMagazine3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsustainablemagazine.com/anna-kernahan/|title=Interview with Anna Kernahan|date=17 January 2020|work=unsustainable|accessdate=1 June 2023|quote=Instead, every week without fail, sometimes with company but frequently alone, she protests at the Spirit of Belfast statue in Cornmarket, Belfast.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BelfastInterview2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/features/being-out-in-nature-is-a-fun-way-to-learn/40150305.html|title='Being out in nature is a fun way to learn'|date=3 March 2021|work=Belfast Telegraph|accessdate=16 May 2023|quote=Yes, there have been school strikes every Friday but on a much smaller scale. Every crisis should be treated like a crisis and this means both the climate crisis and the coronavirus crisis so we are trying to balance the importance of raising awareness of the environment while also staying safe.}}&lt;/ref&gt; E wezụga ịkatọ maka gburugburu ebe obibi, ha na-ede uri, echiche ha banyere nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụmịhe ha dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike ma na-emekarị ihe osise iji mee ka ndị mmadụ nwee nchegbu banyere mmetọ na nsogbu ihu igwe ndị ọzọ, karịsịa maka ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na gọọmentị.&lt;ref name=&quot;blog&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://annakernahan.co.uk/author/annakernahanclimate/|title=Anna Kernahan|date=21 June 2022|accessdate=30 June 2026|archivedate=19 April 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230419210720/https://annakernahan.co.uk/author/annakernahanclimate/}}&lt;/ref&gt; [ihe na-abụghị isi iyi dị mkpa] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;non-primary source needed&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Naanị Ya Mana Ọ Bụghị Naanị Ya ===
Na Disemba 2019, Kernahan na ndị enyi abụọ, Grace Maddrell na Helen Jackson, mepụtara ibe Twitter, nke a na-akpọ Solo Not Alone, na ebumnuche nke ịkekọrịta akụkọ banyere ọgbaghara ihu igwe. [ihe na-abụghị isi iyi dị mkpa]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/feb/13/young-climate-strikers-go-it-alone|title='I've lost friends': the young climate strikers forced to go it alone|date=13 February 2020|work=The Guardian|accessdate=18 August 2023|author=Jessica Murray|quote=It was the power of social media that inspired Anna Kernahan, 17, Grace Maddrell, 14, and Helen Jackson, 21, to set up Solo But Not Alone, a Twitter page dedicated to sharing the stories of solo climate strikers.&quot;People will say: 'Oh, you're not alone,' but it's hard to see that when you are sitting there at the strike and there's no one else around you, everyone's walking past,&quot; says Anna. She strikes alone in Belfast from 12pm to 3pm every Friday, often reading a book or catching up on homework. Although she struggles to get friends to join her, she has one powerful supporter to keep her going – Greta Thunberg.}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Mgbasa ozi #LearnMoreOutdoors ===
Na 3 Machị 2020, Ulster Wildlife na Our Bright Future Youth Advocate malitere mkpọsa a na-akpọ #LearnMoreOutdoors iji mee emume World Wildlife Day. &lt;ref name=&quot;UlsterWildlife&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ulsterwildlife.org/news/ulster-wildlife-youth-advocates-call-students-learnmoreoutdoors|title=Ulster Wildlife Youth Advocates call for students to #LearnMoreOutdoors|work=Ulster Wildlife|date=3 March 2021|accessdate=1 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Bailie|first=Tony|date=2021-03-06|title=Tony Bailie's Take on Nature: Advocating for the environment|url=https://www.irishnews.com/lifestyle/2021/03/06/news/tony-bailie-s-take-on-nature-advocating-for-the-environment-2244278/|accessdate=2023-09-13|work=The Irish News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kernahan sonyere na mmegharị a site n'inyere aka na usoro vidiyo ya banyere uru nke ụlọ akwụkwọ n'èzí na inye echiche ha banyere isiokwu ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;BelfastInterview3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/life/features/being-out-in-nature-is-a-fun-way-to-learn/40150305.html|title='Being out in nature is a fun way to learn'|date=3 March 2021|work=Belfast Telegraph|accessdate=16 May 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== TED-Okwu ===
Na 14 Machị 2020, Kernahan nwere TED-Talk ebe ha na onye ọzọ na-eto eto na-ahụ maka ihu igwe, [[Kaitlyn Laverty]], kpọrọ ndị na-ekiri ka ha mee ihe ma were nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi kpọrọ ihe.&lt;ref name=&quot;tedtalk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ted.com/talks/anna_kernahan_kaitlyn_laverty_young_climate_justice_activists_call_for_action|title=Young climate justice activists call for action|work=TED|date=14 October 2020|accessdate=1 June 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Onyinye Amnesty Brave 2020 ===
N'afọ 2020, Kernahan meriri Amnesty Brave Award 2020 n'ihi na ha anọwo na-eme ngagharị iwe ihe karịrị ọkara afọ mgbe Ireland nwere iwu mkpesa siri ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;amnsety&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org.uk/braveawards|title=Amnesty Brave Awards 2020|date=|work=Amnesty International UK|accessdate=1 June 2023|quote=Anna Kernahan is a 17-year-old climate activist who unfailingly takes part in weekly climate strikes in Northern Ireland as part of the global Fridays for Future movement. She has now kept it up for six months: a considerable achievement given that protest laws are stricter than elsewhere in the UK.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ememme Sayensị nke Northern Ireland ===
N'etiti 15th na 28 February 2021, na Northern Ireland Science Festival, Kernahan sonyeere mkparịta ụka ọgbọ na ọgbọ banyere nsogbu ndị dị mkpa na-eche mbara ala ihu na ihe dị mkpa ime iji metụta ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ọha na eze, nke akpọrọ How to save the planet, . E gosipụtara mkparịta ụka ahụ na mmekorita ya na British Council Northern Ireland, gụnyere Jane Goodall na Tara Shine ma bụrụ nke onye na-ahụ maka ihe ndị dị ndụ n'ọhịa bụ [[Lizzie Daly]] kwadoro. &lt;ref name=&quot;NIFestival&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nireland.britishcouncil.org/northern-ireland-science-festival-2021|title=How to Save The Planet - In conversation with Dr. Jane Goodall DBE, Tara Shine and Anna Kernahan|work=British Council: Northern Ireland|accessdate=1 June 2023|archivedate=29 May 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529190843/https://nireland.britishcouncil.org/northern-ireland-science-festival-2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=ONE PLANET How to Save the Planet – In conversation with Dr. Jane Goodall DBE, Tara Shine and Anna Kernahan – Tara Shine|url=https://www.tarashine.com/one-planet-how-to-save-the-planet-in-conversation-with-dr-jane-goodall-dbe-tara-shine-and-anna-kernahan/|accessdate=2023-09-11|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cousins|first=Graeme|date=February 9, 2021|title=World renowned primatologist Dr Jane Goodall to take part in NI climate panel discussion|url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/environment/world-renowned-primatologist-dr-jane-goodall-to-take-part-in-ni-climate-panel-discussion-3129053|work=News Letter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nkatọ ==
A katọrọ Kernahan maka naanị ụlọ akwụkwọ na-eme ngagharị iwe maka gburugburu ebe obibi ka ha wee nwee ike ịhapụ klas. Ha kwuru n'ajụjụ ọnụ na ha kpọrọ ịgba akwụkwọ asị ma họrọ ịga ụlọ akwụkwọ, mana ha enweghị nhọrọ n'ihi na ha chere na ọ bụ ọrụ omume ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NewsletterUK1&quot;/&gt;

== Ihe edeturu ==
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    <title>Ọwara Okavango</title>
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[[Faịlụ:DeltaOkawango.jpg|thumb|Foto Satellite (SeaWiFS) nke Okavango Delta, na ókèala mba agbakwunyere]]
[[Faịlụ:Vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_32.jpg|thumb|Ógbè a na-ahụkarị na Okavango Delta, nke nwere ọwa mmiri na ọdọ mmiri, ala mmiri na agwaetiti n'efu]]
'''Okavango Delta''' ma ọ bụ '''Okavango Grassland''' bụ nnukwu delta dị n'ime ala na Botswana ebe Osimiri Okavango ruru tectonic trough n'elu 930–1,000 m (3,050–3,280 ft)&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar1996&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ramsar Information Sheet|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf|date=1996|accessdate=17 January 2021|archivedate=31 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015705/https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/BW879RISformer.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; n'etiti akụkụ nke endorheic basin nke Kalahari Desert.

Ọ bụ ebe UNESCO dị n'ime ụwa dịka otu n'ime sistemụ delta ole na ole dị n'ime ya nke na-anaghị abanye n'oké osimiri ma ọ bụ oké osimiri, ya na usoro ala mmiri nke na-adịghị emebi emebi.&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162|title=Twenty six new properties added to World Heritage List at Doha meeting|first=UNESCO World Heritage|author=Centre|work=Whc.unesco.org|accessdate=4 April 2018|archivedate=26 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234247/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1162}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kama nke ahụ, mmiri idei mmiri ahụ gbasaa n'elu ájá na agwaetiti ndị dị n'ime ala, nnukwu òkè na-abanyekwa n'ime obere alluvial aquifer dị n'okpuru, tupu osisi eburu ya. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ mmiri niile ruru delta na-apụ n'anya ma pụta ìhè.

Kwa afọ, ihe dị ka kilomita 11 (cu mi 2.6) nke mmiri na-agbasa n'elu mpaghara 6,000–15,000 km2 (2,300–5,800 sq mi). Ụfọdụ mmiri idei mmiri na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri Ngami. Ebe ahụ bụbu akụkụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Makgadikgadi, ọdọ mmiri ochie nke kpọrọ nkụ nke ukwuu n'oge mbụ Holocene.

Ebe Nchekwa Anụmanụ Moremi dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke delta. A kpọrọ delta ahụ otu n'ime ihe ebube asaa nke Afrịka, nke a kpọsara n'ihu ọha na 11 Febụwarị 2013 na Arusha, [[Tanzania]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa|title=Seven Natural Wonders of Africa – Seven Natural Wonders|work=sevennaturalwonders.org|accessdate=22 March 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/|archivedate=21 December 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 22 Juun 2014, Okavango Delta ghọrọ ebe 1000 nke e debanyere aha na UNESCO World Heritage List.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159|title=World Heritage List reaches 1000 sites with inscription of Okavango Delta in Botswana|first=UNESCO World Heritage|author=Centre|work=Whc.unesco.org|accessdate=4 April 2018|archivedate=26 July 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726234253/http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1159}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;unesco&quot; /&gt;

== Aha ya ==
Aha Okavango sitere na Osimiri Okavango, nke aha ya si na Kavango, nke na-ezo aka na ndị Kavango nke ugwu Namibia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Water|first=John Misachi September 2 2021 in Bodies of|date=2021-09-02|title=Okavango River|url=https://www.worldatlas.com/rivers/okavango-river.html|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=WorldAtlas|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpọpụta Bekee ochie gụnyere Okovango, ebe ụfọdụ ndị ọkà mmụta Namibia na-ahọrọ Kavango mgbe ha na-ekwu maka osimiri na mpaghara Namibia. Ọkà ihe mere eme bụ́ Andreas Eckl kwuru na akụkọ ndị German chịrị mba ahụ jiri Okavango mee ihe, mana okwu mbụ O- abụghị ihe a na-ahụkarị n'asụsụ Kavango dị n'ógbè ahụ, kama nke ahụ, a na-ekwu na ọ bụ mmetụta nke Herero.&lt;ref name=&quot;eckl-2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Eckl|first=Andreas|year=2007|title=Reports from 'beyond the line': The accumulation of knowledge of Kavango and its peoples by the German colonial administration 1891–1911|url=https://welwitschia.eu/wp-content/uploads/2021/11/JNS_June2007_7to37.pdf|journal=Journal of Namibian Studies|volume=1|pages=7–37|accessdate=12 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị ala ==

=== Idei Mmiri ===
Idei mmiri na-eme ka mmiri Okavango ghọọ mmiri idei nke oge. Osimiri Okavango na-ebu mmiri sitere n'oge ọkọchị (Jenụwarị ruo Febụwarị) mmiri ozuzo sitere n'ugwu Angola, ebili mmiri ahụ na-asọkwa kilomita 1,200 (maịlụ 750) n'ime ihe dị ka otu ọnwa. Mmiri ahụ gbasaara n'elu ala 37,500 km2 (14,500 sq mi) nke delta ahụ n'ime ọnwa anọ sochirinụ (Maachị ruo Juun). &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2026)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Oke okpomọkụ nke delta na-eme ka mmiri na-apụta ngwa ngwa na mmiri na-ekupụ mmiri, nke na-ebute usoro atọ nke ọkwa mmiri na-arị elu ma na-ada&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=C. N. Kurugundla|title=Flow Partitioning Within the Okavango Delta –A Pre-requisite for Environmental Flow Assessment for Human Livelihoods and Sustainable Biodiversity Management|url=https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf|publisher=[[University of Botswana]]|pages=8–9|accessdate=17 January 2021|archivedate=31 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831015657/https://www.water.gov.bw/images/Reports/Okavango_Delta.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke ahụ ka a na-aghọtachaghị ruo na mmalite narị afọ nke 20. Idei mmiri na-arị elu n'etiti ọnwa Juun na Ọgọst, n'oge oyi kpọrọ nkụ nke Botswana, mgbe delta ahụ na-eto ruo okpukpu atọ nke nha ya na-adịgide adịgide, na-adọta anụmanụ site na kilomita gburugburu ma na-emepụta otu n'ime ebe kachasị ukwuu n'Africa nke ￼￼anụ ọhịa.

Delta ahụ dị larịị nke ukwuu, ogologo ya dị ihe na-erughị mita 2 (ụkwụ 6 na sentimita 7) n'obosara ya dị kilomita 15,000 (5,800 sq mi), ebe mmiri ahụ na-ada ihe dị ka mita 60 (ụkwụ 200) site na Mohembo ruo Maun.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar1996&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wehberg|first=J.|title=Okavango Basin - Physicogeographical setting|journal=Biodiversity &amp; Ecology|date=31 December 2013|volume=5|pages=11|doi=10.7809/b-e.00236}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gumbricht|first=T.|title=The topography of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its tectonic and sedimentological implications|journal=South African Journal of Geology|date=2001|volume=104|issue=3|pages=243–264|doi=10.2113/1040243}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmiri na-asọ ===

=== Ọdọ Mmiri ===
[[Faịlụ:Shinde_Lagoon,_Okavango_Delta,_Botswana.jpg|thumb|Shinde Lagoon, nke a hụrụ site n'ikuku]]
Mgbe ọkwa mmiri ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-ebelata, mmiri na-anọgide na nnukwu ọwa mmiri na akwa osimiri, n'olulu mmiri na n'ọtụtụ nnukwu ọdọ mmiri, nke na-adọta ọtụtụ anụmanụ. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2026)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

=== Agwaetiti nnu ===
Nchikọta nnu gburugburu mgbọrọgwụ osisi na-eduga n'ebe ndị ọcha na-adịghị ọcha n'etiti ọtụtụ puku agwaetiti dị iche iche, ndị a aghọwo nnu nke na-agaghị ekwe ka osisi tolite, ma e wezụga osisi nkwụ nke na-anaghị anabata nnu mgbe ụfọdụ. Osisi na ahịhịa na-eto n'ájá gburugburu nsọtụ agwaetiti ndị ahụ na-aghọbeghị nnu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Balasubramaniam|first=T.|date=2023|title=Plants' Response Mechanisms to Salinity Stress|journal=Plants (Basel, Switzerland)|volume=12|issue=12|pages=2253|doi=10.3390/plants12122253|pmid=37375879}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe dị ka pasentị iri asaa nke agwaetiti ndị ahụ malitere dị ka ugwu termite (nke a na-akpọkarị Macrotermes spp.), ebe osisi na-agbanye mgbọrọgwụ n'elu ugwu ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Nature explored:Moremi/Okavango Delta in August|url=http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm|author=Dunford|first=C.|accessdate=29 May 2020|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055602/http://www.nature-explored.com/moremi-okavango-august.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Àgwàetiti Chief ===
E ji ahịrị dị n'elu ugwu nke dị kilomita iri asaa n'ogologo (mile iri anọ na atọ) na kilomita iri na ise n'obosara (mile iri itoolu na atọ) mepụta agwaetiti Chief's Island (19°12'S 22°48'E), agwaetiti kachasị ukwuu na delta. N'oge gara aga, e debere ya dị ka ebe ịchụ nta pụrụ iche maka onyeisi, mana ugbu a ọ bụ ebe nchekwa maka anụ ọhịa. Ugbu a, ọ na-enye ebe dị mkpa maka ọtụtụ anụmanụ bi ebe ahụ mgbe mmiri na-arị elu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2026)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri ==
Ọwa mmiri nke Okavango Delta sitere na Osimiri Okavango, nke e ji njikọta nke osimiri Cubango na Cuito dị n'Angola mepụta tupu ọ gafee Namibia wee banye Botswana. Mgbe ọ banyere n'ime delta dị nso na Mohembo, osimiri ahụ na-ekewa n'ime netwọk dị mgbagwoju anya nke ọwa nkesa, ala idei mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, na apịtị na-adịgide adịgide nke na-akwado otu n'ime nnukwu delta dị n'ime ime obodo n'ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wolski|first=P.|year=2003|title=Water flow dynamics in the Okavango River Basin and Delta|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth|volume=28|issue=20–27|pages=1165–1172|doi=10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00206-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McCarthy|first=T.S.|year=2023|title=Spatial and temporal controls on the solute behavior of rivers in arid watersheds: The Okavango River|journal=Journal of Hydrology|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2023.129370}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Major distributary channels include the Boro, Maunachira, Thaoge, Santantadibe, Nqoga, and Jao systems. Ọwa ndị a na-ekesa mmiri idei mmiri oge niile n'ofe delta, imepụta mosaic siri ike nke ala mmiri na-adịgide adịgide na ala idei mmiri nke mmiri jupụtara n'oge nke na-akwado ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gieske|first=A.|year=1997|title=Modelling outflow from the Jao/Boro River system in the Okavango Delta|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=193|pages=214–239|doi=10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03147-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe dị ka pasentị 96–98 nke mmiri na-abanye na delta na-efunahụ site na ikuku mmiri, mmiri mmiri na-agbapụta, na ikuku mmiri, ebe naanị obere akụkụ na-esi na sistemụ ahụ apụta site n'osimiri Thamalakane na Boteti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gieske|first=A.|year=1997|title=Modelling outflow from the Jao/Boro River system in the Okavango Delta|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=193|pages=214–239|doi=10.1016/S0022-1694(96)03147-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wolski|first=P.|year=2003|title=Water flow dynamics in the Okavango River Basin and Delta|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth|doi=10.1016/S1474-7065(03)00206-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ ihu igwe ==
[[Faịlụ:Okavango_Delta.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Nlegharị anya n'elu nke delta ka idei mmiri na-agbadata, Ọgọst 2012]]
Ọ bụghị na mmiri dị n'ime Delta ka ahịhịa ndụ juru eju; kama ọ bụ ebe a na-akpọ oasis n'obodo kpọrọ nkụ. Mmiri ozuzo kwa afọ bụ 450 mm (inchi 18) (ihe dị ka otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke mpaghara Angola ha na-ejide mmiri) ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-ada n'etiti Disemba na Maachị n'ụdị oké ifufe ehihie.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Okavango Delta {{!}} Botswana|url=https://www.namibweb.com/okavangodelta.htm|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=www.namibweb.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Disemba ruo Febụwarị bụ ọnwa mmiri ozuzo na-ekpo ọkụ nke nwere okpomọkụ ehihie dị elu ruo 40 °C (104 °F), abalị na-ekpo ọkụ, na ọkwa iru mmiri na-agbanwe n'etiti 50 na 80%. Site na Machị ruo Mee, okpomọkụ na-ebelata, ma ọ dịkarịa ala 30°C (86°F) n'ehihie ma dịkwa jụụ n'abalị. Mmiri ozuzo na-akpọnwụ ngwa ngwa ruo n'oge oyi kpọrọ nkụ nke ọnwa Juun ruo Ọgọst. Okpomọkụ ehihie n'oge a n'afọ na-adị obere ma ọ bụ na-ekpo ọkụ, mana okpomọkụ na-ada nke ukwuu mgbe anyanwụ dara. Oyi nwere ike ịdị n'abalị na delta, ebe okpomọkụ anaghị agafe oke oyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Botswana climate: average weather, temperature, precipitation, best time|url=https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana|work=Climatestotravel.com|accessdate=2020-05-15|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055436/https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/botswana}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahụ ntu oyi mgbe ụfọdụ n'oge oyi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.naturalhistoryfilmunit.com/post/a-year-in-the-okavango-delta|title=A Year in the Okavango Delta|work=Naturalhistoryfilmunit.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The September to November span has the heat and atmospheric pressure build up once more, as the dry season slides into the rainy season. Ọktoba bụ ọnwa kacha sie ike maka ndị ọbịa: okpomọkụ ehihie na-adịkarị karịa 40°C (104°F) na mgbe ụfọdụ, nkụ ahụ na-agbaji site na mberede nke oké ifufe.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=UNEP-WCMC|date=2017-05-22|title=OKAVANGO DELTA|url=https://www.yichuans.me/datasheet/output/site/okavango-delta/|accessdate=2021-05-17|work=World Heritage Datasheet|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Anụmanụ nke Delta ==
[[Faịlụ:Cheetah_at_Sunset.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Cheetah nke e sere n'ihu ọdịda anyanwụ na Delta]]
Okavango Delta bụ ebe obibi nke ụdị anụ ọhịa dị iche iche na nke oge. Anụmanụ niile nke nnukwu anụ ise, [[Odúm|lion]], [[Ágụ|leopard]], African buffalo, African bush elephant, black na white rhinoceros nọ ebe a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Galpine|first=N. J.|year=2006|title=Boma management of black and white rhinoceros at Mombo, Okavango Delta — some lessons|journal=Ecological Journal|volume=7|pages=55−61|url=https://www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/120/1203674763.pdf|accessdate=1 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Antílopes_lechwes_(Kobus_leche),_vista_aérea_del_delta_del_Okavango,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_27.jpg|thumb|Obere nchịkọta nke antelopes lechwe, Okavango Delta]]
Anụmanụ buru ibu kachasị baa ụba bụ red lechwe, atụmatụ na-egosi na ihe dị ka 88,000.
Ụdị ndị ọzọ gụnyere giraffe, blue wildebeest, plains zebra, hippopotamus,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=McCarthy|first=T. S.|year=1998|title=Some observations on the geomorphological impact of hippopotamus (''Hippopotamus amphibius'' L.) in the Okavango Delta, Botswana|journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=36|issue=1|pages=44−56|doi=10.1046/j.1365-2028.1998.89-89089.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; impala, common eland, greater kudu, sable antelope, roan antelope, puku, waterbuck, sitatunga, tsessebe, cheetah,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Klein|first=R.|year=2007|title=Status report for the cheetah in Botswana|journal=Cat News|volume=Special Issue 1|pages=13−21|url=http://www.catsg.org/fileadmin/filesharing/3.Conservation_Center/3.2._Status_Reports/Cheetah/Klein_2007_Cheetah_in_Botswana.pdf|accessdate=1 February 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nkịta ọhịa nke Afrịka|African wild dog]], spotted hyena, black-backed jackal, caracal, serval, aardvark, aardwolf, bat-eared fox, African savanna hare, honey badger, common warthog, chacma baboon, vervet monkey na Nile crocodile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wallace|first=K. M.|year=2008|title=Diet of the Nile crocodile (''Crocodylus niloticus'') in the Okavango Delta, Botswana|journal=Journal of Herpetology|volume=42|issue=2|pages=361−368|doi=10.1670/07-1071.1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Delta ahụ nwekwara ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 400, gụnyere helmeted guineafowl, African fish eagle, Pel's fishing owl, Egyptian goose, South African shelduck, African jacana, African skimmer, marabou stork, crested crane, African spoonbill, [[Onye na-agba ụta n'Afrịka|African darter]], southern ground hornbill, wattled crane,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Alonso|year=2003|title=A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey|series=RAP Bulletin of Biological Assessment|publisher=Conservation International|location=Washington, DC|isbn=1-881173-70-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; lilac-breasted roller, secretary bird na common ostrich.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mbaiwa|first=J. E.|year=2006|title=The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana|journal=International Journal of Wilderness|volume=12|issue=3|pages=17−41}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kemgbe afọ 2005, a na-ewere ebe nchekwa ahụ dị ka Ngalaba Nchekwa Ọdụm yana Ogige Ntụrụndụ Hwange.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=IUCN Cat Specialist Group|year=2006|title=Conservation Strategy for the Lion ''Panthera leo'' in Eastern and Southern Africa|publisher=IUCN|location=Pretoria, South Africa}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By 2019, about 150 rhinocerosses were living in the northern Okavango Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Poaching, Natural Causes Decimate Botswana's Rhino Population|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/poaching-natural-causes-decimate-botswana-s-rhino-population/6972651.html|work=Voa News|accessdate=13 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na 2020 ruo 2021, ndị na-achụ nta anụ gburu rhino 92 na mpaghara delta, nke mere ka naanị rhino 40 fọdụrụ, nke mere ka gọọmentị chụpụ rhino ndị ahụ na Okavango Delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Botswana Moves Rhinos Out of Okavango Delta as Poaching Worsens|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-23/botswana-moves-rhinos-out-of-okavango-delta-as-poaching-worsens|work=Bloomberg|accessdate=13 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Azụ ===
Okavango Delta nwere ụdị azụ̀ iri asaa na otu, gụnyere azụ̀ tigerfish, ụdị azụ̀ tilapia, na ụdị azụ̀ dị iche iche nke catfish. Nha azụ̀ dị site na azụ̀ sharptooth nke Afrịka nke dị mita 1.4 (ụkwụ 4.6) ruo na 3.2 cm (1.3 in) nke sickle barb. Ụdị ihe ndị a na-eme n'Osimiri Zambezi, nke na-egosi njikọ dị n'etiti usoro osimiri abụọ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf|title=The Fishes of the Okavango Delta|work=Harry Oppenheimer Okavango Research Centre|year=2007|accessdate=2011-02-02|archivedate=6 July 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162829/http://www.orc.ub.bw/downloads/FS3_fish.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Osisi ==
Okavango Delta nwere osisi 1068 nke ezinụlọ 134 na ụdị 530.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ramberg|first=L.|date=2006|title=Species diversity of the Okavango Delta, Botswana|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/226358917|journal=Aquatic Sciences|volume=68|issue=3|pages=316|doi=10.1007/s00027-006-0857-y}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nwere osisi mpaghara ise dị mkpa n'ime apịtị ndị na-adịgide adịgide: ''Papyrus cyperus'' n'ime mmiri miri emi, Miscanthus n'ebe idei mmiri na-adịghị omimi, na Phragmites australis, Typha capensis na Pycreus n'etiti. Ụdị apịtị ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ime apịtị ndị na-adịgide adịgide, na-agbasakwa ruo n'ebe mmiri na-ezo n'oge.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; ''Papyrus cyperus'' ubi ahịhịa na-eto nke ọma na mmiri na-asọ nwayọ nwayọ nke dị omimi ọkara ma na-apụta ìhè n'akụkụ ọwa mmiri. N'agwaetiti na ala ndị dị n'elu ala ahịhịa ndị idei mmiri jupụtara, e nwere obodo dị iche iche nke osisi dị iche iche. A na-ahụ ụdị ndị a dịka mmiri ha si chọọ: dịka ọmụmaatụ ''Philenoptera violacea'' a naghị achọ mmiri nke ọma, ọ na-adịkwa n'ebe kachasị elu n'ala mmiri ndị na-adịgide adịgide, ọ na-adịkarịkwa n'agwaetiti mmiri ndị kpọrọ nkụ n'oge ọkọchị. Osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị n'agwaetiti ndị dị n'ime apịtị na-adịgide adịgide bụ ngwakọta nke osisi nkwụ ''Hyphaene'' ''petersiana'' na acacias.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Toerien|first=D. K.|date=1976|title=Geologie van die Tsitsikamakusstrook|journal=Koedoe|volume=19|issue=1|doi=10.4102/koedoe.v19i1.1179|issn=2071-0771}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Osisi ndị dị na delta na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'igbochi mbuze. Agwaetiti ma ọ bụ olulu mmiri nke osimiri na-enwekarị apịtị dị elu, nke a na-ejikọta ya na ájá dị n'osimiri ahụ iji na-ewulite akụkụ osimiri ahụ mgbe niile. Ibu osimiri ahụ dị n'ime delta fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ájá kpamkpam, n'ihi na mmiri dị ọcha nke Okavango nwere obere apịtị. Osisi ndị ahụ na-ejide ájá ahụ, na-arụ ọrụ dị ka gluu ma na-emeju enweghị apịtị, ma na-emepụta agwaetiti ndị ọzọ ebe osisi ndị ọzọ nwere ike ịgba mkpọrọgwụ na ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Nanson|first=G. C.|title=Rivers and alluvial fans|date=1978|pages=925–952|publisher=Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/3-540-31079-7_173|isbn=978-3-540-31079-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndị mmadụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Travesía_del_delta_del_Okavango_en_makoro,_Botsuana,_2018-08-01,_DD_22.jpg|thumb|Hambukushu na-eduzi osisi ya na mmiri ozuzo]]
Ndị Okavango Delta nwere agbụrụ ise, nke ọ bụla nwere njirimara na asụsụ nke ya:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=OKAVANGO DELTA|url=https://www.botswana-info.com/country/article/296/okavango-delta|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=www.botswana-info.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ndị Hambukushu (a makwaara dị ka Mbukushu, Bukushu, Bukusu, Mabukuschu, Ghuva, Haghuva),
* Ndị Dceriku (Dxeriku, Diriku, Gciriku, Gceriku, Giriku, Niriku),
* Ndị Wayeyi (Bayei, Bayeyi, Yei),
* Ndị Bugakhwe (Kxoe, Khwe, Kwengo, Barakwena, G|anda)
* Ndị ǁanikhwe (Gxanekwe, ǁtanekwe, [[River Bushmen]], Swamp Bushmen, Gǁani, ǁani, Xanekwe).

Ndị Hambukushu, Dceriku, na Wayeyi na-etinye aka n'akụ na ụba dị iche iche dịka ọrụ ugbo millet/sorghum, ịkụ azụ̀, ịchụ nta, ịchịkọta nri osisi ọhịa, na ịzụ anụ ụlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-12-20|title=Okavango Delta - Living Lakes Network|url=https://livinglakes.org/okavango-delta/|accessdate=2026-06-23|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị Bugakhwe na ǁanikwhe bụ Ndị Bushmen, bụ́ ndị na-akụ azụ̀, ịchụ nta, na ịchịkọta nri osisi ọhịa; Bugakhwe jiri ma ihe ndị dị n'ime ọhịa ma nke dị n'akụkụ osimiri mee ihe, ebe ndị bi n'akụkụ osimiri lekwasịrị anya nke ukwuu. Hambukushu, Dceriku, na Bugakhwe dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Okavango dị n'Angola nakwa n'akụkụ Caprivi nke Namibia, obere ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Hambukushu na Bugakhwe dịkwa na Zambia. N'ime Okavango Delta, n'ime ihe dị ka afọ 150 gara aga ma ọ bụ karịa, Hambukushu, Dceriku, na Bugakhwe ebirila na panhandle na Magwegqana dị na delta ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị mmadụ bi na panhandle na mpaghara dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Boro site na delta, tinyere mpaghara dị n'akụkụ Osimiri Boteti.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=OKAVANGO DELTA|url=https://www.baruchsafaris.com/de/copy-of-chobe-national-park|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=Baruch Safaris|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wayeyi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wayeyi|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=Minority Rights Group|date=19 June 2015|language=en-GB|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602215842/https://minorityrights.org/minorities/wayeyi/}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebiela n'ógbè dị gburugburu Seronga yana mpaghara ndịda gbara gburugburu Maun, na ole na ole Wayeyi&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Campbell|first=Alexander Colin|date=March 1980|title=The National Museum and Art Gallery, Gaborone, Botswana|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x|journal=Museum International|volume=32|issue=1–2|pages=61–66|doi=10.1111/j.1468-0033.1980.tb01909.x|issn=1350-0775|accessdate=2 June 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; bi n'ụlọ nna nna ha dị na Caprivi Strip. N'ime afọ iri abụọ gara aga, ọtụtụ mmadụ si n'akụkụ niile nke Okavango akwagaala Maun, n'ọgwụgwụ afọ 1960 na mmalite afọ 1970, ihe karịrị ndị gbara ọsọ ndụ Hambukushu 4,000 si Angola biri n'ógbè dị gburugburu Etsha na ọdịda anyanwụ Panhandle.

Kemgbe ngwụcha narị afọ nke 18, Okavango Delta anọwo n'okpuru ọchịchị nke Batawana (mba Tswana).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|first=Moanaphuti|author=Segolodi|title=Ditso Tsa Batawana|date=1940|url=https://www.academia.edu/12170767|accessdate=1 May 2015|archivedate=6 March 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230306233801/https://www.academia.edu/12170767}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ịbụ onye ụlọ Mathiba nke Mbụ, onye ndu otu ndị Bangladesh, Batawana guzobere njikwa zuru oke na delta ahụ n'afọ 1850 ka azụmaahịa ọdụdụ mpaghara ahụ gbawara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Barry|author=Morton|title=The Hunting Trade and the Reconstruction of Northern Tswana Societies after the Difaqane, 1838–1880|journal=South African Historical Journal|volume=36|year=1997|pages=220–239|doi=10.1080/02582479708671276}}&lt;/ref&gt; Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ ndị Batawana bi n'akụkụ delta, n'ihi iyi egwu nke ijiji tsetse na-etinye n'ahụ ehi ha. N'ime oge ezumike nke ihe dị ka afọ iri anọ, ijiji tsetse laghachiri azụ, ọtụtụ ndị Batawana bikwa n'ime apịtị site na 1896 ruo na ngwụcha afọ 1930. Kemgbe ahụ, ọnụ ụzọ delta ahụ ejupụtala nke ukwuu n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na anụ ụlọ ya.

== Njem ==
Ọzara nke Okavango Delta na anụ ọhịa ya na-adọta ọtụtụ narị puku ndị njem nleta kwa afọ, obodo Maun na-eje ozi dị ka ọnụ ụzọ ámá mpaghara ahụ.

Njem nlegharị anya nke oge a malitere n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1960, mgbe e wuru ogige ntụrụndụ nke oge a mbụ na delta. Ngwaahịa njem nlegharị anya kemgbe amụbaala gụnyere safaris ụlọ dị elu, safaris mkpanaka, ịga ụlọikwuu onwe onye, ikiri nnụnụ, draịvụ egwuregwu, ụgbọ elu mara mma, njem a na-eduzi, ịkụ azụ̀ ntụrụndụ na njem ụgbọ mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;mbaiwa-2005&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mbaiwa|first=J. E.|year=2005|title=Enclave tourism and its socio-economic impacts in the Okavango Delta, Botswana|url=https://adpbotswana.pbworks.com/f/Enclave%2Btourism%2Band%2Bits%2Bsocio-economic%2Bimpacts.pdf|journal=Tourism Management|volume=26|issue=2|pages=157–172|doi=10.1016/j.tourman.2003.11.005|accessdate=12 May 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Botswana akwalitela usoro njem dị oke ọnụ, nke na-anaghị efu nnukwu ego na mpaghara Okavango, nke e bu n'obi iji belata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-eme ka ndị ọbịa nwee nnukwu mmefu.
Akụkọ UNESCO nke afọ 2014 chọpụtara na e nwere akwa ndị njem nleta 2,129 n'ógbè ahụ. Na 2017, ndị Delta nabatara ndị ọbịa 52,638, nke 43,363 bụ ndị njem nleta mba ofesi ebe 9,275 bụ ndị obodo. Nke a bụ obere akụkụ nke otu nde ndị njem nleta mba ofesi Botswana na-enweta kwa afọ.

== ''Molapos'' (iyi mmiri) ==
[[Faịlụ:BundPhoto.JPG|thumb|Ihe mgbochi idei mmiri maka ndalata idei mmiri na-akụ na ''molapo'' nke Okavango, Botswana]]
Mgbe oge idei mmiri gasịrị, mmiri dị n'akụkụ ala nke delta ahụ, nso ntọala ya, na-ebelata, na-ahapụ mmiri n'ime ala. A na-eji mmiri a fọdụrụnụ akụ ihe ubi na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike itolite na ya. A na-akpọ ala a ''molapo''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=kmcgee|date=2023-06-11|title=June 12: The Okavango Delta - Overland Travel With KMcGee|url=https://overlandwithkmcgee.com/june-12-the-okavango-delta/|accessdate=2026-06-23|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'agbata afọ 1974 na 1978, idei mmiri ahụ karịrị nke nkịtị, ọ gaghị ekwe omume ịkọ ihe ubi n'oge ịda ogbenye idei mmiri, ya mere e nwere nnukwu ụkọ nri na nri. N'ihi nzaghachi ya, e bidoro ọrụ mmepe Molapo. O ji ihe ndị e ji ekpuchi ebe ndị dị na molapo chebe ha iji chịkwaa idei mmiri ahụ ma gbochie oke idei mmiri. E tinyere ọnụ ụzọ ámá mmiri n'ime igbe ndị ahụ ka e wee nwee ike ịhapụ mmiri echekwara ma malite ịkụ ihe ubi n'oge idei mmiri.

== Ihe iyi egwu ndị nwere ike ime ==
Otu ihe nwere ike iyi egwu bụ nchọpụta mmanụ nke ụlọ ọrụ Canada bụ ReconAfrica. Nnyocha mbụ e mere n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2021 gosiri na mmanụ dị n'ime nkume sedimentary.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ltd|first=Reconnaissance Energy Africa|title=ReconAfrica's First of Three Wells Confirms a Working Petroleum System in the Kavango Basin, Namibia|url=https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/reconafrica-s-first-of-three-wells-confirms-a-working-petroleum-system-in-the-kavango-basin-namibia-865139500.html|accessdate=2021-04-27|work=Newswire.ca|language=en|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055430/https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/reconafrica-s-first-of-three-wells-confirms-a-working-petroleum-system-in-the-kavango-basin-namibia-865139500.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị ọkachamara gburugburu ebe obibi na-enwe nchegbu na ọrụ a ga-enwe mmetụta ọjọọ na gburugburu ebe obibi nakwa na ụfọdụ n'ime isi mmiri nwere ike ịdaba n'ihe ize ndụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=A Big Oil Project in Africa Threatens Fragile Okavango Region|url=https://e360.yale.edu/features/a-big-oil-project-in-africa-threatens-the-fragile-okavango-region|accessdate=2021-04-27|work=Yale E360|language=en-US|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055427/https://e360.yale.edu/features/a-big-oil-project-in-africa-threatens-the-fragile-okavango-region}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-22|title=Growing concern over Okavango oil exploration as community alleges shutout|url=https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/growing-concern-over-okavango-oil-exploration-as-community-alleges-shutout/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=Mongabay Environmental News|language=en-US|archivedate=20 January 2022|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120055426/https://news.mongabay.com/2021/03/growing-concern-over-okavango-oil-exploration-as-community-alleges-shutout/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-03-12|title=Test drilling for oil in Namibia's Okavango region poses toxic risk|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/test-drilling-oil-namibia-poses-water-risk|accessdate=2021-04-27|work=Animals|language=en|archivedate=27 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427143948/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/animals/article/test-drilling-oil-namibia-poses-water-risk}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
ReconAfrica ekwuola, &quot;Ọ dịghị mmebi ọ bụla ga-eme na gburugburu ebe obibi site na ihe omume ndị a haziri.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Frequently Asked Questions: ReconAfrica Initial Drilling Project|url=https://reconafrica.com/operations/frequently-asked-questions/|work=reconafrica.com|accessdate=30 April 2021|archivedate=29 April 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429185250/https://reconafrica.com/operations/frequently-asked-questions/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Wilson-Spath|first=Andreas|date=2020-12-15|title=OP-ED: Paradise is closing down: The ghastly spectre of oil drilling and fracking in fragile Okavango Delta|url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-15-paradise-is-closing-down-the-ghastly-spectre-of-oil-drilling-and-fracking-in-fragile-okavango-delta/|accessdate=2021-06-02|work=Daily Maverick|language=en|archivedate=2 June 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220224/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2020-12-15-paradise-is-closing-down-the-ghastly-spectre-of-oil-drilling-and-fracking-in-fragile-okavango-delta/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gọọmentị Namibia ewepụtala atụmatụ iwulite ọdụ ike mmiri na mpaghara Zambezi, nke ga-achịkwa usoro mmiri Okavango ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ. Ọ bụ ezie na ndị na-akwado ya na-arụ ụka na mmetụta ya agaghị adị obere, ndị na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi na-arụ ụka na ọrụ a nwere ike ibibi ọtụtụ anụmanụ na osisi bara ọgaranya na delta. Ihe iyi egwu ndị ọzọ gụnyere mwakpo mmadụ na mpaghara na mwepụta mmiri mpaghara na Angola na Namibia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.okavangodelta.com/about/threats/|title=Threats - Okavango Delta|work=Okavangodelta.com|accessdate=4 April 2018|archivedate=22 February 2020|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222105527/https://www.okavangodelta.com/general-information/threats/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2016/03/11/chinese-angolan-project-in-angola-harvests-over-1200-tons-of-rice/|title=Chinese-Angolan project in Angola harvests over 1,200 tons of rice|work=Macauhub English|date=11 March 2016|accessdate=2 November 2016|archivedate=4 November 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104002158/http://www.macauhub.com.mo/en/2016/03/11/chinese-angolan-project-in-angola-harvests-over-1200-tons-of-rice/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Onye na-eme ihe nkiri na onye na-echekwa ihe ndị dị na mba Saụt Afrịka bụ Rick Lomba dọrọ aka ná ntị n'afọ 1980 gbasara iyi egwu nke mwakpo ehi na mpaghara ahụ. Ihe nkiri ya bụ ''The End of Eden'' gosiri etu o si na-akwado  delta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=OKAVANGO DELTA|url=https://www.baruchsafaris.com/de/copy-of-chobe-national-park|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=Baruch Safaris|language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-atụ anya na mmiri ozuzo nke Okavango ga-ebelata kwa afọ yana mmụba okpomọkụ n'ihi okpomọkụ ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=ASSAR|year=2019|title=What global warming of 1.5°C and higher means for Botswana|publisher=Adaptation at Scale in Semi Arid Regions (ASSAR)|url=http://www.assar.uct.ac.za/sites/default/files/image_tool/images/138/1point5degrees/ASSAR_Botswana_global_warming.pdf|accessdate=6 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmetụta nke okpomọọkụ ụwa nwere ike ibute mbelata na oke idei mmiri na Okavango Delta, nke ga-enwe mmetụta dị ukwuu n'inweta mmiri yana ịzụ anụ ụlọ na ọrụ ugbo na mpaghara ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Murray-Hudson|first=M.|date=2006|title=Scenarios of the impact of local and upstream changes in climate and water use on hydro-ecology in the Okavango Delta, Botswana|journal=Journal of Hydrology|volume=331|issue=1|pages=73–84|doi=10.1016/j.jhydrol.2006.04.041}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọrụ nchekwa nke Conservation International Botswana na mpaghara Okavango Delta gụnyere agụmakwụkwọ na itinye aka na amụma yana nyocha na nlekota dịka nyocha anụ ọhịa dị n'elu ikuku na ọrụ nyocha ngwa ngwa nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIBotswanaAbout&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About Conservation International Botswana|work=Conservation International Botswana|url=https://botswana.conservation.org/about-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
 
* Ndagwurugwu Kalahari

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}} 

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|first=P.|author=Allison|year=2007|title=Whatever You Do, Don't Run: True Tales Of A Botswana Safari Guide|publisher=Globe Pequot|isbn=9780762745654|url=https://archive.org/details/whateveryoudodon00alli}}
* {{Cite journal|first=J.|author=Bock|year=2002|title=Learning, Life History, and Productivity: Children's lives in the Okavango Delta of Botswana|journal=Human Nature|volume=13|issue=2|pages=161–198|doi=10.1007/s12110-002-1007-4|pmid=26192757|url=&lt;!-- http://anthro.fullerton.edu/jbock/Bock%20HN%202002.pdf Unsure copyright status--&gt;}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* Conservation International E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
* [https://www.okavango.com/concessions.php Ebe ndị Okavango Delta nwere ikike]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160205022203/http://www.ngamitimes.com/ The Ngami Times bụ akwụkwọ akụkọ kwa izu nke Ngamiland]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061006083431/http://www.botswana-tourism.gov.bw/attractions/moremi.html Ebe gọọmentị Botswana na Moremi Game Reserve, n'ime Okavango Delta]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170929000710/http://www.wildentrust.org/ Wild Entrust International]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20151221103510/http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ Ihe ịtụnanya asaa nke Africa]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120319185832/http://dsc.discovery.com/tv/natures-most-amazing-events/how-stuff-works/kalahari-elephants.html Discovery Channel - Iju Mmiri nke Kalahari]
* [http://www.waterlog.info/pdf/molapos.pdf Iju Mmiri na-emebi ihe na molapos nke Okavango Delta]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150401231635/http://www.orc.ub.bw/ Ụlọ Ọrụ Nnyocha Okavango]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120807161048/http://168.167.30.198/ori/ Mmiri Okavango dị ugbu a, data ihu igwe na foto satellite] Archived 7 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_J-ODVl9Omg/ 1986 Ihe omuma The End of Eden nke Rick Lomba]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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[[Faịlụ:Wouri_estuary_1850.svg|thumb|Map eserese nke ọnụ mmiri Wouri na osimiri, na-egosi ebe obibi Duala n'ihe dị ka 1850]]
Osimiri Wouri, ma ọ bụ ọdụ mmiri Cameroon, bụ nnukwu ọdụ mmiri dị na Kameroon ebe ọtụtụ osimiri na-ezukọta, na-asọba n'ime Osimiri Biafra. Douala, obodo kachasị ukwuu na Kamerun, dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri ebe ọ na-abanye n'ọnụ mmiri. Osimiri ahụ nwere oke ọhịa mangrove buru ibu, nke mmetọ na nrụgide ndị mmadụ na-emebi.

== Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri ==
[[Faịlụ:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-149,_Kamerun,_Dimbamba.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Osimiri Dibamba, nke na-asọba n'ọnụ mmiri ahụ (1903) ]]
Osimiri ahụ dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ugwu Kamerọn ma banye n'ime Ọwara Biafra. Osimiri Mungo, Wouri na Dibamba na-azụ ya. Osimiri ahụ dị na Douala Basin, ala dị larịị nke dị ihe dị ka mita 30 (ụkwụ 98) n'ọkwa oke osimiri, yana ọtụtụ iyi mmiri, ájá na ọdọ mmiri. Akuku mmiri dị n'ime mmiri nke a na-akpọ Plio-Pleistocene, usoro dị n'ọtụtụ oyi akwa nwere usoro ájá mmiri na apịtị estuarine  ájá dị n'okpuru osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu ma bụrụkwa isi iyi dị mkpa maka mmiri olulu mmiri. Mmiri dị n'elu nke dị na sistemụ a bụ ájá dị n'akụkụ nke na-enweghị ihe mgbochi nke jikọtara ya na mmiri dị nro nke osimiri na ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.
[[Faịlụ:Embouchure_du_Wouri.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọnụ mmiri dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri]]
Mmiri mmiri ozuzo n'ọnụ ọnụ osimiri ahụ dị mita 2.8 (ụkwụ 9.2). Mmiri ozuzo sitere na milimita 4,000 (inchi 160) ruo milimita 5,000 (inchi 200) kwa afọ. Nnu dị obere nke ukwuu, ọkachasị n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Nnu dị n'elu ala nke 0.4% bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Douala n'afọ niile. Osimiri Mungo na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ obere ọwa mmiri ndị na-abanye n'ime ogige mmiri ahụ. Mmiri mmiri dị n'ime mmiri ahụ na-aga ruo kilomita iri anọ (maịlụ iri abụọ na ise) n'elu Mungo. N'akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ, a na-ahụ nnukwu larịị na ájá n'akụkụ ya mgbe mmiri dị ala. Ebili mmiri ahụ metụtara Wouri ruo kilomita iri anọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na asatọ) n'elu Douala, ya na nnukwu oke ọhịa mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri ya n'akụkụ a dum.

N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ, ugwu ugwu Kamerun jupụtara n'ugbo unere. N'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, ala mmiri dị n'ime ala ndị dị na maịlụ ise (maịlụ atọ na ọkara) obosara na-akwado osisi mangrove ahụ. Otu nnukwu apịtị mmiri dị n'etiti Muyuka na Dibombari nwere hekta 7,500 (eka 19,000). E nwere ụfọdụ ebe ọhịa apịtị na-adịgide adịgide n'osimiri Dibamba, mana ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ka ewepụla ma wụpụ mmiri maka ịkụ osisi nkwụ. A naghị echebe anụmanụ ndị dị n'osimiri ahụ nke ọma; Manatee Afrịka (Trichechus senegalensis) kacha nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ.

== Anụmanụ na osisi ==
[[Faịlụ:Mbea_towé_(_crevette).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Cameroon ghost shrimp, nke mba ahụ si nweta aha ya]]
Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'etiti ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ. Apịtị na ọhịa mangrove bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri, ha bụkwa ebe a na-azụ azụ, oporo na anụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ. A pụrụ ịkpọ ha ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile dịka iwu si dị n'okpuru nkwekọrịta Ramsar. Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke oporo mmụọ Cameroon, nke na-agbagharị mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ bụrụ ìgwè mmadụ buru ibu. N'oge ndị a, ndị mmadụ na-ejide oke ibu, na-eri ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-akpọ ha nkụ maka ojiji ma emechaa, ma na-eme mmanụ azụ site n'aka ndị ikom.

E nwere oke ọhịa mangrove dị hekta 188,000 (eka 460,000) n'ime oke osimiri ahụ. Nnukwu osisi mangrove dị kilomita iri abụọ n'ime omimi n'akụkụ ugwu ahụ, nke dị kilomita iri atọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na abụọ) n'elu osimiri ahụ. Bodeaka Bay na Moukouchou Bay gbawara ọhịa mangrove ahụ, bụ́ ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị obosara site n'apịtị ahụ. N'akụkụ ndịda nke osimiri ahụ, mangrove na-agbasa site na Douala ruo Point Soulelaba, njedebe nke mmiri nke kewara osimiri ahụ na oké osimiri. Osimiri Dibamba na Monaka Bay na Island kewara ala mangrove ndị a. Ihe dị ka hekta 15,000 (eka 37,000) nke ọhịa mangrove dị n'ime Mouanko Reserve, nke sitere na nsọtụ ndịda nke osimiri ruo n'ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga.

Osisi mangrove nke a na-akpọ Rhizophora racemosa, nke mejupụtara ihe karịrị 90% nke osisi mangrove na Cameroon, ruru elu mita 40 (130 ft) n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri. Nypa fruticans￼￼, ụdị osisi pụrụ iche e si mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia na-abata na Naịjirịa, agbasaala ngwa ngwa, ndị obodo ahụ gbara ha ume. Oke ọhịa mangrove bụ isi iyi osisi dị mkpa maka ime arịa ụlọ na ogige, maka imi azụ na maka mmanụ ọkụ. A na-eji akwụkwọ osisi Nypa frutican eme mgbidi na elu ụlọ. Ahịhịa mangrove na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa, na-echebe ụsọ oké osimiri megide mmetụta kachasị njọ nke oké ifufe. Agbanyeghị, enweghị njikwa dị irè na osisi mangrove, a gbukwara oke ọhịa n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Duala_ethnic_groups.png|thumb|Map na-egosi ebe agbụrụ dị iche iche dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Cameroon dị gburugburu ọnụ mmiri ahụ]]
Ọdọ mmiri ahụ abụrụla ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche dịka ndị mmadụ Duala gburugburu ọnụ osimiri Wouri, Ndị Limba dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na gburugburu ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga, ndị Mungo dị n'ebe ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ na ndị Isubu dị n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ. Ndị a biri ndụ site n'ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ̀. Onye nchọpụta mbụ nke ndị Pọtugal, Fernando Po, rutere n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ n'afọ 1472. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ndị ahịa si Portugal na mba ndị ọzọ dị na Yuropu sochiri ya. Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ ghọrọ ndị na-azụ ahịa n'etiti ndị mmadụ, na-ebuga ngwongwo ndị Yurop gaa n'ógbè ndị dị n'ime ime obodo site n'iji ụgbọ mmiri na-ebughachi ọdụ́, ndị ohu na ihe ndị e ji aka kpụọ.

E si n'ebe ugwu Bamenda Grassfields nweta Ivory. Azụmahịa ohu malitere na narị afọ nke 18, ọ bụkwa ọrụ akụ na ụba dị mkpa ka ọ na-erule afọ 1750. E si n'ogige ahịhịa kpọta ndị ohu e jidere n'agha Chamba site n'Osimiri Mungo, e sikwa na Wouri kpọta ndị ohu si n'obodo Nun-Mbam gaa n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị Dutch bụ ndị kacha azụrụ ndị ohu n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'etiti narị afọ nke 18. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1830, azụmaahịa ohu dara ada n'ihi mbelata ọchịchọ sitere na United States na ntaramahụhụ site n'aka ndị Britain nke dị n'agwaetiti Fernando Po. Ka ọ na-erule etiti narị afọ nke 19, mmanụ nkwụ na mkpụrụ osisi nkwụ abụrụla ihe ndị bụ isi e ji azụ ahịa.
[[Faịlụ:Bell_Town_beach,_Duala,_Cameroons_River,_1886.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụsọ mmiri nke osimiri Wouri na Belltown, nke bụzi akụkụ nke Douala, na 1886]]
Ndị Duala bụ ndị ahịa kacha elu. Ha gbochiri ndị Yuropu ịbanye n'ime obodo ma wulite netwọk azụmaahịa dị irè. Ndị Duala jiri njikọ alụmdi na nwunye na ndị bi n'ime obodo mee ka a tụkwasị ha obi, ebe ụmụ nke alụmdi na nwunye ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị nnọchi anya ha.

Mgbe Eze Bell na Eze Akwa nke Duala rịọrọ ya, e tinyere ala mmiri ahụ n'okpuru ọchịchị Jamanị n'afọ 1884, wee ghọọ isi obodo nke Kamerun. Ndị Jamani ji nwayọọ nwayọọ gbasaa ikike ha n'akụkụ osimiri na nnukwu ala Kamerun ruo afọ iri abụọ na ise. Ná mmalite nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ na 1914, ndị Britain si Naịjirịa merie ọchịchị obodo ahụ. Na 1916, e kewara Kamerun, ndị Britain weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mungo, ndị French weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọwụwa anyanwụ.

N'afọ 1920, ndị France mere ka akụrụngwa ha ka mma, na-egwupụta ala mmiri iji mee ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala dịkwuo mma ma na-ewughachi ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị jikọtara obodo ahụ na ime obodo ahụ. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ndị France wuru àkwà mmiri okporo ụzọ/ụgbọ okporo ígwè gafee osimiri Wouri, na-ejikọ Douala na Bonaberi, mee ka ọwa mmiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dịkwuo omimi, gbanwere Bonaberi ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri unere ma gbasaa ikike ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala ruo tọn 900,000, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke atọ kachasị na ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka. Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ jikọtara ọnụ na 1961 mgbe e si n'ógbè French na ndịda nke ebe ndị Britain bi mepụta steeti Cameroon nke oge a.

Ebe obibi mbụ nke ndị Duala n'ọnụ osimiri Wouri - Belltown, Akwatown, Bonapriso, Deido na Bonaberi - obodo Douala, obodo nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ atọ, nke ugbu a nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-ebi n'ógbè nke ya. Akụrụngwa dịka okporo ụzọ, mmiri, nsị mmiri na ọkụ eletrik adịghị mma, ebe ụfọdụ adịghịkwa adị. Ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya na-arụ ọrụ maka obere ụgwọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala nwere oke ikike n'ihi na ọ dị n'akụkụ osimiri Wouri, nke na-ebu nnukwu ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ma chọọ ka a na-egwupụta ya mgbe niile. N'èzí obodo ahụ, ebe obibi ndị dị na mpaghara osimiri ahụ bụ obodo nta ndị a na-enweta naanị site na mmiri.

== Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Faịlụ:Street_vendor_in_Douala,_Cameroon_061119-F-0560B-210.jpg|thumb|Onye na-ere ahịa n'okporo ámá na Douala]]
Mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke osimiri ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na mmụba nke mmetọ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ, ọrụ ugbo na ezinụlọ, nke na-eyi ma ihe ọkụkụ azụ̀ na ahụike mmadụ egwu. Isi ihe ndị na-akpata mmetọ gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-emepụta mmanụ, njikwa ahụhụ na koko, kọfị na unere, ma na-emefusị mmanụ organic site na njem ala, ụlọ ọrụ nhazi na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik. A na-ahapụkwa ọtụtụ nsị mmiri nke mmadụ na-emepụta n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ. Akụrụngwa gọọmentị maka ijikwa mmetọ agbasasịala, adịghị ike ma na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ego dịkwa oke ụkọ.

Ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe dị mkpa n'akụnụba Cameroon. A naghị achịkwa ọgwụ nje, ha na-emekwa ka mmetọ ghara ịdị. A ka na-eji ọgwụ nje ndị a machibidoro iwu kemgbe ebe ọzọ, ma ọ bụ a na-edebe ha n'ebe a na-echekwa ihe ndị na-agbapụta mmiri. Ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na-amụbawanye na mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ebuga n'ahịa dịka kọfị, koko, unere, mmanụ nkwụ na owu, site na iji ọgwụ nje na fatịlaịza ndị e si mba ọzọ bịa. A na-ejikarị fatịlaịza eme ihe dị ka urea, ammonia, na phosphorus. Ọgwụ nje ndị a na-etinye na ha bụ DDT na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na organohalogen.

Ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu na ise nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị na Kamerun dị na Douala ma ọ bụ gburugburu ya. A na-ewepụta ihe mkpofu mmiri ha n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla. Mpaghara ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke dị na Bassa nke Douala na-akwụsị site na nhazi iyi mmiri nke Osimiri Dibamba, na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ. A na-eji ngwa ngwa eburu ala mmiri ndị ahụ, a chọpụtakwala ọtụtụ n'ime ha, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ihe ndị na-emetọ ha.
[[Faịlụ:Douala_harbor.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala na 2008]]
Mpaghara Bonaberi nke Douala, nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ karịrị 500,000 na-amụba ngwa ngwa, na-egosi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n'obodo ukwu. Ihe karịrị pasentị iri asaa na ise nke Bonaberi dị mita abụọ (ụkwụ isii na ọkara) karịa oke osimiri. Ebe ala pere mpe, ndị ogbenye abanyela n'ime ala mmiri. Ruo afọ 2002, oke ọhịa dị n'apịtị mangrove, nke gụnyere osisi nkwụ ndị mara mma, na-anwụ n'ihi mmepe obodo. Ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ndị dị n'ala e kpochara akpụcha adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha enweghịkwa mmiri mmiri zuru oke. Ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-adịghị agba agba bụ ebe a na-azụlite ọrịa. Mkpofu mmadụ na nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-agwụ na ọwa mmiri nke Wouri, na-ebelata ọsọ mmiri ya. Idei mmiri na mmiri ndị na-abata n'oké osimiri nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu site na mita abụọ (6.6 ft) ruo mita ise (16 ft) n'ime nkeji ole na ole, na-ebibi ụlọ ma na-asa nsị mmiri n'ime olulu mmiri. Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmiri dịka typhus na ọnyụnyụ ọbara bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ọnwụ.
[[Faịlụ:Wouri.jpg|thumb|Ndị ọkụ azụ na Wouri]]
Ịkụ azụ dị oke mkpa nye mba Kamerọn n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, ebe a na-ejide ihe dị ka tọn 40,000 kwa afọ, nke otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ya ka a na-ebupụ. Na 1994, e zigara azụ̀ ruru nde dọla US$60 na Yuropu, ụzọ atọ n'ime ha sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ̀ iri na abụọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ nke ndị ọrụ nọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kamerun bụ ndị na-akụ azụ oge niile na-enweghị aha. Azụ na-enye ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ na anọ nke protein dị na nri ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ.  mangrove nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ebe a na-amị ọkụtụ ụdị azụ̀ azụmaahịa, mana a naghị echebe ha. Ebe a na-akụ azụ̀ mangrove ka na-ebelata, ọnụọgụgụ azụ̀ na-ebelatakwa nke ukwuu. Ọkwa nke ihe ndị na-emebi ihe ndị dị ndụ na-adịgide adịgide n'ime azụ̀ ahụ na-arị elu.

Nnyocha e mere na 1991 gosiri na oke DDT na PCB dị n'azụ, oporo na oysters dị n'ógbè Douala. Mmetọ dị ukwuu nke ígwè dị arọ dịka mercury, lead na cadmium bụkwa ihe na-akpata nsogbu.

== Mmanụ nwere ike ime ==
O yiri ka e nwere ike imepụta mmanụ na gas. Blọk Matanda dị n'ọkara ugwu nke osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu emeela atụmatụ na a ga-echekwa ihe dị n'etiti gbọmgbọm nde iri isii ruo narị atọ. Ọrụ nchọpụta nke Gulf Oil mere ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga gosiri na mmepụta nke gbọmgbọm nde anọ kwa afọ nwere ike ime. Na Eprel afọ 2008, otu ụlọ ọrụ dị n'okpuru ala nke ụlọ ọrụ Switzerland Glencore International AG na Afex Global Limited bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ steeti Cameroon maka ọrụ nchọpụta nke ruru nde dọla iri atọ na asatọ na mpaghara nke dị square kilomita 1,187 (458 sq mi), nke Badel Ndanga Ndinga, Minista nke Ụlọ Ọrụ, Mines na Mmepe Teknụzụ kwadoro.

== Edensibia ==
;Ihe ndetu
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;Ntụaka
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{{refend}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&amp;id=22609 Ógbè Mmiri - Ọwara Douala]

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[[Faịlụ:Wouri_estuary_1850.svg|thumb|Map eserese nke ọnụ mmiri Wouri na osimiri, na-egosi ebe obibi Duala n'ihe dị ka 1850]]
Osimiri Wouri, ma ọ bụ ọdụ mmiri Cameroon, bụ nnukwu ọdụ mmiri dị na Kameroon ebe ọtụtụ osimiri na-ezukọta, na-asọba n'ime Osimiri Biafra. Douala, obodo kachasị ukwuu na Kamerun, dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri ebe ọ na-abanye n'ọnụ mmiri. Osimiri ahụ nwere oke ọhịa mangrove buru ibu, nke mmetọ na nrụgide ndị mmadụ na-emebi.

== Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri ==
[[Faịlụ:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-149,_Kamerun,_Dimbamba.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Osimiri Dibamba, nke na-asọba n'ọnụ mmiri ahụ (1903) ]]
Osimiri ahụ dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ugwu Kamerọn ma banye n'ime Ọwara Biafra. Osimiri Mungo, Wouri na Dibamba na-azụ ya. Osimiri ahụ dị na Douala Basin, ala dị larịị nke dị ihe dị ka mita 30 (ụkwụ 98) n'ọkwa oke osimiri, yana ọtụtụ iyi mmiri, ájá na ọdọ mmiri.{{sfn|Yerima|Van Ranst|2005|p=135}} Akuku mmiri dị n'ime mmiri nke a na-akpọ Plio-Pleistocene, usoro dị n'ọtụtụ oyi akwa nwere usoro ájá mmiri na apịtị estuarine  ájá dị n'okpuru osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu ma bụrụkwa isi iyi dị mkpa maka mmiri olulu mmiri. Mmiri dị n'elu nke dị na sistemụ a bụ ájá dị n'akụkụ nke na-enweghị ihe mgbochi nke jikọtara ya na mmiri dị nro nke osimiri na ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.{{sfn|Xu|Usher|2006|p=48}}
[[Faịlụ:Embouchure_du_Wouri.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọnụ mmiri dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri]]
Mmiri mmiri ozuzo n'ọnụ ọnụ osimiri ahụ dị mita 2.8 (ụkwụ 9.2). Mmiri ozuzo sitere na milimita 4,000 (inchi 160) ruo milimita 5,000 (inchi 200) kwa afọ. Nnu dị obere nke ukwuu, ọkachasị n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Nnu dị n'elu ala nke 0.4% bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Douala n'afọ niile.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}} Osimiri Mungo na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ obere ọwa mmiri ndị na-abanye n'ime ogige mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Yerima|Van Ranst|2005|p=144}} Mmiri mmiri dị n'ime mmiri ahụ na-aga ruo kilomita iri anọ (maịlụ iri abụọ na ise) n'elu Mungo. N'akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ, a na-ahụ nnukwu larịị na ájá n'akụkụ ya mgbe mmiri dị ala.{{sfn|Flemming|Delafontaine|Liebezeit|2000|p=225}} Ebili mmiri ahụ metụtara Wouri ruo kilomita iri anọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na asatọ) n'elu Douala, ya na nnukwu oke ọhịa mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri ya n'akụkụ a dum.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}}

N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ, ugwu ugwu Kamerun jupụtara n'ugbo unere. N'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, ala mmiri dị n'ime ala ndị dị na maịlụ ise (maịlụ atọ na ọkara) obosara na-akwado osisi mangrove ahụ. Otu nnukwu apịtị mmiri dị n'etiti Muyuka na Dibombari nwere hekta 7,500 (eka 19,000).{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}} E nwere ụfọdụ ebe ọhịa apịtị na-adịgide adịgide n'osimiri Dibamba, mana ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ka ewepụla ma wụpụ mmiri maka ịkụ osisi nkwụ. A naghị echebe anụmanụ ndị dị n'osimiri ahụ nke ọma; Manatee Afrịka (Trichechus senegalensis) kacha nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ.{{sfn|Cameroon: Ramsar}}

== Anụmanụ na osisi ==
[[Faịlụ:Mbea_towé_(_crevette).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Cameroon ghost shrimp, nke mba ahụ si nweta aha ya]]
Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'etiti ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ. Apịtị na ọhịa mangrove bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri, ha bụkwa ebe a na-azụ azụ, oporo na anụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ. A pụrụ ịkpọ ha ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile dịka iwu si dị n'okpuru nkwekọrịta Ramsar. Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke oporo mmụọ Cameroon, nke na-agbagharị mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ bụrụ ìgwè mmadụ buru ibu. N'oge ndị a, ndị mmadụ na-ejide oke ibu, na-eri ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-akpọ ha nkụ maka ojiji ma emechaa, ma na-eme mmanụ azụ site n'aka ndị ikom.

E nwere oke ọhịa mangrove dị hekta 188,000 (eka 460,000) n'ime oke osimiri ahụ. Nnukwu osisi mangrove dị kilomita iri abụọ n'ime omimi n'akụkụ ugwu ahụ, nke dị kilomita iri atọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na abụọ) n'elu osimiri ahụ. Bodeaka Bay na Moukouchou Bay gbawara ọhịa mangrove ahụ, bụ́ ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị obosara site n'apịtị ahụ. N'akụkụ ndịda nke osimiri ahụ, mangrove na-agbasa site na Douala ruo Point Soulelaba, njedebe nke mmiri nke kewara osimiri ahụ na oké osimiri. Osimiri Dibamba na Monaka Bay na Island kewara ala mangrove ndị a. Ihe dị ka hekta 15,000 (eka 37,000) nke ọhịa mangrove dị n'ime Mouanko Reserve, nke sitere na nsọtụ ndịda nke osimiri ruo n'ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga.

Osisi mangrove nke a na-akpọ Rhizophora racemosa, nke mejupụtara ihe karịrị 90% nke osisi mangrove na Cameroon, ruru elu mita 40 (130 ft) n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri. Nypa fruticans￼￼, ụdị osisi pụrụ iche e si mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia na-abata na Naịjirịa, agbasaala ngwa ngwa, ndị obodo ahụ gbara ha ume. Oke ọhịa mangrove bụ isi iyi osisi dị mkpa maka ime arịa ụlọ na ogige, maka imi azụ na maka mmanụ ọkụ. A na-eji akwụkwọ osisi Nypa frutican eme mgbidi na elu ụlọ. Ahịhịa mangrove na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa, na-echebe ụsọ oké osimiri megide mmetụta kachasị njọ nke oké ifufe. Agbanyeghị, enweghị njikwa dị irè na osisi mangrove, a gbukwara oke ọhịa n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Duala_ethnic_groups.png|thumb|Map na-egosi ebe agbụrụ dị iche iche dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Cameroon dị gburugburu ọnụ mmiri ahụ]]
Ọdọ mmiri ahụ abụrụla ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche dịka ndị mmadụ Duala gburugburu ọnụ osimiri Wouri, Ndị Limba dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na gburugburu ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga, ndị Mungo dị n'ebe ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ na ndị Isubu dị n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ. Ndị a biri ndụ site n'ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ̀. Onye nchọpụta mbụ nke ndị Pọtugal, Fernando Po, rutere n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ n'afọ 1472. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ndị ahịa si Portugal na mba ndị ọzọ dị na Yuropu sochiri ya. Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ ghọrọ ndị na-azụ ahịa n'etiti ndị mmadụ, na-ebuga ngwongwo ndị Yurop gaa n'ógbè ndị dị n'ime ime obodo site n'iji ụgbọ mmiri na-ebughachi ọdụ́, ndị ohu na ihe ndị e ji aka kpụọ.

E si n'ebe ugwu Bamenda Grassfields nweta Ivory. Azụmahịa ohu malitere na narị afọ nke 18, ọ bụkwa ọrụ akụ na ụba dị mkpa ka ọ na-erule afọ 1750. E si n'ogige ahịhịa kpọta ndị ohu e jidere n'agha Chamba site n'Osimiri Mungo, e sikwa na Wouri kpọta ndị ohu si n'obodo Nun-Mbam gaa n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị Dutch bụ ndị kacha azụrụ ndị ohu n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'etiti narị afọ nke 18. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1830, azụmaahịa ohu dara ada n'ihi mbelata ọchịchọ sitere na United States na ntaramahụhụ site n'aka ndị Britain nke dị n'agwaetiti Fernando Po. Ka ọ na-erule etiti narị afọ nke 19, mmanụ nkwụ na mkpụrụ osisi nkwụ abụrụla ihe ndị bụ isi e ji azụ ahịa.
[[Faịlụ:Bell_Town_beach,_Duala,_Cameroons_River,_1886.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụsọ mmiri nke osimiri Wouri na Belltown, nke bụzi akụkụ nke Douala, na 1886]]
Ndị Duala bụ ndị ahịa kacha elu. Ha gbochiri ndị Yuropu ịbanye n'ime obodo ma wulite netwọk azụmaahịa dị irè. Ndị Duala jiri njikọ alụmdi na nwunye na ndị bi n'ime obodo mee ka a tụkwasị ha obi, ebe ụmụ nke alụmdi na nwunye ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị nnọchi anya ha.

Mgbe Eze Bell na Eze Akwa nke Duala rịọrọ ya, e tinyere ala mmiri ahụ n'okpuru ọchịchị Jamanị n'afọ 1884, wee ghọọ isi obodo nke Kamerun. Ndị Jamani ji nwayọọ nwayọọ gbasaa ikike ha n'akụkụ osimiri na nnukwu ala Kamerun ruo afọ iri abụọ na ise. Ná mmalite nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ na 1914, ndị Britain si Naịjirịa merie ọchịchị obodo ahụ. Na 1916, e kewara Kamerun, ndị Britain weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mungo, ndị French weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọwụwa anyanwụ.

N'afọ 1920, ndị France mere ka akụrụngwa ha ka mma, na-egwupụta ala mmiri iji mee ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala dịkwuo mma ma na-ewughachi ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị jikọtara obodo ahụ na ime obodo ahụ. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ndị France wuru àkwà mmiri okporo ụzọ/ụgbọ okporo ígwè gafee osimiri Wouri, na-ejikọ Douala na Bonaberi, mee ka ọwa mmiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dịkwuo omimi, gbanwere Bonaberi ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri unere ma gbasaa ikike ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala ruo tọn 900,000, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke atọ kachasị na ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka. Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ jikọtara ọnụ na 1961 mgbe e si n'ógbè French na ndịda nke ebe ndị Britain bi mepụta steeti Cameroon nke oge a.

Ebe obibi mbụ nke ndị Duala n'ọnụ osimiri Wouri - Belltown, Akwatown, Bonapriso, Deido na Bonaberi - obodo Douala, obodo nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ atọ, nke ugbu a nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-ebi n'ógbè nke ya. Akụrụngwa dịka okporo ụzọ, mmiri, nsị mmiri na ọkụ eletrik adịghị mma, ebe ụfọdụ adịghịkwa adị. Ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya na-arụ ọrụ maka obere ụgwọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala nwere oke ikike n'ihi na ọ dị n'akụkụ osimiri Wouri, nke na-ebu nnukwu ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ma chọọ ka a na-egwupụta ya mgbe niile. N'èzí obodo ahụ, ebe obibi ndị dị na mpaghara osimiri ahụ bụ obodo nta ndị a na-enweta naanị site na mmiri.

== Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Faịlụ:Street_vendor_in_Douala,_Cameroon_061119-F-0560B-210.jpg|thumb|Onye na-ere ahịa n'okporo ámá na Douala]]
Mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke osimiri ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na mmụba nke mmetọ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ, ọrụ ugbo na ezinụlọ, nke na-eyi ma ihe ọkụkụ azụ̀ na ahụike mmadụ egwu. Isi ihe ndị na-akpata mmetọ gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-emepụta mmanụ, njikwa ahụhụ na koko, kọfị na unere, ma na-emefusị mmanụ organic site na njem ala, ụlọ ọrụ nhazi na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik. A na-ahapụkwa ọtụtụ nsị mmiri nke mmadụ na-emepụta n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ. Akụrụngwa gọọmentị maka ijikwa mmetọ agbasasịala, adịghị ike ma na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ego dịkwa oke ụkọ.

Ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe dị mkpa n'akụnụba Cameroon. A naghị achịkwa ọgwụ nje, ha na-emekwa ka mmetọ ghara ịdị. A ka na-eji ọgwụ nje ndị a machibidoro iwu kemgbe ebe ọzọ, ma ọ bụ a na-edebe ha n'ebe a na-echekwa ihe ndị na-agbapụta mmiri. Ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na-amụbawanye na mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ebuga n'ahịa dịka kọfị, koko, unere, mmanụ nkwụ na owu, site na iji ọgwụ nje na fatịlaịza ndị e si mba ọzọ bịa. A na-ejikarị fatịlaịza eme ihe dị ka urea, ammonia, na phosphorus. Ọgwụ nje ndị a na-etinye na ha bụ DDT na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na organohalogen.

Ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu na ise nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị na Kamerun dị na Douala ma ọ bụ gburugburu ya. A na-ewepụta ihe mkpofu mmiri ha n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla. Mpaghara ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke dị na Bassa nke Douala na-akwụsị site na nhazi iyi mmiri nke Osimiri Dibamba, na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ. A na-eji ngwa ngwa eburu ala mmiri ndị ahụ, a chọpụtakwala ọtụtụ n'ime ha, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ihe ndị na-emetọ ha.
[[Faịlụ:Douala_harbor.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala na 2008]]
Mpaghara Bonaberi nke Douala, nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ karịrị 500,000 na-amụba ngwa ngwa, na-egosi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n'obodo ukwu. Ihe karịrị pasentị iri asaa na ise nke Bonaberi dị mita abụọ (ụkwụ isii na ọkara) karịa oke osimiri. Ebe ala pere mpe, ndị ogbenye abanyela n'ime ala mmiri. Ruo afọ 2002, oke ọhịa dị n'apịtị mangrove, nke gụnyere osisi nkwụ ndị mara mma, na-anwụ n'ihi mmepe obodo. Ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ndị dị n'ala e kpochara akpụcha adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha enweghịkwa mmiri mmiri zuru oke. Ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-adịghị agba agba bụ ebe a na-azụlite ọrịa. Mkpofu mmadụ na nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-agwụ na ọwa mmiri nke Wouri, na-ebelata ọsọ mmiri ya. Idei mmiri na mmiri ndị na-abata n'oké osimiri nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu site na mita abụọ (6.6 ft) ruo mita ise (16 ft) n'ime nkeji ole na ole, na-ebibi ụlọ ma na-asa nsị mmiri n'ime olulu mmiri. Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmiri dịka typhus na ọnyụnyụ ọbara bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ọnwụ.
[[Faịlụ:Wouri.jpg|thumb|Ndị ọkụ azụ na Wouri]]
Ịkụ azụ dị oke mkpa nye mba Kamerọn n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, ebe a na-ejide ihe dị ka tọn 40,000 kwa afọ, nke otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ya ka a na-ebupụ. Na 1994, e zigara azụ̀ ruru nde dọla US$60 na Yuropu, ụzọ atọ n'ime ha sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ̀ iri na abụọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ nke ndị ọrụ nọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kamerun bụ ndị na-akụ azụ oge niile na-enweghị aha. Azụ na-enye ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ na anọ nke protein dị na nri ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ.  mangrove nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ebe a na-amị ọkụtụ ụdị azụ̀ azụmaahịa, mana a naghị echebe ha. Ebe a na-akụ azụ̀ mangrove ka na-ebelata, ọnụọgụgụ azụ̀ na-ebelatakwa nke ukwuu. Ọkwa nke ihe ndị na-emebi ihe ndị dị ndụ na-adịgide adịgide n'ime azụ̀ ahụ na-arị elu.

Nnyocha e mere na 1991 gosiri na oke DDT na PCB dị n'azụ, oporo na oysters dị n'ógbè Douala. Mmetọ dị ukwuu nke ígwè dị arọ dịka mercury, lead na cadmium bụkwa ihe na-akpata nsogbu.

== Mmanụ nwere ike ime ==
O yiri ka e nwere ike imepụta mmanụ na gas. Blọk Matanda dị n'ọkara ugwu nke osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu emeela atụmatụ na a ga-echekwa ihe dị n'etiti gbọmgbọm nde iri isii ruo narị atọ. Ọrụ nchọpụta nke Gulf Oil mere ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga gosiri na mmepụta nke gbọmgbọm nde anọ kwa afọ nwere ike ime. Na Eprel afọ 2008, otu ụlọ ọrụ dị n'okpuru ala nke ụlọ ọrụ Switzerland Glencore International AG na Afex Global Limited bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ steeti Cameroon maka ọrụ nchọpụta nke ruru nde dọla iri atọ na asatọ na mpaghara nke dị square kilomita 1,187 (458 sq mi), nke Badel Ndanga Ndinga, Minista nke Ụlọ Ọrụ, Mines na Mmepe Teknụzụ kwadoro.

== Edensibia ==
;Ihe ndetu
{{notelist}}
;Ntụaka
{{reflist|colwidth=24em|refs=}}
;Isi mmalite
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{{refend}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&amp;id=22609 Ógbè Mmiri - Ọwara Douala]

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[[Faịlụ:Wouri_estuary_1850.svg|thumb|Map eserese nke ọnụ mmiri Wouri na osimiri, na-egosi ebe obibi Duala n'ihe dị ka 1850]]
Osimiri Wouri, ma ọ bụ ọdụ mmiri Cameroon, bụ nnukwu ọdụ mmiri dị na Kameroon ebe ọtụtụ osimiri na-ezukọta, na-asọba n'ime Osimiri Biafra. Douala, obodo kachasị ukwuu na Kamerun, dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri ebe ọ na-abanye n'ọnụ mmiri. Osimiri ahụ nwere oke ọhịa mangrove buru ibu, nke mmetọ na nrụgide ndị mmadụ na-emebi.

== Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri ==
[[Faịlụ:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-149,_Kamerun,_Dimbamba.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Osimiri Dibamba, nke na-asọba n'ọnụ mmiri ahụ (1903) ]]
Osimiri ahụ dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ugwu Kamerọn ma banye n'ime Ọwara Biafra. Osimiri Mungo, Wouri na Dibamba na-azụ ya. Osimiri ahụ dị na Douala Basin, ala dị larịị nke dị ihe dị ka mita 30 (ụkwụ 98) n'ọkwa oke osimiri, yana ọtụtụ iyi mmiri, ájá na ọdọ mmiri.{{sfn|Yerima|Van Ranst|2005|p=135}} Akuku mmiri dị n'ime mmiri nke a na-akpọ Plio-Pleistocene, usoro dị n'ọtụtụ oyi akwa nwere usoro ájá mmiri na apịtị estuarine  ájá dị n'okpuru osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu ma bụrụkwa isi iyi dị mkpa maka mmiri olulu mmiri. Mmiri dị n'elu nke dị na sistemụ a bụ ájá dị n'akụkụ nke na-enweghị ihe mgbochi nke jikọtara ya na mmiri dị nro nke osimiri na ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.{{sfn|Xu|Usher|2006|p=48}}
[[Faịlụ:Embouchure_du_Wouri.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọnụ mmiri dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri]]
Mmiri mmiri ozuzo n'ọnụ ọnụ osimiri ahụ dị mita 2.8 (ụkwụ 9.2). Mmiri ozuzo sitere na milimita 4,000 (inchi 160) ruo milimita 5,000 (inchi 200) kwa afọ. Nnu dị obere nke ukwuu, ọkachasị n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Nnu dị n'elu ala nke 0.4% bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Douala n'afọ niile.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}} Osimiri Mungo na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ obere ọwa mmiri ndị na-abanye n'ime ogige mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Yerima|Van Ranst|2005|p=144}} Mmiri mmiri dị n'ime mmiri ahụ na-aga ruo kilomita iri anọ (maịlụ iri abụọ na ise) n'elu Mungo. N'akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ, a na-ahụ nnukwu larịị na ájá n'akụkụ ya mgbe mmiri dị ala.{{sfn|Flemming|Delafontaine|Liebezeit|2000|p=225}} Ebili mmiri ahụ metụtara Wouri ruo kilomita iri anọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na asatọ) n'elu Douala, ya na nnukwu oke ọhịa mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri ya n'akụkụ a dum.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}}

N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ, ugwu ugwu Kamerun jupụtara n'ugbo unere. N'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, ala mmiri dị n'ime ala ndị dị na maịlụ ise (maịlụ atọ na ọkara) obosara na-akwado osisi mangrove ahụ. Otu nnukwu apịtị mmiri dị n'etiti Muyuka na Dibombari nwere hekta 7,500 (eka 19,000).{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}} E nwere ụfọdụ ebe ọhịa apịtị na-adịgide adịgide n'osimiri Dibamba, mana ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ka ewepụla ma wụpụ mmiri maka ịkụ osisi nkwụ. A naghị echebe anụmanụ ndị dị n'osimiri ahụ nke ọma; Manatee Afrịka (Trichechus senegalensis) kacha nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ.{{sfn|Cameroon: Ramsar}}

== Anụmanụ na osisi ==
[[Faịlụ:Mbea_towé_(_crevette).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Cameroon ghost shrimp, nke mba ahụ si nweta aha ya]]
Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'etiti ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ.{{sfn|Ninan|2009|p=374}} Apịtị na ọhịa mangrove bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri, ha bụkwa ebe a na-azụ azụ, oporo na anụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ. A pụrụ ịkpọ ha ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile dịka iwu si dị n'okpuru nkwekọrịta Ramsar.{{sfn|Napoleon|2007}} Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke oporo mmụọ Cameroon, nke na-agbagharị mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ bụrụ ìgwè mmadụ buru ibu. N'oge ndị a, ndị mmadụ na-ejide oke ibu, na-eri ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-akpọ ha nkụ maka ojiji ma emechaa, ma na-eme mmanụ azụ site n'aka ndị ikom.{{sfn|Holthuis}}{{efn|The country takes its name from the shrimp. Portuguese explorers named the estuary ''Rio dos Camarãos'' (shrimp river), and this name evolved into the modern &quot;Cameroon&quot;.{{sfn|Anyangwe|2009|p=4}}}}

E nwere oke ọhịa mangrove dị hekta 188,000 (eka 460,000) n'ime oke osimiri ahụ. Nnukwu osisi mangrove dị kilomita iri abụọ n'ime omimi n'akụkụ ugwu ahụ, nke dị kilomita iri atọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na abụọ) n'elu osimiri ahụ. Bodeaka Bay na Moukouchou Bay gbawara ọhịa mangrove ahụ, bụ́ ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị obosara site n'apịtị ahụ. N'akụkụ ndịda nke osimiri ahụ, mangrove na-agbasa site na Douala ruo Point Soulelaba, njedebe nke mmiri nke kewara osimiri ahụ na oké osimiri. Osimiri Dibamba na Monaka Bay na Island kewara ala mangrove ndị a.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}} Ihe dị ka hekta 15,000 (eka 37,000) nke ọhịa mangrove dị n'ime Mouanko Reserve, nke sitere na nsọtụ ndịda nke osimiri ruo n'ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga.{{sfn|Cameroon: Ramsar}}

Osisi mangrove nke a na-akpọ Rhizophora racemosa, nke mejupụtara ihe karịrị 90% nke osisi mangrove na Cameroon, ruru elu mita 40 (130 ft) n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri.{{sfn|Spalding|Kainuma|Collins|2010|p=243}} Nypa fruticans, ụdị osisi pụrụ iche e si mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia na-abata na Naịjirịa, agbasaala ngwa ngwa, ndị obodo ahụ gbara ha ume.{{sfn|Saenger|2002|p=93}} Oke ọhịa mangrove bụ isi iyi osisi dị mkpa maka ime arịa ụlọ na ogige, maka imi azụ na maka mmanụ ọkụ. A na-eji akwụkwọ osisi Nypa frutican eme mgbidi na elu ụlọ.{{sfn|Atheull|Din|Longonje|Koedam|2009|p=1}} Ahịhịa mangrove na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa, na-echebe ụsọ oké osimiri megide mmetụta kachasị njọ nke oké ifufe.{{sfn|Ninan|2009|p=374}} Agbanyeghị, enweghị njikwa dị irè na osisi mangrove, a gbukwara oke ọhịa n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri.{{sfn|Thieme|2005|p=228}}

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Duala_ethnic_groups.png|thumb|Map na-egosi ebe agbụrụ dị iche iche dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Cameroon dị gburugburu ọnụ mmiri ahụ]]
Ọdọ mmiri ahụ abụrụla ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche dịka ndị mmadụ Duala gburugburu ọnụ osimiri Wouri, Ndị Limba dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na gburugburu ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga, ndị Mungo dị n'ebe ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ na ndị Isubu dị n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ. Ndị a biri ndụ site n'ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ̀. Onye nchọpụta mbụ nke ndị Pọtugal, Fernando Po, rutere n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ n'afọ 1472. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ndị ahịa si Portugal na mba ndị ọzọ dị na Yuropu sochiri ya. Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ ghọrọ ndị na-azụ ahịa n'etiti ndị mmadụ, na-ebuga ngwongwo ndị Yurop gaa n'ógbè ndị dị n'ime ime obodo site n'iji ụgbọ mmiri na-ebughachi ọdụ́, ndị ohu na ihe ndị e ji aka kpụọ.

E si n'ebe ugwu Bamenda Grassfields nweta Ivory. Azụmahịa ohu malitere na narị afọ nke 18, ọ bụkwa ọrụ akụ na ụba dị mkpa ka ọ na-erule afọ 1750. E si n'ogige ahịhịa kpọta ndị ohu e jidere n'agha Chamba site n'Osimiri Mungo, e sikwa na Wouri kpọta ndị ohu si n'obodo Nun-Mbam gaa n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị Dutch bụ ndị kacha azụrụ ndị ohu n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'etiti narị afọ nke 18. Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1830, azụmaahịa ohu dara ada n'ihi mbelata ọchịchọ sitere na United States na ntaramahụhụ site n'aka ndị Britain nke dị n'agwaetiti Fernando Po. Ka ọ na-erule etiti narị afọ nke 19, mmanụ nkwụ na mkpụrụ osisi nkwụ abụrụla ihe ndị bụ isi e ji azụ ahịa.
[[Faịlụ:Bell_Town_beach,_Duala,_Cameroons_River,_1886.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụsọ mmiri nke osimiri Wouri na Belltown, nke bụzi akụkụ nke Douala, na 1886]]
Ndị Duala bụ ndị ahịa kacha elu. Ha gbochiri ndị Yuropu ịbanye n'ime obodo ma wulite netwọk azụmaahịa dị irè. Ndị Duala jiri njikọ alụmdi na nwunye na ndị bi n'ime obodo mee ka a tụkwasị ha obi, ebe ụmụ nke alụmdi na nwunye ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị nnọchi anya ha.

Mgbe Eze Bell na Eze Akwa nke Duala rịọrọ ya, e tinyere ala mmiri ahụ n'okpuru ọchịchị Jamanị n'afọ 1884, wee ghọọ isi obodo nke Kamerun. Ndị Jamani ji nwayọọ nwayọọ gbasaa ikike ha n'akụkụ osimiri na nnukwu ala Kamerun ruo afọ iri abụọ na ise. Ná mmalite nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ na 1914, ndị Britain si Naịjirịa merie ọchịchị obodo ahụ. Na 1916, e kewara Kamerun, ndị Britain weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mungo, ndị French weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọwụwa anyanwụ.

N'afọ 1920, ndị France mere ka akụrụngwa ha ka mma, na-egwupụta ala mmiri iji mee ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala dịkwuo mma ma na-ewughachi ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị jikọtara obodo ahụ na ime obodo ahụ. Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ndị France wuru àkwà mmiri okporo ụzọ/ụgbọ okporo ígwè gafee osimiri Wouri, na-ejikọ Douala na Bonaberi, mee ka ọwa mmiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dịkwuo omimi, gbanwere Bonaberi ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri unere ma gbasaa ikike ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala ruo tọn 900,000, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke atọ kachasị na ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka. Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ jikọtara ọnụ na 1961 mgbe e si n'ógbè French na ndịda nke ebe ndị Britain bi mepụta steeti Cameroon nke oge a.

Ebe obibi mbụ nke ndị Duala n'ọnụ osimiri Wouri - Belltown, Akwatown, Bonapriso, Deido na Bonaberi - obodo Douala, obodo nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ atọ, nke ugbu a nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-ebi n'ógbè nke ya. Akụrụngwa dịka okporo ụzọ, mmiri, nsị mmiri na ọkụ eletrik adịghị mma, ebe ụfọdụ adịghịkwa adị. Ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya na-arụ ọrụ maka obere ụgwọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala nwere oke ikike n'ihi na ọ dị n'akụkụ osimiri Wouri, nke na-ebu nnukwu ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ma chọọ ka a na-egwupụta ya mgbe niile. N'èzí obodo ahụ, ebe obibi ndị dị na mpaghara osimiri ahụ bụ obodo nta ndị a na-enweta naanị site na mmiri.

== Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Faịlụ:Street_vendor_in_Douala,_Cameroon_061119-F-0560B-210.jpg|thumb|Onye na-ere ahịa n'okporo ámá na Douala]]
Mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke osimiri ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na mmụba nke mmetọ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ, ọrụ ugbo na ezinụlọ, nke na-eyi ma ihe ọkụkụ azụ̀ na ahụike mmadụ egwu. Isi ihe ndị na-akpata mmetọ gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-emepụta mmanụ, njikwa ahụhụ na koko, kọfị na unere, ma na-emefusị mmanụ organic site na njem ala, ụlọ ọrụ nhazi na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik. A na-ahapụkwa ọtụtụ nsị mmiri nke mmadụ na-emepụta n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ. Akụrụngwa gọọmentị maka ijikwa mmetọ agbasasịala, adịghị ike ma na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ego dịkwa oke ụkọ.

Ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe dị mkpa n'akụnụba Cameroon. A naghị achịkwa ọgwụ nje, ha na-emekwa ka mmetọ ghara ịdị. A ka na-eji ọgwụ nje ndị a machibidoro iwu kemgbe ebe ọzọ, ma ọ bụ a na-edebe ha n'ebe a na-echekwa ihe ndị na-agbapụta mmiri. Ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na-amụbawanye na mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ebuga n'ahịa dịka kọfị, koko, unere, mmanụ nkwụ na owu, site na iji ọgwụ nje na fatịlaịza ndị e si mba ọzọ bịa. A na-ejikarị fatịlaịza eme ihe dị ka urea, ammonia, na phosphorus. Ọgwụ nje ndị a na-etinye na ha bụ DDT na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na organohalogen.

Ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu na ise nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị na Kamerun dị na Douala ma ọ bụ gburugburu ya. A na-ewepụta ihe mkpofu mmiri ha n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla. Mpaghara ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke dị na Bassa nke Douala na-akwụsị site na nhazi iyi mmiri nke Osimiri Dibamba, na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ. A na-eji ngwa ngwa eburu ala mmiri ndị ahụ, a chọpụtakwala ọtụtụ n'ime ha, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ihe ndị na-emetọ ha.
[[Faịlụ:Douala_harbor.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala na 2008]]
Mpaghara Bonaberi nke Douala, nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ karịrị 500,000 na-amụba ngwa ngwa, na-egosi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n'obodo ukwu. Ihe karịrị pasentị iri asaa na ise nke Bonaberi dị mita abụọ (ụkwụ isii na ọkara) karịa oke osimiri. Ebe ala pere mpe, ndị ogbenye abanyela n'ime ala mmiri. Ruo afọ 2002, oke ọhịa dị n'apịtị mangrove, nke gụnyere osisi nkwụ ndị mara mma, na-anwụ n'ihi mmepe obodo. Ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ndị dị n'ala e kpochara akpụcha adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha enweghịkwa mmiri mmiri zuru oke. Ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-adịghị agba agba bụ ebe a na-azụlite ọrịa. Mkpofu mmadụ na nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-agwụ na ọwa mmiri nke Wouri, na-ebelata ọsọ mmiri ya. Idei mmiri na mmiri ndị na-abata n'oké osimiri nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu site na mita abụọ (6.6 ft) ruo mita ise (16 ft) n'ime nkeji ole na ole, na-ebibi ụlọ ma na-asa nsị mmiri n'ime olulu mmiri. Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmiri dịka typhus na ọnyụnyụ ọbara bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ọnwụ.
[[Faịlụ:Wouri.jpg|thumb|Ndị ọkụ azụ na Wouri]]
Ịkụ azụ dị oke mkpa nye mba Kamerọn n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, ebe a na-ejide ihe dị ka tọn 40,000 kwa afọ, nke otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ya ka a na-ebupụ. Na 1994, e zigara azụ̀ ruru nde dọla US$60 na Yuropu, ụzọ atọ n'ime ha sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ̀ iri na abụọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ nke ndị ọrụ nọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kamerun bụ ndị na-akụ azụ oge niile na-enweghị aha. Azụ na-enye ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ na anọ nke protein dị na nri ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ.  mangrove nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ebe a na-amị ọkụtụ ụdị azụ̀ azụmaahịa, mana a naghị echebe ha. Ebe a na-akụ azụ̀ mangrove ka na-ebelata, ọnụọgụgụ azụ̀ na-ebelatakwa nke ukwuu. Ọkwa nke ihe ndị na-emebi ihe ndị dị ndụ na-adịgide adịgide n'ime azụ̀ ahụ na-arị elu.

Nnyocha e mere na 1991 gosiri na oke DDT na PCB dị n'azụ, oporo na oysters dị n'ógbè Douala. Mmetọ dị ukwuu nke ígwè dị arọ dịka mercury, lead na cadmium bụkwa ihe na-akpata nsogbu.

== Mmanụ nwere ike ime ==
O yiri ka e nwere ike imepụta mmanụ na gas. Blọk Matanda dị n'ọkara ugwu nke osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu emeela atụmatụ na a ga-echekwa ihe dị n'etiti gbọmgbọm nde iri isii ruo narị atọ. Ọrụ nchọpụta nke Gulf Oil mere ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga gosiri na mmepụta nke gbọmgbọm nde anọ kwa afọ nwere ike ime. Na Eprel afọ 2008, otu ụlọ ọrụ dị n'okpuru ala nke ụlọ ọrụ Switzerland Glencore International AG na Afex Global Limited bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ steeti Cameroon maka ọrụ nchọpụta nke ruru nde dọla iri atọ na asatọ na mpaghara nke dị square kilomita 1,187 (458 sq mi), nke Badel Ndanga Ndinga, Minista nke Ụlọ Ọrụ, Mines na Mmepe Teknụzụ kwadoro.

== Edensibia ==
;Ihe ndetu
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;Ntụaka
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{{refend}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&amp;id=22609 Ógbè Mmiri - Ọwara Douala]

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[[Faịlụ:Wouri_estuary_1850.svg|thumb|Map eserese nke ọnụ mmiri Wouri na osimiri, na-egosi ebe obibi Duala n'ihe dị ka 1850]]
Osimiri Wouri, ma ọ bụ ọdụ mmiri Cameroon, bụ nnukwu ọdụ mmiri dị na Kameroon ebe ọtụtụ osimiri na-ezukọta, na-asọba n'ime Osimiri Biafra. Douala, obodo kachasị ukwuu na Kamerun, dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri ebe ọ na-abanye n'ọnụ mmiri. Osimiri ahụ nwere oke ọhịa mangrove buru ibu, nke mmetọ na nrụgide ndị mmadụ na-emebi.

== Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri ==
[[Faịlụ:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-149,_Kamerun,_Dimbamba.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Osimiri Dibamba, nke na-asọba n'ọnụ mmiri ahụ (1903) ]]
Osimiri ahụ dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ugwu Kamerọn ma banye n'ime Ọwara Biafra. Osimiri Mungo, Wouri na Dibamba na-azụ ya. Osimiri ahụ dị na Douala Basin, ala dị larịị nke dị ihe dị ka mita 30 (ụkwụ 98) n'ọkwa oke osimiri, yana ọtụtụ iyi mmiri, ájá na ọdọ mmiri.{{sfn|Yerima|Van Ranst|2005|p=135}} Akuku mmiri dị n'ime mmiri nke a na-akpọ Plio-Pleistocene, usoro dị n'ọtụtụ oyi akwa nwere usoro ájá mmiri na apịtị estuarine  ájá dị n'okpuru osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu ma bụrụkwa isi iyi dị mkpa maka mmiri olulu mmiri. Mmiri dị n'elu nke dị na sistemụ a bụ ájá dị n'akụkụ nke na-enweghị ihe mgbochi nke jikọtara ya na mmiri dị nro nke osimiri na ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.{{sfn|Xu|Usher|2006|p=48}}
[[Faịlụ:Embouchure_du_Wouri.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọnụ mmiri dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri]]
Mmiri mmiri ozuzo n'ọnụ ọnụ osimiri ahụ dị mita 2.8 (ụkwụ 9.2). Mmiri ozuzo sitere na milimita 4,000 (inchi 160) ruo milimita 5,000 (inchi 200) kwa afọ. Nnu dị obere nke ukwuu, ọkachasị n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Nnu dị n'elu ala nke 0.4% bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Douala n'afọ niile.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}} Osimiri Mungo na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ obere ọwa mmiri ndị na-abanye n'ime ogige mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Yerima|Van Ranst|2005|p=144}} Mmiri mmiri dị n'ime mmiri ahụ na-aga ruo kilomita iri anọ (maịlụ iri abụọ na ise) n'elu Mungo. N'akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ, a na-ahụ nnukwu larịị na ájá n'akụkụ ya mgbe mmiri dị ala.{{sfn|Flemming|Delafontaine|Liebezeit|2000|p=225}} Ebili mmiri ahụ metụtara Wouri ruo kilomita iri anọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na asatọ) n'elu Douala, ya na nnukwu oke ọhịa mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri ya n'akụkụ a dum.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}}

N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ, ugwu ugwu Kamerun jupụtara n'ugbo unere. N'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, ala mmiri dị n'ime ala ndị dị na maịlụ ise (maịlụ atọ na ọkara) obosara na-akwado osisi mangrove ahụ. Otu nnukwu apịtị mmiri dị n'etiti Muyuka na Dibombari nwere hekta 7,500 (eka 19,000).{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}} E nwere ụfọdụ ebe ọhịa apịtị na-adịgide adịgide n'osimiri Dibamba, mana ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ka ewepụla ma wụpụ mmiri maka ịkụ osisi nkwụ. A naghị echebe anụmanụ ndị dị n'osimiri ahụ nke ọma; Manatee Afrịka (Trichechus senegalensis) kacha nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ.{{sfn|Cameroon: Ramsar}}

== Anụmanụ na osisi ==
[[Faịlụ:Mbea_towé_(_crevette).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Cameroon ghost shrimp, nke mba ahụ si nweta aha ya]]
Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'etiti ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ.{{sfn|Ninan|2009|p=374}} Apịtị na ọhịa mangrove bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri, ha bụkwa ebe a na-azụ azụ, oporo na anụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ. A pụrụ ịkpọ ha ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile dịka iwu si dị n'okpuru nkwekọrịta Ramsar.{{sfn|Napoleon|2007}} Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke oporo mmụọ Cameroon, nke na-agbagharị mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ bụrụ ìgwè mmadụ buru ibu. N'oge ndị a, ndị mmadụ na-ejide oke ibu, na-eri ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-akpọ ha nkụ maka ojiji ma emechaa, ma na-eme mmanụ azụ site n'aka ndị ikom.{{sfn|Holthuis}}{{efn|The country takes its name from the shrimp. Portuguese explorers named the estuary ''Rio dos Camarãos'' (shrimp river), and this name evolved into the modern &quot;Cameroon&quot;.{{sfn|Anyangwe|2009|p=4}}}}

E nwere oke ọhịa mangrove dị hekta 188,000 (eka 460,000) n'ime oke osimiri ahụ. Nnukwu osisi mangrove dị kilomita iri abụọ n'ime omimi n'akụkụ ugwu ahụ, nke dị kilomita iri atọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na abụọ) n'elu osimiri ahụ. Bodeaka Bay na Moukouchou Bay gbawara ọhịa mangrove ahụ, bụ́ ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị obosara site n'apịtị ahụ. N'akụkụ ndịda nke osimiri ahụ, mangrove na-agbasa site na Douala ruo Point Soulelaba, njedebe nke mmiri nke kewara osimiri ahụ na oké osimiri. Osimiri Dibamba na Monaka Bay na Island kewara ala mangrove ndị a.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}} Ihe dị ka hekta 15,000 (eka 37,000) nke ọhịa mangrove dị n'ime Mouanko Reserve, nke sitere na nsọtụ ndịda nke osimiri ruo n'ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga.{{sfn|Cameroon: Ramsar}}

Osisi mangrove nke a na-akpọ Rhizophora racemosa, nke mejupụtara ihe karịrị 90% nke osisi mangrove na Cameroon, ruru elu mita 40 (130 ft) n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri.{{sfn|Spalding|Kainuma|Collins|2010|p=243}} Nypa fruticans, ụdị osisi pụrụ iche e si mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia na-abata na Naịjirịa, agbasaala ngwa ngwa, ndị obodo ahụ gbara ha ume.{{sfn|Saenger|2002|p=93}} Oke ọhịa mangrove bụ isi iyi osisi dị mkpa maka ime arịa ụlọ na ogige, maka imi azụ na maka mmanụ ọkụ. A na-eji akwụkwọ osisi Nypa frutican eme mgbidi na elu ụlọ.{{sfn|Atheull|Din|Longonje|Koedam|2009|p=1}} Ahịhịa mangrove na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa, na-echebe ụsọ oké osimiri megide mmetụta kachasị njọ nke oké ifufe.{{sfn|Ninan|2009|p=374}} Agbanyeghị, enweghị njikwa dị irè na osisi mangrove, a gbukwara oke ọhịa n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri.{{sfn|Thieme|2005|p=228}}

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Duala_ethnic_groups.png|thumb|Map na-egosi ebe agbụrụ dị iche iche dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Cameroon dị gburugburu ọnụ mmiri ahụ]]
Ọdọ mmiri ahụ abụrụla ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche dịka ndị mmadụ Duala gburugburu ọnụ osimiri Wouri, Ndị Limba dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na gburugburu ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga, ndị Mungo dị n'ebe ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ na ndị Isubu dị n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ. Ndị a biri ndụ site n'ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ̀.{{sfn|Austen|Derrick|1999|p=6}} Onye nchọpụta mbụ nke ndị Pọtugal, Fernando Po, rutere n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ n'afọ 1472. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ndị ahịa si Portugal na mba ndị ọzọ dị na Yuropu sochiri ya.{{sfn|Njoh|2003|p=75}} Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ ghọrọ ndị na-azụ ahịa n'etiti ndị mmadụ, na-ebuga ngwongwo ndị Yurop gaa n'ógbè ndị dị n'ime ime obodo site n'iji ụgbọ mmiri na-ebughachi ọdụ́, ndị ohu na ihe ndị e ji aka kpụọ.{{sfn|Austen|Derrick|1999|p=6}}

E si n'ebe ugwu Bamenda Grassfields nweta Ivory.{{sfn|Behrendt|Duke|Latham|Northrup|2010|p=93}} Azụmahịa ohu malitere na narị afọ nke 18, ọ bụkwa ọrụ akụ na ụba dị mkpa ka ọ na-erule afọ 1750.{{sfn|Vansina|1990|p=204}} E si n'ogige ahịhịa kpọta ndị ohu e jidere n'agha Chamba site n'Osimiri Mungo, e sikwa na Wouri kpọta ndị ohu si n'obodo Nun-Mbam gaa n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị Dutch bụ ndị kacha azụrụ ndị ohu n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'etiti narị afọ nke 18.{{sfn|Ogot|1992|p=528}} Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1830, azụmaahịa ohu dara ada n'ihi mbelata ọchịchọ sitere na United States na ntaramahụhụ site n'aka ndị Britain nke dị n'agwaetiti Fernando Po.{{sfn|Sundiata|1996|pp=31-32}} Ka ọ na-erule etiti narị afọ nke 19, mmanụ nkwụ na mkpụrụ osisi nkwụ abụrụla ihe ndị bụ isi e ji azụ ahịa.{{sfn|Lynn|2002|p=63}}
[[Faịlụ:Bell_Town_beach,_Duala,_Cameroons_River,_1886.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụsọ mmiri nke osimiri Wouri na Belltown, nke bụzi akụkụ nke Douala, na 1886]]
Ndị Duala bụ ndị ahịa kacha elu. Ha gbochiri ndị Yuropu ịbanye n'ime obodo ma wulite netwọk azụmaahịa dị irè.{{sfn|Lynn|2002|p=63}} Ndị Duala jiri njikọ alụmdi na nwunye na ndị bi n'ime obodo mee ka a tụkwasị ha obi, ebe ụmụ nke alụmdi na nwunye ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị nnọchi anya ha.{{sfn|Lynn|2002|p=70}}

Mgbe Eze Bell na Eze Akwa nke Duala rịọrọ ya, e tinyere ala mmiri ahụ n'okpuru ọchịchị Jamanị n'afọ 1884, wee ghọọ isi obodo nke Kamerun.{{sfn|von Joeden-Forgey|2002|p=59}} Ndị Jamani ji nwayọọ nwayọọ gbasaa ikike ha n'akụkụ osimiri na nnukwu ala Kamerun ruo afọ iri abụọ na ise.{{sfn|Anyangwe|2009|p=4}} Ná mmalite nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ na 1914, ndị Britain si Naịjirịa merie ọchịchị obodo ahụ. Na 1916, e kewara Kamerun, ndị Britain weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mungo, ndị French weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọwụwa anyanwụ.{{sfn|Anyangwe|2009|p=4}}

N'afọ 1920, ndị France mere ka akụrụngwa ha ka mma, na-egwupụta ala mmiri iji mee ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala dịkwuo mma ma na-ewughachi ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị jikọtara obodo ahụ na ime obodo ahụ.{{sfn|Thomas|2005|p=39}} Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ndị France wuru àkwà mmiri okporo ụzọ/ụgbọ okporo ígwè gafee osimiri Wouri, na-ejikọ Douala na Bonaberi, mee ka ọwa mmiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dịkwuo omimi, gbanwere Bonaberi ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri unere ma gbasaa ikike ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala ruo tọn 900,000, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke atọ kachasị na ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka.{{sfn|Atangana|2009|p=43}} Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ jikọtara ọnụ na 1961 mgbe e si n'ógbè French na ndịda nke ebe ndị Britain bi mepụta steeti Cameroon nke oge a.

Ebe obibi mbụ nke ndị Duala n'ọnụ osimiri Wouri - Belltown, Akwatown, Bonapriso, Deido na Bonaberi - obodo Douala, obodo nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ atọ, nke ugbu a nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-ebi n'ógbè nke ya. Akụrụngwa dịka okporo ụzọ, mmiri, nsị mmiri na ọkụ eletrik adịghị mma, ebe ụfọdụ adịghịkwa adị. Ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya na-arụ ọrụ maka obere ụgwọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.{{sfn|Simone|2005|pp=214ff}} Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala nwere oke ikike n'ihi na ọ dị n'akụkụ osimiri Wouri, nke na-ebu nnukwu ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ma chọọ ka a na-egwupụta ya mgbe niile.{{sfn|U.S. Geological Survey|2010|p=5.12}} N'èzí obodo ahụ, ebe obibi ndị dị na mpaghara osimiri ahụ bụ obodo nta ndị a na-enweta naanị site na mmiri.

== Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Faịlụ:Street_vendor_in_Douala,_Cameroon_061119-F-0560B-210.jpg|thumb|Onye na-ere ahịa n'okporo ámá na Douala]]
Mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke osimiri ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na mmụba nke mmetọ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ, ọrụ ugbo na ezinụlọ, nke na-eyi ma ihe ọkụkụ azụ̀ na ahụike mmadụ egwu. Isi ihe ndị na-akpata mmetọ gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-emepụta mmanụ, njikwa ahụhụ na koko, kọfị na unere, ma na-emefusị mmanụ organic site na njem ala, ụlọ ọrụ nhazi na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik. A na-ahapụkwa ọtụtụ nsị mmiri nke mmadụ na-emepụta n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ. Akụrụngwa gọọmentị maka ijikwa mmetọ agbasasịala, adịghị ike ma na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ego dịkwa oke ụkọ.

Ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe dị mkpa n'akụnụba Cameroon. A naghị achịkwa ọgwụ nje, ha na-emekwa ka mmetọ ghara ịdị. A ka na-eji ọgwụ nje ndị a machibidoro iwu kemgbe ebe ọzọ, ma ọ bụ a na-edebe ha n'ebe a na-echekwa ihe ndị na-agbapụta mmiri. Ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na-amụbawanye na mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ebuga n'ahịa dịka kọfị, koko, unere, mmanụ nkwụ na owu, site na iji ọgwụ nje na fatịlaịza ndị e si mba ọzọ bịa. A na-ejikarị fatịlaịza eme ihe dị ka urea, ammonia, na phosphorus. Ọgwụ nje ndị a na-etinye na ha bụ DDT na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na organohalogen.

Ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu na ise nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị na Kamerun dị na Douala ma ọ bụ gburugburu ya. A na-ewepụta ihe mkpofu mmiri ha n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla. Mpaghara ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke dị na Bassa nke Douala na-akwụsị site na nhazi iyi mmiri nke Osimiri Dibamba, na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ. A na-eji ngwa ngwa eburu ala mmiri ndị ahụ, a chọpụtakwala ọtụtụ n'ime ha, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ihe ndị na-emetọ ha.
[[Faịlụ:Douala_harbor.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala na 2008]]
Mpaghara Bonaberi nke Douala, nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ karịrị 500,000 na-amụba ngwa ngwa, na-egosi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n'obodo ukwu. Ihe karịrị pasentị iri asaa na ise nke Bonaberi dị mita abụọ (ụkwụ isii na ọkara) karịa oke osimiri. Ebe ala pere mpe, ndị ogbenye abanyela n'ime ala mmiri. Ruo afọ 2002, oke ọhịa dị n'apịtị mangrove, nke gụnyere osisi nkwụ ndị mara mma, na-anwụ n'ihi mmepe obodo. Ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ndị dị n'ala e kpochara akpụcha adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha enweghịkwa mmiri mmiri zuru oke. Ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-adịghị agba agba bụ ebe a na-azụlite ọrịa. Mkpofu mmadụ na nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-agwụ na ọwa mmiri nke Wouri, na-ebelata ọsọ mmiri ya. Idei mmiri na mmiri ndị na-abata n'oké osimiri nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu site na mita abụọ (6.6 ft) ruo mita ise (16 ft) n'ime nkeji ole na ole, na-ebibi ụlọ ma na-asa nsị mmiri n'ime olulu mmiri. Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmiri dịka typhus na ọnyụnyụ ọbara bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ọnwụ.
[[Faịlụ:Wouri.jpg|thumb|Ndị ọkụ azụ na Wouri]]
Ịkụ azụ dị oke mkpa nye mba Kamerọn n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, ebe a na-ejide ihe dị ka tọn 40,000 kwa afọ, nke otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ya ka a na-ebupụ. Na 1994, e zigara azụ̀ ruru nde dọla US$60 na Yuropu, ụzọ atọ n'ime ha sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ̀ iri na abụọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ nke ndị ọrụ nọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kamerun bụ ndị na-akụ azụ oge niile na-enweghị aha. Azụ na-enye ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ na anọ nke protein dị na nri ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ.  mangrove nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ebe a na-amị ọkụtụ ụdị azụ̀ azụmaahịa, mana a naghị echebe ha. Ebe a na-akụ azụ̀ mangrove ka na-ebelata, ọnụọgụgụ azụ̀ na-ebelatakwa nke ukwuu. Ọkwa nke ihe ndị na-emebi ihe ndị dị ndụ na-adịgide adịgide n'ime azụ̀ ahụ na-arị elu.

Nnyocha e mere na 1991 gosiri na oke DDT na PCB dị n'azụ, oporo na oysters dị n'ógbè Douala. Mmetọ dị ukwuu nke ígwè dị arọ dịka mercury, lead na cadmium bụkwa ihe na-akpata nsogbu.

== Mmanụ nwere ike ime ==
O yiri ka e nwere ike imepụta mmanụ na gas. Blọk Matanda dị n'ọkara ugwu nke osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu emeela atụmatụ na a ga-echekwa ihe dị n'etiti gbọmgbọm nde iri isii ruo narị atọ. Ọrụ nchọpụta nke Gulf Oil mere ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga gosiri na mmepụta nke gbọmgbọm nde anọ kwa afọ nwere ike ime. Na Eprel afọ 2008, otu ụlọ ọrụ dị n'okpuru ala nke ụlọ ọrụ Switzerland Glencore International AG na Afex Global Limited bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ steeti Cameroon maka ọrụ nchọpụta nke ruru nde dọla iri atọ na asatọ na mpaghara nke dị square kilomita 1,187 (458 sq mi), nke Badel Ndanga Ndinga, Minista nke Ụlọ Ọrụ, Mines na Mmepe Teknụzụ kwadoro.

== Edensibia ==
;Ihe ndetu
{{notelist}}
;Ntụaka
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;Isi mmalite
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/wn/w.n.cameroon_coast_survey.pdf
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*{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr2BbaVZRMUC&amp;pg=PA374
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{{refend}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&amp;id=22609 Ógbè Mmiri - Ọwara Douala]

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[[Faịlụ:Wouri_estuary_1850.svg|thumb|Map eserese nke ọnụ mmiri Wouri na osimiri, na-egosi ebe obibi Duala n'ihe dị ka 1850]]
Osimiri Wouri, ma ọ bụ ọdụ mmiri Cameroon, bụ nnukwu ọdụ mmiri dị na Kameroon ebe ọtụtụ osimiri na-ezukọta, na-asọba n'ime Osimiri Biafra. Douala, obodo kachasị ukwuu na Kamerun, dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri ebe ọ na-abanye n'ọnụ mmiri. Osimiri ahụ nwere oke ọhịa mangrove buru ibu, nke mmetọ na nrụgide ndị mmadụ na-emebi.

== Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri ==
[[Faịlụ:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-149,_Kamerun,_Dimbamba.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Osimiri Dibamba, nke na-asọba n'ọnụ mmiri ahụ (1903) ]]
Osimiri ahụ dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ugwu Kamerọn ma banye n'ime Ọwara Biafra. Osimiri Mungo, Wouri na Dibamba na-azụ ya. Osimiri ahụ dị na Douala Basin, ala dị larịị nke dị ihe dị ka mita 30 (ụkwụ 98) n'ọkwa oke osimiri, yana ọtụtụ iyi mmiri, ájá na ọdọ mmiri.{{sfn|Yerima|Van Ranst|2005|p=135}} Akuku mmiri dị n'ime mmiri nke a na-akpọ Plio-Pleistocene, usoro dị n'ọtụtụ oyi akwa nwere usoro ájá mmiri na apịtị estuarine  ájá dị n'okpuru osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu ma bụrụkwa isi iyi dị mkpa maka mmiri olulu mmiri. Mmiri dị n'elu nke dị na sistemụ a bụ ájá dị n'akụkụ nke na-enweghị ihe mgbochi nke jikọtara ya na mmiri dị nro nke osimiri na ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.{{sfn|Xu|Usher|2006|p=48}}
[[Faịlụ:Embouchure_du_Wouri.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọnụ mmiri dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri]]
Mmiri mmiri ozuzo n'ọnụ ọnụ osimiri ahụ dị mita 2.8 (ụkwụ 9.2). Mmiri ozuzo sitere na milimita 4,000 (inchi 160) ruo milimita 5,000 (inchi 200) kwa afọ. Nnu dị obere nke ukwuu, ọkachasị n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Nnu dị n'elu ala nke 0.4% bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Douala n'afọ niile.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}} Osimiri Mungo na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ obere ọwa mmiri ndị na-abanye n'ime ogige mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Yerima|Van Ranst|2005|p=144}} Mmiri mmiri dị n'ime mmiri ahụ na-aga ruo kilomita iri anọ (maịlụ iri abụọ na ise) n'elu Mungo. N'akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ, a na-ahụ nnukwu larịị na ájá n'akụkụ ya mgbe mmiri dị ala.{{sfn|Flemming|Delafontaine|Liebezeit|2000|p=225}} Ebili mmiri ahụ metụtara Wouri ruo kilomita iri anọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na asatọ) n'elu Douala, ya na nnukwu oke ọhịa mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri ya n'akụkụ a dum.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}}

N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ, ugwu ugwu Kamerun jupụtara n'ugbo unere. N'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, ala mmiri dị n'ime ala ndị dị na maịlụ ise (maịlụ atọ na ọkara) obosara na-akwado osisi mangrove ahụ. Otu nnukwu apịtị mmiri dị n'etiti Muyuka na Dibombari nwere hekta 7,500 (eka 19,000).{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}} E nwere ụfọdụ ebe ọhịa apịtị na-adịgide adịgide n'osimiri Dibamba, mana ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ka ewepụla ma wụpụ mmiri maka ịkụ osisi nkwụ. A naghị echebe anụmanụ ndị dị n'osimiri ahụ nke ọma; Manatee Afrịka (Trichechus senegalensis) kacha nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ.{{sfn|Cameroon: Ramsar}}

== Anụmanụ na osisi ==
[[Faịlụ:Mbea_towé_(_crevette).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Cameroon ghost shrimp, nke mba ahụ si nweta aha ya]]
Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'etiti ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ.{{sfn|Ninan|2009|p=374}} Apịtị na ọhịa mangrove bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri, ha bụkwa ebe a na-azụ azụ, oporo na anụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ. A pụrụ ịkpọ ha ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile dịka iwu si dị n'okpuru nkwekọrịta Ramsar.{{sfn|Napoleon|2007}} Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke oporo mmụọ Cameroon, nke na-agbagharị mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ bụrụ ìgwè mmadụ buru ibu. N'oge ndị a, ndị mmadụ na-ejide oke ibu, na-eri ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-akpọ ha nkụ maka ojiji ma emechaa, ma na-eme mmanụ azụ site n'aka ndị ikom.{{sfn|Holthuis}}{{efn|The country takes its name from the shrimp. Portuguese explorers named the estuary ''Rio dos Camarãos'' (shrimp river), and this name evolved into the modern &quot;Cameroon&quot;.{{sfn|Anyangwe|2009|p=4}}}}

E nwere oke ọhịa mangrove dị hekta 188,000 (eka 460,000) n'ime oke osimiri ahụ. Nnukwu osisi mangrove dị kilomita iri abụọ n'ime omimi n'akụkụ ugwu ahụ, nke dị kilomita iri atọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na abụọ) n'elu osimiri ahụ. Bodeaka Bay na Moukouchou Bay gbawara ọhịa mangrove ahụ, bụ́ ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị obosara site n'apịtị ahụ. N'akụkụ ndịda nke osimiri ahụ, mangrove na-agbasa site na Douala ruo Point Soulelaba, njedebe nke mmiri nke kewara osimiri ahụ na oké osimiri. Osimiri Dibamba na Monaka Bay na Island kewara ala mangrove ndị a.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}} Ihe dị ka hekta 15,000 (eka 37,000) nke ọhịa mangrove dị n'ime Mouanko Reserve, nke sitere na nsọtụ ndịda nke osimiri ruo n'ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga.{{sfn|Cameroon: Ramsar}}

Osisi mangrove nke a na-akpọ Rhizophora racemosa, nke mejupụtara ihe karịrị 90% nke osisi mangrove na Cameroon, ruru elu mita 40 (130 ft) n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri.{{sfn|Spalding|Kainuma|Collins|2010|p=243}} Nypa fruticans, ụdị osisi pụrụ iche e si mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia na-abata na Naịjirịa, agbasaala ngwa ngwa, ndị obodo ahụ gbara ha ume.{{sfn|Saenger|2002|p=93}} Oke ọhịa mangrove bụ isi iyi osisi dị mkpa maka ime arịa ụlọ na ogige, maka imi azụ na maka mmanụ ọkụ. A na-eji akwụkwọ osisi Nypa frutican eme mgbidi na elu ụlọ.{{sfn|Atheull|Din|Longonje|Koedam|2009|p=1}} Ahịhịa mangrove na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa, na-echebe ụsọ oké osimiri megide mmetụta kachasị njọ nke oké ifufe.{{sfn|Ninan|2009|p=374}} Agbanyeghị, enweghị njikwa dị irè na osisi mangrove, a gbukwara oke ọhịa n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri.{{sfn|Thieme|2005|p=228}}

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Duala_ethnic_groups.png|thumb|Map na-egosi ebe agbụrụ dị iche iche dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Cameroon dị gburugburu ọnụ mmiri ahụ]]
Ọdọ mmiri ahụ abụrụla ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche dịka ndị mmadụ Duala gburugburu ọnụ osimiri Wouri, Ndị Limba dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na gburugburu ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga, ndị Mungo dị n'ebe ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ na ndị Isubu dị n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ. Ndị a biri ndụ site n'ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ̀.{{sfn|Austen|Derrick|1999|p=6}} Onye nchọpụta mbụ nke ndị Pọtugal, Fernando Po, rutere n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ n'afọ 1472. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ndị ahịa si Portugal na mba ndị ọzọ dị na Yuropu sochiri ya.{{sfn|Njoh|2003|p=75}} Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ ghọrọ ndị na-azụ ahịa n'etiti ndị mmadụ, na-ebuga ngwongwo ndị Yurop gaa n'ógbè ndị dị n'ime ime obodo site n'iji ụgbọ mmiri na-ebughachi ọdụ́, ndị ohu na ihe ndị e ji aka kpụọ.{{sfn|Austen|Derrick|1999|p=6}}

E si n'ebe ugwu Bamenda Grassfields nweta Ivory.{{sfn|Behrendt|Duke|Latham|Northrup|2010|p=93}} Azụmahịa ohu malitere na narị afọ nke 18, ọ bụkwa ọrụ akụ na ụba dị mkpa ka ọ na-erule afọ 1750.{{sfn|Vansina|1990|p=204}} E si n'ogige ahịhịa kpọta ndị ohu e jidere n'agha Chamba site n'Osimiri Mungo, e sikwa na Wouri kpọta ndị ohu si n'obodo Nun-Mbam gaa n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị Dutch bụ ndị kacha azụrụ ndị ohu n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'etiti narị afọ nke 18.{{sfn|Ogot|1992|p=528}} Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1830, azụmaahịa ohu dara ada n'ihi mbelata ọchịchọ sitere na United States na ntaramahụhụ site n'aka ndị Britain nke dị n'agwaetiti Fernando Po.{{sfn|Sundiata|1996|pp=31-32}} Ka ọ na-erule etiti narị afọ nke 19, mmanụ nkwụ na mkpụrụ osisi nkwụ abụrụla ihe ndị bụ isi e ji azụ ahịa.{{sfn|Lynn|2002|p=63}}
[[Faịlụ:Bell_Town_beach,_Duala,_Cameroons_River,_1886.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụsọ mmiri nke osimiri Wouri na Belltown, nke bụzi akụkụ nke Douala, na 1886]]
Ndị Duala bụ ndị ahịa kacha elu. Ha gbochiri ndị Yuropu ịbanye n'ime obodo ma wulite netwọk azụmaahịa dị irè.{{sfn|Lynn|2002|p=63}} Ndị Duala jiri njikọ alụmdi na nwunye na ndị bi n'ime obodo mee ka a tụkwasị ha obi, ebe ụmụ nke alụmdi na nwunye ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị nnọchi anya ha.{{sfn|Lynn|2002|p=70}}

Mgbe Eze Bell na Eze Akwa nke Duala rịọrọ ya, e tinyere ala mmiri ahụ n'okpuru ọchịchị Jamanị n'afọ 1884, wee ghọọ isi obodo nke Kamerun.{{sfn|von Joeden-Forgey|2002|p=59}} Ndị Jamani ji nwayọọ nwayọọ gbasaa ikike ha n'akụkụ osimiri na nnukwu ala Kamerun ruo afọ iri abụọ na ise.{{sfn|Anyangwe|2009|p=4}} Ná mmalite nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ na 1914, ndị Britain si Naịjirịa merie ọchịchị obodo ahụ. Na 1916, e kewara Kamerun, ndị Britain weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mungo, ndị French weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọwụwa anyanwụ.{{sfn|Anyangwe|2009|p=4}}

N'afọ 1920, ndị France mere ka akụrụngwa ha ka mma, na-egwupụta ala mmiri iji mee ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala dịkwuo mma ma na-ewughachi ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị jikọtara obodo ahụ na ime obodo ahụ.{{sfn|Thomas|2005|p=39}} Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ndị France wuru àkwà mmiri okporo ụzọ/ụgbọ okporo ígwè gafee osimiri Wouri, na-ejikọ Douala na Bonaberi, mee ka ọwa mmiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dịkwuo omimi, gbanwere Bonaberi ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri unere ma gbasaa ikike ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala ruo tọn 900,000, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke atọ kachasị na ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka.{{sfn|Atangana|2009|p=43}} Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ jikọtara ọnụ na 1961 mgbe e si n'ógbè French na ndịda nke ebe ndị Britain bi mepụta steeti Cameroon nke oge a.

Ebe obibi mbụ nke ndị Duala n'ọnụ osimiri Wouri - Belltown, Akwatown, Bonapriso, Deido na Bonaberi - obodo Douala, obodo nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ atọ, nke ugbu a nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-ebi n'ógbè nke ya. Akụrụngwa dịka okporo ụzọ, mmiri, nsị mmiri na ọkụ eletrik adịghị mma, ebe ụfọdụ adịghịkwa adị. Ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya na-arụ ọrụ maka obere ụgwọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.{{sfn|Simone|2005|pp=214ff}} Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala nwere oke ikike n'ihi na ọ dị n'akụkụ osimiri Wouri, nke na-ebu nnukwu ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ma chọọ ka a na-egwupụta ya mgbe niile.{{sfn|U.S. Geological Survey|2010|p=5.12}} N'èzí obodo ahụ, ebe obibi ndị dị na mpaghara osimiri ahụ bụ obodo nta ndị a na-enweta naanị site na mmiri.

== Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Faịlụ:Street_vendor_in_Douala,_Cameroon_061119-F-0560B-210.jpg|thumb|Onye na-ere ahịa n'okporo ámá na Douala]]
Mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke osimiri ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na mmụba nke mmetọ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ, ọrụ ugbo na ezinụlọ, nke na-eyi ma ihe ọkụkụ azụ̀ na ahụike mmadụ egwu. Isi ihe ndị na-akpata mmetọ gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-emepụta mmanụ, njikwa ahụhụ na koko, kọfị na unere, ma na-emefusị mmanụ organic site na njem ala, ụlọ ọrụ nhazi na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik. A na-ahapụkwa ọtụtụ nsị mmiri nke mmadụ na-emepụta n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ. Akụrụngwa gọọmentị maka ijikwa mmetọ agbasasịala, adịghị ike ma na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ego dịkwa oke ụkọ.

Ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe dị mkpa n'akụnụba Cameroon. A naghị achịkwa ọgwụ nje, ha na-emekwa ka mmetọ ghara ịdị. A ka na-eji ọgwụ nje ndị a machibidoro iwu kemgbe ebe ọzọ, ma ọ bụ a na-edebe ha n'ebe a na-echekwa ihe ndị na-agbapụta mmiri. Ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na-amụbawanye na mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ebuga n'ahịa dịka kọfị, koko, unere, mmanụ nkwụ na owu, site na iji ọgwụ nje na fatịlaịza ndị e si mba ọzọ bịa. A na-ejikarị fatịlaịza eme ihe dị ka urea, ammonia, na phosphorus. Ọgwụ nje ndị a na-etinye na ha bụ DDT na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na organohalogen.

Ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu na ise nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị na Kamerun dị na Douala ma ọ bụ gburugburu ya. A na-ewepụta ihe mkpofu mmiri ha n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla. Mpaghara ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke dị na Bassa nke Douala na-akwụsị site na nhazi iyi mmiri nke Osimiri Dibamba, na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ. A na-eji ngwa ngwa eburu ala mmiri ndị ahụ, a chọpụtakwala ọtụtụ n'ime ha, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ihe ndị na-emetọ ha.
[[Faịlụ:Douala_harbor.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala na 2008]]
Mpaghara Bonaberi nke Douala, nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ karịrị 500,000 na-amụba ngwa ngwa, na-egosi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n'obodo ukwu. Ihe karịrị pasentị iri asaa na ise nke Bonaberi dị mita abụọ (ụkwụ isii na ọkara) karịa oke osimiri. Ebe ala pere mpe, ndị ogbenye abanyela n'ime ala mmiri. Ruo afọ 2002, oke ọhịa dị n'apịtị mangrove, nke gụnyere osisi nkwụ ndị mara mma, na-anwụ n'ihi mmepe obodo. Ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ndị dị n'ala e kpochara akpụcha adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha enweghịkwa mmiri mmiri zuru oke. Ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-adịghị agba agba bụ ebe a na-azụlite ọrịa. Mkpofu mmadụ na nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-agwụ na ọwa mmiri nke Wouri, na-ebelata ọsọ mmiri ya. Idei mmiri na mmiri ndị na-abata n'oké osimiri nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu site na mita abụọ (6.6 ft) ruo mita ise (16 ft) n'ime nkeji ole na ole, na-ebibi ụlọ ma na-asa nsị mmiri n'ime olulu mmiri. Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmiri dịka typhus na ọnyụnyụ ọbara bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ọnwụ.
[[Faịlụ:Wouri.jpg|thumb|Ndị ọkụ azụ na Wouri]]
Ịkụ azụ dị oke mkpa nye mba Kamerọn n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, ebe a na-ejide ihe dị ka tọn 40,000 kwa afọ, nke otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ya ka a na-ebupụ. Na 1994, e zigara azụ̀ ruru nde dọla US$60 na Yuropu, ụzọ atọ n'ime ha sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ̀ iri na abụọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ nke ndị ọrụ nọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kamerun bụ ndị na-akụ azụ oge niile na-enweghị aha. Azụ na-enye ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ na anọ nke protein dị na nri ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ.  mangrove nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ebe a na-amị ọkụtụ ụdị azụ̀ azụmaahịa, mana a naghị echebe ha. Ebe a na-akụ azụ̀ mangrove ka na-ebelata, ọnụọgụgụ azụ̀ na-ebelatakwa nke ukwuu. Ọkwa nke ihe ndị na-emebi ihe ndị dị ndụ na-adịgide adịgide n'ime azụ̀ ahụ na-arị elu.

Nnyocha e mere na 1991 gosiri na oke DDT na PCB dị n'azụ, oporo na oysters dị n'ógbè Douala. Mmetọ dị ukwuu nke ígwè dị arọ dịka mercury, lead na cadmium bụkwa ihe na-akpata nsogbu.

== Mmanụ nwere ike ime ==
O yiri ka e nwere ike imepụta mmanụ na gas. Blọk Matanda dị n'ọkara ugwu nke osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu emeela atụmatụ na a ga-echekwa ihe dị n'etiti gbọmgbọm nde iri isii ruo narị atọ. Ọrụ nchọpụta nke Gulf Oil mere ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga gosiri na mmepụta nke gbọmgbọm nde anọ kwa afọ nwere ike ime.{{sfn|Hilyard|2008|p=214}} Na Eprel afọ 2008, otu ụlọ ọrụ dị n'okpuru ala nke ụlọ ọrụ Switzerland Glencore International AG na Afex Global Limited bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ steeti Cameroon maka ọrụ nchọpụta nke ruru nde dọla iri atọ na asatọ na mpaghara nke dị square kilomita 1,187 (458 sq mi), nke Badel Ndanga Ndinga, Minista nke Ụlọ Ọrụ, Mines na Mmepe Teknụzụ kwadoro.{{sfn|Glencore - Entrepreneur 2008}}

== Edensibia ==
;Ihe ndetu
{{notelist}}
;Ntụaka
{{reflist|colwidth=24em|refs=}}
;Isi mmalite
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*{{cite web |url=http://www.ramsar.org/pdf/wn/w.n.cameroon_coast_survey.pdf
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*{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hr2BbaVZRMUC&amp;pg=PA374
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*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WAQbp7aLpZkC&amp;pg=PA528
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*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FDXCLuG9ZCcC&amp;pg=PA93
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*{{cite web
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*{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KPatZNjoitQC&amp;pg=PA214
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*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_csii76oqg4C&amp;pg=PA31
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*{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VQ_mZKbotZYC&amp;pg=PA59
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{{refend}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&amp;id=22609 Ógbè Mmiri - Ọwara Douala]

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[[Faịlụ:Wouri_estuary_1850.svg|thumb|Map eserese nke ọnụ mmiri Wouri na osimiri, na-egosi ebe obibi Duala n'ihe dị ka 1850]]
Osimiri Wouri, ma ọ bụ ọdụ mmiri Cameroon, bụ nnukwu ọdụ mmiri dị na Kameroon ebe ọtụtụ osimiri na-ezukọta, na-asọba n'ime Osimiri Biafra. Douala, obodo kachasị ukwuu na Kamerun, dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri ebe ọ na-abanye n'ọnụ mmiri. Osimiri ahụ nwere oke ọhịa mangrove buru ibu, nke mmetọ na nrụgide ndị mmadụ na-emebi.

== Mmiri na-amụ banyere mmiri ==
[[Faịlụ:Bundesarchiv_Bild_163-149,_Kamerun,_Dimbamba.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Osimiri Dibamba, nke na-asọba n'ọnụ mmiri ahụ (1903) ]]
Osimiri ahụ dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ugwu Kamerọn ma banye n'ime Ọwara Biafra. Osimiri Mungo, Wouri na Dibamba na-azụ ya. Osimiri ahụ dị na Douala Basin, ala dị larịị nke dị ihe dị ka mita 30 (ụkwụ 98) n'ọkwa oke osimiri, yana ọtụtụ iyi mmiri, ájá na ọdọ mmiri.{{sfn|Yerima|Van Ranst|2005|p=135}} Akuku mmiri dị n'ime mmiri nke a na-akpọ Plio-Pleistocene, usoro dị n'ọtụtụ oyi akwa nwere usoro ájá mmiri na apịtị estuarine  ájá dị n'okpuru osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu ma bụrụkwa isi iyi dị mkpa maka mmiri olulu mmiri. Mmiri dị n'elu nke dị na sistemụ a bụ ájá dị n'akụkụ nke na-enweghị ihe mgbochi nke jikọtara ya na mmiri dị nro nke osimiri na ala mmiri dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri.{{sfn|Xu|Usher|2006|p=48}}
[[Faịlụ:Embouchure_du_Wouri.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Ọnụ mmiri dị n'ọnụ Osimiri Wouri]]
Mmiri mmiri ozuzo n'ọnụ ọnụ osimiri ahụ dị mita 2.8 (ụkwụ 9.2). Mmiri ozuzo sitere na milimita 4,000 (inchi 160) ruo milimita 5,000 (inchi 200) kwa afọ. Nnu dị obere nke ukwuu, ọkachasị n'oge mmiri ozuzo. Nnu dị n'elu ala nke 0.4% bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị na Douala n'afọ niile.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}} Osimiri Mungo na-ekewa n'ime ọtụtụ obere ọwa mmiri ndị na-abanye n'ime ogige mmiri ahụ.{{sfn|Yerima|Van Ranst|2005|p=144}} Mmiri mmiri dị n'ime mmiri ahụ na-aga ruo kilomita iri anọ (maịlụ iri abụọ na ise) n'elu Mungo. N'akụkụ a nke osimiri ahụ, a na-ahụ nnukwu larịị na ájá n'akụkụ ya mgbe mmiri dị ala.{{sfn|Flemming|Delafontaine|Liebezeit|2000|p=225}} Ebili mmiri ahụ metụtara Wouri ruo kilomita iri anọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na asatọ) n'elu Douala, ya na nnukwu oke ọhịa mmiri dị n'akụkụ osimiri ya n'akụkụ a dum.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}}

N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ, ugwu ugwu Kamerun jupụtara n'ugbo unere. N'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ, ala mmiri dị n'ime ala ndị dị na maịlụ ise (maịlụ atọ na ọkara) obosara na-akwado osisi mangrove ahụ. Otu nnukwu apịtị mmiri dị n'etiti Muyuka na Dibombari nwere hekta 7,500 (eka 19,000).{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}} E nwere ụfọdụ ebe ọhịa apịtị na-adịgide adịgide n'osimiri Dibamba, mana ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ ka ewepụla ma wụpụ mmiri maka ịkụ osisi nkwụ. A naghị echebe anụmanụ ndị dị n'osimiri ahụ nke ọma; Manatee Afrịka (Trichechus senegalensis) kacha nọrọ n'ihe ize ndụ.{{sfn|Cameroon: Ramsar}}

== Anụmanụ na osisi ==
[[Faịlụ:Mbea_towé_(_crevette).jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Cameroon ghost shrimp, nke mba ahụ si nweta aha ya]]
Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe mmiri zuru ụwa ọnụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'etiti ụdị ihe dị iche iche dị ndụ.{{sfn|Ninan|2009|p=374}} Apịtị na ọhịa mangrove bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri, ha bụkwa ebe a na-azụ azụ, oporo na anụ ọhịa ndị ọzọ. A pụrụ ịkpọ ha ala mmiri dị mkpa n'ụwa niile dịka iwu si dị n'okpuru nkwekọrịta Ramsar.{{sfn|Napoleon|2007}} Osimiri ahụ bụ ebe obibi nke oporo mmụọ Cameroon, nke na-agbagharị mgbe ụfọdụ ka ọ bụrụ ìgwè mmadụ buru ibu. N'oge ndị a, ndị mmadụ na-ejide oke ibu, na-eri ụmụ nwanyị ma ọ bụ na-akpọ ha nkụ maka ojiji ma emechaa, ma na-eme mmanụ azụ site n'aka ndị ikom.{{sfn|Holthuis}}{{efn|The country takes its name from the shrimp. Portuguese explorers named the estuary ''Rio dos Camarãos'' (shrimp river), and this name evolved into the modern &quot;Cameroon&quot;.{{sfn|Anyangwe|2009|p=4}}}}

E nwere oke ọhịa mangrove dị hekta 188,000 (eka 460,000) n'ime oke osimiri ahụ. Nnukwu osisi mangrove dị kilomita iri abụọ n'ime omimi n'akụkụ ugwu ahụ, nke dị kilomita iri atọ na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na abụọ) n'elu osimiri ahụ. Bodeaka Bay na Moukouchou Bay gbawara ọhịa mangrove ahụ, bụ́ ndị na-eme ka mmiri dị obosara site n'apịtị ahụ. N'akụkụ ndịda nke osimiri ahụ, mangrove na-agbasa site na Douala ruo Point Soulelaba, njedebe nke mmiri nke kewara osimiri ahụ na oké osimiri. Osimiri Dibamba na Monaka Bay na Island kewara ala mangrove ndị a.{{sfn|Hughes|Hughes|1992|p=466}} Ihe dị ka hekta 15,000 (eka 37,000) nke ọhịa mangrove dị n'ime Mouanko Reserve, nke sitere na nsọtụ ndịda nke osimiri ruo n'ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga.{{sfn|Cameroon: Ramsar}}

Osisi mangrove nke a na-akpọ Rhizophora racemosa, nke mejupụtara ihe karịrị 90% nke osisi mangrove na Cameroon, ruru elu mita 40 (130 ft) n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri.{{sfn|Spalding|Kainuma|Collins|2010|p=243}} Nypa fruticans, ụdị osisi pụrụ iche e si mba ndị dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia na-abata na Naịjirịa, agbasaala ngwa ngwa, ndị obodo ahụ gbara ha ume.{{sfn|Saenger|2002|p=93}} Oke ọhịa mangrove bụ isi iyi osisi dị mkpa maka ime arịa ụlọ na ogige, maka imi azụ na maka mmanụ ọkụ. A na-eji akwụkwọ osisi Nypa frutican eme mgbidi na elu ụlọ.{{sfn|Atheull|Din|Longonje|Koedam|2009|p=1}} Ahịhịa mangrove na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ebe nchekwa, na-echebe ụsọ oké osimiri megide mmetụta kachasị njọ nke oké ifufe.{{sfn|Ninan|2009|p=374}} Agbanyeghị, enweghị njikwa dị irè na osisi mangrove, a gbukwara oke ọhịa n'ụsọ oké osimiri Wouri.{{sfn|Thieme|2005|p=228}}

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
[[Faịlụ:Duala_ethnic_groups.png|thumb|Map na-egosi ebe agbụrụ dị iche iche dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri Cameroon dị gburugburu ọnụ mmiri ahụ]]
Ọdọ mmiri ahụ abụrụla ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche dịka ndị mmadụ Duala gburugburu ọnụ osimiri Wouri, Ndị Limba dị n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ na gburugburu ọnụ Osimiri Sanaga, ndị Mungo dị n'ebe ugwu na ọdịda anyanwụ nke osimiri ahụ na ndị Isubu dị n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ. Ndị a biri ndụ site n'ọrụ ugbo na ịkụ azụ̀.{{sfn|Austen|Derrick|1999|p=6}} Onye nchọpụta mbụ nke ndị Pọtugal, Fernando Po, rutere n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ n'afọ 1472. N'oge na-adịghị anya, ndị ahịa si Portugal na mba ndị ọzọ dị na Yuropu sochiri ya.{{sfn|Njoh|2003|p=75}} Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ ghọrọ ndị na-azụ ahịa n'etiti ndị mmadụ, na-ebuga ngwongwo ndị Yurop gaa n'ógbè ndị dị n'ime ime obodo site n'iji ụgbọ mmiri na-ebughachi ọdụ́, ndị ohu na ihe ndị e ji aka kpụọ.{{sfn|Austen|Derrick|1999|p=6}}

E si n'ebe ugwu Bamenda Grassfields nweta Ivory.{{sfn|Behrendt|Duke|Latham|Northrup|2010|p=93}} Azụmahịa ohu malitere na narị afọ nke 18, ọ bụkwa ọrụ akụ na ụba dị mkpa ka ọ na-erule afọ 1750.{{sfn|Vansina|1990|p=204}} E si n'ogige ahịhịa kpọta ndị ohu e jidere n'agha Chamba site n'Osimiri Mungo, e sikwa na Wouri kpọta ndị ohu si n'obodo Nun-Mbam gaa n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ndị Dutch bụ ndị kacha azụrụ ndị ohu n'ụsọ oké osimiri n'etiti narị afọ nke 18.{{sfn|Ogot|1992|p=528}} Ka ọ na-erule afọ 1830, azụmaahịa ohu dara ada n'ihi mbelata ọchịchọ sitere na United States na ntaramahụhụ site n'aka ndị Britain nke dị n'agwaetiti Fernando Po.{{sfn|Sundiata|1996|pp=31-32}} Ka ọ na-erule etiti narị afọ nke 19, mmanụ nkwụ na mkpụrụ osisi nkwụ abụrụla ihe ndị bụ isi e ji azụ ahịa.{{sfn|Lynn|2002|p=63}}
[[Faịlụ:Bell_Town_beach,_Duala,_Cameroons_River,_1886.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụsọ mmiri nke osimiri Wouri na Belltown, nke bụzi akụkụ nke Douala, na 1886]]
Ndị Duala bụ ndị ahịa kacha elu. Ha gbochiri ndị Yuropu ịbanye n'ime obodo ma wulite netwọk azụmaahịa dị irè.{{sfn|Lynn|2002|p=63}} Ndị Duala jiri njikọ alụmdi na nwunye na ndị bi n'ime obodo mee ka a tụkwasị ha obi, ebe ụmụ nke alụmdi na nwunye ahụ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ndị nnọchi anya ha.{{sfn|Lynn|2002|p=70}}

Mgbe Eze Bell na Eze Akwa nke Duala rịọrọ ya, e tinyere ala mmiri ahụ n'okpuru ọchịchị Jamanị n'afọ 1884, wee ghọọ isi obodo nke Kamerun.{{sfn|von Joeden-Forgey|2002|p=59}} Ndị Jamani ji nwayọọ nwayọọ gbasaa ikike ha n'akụkụ osimiri na nnukwu ala Kamerun ruo afọ iri abụọ na ise.{{sfn|Anyangwe|2009|p=4}} Ná mmalite nke Agha Ụwa Mbụ na 1914, ndị Britain si Naịjirịa merie ọchịchị obodo ahụ. Na 1916, e kewara Kamerun, ndị Britain weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mungo, ndị French weghaara ala ndị ahụ n'ọwụwa anyanwụ.{{sfn|Anyangwe|2009|p=4}}

N'afọ 1920, ndị France mere ka akụrụngwa ha ka mma, na-egwupụta ala mmiri iji mee ka ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala dịkwuo mma ma na-ewughachi ụzọ ụgbọ okporo ígwè ndị jikọtara obodo ahụ na ime obodo ahụ.{{sfn|Thomas|2005|p=39}} Mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị, ndị France wuru àkwà mmiri okporo ụzọ/ụgbọ okporo ígwè gafee osimiri Wouri, na-ejikọ Douala na Bonaberi, mee ka ọwa mmiri ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dịkwuo omimi, gbanwere Bonaberi ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri unere ma gbasaa ikike ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala ruo tọn 900,000, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri nke atọ kachasị na ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ Afrịka.{{sfn|Atangana|2009|p=43}} Ndị bi n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ jikọtara ọnụ na 1961 mgbe e si n'ógbè French na ndịda nke ebe ndị Britain bi mepụta steeti Cameroon nke oge a.

Ebe obibi mbụ nke ndị Duala n'ọnụ osimiri Wouri - Belltown, Akwatown, Bonapriso, Deido na Bonaberi - obodo Douala, obodo nwere ihe karịrị nde mmadụ atọ, nke ugbu a nwere ọtụtụ agbụrụ dị iche iche, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha na-ebi n'ógbè nke ya. Akụrụngwa dịka okporo ụzọ, mmiri, nsị mmiri na ọkụ eletrik adịghị mma, ebe ụfọdụ adịghịkwa adị. Ọtụtụ ndị bi na ya na-arụ ọrụ maka obere ụgwọ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ azụmaahịa na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.{{sfn|Simone|2005|pp=214ff}} Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala nwere oke ikike n'ihi na ọ dị n'akụkụ osimiri Wouri, nke na-ebu nnukwu ihe ndị dị n'ime ala ma chọọ ka a na-egwupụta ya mgbe niile.{{sfn|U.S. Geological Survey|2010|p=5.12}} N'èzí obodo ahụ, ebe obibi ndị dị na mpaghara osimiri ahụ bụ obodo nta ndị a na-enweta naanị site na mmiri.

== Nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Faịlụ:Street_vendor_in_Douala,_Cameroon_061119-F-0560B-210.jpg|thumb|Onye na-ere ahịa n'okporo ámá na Douala]]
Mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke osimiri ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na mmụba nke mmetọ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ, ọrụ ugbo na ezinụlọ, nke na-eyi ma ihe ọkụkụ azụ̀ na ahụike mmadụ egwu.{{sfn|Gabche|Smith|2007}} Isi ihe ndị na-akpata mmetọ gụnyere ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-emepụta mmanụ, njikwa ahụhụ na koko, kọfị na unere, ma na-emefusị mmanụ organic site na njem ala, ụlọ ọrụ nhazi na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik.{{sfn|Sama|1996}} A na-ahapụkwa ọtụtụ nsị mmiri nke mmadụ na-emepụta n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ. Akụrụngwa gọọmentị maka ijikwa mmetọ agbasasịala, adịghị ike ma na-adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ego dịkwa oke ụkọ.{{sfn|Munde}}

Ọrụ ugbo bụ isi ihe dị mkpa n'akụnụba Cameroon. A naghị achịkwa ọgwụ nje, ha na-emekwa ka mmetọ ghara ịdị. A ka na-eji ọgwụ nje ndị a machibidoro iwu kemgbe ebe ọzọ, ma ọ bụ a na-edebe ha n'ebe a na-echekwa ihe ndị na-agbapụta mmiri.{{sfn|Munde}} Ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ na-amụbawanye na mmepụta nke ihe ọkụkụ ndị a na-ebuga n'ahịa dịka kọfị, koko, unere, mmanụ nkwụ na owu, site na iji ọgwụ nje na fatịlaịza ndị e si mba ọzọ bịa. A na-ejikarị fatịlaịza eme ihe dị ka urea, ammonia, na phosphorus. Ọgwụ nje ndị a na-etinye na ha bụ DDT na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na organohalogen.{{sfn|Sama|1996}}

Ihe dị ka pasentị iri itoolu na ise nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe dị na Kamerun dị na Douala ma ọ bụ gburugburu ya. A na-ewepụta ihe mkpofu mmiri ha n'ime osimiri mmiri na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla ma ọ bụ na-enweghị ọgwụgwọ ọ bụla.{{sfn|Munde}} Mpaghara ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke dị na Bassa nke Douala na-akwụsị site na nhazi iyi mmiri nke Osimiri Dibamba, na-ewepụta ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ. A na-eji ngwa ngwa eburu ala mmiri ndị ahụ, a chọpụtakwala ọtụtụ n'ime ha, ụfọdụ n'ime ha bụ ihe ndị na-emetọ ha.
[[Faịlụ:Douala_harbor.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri Douala na 2008]]
Mpaghara Bonaberi nke Douala, nke nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ karịrị 500,000 na-amụba ngwa ngwa, na-egosi nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi n'obodo ukwu. Ihe karịrị pasentị iri asaa na ise nke Bonaberi dị mita abụọ (ụkwụ isii na ọkara) karịa oke osimiri. Ebe ala pere mpe, ndị ogbenye abanyela n'ime ala mmiri. Ruo afọ 2002, oke ọhịa dị n'apịtị mangrove, nke gụnyere osisi nkwụ ndị mara mma, na-anwụ n'ihi mmepe obodo. Ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe ndị dị n'ala e kpochara akpụcha adịghị arụ ọrụ nke ọma, ha enweghịkwa mmiri mmiri zuru oke. Ọdọ mmiri ndị dị n'ime mmiri na-adịghị agba agba bụ ebe a na-azụlite ọrịa. Mkpofu mmadụ na nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe na-agwụ na ọwa mmiri nke Wouri, na-ebelata ọsọ mmiri ya. Idei mmiri na mmiri ndị na-abata n'oké osimiri nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu site na mita abụọ (6.6 ft) ruo mita ise (16 ft) n'ime nkeji ole na ole, na-ebibi ụlọ ma na-asa nsị mmiri n'ime olulu mmiri. Ọrịa ndị a na-ebute site na mmiri dịka typhus na ọnyụnyụ ọbara bụ ihe ndị na-akpata ọnwụ.{{sfn|McInnes|Jakeways|2002|pp=143ff}}
[[Faịlụ:Wouri.jpg|thumb|Ndị ọkụ azụ na Wouri]]
Ịkụ azụ dị oke mkpa nye mba Kamerọn n'ụzọ akụ na ụba, ebe a na-ejide ihe dị ka tọn 40,000 kwa afọ, nke otu ụzọ n'ụzọ atọ nke ya ka a na-ebupụ. Na 1994, e zigara azụ̀ ruru nde dọla US$60 na Yuropu, ụzọ atọ n'ime ha sitere n'aka ụlọ ọrụ ịkụ azụ̀ iri na abụọ nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe.{{sfn|Sama|1996}} Ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ nke ndị ọrụ nọ n'ụsọ oké osimiri Kamerun bụ ndị na-akụ azụ oge niile na-enweghị aha.{{sfn|Ninan|2009|p=374}} Azụ na-enye ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ na anọ nke protein dị na nri ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ.  mangrove nke dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ebe a na-amị ọkụtụ ụdị azụ̀ azụmaahịa, mana a naghị echebe ha. Ebe a na-akụ azụ̀ mangrove ka na-ebelata, ọnụọgụgụ azụ̀ na-ebelatakwa nke ukwuu. Ọkwa nke ihe ndị na-emebi ihe ndị dị ndụ na-adịgide adịgide n'ime azụ̀ ahụ na-arị elu.{{sfn|Munde}}

Nnyocha e mere na 1991 gosiri na oke DDT na PCB dị n'azụ, oporo na oysters dị n'ógbè Douala.{{sfn|Calamari|1994|pp=76-77}} Mmetọ dị ukwuu nke ígwè dị arọ dịka mercury, lead na cadmium bụkwa ihe na-akpata nsogbu.{{sfn|Munde}}

== Mmanụ nwere ike ime ==
O yiri ka e nwere ike imepụta mmanụ na gas. Blọk Matanda dị n'ọkara ugwu nke osimiri na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu emeela atụmatụ na a ga-echekwa ihe dị n'etiti gbọmgbọm nde iri isii ruo narị atọ. Ọrụ nchọpụta nke Gulf Oil mere ọtụtụ iri afọ gara aga gosiri na mmepụta nke gbọmgbọm nde anọ kwa afọ nwere ike ime.{{sfn|Hilyard|2008|p=214}} Na Eprel afọ 2008, otu ụlọ ọrụ dị n'okpuru ala nke ụlọ ọrụ Switzerland Glencore International AG na Afex Global Limited bịanyere aka na nkwekọrịta na ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ steeti Cameroon maka ọrụ nchọpụta nke ruru nde dọla iri atọ na asatọ na mpaghara nke dị square kilomita 1,187 (458 sq mi), nke Badel Ndanga Ndinga, Minista nke Ụlọ Ọrụ, Mines na Mmepe Teknụzụ kwadoro.{{sfn|Glencore - Entrepreneur 2008}}

== Edensibia ==
;Ihe ndetu
{{notelist}}
;Ntụaka
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{{refend}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&amp;id=22609 Ógbè Mmiri - Ọwara Douala]

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coor|3.918032|N|9.563942|E}}
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    <title>Ugwu Karthala</title>
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'''Mount Karthala''' or '''Karthola''' (Arabic: القرطالة ''Al Qirṭālah'')bụ ugwu mgbawa na-arụ ọrụ na ebe kachasị elu nke Comoros dị mita 2,361 (ụkwụ 7,746) n'elu oke osimiri. Ọ bụ nke kachasị na ndịda na nke kacha ibu n'ime ugwu mgbawa abụọ ahụ na-eme agwaetiti Grande Comore, agwaetiti kachasị na mba Comoros. Ugwu mgbawa Karthala na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke ukwuu, ebe ọ gbawara ihe karịrị ugboro 20 kemgbe narị afọ nke 19. Mgbawa ugboro ugboro emeela ka ugwu mgbawa ahụ dị kilomita 3 site na ugwu caldera 4 kilomita, mana agwaetiti ahụ agbaala nnukwu mbibi. Mgbawa mgbawa na Eprel 17, 2005 na Mee 29, 2006 kwụsịrị oge udo..

== Mgbawa ugwu ==
[[Faịlụ:Karthala_MODIS_20051125.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto Satellite nke ugwu ahụ na-agbọpụta ọkụ mgbe ọ gbawara na Nọvemba 2005, na ntụ na-ekpuchi agwaetiti ahụ]]

=== Mgbawa nke Eprel 2005 ===
[[Faịlụ:Karthala_volcano-Comoros.jpg|thumb|Ugwu mgbawa ugwu Karthala na Nọvemba 2006.]]
Mgbawa ahụ, nke bu ihe ize ndụ nke mgbawa ugwu na gas na-egbu egbu, mere ka ndị bi na ya 2,000 pụọ, nke dugara n'ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Karthala volcano (Grand Comore Island) - Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for 23 November-29 November 2005 (New Activity / Unrest)|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/comores/karthala/news/155068/Karthala-volcano-Grand-Comore-Island-Smithsonian-USGS-Weekly-Volcanic-Activity-Report-for-23-Novembe.html|accessdate=28 April 2021|work=Volcano Discovery|date=23 November 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbawa ahụ gbanwere nke ọma na olulu mmiri ahụ. Ala ntụ ntụ gbara olulu mmiri ahụ gburugburu, caldera ahụ dịkwa ka ọ buru ibu ma dị omimi. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke malitere mgbe Karthala gbawara agbawa ikpeazụ na 1991 ma bụrụkwa nke chịrị caldera, apụọla kpamkpam. N'ọnọdụ ya, e nwere nkume isi awọ gbara ọchịchịrị, nke nwere ike ịdị jụụ ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu sitere na olulu mmiri ahụ dara ada.

=== Ọrụ May 2006 ===
Na Mee 29, Reuters kọrọ na ndị bi na Moroni nwere ike ịhụ lava na-agbapụta n'elu ugwu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Comoros volcano tremors grow stronger, more frequent|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-comoros-volcano-idUSL149840220070114|accessdate=25 April 2021|work=Reuters|date=21 January 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ọrụ mgbawa ugwu ahụ belatara.

== Flora na anụmanụ ==
Ugwu ahụ jupụtara n'oké ọhịa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ site na mita 1200 ruo ihe dị ka mita 1800 n'elu oke osimiri. N'elu, ahịhịa na-agụnye osisi ndị na-adịghị mma na ala ahịhịhịa ebe nnukwu heather ''Erica comorensis'' na-eto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Issues in Global Environment—Biology and Geoscience: 2013 Edition|date=1 May 2013|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4901-0964-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-3SkjevVgkC|accessdate=17 December 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oké ọhịa ugwu ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na igbu osisi na mgbasa nke ọrụ ugbo. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ndị a hụrụ n'ugwu ahụ bụ ndị pụrụ iche na Comoros na ụdị nnụnụ anọ a na-ahụ naanị na ndagwurugwu nke Ugwu Karthala: Grand Comoro drongo, Humblot's flycatcher, Karthala scops owl, na Karthala white-eye.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

=== Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa ===
A 14,228 ha (35,160-acre) tract encompassing the upper slopes and summit of the mountain has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by [[Nnụnụ nke Mba Nile|BirdLife International]], because it supports populations of Comoros blue pigeons, Comoros fodies, Comoros olive pigeons, Comoros thrushes, Grand Comoro brush warblers, Grand Comoro bulbuls, Grand Comoro drongos, Humblot's flycatchers, Humblot's sunbirds, Karthala scops owls, Karthala white-eyes, na Malagasy harriers.&lt;ref name=&quot;bli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/karthala-mountains-iba-comoros|title=Karthala Mountains|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=2021|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=1 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ogige Ntụrụndụ Karthala ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Karthala''' na-echebe mpaghara nke &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.14 km2 n'ugwu ahụ. A họpụtara ya na 2010. 

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke Ultras nke Africa

== Ihe edeturu ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Ihe odide ==

*  
* E wepụtara ya na 27/02/07. 

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|editor=Bachèlery|title=Active Volcanoes of the Southwest Indian Ocean: Piton de la Fournaise and Karthala|date=2016|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-3-642-31394-3}}
{{Highest points of Africa}}</text>
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'''Mount Karthala''' or '''Karthola''' (Arabic: القرطالة ''Al Qirṭālah'')bụ ugwu mgbawa na-arụ ọrụ na ebe kachasị elu nke Comoros dị mita 2,361 (ụkwụ 7,746) n'elu oke osimiri. Ọ bụ nke kachasị na ndịda na nke kacha ibu n'ime ugwu mgbawa abụọ ahụ na-eme agwaetiti Grande Comore, agwaetiti kachasị na mba Comoros. Ugwu mgbawa Karthala na-arụsi ọrụ ike nke ukwuu, ebe ọ gbawara ihe karịrị ugboro 20 kemgbe narị afọ nke 19. Mgbawa ugboro ugboro emeela ka ugwu mgbawa ahụ dị kilomita 3 site na ugwu caldera 4 kilomita, mana agwaetiti ahụ agbaala nnukwu mbibi. Mgbawa mgbawa na Eprel 17, 2005 na Mee 29, 2006 kwụsịrị oge udo..

== Mgbawa ugwu ==
[[Faịlụ:Karthala_MODIS_20051125.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Foto Satellite nke ugwu ahụ na-agbọpụta ọkụ mgbe ọ gbawara na Nọvemba 2005, na ntụ na-ekpuchi agwaetiti ahụ]]

=== Mgbawa nke Eprel 2005 ===
[[Faịlụ:Karthala_volcano-Comoros.jpg|thumb|Ugwu mgbawa ugwu Karthala na Nọvemba 2006.]]
Mgbawa ahụ, nke bu ihe ize ndụ nke mgbawa ugwu na gas na-egbu egbu, mere ka ndị bi na ya 2,000 pụọ, nke dugara n'ọnwụ nwa ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Karthala volcano (Grand Comore Island) - Smithsonian / USGS Weekly Volcanic Activity Report for 23 November-29 November 2005 (New Activity / Unrest)|url=https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/comores/karthala/news/155068/Karthala-volcano-Grand-Comore-Island-Smithsonian-USGS-Weekly-Volcanic-Activity-Report-for-23-Novembe.html|accessdate=28 April 2021|work=Volcano Discovery|date=23 November 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbawa ahụ gbanwere nke ọma na olulu mmiri ahụ. Ala ntụ ntụ gbara olulu mmiri ahụ gburugburu, caldera ahụ dịkwa ka ọ buru ibu ma dị omimi. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke malitere mgbe Karthala gbawara agbawa ikpeazụ na 1991 ma bụrụkwa nke chịrị caldera, apụọla kpamkpam. N'ọnọdụ ya, e nwere nkume isi awọ gbara ọchịchịrị, nke nwere ike ịdị jụụ ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu sitere na olulu mmiri ahụ dara ada.

=== Ọrụ May 2006 ===
Na Mee 29, Reuters kọrọ na ndị bi na Moroni nwere ike ịhụ lava na-agbapụta n'elu ugwu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Comoros volcano tremors grow stronger, more frequent|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-comoros-volcano-idUSL149840220070114|accessdate=25 April 2021|work=Reuters|date=21 January 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ọrụ mgbawa ugwu ahụ belatara.

== Flora na anụmanụ ==
Ugwu ahụ jupụtara n'oké ọhịa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ site na mita 1200 ruo ihe dị ka mita 1800 n'elu oke osimiri. N'elu, ahịhịa na-agụnye osisi ndị na-adịghị mma na ala ahịhịhịa ebe nnukwu heather ''Erica comorensis'' na-eto.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Issues in Global Environment—Biology and Geoscience: 2013 Edition|date=1 May 2013|publisher=ScholarlyEditions|isbn=978-1-4901-0964-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A-3SkjevVgkC|accessdate=17 December 2021|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oké ọhịa ugwu ahụ nọ n'ihe ize ndụ site na igbu osisi na mgbasa nke ọrụ ugbo. Ọtụtụ n'ime ụdị ndị a hụrụ n'ugwu ahụ bụ ndị pụrụ iche na Comoros na ụdị nnụnụ anọ a na-ahụ naanị na ndagwurugwu nke Ugwu Karthala: Grand Comoro drongo, Humblot's flycatcher, Karthala scops owl, na Karthala white-eye.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

=== Ebe Nnụnụ Dị Mkpa ===
A 14,228 ha (35,160-acre) tract encompassing the upper slopes and summit of the mountain has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by [[Nnụnụ nke Mba Nile|BirdLife International]], because it supports populations of Comoros blue pigeons, Comoros fodies, Comoros olive pigeons, Comoros thrushes, Grand Comoro brush warblers, Grand Comoro bulbuls, Grand Comoro drongos, Humblot's flycatchers, Humblot's sunbirds, Karthala scops owls, Karthala white-eyes, na Malagasy harriers.&lt;ref name=&quot;bli&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/karthala-mountains-iba-comoros|title=Karthala Mountains|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|date=2021|work=BirdLife Data Zone|publisher=BirdLife International|accessdate=1 March 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ogige Ntụrụndụ Karthala ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Infobox/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''Ogige Ntụrụndụ Karthala''' na-echebe mpaghara nke &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;.14 km2 n'ugwu ahụ. A họpụtara ya na 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;unep-wcmc&quot;&gt;UNEP-WCMC (2021). Protected Area Profile for Parc National du Karthala from the World Database of Protected Areas. Accessed 10 August 2021. [https://www.protectedplanet.net/555576145]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta nke Ultras nke Africa

== Ihe edeturu ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Ihe odide ==

*  
* E wepụtara ya na 27/02/07. 

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|editor=Bachèlery|title=Active Volcanoes of the Southwest Indian Ocean: Piton de la Fournaise and Karthala|date=2016|publisher=Springer|location=New York|isbn=978-3-642-31394-3}}
{{Highest points of Africa}}</text>
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    <title>O. Ö. Energiesparverband</title>
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        <id>13051</id>
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      <minor />
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      <text bytes="1261" sha1="qehe62lku0s3lpu6m3zhn7v9fbmkqv4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Message box/ambox.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;'''OÖ Energiesparverband''' bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ike na Upper Austria. Gọọmenti mpaghara ahụ hibere ya n'afọ 1991 iji kwalite iji ike eme ihe nke ọma, iji isi mmalite ike a na-emelite eme ihe, na mmepe teknụzụ ike ọhụrụ. Isi ụlọ ọrụ ya dị na Linz, Austria.

OÖ Energiesparverband na-akwado mmepe ahịa nke mmepụta ike na ojiji na mmemme na ọrụ ndị a:

* Ozi gbasara ike na ime ka ọha mmadụ mata ya.
* ike na mmata ọha na eze
* Ndụmọdụ ike na nyocha maka ezinụlọ, ụlọ ọrụ ọha na eze na azụmaahịa
* Ihe owuwu ndị na-adịgide adịgide
* Ọzụzụ
* Nchịkwa nke netwọk azụmahịa ọkụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ Oekoenergie-Cluster[[Oekoenergie-Cluster|Ìgwè Ike Oeko]]
* Usoro R&amp;D nke Ógbè
* Usoro Nkwekọrịta Nrụpụta Ike
* Atụmatụ ike mpaghara
* Ọrụ Europe, imekọ ihe ọnụ mba ụwa &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=IEA-RETD|year=2012|title=Renewable Energy for Residential Heating and Cooling: Policy Handbook|publisher=[[Routledge]]|isbn=9781136537110}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.esv.or.at OÖ Energiesparverband]</text>
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    <title>Ọgba Chinhoyi</title>
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        <id>17172</id>
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Ọgba Chinhoyi (nke a na-akpọbu Ọgba Sinoia) bụ otu ìgwè ọgba dolomite na  laịmstone na dị n'ugwu etiti nke Zimbabwe.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Natural Wonders of the World|url=https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche|publisher=Reader's Digest Association, Inc|year=1980|isbn=0-89577-087-3|editor=Scheffel|location=United States of America|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturalwondersof00sche/page/345 345]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba na 1955, nke Zimbabwe Parks &amp; Wildlife Management Authority na-achịkwa.

== Ebe ==
Ọgba ndị a dị na Makonde District, Mashonaland West Province, na ugwu etiti Zimbabwe. Ha dị ihe dị ka kilomita itoolu (mile 5.6), n'akụkụ ụzọ, n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Chinhoyi (nke bụbu Sinoia), obodo ukwu kacha nso, na ebe isi ụlọ ọrụ mpaghara na nke ógbè ahụ dị.&lt;ref&gt;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Zimbabwe_Distance_Result.asp?%20fromplace=Sinoia%20Caves%20()&amp;toplace=Chinhoyi%20()&amp;fromlat=-17.35&amp;tolat=-17.3666667&amp;fromlng=30.1333333&amp;tolng=30.2 Map Showing Chinhoyi And Chinhoyi Caves With Distance Marker]&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe a dị ihe dị ka kilomita 135 (mile 84), n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Harare, isi obodo ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Zimbabwe_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Sinoia%20Caves%20()%20&amp;toplace=Harare%20(Harare)&amp;fromlat=-17.35&amp;tolat=-17.8177778&amp;fromlng=30.1333333&amp;tolng=31.0447222 Road Distance Between Harare And Chinhoyi Caves With Map]&lt;/ref&gt; Ọgba ndị ahụ dị n'okporo ụzọ ukwu, Okporo ụzọ A-1, n'etiti Harare na Chirundu, n'ókè mba ụwa na Republic of Zambia, ihe dị ka kilomita 250 (mile 160), n'ebe ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke ọgba ndị ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Zimbabwe_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Sinoia%20Caves%20()%20&amp;toplace=Chirundu%20()&amp;fromlat=-17.35&amp;tolat=-16.0333333&amp;fromlng=30.1333333&amp;tolng=28.85 Map Showing Chinhoyi Caves And Chirundu With Distance Marker]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchịkọta ==
E ji nkume lime na dolomite mee usoro ọgba ahụ. Isi ọgba ahụ nwere ọdọ mmiri cobalt acha anụnụ anụnụ, nke a na-akpọ Sleeping Pool ma ọ bụ Chirorodziva (&quot;Ọdọ Mmiri nke Ndị Dara&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt; Ndị na-egwu mmiri achọpụtala ụzọ mmiri si n'Ọgba Bat, obere ọnụ ụlọ nke Ọgba Ọchịchịrị, gaa n'ime ụlọ ọzọ a maara dị ka Ọgba Ndị Nwụrụ Anwụ. Enwere ike ịgba mmiri n'ọgba ndị ahụ n'afọ niile, ebe okpomọkụ anaghị agafe oke okpomọkụ nke 22 ruo 24 Celsius (72 ruo 75 Celsius) na-enweghị okpomọkụ thermocline efu. A na-ahụ ya nke ọma, ọ dịghịkwa anya nke ọma, mita 50 (160 ft) na karịa anaghị ahụkarị.Ndị otu ndị na-eme njem mmiri nke teknụzụ ndị na-egwu mmiri nke ukwuu na-eleta ebe a. Ọ bụghị ihe ọhụrụ ka ndị ọkachamara n'ịmụ mmiri na-egwu mmiri n'ebe karịrị mita 100 (ụkwụ 330) ebe a. Ebe a na-eme ụlọikwuu, nke National Parks Authority na-achịkwa, na ụlọ nkwari akụ dị n'ebe ahụ.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Aha obodo maka ọdọ mmiri ọgba ahụ, Chirorodziva (&quot;Ọdọ Mmiri nke Ndị Dara&quot;) sitere na ihe merenụ na 1830, ebe ndị otu agbụrụ Angonni wakporo ndị obodo ahụ ma tụba ndị ha gburu n'ime ọgba ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;readersnatural&quot; /&gt;

Frederick Courtney Selous buru ụzọ kọwaa ọgba nkume limestone ahụ n'afọ 1888. Ọgba ndị a bụ usoro ọgba kachasị gbasaa na Zimbabwe nke ọha mmadụ nwere ike ịnweta.

== Okpukpe ==
Ọgba ndị a nwere ebe dị mkpa n'okpukpe ọdịnala Afrịka, ebe ọgba ndị ahụ dị ka ebe a na-eme mmiri ozuzo, nke gbara oke ọhịa dị nsọ gburugburu, ebe a na-apụghị igbutu osisi site na ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kwashirai|first=Vimbai|date=2010|title=Zimbabwe's Chinhoyi Caves: 1845-1945|journal=Global Environment|volume=3|issue=5|pages=71–110|doi=10.3197/ge.2010.030504|url=http://www.environmentandsociety.org/node/7554}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ogbe nke Zimbabwe
* Mpaghara nke Zimbabwe
* Akụnụba nke  Zimbabwe

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20251216212851/http://zimguide.com/chinhoyi-caves/ Ọgba Chinhoyi Zimbabwe]</text>
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    <title>Ala Mmiri nke Barotse</title>
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 {{Reflist}}
[[Faịlụ:NASA_Barotse_Floodplain_compressed.JPG|thumb|580x580px|Foto satịlaịtị NASA nke na-egosi ebe '''mmiri Barotse''' dị ka mpaghara etiti nke na-egbuke egbuke ruo na-acha anụnụ anụnụ gbara ọchịchịrị.
'''1''' Ndị Zambezi na-asọga n'ebe ugwu gaa n'ebe ndịda site n'etiti ala idei mmiri ahụ;  ''' 2 ''' njikọta nke (aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri) Osimiri Lungwebungu, Ndịda Kashiji, Zambezi na Kabompo, nke na-egosi mmalite nke ala idei mmiri ahụ;  ''' 3 ''' njedebe nke ala idei mmiri dị n'ebe ndịda nke Senanga; ''' 4 ''' [[Nsụda Mmiri Ngonye|Ngonye Falls]] dị na Zambezi;  ''' 5 ''' Mongu, isi obodo Barotseland;  ''' 6 ''' Lealui, isi obodo Litunga n'akụkụ ebe idei mmiri dị;  ''' 7 ''' Limulunga, isi obodo Litunga n'oge idei mmiri;  ''' 8 ''' apịtị na ala idei mmiri nke Lungwebungu;  ''' 9 ''' Kabompo na-asọpụ mmiri n'ebe dị n'ime ọhịa kpọrọ nkụ nke a kpọrọ Cryptosepalum;  '''10''' Luena Flats (ala mmiri ozuzo); '''11''' Osimiri Luanginga na-eru mmiri na nso Kalabo;  '''12''' Osimiri Lui nwere obere idei mmiri;  '''13'''  nnukwu idei mmiri nke na-ebu oke mmiri si n'oké idei mmiri nke Osimiri Cuando dị na Angola; '''14''' Osimiri Cuando na ala idei mmiri, n'ókè dị n'etiti Angola na Zambia;  '''15'''Liuwa Plain National Park; '''16''' Ájá dị larịị nke dị n'ime ọhịa Miombo nke Zambezian nke dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ Mongu nwere ọtụtụ pans; '''17''' Sioma Ngwezi National Park.]]
'''Ala Idei Mmiri Barotse''', nke a makwaara dị ka '''Bulozi Plain, Lyondo, Ngulu,''' ma ọ bụ '''Zambezi Floodplain''', bụ otu n'ime ala mmiri dị ukwuu n'Africa, n'akụkụ Osimiri Zambezi dị na Western Province nke Zambia. Ọ bụ ebe a họpụtara Ramsar, nke a na-ewere dị ka ebe nchekwa dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM007_2007.pdf &quot;Zambezi Floodplain Ramsar Information Sheet&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326150707/http://www.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM007_2007.pdf |date=March 26, 2009 }}, in ''Ramsar Sites Information Service'', [[Wetlands International]]. Retrieved 22 November 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

Aha a na-aghọta na ala mmiri ahụ na-emepụta omenala na ụzọ ndụ nke ndị Lozi, &quot;Rotse&quot; bụ ụdị Lozi, na &quot;Ba&quot; pụtara &quot;ndị mmadụ&quot;. Ha ghọrọ alaeze dị ike na Central/South Africa n'okpuru eze ha ma ọ bụ Litunga Lewanika, nke alaeze ya gbatịrị ruo kilomita 300 site na ala ahụ ma kpọọ ya Barotseland.

== Ọdịdị ala na mpaghara ==
Mpaghara a bụ ala dị larịị nke dị ihe dị ka mita 1000, na-agbada ntakịrị gaa n'ebe ndịda. Zambezi na isi mmiri ya na-arịgo n'ala dị elu n'ebe ugwu, nke na-enweta ezigbo mmiri ozuzo (1400 mm kwa afọ) n'oge mmiri ozuzo site na Ọktoba ruo Mee. Idei mmiri na-agbada n'osimiri ahụ, na-eru mpaghara dị larịị nke e ji ájá Kalahari, ihe dị ka narị kilomita ise gafee. N'ebe ndịda, gburugburu Ngonye Falls, a na-ahụ nkume siri ike n'elu ya ma guzogidere ọchịchọ osimiri ahụ ịkpụ ọwa mmiri n'ime ya, ya mere ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka ihe mgbochi mmiri. N'azụ ya, ebe idei mmiri ahụ etolitela. N'okpuru mmiri iyi ahụ, osimiri ahụ na-asọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu abụọ karịa ka ọ na-asọ n'ala dị larịị ma na-asọ ọsọ ọsọ karịa na ndagwurugwu dị warara nke na-adịghị adịkarị mfe idei mmiri.

Ala idei mmiri ahụ sitere na njikọ Zambezi na Osimiri Kabompo na Lungwebungu n'ebe ugwu, ruo ebe dị ihe dị ka kilomita 230 n'ebe ndịda, n'elu mmiri Ngonye na ndịda Senanga. N'ọtụtụ akụkụ nke ogologo ya, obosara ya karịrị kilomita iri atọ, na-eru kilomita iri ise n'obosara kachasị, n'ebe ugwu nke Mongu, obodo ukwu nke ala ahụ, dị n'akụkụ ya. Isi akụkụ nke ala ahụ dị ihe dịka 5500 km2,&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCN&quot;&gt;[http://www.cbd.int/doc/case-studies/inc/cs-inc-iucn-12-en.pdf &quot;Barotse Floodplain, Zambia: local economic dependence on wetland resources.&quot;] ''Case Studies in Wetland Valuation #2'': IUCN, May 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;
mana ebe idei mmiri kacha elu bụ 10 750 km2 mgbe a tụlere ala idei mmiri nke ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo,&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;&gt;[http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/n0084e/N0084E03.htm Welcomme, R.L. (Comp.) (1979): ”The inland fisheries of Africa.&quot;] CIFA Occas.Pap., (7): 69 p. Published by Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations, Rome.&lt;/ref&gt; dịka Luena Flats. Idei mmiri Barotse bụ ala mmiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na Zambia mgbe usoro ọdọ mmiri Bangweulu dị n'akụkụ mmiri ahụ gasịrị, nke dị iche na inwe nnukwu ọdọ mmiri na apịtị na-adịgide adịgide, na obere ebe nke na-akpọ nkụ kwa afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCN&quot;&gt;[http://www.cbd.int/doc/case-studies/inc/cs-inc-iucn-12-en.pdf &quot;Barotse Floodplain, Zambia: local economic dependence on wetland resources.&quot;] ''Case Studies in Wetland Valuation #2'': IUCN, May 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;

E sere foto satịlaịtị ahụ n'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2004 n'oge oke idei mmiri ahụ, Rịba ama na akụkụ ugwu nke ala ahụ, dị nso na Lukulu, enweghị mmiri ozuzo, ala ebe ahụ na-adịtụ iche n'ogologo, mmiri ahụ na-anọgidekwa n'ọtụtụ ọwa mmiri.

== Ọnọdụ idei mmiri na oge ==

: ''Hụkwa ihu igwe nke Zambia[[Ọnọdụ ihu igwe nke Zambia]]''

Oke mmiri ozuzo na-eme n'ala idei mmiri ihe dị ka ọnwa atọ mgbe oge mmiri ozuzo gasịrị na Jenụwarị ruo Febụwarị. Idei mmiri na-abụkarị n'ọnwa Eprel, ma na-ala azụ site na Mee ruo Julaị, mgbe ahịhịa na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ala dị larịị a na-ekpughere. N'ime mmiri kacha ala n'osimiri ahụ na Nọvemba, idei mmiri ahụ ka nwere ihe dị ka kilomita 537 nke ọdọ mmiri, swamps na ọwa mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;FAO&quot;/&gt; Idei mmiri ahụ hapụrụ ala ntụ ntụ ruo oji nke na-eme nri nke kpuchiri ájá Kalahari, eme ka ihe ndị dị n'ime ala nke idei mmiri ahụ tinyere ájá sitere na ahịhịa ndị idei mmiri mbụ gburu, nakwa site na osisi mmiri ndị rere ure nke a hapụrụ ka ha kpọọ nkụ n'ime apịtị ahụ. Ọ na-enye ezigbo aja, mana n'oge ọkọchị, ọ na-esi ike n'ọkụ anyanwụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCN&quot;/&gt;

Ka idei mmiri na-ebelata, mmiri na-apụ n'ime ọdọ mmiri, apịtị, na ọdọ mmiri oxbow.

== Ebe okike ==
Ala idei mmiri ahụ dị n'ime ala ahịhịa ndị Zambia jupụtara na mmiri dị n'ime ya, ebe ájá dị ntakịrị elu nke na-akọ ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ n'elu ya (ala ahịhịa Zambezian nke dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ) gbara ya gburugburu nwere savanna ọhịa (Zambezian Baikiaea lands) n'ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda, yana obere ọhịa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ (Cryptosepalum dry forests) n'ebe ugwu na ọwụwa anyanwụ.

Idei mmiri ahụ na-enye ebe obibi mmiri maka azụ dịka azụ̀ tigerfish na bream, agụ iyi, hippopotamus, nnụnụ mmiri, nnụnụ ndị na-eri azụ̀, na lechwe, antelope. Mgbe idei mmiri gasịrị, ala ahụ bụ ebe obibi maka anụmanụ ndị na-ata nri dịka wildebeest, zebra, tsessebe na obere ele dịka oribi na steenbok, na anụ ndị na-eri ha.
A chụpụrụ ndị na-akọ ahịhịa n'ọtụtụ ebe site n'aka ehi ndị Lozi na-ata nri, mana ha enyela nnukwu anụ ọhịa n'ala ahịhịa kpọrọ nkụ dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, ogigeụndụ Liuwa Plain, nke bụbu ebe ịchụ nta Litunga, e guzobere ya dị ka ebe nchekwa anụ ọhịa site n'aka Lewanika na narị afọ nke 19. In addition the entire western of the Zambezi within the country is a Game Management Area.
[[Faịlụ:Isolated_human_settlements_on_high_ground_in_the_Barotse_Floodplain.jpg|thumb|390x390px|'''Ebe obibi mmadụ dịpụrụ adịpụ n'ebe dị elu na Barotse Floodplain, Osimiri Zambezi dị nso n'obodo Mongu na mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ, Zambia.''']]

== Okike mmadụ nke ala dị larịị ==
Ihe dị ka mmadụ 250,000 bi n'ala ahụ, ha na-enwekwa ọtụtụ ehi yiri nke ahụ, na-akwaga n'ala ahịhịa dị n'akụkụ ebe idei mmiri ahụ dị mgbe idei mmiri ahụ rutere. Ala idei mmiri ahụ bụ otu n'ime ebe kacha emepụta ihe maka ịzụ ehi na mba ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCN&quot;/&gt;

Ndị Lozi na-ejidekwa azụ̀, na-eri ihe dị ka okpukpu ise karịa nkezi mba ahụ. Mgbe idei mmiri ruru, ha na-eji ọnyà azụ̀ na ube azụ̀, ha na-ejikwa ụgbụ dị ka ihe e ji egwuri egwu n'ọdọ mmiri ndị idei mmiri ahụ hapụrụ. Azụ̀ na-apụta obere oge tupu iju mmiri ahụ, mmiri mbụ ahụ na-aghọ hypoxic (oxygen dị ala) nke na-egbu ọtụtụ azụ̀, ebe àkwá dị ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCN&quot;/&gt;

Ndị Lozi na-akụ ihe ọkụkụ na ala mmiri dị ka ọka, [[Osikàpà|osikapa]], poteto, na okpete.

Ọnwa Nọvemba ruo Jenụwarị bụ ọnwa ndị na-adịghị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCN&quot;/&gt;
A na-emefusị ihe ubi echekwara site n'oge gara aga, ọ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ gwụchaa, n'ọnọdụ ọ bụla, a ga-ebuga ya n'oge njem ahụ, ebe ihe ubi na ahịhịa nke oge ọhụrụ ahụ arụpụtabeghị ihe, n'otu oge ahụkwa, ịkụ azụ na-akwụsị maka oge ịmụ nwa. Ịchụ nta na ịchụ nta anụmanụ, nke nwere ike ime ka oghere ahụ jupụta, adịghịzi maka ọtụtụ mmadụ, ịchụ nta nnụnụ mmiri bụkwa otu n'ime ihe ole na ole e ji azụta ntụ ọka.

Ala idei mmiri ahụ na-ekpebi ma na-achịkwa ụzọ ndụ, akụnụba, ọha mmadụ na omenala nke Lozi, bụ́ ndị nwere nkà n'ịrụ ụgbọ mmiri, ndị na-akwọ ụgbọ mmiri na ndị na-egwu mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;IUCN&quot;/&gt;
A na-eme emume njem kwa afọ nke idei mmiri na emume Kuomboka nke a na-eme na Mongu, isi obodo Barotseland na onye ga-anọchi ya, Western Province.

N'afọ mmiri ozuzo dịka nke afọ 2005, ihe onwunwe na ndụ na-efu n'ihi idei mmiri na Barotse Plain. Agbanyeghị, ọtụtụ mgbe, ọ bụ ezigbo ihe atụ nke ụkpụrụ na idei mmiri eke kwa afọ site n'osimiri bara uru ma na-arụpụta ihe maka anụ ọhịa na ụmụ mmadụ, ebe igbochi osimiri iji chịkwaa idei mmiri, dịka o mere na Kafue Flats, nwere ike imebi gburugburu ebe obibi.

=== Ọganihu ===
A machibidoro mmepe na mbara ala ruo ugbu a -

* ọwa mmiri ahụ e gwuru n'oge ọchịchị ndị ọchịchị iji jikọta obere ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri dị na Mongu na ọwa mmiri Zambezi n'oge ọkọchị
* obere obodo na ogige ndị e wuru n'elu ugwu, dị ka Lealui
* egwu ole na ole n'oge ọkọchị
* Ụgbọ mmiri na Sandaula, Libonda na Lukulu
* ụfọdụ ubi osikapa na okpete.

Njikwa siri ike maka ụzọ Litunga si abanye n'ala idei mmiri na ịdị n'otu nke ndị obodo emeela ka mmepe azụmahịa nke ndị si mba ọzọ belata. 

==== Ụzọ Mmiri nke Barotse ====
[[Faịlụ:Bridge_over_the_Barotse_Floodplain_near_Mongu_city_aerial_view.jpg|thumb|'''Àkwà mmiri gafere n'ala mmiri nke Barotse n'obodo Mongu, mpaghara ọdịda anyanwụ, Zambia.''']]
Ọrụ ọhụrụ, ụzọ Mongu-Kalabo, ga-enwe nnukwu ihe ga-esi na ya pụta. N'ihe dịka afọ 2002, e wuru ụzọ dị kilomita iri anọ na isii n'etiti ebe idei mmiri ahụ, wee jiri okporo ụzọ awara awara site na Mongu ruo Kalabo, site na ụgbọ mmiri gafere ọwa mmiri dị na Sandaula, nke a ga-eji akwa mmiri dị mita 500 dochie. A na-ewere ya dị ka mgbakwunye nke Ụzọ Lusaka-Mongu si Lusaka. E bu n'obi ka e mechaa ya na 2006, ọ bụ ihe siri ike iwu ụlọ n'elu ala idei mmiri ahụ mere ka ọ ghara ịdị irè. Ọ dịghị okwute dị n'ógbè ahụ, e jikwa ájá na ájá e si n'ime obere oghere ndị dị n'akụkụ ya wuo ụzọ okporo ụzọ ahụ. Idei mmiri karịrị nke a na-emebu kpuchiri nnukwu akụkụ. Onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta ahụ bụ ụlọ ọrụ dị na Kuwait nke kwetara na ọnọdụ siri ike.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ccc.gr/PDF/Bulletin/Bulletin74.pdf Bulletin 74 (August 2004)], {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326150707/http://www.ccc.gr/PDF/Bulletin/Bulletin74.pdf |date=March 26, 2009 }} [[Consolidated Contractors Company]] of Kuwait.&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ akụkọ Times nke Zambia kwuru na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ lere gburugburu ebe idei mmiri dị anya, ma hapụ nkwekọrịta ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.times.co.zm/news/archives.cgi?category=6&amp;view=4.05.07-4.12.07 Sylvia Mweetwa: &quot;Road financiers to extend agreement.&quot;]{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}Ndola: ''Times of Zambia'', 5 April 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Emeela mgbanwe ndị sochiri iji bulie elu okporo ụzọ ahụ ma mee ka ọnụọgụgụ na nha nke ọwara mmiri dịkwuo elu, nke a butere nsogbu ego. A rụchara ụzọ ahụ n'afọ 2016. Otu onye ọrụ nkwekọrịta nke mba Chaịna, Aviation Industry Corporation nke mba Chaịna (AVIC International), rụchara ọrụ ahụ nke ruru nde dọla US 286.9. Ụzọ ahụ ruru Kilomita iri atọ na anọ n'ala Baroste, ebe àkwà mmiri iri abụọ na isii gafere ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2016/04/08/mongu-kalabo-road-completed/|title = Zambia : The Mongu-Kalabo road has been completed}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.zambia-travel-guide.com/bradt_guide.asp?bradt=871 Chris McIntyre (2004). ''Zambia: The Bradt Travel Guide'' online at www.zambia-travel-guide.com.] Retrieved 21 November 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hukwa ==
* Ndepụta nke ebe ndị a na-agafe Osimiri Zambezi

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}

: '''Ihe odide map'''

* &quot;Zambia 1:1,500,000 2nd Edition&quot;, Terracarta/International Travel Maps, Vancouver, 2000.
* [https://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/mapcenter/map.aspx?TextLatitude=-0.336785200454403&amp;TextLongitude=29.5037588339211&amp;TextAltitude=6&amp;TextSelectedEntity=1075&amp;MapStyle=Comprehensive&amp;MapSize=Medium&amp;MapStyleSelectedIndex=0&amp;searchTextMap=Barotse+Floodplain&amp;MapStylesList=Comprehensive&amp;ZoomOnMapClickCheck=on ''MSN Encarta World Atlas'']  online nwetara na 19 Nọvemba 2007. 

&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Coor|15|2|S|22|53|E}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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'''Kafue Flats''' (a na-akpọ n'ógbè ahụ '''Butwa'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sorensen|first=Carol|title=Controls and Sanctions over the Use of Resources In the Kafue Flats of Zambia|journal=Presented at the International Association for the Study of Common Property Fifth Common Property Conference 24–28 May 1995 at Bode, Norway|date=1995}}&lt;/ref&gt;) bụ nnukwu ebe apịtị, ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe na ala idei mmiri nke mmiri na-ezo n'oge dị n'Osimiri Kafue na mpaghara ndịda, etiti na Lusaka nke Zambia. Ha dị obere n'ime mmiri dị larịị, nke dị kilomita 240 (maịlụ 150) n'ogologo na ihe dị ka kilomita 50 (maịlụ 31),&lt;ref name=&quot;Google&quot;&gt;[http://earth.google.com Google Earth] accessed 1 September 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; mmiriara ruo ihe na-erughị otu mita n'oge mmiri ozuzo (n'ime ọdọ mmiri ụfọdụ na ebe apịtị na-adịgide adịgide), ma kpọọ nkụ wee ghọọ ala ojii dị nro n'oge ọkọchị.

== Ọdịdị ala ==
Kafue Flats dị ihe dị ka kilomita 240 (mile 150) n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo ọdịda anyanwụ n'akụkụ Osimiri Kafue site n'okpuru oghere Itezhi-Tezhi, ebe Ọdọ Mmiri Itezhi-Tezhi dị, ruo n'obodo Kafue na mmalite nke Kafue Gorge. N'ebe kachasị obosara ha, ha dị kilomita iri ise (maịlụ iri atọ na otu) n'obosara, ebe ha niile dịkwa ihe dị ka kilomita iri isii na ise (maịlụ iri abụọ na ise). Elu Osimiri Kafue na-ada site na mita 1,030 (ụkwụ 3,380) na Itezhi-Tezhi ruo mita 990 (ụkwụ 3,250) na obodo Kafue.

Obodo Mazabuka na ebe a na-ere shuga na Nakambala dị n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ, obere obodo ahụ dịkwa na nsọtụ ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke ụlọ ndị ahụ.
[[Faịlụ:Kafue_Flats_in_flood_and_the_Itezhi-Tezhi_dam_14_February_2008.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|Ihe oyiyi NASA MODIS nke Kafue Flats na idei mmiri na Itezhi-Tezhi dam - 14 Febụwarị 2008.]]
Ụlọ Kafue dị n'ime akụkụ nke Mpaghara Itezhi-Tezhi na Mumbwa dị na Central Province, Mpaghara Kafue dị na Lusaka Province na Monze, Namwala na mpaghara Mazabuka dị na mpaghara ndịda.

== Ndị mmadụ ==
A na-eche na ndị Batwa (maọbụ Twa) bụ ndị mbụ bi na mpaghara Kafue Flats mana ugbu a ha bụ obere ndị bi n'ala dị elu gburugburu ọwa mmiri Kafue ebe ha na-azụ azụ. A na-ewerekarị Batwa dị ka ndị fọdụrụ ndụ nke ndị na-agagharị agagharị bụ́ ndị bi na Zambia ogologo oge tupu ndị Bantu amalite ịbịa site na Kongo Basin n'ebe ugwu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|editor=Kashoki|title=Language in Zambia|date=1978|publisher=International African Institute|location=London|isbn=0-85302-054-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị na-azụ ehi bụ ndị Ila na Balundwe (ma ọ bụ Lundwe, ma ọ bụ Plateau Tonga) na-achị mpaghara ahụ ugbu a, ma ọ dịkarịa ala n'ala ndị isi iri abụọ na otu,&lt;ref name=&quot;world_fish&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Lungu|first=A|title=Field study: assessing migration and mobility patterns, access to health services and vulnerabilities of female fish traders in the Kafue Flats fishery, Zambia: research design report|date=2008|publisher=World Fish Center}}&lt;/ref&gt; onye bịara n'ógbè ahụ n'agbata afọ 200 na 300 gara aga. Ha dabere na ọrụ ugbo, ịkụ azụ, ịzụ ehi na anụ ọhịa, ọtụtụ mgbe, ha na-agagharị n'etiti ebe obibi a kapịrị ọnụ n'ime ọhịa na ebe a na-azụ ehi n'ime ụlọ ndị dị larịị mgbe idei mmiri ahụ kwụsịrị. Tinyere obodo ndị bi ebe ahụ, e nwekwara ndị na-akụ azụ̀ si n'akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke mba ahụ na-abata n'oge. Ndị a si mba ọzọ kwabata bụ ndị Bemba si n'ebe ugwu nke mba ahụ na mpaghara Copperbelt, nakwa ndị Lozi si n'ógbè Western Province.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Merten|first=Sonja|title=Property rights, food security and child growth: Dynamics of insecurity in the Kafue Flats of Zambia|journal=Food Policy|date=2008|volume=33|issue=5|pages=434–443|doi=10.1016/j.foodpol.2008.01.004}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọnụọgụgụ ndị mmadụ amụbaala nke ukwuu kemgbe afọ 1970, ka ọ na-erule afọ 2004, e nwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala ogige ịkụ azụ iri na otu dị mkpa n'ala ahụ, nke ọ bụla n'ime ha bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala ndị ọkụ azụ 500 bi na ya. Tinyere nke ahụ, e nwere ọtụtụ ebe a na-akụ azụ nwa oge n'oge ọkọchị.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Chabwela|first=Harry|title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia|journal=International Journal of the Commons|date=2010|volume=4|issue=2|url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158|doi=10.18352/ijc.189|accessdate=2015-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, a na-ekewapụ ndị Batwa n'etiti agbụrụ ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ndị ọkụ azụ Bemba na ndị Lozi bụ́ ndị na-ewere ha dị ka ndị na-adịghị mma. N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị otu ndị ọzọ na-akwanyere Ila ùgwù nke ukwuu n'ihi na ha bụ otu n'ime ndị kacha nwee anụ ụlọ na mpaghara ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ịkụ azụ na ịchụ nta na-arụkwa ọrụ dị mkpa n'ọdịbendị ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;chabwela&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Chabwela|first=Harry|title=Governance issues, potentials and failures of participatory collective action in the Kafue Flats, Zambia|journal=International Journal of the Commons|date=2010|volume=4|issue=2|url=http://www.thecommonsjournal.org/index.php/ijc/article/view/189/158|doi=10.18352/ijc.189|accessdate=2015-07-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mmiri na ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri ==
E gbanweela usoro mmiri nke Osimiri Kafue na Kafue Flats nke ukwuu site na owuwu nke dam abụọ n'afọ 1970, mbụ na Kafue Gorge dị n'okpuru ala ụlọ ndị ahụ wee gaa Itezhi-Tezhi dị n'elu ala ndị ahụ dị ka akụkụ nke atụmatụ iji mepụta ike mmiri eletrik.

E mechachara Ọdọ Mmiri Kafue Gorge, nke nwere ike mmepụta ike mmiri 600MW, na 1972, wee mepụta ebe nchekwa mmiri dị n'okpuru Kafue Flats nke nwere ikike nchekwa nke nde m3 785. Iji mee ka ike eletrik dịkwuo elu (ruo 900 MW), e mechara mmiri ọzọ dị mita 65 n'elu Itezhi-Tezhi, n'elu Kafue Flats, na 1976. Ebe nchekwa mmiri a nwere mmiri ruru nde mita ise na narị asaa (5,700 nde m3) ma kpuchie mpaghara 370 km2 (140 sq mi) nke Osimiri Kafue na akụkụ mmiri ya bụ Osimiri Musa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Obrdlik|first=P|title=Regulated Rivers in Zambia - The Case Study of the Kafue River|journal=Regulated Rivers: Research and Management|date=1989|volume=3|pages=371–380|doi=10.1002/rrr.3450030135}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mmiri Itezhi-Tezhi na-echekwa mmiri n'oge mmiri ozuzo, nke a na-ahapụ ya maka turbines na Kafue Gorge Dam na ebe ọkụ eletrik n'oge ọkọchị. Mmiri na-ewe ihe dị ka izu asatọ iji gaa n'etiti Itezhi-tezhi na Kafue Gorge.

Tupu e wuo ọdọ mmiri ahụ na Itezhi-Tezhi, idei mmiri nke Kafue Flats bụ n'ihi na mmiri na-asọ asọ n'ime Osimiri Kafue malitere ịrị elu mgbe mmiri ozuzo malitere na n'etitiọvemba ruo Disemba, idei mmiri na-emekarị n'etiti ọnwa Eprel na Mee. The flaMgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, mmiri dị n'ime ụlọ ndị ahụ ga-agbapụta nwayọ nwayọ, ebe ọ fọrọ obere ka ọ bụrụ na ọ ga-erule Ọktoba ruo Nọvemba n'afọ na-esote.&lt;ref name=mumba&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Mumba|first1=M|last2=Thompson|first2=J.R.|title=Hydrological and ecological impacts of dams on the Kafue Flats floodplain system, southern Zambia|journal=Physics and Chemistry of the Earth|date=2005|volume=30|issue=6–7|pages=442–447|doi=10.1016/j.pce.2005.06.009|bibcode=2005PCE....30..442M}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Mwepụta sitere na mgbochi mmiri Itezhi-Tezhi dị nnọọ iche na mmiri ndị mere n'oge gara aga n'ime Osimiri Kafue ebe mmụba na mbelata kwa afọ na-anọchi anya mmụba na mbelata nke mmiri na-apụta ìhè ka nnukwu mmiri na-esi na dam ahụ apụta. A na-enwe nnukwu mmiri ozuzo ugbu a n'oge ọkọchị niile, ebe n'oge a, a na-ejikọkarị ya na obere mmiri ozuzo. Ọ bụ ezie na idei mmiri kachasị elu nwere ike ibelata n'ihi mmiri mgbochi mmiri ahụ, ihe ndị a na-ewepụta n'afọ niile pụtara na akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ụlọ ndị ahụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ Chunga Lagoon, ka na-adịgide adịgide. Tinyere nke ahụ, Ọdọ Mmiri Kafue Gorge emeela nnukwu ebe nchekwa mmiri nke na-alaghachi azụ ruo n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụlọ ndị ahụ na-eduga n'ebe mmiri na-ezo mgbe niile.&lt;ref name=mumba /&gt;

== Ebe ndị a na-echebe ==
Ụlọ Kafue dị n'ime ya gụnyere ogige ntụrụndụ mba abụọ (ebe nchekwa nke ụdị nke abụọ), ogige ntụrụndụ mba Lochinvar na Blue Lagoon. E guzobere ogige ntụrụndụ abụọ a n'afọ 1970 n'ala e ji azụ ehi emebu. Ogige Ntụrụndụ Lochinvar nke dị kilomita 428 (165 sq mi), nke a ma ama maka ọtụtụ Kafue lechwe, dị na ndịda Osimiri Kafue ma enwere ike iru ya site n'okporo ụzọ Lusaka-Livingstone dị na Monze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lochinvar National Park|url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/lochinvar-national-park|work=zambiatourism.com|publisher=Zambia Tourism|accessdate=30 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ogige Ntụrụndụ Lochinvar nwere otu n'ime ọnụọgụgụ kachasị elu nke kreen wattled na-adịghị ike na Afrịka.&lt;ref name=ramsar_info&gt;{{Cite report |author=Zambia Wildlife Authority |date=2006 |title=Information Sheet on Ramsar Wetlands - Fafue Flats |url=http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |publisher=Ramsar |access-date=2015-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304003321/http://sites.wetlands.org/reports/ris/1ZM001RIS_2007.pdf |archive-date=2016-03-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere ike iru Blue Lagoon National Park, nke dị n'ebe ugwu Kafue, site n'okporo ụzọ dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Lusaka nke dị n'akụkụ Lusaka nke dị n'akụkụ Lusaka. Ogige ntụrụndụ ahụ nke dị kilomita 500 (sq mi) bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri dị iche iche, tinyere nnụnụ mmiri dị iche iche, nnụnụ zebra, nnụnụ ọhịa na nnụnụ ndị Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Blue Lagoon National Park|url=https://www.zambiatourism.com/destinations/national-parks/blue-lagoon-national-park|work=zambiatourism.com|publisher=Zambia Tourism|accessdate=30 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mpaghara Njikwa Egwuregwu Kafue Flats (GMA) (IUCN Category VI echebere) kpuchiri obosara kilomita 6,000 (sq mi 2,300) nke Kafue Flats n'èzí ogige ntụrụndụ mba abụọ ahụ. GMA na-echebe gburugburu ebe obibi na anụ ọhịa ma na-enye ohere maka iji ihe ndị sitere n'okike eme ihe n'ụzọ na-adịgide adịgide.

E tinyere ụlọ elu Kafue n'ime ndepụta Ramsar nke Wetlands of International Importance na 1991, nke nwere mpaghara dị 6,000 km2 (2,300 sq mi) nke dabara na Kafue Flats GMA.&lt;ref name=&quot;ramsar_zambia&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ramsar.org/cda/en/ramsar-documents-list-anno-zambia/main/ramsar/1-31-218%5E15789_4000_0__|work=ramsar.org|publisher=The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands|accessdate=23 August 2014|title=The Annotated Ramsar List: Zambia}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Protected_areas_of_the_Kafue_Flats.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|Kafue Flats, Blue Lagoon National Park, Lochinvar National Park na Kafue Flats Game Management Area (GMA).]]

== Ọrụ ugbo ==
Ala gbara Kafue Flats gburugburu bụ mpaghara ọrụ ugbo dị mkpa na [[Zambia]]. Tinyere ịkwado ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ndị ọrụ ugbo na obere ndị ọrụ ugpo, ụlọ ndị ahụ bụkwa isi iyi nke mmiri ịgba mmiri maka nnukwu ọrụ ugbo azụmahịa atọ lekwasịrị anya na njedebe ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ụlọ ndị ahụ.

Ọrụ ugbo azụmaahịa kacha ochie n'elu Kafue Flats bụ Nakambala Sugar Estate nke dị n'akụkụ ndịda nke ụlọ ndị ahụ dị na Mazabuka. Estate Nakambala, nke Zambia Sugar Plc nwe ya bụ enyemaka nke ụlọ ọrụ South Africa Illovo Sugar, tinyere ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọrụ ugbo bụ ndị kacha emepụta shuga na Zambia ma na-arụ ọrụ n'ihe dị ka hekta 20,000 nke ala ubi a na-agba mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|publisher=Zambia Sugar Plc|title=Zambia Sugar Plc Annual Report 2014|date=2014|url=http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf|access-date=2015-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033749/http://www.luse.co.zm/wp-content/uploads/2012/08/Zambia-Sugar-Plc_Annual-Report-2014-prt-1.pdf|archive-date=2016-03-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ebe ugwu nke Kafue Flats, ụlọ ọrụ Consolidated Farming Ltd., nke dị na Zambia, na-emepụta shuga n'okpuru akara Kafue Sugar site na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta mmiri dị hekta 9,000 nke Kafue Flats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Commercial Farming|url=http://www.sabletransport.com/farming.html|work=sabletransport.com|publisher=Sable Transport}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Consolidated Farming, usoro ịgba mmiri nke Chiansi na-akọ ọka wit na ihe ọkụkụ ndị ọzọ a na-agba mmiri na hekta 200, yana atụmatụ ịgbasa ruo hekta 2,500.

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==
Kafue Flats nwere usoro dị mgbagwoju anya nke ala mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, ọdọ ọkụ ehi, ịhapụ ọwa osimiri, marshes na dives gbara ala ahịhịa na ọhịa gburugburu.

Ụlọ ndị ahụ nwere mpaghara abụọ dị iche iche. Ebe ndị idei mmiri na-adị n'etiti oge na ebe ndị na-adịgide adịgide bụ akụkụ nke ala ahịhịa ndị Zambia jupụtara na ya, ala ahịhịa na oke ọhịa gbara ya gburugburu dịkwa n'ime oke ọhịa Zambezian na Mopane.

Ala dị n'ime ụlọ ndị ahụ dị arọ ma na-agbawa agbawa nke ukwuu mgbe ọ kpọrọ nkụ, na-arapara nke ukwuu ma na-adị nro ma na-adị plastik mgbe mmiri dị. Ala ndị a na-abụkarị isi awọ ojii ma ọ bụ isi awọ gbara ọchịchịrị ma na-emepụta ihe na-adịghị mma nke a maara dị ka gilgai nke nwere usoro obere ugwu na-eguzo 20–60 cm n'elu ebe ndị dị okirikiri dị ihe dị ka mita 2–7 n'obosara.&lt;ref name=ramsar_info /&gt;

=== Ahịhịa ===
Ụdị ahịhịa ndị bụ́ isi dị na Kafue Flats bụ ọhịa (miombo, mopane, Acacia, na Combretum), ala ahịhịa termitaria, ala ahịhịa ndị idei mmiri juru, ala apịtị na ugwu na ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide.

=== Anụ Ọhịa ===
[[Faịlụ:Wattled_Crane_1400.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Crane wattle.]]
Kafue lechwe (Kobus leche kafuensis), ele pụrụ iche maka ibi n'ọnọdụ apịtị nke ụlọ ndị ahụ,&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Schuster|first=Richard|title=Will the Kafue Lechwe Survive the Kafue Dams?|journal=Oryx|date=1980|volume=15|issue=5|pages=476–489|doi=10.1017/s0030605300029203}}&lt;/ref&gt; ọ na-agbasa n'ógbè ahụ. E mere atụmatụ na e nwere anụmanụ 250,000 bi na Kafue Flat na 1931, otu n'ime anụmanụ kachasị ibu ibu n'ụwa nke nwere ike ibu kilogram 11,000/km2 (63,000 lb/sq mi).&lt;ref name=&quot;Schuster&quot; /&gt;

Ka ọ na-erule afọ 2005, a chọpụtara na ọnụọgụgụ ndị lechwe adaala ruo puku iri atọ na asatọ, ọnụọgụgụ ahụ nọgidere na-adịgide ruo mgbe e mechara ọnụọgụgụ ndị ọzọ na 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Chansa|first=Wilbroad|title=The population status of the Kafue lechwe in the Kafue Flats, Zambia|journal=African Journal of Ecology|date=2010|volume=48|issue=3|pages=837–840|doi=10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01188.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ekwu na ọnụ ọgụgụ Kafue lechwe na-ebelata bụ n'ihi iwu nke Itezhi-Tezhi Dam na mgbanwe sochirinụ n'ike na oge idei mmiri na-aga yana ịchụ nta n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị na nrụgide nke mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na ehi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lechwe_Population&quot; /&gt;

Tinyere lechwe, zebra Grant bụ ụdị anụmanụ buru ibu a na-ahụkarị n'ime anụ ọhịa ndị dị n'ala. Blue wildebeest, Cape buffalo, roan, greater kudu, hippo dị na ọnụọgụgụ pere mpe, ọkachasị n'ime na gburugburu Lochinvar na Blue Lagoon National Parks.&lt;ref name=ramsar_info /&gt;

=== Nnụnụ ===
Mpaghara Kafue Flats na-akwado ihe karịrị ụdị nnụnụ 450 dị iche iche nke nwere nsogbu,&lt;ref name=ramsar_info /&gt; ndị nọ n'ihe ize ndụ na ndị na-akwaga mba ọzọ a kpọkwara mpaghara ahụ dị ka Mpaghara Nnụnụ na Ụdị Dị Iche Iche (IBA) site na [[Nnụnụ nke Mba Nile|Birdlife International]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kafue Flats|url=https://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/kafue-flats-iba-zambia|work=birdlife.org|publisher=Birdlife International|accessdate=9 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ ndị ahụ dị n'ala dị iche iche nwere ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri bi ebe ahụ na ndị na-akwaga ebe ọzọ, gụnyere ọtụtụ ebe obibi ndị na-azụlite ụmụ anụmanụ n'ime apịtị ndị dị n'ime ha. Ụlọ ndị ahụ nwekwara ọtụtụ anụ ọhịa dị iche iche na njupụta ha, ọkachasị udele.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Leonard|first=Peter|title=Important bird areas in Zambia: priority sites for conservation|date=2005|publisher=Zambian Ornithological Society|location=Lusaka|isbn=9982-811-01-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụlọ ndị ahụ dị oke mkpa maka kreen wattled (Bugeranus carunculatus) nke edepụtara na Ndepụta Red IUCN dị ka ndị na-adịghị ike.&lt;ref name=&quot;iucn&quot;&gt;{{cite iucn|author=BirdLife International |author-link=BirdLife International |year= 2018 |title= ''Bugeranus carunculatus'' |article-number= e.T22692129A129880815 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22692129A129880815.en |access-date=9 January 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọnụọgụgụ nke kreen wattled dị n'ụlọ ndị ahụ dara site n'agbata afọ 2000 na 3000 n'afọ 1970 ruo ihe na-erughị 1000 ka ọ na-erule afọ 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Leonard|first=Peter|title=Important bird areas in Zambia: priority sites for conservation|date=2005|publisher=Zambian Ornithological Society|location=Lusaka|isbn=9982-811-01-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụdị anụmanụ ndị ọzọ dị mkpa a hụrụ na Kafue Flat gụnyere crowned crane, slaty egret, lappet faced vulture, lesser kestrel na corn crake.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot; /&gt;

Ihe iyi egwu nye ndụ nnụnụ nke Kafue Flats gụnyere mgbanwe na oke na oge idei mmiri nke mgbochi mmiri dị n'elu Itezhi-Tezhi kpatara, mgbasa nke ụdị ahịhịa ndị na-awakpo na mmetụta nke mmụba nke ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ibas&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Leonard|first=Peter|title=Important bird areas in Zambia: priority sites for conservation|date=2005|publisher=Zambian Ornithological Society|location=Lusaka|isbn=9982-811-01-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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[[Faịlụ:Slime.mold.jpg|thumb|Ọdịdị na-acha odo odo na-eto n'elu ite akwụkwọ mmiri]]
Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ bụ mmebi nke Ihe ndị dị ndụ site na microorganisms, dị ka nje bacteria na fungi. [a] &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Young|first=Reginald|title=Improved, reference quality genome sequence of the plastic-degrading greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella|url=https://academic.oup.com/g3journal/advance-article/doi/10.1093/g3journal/jkae070/7639139?login=true|journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics|date=2024|volume=14|issue=6|doi=10.1093/g3journal/jkae070|pmid=38564250}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'adịghị ka Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ, phytodegradation nke nwere ngwa ole na ole, na-adabere na osisi na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ iji mee ka mmebi ahụ.

N'eziokwu, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwakọta kemịkalụ (chemical compounds) na ihe (materials) niile na-enwe Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ, ya bụ, mmebi ha site n'aka ihe ndị dị ndụ. Ihe kacha ekpebi ọsọ mmebi a bụ oge. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, akwụkwọ nri nwere ike ire ma ọ bụ mebie n'ime ụbọchị ole na ole, ebe ụfọdụ ụdị plastik nwere ike iwe ogologo oge tupu ha emebie.

Ụkpụrụ European Union (EU) na-eji atụ biodegradability na-ekwu na ihe karịrị pasent 90% nke ihe mbụ (original material) ga-agbanwerịrị site n'ọrụ ihe ndị dị ndụ ka ọ bụrụ carbon dioxide (CO₂), mmiri, na mineral n'ime ọnwa isii.

Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ anaghị emetụta elements, n'ihi ya, ihe ndị na-emetọ gburugburu ebe obibi sitere na ọla dị arọ (heavy metals) anaghị emebi site n'ọrụ ihe ndị dị ndụ.

== Usoro ==
Enwere ike kewaa usoro nke Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ n'ime nzọụkwụ atọ: biodeterioration, biofragmentation, na assimilation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Polymer biodegradation: mechanisms and estimation techniques|journal=Chemosphere|volume=73|issue=4|pages=429–42|date=September 2008|pmid=18723204|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2008.06.064}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-akọwa ọdịda nke ihe ndị dị ndụ mgbe ụfọdụ dị ka ọdịda nke elu nke na-agbanwe njirimara igwe, nke anụ ahụ na nke kemịkal nke ihe ahụ. Nzọụkwụ a na-eme mgbe a na-ekpughe ihe ahụ na ihe ndị na-adịghị adị n'èzí ma na-enye ohere maka mmetọ site na imebi ọdịdị ihe ahụ. Ụfọdụ ihe abiotic na-emetụta mgbanwe ndị a bụ mkpakọ (mechanical), ìhè, okpomọkụ na kemịkal na gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụ ezie na biodeterioration na-emekarị dị ka ọkwa mbụ nke biodegradation, ọ nwere ike n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ na-agbakọta na biofragmentation.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Muller|first=Rolf-Joachim|editor=Steinbüchel|chapter=Biodegradability of Polymers: Regulations and Methods for Testing|title=Biopolymers|publisher=Wiley-VCH|isbn=978-3-527-30290-1|chapterurl=https://application.wiley-vch.de/books/biopoly/pdf_v10/vol10_19.pdf|doi=10.1002/3527600035.bpola012|year=2005|accessdate=2018-09-19}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hueck,  Otú ọ dị, kọwara biodeterioration dị ka ihe na-adịghị mma nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ihe ndị mmadụ, na-agụnye ihe ndị dị ka mmebi nke ihu nkume nke ụlọ,  corrosion nke ọla site na microorganisms ma ọ bụ naanị mgbanwe mara mma nke sitere na ihe ndị dị adị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hueck|first=Hans|date=January 1966|title=The biodeterioration of materials as part of hylobiology|journal=Material und Organismen|volume=1|pages=5–34}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Introduction to Biodeterioration|author=Allsopp|first=Dennis|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-511-61706-5|location=Cambridge}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

Nkụwasasị Polymer site n'ọrụ ndu bụ usoro mgbaji nke polymer ebe a na-agbaji njikọ kemịkal dị n'ime polymer ahụ, na-emepụta oligomer na monomer n'ọnọdụ ya.[1] Usoro e si agbaji ihe ndị a na-adịkwa iche dabere ma oksịjen ọ dị ma ọ bụ na ọ dịghị n'ime usoro ahụ. Mgbaji ihe site n'aka ụmụ irighiri ndụ (microorganisms) mgbe oksịjen dị bụ mgbaze aerobic (aerobic digestion), ebe mgbaji ihe mgbe oksịjen adịghị bụ mgbaze anaerobic (anaerobic digestion).[2] Isi ọdịiche dị n'etiti usoro abụọ a bụ na usoro anaerobic na-emepụta methane, ebe usoro aerobic anaghị emepụta ya (agbanyeghị na usoro abụọ ahụ na-emepụta carbon dioxide, mmiri, ụdị fọdụrụnụ, na biomass ọhụrụ).[3] Na mgbakwunye, mgbaze aerobic na-emekarị ngwa ngwa karịa mgbaze anaerobic. Otú ọ dị, mgbaze anaerobic na-arụ ọrụ ka mma n'ibelata olu na ibu (mass) nke ihe a na-emebi emebi.[4] N'ihi na mgbaze anaerobic nwere ike ibelata olu na ibu nke mkpofu ma na-emepụtakwa gas sitere n'okike (methane), a na-eji teknụzụ mgbaze anaerobic eme ihe n'ọtụtụ usoro ijikwa mkpofu. A na-ejikwa ya dị ka isi iyi nke ume ọhụrụ a pụrụ imeghari (renewable energy) nke obodo nwere ike iji.

N'oge assimilation, a na-ejikọta ngwaahịa ndị sitere na biofragmentation n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ microbial.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ụfọdụ n'ime ngwaahịa ndị sitere na nkwarụ na-ebugharị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ site na ndị na-ebu membrane. Otú ọ dị, ndị ọzọ ka ga-enwe mmeghachi omume biotransformation iji mepụta ngwaahịa ndị a ga-ebugharị n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ. Ozugbo n'ime mkpụrụ ndụ ahụ, ngwaahịa ndị ahụ na-abanye n'Ụzọ catabolic nke na-eduga na mmepụta nke adenosine triphosphate (ATP) ma ọ bụ ihe ndị dị na mkpụrụ ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

; Usoro nhazi nke biodegradation nke ikuku
: Cpolymer + O2 → Cresidue + Cbiomass + CO2 + H2O

; Anaerobic biodegradation equation
: Cpolymer → Cresidue + Cbiomass + CO2 + CH4 + H2O

== Ihe ndị na-emetụta ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ ==
[[Faịlụ:Decomposition_rates_of_marine_debris_items,_OWID.svg|thumb|Oge a na-eme atụmatụ na ọ ga-emebi ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị n'oké osimiri. A na-egosi ihe plastik na-acha anụnụ anụnụ.]]
N'ọrụ, ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ '''ngwakọta kemịkal (chemical compounds)''' na '''ihe dị iche iche (materials)''' niile na-agafe usoro '''mbibi sitere n'aka ihe dị ndụ (biodegradation)'''. Otú ọ dị, ihe kacha mkpa bụ '''ọsọ''' mbibi ahụ na-eme. Usoro mbibi ahụ nwere ike were '''ụbọchị ole na ole, izu, afọ, ma ọ bụ ọbụna ọtụtụ narị afọ'''.

Ọtụtụ ihe na-ekpebi ọsọ mbibi nke ngwakọta organic ndị a. Ha gụnyere '''ìhè''', '''mmiri''', '''oksịjen (oxygen)''', na '''okpomọkụ'''.[1] Otu ihe ọzọ dị mkpa bụ '''bioavailability''', nke pụtara ogo ma ọ bụ ọsọ ihe ahụ si bụrụ nke a pụrụ ịnata n'ime usoro ihe dị ndụ ma ọ bụ bụrụ nke dị n'ebe ihe omume ndu na-eme.[2] Tupu ụmụ irighiri ndụ (microorganisms) enwee ike imebi ngwakọta ahụ, ọ ga-ebu ụzọ gbazee n'ime mmiri ma ọ bụ ngwọta (solution) ka ọ bụrụ nke ha nwere ike iji.

A pụrụ ịtụ ọsọ '''biodegradation''' n'ọtụtụ ụzọ. Otu ụzọ bụ iji '''ule respirometry''', nke a na-eji tụọ ọrụ ụmụ irighiri ndụ na-eji '''oksịjen (aerobic microbes)'''. N'ule a, a na-etinye '''nlele mkpofu siri ike (solid waste sample)''' n'ime akpa nwere '''ụmụ irighiri ndụ''' na '''ala''', e mesịa a na-enye ngwakọta ahụ oksịjen. Ka ụbọchị na-aga, ụmụ irighiri ndụ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-emebi ihe nlele ahụ ma na-emepụta '''carbon dioxide (CO₂)'''. Ọnụ ọgụgụ CO₂ a na-emepụta na-egosi ogo ma ọ bụ ọsọ mbibi ahụ.

A pụkwara ịtụ '''biodegradability''' site n'ọrụ ụmụ irighiri ndụ na-adịghị achọ oksịjen ('''anaerobic microbes'''), site n'ịtụ oke '''methane''' ma ọ bụ '''alloy''' ha na-emepụta n'oge usoro ahụ.[3]

Ọ dị mkpa iburu n'uche ihe ndị na-emetụta ọnụego biodegradation n'oge nnwale ngwaahịa iji hụ na nsonaazụ ndị a na-emepụta ziri ezi ma bụrụ ndị a pụrụ ịdabere na ha. Ọtụtụ ihe ga-anwale dị ka ndị nwere ike imebi n'okpuru ọnọdụ kachasị mma na ụlọ nyocha maka nkwado mana nsonaazụ ndị a nwere ike ọ gaghị egosipụta ezigbo nsonaazụ ụwa ebe ihe ndị na-agbanwe agbanwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Research of the biodegradability of degradable/biodegradable plastic material in various types of environments|journal=Przegląd Naukowy. Inżynieria i Kształtowanie Środowiska|volume=26|year=2017|pages=3–14|doi=10.22630/PNIKS.2017.26.1.01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ihe nwere ike ịnwale dị ka biodegrading na ọnụego dị elu na ụlọ nyocha nwere ike ọ gaghị emebi na ọnụego kachasị elu n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa n'ihi na ebe a na-akpofu ahịha anaghị enwekarị ìhè, mmiri, na ọrụ microbial dị mkpa maka mmebi.&lt;ref name=&quot;SLH&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1543-measuring-biodegradability|title=Measuring biodegradability|work=Science Learning Hub|accessdate=2018-09-19|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ya mere, ọ dị ezigbo mkpa na e nwere ụkpụrụ maka ngwaahịa plastik biodegradable, nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu na gburugburu ebe obibi. Mmepe na ojiji nke usoro nyocha ziri ezi nwere ike inye aka hụ na plastik niile a na-emepụta ma na-ere ahịa ga-emebi n'ezie na gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|date=1995|editor=Scott|title=Degradable Polymers|publisher=Dordrecht Springer|location=Netherlands|doi=10.1007/978-94-011-0571-2|isbn=978-94-010-4253-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu ule e mepụtara maka nzube a bụ DINV 54900.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradable Polymeric Materials-Not the Origin but the Chemical Structure Determines Biodegradability|journal=Angewandte Chemie|volume=38|issue=10|pages=1438–1442|date=May 1999|pmid=29711570|doi=10.1002/(sici)1521-3773(19990517)38:10&lt;1438::aid-anie1438&gt;3.0.co;2-u}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọganihu ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya emeela ka nlekota oge nke polymer biodegradation site na iji biosensors jikọtara ya na mmụta igwe, na-emeziwanye izi ezi nke nyocha mmebi n'okpuru ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dịgasị iche iche.&lt;ref name=&quot;Javed2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Javed|first=M.|title=Real-time monitoring of polymer biodegradation using biosensors and machine learning|journal=Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical|volume=417|year=2024|doi=10.1016/j.snb.2024.134294}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oge a na-atụle maka ngwakọta iji mebie na gburugburu mmiri 
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:175px;&quot; |Ngwaahịa
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;width:175px;&quot; |Oge Ịga Biodegrade
|-
|[[Akpụkpọ anụ akwụkwọ]]
|Izu 2-4
|-
|Akwụkwọ akụkọ
|Izu 6
|-
|[[Apple|Isi apụl]]
|Ọnwa 2
|-
|Igbe kaadị
|Ọnwa 2
|-
|[[Katọn|katọn mmiri ara ehi]] e ji wax kpuchie
|Ọnwa 3
|-
|Ogwe aka owuwe ihe ubi
|1-5 ọnwa
|-
|Gloves [[Ajị anụ]]
|1 afọ
|-
|Plywood
|Afọ 1-3
|-
|Ogwe [[Ńkú|osisi]] ndị e sere ese
|Afọ 13
|-
|Igbe plastik
|Afọ 10-20
|-
|Igbe tin
|Afọ 50
|-
|Diaper ndị a na-atụfu
|Afọ 50-100
|-
|Bottle plastik
|100 Afọ
|-
|Igbe aluminum
|Afọ 200
|-
|Igbe iko
|Enweghị mkpebi
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Oge maka ihe ndị a na-ahụkarị iji mebie na gburugburu ụwa &lt;ref name=&quot;SLH&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1543-measuring-biodegradability|title=Measuring biodegradability|work=Science Learning Hub|accessdate=2018-09-19|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1543-measuring-biodegradability &quot;Measuring biodegradability&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|Nri
|Ụbọchị 5 - 1 ọnwa
|-
|Akwụkwọ
|Ọnwa 2-5
|-
|T-shirt Cotton
|Ọnwa 6
|-
|Akpụkpọ anụ oroma
|Ọnwa 6
|-
|Akwụkwọ osisi
|1 afọ
|-
|Akpụkpọ ụkwụ ajị anụ
|Afọ 1-5
|-
|Katọn mmiri ara ehi e ji plastik kpuchie
|Afọ 5
|-
|akpụkpọ ụkwụ Akpụkpọ anụ
|Afọ 25-40
|-
|Nylon akwa
|Afọ 30-40
|-
|Igbe tin
|Afọ 50-100
|-
|Igbe aluminum
|Afọ 80-100
|-
|Igbe iko
|Otu nde afọ
|-
|Iko Styrofoam
|Afọ 500 ruo mgbe ebighi ebi
|-
|Igbe plastik
|Afọ 500 ruo mgbe ebighi ebi
|}

== Ụdị ihe onwunwe n'otu n'otu ==

=== Ihe na-esi ísì ụtọ ===
Polycyclic aromatics bụ ihe nwere ike ibute ọrịa kansa nke a na-emepụta site na nhazi nke mmanụ na coal.

=== Plastik ===
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Hatnote/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Okwu ahụ bụ plastik mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/nutrition/articles/10.3389/fnut.2022.882682/full|title=Effect of Different Ratios of Glycerol and Erythritol on Properties of Corn Starch-Based Films|journal=Frontiers in Nutrition|date=2022-04-25|doi=10.3389/fnut.2022.882682|accessdate=2026-03-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-ezo aka n'ihe ndị na-anọgide na-enwe ike ha n'oge a na-eji ha eme ihe ma na-agbada n'ime ihe ndị dị ala na ihe ndị na-adịghị egbu egbu mgbe ejiri ha mee ihe. &lt;ref name=&quot;Ikada_2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ikada|first=Yoshito|date=February 2000|title=Biodegradable polyesters for medical and ecological applications|journal=Macromolecular Rapid Communications|volume=21|issue=3|pages=117–132|doi=10.1002/(sici)1521-3927(20000201)21:3&lt;117::aid-marc117&gt;3.0.co;2-x|url=http://web.mit.edu/course/10/10.569/www/ikadaPEreview.pdf|accessdate=2011-03-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eme ka mmebi a nwee ike site na mwakpo nke microorganisms na ihe ahụ, nke na-abụkarị polymer na-adịghị agbaze na mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Muller|first=Rolf-Joachim|editor=Steinbüchel|chapter=Biodegradability of Polymers: Regulations and Methods for Testing|title=Biopolymers|publisher=Wiley-VCH|isbn=978-3-527-30290-1|chapterurl=https://application.wiley-vch.de/books/biopoly/pdf_v10/vol10_19.pdf|doi=10.1002/3527600035.bpola012|year=2005|accessdate=2018-09-19}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation book cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMuller2005&quot;&gt;Muller RJ (2005). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike inweta ihe ndị dị otú ahụ site na njikọ kemịkal, fermentation site na microorganisms, na site na kemịkal gbanwere kemịkal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradable plastics from renewable sources|journal=Folia Microbiologica|volume=48|issue=1|pages=27–44|date=January 2003|pmid=12744074|doi=10.1007/bf02931273}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Plastik na-agbada na ọnụego dịgasị iche iche. A na-ahọrọ pọmpụ dabeere na PVC maka ijikwa [[Mmiri mkpofu|nsị]] n'ihi na PVC na-eguzogide mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, a na-emepụta ụfọdụ ihe nkwakọba ihe nke ga-emebi ngwa ngwa mgbe ọ na-ekpughe gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kyrikou|first=Ioanna|date=12 Apr 2007|title=Biodegradation of Agricultural Plastic Films: A Critical Review|journal=Journal of Polymers and the Environment|volume=15|issue=2|pages=125–150|doi=10.1007/s10924-007-0053-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe atụ nke polymer ndị na-emepụta ihe na-agbada ngwa ngwa gụnyere polycaprolactone, polyesters ndị ọzọ na aromatic-aliphatic esters, n'ihi na njikọ ester ha nwere ike ịwakpo mmiri. Ihe atụ a ma ama bụ poly-3-hydroxybutyrate, Polylactic acid a na-enweta na-agbanwe agbanwe. Ndị ọzọ bụ cellulose-based cellulose acetate na celluloid (cellulose nitrate).
[[Faịlụ:Polylactid_sceletal.svg|thumb|Polylactic acid bụ ihe atụ nke plastik nke na-agbada ngwa ngwa.]]
N'okpuru ọnọdụ oxygen dị ala, plastik na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-agbaji. Enwere ike ime ka usoro mmebi ahụ dị ngwa n'ime ụyọkọ compost a haziri n'ụzọ pụrụ iche. Plastic ndị dabeere na starch ga-emebi n'ime ọnwa abụọ ruo anọ n'ime ụlọ compost, ebe polylactic acid bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka, na-achọ okpomọkụ dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/pls/portallive/docs/1/33773706.PDF|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130602155241/http://www3.imperial.ac.uk/pls/portallive/docs/1/33773706.PDF|archivedate=2013-06-02|title=Section 6: Biodegradability of Packaging Waste|publisher=Imperial College London|accessdate=2014-03-02}}&lt;/ref&gt; Polycaprolactone na polycaprolactona-starch composites na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ emebi, mana ihe dị n'ime ya na-eme ka ọ dị ngwa site n'ịhapụ polycaprolactorone nwere oghere, ebe dị elu. Ka o sina dị, ọ na-ewe ọtụtụ ọnwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wu|first=Chin-San|title=Physical properties and biodegradability of maleated-polycaprolactone/starch composite|journal=Polymer Degradation and Stability|date=January 2003|volume=80|issue=1|pages=127–134|doi=10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00393-2|url=http://www.kyu.edu.tw/93/epaperv6/93-129.pdf|accessdate=2012-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2016, a chọpụtara nje bacteria aha ya bụ ''Ideonella sakaiensis'' ka ọ na-emebi PET. N'afọ 2020, enzyme na-emebi PET nke nje bacteria, PETase, agbanweela ma jikọta ya na MHETase iji mebie PET ngwa ngwa, ma mebie PEF. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Carrington|first=Damian|title=New super-enzyme eats plastic bottles six times faster|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/sep/28/new-super-enzyme-eats-plastic-bottles-six-times-faster|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=The Guardian|date=28 September 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Plastic-eating enzyme 'cocktail' heralds new hope for plastic waste|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-09-plastic-eating-enzyme-cocktail-heralds-plastic.html|accessdate=12 October 2020|work=phys.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Knott|first=Brandon C.|title=Characterization and engineering of a two-enzyme system for plastics depolymerization|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|date=24 September 2020|volume=117|issue=41|pages=25476–25485|doi=10.1073/pnas.2006753117|pmid=32989159|language=en|issn=0027-8424}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2021, ndị na-eme nchọpụta kọrọ na ngwakọta nke microorganisms sitere na afọ ehi nwere ike imebi ụdị plastik atọ.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Spary|first=Sara|title=Cows' stomachs can break down plastic, study finds|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2021/07/02/world/cows-plastic-scli-intl-scn/index.html|accessdate=14 August 2021|work=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Quartinello|first=Felice|title=Together Is Better: The Rumen Microbial Community as Biological Toolbox for Degradation of Synthetic Polyesters|journal=Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology|date=2021|volume=9|doi=10.3389/fbioe.2021.684459|language=English|issn=2296-4185}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ ndị na-emepụta plastik agafeela ọbụna ikwu na plastik ha nwere ike ime compostage, na-edekarị starch ọka dị ka ihe mejupụtara ya. Otú ọ dị, nkwupụta ndị a bụ ihe a na-enyo enyo n'ihi na ụlọ ọrụ plastik na-arụ ọrụ n'okpuru nkọwa nke ya nke compostable:

: &quot;nke nwere ike ịnata ire ure nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ebe a na-eme compost nke mere na ihe ahụ anaghị ahụ anya ma na-agbawa n'ime carbon dioxide, mmiri, inorganic compounds na biomass na ọnụego kwekọrọ na ihe ndị a maara compostable. &quot; (Ref: ASTM D 6002) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.compostable.info/compostable.htm|title=Compostable|publisher=Compostable.info|accessdate=2014-03-02|archivedate=2020-11-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112012056/http://www.compostable.info/compostable.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-ejikarị okwu ahụ bụ &quot;composting&quot; eme ihe n'ụzọ na-enweghị isi iji kọwaa biodegradation nke ihe nkwakọba ihe. Nkọwa iwu dị maka compostability, usoro nke na-eduga na compost. European Union na-enye ụkpụrụ anọ: &lt;ref name=&quot;EN 13432&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Requirements of the EN 13432 standard|url=https://docs.european-bioplastics.org/publications/bp/EUBP_BP_En_13432.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924190657/https://docs.european-bioplastics.org/publications/bp/EUBP_BP_En_13432.pdf|archivedate=2018-09-24|date=April 2015|work=European Bioplastics|accessdate=July 22, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Polymers, Biodegradable|title=Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry|date=2012|publisher=Wiley-VCH|location=Weinheim|doi=10.1002/14356007.n21_n01|isbn=978-3-527-30673-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Ihe mejupụtara kemịkal: ihe na-agbaze agbaze na ọla dị arọ yana fluorine kwesịrị ịbụ nke a kpaara ókè.
# Biodegradability: ntụgharị nke &gt;90% nke ihe mbụ na , mmiri na mineral site na usoro ndụ n'ime ọnwa 6.
# Disintegrability: ọ dịkarịa ala 90% nke ịdị arọ mbụ ga-agbaze n'ime ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị nwere ike ịgafe 2x2 mm sieve.
# Quality: enweghị ihe na-egbu egbu na ihe ndị ọzọ na-egbochi composting.

== Nkà na ụzụ nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ ==
Nkà na ụzụ nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ bụ teknụzụ e guzobere na ngwa ụfọdụ na nkwakọ ngwaahịa, mmepụta, na ọgwụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid12161646&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradable polymers for the environment|journal=Science|volume=297|issue=5582|pages=803–7|date=August 2002|pmid=12161646|doi=10.1126/science.297.5582.803|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1231185|accessdate=2019-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isi ihe mgbochi maka mmejuputa zuru oke bụ mgbanwe n'etiti biodegradability na arụmọrụ. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, plastik ndị dabeere na lactide bụ ihe nkwakọba dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ihe ọdịnala.

CEN (European Standards Organisation) na-akọwa  mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ dị ka &quot;mmebi nke sitere na ihe omume oxidative na cell-mediated, ma ọ bụ n'otu oge ma ọ bụ na-aga n'ihu&quot;. Ọ bụ ezie na mgbe ụfọdụ a na-akọwakọta ya dị ka &quot;oxo-fragmentable, na &quot;oxo -degradable&quot; okwu ndị a na- akọwa naanị nke mbụ ma ọ gaghị eji emebi ihe site na usoro nke oxo-biadegradation akọwapụtara ma mee ihe iji mee ihe iji nye ya dị ukwuu iji mee ihe eji emebi usoro ndụ dị ka ọ dị mma iji mee ka usoro biodegradation: nkọwa dị mma iji nye usoro mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ iji mee ka ọ dị mkpa iji mee ka ihe iji mee ka&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15864950&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradability of degradable plastic waste|journal=Waste Management &amp; Research|volume=23|issue=2|pages=95–100|date=April 2005|pmid=15864950|doi=10.1177/0734242X05051045}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị ọrụ ahụike na-eji teknụzụ nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ eme ihe karịsịa. A na-ekewa polymers ndị a na-emebi emebi n'ìgwè atọ: ọgwụ, gburugburu ebe obibi, na itinye n'ọrụ abụọ, ebe a na-eke ha n'ìhè abụọ: nke okike na nke aka mere.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ikada_2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ikada|first=Yoshito|date=February 2000|title=Biodegradable polyesters for medical and ecological applications|journal=Macromolecular Rapid Communications|volume=21|issue=3|pages=117–132|doi=10.1002/(sici)1521-3927(20000201)21:3&lt;117::aid-marc117&gt;3.0.co;2-x|url=http://web.mit.edu/course/10/10.569/www/ikadaPEreview.pdf|accessdate=2011-03-08}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFIkadaTsuji2000&quot;&gt;Ikada Y, Tsuji H (February 2000). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ndi Nka nu uzu ocha na-eji ojiji nke supercritical carbon dioxide, nke n'okpuru nrụgide dị elu na okpomọkụ ime ụlọ bụ ihe na-agwọ agwọ nke nwere ike iji plastik biodegradable mee polymer ọgwụ mkpuchi. A na-eji polymer (nke pụtara ihe mejupụtara mkpụrụ ndụ nwere usoro nhazi ugboro ugboro nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ogologo) iji tinye ọgwụ tupu etinye ya n'ime ahụ ma dabere na lactic acid, ihe a na-emepụta n'ime anụ ahụ, ya mere enwere ike iwepụ ya n'ụzọ okike. A na-emepụta mkpuchi ahụ maka ịhapụ ya n'oge ụfọdụ, na-ebelata ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ọgwụ ndị achọrọ ma na-eme ka uru ọgwụgwọ dịkwuo ukwuu. Prọfesọ Steve Howdle na-ekwu na polymer biodegradable na-adọrọ mmasị karịsịa maka iji ya na nnyefe ọgwụ, dịka ozugbo a kpọbatara ha n'ime ahụ ha anaghị achọ iweghachite ma ọ bụ mmegharị ọzọ ma na-emebi ha n'ihe ndị na-agbari agbari, ndị na-adịghị egbu egbu. Polymer dị iche iche na-emebi na ọnụego dị iche iche n'ime ahụ ya mere enwere ike ịhazi nhọrọ polymer iji nweta ọnụego ntọhapụ achọrọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Using Green Chemistry to Deliver Cutting Edge Drugs|author=The University of Nottingham|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070913132945.htm|work=Science Daily|date=September 13, 2007|accessdate=September 24, 2018|archivedate=September 24, 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924070721/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/09/070913132945.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngwa ndị ọzọ nke biomedic gụnyere ojiji nke mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ, elastic shape-memory polymers. Enwere ike iji ihe ndị a na-etinye na ya eme ihe ugbu a maka usoro ịwa ahụ na-emetụta obere site na polymer thermoplastic. Polymer ndị a nwere ike ịgbanwe ọdịdị ha ugbu a site na mmụba nke okpomọkụ, na-akpata ikike ncheta ọdịdị yana sutures na-emebi ngwa ngwa. N'ihi ya, ihe ndị a na-etinye n'ime ya nwere ike ịbanye ugbu a site na obere incisions, ndị dọkịta nwere ike ime nkwarụ dị mgbagwoju anya n'ụzọ dị mfe, na sutures na ihe ndị ọzọ na-enyere aka nwere ike imebi mgbe a wasịrị ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11976407&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradable, elastic shape-memory polymers for potential biomedical applications|journal=Science|volume=296|issue=5573|pages=1673–6|date=May 2002|pmid=11976407|doi=10.1126/science.1066102}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ na Imepụta kọmpọọsụ ==
Enweghị nkọwa zuru ụwa ọnụ maka mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ ma enwere nkọwa dị iche iche nke composting, nke dugara na mgbagwoju anya dị ukwuu n'etiti okwu ndị ahụ. A na-ejikọkarị ha ọnụ; Otú ọ dị, ha enweghị otu ihe ọ pụtara. Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ bụ mmebi nke ihe ndị dị n'ime ala site na microorganisms dị ka nje bacteria na fungus ma ọ bụ ọrụ ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gómez|first=Eddie F.|title=Biodegradability of conventional and bio-based plastics and natural fiber composites during composting, anaerobic digestion and long-term soil incubation|journal=Polymer Degradation and Stability|date=December 2013|volume=98|issue=12|pages=2583–2591|doi=10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.09.018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Composting bụ usoro mmadụ na-akpali nke biodegradation na-eme n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụfọdụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bpiworld.org/Composting|title=Biodegradable Products Institute – Composting|work=bpiworld.org|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-24|archivedate=2018-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924185940/https://bpiworld.org/Composting}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe dị iche n'etiti ha abụọ bụ na otu usoro na-eme n'ụzọ okike na otu bụ nke mmadụ na-akpali.

Ihe na-emebi emebi nwere ike ire ure na-enweghị isi iyi oxygen (anaerobically) n'ime carbon dioxide, mmiri, na biomass, mana akọwaghị usoro iheomume ahụ kpọmkwem. N'otu aka ahụ, ihe a na-eme ka ọ bụrụ carbon dioxide, mmiri, na biomass; Otú ọ dị, ihe a ga-eme ka a bụrụ ihe na-emefu na-emebi n'ime ihe ndị na-abụghị ihe. A na-akọwa usoro maka composting n'ụzọ doro anya karị, ebe ọ bụ na ụmụ mmadụ na-achịkwa ya. N'ụzọ bụ isi, composting bụ usoro biodegradation ngwa ngwa n'ihi ọnọdụ kachasị mma.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Magdoff|first=Fred|date=November 1993|title=Building Soils for Better Crops|journal=Soil Science|volume=156|issue=5|doi=10.1097/00010694-199311000-00014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, ngwaahịa ikpeazụ nke composting ọ bụghị naanị na ọ laghachiri na ọnọdụ mbụ ya, kamakwa ọ na-emepụta ma na-agbakwunye microorganisms bara uru na ala a na-akpọ [[humus]]. Enwere ike iji ihe a sitere n'okike mee ihe n'ogige na n'ugbo iji nyere aka ịzụlite osisi ndị dị mma n'ọdịnihu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.accessscience.com/content/325510|title=Humus|author=Morris|first=Schnitzer|journal=AccessScience|doi=10.1036/1097-8542.325510|accessdate=2018-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; Composting na-eme mgbe niile n'ime oge dị mkpirikpi ebe ọ bụ na ọ bụ usoro akọwapụtara nke ọma ma mee ka ọ dị ngwa site na ntinye aka mmadụ. Biodegradation nwere ike ime n'oge dị iche iche n'okpuru ọnọdụ dị iche iche, mana a na-ezube ime ya n'ụzọ okike na-enweghị ntinye aka mmadụ.
[[Faịlụ:Organic_Waste_Disposal_Streams.pdf|thumb|Ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-anọchite anya ụzọ dị iche iche nke mkpofu ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Composting in the Framework of the EU Landfill Directive|date=2002|title=Microbiology of Composting|pages=473–486|publisher=Springer Berlin Heidelberg|doi=10.1007/978-3-662-08724-4_39|isbn=978-3-642-08705-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ọbụna n'ime composting, enwere ọnọdụ dị iche iche nke nke a nwere ike ime. Ụdị composting abụọ bụ n'ụlọ na azụmahịa. Ha abụọ na-emepụta ala dị mma iji mee ihe ọzọ - isi ihe dị iche bụ ihe ndị nwere ike ịbanye na usoro ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Magdoff|first=Fred|date=November 1993|title=Building Soils for Better Crops|journal=Soil Science|volume=156|issue=5|doi=10.1097/00010694-199311000-00014}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMagdoff1993&quot;&gt;Magdoff F (November 1993). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ejikarị composting n'ụlọ eme ihe maka ihe oriri na ihe ubi karịrị akarị, dị ka ahịhịa. Commercial composting nwere ike imebi ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ dị mgbagwoju anya, dị ka plastik sitere na ọka na nnukwu ihe, dị ka alaka osisi. Commercial composting na-amalite site na ntuziaka nke ihe eji eme ihe site na iji igwe ma ọ bụ igwe ọzọ iji malite usoro ahụ. N'ihi na composting n'ụlọ na-emekarị na obere ma ọ naghị agụnye nnukwu ígwè ọrụ, ihe ndị a agaghị emebi n'ụzọ zuru ezu na composting ụlọ. Ọzọkwa, otu nnyocha atụwo ma gosipụta ọdịiche dị n'ụlọ na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, na-ekwu na enwere uru na ọghọm na ha abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The use of life cycle assessment for the comparison of biowaste composting at home and full scale|journal=Waste Management|volume=30|issue=6|pages=983–94|date=June 2010|pmid=20211555|doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2010.02.023|url=http://ddd.uab.cat/record/163720|accessdate=2018-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnyocha ndị na-esonụ na-enye ihe atụ nke akọwapụtara composting dị ka akụkụ nke biodegradation na ọnọdụ sayensị. Nnyocha mbụ, &quot;Nnyocha nke Biodegradability nke Plastics n'okpuru Simulated Composting Conditions in a Laboratory Test Setting,&quot; na-enyocha composting n'ụzọ doro anya dị ka usoro ọnọdụ ndị na-adaba n'okpuru ụdị mmebi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1996-01-01|title=Assessment of biodegradability of plastics under simulated composting conditions in a laboratory test system|journal=International Biodeterioration &amp; Biodegradation|volume=37|issue=1–2|pages=85–92|doi=10.1016/0964-8305(95)00089-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, nnyocha a na-esote lere anya na biodegradation na mmetụta composting nke polylactic acid na-agwakọta na kemịkal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2012-02-01|title=Some composting and biodegradation effects of physically or chemically crosslinked poly(lactic acid)|journal=Polymer Testing|volume=31|issue=1|pages=83–92|doi=10.1016/j.polymertesting.2011.09.012|author=Żenkiewicz|first=Marian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Karịsịa ịkọwa composting na biodegrading dị ka okwu abụọ dị iche iche. Nnyocha nke atọ na nke ikpeazụ na-enyocha ụkpụrụ Europe nke ihe biodegradable na compostable na ụlọ ọrụ nkwakọba ihe, ọzọ na-eji okwu ahụ iche iche.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2001-01-01|title=European current standardization for plastic packaging recoverable through composting and biodegradation|journal=Polymer Testing|language=en|volume=20|issue=5|pages=517–521|doi=10.1016/S0142-9418(00)00068-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọdịiche dị n'etiti okwu ndị a dị oke mkpa n'ihi na mgbagwoju anya na-[[Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu]] na-eduga n'ịtọhapụ ihe ndị mmadụ n'ụzọ na-ekwesịghị ekwesị kwa ụbọchị. Nkà na ụzụ nke mbibi emeela ka e nwee ọganihu dị ukwuu n'otú anyị si ewepụ ihe mkpofu; ugbu a, e nwere ihe mkpofu, imegharị ihe, na ihe mkpofu iji melite usoro mkpofu. Otú ọ dị, ọ bụrụ na a na-agbagwoju anya na iyi mkpofu ndị a ugboro ugboro, mgbe ahụ usoro mkpofu ahụ adịghị mma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Plastic Bag Externalities and Policy in Rhode Island|url=http://seattlebagtax.org/referencedpdfs/en-akullianetal.pdf|journal=Brown Policy Review|date=2006|accessdate=2018-09-24}}&lt;/ref&gt; E mepụtara ihe ndị a na-emebi emebi na ihe ndị a ga-eme ka ha gbasaa iji hụ na ihe mkpofu mmadụ nwere ike imebi ma laghachi na ọnọdụ mbụ ya, ma ọ bụ n'ihe gbasara composting ọbụna tinye ihe na-edozi ahụ n'ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Biodegradable and compostable alternatives to conventional plastics|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=364|issue=1526|pages=2127–39|date=July 2009|pmid=19528060|doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0289}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbe a tụpụrụ ngwaahịa a na-etinye compostable karịa composted ma zigara ya n'ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa, ihe ndị a mepụtara na mgbalị na-efu efu. Ya mere, ọ dị mkpa ka ụmụ amaala ghọta ọdịiche dị n'etiti okwu ndị a ka e wee nwee ike iwepụ ihe ndị ahụ n'ụzọ ziri ezi na nke ọma.

== Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya ==
[[Mmetọ plastik]] sitere na ịtụfu iwu na-akwadoghị na-eweta ihe ize ndụ ahụike nye anụ ọhịa. Ụmụ anụmanụ na-ejikarị plastik eme ihe maka nri, na-akpata mgbagwoju anya nke eriri afọ. Chemicals na-eji nwayọ emebi, dị ka polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), nonylphenol (NP), na pesticides a na-ahụkwa na plastik, nwere ike ịhapụ n'ime gburugburu ebe obibi ma mesịa bụrụ nke anụ ọhịa riri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Webb|first=Hayden|date=2012-12-28|title=Plastic Degradation and Its Environmental Implications with Special Reference to Poly(ethylene terephthalate)|journal=Polymers|volume=5|issue=1|pages=1–18|doi=10.3390/polym5010001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chemicals ndị a na-arụkwa ọrụ na ahụike mmadụ, dịka iri nri na-adịghị mma (n'usoro a na-akpọ biomagnification na bioaccumulation) ejikọtara ya na nsogbu ndị dị ka ọrịa kansa, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Food web-specific biomagnification of persistent organic pollutants|journal=Science|volume=317|issue=5835|pages=236–9|date=July 2007|pmid=17626882|doi=10.1126/science.1138275}}&lt;/ref&gt; nsogbu akwara, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Human mercury exposure and adverse health effects in the Amazon: a review|journal=Cadernos de Saude Publica|volume=24|pages=s503–20|date=2008|issue=Suppl 4|pmid=18797727|doi=10.1590/s0102-311x2008001600004}}&lt;/ref&gt; na mgbanwe homonụ. Ihe atụ a ma ama nke biomagnification na-emetụta ahụike n'oge na-adịbeghị anya bụ mmụba nke ikpughe na ọkwa dị elu nke mercury n'ime azụ, nke nwere ike imetụta homonụ mmekọahụ n'ime ụmụ mmadụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Perspectives in endocrine toxicity of heavy metals--a review|journal=Biological Trace Element Research|volume=160|issue=1|pages=1–14|date=July 2014|pmid=24898714|doi=10.1007/s12011-014-0023-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In efforts to remediate the damages done by slow-degrading plastics, detergents, metals, and other pollutants created by humans, economic costs have become a concern. Marine litter in particular is notably difficult to quantify and review.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Newman|first=Stephanie|chapter=The Economics of Marine Litter|date=2015|title=Marine Anthropogenic Litter|pages=367–394|publisher=Springer International Publishing|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-16510-3_14|isbn=978-3-319-16509-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Researchers at the World Trade Institute estimate that cleanup initiatives' cost (specifically in ocean ecosystems) has hit close to thirteen billion dollars a year.&lt;ref name=&quot;Matsangou_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Elizabeth|author=Matsangou|date=2 July 2018|url=https://www.worldfinance.com/markets/counting-the-cost-of-plastic-pollution|title=Counting the cost of plastic pollution|accessdate=17 September 2018|work=World Finance}}&lt;/ref&gt; The main concern stems from marine environments, with the biggest cleanup efforts centering around garbage patches in the ocean. The Great Pacific Garbage Patch, a garbage patch the size of Mexico, is located in the Pacific Ocean. It is estimated to be upwards of a million square miles in size. While the patch contains more obvious examples of litter (plastic bottles, cans, and bags), tiny microplastics are nearly impossible to clean up.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Plastic debris and policy: Using current scientific understanding to invoke positive change|journal=Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry|volume=35|issue=7|pages=1617–26|date=July 2016|pmid=27331654|doi=10.1002/etc.3408}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''National Geographic'' reports that even more non-biodegradable materials are finding their way into vulnerable environments – nearly thirty-eight million pieces a year.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Shaena|author=Montanari|url=https://news.nationalgeographic.com/2017/07/ocean-plastic-patch-south-pacific-spd/|title=Plastic Garbage Patch Bigger Than Mexico Found in Pacific|date=2017-07-25|accessdate=2018-09-17|work=National Geographic}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe ndị na-emebibeghị nwekwara ike ịbụ ebe mgbaba maka ụdị ndị na-awakpo, dị ka ikpuru tube na barnacles. Mgbe gburugburu ebe obibi na-agbanwe na nzaghachi maka ụdị ndị na-awakpo, ụdị ndị bi na ya na nguzozi nke ihe onwunwe, ọdịiche dị iche iche nke mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa, na ọgaranya nke ụdị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Environmental implications of plastic debris in marine settings--entanglement, ingestion, smothering, hangers-on, hitch-hiking and alien invasions|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences|volume=364|issue=1526|pages=2013–25|date=July 2009|pmid=19528053|doi=10.1098/rstb.2008.0265}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe ndị a nwere ike ịkwado akụ na ụba mpaghara n'ụzọ ịchụ nta na aquaculture, nke na-ata ahụhụ na nzaghachi maka mgbanwe ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2018-10-01|title=Marine plastic pollution as a planetary boundary threat – The drifting piece in the sustainability puzzle|journal=Marine Policy|language=en|volume=96|pages=213–220|doi=10.1016/j.marpol.2017.11.035}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu aka ahụ, obodo ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nke na-adabere n'ụzọ dị ukwuu na njem nleta gburugburu ebe obibi na-efunahụ ego site na mmụba nke mmetọ, ebe ọ bụ na osimiri ma ọ bụ ụsọ mmiri ha anaghịzi achọ ndị njem. Ụlọ ọrụ World Trade Institute na-ekwukwa na obodo ndị na-enwekarị mmetụta nke mmebi nke biodegradation bụ mba ndị dara ogbenye na-enweghị ụzọ ịkwụ ụgwọ maka nhicha ha.&lt;ref name=&quot;Matsangou_2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|first=Elizabeth|author=Matsangou|date=2 July 2018|url=https://www.worldfinance.com/markets/counting-the-cost-of-plastic-pollution|title=Counting the cost of plastic pollution|accessdate=17 September 2018|work=World Finance}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation news cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFMatsangou2018&quot;&gt;Matsangou E (2 July 2018). &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime mmetụta nzaghachi dị mma, ha n'aka nke ha nwere nsogbu ịchịkwa isi iyi mmetọ nke ha.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Socioeconomic Disparities and Air Pollution Exposure: a Global Review|journal=Current Environmental Health Reports|volume=2|issue=4|pages=440–50|date=December 2015|pmid=26381684|doi=10.1007/s40572-015-0069-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Okwu mmalite nke &quot;Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ&quot; ==
Ojiji mbụ a maara nke Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ na ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ na 1959 mgbe e ji ya kọwaa mmebi nke ihe n'ime ihe ndị na-adịghị emerụ ahụ site na microorganisms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biodegradable|title=Definition of BIODEGRADABLE|work=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|accessdate=2018-09-24|archivedate=2018-09-24|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180924190238/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/biodegradable}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugbu a, a na-ejikọkarị Mgbukpọ nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ndụ na ngwaahịa ndị na-adịghị emetụta gburugburu ebe obibi bụ akụkụ nke okirikiri ụwa dị ka Okirikiri carbon ma nwee ike ịtọgbọ azụ n'ime ihe okike.

== Hụkwa ==
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== Ihe edeturu ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt; 

== Ihe odide ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

=== Ụkpụrụ site na ASTM International ===

* D5210- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Anaerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials na Ọnụnọ nke Obodo Mmiri Mmiri Mmị
* D5526- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Anaerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials n'okpuru Ọnọdụ Nchịkọta Ngwa ngwa
* D5338- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials n'okpuru Ọnọdụ Nchịkwa Composting, Na-etinye Okpomọkụ Thermophilic
* D5511- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Anaerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials n'okpuru High-Solids Anaerobic-Digestion Conditions
* D5864- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation nke Lubricants ma ọ bụ Ihe Ha
* D5988- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials na Ala
* D6139- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Aquatic Biodegradation nke Lubricants ma ọ bụ Ihe Ha Na-eji Gledhill Shake Flask
* D6006- Ntuziaka ọkọlọtọ maka Ịtụle Biodegradability nke Hydraulic Fluids
* D6340- Ụzọ Nnyocha Aerobic Biodegradation nke Radiolabeled Plastic Materials na Aqueous ma ọ bụ Compost Environment
* D6691- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials na Marine Environment site na Consortium Microbial ma ọ bụ Natural Sea Water Inoculum
* D6731-Ụzọ Nnyocha Aerobic, Aquatic Biodegradability nke Lubricants ma ọ bụ Lubricant Components na Respirometer mechiri emechi
* D6954- Ntuziaka ọkọlọtọ maka ikpughe na ịnwale plastik nke na-emebi na gburugburu ebe obibi site na ngwakọta nke oxidation na Biodegradation
* D7044- Nkọwapụta ọkọlọtọ maka Biodegradable Fire Resistant Hydraulic Fluids
* D7373-Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka ịkọ ọdịdị nke Lubricants site na iji Bio-kinetic Model
* D7475- Ụzọ Nnyocha Standard maka Ịchọpụta Aerobic Degradation na Anaerobic Biodegradation nke Plastic Materials n'okpuru Accelerated Bioreactor Landfill Conditions
* D7665- Ntuziaka ọkọlọtọ maka Nnyocha nke Mmiri Na-ebufe Okpomọkụ

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.european-bioplastics.org/ European Bioplastics Association]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130723014926/http://www.fpintl.com/resources/wp_biodegradable_plastics.htm Sayensị nke Plastic Biodegradable: Eziokwu n'azụ Biodegradable Plastic Packaging Material]
* [http://www.biosphereplastic.com/uncategorized/what-is-biodegradation/ Nkọwa plastik a na-emebi emebi]
{{Waste}}{{Authority control}}
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    <title>Aydar Akhatov</title>
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      <text bytes="10173" sha1="ps7l1khp0fuv8c82trb7t680z4f14eo" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Russian lawyer and economist (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name        = Akhatov, Aydar Gabdulkhaevich&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Russian language|Rus.]] Ахатов, Айдар Габдулхаевич&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Tatar language|Tat.]] Əхәтов, Айдар Габделхәй улы&lt;/small&gt;
| image       = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010).jpg
| alt         =
| caption     = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010)
| birth_date  = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|06|20}}
| birth_place = [[Tobolsk]], [[Tyumen]] Oblast, [[Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union
| alma_mater  = [[Kazan State University]], [[Bashkir State University]], [[Saint Petersburg Mining Institute]], [[UCLA]]
| death_date  =
| death_place =
| known_for   = President of the company &quot;CITY&quot;, economist, president of the first environmental fund in the USSR / Russia, author of the first Russian ecological encyclopedia, ecologist, artist
| occupation  = Lawyer, economist, ecologist
| awards      = [[File:Statuette of Award &quot;Entrepreneur of the Year&quot;.jpg|33px]]
| spouse      =
| website     = {{URL|www.akhatov-a.ru}}
| signature   = 
}}

==Akụkọ ndụ==
Aydar Akhatov bụ ọkachamara mba ụwa n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ụzọ njikwa akụ na ụba nke nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;gabdulkhaevich24&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eurasian-defence1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurasian-defence.ru/node/7987|title=Centre for Military and Political Studies: Akhatov Aydar Gabdulkhaevich|access-date=21 May 2013|archive-date=5 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105073537/http://eurasian-defence.ru/node/7987|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um2dJa9sEH8|title=TV: Экологические проблемы:отходы / Ecological Problems: Waste|date=25 May 2009 |via=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov&quot;&gt;[http://gaidar.viperson.ru/wind.php?ID=5122 VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov] {{in lang|ru|en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Onyeisi oche nke Kọmishọn nke ndị ọkachamara, onye otu Presidim nke Kọnsụl Elu Ecological na Steeti Duma nke Russian Federation (1997–2008).[5] DSc na Akụnụba (1998).
Ọkammụta nke Mahadum Russia nke Humanities. Ọkammụta nke International Academy of Ecology, Man and Nature Protection Sciences (General Consultative state of Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) nke United Nations). Ọkammụta nke International Informatisational Academy nke (General Consultative state of Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) nke United Nations). Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ atọ dị elu na [[Russian Federation]] (akụnụba, iwu, gburugburu ebe obibi-geographical), Aydar Akhatov gụchara akwụkwọ [[UCLA]]. Otu n'ime ndị guzobere na ndị ndu nke mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi na Russia. Ọ bụ onye sonyere na onye nhazi nke ọtụtụ ogbako mba ụwa na ogbako maka nsogbu gburugburu ebOnye e obibi.

&lt;ref name=&quot;viperson2&quot; /&gt; onye nnọchiteanya the First All-Russian Congress on Environmental Protection (the delegate from the [[Republic of Tatarstan]]), Moscow, 3–5 June 1995.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wiwrf.ru/members/person_18478.html Who's Who in Russia: Aydar Akhatov.]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42075421 The Materials of the All-Russian Congress on Nature Protection, 3–5 June 1995] {{in lang|en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/russia/arf_meet.htm EIS/RF Meetings used as information sources: The All-Russian Congress on Environmental Protection. The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation, and the Inter-Agency Commission on Ecological Safety of the Security Council of the Russian Federation. Moscow, 3–5 June 1995] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119234617/http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/russia/arf_meet.htm |date=19 January 2008 }} {{in lang|en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aydar Akhatov mepụtara usoro nke usoro akụ na ụba maka ijikwa ihe ndị sitere n'okike na ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge mgbanwe gaa n'usoro ahịa (1990).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wiw-rf.ru/members/person_18478.html|title=АХАТОВ АЙДАР ГАБДУЛХАЕВИЧ (Президент, член Совета директоров ОАО &quot;СИТИ&quot; - управляющей компании по строительству и развитию &quot;Московского Международного Делового Центра &quot;Москва-Сити&quot;, г. Москва) / Наши участники / КТО ЕСТЬ КТО в России|website=www.wiw-rf.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; O dabere na nke mbụ na USSR / Russia kwụsịrị mmefu ego steeti gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike nke onye iwu (1990), si otú ahụ malite ịmalite usoro nke ego steeti mmefu ego na akụkụ dị iche iche na mba ahụ. Onye nchoputa nke mbụ na USSR / Russia municipal sanitary-ecological police (1990),&lt;ref name=&quot;famous-scientists1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://famous-scientists.ru/anketa/ahatov-ajdar-gabdulhaevich-3626|title=доктор экономических наук Ахатов Айдар Габдулхаевич|website=famous-scientists.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke ghọrọ ihe nlereanya nke imepụta ihe owuwu ndị yiri ya n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke mba ahụ, gụnyere Moscow. Aydar Akhatov bụ onye dere akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu mbụ nke akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma Russia bụ &quot;Ecology&quot; (mbipụta nke mbụ 1994, mbipụta nke abụọ 1995). Maka oge mbụ o mepụtara usoro nke nkọwa na iwepụ ụgwọ ụlọ.
&lt;ref name=&quot;famous-scientists1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Razovsky Yu.V. Mining rent. – Moscow: Economics, 2000, p. 31. {{ISBN|978-5-282-01991-9}} {{in lang|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nugaev R.A. Otu esi emeri nsogbu miri emi nke usoro dị iche iche na Russia site n'iji &quot;ọlaedo ojii&quot; (nnyocha akwụkwọ: Akhatov Aydar. Akụrụngwa mmanụ na gas nke Russia na mgbanwe narị afọ. – Moscow: &quot;Nedra&quot;, 1998. {{ISBN|978-5-247-03805-4}}) / Akwụkwọ akụkọ &quot;Science of Tatarstan&quot;, 1999, Nke 1, peeji nke 95-96. {{n'asụsụ|Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ọ bụkwa onye dere ụfọdụ atụmatụ iwu gọọmentị etiti na nke mpaghara (Tatarstan), ma na-enye nkọwa gbasara iwu ndị metụtara ngalaba akụ ndị sitere n'okike.
&lt;ref name=&quot;famous-scientists1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/soc_gum/ekhp/2013_1/files/st18.pdf Ivanchenkova L.V. Natural rent and environmental tax / Economy of Food Industry, № 1(17), 2013, pp. 68–70]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://economicsandwe.com/doc/2588/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702194047/http://economicsandwe.com/doc/2588/|url-status=unfit|title=СКОЛЬКО СПРАВЕДЛИВО СОДРАТЬ?!|archive-date=2014-07-02|website=economicsandwe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Aydar Akhatov bụ onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onye isi mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-ahụ maka ịchịkọta nchekwa ọlaedo nke Republic of Tatarstan (Russia), ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka osote Minista na-ahụ maka ego (1998–1999).&lt;ref name=&quot;viperson2&quot; /&gt;

Aydar Akhatov malitere itinye aka n'ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 1989, na-akwado okwu gbasara nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1990, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ngalaba nleba anya gburugburu ebe obibi n'okpuru kọmitii na-ahụ maka nchịkwa nke Kansụl Obodo Naberezhnye Chelny, Aydar Akhatov gwara ndị bi n'obodo ahụ okwu site na mgbasa ozi banyere ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị njọ (nke gụnyere ọnụnọ nke kemịkalụ 'phenol' n'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ n'ihi nsogbu pụtara n'otu ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ dị na Ufa), n'agbanyeghị mmachibido iwu sitere n'aka ndị isi otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị ọchịchị obodo ahụ. N'ihi ikwu okwu n'ụlọ ọrụ redio obodo na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọala KAMAZ n'enweghị ikike, a chụpụrụ ya n'ọkwa onye isi ngalaba nleba anya; mana e weghachiri ya n'ọkwa ahụ mgbe onye ọka iwu gọọmentị (prosecutor) welitere mkpesa megide mkpebi kọmitii nchịkwa nke Kansụl Obodo ahụ. Okwu Akhatov kwuru gbochiri ka ọtụtụ ndị bi n'obodo ahụ ghara ịṅụ mmiri na-adịghị mma nke nwere ike ịkpata nsị. N'oge na-esote nke a, n'ihi nkwado siri ike o nwere maka ime ka ọha na eze mara banyere okwu gburugburu ebe obibi, a họpụtara ya dị ka Onye Nnọchiteanya Ndị Mmadụ (People's Deputy), onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi na gburugburu ebe obibi na Kansụl Obodo Naberezhnye Chelny, nakwa Onye Nnọchiteanya Ndị Mmadụ na Kansụl Kasị Elu nke Tatar ASSR. N'afọ 1990, Aydar Akhatov nwetara aha otutu bụ &quot;Mr. Time-'90&quot; dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kacha ewu ewu n'ógbè ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eurasian-defence1&quot; /&gt; 

Na 1990-1991, dịka ajụjụ gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya si dị, nke emere n'ụlọ nyocha mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Parliament of Tatarstan, o nọ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ n'ọkwa ama ama n'etiti steeti na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Republic, ebe o nyere ọkwa mbụ naanị n'aka Onyeisiala nke Republic of Tatarstan [[Mintimer Shaimiev]].
&lt;ref&gt;[http://akhatov-a.ru/_si/0/30704.jpg In the Mirror of Sociology. – The newspaper &quot;Soviet Tatarstan&quot;, 30/01/1991.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505092542/http://akhatov-a.ru/_si/0/30704.jpg |date=5 May 2016 }} {{in lang|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;viperson3&quot;&gt;[http://gaidar.viperson.ru/wind.php?ID=5122 VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov] {{in lang|en|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;[http://akhatov-a.ru/_si/0/30704.jpg In the Mirror of Sociology. – The newspaper &quot;Soviet Tatarstan&quot;, 30/01/1991.]

==ihe ịrịba ama ọrụ==
[[File:President of &quot;CITY&quot; Aydar Akhatov.jpg|left|290px|thumb|President of the company &quot;CITY&quot; Aydar Akhatov (center) was the moderator (Co-chair) at the International French-Russian Investment Forum in Paris (29 October 2010).]]</text>
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      <text bytes="10176" sha1="fr8gj853e32r1af6c6bami0s8ookkej" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Russian lawyer and economist (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name        = Akhatov, Aydar Gabdulkhaevich&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Russian language|Rus.]] Ахатов, Айдар Габдулхаевич&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Tatar language|Tat.]] Əхәтов, Айдар Габделхәй улы&lt;/small&gt;
| image       = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010).jpg
| alt         =
| caption     = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010)
| birth_date  = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|06|20}}
| birth_place = [[Tobolsk]], [[Tyumen]] Oblast, [[Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union
| alma_mater  = [[Kazan State University]], [[Bashkir State University]], [[Saint Petersburg Mining Institute]], [[UCLA]]
| death_date  =
| death_place =
| known_for   = President of the company &quot;CITY&quot;, economist, president of the first environmental fund in the USSR / Russia, author of the first Russian ecological encyclopedia, ecologist, artist
| occupation  = Lawyer, economist, ecologist
| awards      = [[File:Statuette of Award &quot;Entrepreneur of the Year&quot;.jpg|33px]]
| spouse      =
| website     = {{URL|www.akhatov-a.ru}}
| signature   = 
}}

==Akụkọ ndụ==
Aydar Akhatov bụ ọkachamara mba ụwa n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ụzọ njikwa akụ na ụba nke nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;gabdulkhaevich24&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eurasian-defence1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurasian-defence.ru/node/7987|title=Centre for Military and Political Studies: Akhatov Aydar Gabdulkhaevich|access-date=21 May 2013|archive-date=5 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105073537/http://eurasian-defence.ru/node/7987|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um2dJa9sEH8|title=TV: Экологические проблемы:отходы / Ecological Problems: Waste|date=25 May 2009 |via=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov&quot;&gt;[http://gaidar.viperson.ru/wind.php?ID=5122 VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov] {{in lang|ru|en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Onyeisi oche nke Kọmishọn nke ndị ọkachamara, onye otu Presidim nke Kọnsụl Elu Ecological na Steeti Duma nke Russian Federation (1997–2008).[5] DSc na Akụnụba (1998).
Ọkammụta nke Mahadum Russia nke Humanities. Ọkammụta nke International Academy of Ecology, Man and Nature Protection Sciences (General Consultative state of Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) nke United Nations). Ọkammụta nke International Informatisational Academy nke (General Consultative state of Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) nke United Nations). Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ atọ dị elu na [[Russian Federation]] (akụnụba, iwu, gburugburu ebe obibi-geographical), Aydar Akhatov gụchara akwụkwọ [[UCLA]]. Otu n'ime ndị guzobere na ndị ndu nke mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi na Russia. Ọ bụ onye sonyere na onye nhazi nke ọtụtụ ogbako mba ụwa na ogbako maka nsogbu gburugburu ebOnye e obibi.

&lt;ref name=&quot;viperson2&quot; /&gt; onye nnọchiteanya the First All-Russian Congress on Environmental Protection (the delegate from the [[Republic of Tatarstan]]), Moscow, 3–5 June 1995.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wiwrf.ru/members/person_18478.html Who's Who in Russia: Aydar Akhatov.]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42075421 The Materials of the All-Russian Congress on Nature Protection, 3–5 June 1995] {{in lang|en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/russia/arf_meet.htm EIS/RF Meetings used as information sources: The All-Russian Congress on Environmental Protection. The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation, and the Inter-Agency Commission on Ecological Safety of the Security Council of the Russian Federation. Moscow, 3–5 June 1995] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119234617/http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/russia/arf_meet.htm |date=19 January 2008 }} {{in lang|en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aydar Akhatov mepụtara usoro nke usoro akụ na ụba maka ijikwa ihe ndị sitere n'okike na ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge mgbanwe gaa n'usoro ahịa (1990).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wiw-rf.ru/members/person_18478.html|title=АХАТОВ АЙДАР ГАБДУЛХАЕВИЧ (Президент, член Совета директоров ОАО &quot;СИТИ&quot; - управляющей компании по строительству и развитию &quot;Московского Международного Делового Центра &quot;Москва-Сити&quot;, г. Москва) / Наши участники / КТО ЕСТЬ КТО в России|website=www.wiw-rf.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; O dabere na nke mbụ na USSR / Russia kwụsịrị mmefu ego steeti gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike nke onye iwu (1990), si otú ahụ malite ịmalite usoro nke ego steeti mmefu ego na akụkụ dị iche iche na mba ahụ. Onye nchoputa nke mbụ na USSR / Russia municipal sanitary-ecological police (1990),&lt;ref name=&quot;famous-scientists1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://famous-scientists.ru/anketa/ahatov-ajdar-gabdulhaevich-3626|title=доктор экономических наук Ахатов Айдар Габдулхаевич|website=famous-scientists.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke ghọrọ ihe nlereanya nke imepụta ihe owuwu ndị yiri ya n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke mba ahụ, gụnyere Moscow. Aydar Akhatov bụ onye dere akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu mbụ nke akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma mba Russia bụ &quot;Ecology&quot; (mbipụta nke mbụ 1994, mbipụta nke abụọ 1995). Maka oge mbụ o mepụtara usoro nke nkọwa na iwepụ ụgwọ ụlọ.
&lt;ref name=&quot;famous-scientists1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Razovsky Yu.V. Mining rent. – Moscow: Economics, 2000, p. 31. {{ISBN|978-5-282-01991-9}} {{in lang|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nugaev R.A. Otu esi emeri nsogbu miri emi nke usoro dị iche iche na Russia site n'iji &quot;ọlaedo ojii&quot; (nnyocha akwụkwọ: Akhatov Aydar. Akụrụngwa mmanụ na gas nke Russia na mgbanwe narị afọ. – Moscow: &quot;Nedra&quot;, 1998. {{ISBN|978-5-247-03805-4}}) / Akwụkwọ akụkọ &quot;Science of Tatarstan&quot;, 1999, Nke 1, peeji nke 95-96. {{n'asụsụ|Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ọ bụkwa onye dere ụfọdụ atụmatụ iwu gọọmentị etiti na nke mpaghara (Tatarstan), ma na-enye nkọwa gbasara iwu ndị metụtara ngalaba akụ ndị sitere n'okike.
&lt;ref name=&quot;famous-scientists1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/soc_gum/ekhp/2013_1/files/st18.pdf Ivanchenkova L.V. Natural rent and environmental tax / Economy of Food Industry, № 1(17), 2013, pp. 68–70]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://economicsandwe.com/doc/2588/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702194047/http://economicsandwe.com/doc/2588/|url-status=unfit|title=СКОЛЬКО СПРАВЕДЛИВО СОДРАТЬ?!|archive-date=2014-07-02|website=economicsandwe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Aydar Akhatov bụ onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onye isi mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-ahụ maka ịchịkọta nchekwa ọlaedo nke Republic of Tatarstan (Russia), ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka osote Minista na-ahụ maka ego (1998–1999).&lt;ref name=&quot;viperson2&quot; /&gt;

Aydar Akhatov malitere itinye aka n'ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 1989, na-akwado okwu gbasara nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1990, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ngalaba nleba anya gburugburu ebe obibi n'okpuru kọmitii na-ahụ maka nchịkwa nke Kansụl Obodo Naberezhnye Chelny, Aydar Akhatov gwara ndị bi n'obodo ahụ okwu site na mgbasa ozi banyere ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị njọ (nke gụnyere ọnụnọ nke kemịkalụ 'phenol' n'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ n'ihi nsogbu pụtara n'otu ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ dị na Ufa), n'agbanyeghị mmachibido iwu sitere n'aka ndị isi otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị ọchịchị obodo ahụ. N'ihi ikwu okwu n'ụlọ ọrụ redio obodo na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọala KAMAZ n'enweghị ikike, a chụpụrụ ya n'ọkwa onye isi ngalaba nleba anya; mana e weghachiri ya n'ọkwa ahụ mgbe onye ọka iwu gọọmentị (onye ikpe) welitere mkpesa megide mkpebi kọmitii nchịkwa nke Kansụl Obodo ahụ. Okwu Akhatov kwuru gbochiri ka ọtụtụ ndị bi n'obodo ahụ ghara ịṅụ mmiri na-adịghị mma nke nwere ike ịkpata nsị. N'oge na-esote nke a, n'ihi nkwado siri ike o nwere maka ime ka ọha na eze mara banyere okwu gburugburu ebe obibi, a họpụtara ya dị ka Onye Nnọchiteanya Ndị Mmadụ (People's Deputy), onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi na gburugburu ebe obibi na Kansụl Obodo Naberezhnye Chelny, nakwa Onye Nnọchiteanya Ndị Mmadụ na Kansụl Kasị Elu nke Tatar ASSR. N'afọ 1990, Aydar Akhatov nwetara aha otutu bụ &quot;Mr. Time-'90&quot; dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kacha ewu ewu n'ógbè ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eurasian-defence1&quot; /&gt; 

Na 1990-1991, dịka ajụjụ gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya si dị, nke emere n'ụlọ nyocha mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Parliament of Tatarstan, o nọ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ n'ọkwa ama ama n'etiti steeti na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Republic, ebe o nyere ọkwa mbụ naanị n'aka Onyeisiala nke Republic of Tatarstan [[Mintimer Shaimiev]].
&lt;ref&gt;[http://akhatov-a.ru/_si/0/30704.jpg In the Mirror of Sociology. – The newspaper &quot;Soviet Tatarstan&quot;, 30/01/1991.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505092542/http://akhatov-a.ru/_si/0/30704.jpg |date=5 May 2016 }} {{in lang|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;viperson3&quot;&gt;[http://gaidar.viperson.ru/wind.php?ID=5122 VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov] {{in lang|en|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;[http://akhatov-a.ru/_si/0/30704.jpg In the Mirror of Sociology. – The newspaper &quot;Soviet Tatarstan&quot;, 30/01/1991.]

==ihe ịrịba ama ọrụ==
[[File:President of &quot;CITY&quot; Aydar Akhatov.jpg|left|290px|thumb|President of the company &quot;CITY&quot; Aydar Akhatov (center) was the moderator (Co-chair) at the International French-Russian Investment Forum in Paris (29 October 2010).]]</text>
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        <username>Specialyvonne</username>
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      <text bytes="10190" sha1="9zlehoi2jl1cse4cneks3p7ix0znehz" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Russian lawyer and economist (born 1957)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Infobox person
| name        = Akhatov, Aydar Gabdulkhaevich&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Russian language|Rus.]] Ахатов, Айдар Габдулхаевич&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Tatar language|Tat.]] Əхәтов, Айдар Габделхәй улы&lt;/small&gt;
| image       = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010).jpg
| alt         =
| caption     = Aydar Akhatov (Germany, 2010)
| birth_date  = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1957|06|20}}
| birth_place = [[Tobolsk]], [[Tyumen]] Oblast, [[Russian SFSR]], Soviet Union
| alma_mater  = [[Kazan State University]], [[Bashkir State University]], [[Saint Petersburg Mining Institute]], [[UCLA]]
| death_date  =
| death_place =
| known_for   = President of the company &quot;CITY&quot;, economist, president of the first environmental fund in the USSR / Russia, author of the first Russian ecological encyclopedia, ecologist, artist
| occupation  = Lawyer, economist, ecologist
| awards      = [[File:Statuette of Award &quot;Entrepreneur of the Year&quot;.jpg|33px]]
| spouse      =
| website     = {{URL|www.akhatov-a.ru}}
| signature   = 
}}

==Akụkọ ndụ==
Aydar Akhatov bụ ọkachamara mba ụwa n'ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi na ụzọ njikwa akụ na ụba nke nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi.&lt;ref name=&quot;gabdulkhaevich24&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eurasian-defence1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.eurasian-defence.ru/node/7987|title=Centre for Military and Political Studies: Akhatov Aydar Gabdulkhaevich|access-date=21 May 2013|archive-date=5 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105073537/http://eurasian-defence.ru/node/7987|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Um2dJa9sEH8|title=TV: Экологические проблемы:отходы / Ecological Problems: Waste|date=25 May 2009 |via=www.youtube.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov&quot;&gt;[http://gaidar.viperson.ru/wind.php?ID=5122 VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov] {{in lang|ru|en}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Onyeisi oche nke Kọmishọn nke ndị ọkachamara, onye otu Presidim nke Kọnsụl Elu Ecological na Steeti Duma nke Russian Federation (afọ 1997 ruo afọ 2008).[5] DSc na Akụnụba (1998).
Ọkammụta nke Mahadum Russia nke Humanities. Ọkammụta nke International Academy of Ecology, Man and Nature Protection Sciences (General Consultative state of Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) nke United Nations). Ọkammụta nke International Informatisational Academy nke (General Consultative state of Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) nke United Nations). Ọ gụchara akwụkwọ atọ dị elu na [[Russian Federation]] (akụnụba, iwu, gburugburu ebe obibi-geographical), Aydar Akhatov gụchara akwụkwọ [[UCLA]]. Otu n'ime ndị guzobere na ndị ndu nke mmegharị gburugburu ebe obibi na Russia. Ọ bụ onye sonyere na onye nhazi nke ọtụtụ ogbako mba ụwa na ogbako maka nsogbu gburugburu ebOnye e obibi.

&lt;ref name=&quot;viperson2&quot; /&gt; onye nnọchiteanya the First All-Russian Congress on Environmental Protection (the delegate from the [[Republic of Tatarstan]]), Moscow, 3–5 June 1995.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wiwrf.ru/members/person_18478.html Who's Who in Russia: Aydar Akhatov.]{{dead link|date=July 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/42075421 The Materials of the All-Russian Congress on Nature Protection, 3–5 June 1995] {{in lang|en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/russia/arf_meet.htm EIS/RF Meetings used as information sources: The All-Russian Congress on Environmental Protection. The Ministry of Environmental Protection and Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, the Council of Ministers of the Russian Federation, and the Inter-Agency Commission on Ecological Safety of the Security Council of the Russian Federation. Moscow, 3–5 June 1995] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080119234617/http://enrin.grida.no/htmls/russia/arf_meet.htm |date=19 January 2008 }} {{in lang|en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Aydar Akhatov mepụtara usoro nke usoro akụ na ụba maka ijikwa ihe ndị sitere n'okike na ichekwa gburugburu ebe obibi n'oge mgbanwe gaa n'usoro ahịa (1990).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wiw-rf.ru/members/person_18478.html|title=АХАТОВ АЙДАР ГАБДУЛХАЕВИЧ (Президент, член Совета директоров ОАО &quot;СИТИ&quot; - управляющей компании по строительству и развитию &quot;Московского Международного Делового Центра &quot;Москва-Сити&quot;, г. Москва) / Наши участники / КТО ЕСТЬ КТО в России|website=www.wiw-rf.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; O dabere na nke mbụ na USSR / Russia kwụsịrị mmefu ego steeti gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike nke onye iwu (1990), si otú ahụ malite ịmalite usoro nke ego steeti mmefu ego na akụkụ dị iche iche na mba ahụ. Onye nchoputa nke mbụ na USSR / Russia municipal sanitary-ecological police (1990),&lt;ref name=&quot;famous-scientists1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://famous-scientists.ru/anketa/ahatov-ajdar-gabdulhaevich-3626|title=доктор экономических наук Ахатов Айдар Габдулхаевич|website=famous-scientists.ru}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke ghọrọ ihe nlereanya nke imepụta ihe owuwu ndị yiri ya n'ọtụtụ mpaghara nke mba ahụ, gụnyere Moscow. Aydar Akhatov bụ onye dere akwụkwọ ọkọwa okwu mbụ nke akwụkwọ nkà ihe ọmụma mba Russia bụ &quot;Ecology&quot; (mbipụta nke mbụ 1994, mbipụta nke abụọ 1995). Maka oge mbụ o mepụtara usoro nke nkọwa na iwepụ ụgwọ ụlọ.
&lt;ref name=&quot;famous-scientists1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Razovsky Yu.V. Mining rent. – Moscow: Economics, 2000, p. 31. {{ISBN|978-5-282-01991-9}} {{in lang|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Nugaev R.A. Otu esi emeri nsogbu miri emi nke usoro dị iche iche na Russia site n'iji &quot;ọlaedo ojii&quot; (nnyocha akwụkwọ: Akhatov Aydar. Akụrụngwa mmanụ na gas nke Russia na mgbanwe narị afọ. – Moscow: &quot;Nedra&quot;, 1998. {{ISBN|978-5-247-03805-4}}) / Akwụkwọ akụkọ &quot;Science of Tatarstan&quot;, 1999, Nke 1, peeji nke 95-96. {{n'asụsụ|Russian}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ọ bụkwa onye dere ụfọdụ atụmatụ iwu gọọmentị etiti na nke mpaghara (Tatarstan), ma na-enye nkọwa gbasara iwu ndị metụtara ngalaba akụ ndị sitere n'okike.
&lt;ref name=&quot;famous-scientists1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://archive.nbuv.gov.ua/portal/soc_gum/ekhp/2013_1/files/st18.pdf Ivanchenkova L.V. Natural rent and environmental tax / Economy of Food Industry, № 1(17), 2013, pp. 68–70]{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{in lang|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://economicsandwe.com/doc/2588/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140702194047/http://economicsandwe.com/doc/2588/|url-status=unfit|title=СКОЛЬКО СПРАВЕДЛИВО СОДРАТЬ?!|archive-date=2014-07-02|website=economicsandwe.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Aydar Akhatov bụ onye guzobere ma bụrụkwa onye isi mbụ nke ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na-ahụ maka ịchịkọta nchekwa ọlaedo nke Republic of Tatarstan (Russia), ọ rụkwara ọrụ dị ka osote Minista na-ahụ maka ego (1998–1999).&lt;ref name=&quot;viperson2&quot; /&gt;

Aydar Akhatov malitere itinye aka n'ọrụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị n'afọ 1989, na-akwado okwu gbasara nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 1990, mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi ngalaba nleba anya gburugburu ebe obibi n'okpuru kọmitii na-ahụ maka nchịkwa nke Kansụl Obodo Naberezhnye Chelny, Aydar Akhatov gwara ndị bi n'obodo ahụ okwu site na mgbasa ozi banyere ọnọdụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị njọ (nke gụnyere ọnụnọ nke kemịkalụ 'phenol' n'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ n'ihi nsogbu pụtara n'otu ụlọ ọrụ mmanụ dị na Ufa), n'agbanyeghị mmachibido iwu sitere n'aka ndị isi otu ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na ndị ọchịchị obodo ahụ. N'ihi ikwu okwu n'ụlọ ọrụ redio obodo na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọala KAMAZ n'enweghị ikike, a chụpụrụ ya n'ọkwa onye isi ngalaba nleba anya; mana e weghachiri ya n'ọkwa ahụ mgbe onye ọka iwu gọọmentị (onye ikpe) welitere mkpesa megide mkpebi kọmitii nchịkwa nke Kansụl Obodo ahụ. Okwu Akhatov kwuru gbochiri ka ọtụtụ ndị bi n'obodo ahụ ghara ịṅụ mmiri na-adịghị mma nke nwere ike ịkpata nsị. N'oge na-esote nke a, n'ihi nkwado siri ike o nwere maka ime ka ọha na eze mara banyere okwu gburugburu ebe obibi, a họpụtara ya dị ka Onye Nnọchiteanya Ndị Mmadụ (People's Deputy), onyeisi oche nke Kọmitii na-ahụ maka mgbasa ozi na gburugburu ebe obibi na Kansụl Obodo Naberezhnye Chelny, nakwa Onye Nnọchiteanya Ndị Mmadụ na Kansụl Kasị Elu nke Tatar ASSR. N'afọ 1990, Aydar Akhatov nwetara aha otutu bụ &quot;Mr. Time-'90&quot; dị ka onye ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị kacha ewu ewu n'ógbè ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;eurasian-defence1&quot; /&gt; 

Na 1990-1991, dịka ajụjụ gbasara mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya si dị, nke emere n'ụlọ nyocha mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya nke Parliament of Tatarstan, o nọ n'ọnọdụ nke abụọ n'ọkwa ama ama n'etiti steeti na ndị ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị nke Republic, ebe o nyere ọkwa mbụ naanị n'aka Onyeisiala nke Republic of Tatarstan [[Mintimer Shaimiev]].
&lt;ref&gt;[http://akhatov-a.ru/_si/0/30704.jpg In the Mirror of Sociology. – The newspaper &quot;Soviet Tatarstan&quot;, 30/01/1991.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160505092542/http://akhatov-a.ru/_si/0/30704.jpg |date=5 May 2016 }} {{in lang|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;viperson3&quot;&gt;[http://gaidar.viperson.ru/wind.php?ID=5122 VIPERSON: Aydar Akhatov] {{in lang|en|ru}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref&gt;[http://akhatov-a.ru/_si/0/30704.jpg In the Mirror of Sociology. – The newspaper &quot;Soviet Tatarstan&quot;, 30/01/1991.]

==ihe ịrịba ama ọrụ==
[[File:President of &quot;CITY&quot; Aydar Akhatov.jpg|left|290px|thumb|President of the company &quot;CITY&quot; Aydar Akhatov (center) was the moderator (Co-chair) at the International French-Russian Investment Forum in Paris (29 October 2010).]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Event:Clean Up: Fixing redlink references and redlink template in the Igbo Wikipedia.</title>
    <ns>1728</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T10:40:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ebube Clara</username>
        <id>43871</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* List */</comment>
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|[[File:Igbo Wikimedians User Group Logo.svg|200px|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Igbo_Wikimedians_User_Group]] 
|}
== '''About The Project''' ==
[[File:Clean up, Fixing Redlink References on Igbo Wikipedia Flyer.png|thumb|Flyer]]
The existence of redlink references and redlinked templates highlights significant content gaps within Igbo Wikipedia. When articles are redlinked the encyclopedia's ability to provide a rich and interconnected learning experience is reduced. This affects both the credibility and usability of the platform as a reliable source of knowledge.
This project seeks to address these challenges by identifying and correcting these red-linked articles and templates while improving existing content. Through collaborative editing and contributor engagement, the project will strengthen the structure and quality of Igbo Wikipedia, making it more accessible, informative, and engaging for readers.
By reducing content gaps and improving article connectivity, this initiative will enhance the overall user experience, support knowledge discovery, and contribute to the growth and sustainability of free knowledge in the Igbo language.

== '''Venue'''==
Nigeria Book Foundation behind Kenneth Dike Library opposite UBA bank near Aroma Junction Awka

== '''Date and Time''' ==
Saturday 11th July 2026

11:am prompt

== '''Organizers''' ==
* [[user:Ebube Clara| Ebube Clara]]
* [[User:Akwugo | Akwugo]]

== '''Expectations''' ==
At the end of this project, the following should be achieved:
# Recruit of new members into the Igbo Wikimedians User Group 
# Training on fixing reference errors and templates on Igbo Wikipedia {{doing}}
# Fixing reference errors in more than 150 Igbo Wikipedia articles {{doing}}

== '''Target audience''' ==

* Members of the Igbo Wikimedians User Group
* Wikimedia grantees
* Igbo language speakers
* Students and researchers
* Anyone interested in contributing to Wikimedia projects in Igbo

== '''List''' ==
https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1F9J7sLB9uzaFTp4pCE30-stJtdNoS-OSSu0ORLI4kyg/edit?gid=1386366356#gid=1386366356

Contributiins will start reading from 7th July 2026 and stop on 1st August 2026</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Paul Gipe</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>King ChristLike</username>
        <id>13051</id>
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      <comment>fixed ref errors</comment>
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      <text bytes="13093" sha1="j5glp2tkouf43a9a4mw85unp3gpfcf4" xml:space="preserve">{{databox}}
'''Paul Gipe''' (amụrụ n'afọ 1950) bụ onye America na-akwado ike ọhụrụ, onye edemede, na ọkachamara na teknụzụ na iwu ike ifufe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Bronstein|first=Scott|date=1985-06-23|title=What's New in Renewable Energy Sources; Wind Power Shifts into High Gear|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1985/06/23/business/what-s-new-in-renewable-energy-sources-wind-power-shifts-into-high-gear.html|accessdate=2025-02-20|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maara ya maka onyinye ya n'ịmepụta usoro [[Ike mmeghari ohuru|ike na-agbanwe agbanwe]] nke obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|author=Galbraith|first=Kate|date=2011-10-02|title=Homeowners and Businesses Embracing Small Wind Turbines|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/03/business/global/homeowners-and-businesses-embracing-small-wind-turbines.html|accessdate=2025-02-20|work=The New York Times|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 1998, World Renewable Energy Congress nyere ya onyinye maka ọrụ yana Renewable energy. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Movers And Shakers in Wind Power: Paul Gipe • MWPS World|url=https://www.mwps.world/news/2011/10/11/movers-and-shakers-in-wind-power-paul-gipe/|accessdate=2025-02-20|work=www.mwps.world}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, na 1988, American Wind Energy Association kpọrọ ya Onye nke Afọ na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

O dere banyere ike ifufe na anyanwụ, ụtụ isi, na ụgbọala eletrik.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye nyocha maka World Future Council . &lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

O nyere aka n'agba mgba nke were afọ asaa iji nweta ka e nwee Iwu Mba banyere Ngwuputa N'elu Ala , nke na-achịkwa ngwuputa kol n'elu ala   na United States.

== Akụkọ ndụ ==
A mụrụ ya na 1950 na Alexandria, Indiana . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2018-10-03|title=Paul Gipe|url=https://wind-works.org/author/paul-gipe/?query-35653366-page=34&amp;cst|accessdate=2025-02-20|work=WIND WORKS|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwere nzere interdisciplinary na Natural Resources site na Mahadum Ball State na Muncie, Indiana . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=S|first=Diana|date=2020-12-16|title=Paul Gipe – PLAYERS IN WIND • MWPS World|url=https://www.mwps.co.uk/wind-energy-news/players-in-wind/2020/movers-and-shakers-in-wind-power-paul-gipe/|accessdate=2025-02-20|work=UK Wind Turbines|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbe Gipe ka bụ nwa akwụkwọ, o tinyere aka n'ịkwado nchedo gburugburu ebe obibi. O sonyere n'ọrụ mkpọsa nke rịọrọ Ụlọ Omeiwu Indiana ka ha machibido ire ncha  nwere phosphate, n'ihi mmetụta ọjọọ ha nwere ike inwe n'ahụ́ gburugburu ebe obibị &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

N'ịghọta ihe ndị ọkachamara ya rụzuru, e nyere Gipe dị ka onye gụsịrị akwụkwọ pụrụ iche site na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Ihe Ndị Dị n'Otu na Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Mahadum Ball State na 2019, na-adaba na ncheta afọ 50 nke ngalaba ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

Ọrụ ya na [[Ike mmeghari ohuru|ike na-agbanwe agbanwe]] gafere ihe karịrị afọ iri anọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-30|title=Paul Gipe Talks Wind Energy, Turbine Tech &amp; Much More|url=https://weatherguardwind.com/paul-gipe-wind-energy/|accessdate=2025-02-20|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere iji ike ifufe rụọ ọrụ na ngwụcha afọ 1970 na mmalite afọ 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Burclaff|first=Natalie|title=Research Guides: Renewable Energy Industries: A Research Guide: Wind Energy Industry|url=https://guides.loc.gov/renewable-energy/wind|accessdate=2025-02-20|work=guides.loc.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; O keere òkè na mgbalị afọ asaa iji mee ka National Surface Mining Act, nke na-achịkwa igwu coal na United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Berliant|first=Leslie|date=2010-06-01|title=Can California Lead the Nation on Feed-In Tariffs?|url=https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01062010/can-california-lead-nation-feed-tariffs/|accessdate=2025-02-20|work=Inside Climate News|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFBerliant2010&quot;&gt;Berliant, Leslie (2010-06-01). [https://insideclimatenews.org/news/01062010/can-california-lead-nation-feed-tariffs/ &quot;Can California Lead the Nation on Feed-In Tariffs?&quot;]. ''Inside Climate News''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-02-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka akụkụ nke atụmatụ a, Gipe so dee Surface Mining, Energy, and the Environment ma Onye isi ala [[Jimmy Carter]] kpọrọ ya na White House maka ịbịanye aka na Surface Miner Control and Reclamation Act nke 1977. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Smith|first=Katie|date=2023-02-28|title=KFTC seeks investigation into relation between flooding and mining in area|url=https://www.hazard-herald.com/news/kftc-seeks-investigation-into-relation-between-flooding-and-mining-in-area/article_cf4832bc-b2ed-11ed-b777-67ee794b14ee.html|accessdate=2025-02-20|work=hazard-herald.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

O keere òkè n'ịgbanwe ụkpụrụ ụtụ isi - usoro ndị na-akpali mmepụta ike ọhụrụ - na ahịa North America.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2014-08-22|title=What are Feed-in Tariffs and RPS? {{!}} Green City Times|url=https://www.greencitytimes.com/feed-in-tariffs-simple-incentives-for-renewable-energy/|accessdate=2025-02-20|work=www.greencitytimes.com|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ malitere mkpọsa na-eweta ụtụ isi na ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị na [[Kánada|Canada]] na [[Njikọ̀taọ̀hà|United States]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-09-01|title=The Feed-in Tariff Factor|url=https://www.powermag.com/the-feed-in-tariff-factor/|accessdate=2025-02-20|work=POWER Magazine|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2004, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke Ontario Sustainable Energy Association,  ebe ọ duziri mkpọsa maka Advanced Renewable Tariffs, nke mechara duga na Ontario's Green Energy Act na 2009. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-01-31|title=&quot;Offshore wind is a chimera and a dangerous one at that&quot;|url=https://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/interviews/offshore-wind-is-a-chimera-and|accessdate=2025-02-20|work=Renewable Energy Magazine, at the heart of clean energy journalism|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/interviews/offshore-wind-is-a-chimera-and &quot;&quot;Offshore wind is a chimera and a dangerous one at that&quot;&quot;]. ''Renewable Energy Magazine, at the heart of clean energy journalism''. 2012-01-31&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-02-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-09-05|title=The Butterfly Effect: How A Single Wind Turbine Led To A Renewable Energy Revolution In Ontario|url=https://www.huffpost.com/archive/ca/entry/the-butterfly-effect-how-a-single-wind-turbine-led-to-a-renewab_b_1854949|accessdate=2025-02-20|work=HuffPost|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na 1986 ruo 1994, Gipe nọchitere anya American Wind Energy Association (AWEA) na West Coast ma jee ozi na ndị nduzi ya site na 1996 ruo 1998.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sherwood|first=Larry|date=2012-10-26|title=The IREC Interview: Wind Advocate Paul Gipe|url=https://www.irecusa.org/blog/irec/the-irec-interview-wind-advocate-paul-gipe/|accessdate=2025-02-20|work=Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC)|language=en-US}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot; id=&quot;CITEREFSherwood2012&quot;&gt;Sherwood, Larry (2012-10-26). [https://www.irecusa.org/blog/irec/the-irec-interview-wind-advocate-paul-gipe/ &quot;The IREC Interview: Wind Advocate Paul Gipe&quot;]. ''Interstate Renewable Energy Council (IREC)''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-02-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ duziri Kern Wind Energy Association, otu azụmahịa dị na California, n'oge ngwụcha afọ 1980 na mmalite afọ 1990. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-01-31|title=&quot;Offshore wind is a chimera and a dangerous one at that&quot;|url=https://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/interviews/offshore-wind-is-a-chimera-and|accessdate=2025-02-20|work=Renewable Energy Magazine, at the heart of clean energy journalism|language=en}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.renewableenergymagazine.com/interviews/offshore-wind-is-a-chimera-and &quot;&quot;Offshore wind is a chimera and a dangerous one at that&quot;&quot;]. ''Renewable Energy Magazine, at the heart of clean energy journalism''. 2012-01-31&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2025-02-20&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Na ngwụcha afọ 1990, Gipe mere mkpọtụ na nnwale arụmọrụ nke obere turbines ikuku, na-enye aka na-ịmepụta usoro nnwale na asambodo maka ụlọ ọrụ ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Paul Gipe's Air curves|url=https://scoraigwind.com/gipe/index.htm|accessdate=2025-02-20|work=scoraigwind.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gipe nọchitere anya Pennsylvania Chapter nke [[Sierra Club]] na mkparịta ụka iwu na steeti ma rụọ ọrụ na mbụ na otu ndụmọdụ teknụzụ nke [[Sierra Club]] maka ike.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Information on Large-Scale Wind and Solar Power {{!}} Sierra Club|url=https://www.sierraclub.org/atlantic/information-large-scale-wind-and-solar-power|work=www.sierraclub.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'afọ 2005, isi nke Kern-Kaweah nke Sierra Club nyere ya Sierra Club Cup, ihe nrite kachasị ewu ewu nke isi.

Gipe edeela akwụkwọ gbasara Ike ifufe, gụnyere Wind Energy Basics: A Guide to Home and Community Scale Wind-Energy Systems &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Gipe|first=Paul|url=https://archive.org/details/windenergybasics0000gipe|title=Wind energy basics : a guide to home- and community-scale wind energy systems|date=2009|publisher=White River Junction, Vt. : Chelsea Green Pub. Co.|others=Internet Archive|isbn=978-1-60358-030-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; na Wind Power: Renewable Energy for Home, Farm, and Business, nke asụgharịrị n'ọtụtụ asụsụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Paul Gipe {{!}} Innovation Network {{!}} Joint Initiatives {{!}} Renewable Energy Institute|url=https://www.renewable-ei.org/en/innovation_nw/exp30.html|accessdate=2025-02-20|work=www.renewable-ei.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akwụkwọ ndị a họọrọ ==

=== Akwụkwọ ===

* {{Cite book|author=Gipe|first=Paul|title=Wind energy for the rest of us: a comprehensive guide to wind power and how to use it: introducing electricity rebels and how they are changing the face of wind energy|date=2016|publisher=wind-works.org|isbn=978-0-9974518-1-8|edition=First printing|location=Bakersfield, CA}}
* {{Cite book|author=Pasqualetti|first=Martin J.|title=Wind power in view: energy landscapes in a crowded world|date=2002|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-546334-8|series=Sustainable world series|location=San Diego}}
* {{Cite book|author=Gipe|first=Paul|title=Wind Power, Revised Edition: Renewable Energy for Home, Farm, and Business|publisher=Chelsea Green Publishing|year=2004|isbn=978-1931498142|pages=512}}
* {{Cite book|author=Gipe|first=Paul|title=Wind energy basics: a guide to small and micro wind systems|date=1999|publisher=Chelsea Green Pub. Co|isbn=978-1-890132-07-1|series=Real Goods solar living book|location=White River Junction, VT}}
* {{Cite book|author=Gipe|first=Paul|title=Wind energy comes of age|date=1995|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-471-10924-2|series=Wiley series in sustainable design|location=New York}}
* {{Cite book|author=Gipe|first=Paul|title=Wind power for home &amp; business: renewable energy for the 1990s and beyond|date=1993|publisher=Chelsea Green Pub. Co|isbn=978-0-930031-64-0|series=A real goods independent living book|location=Post Mills, VT}}

=== Akwụkwọ akụkọ ===

* {{Cite journal|author=Möllerström|first=Erik|title=A historical review of vertical axis wind turbines rated 100 kW and above|journal=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews|date=1 May 2019|volume=105|pages=1–13|doi=10.1016/j.rser.2018.12.022|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032118308153|issn=1364-0321}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Gipe|first=Paul|title=The Wind Industry's Experience with Aesthetic Criticism|journal=Leonardo|date=1993|volume=26|issue=3|pages=243–248|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/606667|issn=1530-9282}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Gipe|first=Paul|title=An overview of the history of wind turbine development: Part II–The 1970s onward|journal=Wind Engineering|date=1 February 2023|volume=47|issue=1|pages=220–248|doi=10.1177/0309524X221122594|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0309524X221122594|language=en|issn=0309-524X}}
* {{Cite journal|author=Gipe|first=Paul|title=An overview of the history of wind turbine development: Part I—The early wind turbines until the 1960s|journal=Wind Engineering|date=1 December 2022|volume=46|issue=6|pages=1973–2004|doi=10.1177/0309524X221117825|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0309524X221117825|language=en|issn=0309-524X}}

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=S3IsEvsAAAAJ&amp;hl=en Profaịlụ onye ọkà mmụta]
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'''Rachel A. Morello-Frosch''' bụ ọkà mmụta sayensị n'ihe gbasara [[Environmental health|ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi]] na ọkachamara n'ịmụ gbasara ọrịa na-efe efe na Amerịka, onye nyocha ya na-enyocha otú usoro na nhazi obodo si akpata ihe ndị na-ekpebi ọdịiche ahụike ma na-elekwasị anya nke ọma n'okwu [[Ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi|ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi]] . Ọ bụ onye mbụ jidere ọkwa osote onye isi Mahadum  nke Ike, mgbanwe Ihu Igwe na Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Mahadum California, Berkeley &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Kapoor|first=Maya L.|date=2026-04-22|title=UC Berkeley appoints Rachel Morello-Frosh as inaugural associate provost for energy, climate, and environment|url=https://news.berkeley.edu/2026/04/22/uc-berkeley-appoints-rachel-morello-frosh-as-inaugural-associate-provost-for-energy-climate-and-environment/|accessdate=2026-04-22|work=Berkeley News|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; (UC Berkeley) yana ọkwa prọfesọ na Ngalaba Sayensị Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Amụma na Njikwa na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ahụike Ọha. Na 2022, a họpụtara Morello-Frosch ka ọ bụrụ onye otu National Academy of Medicine maka ịbụ &quot;ọkachamara a ma ama na ihe ndị na-ekpebi nhazi nke enweghị nha anya [[Environmental health|n'ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi]] &quot; nakwa onye ndu n'itinye sayensị data nke obodo n'ọrụ.&quot;

== Mbido ndụ na agụmakwụkwọ ==
A mụrụ Morello-Frosch nye Marta Eugenia Morello na Norbert Frosch ndị kwagara Amerịka. Nne ya si Argentina ma bụrụ prọfesọ n'ihe gbasara edemede Latin America na Mahadum Steetị Ohio nakwa na Mahadum California, Santa Cruz &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=In Memoriam: Martha E. Morello-Frosch|url=https://news.ucsc.edu/2011/01/martha-morello-frosch.html|publisher=University of California, Santa Cruz|accessdate=February 4, 2023|date=January 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; nna ya bụ onye Juu gbara ọsọ ndụ nke si Vienna Austria &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ancestry.com – undefined|url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/norbert_frosch|accessdate=2023-11-16|work=www.ancestry.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; wee ghọọ onye na-emepụta atụmatụ ngwaahịa ụlọ ọrụ.

Morello-Frosch nwetere nzere Bachelor of Arts na Development Studies, Master's of Public Health n'ihe gbasara Epidemiology na Biostatistics, ma nwete Ph.D. ya na Environmental Health Sciences na UC Berkeley.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rachel Morello-Frosch|url=https://ourenvironment.berkeley.edu/people/rachel-morello-frosch|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|accessdate=February 4, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụkwa onye otu 1995 nke Robert &amp; Patricia Switzer Foundation . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rachel Morello-Frosch|url=https://www.switzernetwork.org/users/rachel-morello-frosch|publisher=Robert &amp; Patricia Switzer Foundation|accessdate=February 4, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-emecha nzere doctorate ya, ọ gara ọgwụgwọ maka ọrịa kansa ara.&lt;ref name=&quot;chemo&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Minds fixed on 'chemo brain'|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/117936594/minds-fixed-on-chemo-brain/|accessdate=February 4, 2023|work=Los Angeles Times|date=July 14, 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ ==
N'ịgbaso Ph.D. ya, Morello-Frosch mechara National Science Foundation Post-Doctoral fellowship na U.C. President's Postdoctoral Fellowship tupu ọ kụzie na San Francisco State's College of Health and Human Services. &lt;ref name=&quot;brown&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Eighteen Brown Faculty Members Appointed to Named Professorships|url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2004-05/04-053.html|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=February 5, 2023|date=November 10, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mechara bụrụ osote prọfesọ na Center for Environmental Studies na Department of Community Health na ụlọ akwụkwọ ahụike na Mahadum Brown . &lt;ref name=&quot;chemo&quot; /&gt; N'ọrụ a, ya na Manuel Pastor, Jr. dere nyocha gbasara mmetọ ikuku na Los Angeles. Nnyocha ha chọpụtara na ụlọ akwụkwọ ndị nwere mmetọ ikuku kachasị elu nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ ụmụ akwụkwọ kachasị nta. Ha chọpụtakwara na mmetọ ikuku nwere njikọ na mbelata arụmọrụ n'ụlọ akwụkwọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Morello-Frosch|first=Rachel|title=Environmental Justice and Southern California's &quot;Riskscape&quot;: The Distribution of Air Toxics Exposures and Health Risks among Diverse Communities|journal=Urban Affairs Review|date=2001|volume=36|issue=4|pages=551–578|doi=10.1177/10780870122184993|url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/10780870122184993?journalCode=uarb|accessdate=February 5, 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ 2004, a họpụtara Morello-Frosch dịka prọfesọ enyemaka nke ọmụmụ ahụike obodo na gburugburu ebe obibi nke Robert na Nancy.&lt;ref name=&quot;brown&quot; /&gt; N'ịgbaso nkwalite ya, Morello-Frosch na Bill Jesdale bipụtara nyocha na-egosi na ihe ize ndụ cancer sitere na nsị ikuku kachasị na mpaghara ndị akachasị kewapụ ekewapụ  na mba ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Morello-Frosch|first=Rachel|title=Separate and unequal: residential segregation and estimated cancer risks associated with ambient air toxics in U.S. metropolitan areas|journal=[[Environmental Health Perspectives]]|date=March 2006|volume=114|issue=3|pages=386–393|doi=10.1289/ehp.8500|pmid=16507462}}&lt;/ref&gt; O nwetakwara ihe nrite William G. McLoughlin nke afọ 2005 maka ịkụzi ihe nke ọma na sayensị mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na Mahadum Brown . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Brown University and RISD Honor Colleagues in Awards Ceremony|url=https://www.brown.edu/Administration/News_Bureau/2005-06/05-124.html|publisher=Brown University|accessdate=February 5, 2023|date=May 3, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Morello-Frosch laghachiri na UC Berkeley na 2007 dịka prọfesọ so na Ngalaba Sayensị Gburugburu Ebe Obibi, Amụma na Njikwa na Ụlọ Akwụkwọ Ahụike Ọha. Ọ gara n'ihu na-enyocha ihe ndị na-ekpebi nhazi nke enweghị nha anya n'ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi, ma na-elekwasị anya na mmetọ ikuku, kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu, ihe ndị na e mmetọ mmiri ọṅụṅụ, na ihe ndị na-eme na mgbanwe ihu igwe  tinyere mmetụta ha n'ahụike ndị nne, ụmụ ọhụrụ, na mmepe ụmụaka. Ọ mụọkwala mmetụta nke mmepe mmanụ na gasi na ahụike ọmụmụ nwa. Iji mata ọrụ ya gbasara ikpe ziri ezi na mgbanwe ihu igwe, Morello-Frosch natara ihe nrite Damu Smith Environmental Achievement Award  nke afọ 2010 site na Ngalaba Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke American Public Health Association. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Morello-Frosch receives accolades for environmental work|url=https://nature.berkeley.edu/news/2010/12/morello-frosch-receives-accolades-environmental-work|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|accessdate=February 5, 2023|date=December 3, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge mbụ ọ malitere ọrụ na UC Berkeley, ọ malitere inwe mmasị na ịdị mma nke mmiri ọṅụṅụ n'ihi oké ọkọchị ogologo oge na California site na 2011 ruo 2017. Ya na ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị na ndị mmekọ obodo rụkọrọ ọrụ nke mere ka o hiwe Water Equity Science Shop nke UC Berkeley Superfund Research Program Center. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rachel Morello-Frosch, Ph.D. – Partnering With Communities to Improve Water Quality and Access|url=https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/supported/translational/peph/grantee-highlights/2020/index.cfm|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410140442/https://www.niehs.nih.gov/research/supported/translational/peph/grantee-highlights/2020/index.cfm|archivedate=April 10, 2020|publisher=National Institutes of Health|accessdate=February 5, 2023|date=November 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=The Drinking Water Tool: A Community-Driven Data Visualization Tool for Policy Implementation|journal=[[International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health]]|date=January 27, 2022|volume=19|issue=3|pmid=35162442|author=Pace|first=C.|doi=10.3390/ijerph19031419}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'oge ọrịa COVID-19, Morello-Frosch welitere nchegbu na anwụrụ ọkụ sitere n'ọkụ ọhịa nwere ike ime ka COVID-19 ka njọ n'ihi ọnụ ọgụgụ dị elu nke obere aerosol na ikuku nke nwere ike ime ka mgbaàmà COVID-19 ka njọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Cahan|first=Eli|title=COVID-19 worries douse plans for fire experiments|url=https://www.science.org/content/article/covid-19-worries-douse-plans-fire-experiments|publisher=Science|accessdate=February 5, 2023|date=September 11, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; O sokwa dee nyocha na-egosi na ịdị nso na mmepe mmanụ na gas dị elu na-eme ka ihe ize ndụ nke ọrịa na ọnwụ metụtara COVID dịkwuo elu. Morello-Frosch esorowo ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ndị ọzọ, òtù obodo na ụlọ ọrụ rụkọọ ọrụ iji mepụta ngwá ọrụ asụsụ abụọ n'ịntanetị (Bekee / Spanish) nke na-agwa mkpebi gburugburu ebe obibi na ịkwalite ikpe ziri ezi na gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụfọdụ n'ime ngwaọrụ ndị a gụnyere Toxic Tides  iji nyochaa egwu idei mmiri metụtara mmụba nke oke osimiri na ebe ndị dị ize ndụ na Ngwá Ọrụ Mmiri Ọṅụṅụ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Toxic Tides: Hazardous Facilities and Worsening Coastal Floods Put U.S. Communities at Risk {{!}} Climate Central|url=https://www.climatecentral.org/webinar/toxic-tides-webinar-2025|accessdate=2026-04-23|work=www.climatecentral.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke na-enyocha ogo mmiri ọṅụṅụ na ihe ịma aka ịnweta obodo ndị na-adabere na usoro mmiri ọha na eze na olulu mmiri ụlọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pace|first=Clare|date=2022-01-27|title=The Drinking Water Tool: A Community-Driven Data Visualization Tool for Policy Implementation|journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health|volume=19|issue=3|pages=1419|doi=10.3390/ijerph19031419|issn=1660-4601|pmid=35162442}}&lt;/ref&gt; A họpụtara Morello-Frosch na   ebe o nyere aka na mmepe nke Climate and Economic Justice Screening Too nke mere ka mmejuputa nke Junyere aka n'ịmepụta Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool, bụ ngwaọrụ nyere aka n'itinye mmemme Justice40 n'ọrụ. N'afọ sochirinụ, a họpụtara ya ka ọ bụrụ onye otu National Academy of Medicine maka ịbụ &quot;onye ọkachamara a ma ama na ihe ndị na-ekpebi nha anya n'ahụike nke gburugburu ebe obibi&quot; na &quot;onye ndú na n'iji sayensị data na-arụ ọrụ na obodo&quot;.  N'oge na-adịbeghị anya ọ bụ onye otu Radcliffe-Salata Climate Justice Fellow nke  Mahadum Harvard na 2025/26 . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rachel Morello-Frosch elected to National Academy of Medicine|url=https://nature.berkeley.edu/news/2022/10/rachel-morello-frosch-elected-national-academy-medicine|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|accessdate=February 5, 2023|date=October 17, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rachel Morello-Frosch|url=https://www.radcliffe.harvard.edu/people/rachel-morello-frosch|accessdate=2026-04-23|work=Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ Nkwado ==
Morello-Frosch ekwuola okwu n'ezoghị ọnụ gbasara ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi na ikike mmadụ zuru ụwa ọnụ. Na 2021,ya na ndị nkuzi ndị ọzọ na Mahadum California, o sonyeere akwụkwọ ozi a na-akpọ ngagharị iwe Palestine &quot;mmegharị zuru ụwa ọnụ maka nnwere onwe pụọ n'ọchịchị ndị mba ọzọ bi na obodo nakwa ịkpa ókè agbụrụ&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=UC Berkeley Faculty and Staff Statement in Support of Palestine |url=https://ethnicstudies.berkeley.edu/news/uc-berkeley-faculty-and-staff-statement-support-palestine |access-date=October 21, 2023 |date=May 20, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na 2018, o so hazie mmemme ncheta afọ iri na atọ nke Middle East Children's Alliance, otu ọrụ ebere na otu na-akwado Palestine nke katọrọ otú Israel si emeso ndị Palestine bi na Gaza Strip na West Bank nke a na-achịkwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=MECA 30th Anniversary Celebration &amp; Tribute to Barbara Lubin |url=https://www.mecaforpeace.org/event/meca-30th-anniversary-celebration-tribute-to-barbara-lubin/ |access-date=October 21, 2023 |date=2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ndụ onwe onye ==
Morello-Frosch na di ya bụ David Eifler bụ ndị nne na nna kuchiri Milo Eifler, onye na-agbachitere otu egwuregwu bọọlụ mba. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stevens|first=Matthew|title=Where Is Illini LB Milo Eifler Getting His COVID-19 Info? A Cal-Berkeley Public Health Expert He Calls 'Mom'|url=https://www.si.com/college/illinois/football/illini-football-milo-eifler-covid19-rachel-morello-frosch-cal-berkeley|publisher=[[Sports Illustrated]]|accessdate=February 5, 2023|date=July 2, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ Mpụga ==

* Rachel Morello-Frosch publications indexed by Google Scholar
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Morello-Frosch, Rachel}}
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362144136|Wind power]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang,_China.jpg|thumb|Ugbo ikuku na Xinjiang, China]]
[[Faịlụ:Electricity_production_by_source.svg|thumb|Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ụwa site na isi iyi, 2000-2024]]
 
Ike ikuku bụ iji ike ikuku arụ ọrụ bara uru. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-eji ike ifufe eme ihe site n'iji ákwà mgbochi mmiri, igwe ikuku na ọkpọkọ ikuku, mana taa a na-ejikarị ya emepụta ọkụ eletrik. Isiokwu a na-ekwu maka naanị ike ifufe maka imepụta ọkụ eletrik. Taa, a na-eji turbine ikuku emepụta ike ifufe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam, nke a na-ejikọtakarị na ugbo ikuku ma jikọọ na grid eletrik. 

N'afọ 2025, ifufe nyere ihe dị ka 2,700 TWh nke ọkụ eletrik, nke bụ ihe karịrị 8% nke ọkụ eletriki ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer/?metric=absolute|title=Electricity Data Explorer|work=ember-energy.org|accessdate=June 12, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na ihe dị ka 100 GW gbakwunyere n'oge 2021, karịsịa na China na United States, ikike ike ifufe zuru ụwa ọnụ karịrị 800 GW.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power &quot;Wind Power – Analysis&quot;]. ''IEA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power Archived] from the original on 23 November 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind energy generation vs. installed capacity|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=Our World in Data|archivedate=19 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019062311/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-25|title=Global wind industry breezes into new record|url=https://www.energylivenews.com/2022/03/25/global-wind-industry-breezes-into-new-record/|accessdate=2022-04-02|work=Energy Live News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mba iri atọ mepụtara ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ọkụ eletrik ha site na ike ifufe na 2024 na mmepụta ifufe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mụbaa okpukpu atọ kemgbe afọ 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;ember2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-07|title=Global Electricity Review 2025|url=https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/global-electricity-review-2025/|accessdate=2025-04-13|work=Ember|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji nyere aka mezuo ebumnuche Nkwekọrịta Paris iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe, ndị nyocha na-ekwu na ọ ga-agbasa ngwa ngwa - site na ihe karịrị 1% nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik kwa afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Expansion of wind and solar power too slow to stop climate change|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/10/211014141949.htm|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=ScienceDaily|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ isi iyi ike na-adịgide adịgide, nke a na-emegharị emegharị, ọ na-enwekwa obere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ọkụ mmanụ ala. Ike ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, yabụ ọ chọrọ nchekwa ike ma ọ bụ isi iyi ike mmepụta ndị ọzọ a na-ebuga iji nweta ọkụ eletrik a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. Ugbo ikuku nke dị n'ala (n'ụsọ oké osimiri) nwere mmetụta anya dị ukwuu na ala karịa ọtụtụ ọdụ ike ndị ọzọ kwa ike emepụtara. &lt;ref name=&quot;grantham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy|title=What are the pros and cons of onshore wind energy?|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622123816/http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy/|date=2018-01-12|archivedate=22 June 2019|work=Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;energyfootprint&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Nathan F.|author=Jones|doi=10.1093/biosci/biu224|title=The Energy Footprint: How Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind Energy Affect Land for Biodiversity and the Flow of Ecosystem Services|journal=[[BioScience]]|volume=65|issue=3|date=2015-01-22|accessdate=2022-11-09|pages=290–301|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/65/3/290/236920|issn=0006-3568}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugbo ikuku ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere mmetụta dị ala ma nwee ihe ndị dị elu, ọ bụ ezie na ha dị oke ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugbu a nwere òkè nke ihe dị ka 10% nke nrụnye ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 March 2020|title=Global Wind Report 2019|url=https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=Global Wind Energy Council|archivedate=24 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624223720/https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ otu n'ime ebe ọkụ eletrik kacha ọnụ ala maka otu nkeji ike a na-emepụta. N'ọtụtụ ebe, ugbo ikuku ọhụrụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ọnụ ala karịa ụlọ ọrụ kol ma ọ bụ gas ọhụrụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Levelized Cost Of Energy, Levelized Cost Of Storage, and Levelized Cost Of Hydrogen|url=http://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-levelized-cost-of-storage-and-levelized-cost-of-hydrogen/|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=Lazard.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda latitudes nwere ikike kachasị elu maka ike ifufe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224101415/http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archivedate=24 February 2020|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=DTU Technical University of Denmark}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọtụtụ mpaghara, mmepụta ike ikuku dị elu n'abalị, na n'oge oyi mgbe mmepụta ike anyanwụ dị ala. Ya mere, njikọta nke ikuku na ike anyanwụ dabara adaba n'ọtụtụ mba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nyenah|first=Emmanuel|date=2022-05-01|title=Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide|journal=Environmental Research Communications|volume=4|issue=5|doi=10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb|issn=2515-7620}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe onwunwe nke ike ikuku ==
[[Faịlụ:Mean_Wind_Speed.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọsọ ikuku na mita 100 n'ala na gburugburu ụsọ mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Faịlụ:Lee_Ranch_Wind_Speed_Frequency.svg|thumb|Nkesa ọsọ ikuku (uhie) na ike (acha anụnụ anụnụ) maka afọ 2002 niile na ebe Lee Ranch dị na Colorado. Histogram ahụ na-egosi data a tụrụ atụ, ebe usoro ahụ bụ nkesa ụdị Rayleigh maka otu ọsọ ikuku nkezi. ]]
[[Faịlụ:Global_Map_of_Wind_Power_Density_Potential.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku nwere ike ịdị arọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=https://globalwindatlas.info/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/|archivedate=18 January 2019|accessdate=14 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ifufe bụ mmegharị ikuku n'ime ikuku ụwa. N'otu nkeji nke oge, dịka ọmụmaatụ otu sekọnd, olu nke ikuku gafere otu mpaghara. &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; bụ &lt;math&gt;Av&lt;/math&gt; Ọ bụrụ na njupụta ikuku dị &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt;, ọnụego mmiri nke olu ikuku a bụ &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{M}{\Delta t}=\rho Av&lt;/math&gt;, na nnyefe ike, ma ọ bụ nnyefe ike kwa sekọnd bụ &lt;math&gt;P =\tfrac {1}{2}\tfrac{M}{\Delta t} v^{2}= \tfrac {1}{2}\rho A v^{3}&lt;/math&gt; Ike ifufe si otú a ''dakọọ'' ''ike nke atọ'' nke ọsọ ifufe; ike dịnụ na-abawanye okpukpu asatọ mgbe ọsọ ifufe na-amụba okpukpu abụọ. Mgbanwe nke ọsọ ifufe site na ihe dị ka 2.1544 na-eme ka ike ifufe dịkwuo elu site n'otu usoro nke nha (mụbaa site na 10).

Ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ mere ihe dịka 1.50 MJ / m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; n'ime oghere na 1.70 MJ / mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; na Southern Hemisphere. Ikuku na-arụ ọrụ dị ka injin na-ekpo ọkụ, na-amịkọrọ okpomọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu, na-ewepụta okpomọkụ n'okpomọkụ dị ala. Usoro a na-ahụ maka mmepụta nke ike ikuku na ọnụego nke 2.46 W / m2 si otú a na-akwado mgbasa nke ikuku megide ịfụfụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13919173/A%2032-year%20Perspective%20on%20the%20Origin%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20a%20warming%20Climate.pdf?sequence=1|title=A 32-year perspective on the origin of wind energy in a warming climate|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=77|pages=482–92|year=2015|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.045|author=Huang|first=Junling|accessdate=6 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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        <id>24507</id>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362144136|Wind power]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang,_China.jpg|thumb|Ugbo ikuku na Xinjiang, China]]
[[Faịlụ:Electricity_production_by_source.svg|thumb|Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ụwa site na isi iyi, 2000-2024]]
 
Ike ikuku bụ iji ike ikuku arụ ọrụ bara uru. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-eji ike ifufe eme ihe site n'iji ákwà mgbochi mmiri, igwe ikuku na ọkpọkọ ikuku, mana taa a na-ejikarị ya emepụta ọkụ eletrik. Isiokwu a na-ekwu maka naanị ike ifufe maka imepụta ọkụ eletrik. Taa, a na-eji turbine ikuku emepụta ike ifufe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam, nke a na-ejikọtakarị na ugbo ikuku ma jikọọ na grid eletrik. 

N'afọ 2025, ikuku nyere ihe dị ka 2,700 TWh nke ọkụ eletrik, nke bụ ihe karịrị 8% nke ọkụ eletriki ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer/?metric=absolute|title=Electricity Data Explorer|work=ember-energy.org|accessdate=June 12, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na ihe dị ka 100 GW gbakwunyere n'oge 2021, karịsịa na China na United States, ikike ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ karịrị 800 GW.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power &quot;Wind Power – Analysis&quot;]. ''IEA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power Archived] from the original on 23 November 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind energy generation vs. installed capacity|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=Our World in Data|archivedate=19 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019062311/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-25|title=Global wind industry breezes into new record|url=https://www.energylivenews.com/2022/03/25/global-wind-industry-breezes-into-new-record/|accessdate=2022-04-02|work=Energy Live News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mba iri atọ mepụtara ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ọkụ eletrik ha site na ike ikuku n'afọ 2024 na mmepụta ikuku fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mụbaa okpukpu atọ kemgbe afọ 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;ember2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-07|title=Global Electricity Review 2025|url=https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/global-electricity-review-2025/|accessdate=2025-04-13|work=Ember|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji nyere aka mezuo ebumnuche Nkwekọrịta Paris iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe, ndị nyocha na-ekwu na ọ ga-agbasa ngwa ngwa - site na ihe karịrị 1% nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik kwa afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Expansion of wind and solar power too slow to stop climate change|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/10/211014141949.htm|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=ScienceDaily|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ isi iyi ike na-adịgide adịgide, nke a na-emegharị emegharị, ọ na-enwekwa obere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ọkụ mmanụ ala. Ike ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, yabụ ọ chọrọ nchekwa ike ma ọ bụ isi iyi ike mmepụta ndị ọzọ a na-ebuga iji nweta ọkụ eletrik a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. Ugbo ikuku nke dị n'ala (n'ụsọ oké osimiri) nwere mmetụta anya dị ukwuu na ala karịa ọtụtụ ọdụ ike ndị ọzọ kwa ike emepụtara. &lt;ref name=&quot;grantham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy|title=What are the pros and cons of onshore wind energy?|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622123816/http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy/|date=2018-01-12|archivedate=22 June 2019|work=Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;energyfootprint&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Nathan F.|author=Jones|doi=10.1093/biosci/biu224|title=The Energy Footprint: How Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind Energy Affect Land for Biodiversity and the Flow of Ecosystem Services|journal=[[BioScience]]|volume=65|issue=3|date=2015-01-22|accessdate=2022-11-09|pages=290–301|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/65/3/290/236920|issn=0006-3568}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugbo ikuku ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere mmetụta dị ala ma nwee ihe ndị dị elu, ọ bụ ezie na ha dị oke ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugbu a nwere òkè nke ihe dị ka 10% nke nrụnye ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 March 2020|title=Global Wind Report 2019|url=https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=Global Wind Energy Council|archivedate=24 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624223720/https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ otu n'ime ebe ọkụ eletrik kacha ọnụ ala maka otu nkeji ike a na-emepụta. N'ọtụtụ ebe, ugbo ikuku ọhụrụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ọnụ ala karịa ụlọ ọrụ kol ma ọ bụ gas ọhụrụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Levelized Cost Of Energy, Levelized Cost Of Storage, and Levelized Cost Of Hydrogen|url=http://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-levelized-cost-of-storage-and-levelized-cost-of-hydrogen/|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=Lazard.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda latitudes nwere ikike kachasị elu maka ike ifufe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224101415/http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archivedate=24 February 2020|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=DTU Technical University of Denmark}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọtụtụ mpaghara, mmepụta ike ikuku dị elu n'abalị, na n'oge oyi mgbe mmepụta ike anyanwụ dị ala. Ya mere, njikọta nke ikuku na ike anyanwụ dabara adaba n'ọtụtụ mba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nyenah|first=Emmanuel|date=2022-05-01|title=Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide|journal=Environmental Research Communications|volume=4|issue=5|doi=10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb|issn=2515-7620}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe onwunwe nke ike ikuku ==
[[Faịlụ:Mean_Wind_Speed.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọsọ ikuku na mita 100 n'ala na gburugburu ụsọ mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Faịlụ:Lee_Ranch_Wind_Speed_Frequency.svg|thumb|Nkesa ọsọ ikuku (uhie) na ike (acha anụnụ anụnụ) maka afọ 2002 niile na ebe Lee Ranch dị na Colorado. Histogram ahụ na-egosi data a tụrụ atụ, ebe usoro ahụ bụ nkesa ụdị Rayleigh maka otu ọsọ ikuku nkezi. ]]
[[Faịlụ:Global_Map_of_Wind_Power_Density_Potential.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku nwere ike ịdị arọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=https://globalwindatlas.info/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/|archivedate=18 January 2019|accessdate=14 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ifufe bụ mmegharị ikuku n'ime ikuku ụwa. N'otu nkeji nke oge, dịka ọmụmaatụ otu sekọnd, olu nke ikuku gafere otu mpaghara. &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; bụ &lt;math&gt;Av&lt;/math&gt; Ọ bụrụ na njupụta ikuku dị &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt;, ọnụego mmiri nke olu ikuku a bụ &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{M}{\Delta t}=\rho Av&lt;/math&gt;, na nnyefe ike, ma ọ bụ nnyefe ike kwa sekọnd bụ &lt;math&gt;P =\tfrac {1}{2}\tfrac{M}{\Delta t} v^{2}= \tfrac {1}{2}\rho A v^{3}&lt;/math&gt; Ike ikuku si otú a ''dakọọ'' ''ike nke atọ'' nke ọsọ ifufe; ike dịnụ na-abawanye okpukpu asatọ mgbe ọsọ ikuku na-amụba okpukpu abụọ. Mgbanwe nke ọsọ ifufe site na ihe dị ka 2.1544 na-eme ka ike ikuku dịkwuo elu site n'otu usoro nke nha (mụbaa site na 10).

Ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ mere ihe dịka 1.50 MJ / m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; n'ime oghere na 1.70 MJ / mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; na Southern Hemisphere. Ikuku na-arụ ọrụ dị ka injin na-ekpo ọkụ, na-amịkọrọ okpomọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu, na-ewepụta okpomọkụ n'okpomọkụ dị ala. Usoro a na-ahụ maka mmepụta nke ike ikuku na ọnụego nke 2.46 W / m2 si otú a na-akwado mgbasa nke ikuku megide ịfụfụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13919173/A%2032-year%20Perspective%20on%20the%20Origin%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20a%20warming%20Climate.pdf?sequence=1|title=A 32-year perspective on the origin of wind energy in a warming climate|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=77|pages=482–92|year=2015|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.045|author=Huang|first=Junling|accessdate=6 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na nyocha akụrụngwa ikuku, o kwere omume ịkọ atụmatụ ike ike ikuku n'ụwa niile, site na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara, ma ọ bụ maka ebe a kapịrị ọnụ. Global Wind Atlas nke Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Denmark nyere na mmekorita ya na World Bank na-enye nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku. &lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://globalwindatlas.info &quot;Global Wind Atlas&quot;]. [[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/ Archived] from the original on 18 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  N'adịghị ka 'static' akụrụngwa ikuku nke na-eme atụmatụ nkezi ọsọ ikuku na njupụta ike n'ime ọtụtụ afọ, ngwaọrụ dịka Renewables.ninja na-enye ihe atụ nke ọsọ ifufe na mmepụta ike site na ụdị turbine ikuku dị iche iche na mkpebi kwa elekere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Staffell|first=Iain|title=Using bias-corrected reanalysis to simulate current and future wind power output|date=1 November 2016|journal=Energy|volume=114|pages=1224–39|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.068}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike inweta nyocha zuru ezu, nyocha nke ebe nke ikike ikuku site na ndị ọkachamara na-enye azụmahịa, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmepe ikuku buru ibu nwere ikike imepụta ihe n'ụlọ.</text>
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      <id>672935</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362144136|Wind power]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang,_China.jpg|thumb|Ugbo ikuku na Xinjiang, China]]
[[Faịlụ:Electricity_production_by_source.svg|thumb|Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ụwa site na isi iyi, 2000-2024]]
 
Ike ikuku bụ iji ike ikuku arụ ọrụ bara uru. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-eji ike ifufe eme ihe site n'iji ákwà mgbochi mmiri, igwe ikuku na ọkpọkọ ikuku, mana taa a na-ejikarị ya emepụta ọkụ eletrik. Isiokwu a na-ekwu maka naanị ike ifufe maka imepụta ọkụ eletrik. Taa, a na-eji turbine ikuku emepụta ike ifufe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam, nke a na-ejikọtakarị na ugbo ikuku ma jikọọ na grid eletrik. 

N'afọ 2025, ikuku nyere ihe dị ka 2,700 TWh nke ọkụ eletrik, nke bụ ihe karịrị 8% nke ọkụ eletriki ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer/?metric=absolute|title=Electricity Data Explorer|work=ember-energy.org|accessdate=June 12, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na ihe dị ka 100 GW gbakwunyere n'oge 2021, karịsịa na China na United States, ikike ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ karịrị 800 GW.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power &quot;Wind Power – Analysis&quot;]. ''IEA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power Archived] from the original on 23 November 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind energy generation vs. installed capacity|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=Our World in Data|archivedate=19 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019062311/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-25|title=Global wind industry breezes into new record|url=https://www.energylivenews.com/2022/03/25/global-wind-industry-breezes-into-new-record/|accessdate=2022-04-02|work=Energy Live News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mba iri atọ mepụtara ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ọkụ eletrik ha site na ike ikuku n'afọ 2024 na mmepụta ikuku fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mụbaa okpukpu atọ kemgbe afọ 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;ember2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-07|title=Global Electricity Review 2025|url=https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/global-electricity-review-2025/|accessdate=2025-04-13|work=Ember|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji nyere aka mezuo ebumnuche Nkwekọrịta Paris iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe, ndị nyocha na-ekwu na ọ ga-agbasa ngwa ngwa - site na ihe karịrị 1% nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik kwa afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Expansion of wind and solar power too slow to stop climate change|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/10/211014141949.htm|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=ScienceDaily|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ isi iyi ike na-adịgide adịgide, nke a na-emegharị emegharị, ọ na-enwekwa obere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ọkụ mmanụ ala. Ike ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, yabụ ọ chọrọ nchekwa ike ma ọ bụ isi iyi ike mmepụta ndị ọzọ a na-ebuga iji nweta ọkụ eletrik a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. Ugbo ikuku nke dị n'ala (n'ụsọ oké osimiri) nwere mmetụta anya dị ukwuu na ala karịa ọtụtụ ọdụ ike ndị ọzọ kwa ike emepụtara. &lt;ref name=&quot;grantham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy|title=What are the pros and cons of onshore wind energy?|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622123816/http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy/|date=2018-01-12|archivedate=22 June 2019|work=Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;energyfootprint&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Nathan F.|author=Jones|doi=10.1093/biosci/biu224|title=The Energy Footprint: How Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind Energy Affect Land for Biodiversity and the Flow of Ecosystem Services|journal=[[BioScience]]|volume=65|issue=3|date=2015-01-22|accessdate=2022-11-09|pages=290–301|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/65/3/290/236920|issn=0006-3568}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugbo ikuku ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere mmetụta dị ala ma nwee ihe ndị dị elu, ọ bụ ezie na ha dị oke ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugbu a nwere òkè nke ihe dị ka 10% nke nrụnye ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 March 2020|title=Global Wind Report 2019|url=https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=Global Wind Energy Council|archivedate=24 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624223720/https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ otu n'ime ebe ọkụ eletrik kacha ọnụ ala maka otu nkeji ike a na-emepụta. N'ọtụtụ ebe, ugbo ikuku ọhụrụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ọnụ ala karịa ụlọ ọrụ kol ma ọ bụ gas ọhụrụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Levelized Cost Of Energy, Levelized Cost Of Storage, and Levelized Cost Of Hydrogen|url=http://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-levelized-cost-of-storage-and-levelized-cost-of-hydrogen/|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=Lazard.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda latitudes nwere ikike kachasị elu maka ike ifufe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224101415/http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archivedate=24 February 2020|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=DTU Technical University of Denmark}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọtụtụ mpaghara, mmepụta ike ikuku dị elu n'abalị, na n'oge oyi mgbe mmepụta ike anyanwụ dị ala. Ya mere, njikọta nke ikuku na ike anyanwụ dabara adaba n'ọtụtụ mba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nyenah|first=Emmanuel|date=2022-05-01|title=Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide|journal=Environmental Research Communications|volume=4|issue=5|doi=10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb|issn=2515-7620}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe onwunwe nke ike ikuku ==
[[Faịlụ:Mean_Wind_Speed.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọsọ ikuku na mita 100 n'ala na gburugburu ụsọ mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Faịlụ:Lee_Ranch_Wind_Speed_Frequency.svg|thumb|Nkesa ọsọ ikuku (uhie) na ike (acha anụnụ anụnụ) maka afọ 2002 niile na ebe Lee Ranch dị na Colorado. Histogram ahụ na-egosi data a tụrụ atụ, ebe usoro ahụ bụ nkesa ụdị Rayleigh maka otu ọsọ ikuku nkezi. ]]
[[Faịlụ:Global_Map_of_Wind_Power_Density_Potential.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku nwere ike ịdị arọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=https://globalwindatlas.info/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/|archivedate=18 January 2019|accessdate=14 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ifufe bụ mmegharị ikuku n'ime ikuku ụwa. N'otu nkeji nke oge, dịka ọmụmaatụ otu sekọnd, olu nke ikuku gafere otu mpaghara. &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; bụ &lt;math&gt;Av&lt;/math&gt; Ọ bụrụ na njupụta ikuku dị &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt;, ọnụego mmiri nke olu ikuku a bụ &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{M}{\Delta t}=\rho Av&lt;/math&gt;, na nnyefe ike, ma ọ bụ nnyefe ike kwa sekọnd bụ &lt;math&gt;P =\tfrac {1}{2}\tfrac{M}{\Delta t} v^{2}= \tfrac {1}{2}\rho A v^{3}&lt;/math&gt; Ike ikuku si otú a ''dakọọ'' ''ike nke atọ'' nke ọsọ ifufe; ike dịnụ na-abawanye okpukpu asatọ mgbe ọsọ ikuku na-amụba okpukpu abụọ. Mgbanwe nke ọsọ ifufe site na ihe dị ka 2.1544 na-eme ka ike ikuku dịkwuo elu site n'otu usoro nke nha (mụbaa site na 10).

Ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ mere ihe dịka 1.50 MJ / m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; n'ime oghere na 1.70 MJ / mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; na Southern Hemisphere. Ikuku na-arụ ọrụ dị ka injin na-ekpo ọkụ, na-amịkọrọ okpomọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu, na-ewepụta okpomọkụ n'okpomọkụ dị ala. Usoro a na-ahụ maka mmepụta nke ike ikuku na ọnụego nke 2.46 W / m2 si otú a na-akwado mgbasa nke ikuku megide ịfụfụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13919173/A%2032-year%20Perspective%20on%20the%20Origin%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20a%20warming%20Climate.pdf?sequence=1|title=A 32-year perspective on the origin of wind energy in a warming climate|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=77|pages=482–92|year=2015|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.045|author=Huang|first=Junling|accessdate=6 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na nyocha akụrụngwa ikuku, o kwere omume ịkọ atụmatụ ike ike ikuku n'ụwa niile, site na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara, ma ọ bụ maka ebe a kapịrị ọnụ. Global Wind Atlas nke Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Denmark nyere na mmekorita ya na World Bank na-enye nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku. &lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://globalwindatlas.info &quot;Global Wind Atlas&quot;]. [[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/ Archived] from the original on 18 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  N'adịghị ka 'static' akụrụngwa ikuku nke na-eme atụmatụ nkezi ọsọ ikuku na njupụta ike n'ime ọtụtụ afọ, ngwaọrụ dịka Renewables.ninja na-enye ihe atụ nke ọsọ ifufe na mmepụta ike site na ụdị turbine ikuku dị iche iche na mkpebi kwa elekere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Staffell|first=Iain|title=Using bias-corrected reanalysis to simulate current and future wind power output|date=1 November 2016|journal=Energy|volume=114|pages=1224–39|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.068}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike inweta nyocha zuru ezu, nyocha nke ebe nke ikike ikuku site na ndị ọkachamara na-enye azụmahịa, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmepe ikuku buru ibu nwere ikike imepụta ihe n'ụlọ.

Oke ike a na-enweta n'ụzọ akụ na ụba site na ikuku karịrị nke mmadụ ji eme ihe ugbu a site na isi mmalite niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-much-wind-energy-is-there-brian-hurley-wind-site-evaluation-ltd.html|title=How Much Wind Energy is there?|author=Hurley|first=Brian|publisher=Claverton Group|accessdate=8 April 2012|archivedate=15 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515154047/http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-much-wind-energy-is-there-brian-hurley-wind-site-evaluation-ltd.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike nke ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, uru nkezi maka ebe enyere abụghị naanị na ọ na-egosi oke ike nke turbine ikuku nwere ike imepụta ebe ahụ.

To assess prospective wind power sites, a probability distribution function is often fit to the observed wind speed data.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.savenkov.org/publications/Savenkov_on_the_truncated_weibull_distribution_2009.pdf|author=Savenkov, M|year=2009|title=On the truncated weibull distribution and its usefulness in evaluating potential wind (or wave) energy sites|journal=University Journal of Engineering and Technology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=21–25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Different locations will have different wind speed distributions. The Weibull model closely mirrors the actual distribution of hourly/ten-minute wind speeds at many locations. The Weibull factor is often close to 2 and therefore a Rayleigh distribution can be used as a less accurate, but simpler model.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://xn--drmstrre-64ad.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/weibull.htm|title=Describing Wind Variations: Weibull Distribution|publisher=Danish Wind Industry Association|accessdate=8 July 2021|archivedate=2 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802193222/http://xn--drmstrre-64ad.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/weibull.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362144136|Wind power]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang,_China.jpg|thumb|Ugbo ikuku na Xinjiang, China]]
[[Faịlụ:Electricity_production_by_source.svg|thumb|Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ụwa site na isi iyi, 2000-2024]]
 
Ike ikuku bụ iji ike ikuku arụ ọrụ bara uru. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-eji ike ifufe eme ihe site n'iji ákwà mgbochi mmiri, igwe ikuku na ọkpọkọ ikuku, mana taa a na-ejikarị ya emepụta ọkụ eletrik. Isiokwu a na-ekwu maka naanị ike ifufe maka imepụta ọkụ eletrik. Taa, a na-eji turbine ikuku emepụta ike ifufe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam, nke a na-ejikọtakarị na ugbo ikuku ma jikọọ na grid eletrik. 

N'afọ 2025, ikuku nyere ihe dị ka 2,700 TWh nke ọkụ eletrik, nke bụ ihe karịrị 8% nke ọkụ eletriki ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer/?metric=absolute|title=Electricity Data Explorer|work=ember-energy.org|accessdate=June 12, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na ihe dị ka 100 GW gbakwunyere n'oge 2021, karịsịa na China na United States, ikike ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ karịrị 800 GW.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power &quot;Wind Power – Analysis&quot;]. ''IEA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power Archived] from the original on 23 November 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind energy generation vs. installed capacity|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=Our World in Data|archivedate=19 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019062311/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-25|title=Global wind industry breezes into new record|url=https://www.energylivenews.com/2022/03/25/global-wind-industry-breezes-into-new-record/|accessdate=2022-04-02|work=Energy Live News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mba iri atọ mepụtara ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ọkụ eletrik ha site na ike ikuku n'afọ 2024 na mmepụta ikuku fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mụbaa okpukpu atọ kemgbe afọ 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;ember2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-07|title=Global Electricity Review 2025|url=https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/global-electricity-review-2025/|accessdate=2025-04-13|work=Ember|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji nyere aka mezuo ebumnuche Nkwekọrịta Paris iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe, ndị nyocha na-ekwu na ọ ga-agbasa ngwa ngwa - site na ihe karịrị 1% nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik kwa afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Expansion of wind and solar power too slow to stop climate change|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/10/211014141949.htm|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=ScienceDaily|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ isi iyi ike na-adịgide adịgide, nke a na-emegharị emegharị, ọ na-enwekwa obere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ọkụ mmanụ ala. Ike ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, yabụ ọ chọrọ nchekwa ike ma ọ bụ isi iyi ike mmepụta ndị ọzọ a na-ebuga iji nweta ọkụ eletrik a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. Ugbo ikuku nke dị n'ala (n'ụsọ oké osimiri) nwere mmetụta anya dị ukwuu na ala karịa ọtụtụ ọdụ ike ndị ọzọ kwa ike emepụtara. &lt;ref name=&quot;grantham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy|title=What are the pros and cons of onshore wind energy?|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622123816/http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy/|date=2018-01-12|archivedate=22 June 2019|work=Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;energyfootprint&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Nathan F.|author=Jones|doi=10.1093/biosci/biu224|title=The Energy Footprint: How Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind Energy Affect Land for Biodiversity and the Flow of Ecosystem Services|journal=[[BioScience]]|volume=65|issue=3|date=2015-01-22|accessdate=2022-11-09|pages=290–301|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/65/3/290/236920|issn=0006-3568}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugbo ikuku ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere mmetụta dị ala ma nwee ihe ndị dị elu, ọ bụ ezie na ha dị oke ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugbu a nwere òkè nke ihe dị ka 10% nke nrụnye ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 March 2020|title=Global Wind Report 2019|url=https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=Global Wind Energy Council|archivedate=24 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624223720/https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ otu n'ime ebe ọkụ eletrik kacha ọnụ ala maka otu nkeji ike a na-emepụta. N'ọtụtụ ebe, ugbo ikuku ọhụrụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ọnụ ala karịa ụlọ ọrụ kol ma ọ bụ gas ọhụrụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Levelized Cost Of Energy, Levelized Cost Of Storage, and Levelized Cost Of Hydrogen|url=http://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-levelized-cost-of-storage-and-levelized-cost-of-hydrogen/|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=Lazard.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda latitudes nwere ikike kachasị elu maka ike ifufe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224101415/http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archivedate=24 February 2020|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=DTU Technical University of Denmark}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọtụtụ mpaghara, mmepụta ike ikuku dị elu n'abalị, na n'oge oyi mgbe mmepụta ike anyanwụ dị ala. Ya mere, njikọta nke ikuku na ike anyanwụ dabara adaba n'ọtụtụ mba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nyenah|first=Emmanuel|date=2022-05-01|title=Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide|journal=Environmental Research Communications|volume=4|issue=5|doi=10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb|issn=2515-7620}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe onwunwe nke ike ikuku ==
[[Faịlụ:Mean_Wind_Speed.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọsọ ikuku na mita 100 n'ala na gburugburu ụsọ mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Faịlụ:Lee_Ranch_Wind_Speed_Frequency.svg|thumb|Nkesa ọsọ ikuku (uhie) na ike (acha anụnụ anụnụ) maka afọ 2002 niile na ebe Lee Ranch dị na Colorado. Histogram ahụ na-egosi data a tụrụ atụ, ebe usoro ahụ bụ nkesa ụdị Rayleigh maka otu ọsọ ikuku nkezi. ]]
[[Faịlụ:Global_Map_of_Wind_Power_Density_Potential.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku nwere ike ịdị arọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=https://globalwindatlas.info/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/|archivedate=18 January 2019|accessdate=14 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ifufe bụ mmegharị ikuku n'ime ikuku ụwa. N'otu nkeji nke oge, dịka ọmụmaatụ otu sekọnd, olu nke ikuku gafere otu mpaghara. &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; bụ &lt;math&gt;Av&lt;/math&gt; Ọ bụrụ na njupụta ikuku dị &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt;, ọnụego mmiri nke olu ikuku a bụ &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{M}{\Delta t}=\rho Av&lt;/math&gt;, na nnyefe ike, ma ọ bụ nnyefe ike kwa sekọnd bụ &lt;math&gt;P =\tfrac {1}{2}\tfrac{M}{\Delta t} v^{2}= \tfrac {1}{2}\rho A v^{3}&lt;/math&gt; Ike ikuku si otú a ''dakọọ'' ''ike nke atọ'' nke ọsọ ifufe; ike dịnụ na-abawanye okpukpu asatọ mgbe ọsọ ikuku na-amụba okpukpu abụọ. Mgbanwe nke ọsọ ifufe site na ihe dị ka 2.1544 na-eme ka ike ikuku dịkwuo elu site n'otu usoro nke nha (mụbaa site na 10).

Ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ mere ihe dịka 1.50 MJ / m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; n'ime oghere na 1.70 MJ / mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; na Southern Hemisphere. Ikuku na-arụ ọrụ dị ka injin na-ekpo ọkụ, na-amịkọrọ okpomọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu, na-ewepụta okpomọkụ n'okpomọkụ dị ala. Usoro a na-ahụ maka mmepụta nke ike ikuku na ọnụego nke 2.46 W / m2 si otú a na-akwado mgbasa nke ikuku megide ịfụfụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13919173/A%2032-year%20Perspective%20on%20the%20Origin%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20a%20warming%20Climate.pdf?sequence=1|title=A 32-year perspective on the origin of wind energy in a warming climate|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=77|pages=482–92|year=2015|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.045|author=Huang|first=Junling|accessdate=6 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na nyocha akụrụngwa ikuku, o kwere omume ịkọ atụmatụ ike ike ikuku n'ụwa niile, site na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara, ma ọ bụ maka ebe a kapịrị ọnụ. Global Wind Atlas nke Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Denmark nyere na mmekorita ya na World Bank na-enye nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku. &lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://globalwindatlas.info &quot;Global Wind Atlas&quot;]. [[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/ Archived] from the original on 18 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  N'adịghị ka 'static' akụrụngwa ikuku nke na-eme atụmatụ nkezi ọsọ ikuku na njupụta ike n'ime ọtụtụ afọ, ngwaọrụ dịka Renewables.ninja na-enye ihe atụ nke ọsọ ifufe na mmepụta ike site na ụdị turbine ikuku dị iche iche na mkpebi kwa elekere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Staffell|first=Iain|title=Using bias-corrected reanalysis to simulate current and future wind power output|date=1 November 2016|journal=Energy|volume=114|pages=1224–39|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.068}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike inweta nyocha zuru ezu, nyocha nke ebe nke ikike ikuku site na ndị ọkachamara na-enye azụmahịa, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmepe ikuku buru ibu nwere ikike imepụta ihe n'ụlọ.

Oke ike a na-enweta n'ụzọ akụ na ụba site na ikuku karịrị nke mmadụ ji eme ihe ugbu a site na isi mmalite niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-much-wind-energy-is-there-brian-hurley-wind-site-evaluation-ltd.html|title=How Much Wind Energy is there?|author=Hurley|first=Brian|publisher=Claverton Group|accessdate=8 April 2012|archivedate=15 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515154047/http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-much-wind-energy-is-there-brian-hurley-wind-site-evaluation-ltd.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike nke ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, uru nkezi maka ebe enyere abụghị naanị na ọ na-egosi oke ike nke turbine ikuku nwere ike imepụta ebe ahụ.

Iji chọpụta ebe ike ikuku dị, ọrụ nkesa ihe gbasara ohere na-adabakarị na data ọsọ ikuku a na-ahụ anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.savenkov.org/publications/Savenkov_on_the_truncated_weibull_distribution_2009.pdf|author=Savenkov, M|year=2009|title=On the truncated weibull distribution and its usefulness in evaluating potential wind (or wave) energy sites|journal=University Journal of Engineering and Technology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=21–25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe dị iche iche ga-enwe nkesa ọsọ ikuku dị iche iche. Ụdị Weibull na-egosipụta nke ọma nkesa nke ọsọ ikuku kwa awa/nkeji iri n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ihe Weibull na-adịkarị nso na 2, ya mere enwere ike iji nkesa Rayleigh dị ka ihe nlereanya na-ezighi ezi, mana dị mfe karị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://xn--drmstrre-64ad.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/weibull.htm|title=Describing Wind Variations: Weibull Distribution|publisher=Danish Wind Industry Association|accessdate=8 July 2021|archivedate=2 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802193222/http://xn--drmstrre-64ad.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/weibull.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362144136|Wind power]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang,_China.jpg|thumb|Ugbo ikuku na Xinjiang, China]]
[[Faịlụ:Electricity_production_by_source.svg|thumb|Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ụwa site na isi iyi, 2000-2024]]
 
Ike ikuku bụ iji ike ikuku arụ ọrụ bara uru. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-eji ike ifufe eme ihe site n'iji ákwà mgbochi mmiri, igwe ikuku na ọkpọkọ ikuku, mana taa a na-ejikarị ya emepụta ọkụ eletrik. Isiokwu a na-ekwu maka naanị ike ifufe maka imepụta ọkụ eletrik. Taa, a na-eji turbine ikuku emepụta ike ifufe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam, nke a na-ejikọtakarị na ugbo ikuku ma jikọọ na grid eletrik. 

N'afọ 2025, ikuku nyere ihe dị ka 2,700 TWh nke ọkụ eletrik, nke bụ ihe karịrị 8% nke ọkụ eletriki ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer/?metric=absolute|title=Electricity Data Explorer|work=ember-energy.org|accessdate=June 12, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na ihe dị ka 100 GW gbakwunyere n'oge 2021, karịsịa na China na United States, ikike ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ karịrị 800 GW.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power &quot;Wind Power – Analysis&quot;]. ''IEA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power Archived] from the original on 23 November 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind energy generation vs. installed capacity|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=Our World in Data|archivedate=19 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019062311/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-25|title=Global wind industry breezes into new record|url=https://www.energylivenews.com/2022/03/25/global-wind-industry-breezes-into-new-record/|accessdate=2022-04-02|work=Energy Live News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mba iri atọ mepụtara ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ọkụ eletrik ha site na ike ikuku n'afọ 2024 na mmepụta ikuku fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mụbaa okpukpu atọ kemgbe afọ 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;ember2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-07|title=Global Electricity Review 2025|url=https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/global-electricity-review-2025/|accessdate=2025-04-13|work=Ember|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji nyere aka mezuo ebumnuche Nkwekọrịta Paris iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe, ndị nyocha na-ekwu na ọ ga-agbasa ngwa ngwa - site na ihe karịrị 1% nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik kwa afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Expansion of wind and solar power too slow to stop climate change|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/10/211014141949.htm|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=ScienceDaily|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ isi iyi ike na-adịgide adịgide, nke a na-emegharị emegharị, ọ na-enwekwa obere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ọkụ mmanụ ala. Ike ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, yabụ ọ chọrọ nchekwa ike ma ọ bụ isi iyi ike mmepụta ndị ọzọ a na-ebuga iji nweta ọkụ eletrik a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. Ugbo ikuku nke dị n'ala (n'ụsọ oké osimiri) nwere mmetụta anya dị ukwuu na ala karịa ọtụtụ ọdụ ike ndị ọzọ kwa ike emepụtara. &lt;ref name=&quot;grantham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy|title=What are the pros and cons of onshore wind energy?|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622123816/http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy/|date=2018-01-12|archivedate=22 June 2019|work=Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;energyfootprint&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Nathan F.|author=Jones|doi=10.1093/biosci/biu224|title=The Energy Footprint: How Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind Energy Affect Land for Biodiversity and the Flow of Ecosystem Services|journal=[[BioScience]]|volume=65|issue=3|date=2015-01-22|accessdate=2022-11-09|pages=290–301|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/65/3/290/236920|issn=0006-3568}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugbo ikuku ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere mmetụta dị ala ma nwee ihe ndị dị elu, ọ bụ ezie na ha dị oke ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugbu a nwere òkè nke ihe dị ka 10% nke nrụnye ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 March 2020|title=Global Wind Report 2019|url=https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=Global Wind Energy Council|archivedate=24 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624223720/https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ otu n'ime ebe ọkụ eletrik kacha ọnụ ala maka otu nkeji ike a na-emepụta. N'ọtụtụ ebe, ugbo ikuku ọhụrụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ọnụ ala karịa ụlọ ọrụ kol ma ọ bụ gas ọhụrụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Levelized Cost Of Energy, Levelized Cost Of Storage, and Levelized Cost Of Hydrogen|url=http://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-levelized-cost-of-storage-and-levelized-cost-of-hydrogen/|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=Lazard.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda latitudes nwere ikike kachasị elu maka ike ifufe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224101415/http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archivedate=24 February 2020|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=DTU Technical University of Denmark}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọtụtụ mpaghara, mmepụta ike ikuku dị elu n'abalị, na n'oge oyi mgbe mmepụta ike anyanwụ dị ala. Ya mere, njikọta nke ikuku na ike anyanwụ dabara adaba n'ọtụtụ mba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nyenah|first=Emmanuel|date=2022-05-01|title=Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide|journal=Environmental Research Communications|volume=4|issue=5|doi=10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb|issn=2515-7620}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe onwunwe nke ike ikuku ==
[[Faịlụ:Mean_Wind_Speed.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọsọ ikuku na mita 100 n'ala na gburugburu ụsọ mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Faịlụ:Lee_Ranch_Wind_Speed_Frequency.svg|thumb|Nkesa ọsọ ikuku (uhie) na ike (acha anụnụ anụnụ) maka afọ 2002 niile na ebe Lee Ranch dị na Colorado. Histogram ahụ na-egosi data a tụrụ atụ, ebe usoro ahụ bụ nkesa ụdị Rayleigh maka otu ọsọ ikuku nkezi. ]]
[[Faịlụ:Global_Map_of_Wind_Power_Density_Potential.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku nwere ike ịdị arọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=https://globalwindatlas.info/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/|archivedate=18 January 2019|accessdate=14 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ifufe bụ mmegharị ikuku n'ime ikuku ụwa. N'otu nkeji nke oge, dịka ọmụmaatụ otu sekọnd, olu nke ikuku gafere otu mpaghara. &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; bụ &lt;math&gt;Av&lt;/math&gt; Ọ bụrụ na njupụta ikuku dị &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt;, ọnụego mmiri nke olu ikuku a bụ &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{M}{\Delta t}=\rho Av&lt;/math&gt;, na nnyefe ike, ma ọ bụ nnyefe ike kwa sekọnd bụ &lt;math&gt;P =\tfrac {1}{2}\tfrac{M}{\Delta t} v^{2}= \tfrac {1}{2}\rho A v^{3}&lt;/math&gt; Ike ikuku si otú a ''dakọọ'' ''ike nke atọ'' nke ọsọ ifufe; ike dịnụ na-abawanye okpukpu asatọ mgbe ọsọ ikuku na-amụba okpukpu abụọ. Mgbanwe nke ọsọ ifufe site na ihe dị ka 2.1544 na-eme ka ike ikuku dịkwuo elu site n'otu usoro nke nha (mụbaa site na 10).

Ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ mere ihe dịka 1.50 MJ / m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; n'ime oghere na 1.70 MJ / mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; na Southern Hemisphere. Ikuku na-arụ ọrụ dị ka injin na-ekpo ọkụ, na-amịkọrọ okpomọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu, na-ewepụta okpomọkụ n'okpomọkụ dị ala. Usoro a na-ahụ maka mmepụta nke ike ikuku na ọnụego nke 2.46 W / m2 si otú a na-akwado mgbasa nke ikuku megide ịfụfụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13919173/A%2032-year%20Perspective%20on%20the%20Origin%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20a%20warming%20Climate.pdf?sequence=1|title=A 32-year perspective on the origin of wind energy in a warming climate|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=77|pages=482–92|year=2015|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.045|author=Huang|first=Junling|accessdate=6 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na nyocha akụrụngwa ikuku, o kwere omume ịkọ atụmatụ ike ike ikuku n'ụwa niile, site na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara, ma ọ bụ maka ebe a kapịrị ọnụ. Global Wind Atlas nke Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Denmark nyere na mmekorita ya na World Bank na-enye nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku. &lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://globalwindatlas.info &quot;Global Wind Atlas&quot;]. [[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/ Archived] from the original on 18 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  N'adịghị ka 'static' akụrụngwa ikuku nke na-eme atụmatụ nkezi ọsọ ikuku na njupụta ike n'ime ọtụtụ afọ, ngwaọrụ dịka Renewables.ninja na-enye ihe atụ nke ọsọ ifufe na mmepụta ike site na ụdị turbine ikuku dị iche iche na mkpebi kwa elekere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Staffell|first=Iain|title=Using bias-corrected reanalysis to simulate current and future wind power output|date=1 November 2016|journal=Energy|volume=114|pages=1224–39|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.068}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike inweta nyocha zuru ezu, nyocha nke ebe nke ikike ikuku site na ndị ọkachamara na-enye azụmahịa, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmepe ikuku buru ibu nwere ikike imepụta ihe n'ụlọ.

Oke ike a na-enweta n'ụzọ akụ na ụba site na ikuku karịrị nke mmadụ ji eme ihe ugbu a site na isi mmalite niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-much-wind-energy-is-there-brian-hurley-wind-site-evaluation-ltd.html|title=How Much Wind Energy is there?|author=Hurley|first=Brian|publisher=Claverton Group|accessdate=8 April 2012|archivedate=15 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515154047/http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-much-wind-energy-is-there-brian-hurley-wind-site-evaluation-ltd.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike nke ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, uru nkezi maka ebe enyere abụghị naanị na ọ na-egosi oke ike nke turbine ikuku nwere ike imepụta ebe ahụ.

Iji chọpụta ebe ike ikuku dị, ọrụ nkesa ihe gbasara ohere na-adabakarị na data ọsọ ikuku a na-ahụ anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.savenkov.org/publications/Savenkov_on_the_truncated_weibull_distribution_2009.pdf|author=Savenkov, M|year=2009|title=On the truncated weibull distribution and its usefulness in evaluating potential wind (or wave) energy sites|journal=University Journal of Engineering and Technology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=21–25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe dị iche iche ga-enwe nkesa ọsọ ikuku dị iche iche. Ụdị Weibull na-egosipụta nke ọma nkesa nke ọsọ ikuku kwa awa/nkeji iri n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ihe Weibull na-adịkarị nso na 2, ya mere enwere ike iji nkesa Rayleigh dị ka ihe nlereanya na-ezighi ezi, mana dị mfe karị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://xn--drmstrre-64ad.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/weibull.htm|title=Describing Wind Variations: Weibull Distribution|publisher=Danish Wind Industry Association|accessdate=8 July 2021|archivedate=2 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802193222/http://xn--drmstrre-64ad.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/weibull.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ugbo ikuku ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright sortable&quot;
|+Nnukwu ugbo ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri
!Ugbo ikuku
!Ikike (MW) &lt;br /&gt;
!Mba
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ndị na-agba ọsọ
|-
|Gansu Wind Farm
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7,965
| China
|
|-
|Muppandal Wind Farm
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,500
| India
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_449.php|title=Muppandal (India)|publisher=thewindpower.net|accessdate=21 November 2015|archivedate=14 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814194848/http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_449.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Alta (Oak Creek-Mojave) 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,320
| United States
|
|-
|Ogige Mmiri Jaisalmer
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,064
| India
|
|}
Ugbo ikuku bụ otu ìgwè turbine ikuku dị n'otu ebe. Ugbo ikuku buru ibu nwere ike inwe ọtụtụ narị turbine ikuku nke kesara n'ebe sara mbara. A pụrụ iji ala dị n'etiti turbine ahụ mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Ugbo ikuku nwekwara ike ịdị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ turbine ifufe buru ibu niile nwere otu imewe - turbine ikuku kwụ ọtọ nke nwere rotor elu ikuku nwere agụba atọ, nke ejikọtara na nacelle n'elu ụlọ elu tubular dị ogologo.&amp;nbsp;

N'ụlọ ọrụ ikuku, a na-ejikọta turbines n'otu n'otu na usoro nchịkọta ike (nke na-abụkarị 34.5 kV) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ewh.ieee.org/r3/atlanta/ias/Wind%20Farm%20Electrical%20Systems.pdf|title=Wind Farm Electrical Systems|accessdate=2020-07-11|archivedate=18 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318210221/https://ewh.ieee.org/r3/atlanta/ias/Wind%20Farm%20Electrical%20Systems.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; na netwọk nkwukọrịta. N'ozuzu, a na-etinye anya nke 7D (ugboro asaa nke dayameta rotor nke turbine ikuku ) n'etiti turbine ọ bụla na ugbo ikuku zuru oke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Meyers|first=Johan|date=1 March 2012|title=Optimal turbine spacing in fully developed wind farm boundary layers|journal=Wind Energy|volume=15|issue=2|pages=305–17|doi=10.1002/we.469|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/331240}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na substation, a na-abawanye ọkụ eletrik a dị n'etiti na voltaji na transformer maka njikọ na usoro nnyefe ike eletrik dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.windpowerengineering.com/projects/making-modern-offshore-substation/|title=Making of the modern offshore substation|work=Windpower Engineering &amp; Development|language=en-US|accessdate=14 June 2019|archivedate=24 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124094304/https://www.windpowerengineering.com/making-modern-offshore-substation/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;</text>
      <sha1>mrvjbjuaku6y3xrhgimrsnv95dp3j13</sha1>
    </revision>
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      <id>673347</id>
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        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362144136|Wind power]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang,_China.jpg|thumb|Ugbo ikuku na Xinjiang, China]]
[[Faịlụ:Electricity_production_by_source.svg|thumb|Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ụwa site na isi iyi, 2000-2024]]
 
Ike ikuku bụ iji ike ikuku arụ ọrụ bara uru. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-eji ike ifufe eme ihe site n'iji ákwà mgbochi mmiri, igwe ikuku na ọkpọkọ ikuku, mana taa a na-ejikarị ya emepụta ọkụ eletrik. Isiokwu a na-ekwu maka naanị ike ifufe maka imepụta ọkụ eletrik. Taa, a na-eji turbine ikuku emepụta ike ifufe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam, nke a na-ejikọtakarị na ugbo ikuku ma jikọọ na grid eletrik. 

N'afọ 2025, ikuku nyere ihe dị ka 2,700 TWh nke ọkụ eletrik, nke bụ ihe karịrị 8% nke ọkụ eletriki ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer/?metric=absolute|title=Electricity Data Explorer|work=ember-energy.org|accessdate=June 12, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na ihe dị ka 100 GW gbakwunyere n'oge 2021, karịsịa na China na United States, ikike ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ karịrị 800 GW.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power &quot;Wind Power – Analysis&quot;]. ''IEA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power Archived] from the original on 23 November 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind energy generation vs. installed capacity|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=Our World in Data|archivedate=19 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019062311/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-25|title=Global wind industry breezes into new record|url=https://www.energylivenews.com/2022/03/25/global-wind-industry-breezes-into-new-record/|accessdate=2022-04-02|work=Energy Live News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mba iri atọ mepụtara ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ọkụ eletrik ha site na ike ikuku n'afọ 2024 na mmepụta ikuku fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mụbaa okpukpu atọ kemgbe afọ 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;ember2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-07|title=Global Electricity Review 2025|url=https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/global-electricity-review-2025/|accessdate=2025-04-13|work=Ember|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji nyere aka mezuo ebumnuche Nkwekọrịta Paris iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe, ndị nyocha na-ekwu na ọ ga-agbasa ngwa ngwa - site na ihe karịrị 1% nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik kwa afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Expansion of wind and solar power too slow to stop climate change|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/10/211014141949.htm|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=ScienceDaily|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ isi iyi ike na-adịgide adịgide, nke a na-emegharị emegharị, ọ na-enwekwa obere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ọkụ mmanụ ala. Ike ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, yabụ ọ chọrọ nchekwa ike ma ọ bụ isi iyi ike mmepụta ndị ọzọ a na-ebuga iji nweta ọkụ eletrik a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. Ugbo ikuku nke dị n'ala (n'ụsọ oké osimiri) nwere mmetụta anya dị ukwuu na ala karịa ọtụtụ ọdụ ike ndị ọzọ kwa ike emepụtara. &lt;ref name=&quot;grantham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy|title=What are the pros and cons of onshore wind energy?|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622123816/http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy/|date=2018-01-12|archivedate=22 June 2019|work=Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;energyfootprint&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Nathan F.|author=Jones|doi=10.1093/biosci/biu224|title=The Energy Footprint: How Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind Energy Affect Land for Biodiversity and the Flow of Ecosystem Services|journal=[[BioScience]]|volume=65|issue=3|date=2015-01-22|accessdate=2022-11-09|pages=290–301|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/65/3/290/236920|issn=0006-3568}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugbo ikuku ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere mmetụta dị ala ma nwee ihe ndị dị elu, ọ bụ ezie na ha dị oke ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugbu a nwere òkè nke ihe dị ka 10% nke nrụnye ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 March 2020|title=Global Wind Report 2019|url=https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=Global Wind Energy Council|archivedate=24 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624223720/https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ otu n'ime ebe ọkụ eletrik kacha ọnụ ala maka otu nkeji ike a na-emepụta. N'ọtụtụ ebe, ugbo ikuku ọhụrụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ọnụ ala karịa ụlọ ọrụ kol ma ọ bụ gas ọhụrụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Levelized Cost Of Energy, Levelized Cost Of Storage, and Levelized Cost Of Hydrogen|url=http://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-levelized-cost-of-storage-and-levelized-cost-of-hydrogen/|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=Lazard.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda latitudes nwere ikike kachasị elu maka ike ifufe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224101415/http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archivedate=24 February 2020|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=DTU Technical University of Denmark}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọtụtụ mpaghara, mmepụta ike ikuku dị elu n'abalị, na n'oge oyi mgbe mmepụta ike anyanwụ dị ala. Ya mere, njikọta nke ikuku na ike anyanwụ dabara adaba n'ọtụtụ mba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nyenah|first=Emmanuel|date=2022-05-01|title=Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide|journal=Environmental Research Communications|volume=4|issue=5|doi=10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb|issn=2515-7620}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe onwunwe nke ike ikuku ==
[[Faịlụ:Mean_Wind_Speed.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọsọ ikuku na mita 100 n'ala na gburugburu ụsọ mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Faịlụ:Lee_Ranch_Wind_Speed_Frequency.svg|thumb|Nkesa ọsọ ikuku (uhie) na ike (acha anụnụ anụnụ) maka afọ 2002 niile na ebe Lee Ranch dị na Colorado. Histogram ahụ na-egosi data a tụrụ atụ, ebe usoro ahụ bụ nkesa ụdị Rayleigh maka otu ọsọ ikuku nkezi. ]]
[[Faịlụ:Global_Map_of_Wind_Power_Density_Potential.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku nwere ike ịdị arọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=https://globalwindatlas.info/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/|archivedate=18 January 2019|accessdate=14 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ifufe bụ mmegharị ikuku n'ime ikuku ụwa. N'otu nkeji nke oge, dịka ọmụmaatụ otu sekọnd, olu nke ikuku gafere otu mpaghara. &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; bụ &lt;math&gt;Av&lt;/math&gt; Ọ bụrụ na njupụta ikuku dị &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt;, ọnụego mmiri nke olu ikuku a bụ &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{M}{\Delta t}=\rho Av&lt;/math&gt;, na nnyefe ike, ma ọ bụ nnyefe ike kwa sekọnd bụ &lt;math&gt;P =\tfrac {1}{2}\tfrac{M}{\Delta t} v^{2}= \tfrac {1}{2}\rho A v^{3}&lt;/math&gt; Ike ikuku si otú a ''dakọọ'' ''ike nke atọ'' nke ọsọ ifufe; ike dịnụ na-abawanye okpukpu asatọ mgbe ọsọ ikuku na-amụba okpukpu abụọ. Mgbanwe nke ọsọ ifufe site na ihe dị ka 2.1544 na-eme ka ike ikuku dịkwuo elu site n'otu usoro nke nha (mụbaa site na 10).

Ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ mere ihe dịka 1.50 MJ / m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; n'ime oghere na 1.70 MJ / mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; na Southern Hemisphere. Ikuku na-arụ ọrụ dị ka injin na-ekpo ọkụ, na-amịkọrọ okpomọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu, na-ewepụta okpomọkụ n'okpomọkụ dị ala. Usoro a na-ahụ maka mmepụta nke ike ikuku na ọnụego nke 2.46 W / m2 si otú a na-akwado mgbasa nke ikuku megide ịfụfụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13919173/A%2032-year%20Perspective%20on%20the%20Origin%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20a%20warming%20Climate.pdf?sequence=1|title=A 32-year perspective on the origin of wind energy in a warming climate|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=77|pages=482–92|year=2015|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.045|author=Huang|first=Junling|accessdate=6 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na nyocha akụrụngwa ikuku, o kwere omume ịkọ atụmatụ ike ike ikuku n'ụwa niile, site na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara, ma ọ bụ maka ebe a kapịrị ọnụ. Global Wind Atlas nke Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Denmark nyere na mmekorita ya na World Bank na-enye nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku. &lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://globalwindatlas.info &quot;Global Wind Atlas&quot;]. [[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/ Archived] from the original on 18 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  N'adịghị ka 'static' akụrụngwa ikuku nke na-eme atụmatụ nkezi ọsọ ikuku na njupụta ike n'ime ọtụtụ afọ, ngwaọrụ dịka Renewables.ninja na-enye ihe atụ nke ọsọ ifufe na mmepụta ike site na ụdị turbine ikuku dị iche iche na mkpebi kwa elekere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Staffell|first=Iain|title=Using bias-corrected reanalysis to simulate current and future wind power output|date=1 November 2016|journal=Energy|volume=114|pages=1224–39|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.068}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike inweta nyocha zuru ezu, nyocha nke ebe nke ikike ikuku site na ndị ọkachamara na-enye azụmahịa, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmepe ikuku buru ibu nwere ikike imepụta ihe n'ụlọ.

Oke ike a na-enweta n'ụzọ akụ na ụba site na ikuku karịrị nke mmadụ ji eme ihe ugbu a site na isi mmalite niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-much-wind-energy-is-there-brian-hurley-wind-site-evaluation-ltd.html|title=How Much Wind Energy is there?|author=Hurley|first=Brian|publisher=Claverton Group|accessdate=8 April 2012|archivedate=15 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515154047/http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-much-wind-energy-is-there-brian-hurley-wind-site-evaluation-ltd.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike nke ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, uru nkezi maka ebe enyere abụghị naanị na ọ na-egosi oke ike nke turbine ikuku nwere ike imepụta ebe ahụ.

Iji chọpụta ebe ike ikuku dị, ọrụ nkesa ihe gbasara ohere na-adabakarị na data ọsọ ikuku a na-ahụ anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.savenkov.org/publications/Savenkov_on_the_truncated_weibull_distribution_2009.pdf|author=Savenkov, M|year=2009|title=On the truncated weibull distribution and its usefulness in evaluating potential wind (or wave) energy sites|journal=University Journal of Engineering and Technology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=21–25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe dị iche iche ga-enwe nkesa ọsọ ikuku dị iche iche. Ụdị Weibull na-egosipụta nke ọma nkesa nke ọsọ ikuku kwa awa/nkeji iri n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ihe Weibull na-adịkarị nso na 2, ya mere enwere ike iji nkesa Rayleigh dị ka ihe nlereanya na-ezighi ezi, mana dị mfe karị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://xn--drmstrre-64ad.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/weibull.htm|title=Describing Wind Variations: Weibull Distribution|publisher=Danish Wind Industry Association|accessdate=8 July 2021|archivedate=2 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802193222/http://xn--drmstrre-64ad.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/weibull.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ugbo ikuku ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright sortable&quot;
|+Nnukwu ugbo ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri
!Ugbo ikuku
!Ikike (MW) &lt;br /&gt;
!Mba
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ndị na-agba ọsọ
|-
|Gansu Wind Farm
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7,965
| China
|
|-
|Muppandal Wind Farm
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,500
| India
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_449.php|title=Muppandal (India)|publisher=thewindpower.net|accessdate=21 November 2015|archivedate=14 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814194848/http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_449.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Alta (Oak Creek-Mojave) 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,320
| United States
|
|-
|Ogige Mmiri Jaisalmer
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,064
| India
|
|}
Ugbo ikuku bụ otu ìgwè turbine ikuku dị n'otu ebe. Ugbo ikuku buru ibu nwere ike inwe ọtụtụ narị turbine ikuku nke kesara n'ebe sara mbara. A pụrụ iji ala dị n'etiti turbine ahụ mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Ugbo ikuku nwekwara ike ịdị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ turbine ifufe buru ibu niile nwere otu imewe - turbine ikuku kwụ ọtọ nke nwere rotor elu ikuku nwere agụba atọ, nke ejikọtara na nacelle n'elu ụlọ elu tubular dị ogologo.&amp;nbsp;

N'ụlọ ọrụ ikuku, a na-ejikọta turbines n'otu n'otu na usoro nchịkọta ike (nke na-abụkarị 34.5 kV) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ewh.ieee.org/r3/atlanta/ias/Wind%20Farm%20Electrical%20Systems.pdf|title=Wind Farm Electrical Systems|accessdate=2020-07-11|archivedate=18 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318210221/https://ewh.ieee.org/r3/atlanta/ias/Wind%20Farm%20Electrical%20Systems.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; na netwọk nkwukọrịta. N'ozuzu, a na-etinye anya nke 7D (ugboro asaa nke dayameta rotor nke turbine ikuku ) n'etiti turbine ọ bụla na ugbo ikuku zuru oke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Meyers|first=Johan|date=1 March 2012|title=Optimal turbine spacing in fully developed wind farm boundary layers|journal=Wind Energy|volume=15|issue=2|pages=305–17|doi=10.1002/we.469|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/331240}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na substation, a na-abawanye ọkụ eletrik a dị n'etiti na voltaji na transformer maka njikọ na usoro nnyefe ike eletrik dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.windpowerengineering.com/projects/making-modern-offshore-substation/|title=Making of the modern offshore substation|work=Windpower Engineering &amp; Development|language=en-US|accessdate=14 June 2019|archivedate=24 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124094304/https://www.windpowerengineering.com/making-modern-offshore-substation/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

=== Njirimara na nkwụsi ike nke ihe nrụpụta ===
Ọtụtụ turbine ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji jenereta ọsọ dị iche iche yana ihe mgbanwe ike nke akụkụ ma ọ bụ nke zuru oke n'etiti jenereta turbine na sistemụ nchịkọta, nke na-enwekarị ihe ndị a na-achọsi ike maka njikọ grid ma nwee ikike ịnyagharị voltaji dị ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;huang&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Falahi|first=G.|title=IECON 2014 – 40th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society|chapter=Low voltage ride through control of modular multilevel converter based HVDC systems|date=1 October 2014|pages=4663–68|doi=10.1109/IECON.2014.7049205|isbn=978-1-4799-4032-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turbine ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji igwe eletriki e tinyere nri ugboro abụọ nwere ihe mgbanwe akụkụ ma ọ bụ jenereta induction nke squirrel ma ọ bụ jenereta synchronous (ma na-adịgide adịgide ma na-akpali ọkụ eletrik) yana ihe mgbanwe zuru oke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2014.08.037|title=The state of the art of wind energy conversion systems and technologies: A review|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=88|year=2014|author=Cheng|first=Ming}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmalite ojii ga-ekwe omume  ma na-aga n'ihu maka ebe (dị ka [[Áyowạ|Iowa]]) nke na-emepụta ọtụtụ ọkụ eletrik ha site na ikuku . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-03|title=ScottishPower in 'pioneering world first' after wind farm black-out boost|url=https://www.scotsman.com/business/scottishpower-in-pioneering-world-first-after-wind-farm-black-out-boost-3023563|accessdate=2022-09-19|work=www.scotsman.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=As the grid adds wind power, researchers have to reengineer recovery from power outages|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/05/220531181931.htm|accessdate=2022-09-19|work=ScienceDaily|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị na-arụ ọrụ sistemụ nnyefe ga-enye onye na-emepụta ugbo ikuku koodu grid iji kọwaa ihe achọrọ maka njikọ na grid nnyefe. Nke a ga-agụnye ihe ọkụ eletrik, oge na-aga n'ihu, na omume na-agbanwe agbanwe nke turbines ugbo ikuku n'oge nsogbu sistemụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Demeo|first=E.A.|year=2005|title=Wind plant integration|journal=IEEE Power and Energy Magazine|volume=3|issue=6|pages=38–46|doi=10.1109/MPAE.2005.1524619}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zavadil|first=R.|year=2005|title=Making connections|journal=IEEE Power and Energy Magazine|volume=3|issue=6|pages=26–37|doi=10.1109/MPAE.2005.1524618}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362144136|Wind power]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang,_China.jpg|thumb|Ugbo ikuku na Xinjiang, China]]
[[Faịlụ:Electricity_production_by_source.svg|thumb|Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ụwa site na isi iyi, 2000-2024]]
 
Ike ikuku bụ iji ike ikuku arụ ọrụ bara uru. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-eji ike ifufe eme ihe site n'iji ákwà mgbochi mmiri, igwe ikuku na ọkpọkọ ikuku, mana taa a na-ejikarị ya emepụta ọkụ eletrik. Isiokwu a na-ekwu maka naanị ike ifufe maka imepụta ọkụ eletrik. Taa, a na-eji turbine ikuku emepụta ike ifufe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam, nke a na-ejikọtakarị na ugbo ikuku ma jikọọ na grid eletrik. 

N'afọ 2025, ikuku nyere ihe dị ka 2,700 TWh nke ọkụ eletrik, nke bụ ihe karịrị 8% nke ọkụ eletriki ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer/?metric=absolute|title=Electricity Data Explorer|work=ember-energy.org|accessdate=June 12, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na ihe dị ka 100 GW gbakwunyere n'oge 2021, karịsịa na China na United States, ikike ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ karịrị 800 GW.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power &quot;Wind Power – Analysis&quot;]. ''IEA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power Archived] from the original on 23 November 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind energy generation vs. installed capacity|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=Our World in Data|archivedate=19 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019062311/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-25|title=Global wind industry breezes into new record|url=https://www.energylivenews.com/2022/03/25/global-wind-industry-breezes-into-new-record/|accessdate=2022-04-02|work=Energy Live News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mba iri atọ mepụtara ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ọkụ eletrik ha site na ike ikuku n'afọ 2024 na mmepụta ikuku fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mụbaa okpukpu atọ kemgbe afọ 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;ember2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-07|title=Global Electricity Review 2025|url=https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/global-electricity-review-2025/|accessdate=2025-04-13|work=Ember|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji nyere aka mezuo ebumnuche Nkwekọrịta Paris iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe, ndị nyocha na-ekwu na ọ ga-agbasa ngwa ngwa - site na ihe karịrị 1% nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik kwa afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Expansion of wind and solar power too slow to stop climate change|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/10/211014141949.htm|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=ScienceDaily|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ isi iyi ike na-adịgide adịgide, nke a na-emegharị emegharị, ọ na-enwekwa obere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ọkụ mmanụ ala. Ike ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, yabụ ọ chọrọ nchekwa ike ma ọ bụ isi iyi ike mmepụta ndị ọzọ a na-ebuga iji nweta ọkụ eletrik a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. Ugbo ikuku nke dị n'ala (n'ụsọ oké osimiri) nwere mmetụta anya dị ukwuu na ala karịa ọtụtụ ọdụ ike ndị ọzọ kwa ike emepụtara. &lt;ref name=&quot;grantham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy|title=What are the pros and cons of onshore wind energy?|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622123816/http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy/|date=2018-01-12|archivedate=22 June 2019|work=Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;energyfootprint&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Nathan F.|author=Jones|doi=10.1093/biosci/biu224|title=The Energy Footprint: How Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind Energy Affect Land for Biodiversity and the Flow of Ecosystem Services|journal=[[BioScience]]|volume=65|issue=3|date=2015-01-22|accessdate=2022-11-09|pages=290–301|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/65/3/290/236920|issn=0006-3568}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugbo ikuku ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere mmetụta dị ala ma nwee ihe ndị dị elu, ọ bụ ezie na ha dị oke ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugbu a nwere òkè nke ihe dị ka 10% nke nrụnye ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 March 2020|title=Global Wind Report 2019|url=https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=Global Wind Energy Council|archivedate=24 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624223720/https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ otu n'ime ebe ọkụ eletrik kacha ọnụ ala maka otu nkeji ike a na-emepụta. N'ọtụtụ ebe, ugbo ikuku ọhụrụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ọnụ ala karịa ụlọ ọrụ kol ma ọ bụ gas ọhụrụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Levelized Cost Of Energy, Levelized Cost Of Storage, and Levelized Cost Of Hydrogen|url=http://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-levelized-cost-of-storage-and-levelized-cost-of-hydrogen/|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=Lazard.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda latitudes nwere ikike kachasị elu maka ike ifufe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224101415/http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archivedate=24 February 2020|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=DTU Technical University of Denmark}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọtụtụ mpaghara, mmepụta ike ikuku dị elu n'abalị, na n'oge oyi mgbe mmepụta ike anyanwụ dị ala. Ya mere, njikọta nke ikuku na ike anyanwụ dabara adaba n'ọtụtụ mba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nyenah|first=Emmanuel|date=2022-05-01|title=Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide|journal=Environmental Research Communications|volume=4|issue=5|doi=10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb|issn=2515-7620}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe onwunwe nke ike ikuku ==
[[Faịlụ:Mean_Wind_Speed.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọsọ ikuku na mita 100 n'ala na gburugburu ụsọ mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Faịlụ:Lee_Ranch_Wind_Speed_Frequency.svg|thumb|Nkesa ọsọ ikuku (uhie) na ike (acha anụnụ anụnụ) maka afọ 2002 niile na ebe Lee Ranch dị na Colorado. Histogram ahụ na-egosi data a tụrụ atụ, ebe usoro ahụ bụ nkesa ụdị Rayleigh maka otu ọsọ ikuku nkezi. ]]
[[Faịlụ:Global_Map_of_Wind_Power_Density_Potential.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku nwere ike ịdị arọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=https://globalwindatlas.info/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/|archivedate=18 January 2019|accessdate=14 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ifufe bụ mmegharị ikuku n'ime ikuku ụwa. N'otu nkeji nke oge, dịka ọmụmaatụ otu sekọnd, olu nke ikuku gafere otu mpaghara. &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; bụ &lt;math&gt;Av&lt;/math&gt; Ọ bụrụ na njupụta ikuku dị &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt;, ọnụego mmiri nke olu ikuku a bụ &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{M}{\Delta t}=\rho Av&lt;/math&gt;, na nnyefe ike, ma ọ bụ nnyefe ike kwa sekọnd bụ &lt;math&gt;P =\tfrac {1}{2}\tfrac{M}{\Delta t} v^{2}= \tfrac {1}{2}\rho A v^{3}&lt;/math&gt; Ike ikuku si otú a ''dakọọ'' ''ike nke atọ'' nke ọsọ ifufe; ike dịnụ na-abawanye okpukpu asatọ mgbe ọsọ ikuku na-amụba okpukpu abụọ. Mgbanwe nke ọsọ ifufe site na ihe dị ka 2.1544 na-eme ka ike ikuku dịkwuo elu site n'otu usoro nke nha (mụbaa site na 10).

Ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ mere ihe dịka 1.50 MJ / m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; n'ime oghere na 1.70 MJ / mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; na Southern Hemisphere. Ikuku na-arụ ọrụ dị ka injin na-ekpo ọkụ, na-amịkọrọ okpomọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu, na-ewepụta okpomọkụ n'okpomọkụ dị ala. Usoro a na-ahụ maka mmepụta nke ike ikuku na ọnụego nke 2.46 W / m2 si otú a na-akwado mgbasa nke ikuku megide ịfụfụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13919173/A%2032-year%20Perspective%20on%20the%20Origin%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20a%20warming%20Climate.pdf?sequence=1|title=A 32-year perspective on the origin of wind energy in a warming climate|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=77|pages=482–92|year=2015|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.045|author=Huang|first=Junling|accessdate=6 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na nyocha akụrụngwa ikuku, o kwere omume ịkọ atụmatụ ike ike ikuku n'ụwa niile, site na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara, ma ọ bụ maka ebe a kapịrị ọnụ. Global Wind Atlas nke Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Denmark nyere na mmekorita ya na World Bank na-enye nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku. &lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://globalwindatlas.info &quot;Global Wind Atlas&quot;]. [[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/ Archived] from the original on 18 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  N'adịghị ka 'static' akụrụngwa ikuku nke na-eme atụmatụ nkezi ọsọ ikuku na njupụta ike n'ime ọtụtụ afọ, ngwaọrụ dịka Renewables.ninja na-enye ihe atụ nke ọsọ ifufe na mmepụta ike site na ụdị turbine ikuku dị iche iche na mkpebi kwa elekere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Staffell|first=Iain|title=Using bias-corrected reanalysis to simulate current and future wind power output|date=1 November 2016|journal=Energy|volume=114|pages=1224–39|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.068}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike inweta nyocha zuru ezu, nyocha nke ebe nke ikike ikuku site na ndị ọkachamara na-enye azụmahịa, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmepe ikuku buru ibu nwere ikike imepụta ihe n'ụlọ.

Oke ike a na-enweta n'ụzọ akụ na ụba site na ikuku karịrị nke mmadụ ji eme ihe ugbu a site na isi mmalite niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-much-wind-energy-is-there-brian-hurley-wind-site-evaluation-ltd.html|title=How Much Wind Energy is there?|author=Hurley|first=Brian|publisher=Claverton Group|accessdate=8 April 2012|archivedate=15 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515154047/http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-much-wind-energy-is-there-brian-hurley-wind-site-evaluation-ltd.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike nke ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, uru nkezi maka ebe enyere abụghị naanị na ọ na-egosi oke ike nke turbine ikuku nwere ike imepụta ebe ahụ.

Iji chọpụta ebe ike ikuku dị, ọrụ nkesa ihe gbasara ohere na-adabakarị na data ọsọ ikuku a na-ahụ anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.savenkov.org/publications/Savenkov_on_the_truncated_weibull_distribution_2009.pdf|author=Savenkov, M|year=2009|title=On the truncated weibull distribution and its usefulness in evaluating potential wind (or wave) energy sites|journal=University Journal of Engineering and Technology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=21–25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe dị iche iche ga-enwe nkesa ọsọ ikuku dị iche iche. Ụdị Weibull na-egosipụta nke ọma nkesa nke ọsọ ikuku kwa awa/nkeji iri n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ihe Weibull na-adịkarị nso na 2, ya mere enwere ike iji nkesa Rayleigh dị ka ihe nlereanya na-ezighi ezi, mana dị mfe karị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://xn--drmstrre-64ad.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/weibull.htm|title=Describing Wind Variations: Weibull Distribution|publisher=Danish Wind Industry Association|accessdate=8 July 2021|archivedate=2 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802193222/http://xn--drmstrre-64ad.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/weibull.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ugbo ikuku ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright sortable&quot;
|+Nnukwu ugbo ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri
!Ugbo ikuku
!Ikike (MW) &lt;br /&gt;
!Mba
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ndị na-agba ọsọ
|-
|Gansu Wind Farm
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7,965
| China
|
|-
|Muppandal Wind Farm
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,500
| India
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_449.php|title=Muppandal (India)|publisher=thewindpower.net|accessdate=21 November 2015|archivedate=14 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814194848/http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_449.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Alta (Oak Creek-Mojave) 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,320
| United States
|
|-
|Ogige Mmiri Jaisalmer
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,064
| India
|
|}
Ugbo ikuku bụ otu ìgwè turbine ikuku dị n'otu ebe. Ugbo ikuku buru ibu nwere ike inwe ọtụtụ narị turbine ikuku nke kesara n'ebe sara mbara. A pụrụ iji ala dị n'etiti turbine ahụ mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Ugbo ikuku nwekwara ike ịdị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ turbine ifufe buru ibu niile nwere otu imewe - turbine ikuku kwụ ọtọ nke nwere rotor elu ikuku nwere agụba atọ, nke ejikọtara na nacelle n'elu ụlọ elu tubular dị ogologo.&amp;nbsp;

N'ụlọ ọrụ ikuku, a na-ejikọta turbines n'otu n'otu na usoro nchịkọta ike (nke na-abụkarị 34.5 kV) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ewh.ieee.org/r3/atlanta/ias/Wind%20Farm%20Electrical%20Systems.pdf|title=Wind Farm Electrical Systems|accessdate=2020-07-11|archivedate=18 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318210221/https://ewh.ieee.org/r3/atlanta/ias/Wind%20Farm%20Electrical%20Systems.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; na netwọk nkwukọrịta. N'ozuzu, a na-etinye anya nke 7D (ugboro asaa nke dayameta rotor nke turbine ikuku ) n'etiti turbine ọ bụla na ugbo ikuku zuru oke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Meyers|first=Johan|date=1 March 2012|title=Optimal turbine spacing in fully developed wind farm boundary layers|journal=Wind Energy|volume=15|issue=2|pages=305–17|doi=10.1002/we.469|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/331240}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na substation, a na-abawanye ọkụ eletrik a dị n'etiti na voltaji na transformer maka njikọ na usoro nnyefe ike eletrik dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.windpowerengineering.com/projects/making-modern-offshore-substation/|title=Making of the modern offshore substation|work=Windpower Engineering &amp; Development|language=en-US|accessdate=14 June 2019|archivedate=24 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124094304/https://www.windpowerengineering.com/making-modern-offshore-substation/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

=== Njirimara na nkwụsi ike nke ihe nrụpụta ===
Ọtụtụ turbine ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji jenereta ọsọ dị iche iche yana ihe mgbanwe ike nke akụkụ ma ọ bụ nke zuru oke n'etiti jenereta turbine na sistemụ nchịkọta, nke na-enwekarị ihe ndị a na-achọsi ike maka njikọ grid ma nwee ikike ịnyagharị voltaji dị ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;huang&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Falahi|first=G.|title=IECON 2014 – 40th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society|chapter=Low voltage ride through control of modular multilevel converter based HVDC systems|date=1 October 2014|pages=4663–68|doi=10.1109/IECON.2014.7049205|isbn=978-1-4799-4032-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turbine ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji igwe eletriki e tinyere nri ugboro abụọ nwere ihe mgbanwe akụkụ ma ọ bụ jenereta induction nke squirrel ma ọ bụ jenereta synchronous (ma na-adịgide adịgide ma na-akpali ọkụ eletrik) yana ihe mgbanwe zuru oke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2014.08.037|title=The state of the art of wind energy conversion systems and technologies: A review|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=88|year=2014|author=Cheng|first=Ming}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmalite ojii ga-ekwe omume  ma na-aga n'ihu maka ebe (dị ka [[Áyowạ|Iowa]]) nke na-emepụta ọtụtụ ọkụ eletrik ha site na ikuku . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-03|title=ScottishPower in 'pioneering world first' after wind farm black-out boost|url=https://www.scotsman.com/business/scottishpower-in-pioneering-world-first-after-wind-farm-black-out-boost-3023563|accessdate=2022-09-19|work=www.scotsman.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=As the grid adds wind power, researchers have to reengineer recovery from power outages|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/05/220531181931.htm|accessdate=2022-09-19|work=ScienceDaily|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị na-arụ ọrụ sistemụ nnyefe ga-enye onye na-emepụta ugbo ikuku koodu grid iji kọwaa ihe achọrọ maka njikọ na grid nnyefe. Nke a ga-agụnye ihe ọkụ eletrik, oge na-aga n'ihu, na omume na-agbanwe agbanwe nke turbines ugbo ikuku n'oge nsogbu sistemụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Demeo|first=E.A.|year=2005|title=Wind plant integration|journal=IEEE Power and Energy Magazine|volume=3|issue=6|pages=38–46|doi=10.1109/MPAE.2005.1524619}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zavadil|first=R.|year=2005|title=Making connections|journal=IEEE Power and Energy Magazine|volume=3|issue=6|pages=26–37|doi=10.1109/MPAE.2005.1524618}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ike ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri ===
 
Ike ikuku dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ugbo ikuku dị n'ime nnukwu mmiri, nke na-abụkarị oké osimiri. Ebe ndị a nwere ike iji ikuku na-efekarị na nke siri ike dị na ebe ndị a ma nwee obere mmetụta anya na ala karịa ọrụ ndị dabere na ala. Agbanyeghị, ọnụ ahịa owuwu na mmezi dị elu nke ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.renewables-info.com/drawbacks_and_benefits/offshore_wind_power_%E2%80%93_advantages_and_disadvantages.html|title=Offshore wind power&amp;nbsp;– Advantages and disadvantages|author=Hulazan|first=Ned|date=16 February 2011|publisher=Renewable Energy Articles|accessdate=9 April 2012|archivedate=13 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013053638/http://www.renewables-info.com/drawbacks_and_benefits/offshore_wind_power_%E2%80%93_advantages_and_disadvantages.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.windpowermonthly.com/go/europe/news/1021043/Cutting-cost-offshore-wind-energy/|title=Cutting the cost of offshore wind energy|author=Millborrow|first=David|date=6 August 2010|work=Wind Power Monthly|publisher=Haymarket|accessdate=10 April 2012|archivedate=2 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202035902/http://www.windpowermonthly.com/go/europe/news/1021043/Cutting-cost-offshore-wind-energy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruo ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2021, Hornsea Wind Farm dị na mba United Kingdom bụ ugbo ikuku kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa n'ụwa nke nwere ike 1,218 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;hornsea&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-01-30|title=World's Largest Offshore Wind Farm Fully Up and Running|url=https://www.offshorewind.biz/2020/01/30/worlds-largest-offshore-wind-farm-fully-up-and-running/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131051635/https://www.offshorewind.biz/2020/01/30/worlds-largest-offshore-wind-farm-fully-up-and-running/|archivedate=31 January 2020|accessdate=2020-02-03|work=Offshore Wind|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nchịkọta na netwọk mgbasa ozi ===

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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362144136|Wind power]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang,_China.jpg|thumb|Ugbo ikuku na Xinjiang, China]]
[[Faịlụ:Electricity_production_by_source.svg|thumb|Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ụwa site na isi iyi, 2000-2024]]
 
Ike ikuku bụ iji ike ikuku arụ ọrụ bara uru. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-eji ike ifufe eme ihe site n'iji ákwà mgbochi mmiri, igwe ikuku na ọkpọkọ ikuku, mana taa a na-ejikarị ya emepụta ọkụ eletrik. Isiokwu a na-ekwu maka naanị ike ifufe maka imepụta ọkụ eletrik. Taa, a na-eji turbine ikuku emepụta ike ifufe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam, nke a na-ejikọtakarị na ugbo ikuku ma jikọọ na grid eletrik. 

N'afọ 2025, ikuku nyere ihe dị ka 2,700 TWh nke ọkụ eletrik, nke bụ ihe karịrị 8% nke ọkụ eletriki ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer/?metric=absolute|title=Electricity Data Explorer|work=ember-energy.org|accessdate=June 12, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na ihe dị ka 100 GW gbakwunyere n'oge 2021, karịsịa na China na United States, ikike ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ karịrị 800 GW.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power &quot;Wind Power – Analysis&quot;]. ''IEA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power Archived] from the original on 23 November 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind energy generation vs. installed capacity|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=Our World in Data|archivedate=19 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019062311/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-25|title=Global wind industry breezes into new record|url=https://www.energylivenews.com/2022/03/25/global-wind-industry-breezes-into-new-record/|accessdate=2022-04-02|work=Energy Live News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mba iri atọ mepụtara ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ọkụ eletrik ha site na ike ikuku n'afọ 2024 na mmepụta ikuku fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mụbaa okpukpu atọ kemgbe afọ 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;ember2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-07|title=Global Electricity Review 2025|url=https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/global-electricity-review-2025/|accessdate=2025-04-13|work=Ember|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji nyere aka mezuo ebumnuche Nkwekọrịta Paris iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe, ndị nyocha na-ekwu na ọ ga-agbasa ngwa ngwa - site na ihe karịrị 1% nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik kwa afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Expansion of wind and solar power too slow to stop climate change|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/10/211014141949.htm|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=ScienceDaily|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ isi iyi ike na-adịgide adịgide, nke a na-emegharị emegharị, ọ na-enwekwa obere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ọkụ mmanụ ala. Ike ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, yabụ ọ chọrọ nchekwa ike ma ọ bụ isi iyi ike mmepụta ndị ọzọ a na-ebuga iji nweta ọkụ eletrik a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. Ugbo ikuku nke dị n'ala (n'ụsọ oké osimiri) nwere mmetụta anya dị ukwuu na ala karịa ọtụtụ ọdụ ike ndị ọzọ kwa ike emepụtara. &lt;ref name=&quot;grantham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy|title=What are the pros and cons of onshore wind energy?|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622123816/http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy/|date=2018-01-12|archivedate=22 June 2019|work=Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;energyfootprint&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Nathan F.|author=Jones|doi=10.1093/biosci/biu224|title=The Energy Footprint: How Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind Energy Affect Land for Biodiversity and the Flow of Ecosystem Services|journal=[[BioScience]]|volume=65|issue=3|date=2015-01-22|accessdate=2022-11-09|pages=290–301|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/65/3/290/236920|issn=0006-3568}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugbo ikuku ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere mmetụta dị ala ma nwee ihe ndị dị elu, ọ bụ ezie na ha dị oke ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugbu a nwere òkè nke ihe dị ka 10% nke nrụnye ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 March 2020|title=Global Wind Report 2019|url=https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=Global Wind Energy Council|archivedate=24 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624223720/https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ otu n'ime ebe ọkụ eletrik kacha ọnụ ala maka otu nkeji ike a na-emepụta. N'ọtụtụ ebe, ugbo ikuku ọhụrụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ọnụ ala karịa ụlọ ọrụ kol ma ọ bụ gas ọhụrụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Levelized Cost Of Energy, Levelized Cost Of Storage, and Levelized Cost Of Hydrogen|url=http://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-levelized-cost-of-storage-and-levelized-cost-of-hydrogen/|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=Lazard.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda latitudes nwere ikike kachasị elu maka ike ifufe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224101415/http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archivedate=24 February 2020|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=DTU Technical University of Denmark}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọtụtụ mpaghara, mmepụta ike ikuku dị elu n'abalị, na n'oge oyi mgbe mmepụta ike anyanwụ dị ala. Ya mere, njikọta nke ikuku na ike anyanwụ dabara adaba n'ọtụtụ mba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nyenah|first=Emmanuel|date=2022-05-01|title=Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide|journal=Environmental Research Communications|volume=4|issue=5|doi=10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb|issn=2515-7620}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe onwunwe nke ike ikuku ==
[[Faịlụ:Mean_Wind_Speed.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọsọ ikuku na mita 100 n'ala na gburugburu ụsọ mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Faịlụ:Lee_Ranch_Wind_Speed_Frequency.svg|thumb|Nkesa ọsọ ikuku (uhie) na ike (acha anụnụ anụnụ) maka afọ 2002 niile na ebe Lee Ranch dị na Colorado. Histogram ahụ na-egosi data a tụrụ atụ, ebe usoro ahụ bụ nkesa ụdị Rayleigh maka otu ọsọ ikuku nkezi. ]]
[[Faịlụ:Global_Map_of_Wind_Power_Density_Potential.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku nwere ike ịdị arọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=https://globalwindatlas.info/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/|archivedate=18 January 2019|accessdate=14 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ifufe bụ mmegharị ikuku n'ime ikuku ụwa. N'otu nkeji nke oge, dịka ọmụmaatụ otu sekọnd, olu nke ikuku gafere otu mpaghara. &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; bụ &lt;math&gt;Av&lt;/math&gt; Ọ bụrụ na njupụta ikuku dị &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt;, ọnụego mmiri nke olu ikuku a bụ &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{M}{\Delta t}=\rho Av&lt;/math&gt;, na nnyefe ike, ma ọ bụ nnyefe ike kwa sekọnd bụ &lt;math&gt;P =\tfrac {1}{2}\tfrac{M}{\Delta t} v^{2}= \tfrac {1}{2}\rho A v^{3}&lt;/math&gt; Ike ikuku si otú a ''dakọọ'' ''ike nke atọ'' nke ọsọ ifufe; ike dịnụ na-abawanye okpukpu asatọ mgbe ọsọ ikuku na-amụba okpukpu abụọ. Mgbanwe nke ọsọ ifufe site na ihe dị ka 2.1544 na-eme ka ike ikuku dịkwuo elu site n'otu usoro nke nha (mụbaa site na 10).

Ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ mere ihe dịka 1.50 MJ / m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; n'ime oghere na 1.70 MJ / mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; na Southern Hemisphere. Ikuku na-arụ ọrụ dị ka injin na-ekpo ọkụ, na-amịkọrọ okpomọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu, na-ewepụta okpomọkụ n'okpomọkụ dị ala. Usoro a na-ahụ maka mmepụta nke ike ikuku na ọnụego nke 2.46 W / m2 si otú a na-akwado mgbasa nke ikuku megide ịfụfụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13919173/A%2032-year%20Perspective%20on%20the%20Origin%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20a%20warming%20Climate.pdf?sequence=1|title=A 32-year perspective on the origin of wind energy in a warming climate|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=77|pages=482–92|year=2015|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.045|author=Huang|first=Junling|accessdate=6 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na nyocha akụrụngwa ikuku, o kwere omume ịkọ atụmatụ ike ike ikuku n'ụwa niile, site na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara, ma ọ bụ maka ebe a kapịrị ọnụ. Global Wind Atlas nke Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Denmark nyere na mmekorita ya na World Bank na-enye nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku. &lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://globalwindatlas.info &quot;Global Wind Atlas&quot;]. [[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/ Archived] from the original on 18 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  N'adịghị ka 'static' akụrụngwa ikuku nke na-eme atụmatụ nkezi ọsọ ikuku na njupụta ike n'ime ọtụtụ afọ, ngwaọrụ dịka Renewables.ninja na-enye ihe atụ nke ọsọ ifufe na mmepụta ike site na ụdị turbine ikuku dị iche iche na mkpebi kwa elekere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Staffell|first=Iain|title=Using bias-corrected reanalysis to simulate current and future wind power output|date=1 November 2016|journal=Energy|volume=114|pages=1224–39|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.068}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike inweta nyocha zuru ezu, nyocha nke ebe nke ikike ikuku site na ndị ọkachamara na-enye azụmahịa, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmepe ikuku buru ibu nwere ikike imepụta ihe n'ụlọ.

Oke ike a na-enweta n'ụzọ akụ na ụba site na ikuku karịrị nke mmadụ ji eme ihe ugbu a site na isi mmalite niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-much-wind-energy-is-there-brian-hurley-wind-site-evaluation-ltd.html|title=How Much Wind Energy is there?|author=Hurley|first=Brian|publisher=Claverton Group|accessdate=8 April 2012|archivedate=15 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515154047/http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-much-wind-energy-is-there-brian-hurley-wind-site-evaluation-ltd.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike nke ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, uru nkezi maka ebe enyere abụghị naanị na ọ na-egosi oke ike nke turbine ikuku nwere ike imepụta ebe ahụ.

Iji chọpụta ebe ike ikuku dị, ọrụ nkesa ihe gbasara ohere na-adabakarị na data ọsọ ikuku a na-ahụ anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.savenkov.org/publications/Savenkov_on_the_truncated_weibull_distribution_2009.pdf|author=Savenkov, M|year=2009|title=On the truncated weibull distribution and its usefulness in evaluating potential wind (or wave) energy sites|journal=University Journal of Engineering and Technology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=21–25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe dị iche iche ga-enwe nkesa ọsọ ikuku dị iche iche. Ụdị Weibull na-egosipụta nke ọma nkesa nke ọsọ ikuku kwa awa/nkeji iri n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ihe Weibull na-adịkarị nso na 2, ya mere enwere ike iji nkesa Rayleigh dị ka ihe nlereanya na-ezighi ezi, mana dị mfe karị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://xn--drmstrre-64ad.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/weibull.htm|title=Describing Wind Variations: Weibull Distribution|publisher=Danish Wind Industry Association|accessdate=8 July 2021|archivedate=2 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802193222/http://xn--drmstrre-64ad.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/weibull.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ugbo ikuku ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright sortable&quot;
|+Nnukwu ugbo ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri
!Ugbo ikuku
!Ikike (MW) &lt;br /&gt;
!Mba
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ndị na-agba ọsọ
|-
|Gansu Wind Farm
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7,965
| China
|
|-
|Muppandal Wind Farm
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,500
| India
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_449.php|title=Muppandal (India)|publisher=thewindpower.net|accessdate=21 November 2015|archivedate=14 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814194848/http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_449.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Alta (Oak Creek-Mojave) 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,320
| United States
|
|-
|Ogige Mmiri Jaisalmer
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,064
| India
|
|}
Ugbo ikuku bụ otu ìgwè turbine ikuku dị n'otu ebe. Ugbo ikuku buru ibu nwere ike inwe ọtụtụ narị turbine ikuku nke kesara n'ebe sara mbara. A pụrụ iji ala dị n'etiti turbine ahụ mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Ugbo ikuku nwekwara ike ịdị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ turbine ifufe buru ibu niile nwere otu imewe - turbine ikuku kwụ ọtọ nke nwere rotor elu ikuku nwere agụba atọ, nke ejikọtara na nacelle n'elu ụlọ elu tubular dị ogologo.&amp;nbsp;

N'ụlọ ọrụ ikuku, a na-ejikọta turbines n'otu n'otu na usoro nchịkọta ike (nke na-abụkarị 34.5 kV) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ewh.ieee.org/r3/atlanta/ias/Wind%20Farm%20Electrical%20Systems.pdf|title=Wind Farm Electrical Systems|accessdate=2020-07-11|archivedate=18 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318210221/https://ewh.ieee.org/r3/atlanta/ias/Wind%20Farm%20Electrical%20Systems.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; na netwọk nkwukọrịta. N'ozuzu, a na-etinye anya nke 7D (ugboro asaa nke dayameta rotor nke turbine ikuku ) n'etiti turbine ọ bụla na ugbo ikuku zuru oke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Meyers|first=Johan|date=1 March 2012|title=Optimal turbine spacing in fully developed wind farm boundary layers|journal=Wind Energy|volume=15|issue=2|pages=305–17|doi=10.1002/we.469|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/331240}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na substation, a na-abawanye ọkụ eletrik a dị n'etiti na voltaji na transformer maka njikọ na usoro nnyefe ike eletrik dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.windpowerengineering.com/projects/making-modern-offshore-substation/|title=Making of the modern offshore substation|work=Windpower Engineering &amp; Development|language=en-US|accessdate=14 June 2019|archivedate=24 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124094304/https://www.windpowerengineering.com/making-modern-offshore-substation/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

=== Njirimara na nkwụsi ike nke ihe nrụpụta ===
Ọtụtụ turbine ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji jenereta ọsọ dị iche iche yana ihe mgbanwe ike nke akụkụ ma ọ bụ nke zuru oke n'etiti jenereta turbine na sistemụ nchịkọta, nke na-enwekarị ihe ndị a na-achọsi ike maka njikọ grid ma nwee ikike ịnyagharị voltaji dị ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;huang&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Falahi|first=G.|title=IECON 2014 – 40th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society|chapter=Low voltage ride through control of modular multilevel converter based HVDC systems|date=1 October 2014|pages=4663–68|doi=10.1109/IECON.2014.7049205|isbn=978-1-4799-4032-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turbine ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji igwe eletriki e tinyere nri ugboro abụọ nwere ihe mgbanwe akụkụ ma ọ bụ jenereta induction nke squirrel ma ọ bụ jenereta synchronous (ma na-adịgide adịgide ma na-akpali ọkụ eletrik) yana ihe mgbanwe zuru oke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2014.08.037|title=The state of the art of wind energy conversion systems and technologies: A review|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=88|year=2014|author=Cheng|first=Ming}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmalite ojii ga-ekwe omume  ma na-aga n'ihu maka ebe (dị ka [[Áyowạ|Iowa]]) nke na-emepụta ọtụtụ ọkụ eletrik ha site na ikuku . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-03|title=ScottishPower in 'pioneering world first' after wind farm black-out boost|url=https://www.scotsman.com/business/scottishpower-in-pioneering-world-first-after-wind-farm-black-out-boost-3023563|accessdate=2022-09-19|work=www.scotsman.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=As the grid adds wind power, researchers have to reengineer recovery from power outages|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/05/220531181931.htm|accessdate=2022-09-19|work=ScienceDaily|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị na-arụ ọrụ sistemụ nnyefe ga-enye onye na-emepụta ugbo ikuku koodu grid iji kọwaa ihe achọrọ maka njikọ na grid nnyefe. Nke a ga-agụnye ihe ọkụ eletrik, oge na-aga n'ihu, na omume na-agbanwe agbanwe nke turbines ugbo ikuku n'oge nsogbu sistemụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Demeo|first=E.A.|year=2005|title=Wind plant integration|journal=IEEE Power and Energy Magazine|volume=3|issue=6|pages=38–46|doi=10.1109/MPAE.2005.1524619}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zavadil|first=R.|year=2005|title=Making connections|journal=IEEE Power and Energy Magazine|volume=3|issue=6|pages=26–37|doi=10.1109/MPAE.2005.1524618}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ike ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri ===
 
Ike ikuku dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ugbo ikuku dị n'ime nnukwu mmiri, nke na-abụkarị oké osimiri. Ebe ndị a nwere ike iji ikuku na-efekarị na nke siri ike dị na ebe ndị a ma nwee obere mmetụta anya na ala karịa ọrụ ndị dabere na ala. Agbanyeghị, ọnụ ahịa owuwu na mmezi dị elu nke ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.renewables-info.com/drawbacks_and_benefits/offshore_wind_power_%E2%80%93_advantages_and_disadvantages.html|title=Offshore wind power&amp;nbsp;– Advantages and disadvantages|author=Hulazan|first=Ned|date=16 February 2011|publisher=Renewable Energy Articles|accessdate=9 April 2012|archivedate=13 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013053638/http://www.renewables-info.com/drawbacks_and_benefits/offshore_wind_power_%E2%80%93_advantages_and_disadvantages.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.windpowermonthly.com/go/europe/news/1021043/Cutting-cost-offshore-wind-energy/|title=Cutting the cost of offshore wind energy|author=Millborrow|first=David|date=6 August 2010|work=Wind Power Monthly|publisher=Haymarket|accessdate=10 April 2012|archivedate=2 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202035902/http://www.windpowermonthly.com/go/europe/news/1021043/Cutting-cost-offshore-wind-energy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruo ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2021, Hornsea Wind Farm dị na mba United Kingdom bụ ugbo ikuku kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa n'ụwa nke nwere ike 1,218 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;hornsea&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-01-30|title=World's Largest Offshore Wind Farm Fully Up and Running|url=https://www.offshorewind.biz/2020/01/30/worlds-largest-offshore-wind-farm-fully-up-and-running/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131051635/https://www.offshorewind.biz/2020/01/30/worlds-largest-offshore-wind-farm-fully-up-and-running/|archivedate=31 January 2020|accessdate=2020-02-03|work=Offshore Wind|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nchịkọta na netwọk mgbasa ozi ===
Enwere ike ijikọ ugbo ikuku dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri site na AC na HVDC site na mpụga oké osimiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Action|first=BMWK-Federal Ministry for Economics Affairs and Climate|title=Connecting offshore wind energy to the grid|url=https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Artikel/Energy/connecting-offshore-wind-energy-to-the-grid.html|accessdate=2023-01-20|work=www.bmwk.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akụrụngwa ike ikuku anaghị adị nso ebe ndị mmadụ bi na ya. Ka eriri nnyefe na-adị ogologo, mfu ndị metụtara nnyefe ike na-abawanye, ka ụdị mfu ndị dị obere na-akawanye njọ, ụdị mfu ọhụrụ anaghịzikwa adị mkpa ka ogologo ya na-abawanye; na-eme ka ọ sie ike ibufe ibu buru ibu n'ebe dị anya.
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362144136|Wind power]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang,_China.jpg|thumb|Ugbo ikuku na Xinjiang, China]]
[[Faịlụ:Electricity_production_by_source.svg|thumb|Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ụwa site na isi iyi, 2000-2024]]
 
Ike ikuku bụ iji ike ikuku arụ ọrụ bara uru. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-eji ike ifufe eme ihe site n'iji ákwà mgbochi mmiri, igwe ikuku na ọkpọkọ ikuku, mana taa a na-ejikarị ya emepụta ọkụ eletrik. Isiokwu a na-ekwu maka naanị ike ifufe maka imepụta ọkụ eletrik. Taa, a na-eji turbine ikuku emepụta ike ifufe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam, nke a na-ejikọtakarị na ugbo ikuku ma jikọọ na grid eletrik. 

N'afọ 2025, ikuku nyere ihe dị ka 2,700 TWh nke ọkụ eletrik, nke bụ ihe karịrị 8% nke ọkụ eletriki ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer/?metric=absolute|title=Electricity Data Explorer|work=ember-energy.org|accessdate=June 12, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na ihe dị ka 100 GW gbakwunyere n'oge 2021, karịsịa na China na United States, ikike ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ karịrị 800 GW.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power &quot;Wind Power – Analysis&quot;]. ''IEA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power Archived] from the original on 23 November 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind energy generation vs. installed capacity|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=Our World in Data|archivedate=19 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019062311/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-25|title=Global wind industry breezes into new record|url=https://www.energylivenews.com/2022/03/25/global-wind-industry-breezes-into-new-record/|accessdate=2022-04-02|work=Energy Live News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mba iri atọ mepụtara ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ọkụ eletrik ha site na ike ikuku n'afọ 2024 na mmepụta ikuku fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mụbaa okpukpu atọ kemgbe afọ 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;ember2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-07|title=Global Electricity Review 2025|url=https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/global-electricity-review-2025/|accessdate=2025-04-13|work=Ember|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji nyere aka mezuo ebumnuche Nkwekọrịta Paris iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe, ndị nyocha na-ekwu na ọ ga-agbasa ngwa ngwa - site na ihe karịrị 1% nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik kwa afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Expansion of wind and solar power too slow to stop climate change|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/10/211014141949.htm|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=ScienceDaily|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ isi iyi ike na-adịgide adịgide, nke a na-emegharị emegharị, ọ na-enwekwa obere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ọkụ mmanụ ala. Ike ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, yabụ ọ chọrọ nchekwa ike ma ọ bụ isi iyi ike mmepụta ndị ọzọ a na-ebuga iji nweta ọkụ eletrik a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. Ugbo ikuku nke dị n'ala (n'ụsọ oké osimiri) nwere mmetụta anya dị ukwuu na ala karịa ọtụtụ ọdụ ike ndị ọzọ kwa ike emepụtara. &lt;ref name=&quot;grantham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy|title=What are the pros and cons of onshore wind energy?|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622123816/http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy/|date=2018-01-12|archivedate=22 June 2019|work=Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;energyfootprint&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Nathan F.|author=Jones|doi=10.1093/biosci/biu224|title=The Energy Footprint: How Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind Energy Affect Land for Biodiversity and the Flow of Ecosystem Services|journal=[[BioScience]]|volume=65|issue=3|date=2015-01-22|accessdate=2022-11-09|pages=290–301|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/65/3/290/236920|issn=0006-3568}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugbo ikuku ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere mmetụta dị ala ma nwee ihe ndị dị elu, ọ bụ ezie na ha dị oke ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugbu a nwere òkè nke ihe dị ka 10% nke nrụnye ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 March 2020|title=Global Wind Report 2019|url=https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=Global Wind Energy Council|archivedate=24 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624223720/https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ otu n'ime ebe ọkụ eletrik kacha ọnụ ala maka otu nkeji ike a na-emepụta. N'ọtụtụ ebe, ugbo ikuku ọhụrụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ọnụ ala karịa ụlọ ọrụ kol ma ọ bụ gas ọhụrụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Levelized Cost Of Energy, Levelized Cost Of Storage, and Levelized Cost Of Hydrogen|url=http://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-levelized-cost-of-storage-and-levelized-cost-of-hydrogen/|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=Lazard.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda latitudes nwere ikike kachasị elu maka ike ifufe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224101415/http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archivedate=24 February 2020|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=DTU Technical University of Denmark}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọtụtụ mpaghara, mmepụta ike ikuku dị elu n'abalị, na n'oge oyi mgbe mmepụta ike anyanwụ dị ala. Ya mere, njikọta nke ikuku na ike anyanwụ dabara adaba n'ọtụtụ mba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nyenah|first=Emmanuel|date=2022-05-01|title=Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide|journal=Environmental Research Communications|volume=4|issue=5|doi=10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb|issn=2515-7620}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe onwunwe nke ike ikuku ==
[[Faịlụ:Mean_Wind_Speed.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọsọ ikuku na mita 100 n'ala na gburugburu ụsọ mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Faịlụ:Lee_Ranch_Wind_Speed_Frequency.svg|thumb|Nkesa ọsọ ikuku (uhie) na ike (acha anụnụ anụnụ) maka afọ 2002 niile na ebe Lee Ranch dị na Colorado. Histogram ahụ na-egosi data a tụrụ atụ, ebe usoro ahụ bụ nkesa ụdị Rayleigh maka otu ọsọ ikuku nkezi. ]]
[[Faịlụ:Global_Map_of_Wind_Power_Density_Potential.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku nwere ike ịdị arọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=https://globalwindatlas.info/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/|archivedate=18 January 2019|accessdate=14 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ifufe bụ mmegharị ikuku n'ime ikuku ụwa. N'otu nkeji nke oge, dịka ọmụmaatụ otu sekọnd, olu nke ikuku gafere otu mpaghara. &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; bụ &lt;math&gt;Av&lt;/math&gt; Ọ bụrụ na njupụta ikuku dị &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt;, ọnụego mmiri nke olu ikuku a bụ &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{M}{\Delta t}=\rho Av&lt;/math&gt;, na nnyefe ike, ma ọ bụ nnyefe ike kwa sekọnd bụ &lt;math&gt;P =\tfrac {1}{2}\tfrac{M}{\Delta t} v^{2}= \tfrac {1}{2}\rho A v^{3}&lt;/math&gt; Ike ikuku si otú a ''dakọọ'' ''ike nke atọ'' nke ọsọ ifufe; ike dịnụ na-abawanye okpukpu asatọ mgbe ọsọ ikuku na-amụba okpukpu abụọ. Mgbanwe nke ọsọ ifufe site na ihe dị ka 2.1544 na-eme ka ike ikuku dịkwuo elu site n'otu usoro nke nha (mụbaa site na 10).

Ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ mere ihe dịka 1.50 MJ / m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; n'ime oghere na 1.70 MJ / mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; na Southern Hemisphere. Ikuku na-arụ ọrụ dị ka injin na-ekpo ọkụ, na-amịkọrọ okpomọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu, na-ewepụta okpomọkụ n'okpomọkụ dị ala. Usoro a na-ahụ maka mmepụta nke ike ikuku na ọnụego nke 2.46 W / m2 si otú a na-akwado mgbasa nke ikuku megide ịfụfụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13919173/A%2032-year%20Perspective%20on%20the%20Origin%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20a%20warming%20Climate.pdf?sequence=1|title=A 32-year perspective on the origin of wind energy in a warming climate|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=77|pages=482–92|year=2015|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.045|author=Huang|first=Junling|accessdate=6 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na nyocha akụrụngwa ikuku, o kwere omume ịkọ atụmatụ ike ike ikuku n'ụwa niile, site na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara, ma ọ bụ maka ebe a kapịrị ọnụ. Global Wind Atlas nke Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Denmark nyere na mmekorita ya na World Bank na-enye nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku. &lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://globalwindatlas.info &quot;Global Wind Atlas&quot;]. [[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/ Archived] from the original on 18 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  N'adịghị ka 'static' akụrụngwa ikuku nke na-eme atụmatụ nkezi ọsọ ikuku na njupụta ike n'ime ọtụtụ afọ, ngwaọrụ dịka Renewables.ninja na-enye ihe atụ nke ọsọ ifufe na mmepụta ike site na ụdị turbine ikuku dị iche iche na mkpebi kwa elekere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Staffell|first=Iain|title=Using bias-corrected reanalysis to simulate current and future wind power output|date=1 November 2016|journal=Energy|volume=114|pages=1224–39|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.068}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike inweta nyocha zuru ezu, nyocha nke ebe nke ikike ikuku site na ndị ọkachamara na-enye azụmahịa, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmepe ikuku buru ibu nwere ikike imepụta ihe n'ụlọ.

Oke ike a na-enweta n'ụzọ akụ na ụba site na ikuku karịrị nke mmadụ ji eme ihe ugbu a site na isi mmalite niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-much-wind-energy-is-there-brian-hurley-wind-site-evaluation-ltd.html|title=How Much Wind Energy is there?|author=Hurley|first=Brian|publisher=Claverton Group|accessdate=8 April 2012|archivedate=15 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515154047/http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-much-wind-energy-is-there-brian-hurley-wind-site-evaluation-ltd.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike nke ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, uru nkezi maka ebe enyere abụghị naanị na ọ na-egosi oke ike nke turbine ikuku nwere ike imepụta ebe ahụ.

Iji chọpụta ebe ike ikuku dị, ọrụ nkesa ihe gbasara ohere na-adabakarị na data ọsọ ikuku a na-ahụ anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.savenkov.org/publications/Savenkov_on_the_truncated_weibull_distribution_2009.pdf|author=Savenkov, M|year=2009|title=On the truncated weibull distribution and its usefulness in evaluating potential wind (or wave) energy sites|journal=University Journal of Engineering and Technology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=21–25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe dị iche iche ga-enwe nkesa ọsọ ikuku dị iche iche. Ụdị Weibull na-egosipụta nke ọma nkesa nke ọsọ ikuku kwa awa/nkeji iri n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ihe Weibull na-adịkarị nso na 2, ya mere enwere ike iji nkesa Rayleigh dị ka ihe nlereanya na-ezighi ezi, mana dị mfe karị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://xn--drmstrre-64ad.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/weibull.htm|title=Describing Wind Variations: Weibull Distribution|publisher=Danish Wind Industry Association|accessdate=8 July 2021|archivedate=2 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802193222/http://xn--drmstrre-64ad.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/weibull.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ugbo ikuku ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright sortable&quot;
|+Nnukwu ugbo ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri
!Ugbo ikuku
!Ikike (MW) &lt;br /&gt;
!Mba
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ndị na-agba ọsọ
|-
|Gansu Wind Farm
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7,965
| China
|
|-
|Muppandal Wind Farm
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,500
| India
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_449.php|title=Muppandal (India)|publisher=thewindpower.net|accessdate=21 November 2015|archivedate=14 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814194848/http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_449.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Alta (Oak Creek-Mojave) 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,320
| United States
|
|-
|Ogige Mmiri Jaisalmer
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,064
| India
|
|}
Ugbo ikuku bụ otu ìgwè turbine ikuku dị n'otu ebe. Ugbo ikuku buru ibu nwere ike inwe ọtụtụ narị turbine ikuku nke kesara n'ebe sara mbara. A pụrụ iji ala dị n'etiti turbine ahụ mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Ugbo ikuku nwekwara ike ịdị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ turbine ifufe buru ibu niile nwere otu imewe - turbine ikuku kwụ ọtọ nke nwere rotor elu ikuku nwere agụba atọ, nke ejikọtara na nacelle n'elu ụlọ elu tubular dị ogologo.&amp;nbsp;

N'ụlọ ọrụ ikuku, a na-ejikọta turbines n'otu n'otu na usoro nchịkọta ike (nke na-abụkarị 34.5 kV) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ewh.ieee.org/r3/atlanta/ias/Wind%20Farm%20Electrical%20Systems.pdf|title=Wind Farm Electrical Systems|accessdate=2020-07-11|archivedate=18 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318210221/https://ewh.ieee.org/r3/atlanta/ias/Wind%20Farm%20Electrical%20Systems.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; na netwọk nkwukọrịta. N'ozuzu, a na-etinye anya nke 7D (ugboro asaa nke dayameta rotor nke turbine ikuku ) n'etiti turbine ọ bụla na ugbo ikuku zuru oke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Meyers|first=Johan|date=1 March 2012|title=Optimal turbine spacing in fully developed wind farm boundary layers|journal=Wind Energy|volume=15|issue=2|pages=305–17|doi=10.1002/we.469|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/331240}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na substation, a na-abawanye ọkụ eletrik a dị n'etiti na voltaji na transformer maka njikọ na usoro nnyefe ike eletrik dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.windpowerengineering.com/projects/making-modern-offshore-substation/|title=Making of the modern offshore substation|work=Windpower Engineering &amp; Development|language=en-US|accessdate=14 June 2019|archivedate=24 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124094304/https://www.windpowerengineering.com/making-modern-offshore-substation/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

=== Njirimara na nkwụsi ike nke ihe nrụpụta ===
Ọtụtụ turbine ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji jenereta ọsọ dị iche iche yana ihe mgbanwe ike nke akụkụ ma ọ bụ nke zuru oke n'etiti jenereta turbine na sistemụ nchịkọta, nke na-enwekarị ihe ndị a na-achọsi ike maka njikọ grid ma nwee ikike ịnyagharị voltaji dị ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;huang&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Falahi|first=G.|title=IECON 2014 – 40th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society|chapter=Low voltage ride through control of modular multilevel converter based HVDC systems|date=1 October 2014|pages=4663–68|doi=10.1109/IECON.2014.7049205|isbn=978-1-4799-4032-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turbine ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji igwe eletriki e tinyere nri ugboro abụọ nwere ihe mgbanwe akụkụ ma ọ bụ jenereta induction nke squirrel ma ọ bụ jenereta synchronous (ma na-adịgide adịgide ma na-akpali ọkụ eletrik) yana ihe mgbanwe zuru oke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2014.08.037|title=The state of the art of wind energy conversion systems and technologies: A review|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=88|year=2014|author=Cheng|first=Ming}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmalite ojii ga-ekwe omume  ma na-aga n'ihu maka ebe (dị ka [[Áyowạ|Iowa]]) nke na-emepụta ọtụtụ ọkụ eletrik ha site na ikuku . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-03|title=ScottishPower in 'pioneering world first' after wind farm black-out boost|url=https://www.scotsman.com/business/scottishpower-in-pioneering-world-first-after-wind-farm-black-out-boost-3023563|accessdate=2022-09-19|work=www.scotsman.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=As the grid adds wind power, researchers have to reengineer recovery from power outages|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/05/220531181931.htm|accessdate=2022-09-19|work=ScienceDaily|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị na-arụ ọrụ sistemụ nnyefe ga-enye onye na-emepụta ugbo ikuku koodu grid iji kọwaa ihe achọrọ maka njikọ na grid nnyefe. Nke a ga-agụnye ihe ọkụ eletrik, oge na-aga n'ihu, na omume na-agbanwe agbanwe nke turbines ugbo ikuku n'oge nsogbu sistemụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Demeo|first=E.A.|year=2005|title=Wind plant integration|journal=IEEE Power and Energy Magazine|volume=3|issue=6|pages=38–46|doi=10.1109/MPAE.2005.1524619}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zavadil|first=R.|year=2005|title=Making connections|journal=IEEE Power and Energy Magazine|volume=3|issue=6|pages=26–37|doi=10.1109/MPAE.2005.1524618}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ike ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri ===
 
Ike ikuku dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ugbo ikuku dị n'ime nnukwu mmiri, nke na-abụkarị oké osimiri. Ebe ndị a nwere ike iji ikuku na-efekarị na nke siri ike dị na ebe ndị a ma nwee obere mmetụta anya na ala karịa ọrụ ndị dabere na ala. Agbanyeghị, ọnụ ahịa owuwu na mmezi dị elu nke ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.renewables-info.com/drawbacks_and_benefits/offshore_wind_power_%E2%80%93_advantages_and_disadvantages.html|title=Offshore wind power&amp;nbsp;– Advantages and disadvantages|author=Hulazan|first=Ned|date=16 February 2011|publisher=Renewable Energy Articles|accessdate=9 April 2012|archivedate=13 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013053638/http://www.renewables-info.com/drawbacks_and_benefits/offshore_wind_power_%E2%80%93_advantages_and_disadvantages.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.windpowermonthly.com/go/europe/news/1021043/Cutting-cost-offshore-wind-energy/|title=Cutting the cost of offshore wind energy|author=Millborrow|first=David|date=6 August 2010|work=Wind Power Monthly|publisher=Haymarket|accessdate=10 April 2012|archivedate=2 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202035902/http://www.windpowermonthly.com/go/europe/news/1021043/Cutting-cost-offshore-wind-energy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruo ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2021, Hornsea Wind Farm dị na mba United Kingdom bụ ugbo ikuku kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa n'ụwa nke nwere ike 1,218 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;hornsea&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-01-30|title=World's Largest Offshore Wind Farm Fully Up and Running|url=https://www.offshorewind.biz/2020/01/30/worlds-largest-offshore-wind-farm-fully-up-and-running/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131051635/https://www.offshorewind.biz/2020/01/30/worlds-largest-offshore-wind-farm-fully-up-and-running/|archivedate=31 January 2020|accessdate=2020-02-03|work=Offshore Wind|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nchịkọta na netwọk mgbasa ozi ===
Enwere ike ijikọ ugbo ikuku dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri site na AC na HVDC site na mpụga oké osimiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Action|first=BMWK-Federal Ministry for Economics Affairs and Climate|title=Connecting offshore wind energy to the grid|url=https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Artikel/Energy/connecting-offshore-wind-energy-to-the-grid.html|accessdate=2023-01-20|work=www.bmwk.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akụrụngwa ike ikuku anaghị adị nso ebe ndị mmadụ bi na ya. Ka eriri nnyefe na-adị ogologo, mfu ndị metụtara nnyefe ike na-abawanye, ka ụdị mfu ndị dị obere na-akawanye njọ, ụdị mfu ọhụrụ anaghịzikwa adị mkpa ka ogologo ya na-abawanye; na-eme ka ọ sie ike ibufe ibu buru ibu n'ebe dị anya.

Mgbe ikike nnyefe anaghị eru oke ikike mmepụta, a na-amanye ugbo ikuku imepụta ihe n'okpuru ikike ha zuru oke ma ọ bụ kwụsị ịrụ ọrụ kpamkpam, n'usoro a maara dị ka mbelata. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-eduga na mmepụta mmeghari ohuru enwere ike ịhapụ ya n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla, ọ na-egbochi oke ibu ma ọ bụ ihe egwu nke ọrụ a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi nwere ike ibute. 
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[[Faịlụ:Wind_power_plants_in_Xinjiang,_China.jpg|thumb|Ugbo ikuku na Xinjiang, China]]
[[Faịlụ:Electricity_production_by_source.svg|thumb|Mmepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ụwa site na isi iyi, 2000-2024]]
 
Ike ikuku bụ iji ike ikuku arụ ọrụ bara uru. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, a na-eji ike ifufe eme ihe site n'iji ákwà mgbochi mmiri, igwe ikuku na ọkpọkọ ikuku, mana taa a na-ejikarị ya emepụta ọkụ eletrik. Isiokwu a na-ekwu maka naanị ike ifufe maka imepụta ọkụ eletrik. Taa, a na-eji turbine ikuku emepụta ike ifufe ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ kpamkpam, nke a na-ejikọtakarị na ugbo ikuku ma jikọọ na grid eletrik. 

N'afọ 2025, ikuku nyere ihe dị ka 2,700 TWh nke ọkụ eletrik, nke bụ ihe karịrị 8% nke ọkụ eletriki ụwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ember-energy.org/data/electricity-data-explorer/?metric=absolute|title=Electricity Data Explorer|work=ember-energy.org|accessdate=June 12, 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Site na ihe dị ka 100 GW gbakwunyere n'oge 2021, karịsịa na China na United States, ikike ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ karịrị 800 GW.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power &quot;Wind Power – Analysis&quot;]. ''IEA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power Archived] from the original on 23 November 2021&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind energy generation vs. installed capacity|url=https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=Our World in Data|archivedate=19 October 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019062311/https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/wind-energy-consumption-vs-installed-wind-energy-capacity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-03-25|title=Global wind industry breezes into new record|url=https://www.energylivenews.com/2022/03/25/global-wind-industry-breezes-into-new-record/|accessdate=2022-04-02|work=Energy Live News|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mba iri atọ mepụtara ihe karịrị otu ụzọ n'ụzọ iri nke ọkụ eletrik ha site na ike ikuku n'afọ 2024 na mmepụta ikuku fọrọ nke nta ka ọ mụbaa okpukpu atọ kemgbe afọ 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;ember2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2024-05-07|title=Global Electricity Review 2025|url=https://ember-energy.org/latest-insights/global-electricity-review-2025/|accessdate=2025-04-13|work=Ember|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji nyere aka mezuo ebumnuche Nkwekọrịta Paris iji belata mgbanwe ihu igwe, ndị nyocha na-ekwu na ọ ga-agbasa ngwa ngwa - site na ihe karịrị 1% nke mmepụta ọkụ eletrik kwa afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Expansion of wind and solar power too slow to stop climate change|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/10/211014141949.htm|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=ScienceDaily|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ isi iyi ike na-adịgide adịgide, nke a na-emegharị emegharị, ọ na-enwekwa obere mmetụta na gburugburu ebe obibi karịa ọkụ mmanụ ala. Ike ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, yabụ ọ chọrọ nchekwa ike ma ọ bụ isi iyi ike mmepụta ndị ọzọ a na-ebuga iji nweta ọkụ eletrik a pụrụ ịdabere na ya. Ugbo ikuku nke dị n'ala (n'ụsọ oké osimiri) nwere mmetụta anya dị ukwuu na ala karịa ọtụtụ ọdụ ike ndị ọzọ kwa ike emepụtara. &lt;ref name=&quot;grantham&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy|title=What are the pros and cons of onshore wind energy?|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190622123816/http://www.lse.ac.uk/GranthamInstitute/faqs/what-are-the-pros-and-cons-of-onshore-wind-energy/|date=2018-01-12|archivedate=22 June 2019|work=Grantham Research Institute on Climate Change and the Environment, London School of Economics and Political Science}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;energyfootprint&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Nathan F.|author=Jones|doi=10.1093/biosci/biu224|title=The Energy Footprint: How Oil, Natural Gas, and Wind Energy Affect Land for Biodiversity and the Flow of Ecosystem Services|journal=[[BioScience]]|volume=65|issue=3|date=2015-01-22|accessdate=2022-11-09|pages=290–301|url=https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/65/3/290/236920|issn=0006-3568}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ugbo ikuku ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri nwere mmetụta dị ala ma nwee ihe ndị dị elu, ọ bụ ezie na ha dị oke ọnụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Wind Power – Analysis|url=https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=IEA|language=en-GB|archivedate=23 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010357/https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-power}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri ugbu a nwere òkè nke ihe dị ka 10% nke nrụnye ọhụrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=19 March 2020|title=Global Wind Report 2019|url=https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=Global Wind Energy Council|archivedate=24 June 2023|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20230624223720/https://gwec.net/global-wind-report-2019/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ike ikuku bụ otu n'ime ebe ọkụ eletrik kacha ọnụ ala maka otu nkeji ike a na-emepụta. N'ọtụtụ ebe, ugbo ikuku ọhụrụ dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri dị ọnụ ala karịa ụlọ ọrụ kol ma ọ bụ gas ọhụrụ..&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Levelized Cost Of Energy, Levelized Cost Of Storage, and Levelized Cost Of Hydrogen|url=http://www.lazard.com/perspective/levelized-cost-of-energy-levelized-cost-of-storage-and-levelized-cost-of-hydrogen/|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=Lazard.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mpaghara ndị dị n'ebe ugwu na ndịda latitudes nwere ikike kachasị elu maka ike ifufe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224101415/http://science.globalwindatlas.info/datasets.html|archivedate=24 February 2020|accessdate=28 March 2020|publisher=DTU Technical University of Denmark}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'ọtụtụ mpaghara, mmepụta ike ikuku dị elu n'abalị, na n'oge oyi mgbe mmepụta ike anyanwụ dị ala. Ya mere, njikọta nke ikuku na ike anyanwụ dabara adaba n'ọtụtụ mba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Nyenah|first=Emmanuel|date=2022-05-01|title=Pieces of a puzzle: solar-wind power synergies on seasonal and diurnal timescales tend to be excellent worldwide|journal=Environmental Research Communications|volume=4|issue=5|doi=10.1088/2515-7620/ac71fb|issn=2515-7620}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe onwunwe nke ike ikuku ==
[[Faịlụ:Mean_Wind_Speed.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ọsọ ikuku na mita 100 n'ala na gburugburu ụsọ mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
[[Faịlụ:Lee_Ranch_Wind_Speed_Frequency.svg|thumb|Nkesa ọsọ ikuku (uhie) na ike (acha anụnụ anụnụ) maka afọ 2002 niile na ebe Lee Ranch dị na Colorado. Histogram ahụ na-egosi data a tụrụ atụ, ebe usoro ahụ bụ nkesa ụdị Rayleigh maka otu ọsọ ikuku nkezi. ]]
[[Faịlụ:Global_Map_of_Wind_Power_Density_Potential.png|thumb|Map zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku nwere ike ịdị arọ &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Global Wind Atlas|url=https://globalwindatlas.info/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/|archivedate=18 January 2019|accessdate=14 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Ifufe bụ mmegharị ikuku n'ime ikuku ụwa. N'otu nkeji nke oge, dịka ọmụmaatụ otu sekọnd, olu nke ikuku gafere otu mpaghara. &lt;math&gt;A&lt;/math&gt; bụ &lt;math&gt;Av&lt;/math&gt; Ọ bụrụ na njupụta ikuku dị &lt;math&gt;\rho&lt;/math&gt;, ọnụego mmiri nke olu ikuku a bụ &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{M}{\Delta t}=\rho Av&lt;/math&gt;, na nnyefe ike, ma ọ bụ nnyefe ike kwa sekọnd bụ &lt;math&gt;P =\tfrac {1}{2}\tfrac{M}{\Delta t} v^{2}= \tfrac {1}{2}\rho A v^{3}&lt;/math&gt; Ike ikuku si otú a ''dakọọ'' ''ike nke atọ'' nke ọsọ ifufe; ike dịnụ na-abawanye okpukpu asatọ mgbe ọsọ ikuku na-amụba okpukpu abụọ. Mgbanwe nke ọsọ ifufe site na ihe dị ka 2.1544 na-eme ka ike ikuku dịkwuo elu site n'otu usoro nke nha (mụbaa site na 10).

Ike ikuku zuru ụwa ọnụ mere ihe dịka 1.50 MJ / m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; n'ime oghere na 1.70 MJ / mm&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; na Southern Hemisphere. Ikuku na-arụ ọrụ dị ka injin na-ekpo ọkụ, na-amịkọrọ okpomọkụ na okpomọkụ dị elu, na-ewepụta okpomọkụ n'okpomọkụ dị ala. Usoro a na-ahụ maka mmepụta nke ike ikuku na ọnụego nke 2.46 W / m2 si otú a na-akwado mgbasa nke ikuku megide ịfụfụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/13919173/A%2032-year%20Perspective%20on%20the%20Origin%20of%20Wind%20Energy%20in%20a%20warming%20Climate.pdf?sequence=1|title=A 32-year perspective on the origin of wind energy in a warming climate|journal=Renewable Energy|volume=77|pages=482–92|year=2015|doi=10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.045|author=Huang|first=Junling|accessdate=6 February 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Site na nyocha akụrụngwa ikuku, o kwere omume ịkọ atụmatụ ike ike ikuku n'ụwa niile, site na mba ma ọ bụ mpaghara, ma ọ bụ maka ebe a kapịrị ọnụ. Global Wind Atlas nke Mahadum Teknụzụ nke Denmark nyere na mmekorita ya na World Bank na-enye nyocha zuru ụwa ọnụ nke ike ikuku. &lt;ref name=&quot;global_wind_atlas&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://globalwindatlas.info|title=Global Wind Atlas|publisher=[[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU)|accessdate=23 November 2021|archivedate=18 January 2019|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://globalwindatlas.info &quot;Global Wind Atlas&quot;]. [[Technical University of Denmark]] (DTU). [https://web.archive.org/web/20190118095006/https://www.globalwindatlas.info/ Archived] from the original on 18 January 2019&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 November&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;  N'adịghị ka 'static' akụrụngwa ikuku nke na-eme atụmatụ nkezi ọsọ ikuku na njupụta ike n'ime ọtụtụ afọ, ngwaọrụ dịka Renewables.ninja na-enye ihe atụ nke ọsọ ifufe na mmepụta ike site na ụdị turbine ikuku dị iche iche na mkpebi kwa elekere.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Staffell|first=Iain|title=Using bias-corrected reanalysis to simulate current and future wind power output|date=1 November 2016|journal=Energy|volume=114|pages=1224–39|doi=10.1016/j.energy.2016.08.068}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enwere ike inweta nyocha zuru ezu, nyocha nke ebe nke ikike ikuku site na ndị ọkachamara na-enye azụmahịa, ọtụtụ n'ime ndị mmepe ikuku buru ibu nwere ikike imepụta ihe n'ụlọ.

Oke ike a na-enweta n'ụzọ akụ na ụba site na ikuku karịrị nke mmadụ ji eme ihe ugbu a site na isi mmalite niile.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-much-wind-energy-is-there-brian-hurley-wind-site-evaluation-ltd.html|title=How Much Wind Energy is there?|author=Hurley|first=Brian|publisher=Claverton Group|accessdate=8 April 2012|archivedate=15 May 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120515154047/http://www.claverton-energy.com/how-much-wind-energy-is-there-brian-hurley-wind-site-evaluation-ltd.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ike nke ikuku na-agbanwe agbanwe, uru nkezi maka ebe enyere abụghị naanị na ọ na-egosi oke ike nke turbine ikuku nwere ike imepụta ebe ahụ.

Iji chọpụta ebe ike ikuku dị, ọrụ nkesa ihe gbasara ohere na-adabakarị na data ọsọ ikuku a na-ahụ anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.savenkov.org/publications/Savenkov_on_the_truncated_weibull_distribution_2009.pdf|author=Savenkov, M|year=2009|title=On the truncated weibull distribution and its usefulness in evaluating potential wind (or wave) energy sites|journal=University Journal of Engineering and Technology|volume=1|issue=1|pages=21–25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe dị iche iche ga-enwe nkesa ọsọ ikuku dị iche iche. Ụdị Weibull na-egosipụta nke ọma nkesa nke ọsọ ikuku kwa awa/nkeji iri n'ọtụtụ ebe. Ihe Weibull na-adịkarị nso na 2, ya mere enwere ike iji nkesa Rayleigh dị ka ihe nlereanya na-ezighi ezi, mana dị mfe karị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://xn--drmstrre-64ad.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/weibull.htm|title=Describing Wind Variations: Weibull Distribution|publisher=Danish Wind Industry Association|accessdate=8 July 2021|archivedate=2 August 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802193222/http://xn--drmstrre-64ad.dk/wp-content/wind/miller/windpower%20web/en/tour/wres/weibull.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ugbo ikuku ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable floatright sortable&quot;
|+Nnukwu ugbo ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri
!Ugbo ikuku
!Ikike (MW) &lt;br /&gt;
!Mba
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Ndị na-agba ọsọ
|-
|Gansu Wind Farm
| align=&quot;center&quot; |7,965
| China
|
|-
|Muppandal Wind Farm
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,500
| India
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_449.php|title=Muppandal (India)|publisher=thewindpower.net|accessdate=21 November 2015|archivedate=14 August 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814194848/http://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_449.php}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|Alta (Oak Creek-Mojave) 
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,320
| United States
|
|-
|Ogige Mmiri Jaisalmer
| align=&quot;center&quot; |1,064
| India
|
|}
Ugbo ikuku bụ otu ìgwè turbine ikuku dị n'otu ebe. Ugbo ikuku buru ibu nwere ike inwe ọtụtụ narị turbine ikuku nke kesara n'ebe sara mbara. A pụrụ iji ala dị n'etiti turbine ahụ mee ihe maka ọrụ ugbo ma ọ bụ ihe ndị ọzọ. Ugbo ikuku nwekwara ike ịdị n'ụsọ oké osimiri. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ turbine ifufe buru ibu niile nwere otu imewe - turbine ikuku kwụ ọtọ nke nwere rotor elu ikuku nwere agụba atọ, nke ejikọtara na nacelle n'elu ụlọ elu tubular dị ogologo.&amp;nbsp;

N'ụlọ ọrụ ikuku, a na-ejikọta turbines n'otu n'otu na usoro nchịkọta ike (nke na-abụkarị 34.5 kV) &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ewh.ieee.org/r3/atlanta/ias/Wind%20Farm%20Electrical%20Systems.pdf|title=Wind Farm Electrical Systems|accessdate=2020-07-11|archivedate=18 March 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210318210221/https://ewh.ieee.org/r3/atlanta/ias/Wind%20Farm%20Electrical%20Systems.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; na netwọk nkwukọrịta. N'ozuzu, a na-etinye anya nke 7D (ugboro asaa nke dayameta rotor nke turbine ikuku ) n'etiti turbine ọ bụla na ugbo ikuku zuru oke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Meyers|first=Johan|date=1 March 2012|title=Optimal turbine spacing in fully developed wind farm boundary layers|journal=Wind Energy|volume=15|issue=2|pages=305–17|doi=10.1002/we.469|url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/331240}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na substation, a na-abawanye ọkụ eletrik a dị n'etiti na voltaji na transformer maka njikọ na usoro nnyefe ike eletrik dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.windpowerengineering.com/projects/making-modern-offshore-substation/|title=Making of the modern offshore substation|work=Windpower Engineering &amp; Development|language=en-US|accessdate=14 June 2019|archivedate=24 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211124094304/https://www.windpowerengineering.com/making-modern-offshore-substation/}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

=== Njirimara na nkwụsi ike nke ihe nrụpụta ===
Ọtụtụ turbine ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji jenereta ọsọ dị iche iche yana ihe mgbanwe ike nke akụkụ ma ọ bụ nke zuru oke n'etiti jenereta turbine na sistemụ nchịkọta, nke na-enwekarị ihe ndị a na-achọsi ike maka njikọ grid ma nwee ikike ịnyagharị voltaji dị ala.&lt;ref name=&quot;huang&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Falahi|first=G.|title=IECON 2014 – 40th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society|chapter=Low voltage ride through control of modular multilevel converter based HVDC systems|date=1 October 2014|pages=4663–68|doi=10.1109/IECON.2014.7049205|isbn=978-1-4799-4032-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Turbine ọgbara ọhụrụ na-eji igwe eletriki e tinyere nri ugboro abụọ nwere ihe mgbanwe akụkụ ma ọ bụ jenereta induction nke squirrel ma ọ bụ jenereta synchronous (ma na-adịgide adịgide ma na-akpali ọkụ eletrik) yana ihe mgbanwe zuru oke.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.enconman.2014.08.037|title=The state of the art of wind energy conversion systems and technologies: A review|journal=Energy Conversion and Management|volume=88|year=2014|author=Cheng|first=Ming}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmalite ojii ga-ekwe omume  ma na-aga n'ihu maka ebe (dị ka [[Áyowạ|Iowa]]) nke na-emepụta ọtụtụ ọkụ eletrik ha site na ikuku . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-11-03|title=ScottishPower in 'pioneering world first' after wind farm black-out boost|url=https://www.scotsman.com/business/scottishpower-in-pioneering-world-first-after-wind-farm-black-out-boost-3023563|accessdate=2022-09-19|work=www.scotsman.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=As the grid adds wind power, researchers have to reengineer recovery from power outages|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/05/220531181931.htm|accessdate=2022-09-19|work=ScienceDaily|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndị na-arụ ọrụ sistemụ nnyefe ga-enye onye na-emepụta ugbo ikuku koodu grid iji kọwaa ihe achọrọ maka njikọ na grid nnyefe. Nke a ga-agụnye ihe ọkụ eletrik, oge na-aga n'ihu, na omume na-agbanwe agbanwe nke turbines ugbo ikuku n'oge nsogbu sistemụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Demeo|first=E.A.|year=2005|title=Wind plant integration|journal=IEEE Power and Energy Magazine|volume=3|issue=6|pages=38–46|doi=10.1109/MPAE.2005.1524619}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zavadil|first=R.|year=2005|title=Making connections|journal=IEEE Power and Energy Magazine|volume=3|issue=6|pages=26–37|doi=10.1109/MPAE.2005.1524618}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ike ikuku n'ụsọ oké osimiri ===
 
Ike ikuku dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri bụ ugbo ikuku dị n'ime nnukwu mmiri, nke na-abụkarị oké osimiri. Ebe ndị a nwere ike iji ikuku na-efekarị na nke siri ike dị na ebe ndị a ma nwee obere mmetụta anya na ala karịa ọrụ ndị dabere na ala. Agbanyeghị, ọnụ ahịa owuwu na mmezi dị elu nke ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.renewables-info.com/drawbacks_and_benefits/offshore_wind_power_%E2%80%93_advantages_and_disadvantages.html|title=Offshore wind power&amp;nbsp;– Advantages and disadvantages|author=Hulazan|first=Ned|date=16 February 2011|publisher=Renewable Energy Articles|accessdate=9 April 2012|archivedate=13 October 2018|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013053638/http://www.renewables-info.com/drawbacks_and_benefits/offshore_wind_power_%E2%80%93_advantages_and_disadvantages.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.windpowermonthly.com/go/europe/news/1021043/Cutting-cost-offshore-wind-energy/|title=Cutting the cost of offshore wind energy|author=Millborrow|first=David|date=6 August 2010|work=Wind Power Monthly|publisher=Haymarket|accessdate=10 April 2012|archivedate=2 December 2012|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202035902/http://www.windpowermonthly.com/go/europe/news/1021043/Cutting-cost-offshore-wind-energy/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruo ọnwa Nọvemba afọ 2021, Hornsea Wind Farm dị na mba United Kingdom bụ ugbo ikuku kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa n'ụwa nke nwere ike 1,218 MW.&lt;ref name=&quot;hornsea&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-01-30|title=World's Largest Offshore Wind Farm Fully Up and Running|url=https://www.offshorewind.biz/2020/01/30/worlds-largest-offshore-wind-farm-fully-up-and-running/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131051635/https://www.offshorewind.biz/2020/01/30/worlds-largest-offshore-wind-farm-fully-up-and-running/|archivedate=31 January 2020|accessdate=2020-02-03|work=Offshore Wind|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Nchịkọta na netwọk mgbasa ozi ===
Enwere ike ijikọ ugbo ikuku dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri site na AC na HVDC site na mpụga oké osimiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Action|first=BMWK-Federal Ministry for Economics Affairs and Climate|title=Connecting offshore wind energy to the grid|url=https://www.bmwk.de/Redaktion/EN/Artikel/Energy/connecting-offshore-wind-energy-to-the-grid.html|accessdate=2023-01-20|work=www.bmwk.de|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akụrụngwa ike ikuku anaghị adị nso ebe ndị mmadụ bi na ya. Ka eriri nnyefe na-adị ogologo, mfu ndị metụtara nnyefe ike na-abawanye, ka ụdị mfu ndị dị obere na-akawanye njọ, ụdị mfu ọhụrụ anaghịzikwa adị mkpa ka ogologo ya na-abawanye; na-eme ka ọ sie ike ibufe ibu buru ibu n'ebe dị anya.

Mgbe ikike nnyefe anaghị eru oke ikike mmepụta, a na-amanye ugbo ikuku imepụta ihe n'okpuru ikike ha zuru oke ma ọ bụ kwụsị ịrụ ọrụ kpamkpam, n'usoro a maara dị ka mbelata. Ọ bụ ezie na nke a na-eduga na mmepụta mmeghari ohuru enwere ike ịhapụ ya n'enweghị ihe ọ bụla, ọ na-egbochi oke ibu ma ọ bụ ihe egwu nke ọrụ a pụrụ ịtụkwasị obi nwere ike ibute. 

Otu n'ime ihe ịma aka kachasị na njikọta grid ike ikuku na mba ụfọdụ bụ imepụta eriri nnyefe ọhụrụ iji buru ike site na ugbo ikuku, nke na-abụkarị n'ebe ndị mmadụ bi n'ebe dị anya n'ihi ikuku dị, gaa na ebe ndị mmadụ na-ebu ibu dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2021-04-07|title=From West to East: The Charged Challenge of Delivering Electricity|url=https://www.chinabusinessreview.com/from-west-to-east-the-charged-challenge-of-delivering-electricity/|accessdate=2021-11-24|work=China Business Review|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ahịrị nnyefe ọ bụla dị adị n'ebe ndị dịpụrụ adịpụ nwere ike ọ bụghị maka ibufe nnukwu ike. N'ógbè ụfọdụ, ọsọ ifufe kachasị elu nwere ike ọ gaghị adaba na oke mkpa maka ike eletrik, ma ọ bụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri ma ọ bụ na ala. Nhọrọ nwere ike ime n'ọdịnihu nwere ike ịbụ ijikọ mpaghara mpaghara dịgasị iche iche na HVDC super grid.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Barnard|first=Michael|date=2021-11-11|title=Breaking News: China &amp; USA Joint Declaration On Climate Action Collaboration|url=https://cleantechnica.com/2021/11/11/breaking-news-china-and-usa-joint-declaration-on-climate-action-collaboration/|accessdate=2021-11-23|work=CleanTechnica|language=en-US|archivedate=12 November 2021|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20211112143817/https://cleantechnica.com/2021/11/11/breaking-news-china-and-usa-joint-declaration-on-climate-action-collaboration/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ikike ikuku na mmepụta ==

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    <title>Osimiri Orange</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362513348|Orange River]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Osimiri Orange''' (site na Afrikaans / Dutch: '''''Oranjerivier''''') bụ osimiri dị na Southern Africa. Ọ bụ osimiri kachasị ogologo na South Africa. N'inwe ngụkọta 2,432  mi), Orange River Basin si [[Lesotho]] banye South Africa na [[Namibia]] n'ebe ugwu. Ọ na-ebili n'ugwu Drakensberg na Lesotho, na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na South Africa ruo n'[[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]]. Osimiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ókèala mba ụwa n'etiti South Africa na Lesotho na n'etiti Sud Africa na Namibia, yana ọtụtụ ókèala mpaghara n'ime South Africa. Ewezuga Upington, ọ naghị agafe obodo ukwu ọ bụla.Osimiri Orange na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụ na ụba South Africa n'ihi na ọ na-enye mmiri maka ịgba mmiri n'ubi na imepụta ọkụ eletrik sitere n'ike mmiri.Onye nchọpụta Dutch, Robert Jacob Gordon, kpọrọ ya Osimiri Orange iji sọpụrụ Ụlọ Orange, ezinụlọ eze na-achị Netherlands n'oge ahụ. Aha ndị ọzọ e ji mara osimiri ahụ gụnyere naanị okwu pụtara &quot;osimiri&quot;. N'asụsụ Khoekhoegowab, a na-ede ya !Garib, nke e mesịrị gbanwee n'asụsụ Afrikaans ka ọ bụrụ Osimiri Gariep, ebe e jiri ụda mkpụrụedemede dị iche dochie ụda mkpọtụ nke dị na mbụA na-akpọkwa ya Groote River (aha sitere na Kai !Garib) ma ọ bụ Osimiri Senqu, nke bụ aha a na-ejikarị ya na Lesotho, sitere n'okwu ǂNū, nke pụtara &quot;oji&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;nwa.&quot; N'asụsụ isiXhosa, a na-akpọ osimiri ahụ iGqili. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/|title=Wild Africa Travel: Orange River|author=Travel|first=Wild Africa|work=www.wildafricatravel.com|accessdate=2016-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031736/http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/|archivedate=20 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx|title=Orange River Basin|work=www.dwa.gov.za|accessdate=2016-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213081531/https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx|archivedate=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Doke|first=C.M|title=Zulu-English Dictionary|publisher=Witwatersrand University Press|year=1972|isbn=0-85494-027-8|location=Johannesburg|pages=11|language=en, zu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụzọ ==
[[Faịlụ:Orange_River_basin_map.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụzọ na mmiri nke Osimiri Orange, Osimiri Caledon na Osimiri Vaal. Map a na-egosi ókèala na-agbaso omenala maka mmiri. N'ụzọ doro anya, ewepụghị ọdọ mmiri Kalahari, dịka ụfọdụ isi mmalite na-ekwu na ọ bụ endorheic. Ụfọdụ isi mmalite ndị ọzọ na-eji usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ na-egosi ọdọ mmiri nke gụnyere akụkụ nke [[Botswana]] (ya mere nke Kalahari). ]]
Orange na-ebili n'Ugwu Drakensberg n'akụkụ ókèala dị n'etiti South Africa na [[Lesotho]], ihe dị ka kilomita 193 (120 mi) n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Òrìmìlì India|Oké Osimiri India]] na n'ịdị elu nke ihe karịrị 3,000 m (9,800 . A maara nsọtụ Osimiri Orange n'ime Lesotho dị ka '''Senqu'''. Akụkụ nke Osimiri Senqu na-ajụ oyi n'oge oyi n'ihi ịdị elu ya.  na-akpata ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-agbadata, nke na-emetụta mmepụta ewu na ehi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Orange River {{!}} Physical Features &amp; Exploration {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Rosh_Pinah_Orange_River.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Orange n'ebe ndịda Rosh Pinah]]
[[Faịlụ:Senqu_River_in_Lesotho.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Senqu Near Ha Potomane (Ogige Ịkpụcha) na Quthing, Lesotho]]
[[Faịlụ:Orange_River_near_Oranjerivier.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Orange dị nso na Hopetown]]
Osimiri Orange na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na South Africa, na-emepụta ókèala ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke mpaghara Free State. N'akụkụ a, osimiri ahụ na-ebu ụzọ banye na Gariep Dam ma mesịa banye na Vanderkloof Dam. Site n'ókè Lesotho ruo n'okpuru Vanderkloof Dam, a na-egbutu ala osimiri ahụ nke ukwuu. Ka ọ na-agbadata, ala ahụ dị larịị, a na-ejikwa osimiri ahụ eme ihe nke ukwuu maka ịgba mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Orange River {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://sahistory.org.za/place/orange-river|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=sahistory.org.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Free State, n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kimberley, Osimiri Orange na-ezukọta na isi iyi ya kachasị ukwuu, Osimiri Vaal, nke na-emekwa nnukwu akụkụ ókè ugwu nke mpaghara ahụ.Site n'ebe ahụ, osimiri ahụ na-aga n'ihu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agafe ọzara akọrọ nke mpaghara ndịda Kalahari na Namaqualand n'ime ógbè Northern Cape, ruo mgbe ọ rutere ókè ya na Namibia n'ogo ogologo 20°E.Site n'ebe ahụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ihe dị ka kilomita 550 (maili 340),ma bụrụ ókè mba ụwa n'etiti ógbè Northern Cape na ǁKaras Region nke Namibia.A pụrụ ịgafe osimiri ahụ n'okporo ụzọ site na Vioolsdrif / Noordoewer, nakwa na Alexander Bay / Oranjemund ebe a na-agafe ókèala, nakwa Sendlingsdrif, ebe a na-eji ụgbọ mmiri ebu ndị mmadụ agafe osimiri ahụ.  
[[Faịlụ:OrangeRiver_L7_11apr01.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe oyiyi a na-egosi 100 kilomita ikpeazụ (62 mi) ma ọ bụ karịa nke Osimiri Orange, ebe nkume dị n'ala osimiri na n'akụkụ osimiri jupụtara na diamond, na ọtụtụ ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ a.]]
N'ime kilomita 800 (maili 500) ikpeazụ nke ụzọ Osimiri Orange si aga, ọ na-anata ọtụtụ iyi mmiri na-asọpụta naanị n'oge ụfọdụ (dịka Osimiri Fish), ebe ọtụtụ nnukwu ndagwurugwu mmiri akọrọ na-abanyekwa n'ime ya.N'akụkụ a, Ọzara Namib na-akwụsị n'akụkụ ugwu nke osimiri ahụ. N'ihi ya, n'ọnọdụ nkịtị, oke mmiri nke iyi ndị a na-agbakwunye n'osimiri ahụ pere mpe nke ukwuu.N'akụkụ a kwa, ala osimiri ahụ na-adịkwa omimi ọzọ n'ihi mmebi ala nke mmiri mere. Ọ bụkwa ebe Augrabies Falls dị, ebe Osimiri Orange na-adaba mita 56 (ụkwụ 184) n'ime ogologo ụzọ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 18 (maili 11).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Augrabies Falls National Park, South Africa - Cedarberg Africa|url=https://www.cedarberg-travel.com/destination/south-africa/northern-cape/augrabies-falls-national-park/|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=www.cedarberg-travel.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Orange na-abanye n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic n'etiti obere obodo Oranjemund (nke pụtara &quot;ọnụ Orange&quot;) na Namibia na Alexander Bay na South Africa, banyere equidistant n'etiti Walvis Bay na [[Cape Town]]. Ọnụ osimiri Orange bụ ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche ma bụrụ ebe obibi nke ụdị nnụnụ 57 dị iche iche na 20 653-26 653 nnụnụ n'otu n'otu edere na 1985. Ọ bụ ebe a ma ama na Ramsar bụ otu n'ime ala mmiri ole na ole na-adịgide adịgide n'ụsọ oké osimiri South-West Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Anderson|first=Mark D|date=September 2003|title=Waterbird populations at the Orange River mouth from 1980–2001: a re-assessment of its Ramsar status|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306520309485389|journal=Ostrich|language=en|volume=74|issue=3–4|pages=159–172|doi=10.2989/00306520309485389|issn=0030-6525}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe dị ka 33 (21 mi) site n'ọnụ ya, ọ na-egbochi ya site na rapids na sand bars ma n'ozuzu ya anaghị agafe agafe ogologo oge. Osimiri ahụ nwere ngụkọta ,432 km (1,511 mi). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Orange River {{!}} Physical Features &amp; Exploration {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmiri ozuzo na mmiri ozuzo ===
[[Faịlụ:Augrabie_01.jpg|thumb|Ọda Mmiri Augrabies na-asọba]]
N'[[Oge ọkọchị]], ọnụ ọgụgụ mmiri dị n'osimiri ahụ na-ebelata nke ukwuu n'ihi ọsọ ọsọ na evaporation. Na isi iyi nke Orange, mmiri ozuzo bụ ihe dị ka 2,000  in) kwa afọ, mana mmiri ozuzo na-ebelata ka osimiri ahụ na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ; n'ọnụ ya, mmiri ozu na-erughị 50  in) kwa shekara. Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị na-akwado evaporation na-abawanye n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. N'Oge mmiri ozuzo (oge okpomọkụ), osimiri Orange na-aghọ iyi na-acha nchara nchara. Nnukwu ihe ndị e bu n'ime ala na-eme ka ọrụ injinia dị n'osimiri ahụ bụrụ ihe iyi egwu ogologo oge.

Mkpokọta mpaghara mmiri  nke Osimiri Orange, tinyere Osimiri Vaal, na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka 973,000 km² (376,000 square miles). Nke a hà ka ihe dị ka 77% nke mkpokọta ala South Africa, nke nwere mpaghara ruru 1,221,037 km² (471,445 square miles).Otú ọ dị, ihe dị ka 366,000 km² (141,000 square miles), ya bụ ihe dị ka 38% nke mpaghara mmiri a, dị n'èzí South Africa, n'ime mba Lesotho, Botswana, na Namibia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Orange River {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://sahistory.org.za/place/orange-river|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=sahistory.org.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụtụ isi ===

* Osimiri Vaal - 1,458 km (906 mi) 
* Osimiri Caledon - 642 km (399 mi) 
* Osimiri Khubelu - 144 km (89 mi) 

== Usoro ụtụ isi ==
A na-enye mmiri n'elu akụkụ Osimiri Orange site n'ọtụtụ osimiri nta na iyi mmiri ndị na-amalite n'ugwu ndị dị na Lesotho na South Africa.N'ime isi iyi ndị kachasị mkpa dị n'elu akụkụ osimiri ahụ bụ Osimiri Caledon, Osimiri Little Caledon, Osimiri Kraai, Kornetspruit, na Osimiri Senqunyane. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-anakọta mmiri sitere n'Ugwu Maloti, tupu ha ejikọọ na ọwa mmiri bụ isi nke Osimiri Orange. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Orange-Senqu River Basin|publisher=Orange-Senqu River Commission (ORASECOM)|year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mmiri ndị a na-enye ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri Orange River na-agba kwa afọ n'ihi na mmiri ozuzo kachasị elu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-eme n'elu ugwu Lesotho. Snowfall na oge mmiri ozuzo na-enye aka nke ukwuu na iyi na-asọba n'oge ọkọchị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Hydrology of the Orange-Senqu Basin|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ mmiri ndị dị n'elu na-achịkwa site na ọdọ mmiri ndị metụtara Lesotho Highlands Water Project, nke na-enye South Africa mmiri mgbe ọ na-emepụta ike eletrik maka Lesotho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Orange-Senqu River Basin|publisher=ORASECOM|year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe mgbochi mmiri ===

* Ọdọ Mmiri Armenia
* Ọdọ Mmiri Egmont
* Ọdọ Mmiri Gariep
* Ọdọ Mmiri Newberry
* Ọdọ Mmiri Vanderkloof
* Ihe mgbochi mmiri Welbedacht
* Ọdọ Mmiri Knellport
* Ọdọ Mmiri Kalkfontein
* Ihe mgbochi mmiri Teirpoort
* Ọdọ Mmiri Mohale
* Ihe Mmiri Katse
* Ọdọ Mmiri Rustfontein

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==

=== Okwu mmalite ===
Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị bi na mbụ tupu ọchịchị ndị mmadụ achịkwa ha kpọrọ osimiri ahụ, na-ezo aka na ụcha ojii ya, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ naanị Kai ! ''Arib'' (&quot;Great River&quot;), nke sitere na ya na nsụgharị Afrikaans ''Gariep'',  na nsụgharị &quot;Groote Rivier&quot;. Aha Dutch mbụ maka osimiri ahụ bụ naanị nsụgharị ahụ, Groote Rivier, nke pụtara &quot;Osimiri Ukwu&quot;.  Colonel Robert Gordon, onye isi nke United East India Company (VOC)  na Cape Town, kpọrọ osimiri ahụ Osimiri Orange, na njem n'ime ime obodo na 1779.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACWR&quot; /&gt; Gordon kpọrọ osimiri ahụ iji sọpụrụ William V nke Orange.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACWR&quot; /&gt; Nkwenye a ma ama ma ọ bụghị nke ziri ezi bụ na a na-akpọ osimiri ahụ aha ya site na ụcha Oroma nke mmiri ya, n'adịghị ka ụcha nke mmiri ya na-esote, Osimiri Vaal, nke aha ya sitere na aha ahụ bụ &quot;osimiri na-acha odo odo&quot; (vaal bụ Afrikaans maka ntụ ma ọ bụ ntụ). Kemgbe njedebe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, aha &quot;Gariep&quot; enweela ihu ọma ka ukwuu na akwụkwọ ozi gọọmentị na South Africa, ọ bụ ezie na aha &quot;Orange&quot; nwere nkwado mba ụwa ka ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACWR&quot; /&gt; Na Lesotho, ebe osimiri ahụ na-ebili, a maara ya dị ka Osimiri Senqu, nke sitere na aha [[Griqua language|Khoemana]] mbụ.
[[Faịlụ:Orange_River_Panorama.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|Panorama e si n'ugwu jupụtara na fluorspar na-ele anya n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, nke jupụtara na mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mmiri ozuzo karịrị nke ọma]]
Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Aha Ala nke Eastern Cape akpọsawo ebumnuche ya ịtụle mgbanwe aha site na aha ọchịchị, maka akụkụ osimiri ahụ nke na-eme ka ókèala dị n'etiti Eastern Cape na Free State, na aro ndị bụ '''IGqili''' ma ọ bụ '''Senqu'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=New name looms for NC River|work=Diamond Fields Advertiser|date=13 June 2013|page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polity.org.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.polity.org.za/print-version/sa-statement-by-afriforum-civil-rights-organisation-objects-to-proposed-name-change-of-orange-river-06062013-2013-06-06|title=Statement by Afriforum on proposed name change of Orange River|work=Polity|date=6 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbasa ozi e tinyere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Aliwal Weekblad'' na-ekwu na &quot;a na-eche na aha a dị ugbu a nwere njikọ siri ike na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmeri ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ma ya mere enweghị ọnọdụ n'okpuru ikike ọchịchị onye kwuo ike ugbu a&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;polity.org.za&quot; /&gt;

=== Grootslang ===
N'akụkọ ọdịnala nke South Africa, a na-ejikọta Osimiri Orange na Grootslang, ihe e kere eke a na-akọ n'akụkọ ifo nke yiri nnukwu agwọ. A na-ejikọtakwa ya na dayamọnd ndị a na-ahụ n'ájá na nkume ndị mmiri osimiri na-eburu. A na-ekwu na Grootslang bi n'ime ọgba jupụtara na nkume dị oké ọnụ ahịa, nke ejikọtara na Osimiri Orange site n'okporo mmiri eke nke dayamọnd ndị ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abanye n'ime osimiri ahụ.Ebe ndị ọzọ a na-ekwu na ha bụ ebe Grootslang na-ebi gụnyere ọdọ mmiri dị n'okpuru King George Cataract na Aughrabies Falls, nke a na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ ebe dayamọnd si apụta,[1] nakwa nnukwu nkume dị n'etiti osimiri ahụ n'onwe ya. N'ụdị a nke akụkọ ifo ahụ, a na-ekwukwa na Grootslang na-achụ ma na-eri ehi ndị na-ata ahịhịa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dream&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Green, Lawrence G.|title=Where Men Still Dream|date=1948|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54893|publisher=Standard Press Ltd., Cape Town|pages=125–126}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glamour&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Cornell, F. C.|title=The Glamour of Prospecting|date=1920|url=https://archive.org/details/glamourprospect00corngoog|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ==
[[Faịlụ:Orange_River_at_Aliwal_North.jpg|thumb|Àkwà Mmiri General Hertzog n'elu Osimiri Orange na Aliwal North n'ókè ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na Free State: Rịba ama ihe ndị fọdụrụ na Frere Bridge n'aka ekpe.]]
Dị ka isi iyi mmiri maka ọtụtụ ndị South Africa, Osimiri Orange na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwado ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ, na igwu ala. Iji nyere aka na nke a, e mepụtara nnukwu atụmatụ mmiri abụọ, Orange River Project na Lesotho Highlands Water Project. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, osimiri ahụ keere òkè dị mkpa na South African diamond rush, na diamond mbụ na mba ahụ ka a chọtara na alluvial deposits na Orange. Taa, ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Orange na gburugburu ọnụ ya, ebe e nyere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ikike na ikikere maka nchọpụta mmanụ na gas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sowman|first=Merle|date=2023|title=Mapping for justice: towards an accessible, transparent database of mining along the West Coast of South Africa|url=https://oneoceanhub.org/mapping-for-justice-towards-an-accessible-transparent-database-of-mining-along-the-west-coast-of-south-africa/|accessdate=8 June 2026|work=One Ocean Hub}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihi enweghị anụmanụ dị ize ndụ na oke mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, a na-eji osimiri ahụ eme ihe maka ntụrụndụ na rafting. Orange River rafting aghọwo ihe a ma ama n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eji ogige ha n'akụkụ osimiri iji rụọ ọrụ. Njem ndị kachasị ewu ewu bụ njem osimiri ụbọchị anọ na ụbọchị isii nke na-ewere ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ndagwurugwu dị n'okpuru Augrabies Falls ma ọ bụ na mpaghara Richtersveld.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=4-Day Orange River Adventure|url=https://orangeriverrafting.com/adventures/4-day-orange-river-adventure/|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=Orange River Rafting|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ Osimiri Orange ===
Orange River Project (ORP) bụ otu n'ime nnukwu ọrụ na nke kachasị mma nke ụdị ya na South Africa. Ọ bụ gọọmentị Hendrik Verwoerd wuru ya n'oge Oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. E wuru ORP iji mebie mmiri nke Osimiri Orange - nke, na-enweghị Osimiri Vaal, na-anọchite anya ihe dị ka 14.1% nke ngụkọta mmiri na South Africa - na n'ime usoro ahụ, iji gboo mkpa na-arịwanye elu maka mmiri. Ebumnuche ndị bụ isi nke ọrụ ahụ bụ: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Orange River - People, Economy, Borders {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River/People-and-economy#ref418184|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Research Portal|url=https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/esploro/outputs/doctoral/To-provide-for-the-supply-and/9942601307691|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=ujcontent.uj.ac.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* iji mee ka mmiri na-asọsi ike,
* mmepụta na nnyefe nke ike eletrik mmiri,
* iji nye ndị ọrụ mmiri a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Orange, na
* iji nye ndụ ọhụrụ na mpaghara ndị na-enweghị mmiri na Eastern Cape, dị ka Great Fish na Sundays River valleys.

Gariep Dam, nke dị nso na Colesberg, bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu a na-echekwa mmiri n'ime usoro Osimiri Orange.Site na dam a, a na-ebuga mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ:N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, mmiri na-eso Osimiri Orange gaa n'ihu (na-agafe ebe a na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik site n'ike mmiri) ruo Vanderkloof Dam.N'akụkụ ndịda, a na-ebufe mmiri ahụ site na Orange–Fish Tunnel ruo ógbè Eastern Cape.
[[Faịlụ:GariepDam.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Gariep Dam nke dị na Osimiri Orange bụ nnukwu mmiri na South Africa, ọ bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke Orange River Project.]]

==== Mmiri eletrik ====
Eskom na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na Gariep Dam na Vanderkloof Dam. Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik mmiri dị na Vanderkloof Dam bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletriki mbụ na South Africa nke dị kpamkpam n'okpuru ala. E guzobere obodo Oviston na Oranjekrag iji mee ka iwu na ịrụ ọrụ nke akụrụngwa ọhụrụ dị mfe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-11-06|title=Vanderkloof Power Station - Heritage|url=https://www.eskom.co.za/heritage/vanderkloof-power-station/|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=www.eskom.co.za|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Scenery_photo_by_Siloam_Village_Gariep.JPG|thumb|Nlegharị anya n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mmiri ahụ, na mmiri na-abanye na Oviston]]

==== Ịgba mmiri ====
[[Faịlụ:Orange_River_Wine_Farm.jpg|thumb|Ubi vaịn dị n'Osimiri Orange]]
[[Faịlụ:Irrigation_Project_along_the_Orange_River.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọrụ ịgba mmiri dị iche iche n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ]]
Ịgba mmiri n'ebe sara mbara dị n'okpuru mmiri nke Vanderkloof Dam, nke mere ka ọtụtụ puku hekta nke ala kpọrọ nkụ ghọọ ala ọrụ ugbo na-amị mkpụrụ nke ukwuu, mere ka o kwe omume site na iwu Gariep na Vanderk loof Dam. Atụmatụ ịgba mmiri ochie dị ka ndị dị na [[Buchuberg]], Upington, Kakamas, na Vioolsdrif enwetala uru n'ihi na ịchịkwa mmiri ahụ ga-ekwe omume ugbu a. N'akụkụ osimiri Namibia, Aussenkehr na-emepụta mkpụrụ vaịn site na enyemaka nke mmiri sitere na Orange.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-03-07|title=Irrigation Project along the Orange River - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/irrigation-project-along-the-orange-river-43035/|accessdate=2026-06-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ebe ndị na-emepụta mmanya n'akụkụ Osimiri Orange amụbaala n'ịdị mkpa. Ịgba mmiri n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Cape enwetala nnukwu mmụba, ọ bụghị naanị site na mmiri a na-eme ka ọ dị, kamakwa n'ihi mmelite nke mmiri. Enweghị mmelite a, ndị ọrụ ugbo citrus nọ n'akụkụ Osimiri Lower Sundays ga-anọgide na-ata ahụhụ mmepụta ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-01-30|title=Wine in the desert|url=https://news.wine.co.za/news.aspx?NEWSID=44771|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=wine.co.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Scheme|url=https://www.gfrwua.com/scheme|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=GFRWUA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ Mmiri nke Highlands ===
E chepụtara Lesotho Highlands Water Project iji gbakwunye mmiri na Vaal River System. A na-ebute mmiri na South Africa site na ọwa mbufe -agafe n'okpuru ókèala Lesotho South Africa na Osimiri Caledon, wee gaa n'okpuru Osimiri Little Caledon n'ebe ndịda Clarens na Free State, ma na-abanye na Osimiri Ash ihe dị ka kilomita 30 (19 mi) n'ebe ugwu. Atụmatụ ahụ ghọrọ ihe ga-ekwe omume mgbe mmiri achọrọ na Gauteng ruru ọkwa ndị a na-enweghịzi ike ịkwado n'ụzọ akụ na ụba site na atụmatụ nchekwa ọzọ dị ka Tugela River-Vaal River, nke jiri Sterkfontein Dam, nke dị nso na Harrismith na Free State.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lesotho Large-Scale Water Transfer Scheme Case Study|url=https://www.internetgeography.net/geotopics/lesotho-large-scale-water-transfer-scheme-case-study/|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=Internet Geography|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Diamonds nke mmiri na-asọ asọ ===
N'afọ 1867, a chọtara diamond mbụ a chọtara na South Africa, Eureka Diamond, na nso Hopetown na Osimiri Orange. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, a chọtara diamond buru ibu nke a maara dị ka Star of South Africa n'otu ebe ahụ, na-akpata ọganihu diamond. N'oge na-adịghị anya, diamond rush na-aga na diamond mine kpọmkwem site na kimberlite na Kimberley na 1871, ọ bụ ezie na a nọgidere na-ahụ diamond alluvial na Orange. Taa, ọtụtụ ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ikpeazụ nke osimiri ahụ, yana osimiri ndị gbara ọnụ ya gburugburu. Ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụkwa ọrụ n'etiti osimiri ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Eureka Diamond {{!}} History of Diamonds|url=https://cairndiamonds.com/blogs/news/eureka-diamond-historical-diamonds|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=Cairn Diamonds|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:OrangeRiverRafting.jpg|thumb|Rafting na Osimiri Orange bụ ọrụ ndị njem nleta na-ewu ewu.]]

=== Ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri na ịnya ụgbọ mmiri ===
N'oge ọnwa dị jụụ nke Machị na Eprel, nyere ezigbo mmiri ozuzo na oghere nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-emeghe, onye na-agba ụgbọ mmiri (ma ọ bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgbọ mmiri) nwere ike ịga kilomita 30 (19 mi) kwa ụbọchị. Ebe ndị dị ala nke osimiri ahụ kachasị ewu ewu, n'ihi ọdịdị ala mara mma. A na-enweta njem azụmahịa, njem ndị a na-esi n'obodo Vioolsdrif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Butler|first=Graeme|date=1997-01-01|title=A Study of Places Relating to Selected Historic Forest Themes in the North East Forest Region Victoria (excluding Box Ironbark Area|url=https://www.academia.edu/43684379/A_Study_of_Places_Relating_to_Selected_Historic_Forest_Themes_in_the_North_East_Forest_Region_Victoria_excluding_Box_Ironbark_Area|journal=Volume 2: Place Reports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Anụ Ọhịa ==
Osimiri Orange enweghị nnukwu anụmanụ. Ọ dị n'èzí Agụ iyi Naịl, ọ bụ ezie na enyí dị ọtụtụ, a chụrụ ha na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Osimiri Orange nwere obere ụdị dị iche iche. Nnyocha site na 1995 ruo 2001 na Lower Orange River chọpụtara ụdị azụ 19 dị iche iche sitere na ezinụlọ asatọ dị iche iche. Ụdị abụọ na-abụghị nke ala e dekọrọ na nyocha ahụ bụ &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAe4&quot;&gt;Cyprinus carpio&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na ''Oreochromis mossambicus'', nke ikpeazụ n'ime ha mụbara ngwa ngwa n'ụba kemgbe mmalite afọ 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINA&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Næsje|first=T. F.|title=Fish populations, gill net catches and gill net selectivity in the Lower Orange River, Namibia, from 1995 to 2001|date=2007|publisher=NINR|location=Trondheim|isbn=978-82-426-1791-0|pages=5–6}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahụ ụdị ọzọ dị iche iche, rainbow trout, na isi mmiri nke osimiri na Lesotho.
[[Faịlụ:Labeobarbus_aeneus,_Orange_river,_Richtersveld.jpg|thumb|Smallmouth yellowfish (''Labeobarbus aeneus'') bụ Azụ egwuregwu a ma ama nke dị na usoro Osimiri Orange-Vaal.]]
Ụdị asaa dị na usoro Osimiri Vaal-Orange: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Beekman|first=Hans E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKWRJ7GOOM0C&amp;pg=PA13|title=Facing the Facts: Assessing the Vulnerability of Africa's Water Resources to Environmental Change|date=2006-05-30|publisher=UNEP/Earthprint|isbn=978-92-807-2574-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Azụ̀ catfish (''Austroglanis sclateri'') 
* Maluti redfin ma ọ bụ Maloti minnow (''Pseudobarbus quathlambae'') 
* Namaquab barb (Barbus hospes) 
* Osimiri sardine (''Mesobola brevianalis'') 
* Azụ̀ na-acha odo odo (''Labeobarbus aeneus'') 
* Nnukwu azụ na-acha odo odo (''Labeobarbus kimberlyensis'') 
* Azụ̀ Mudfish nke Osimiri Orange (''Labeo capensis'') 

[[Faịlụ:Augrabies_-_Twin_Falls_-_001.jpg|thumb|Twin Falls na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Augrabies Falls]]

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta osimiri dị na South Africa
* Ndepụta nke osimiri ndị dị n'ókè mba ụwa
* Ndepụta nke ịgafe Osimiri Orange

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist|refs=&lt;ref name=&quot;Swanevelder1981&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Swanevelder|first1=C.J.|title=Utilising South Africa's largest river: The physiographic background to the Orange River scheme|journal=GeoJournal|volume=2|issue=S2|year=1981|page=29 |issn=0343-2521|doi=10.1007/BF00196322|bibcode=1981GeoJo...2S..29S |s2cid=153703256}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar744&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Orange River Mouth - Namibia|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/744|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Ramsar526&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Orange River Mouth - South Africa|website=[[Ramsar Convention|Ramsar]] Sites Information Service|url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/ris/526|access-date=25 April 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;TonchiLindeke2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Tonchi|first1=Victor L. |last2=Lindeke|first2=William A. |last3=Grotpeter|first3=John J. |title=Historical Dictionary of Namibia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VUkGQ6xfYkgC|edition=2nd, Illustrated|year= 2012|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-7990-4|page=154|chapter=Groote Rivier}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Shortridge1934&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Shortridge|first=Guy Chester |author-link=Guy Chester Shortridge|title=The Mammals of South West Africa: A Biological Account of the Forms Occurring in that Region|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aI6LyAEACAAJ|year=1934|publisher=W. Heinemann}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Kruchem|first=Thomas|title=Orange-Senqu Artery of Life: Water and Peace in Southern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJs5MwEACAAJ|year=2012|publisher=Brandes &amp; Apsel|location=Eschborn|isbn=978-3-86099-884-7}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commons category|Orange River}}

* [http://www.orasecom.org/ Orange-Senqu River Commission (ORASECOM)] E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
* [http://www.orangesenqurak.org Orange-Senqu River Awareness Kit - ebe ihe ọmụma maka ọdọ mmiri Orange-Sencu River]
* Map of the Orange River basin at Water Resources eAtlasnaỤgbọ Mmiri Wayback  (nke edere na 13 Ọgọst 2012) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061007235833/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/orange.html Map nke akụkụ nke ọdọ mmiri Orange River nke bụ akụkụ nke South Africa]
* [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148587/seeing-orange-in-the-kalahari &quot;Ịhụ Orange na Kalahari&quot;], isiokwu na foto onye na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe na NASA Earth Observatory, July 18, 2021
* [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/ Ihe ọmụma banyere Osimiri Orange sitere na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mmiri na Ọhịa nke South Africa]
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'''Osimiri Orange''' (site na Afrikaans / Dutch: '''''Oranjerivier''''') bụ osimiri dị na Southern Africa. Ọ bụ osimiri kachasị ogologo na South Africa. N'inwe ngụkọta 2,432  mi), Orange River Basin si [[Lesotho]] banye South Africa na [[Namibia]] n'ebe ugwu. Ọ na-ebili n'ugwu Drakensberg na Lesotho, na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na South Africa ruo n'[[Òrìmìlì Atlantic|Oké Osimiri Atlantic]]. Osimiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke ókèala mba ụwa n'etiti South Africa na Lesotho na n'etiti Sud Africa na Namibia, yana ọtụtụ ókèala mpaghara n'ime South Africa. Ewezuga Upington, ọ naghị agafe obodo ukwu ọ bụla.Osimiri Orange na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'akụ na ụba South Africa n'ihi na ọ na-enye mmiri maka ịgba mmiri n'ubi na imepụta ọkụ eletrik sitere n'ike mmiri.Onye nchọpụta Dutch, Robert Jacob Gordon, kpọrọ ya Osimiri Orange iji sọpụrụ Ụlọ Orange, ezinụlọ eze na-achị Netherlands n'oge ahụ. Aha ndị ọzọ e ji mara osimiri ahụ gụnyere naanị okwu pụtara &quot;osimiri&quot;. N'asụsụ Khoekhoegowab, a na-ede ya !Garib, nke e mesịrị gbanwee n'asụsụ Afrikaans ka ọ bụrụ Osimiri Gariep, ebe e jiri ụda mkpụrụedemede dị iche dochie ụda mkpọtụ nke dị na mbụA na-akpọkwa ya Groote River (aha sitere na Kai !Garib) ma ọ bụ Osimiri Senqu, nke bụ aha a na-ejikarị ya na Lesotho, sitere n'okwu ǂNū, nke pụtara &quot;oji&quot; ma ọ bụ &quot;nwa.&quot; N'asụsụ isiXhosa, a na-akpọ osimiri ahụ iGqili. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/|title=Wild Africa Travel: Orange River|author=Travel|first=Wild Africa|work=www.wildafricatravel.com|accessdate=2016-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220031736/http://www.wildafricatravel.com/home/country-overview/southern-region/orange-river/|archivedate=20 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx|title=Orange River Basin|work=www.dwa.gov.za|accessdate=2016-12-03|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161213081531/https://www.dwa.gov.za/orange/intro.aspx|archivedate=13 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Doke|first=C.M|title=Zulu-English Dictionary|publisher=Witwatersrand University Press|year=1972|isbn=0-85494-027-8|location=Johannesburg|pages=11|language=en, zu}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụzọ ==
[[Faịlụ:Orange_River_basin_map.svg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ụzọ na mmiri nke Osimiri Orange, Osimiri Caledon na Osimiri Vaal. Map a na-egosi ókèala na-agbaso omenala maka mmiri. N'ụzọ doro anya, ewepụghị ọdọ mmiri Kalahari, dịka ụfọdụ isi mmalite na-ekwu na ọ bụ endorheic. Ụfọdụ isi mmalite ndị ọzọ na-eji usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ na-egosi ọdọ mmiri nke gụnyere akụkụ nke [[Botswana]] (ya mere nke Kalahari). ]]
Orange na-ebili n'Ugwu Drakensberg n'akụkụ ókèala dị n'etiti South Africa na [[Lesotho]], ihe dị ka kilomita 193 (120 mi) n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ nke [[Òrìmìlì India|Oké Osimiri India]] na n'ịdị elu nke ihe karịrị 3,000 m (9,800 . A maara nsọtụ Osimiri Orange n'ime Lesotho dị ka '''Senqu'''. Akụkụ nke Osimiri Senqu na-ajụ oyi n'oge oyi n'ihi ịdị elu ya.  na-akpata ụkọ mmiri ozuzo na-agbadata, nke na-emetụta mmepụta ewu na ehi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Orange River {{!}} Physical Features &amp; Exploration {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Rosh_Pinah_Orange_River.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Orange n'ebe ndịda Rosh Pinah]]
[[Faịlụ:Senqu_River_in_Lesotho.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Senqu Near Ha Potomane (Ogige Ịkpụcha) na Quthing, Lesotho]]
[[Faịlụ:Orange_River_near_Oranjerivier.jpg|thumb|Osimiri Orange dị nso na Hopetown]]
Osimiri Orange na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ site na South Africa, na-emepụta ókèala ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke mpaghara Free State. N'akụkụ a, osimiri ahụ na-ebu ụzọ banye na Gariep Dam ma mesịa banye na Vanderkloof Dam. Site n'ókè Lesotho ruo n'okpuru Vanderkloof Dam, a na-egbutu ala osimiri ahụ nke ukwuu. Ka ọ na-agbadata, ala ahụ dị larịị, a na-ejikwa osimiri ahụ eme ihe nke ukwuu maka ịgba mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Orange River {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://sahistory.org.za/place/orange-river|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=sahistory.org.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Free State, n'ebe ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Kimberley, Osimiri Orange na-ezukọta na isi iyi ya kachasị ukwuu, Osimiri Vaal, nke na-emekwa nnukwu akụkụ ókè ugwu nke mpaghara ahụ.Site n'ebe ahụ, osimiri ahụ na-aga n'ihu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, na-agafe ọzara akọrọ nke mpaghara ndịda Kalahari na Namaqualand n'ime ógbè Northern Cape, ruo mgbe ọ rutere ókè ya na Namibia n'ogo ogologo 20°E.Site n'ebe ahụ, ọ na-aga n'ihu n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ ihe dị ka kilomita 550 (maili 340),ma bụrụ ókè mba ụwa n'etiti ógbè Northern Cape na ǁKaras Region nke Namibia.A pụrụ ịgafe osimiri ahụ n'okporo ụzọ site na Vioolsdrif / Noordoewer, nakwa na Alexander Bay / Oranjemund ebe a na-agafe ókèala, nakwa Sendlingsdrif, ebe a na-eji ụgbọ mmiri ebu ndị mmadụ agafe osimiri ahụ.  
[[Faịlụ:OrangeRiver_L7_11apr01.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ihe oyiyi a na-egosi 100 kilomita ikpeazụ (62 mi) ma ọ bụ karịa nke Osimiri Orange, ebe nkume dị n'ala osimiri na n'akụkụ osimiri jupụtara na diamond, na ọtụtụ ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ a.]]
N'ime kilomita 800 (maili 500) ikpeazụ nke ụzọ Osimiri Orange si aga, ọ na-anata ọtụtụ iyi mmiri na-asọpụta naanị n'oge ụfọdụ (dịka Osimiri Fish), ebe ọtụtụ nnukwu ndagwurugwu mmiri akọrọ na-abanyekwa n'ime ya.N'akụkụ a, Ọzara Namib na-akwụsị n'akụkụ ugwu nke osimiri ahụ. N'ihi ya, n'ọnọdụ nkịtị, oke mmiri nke iyi ndị a na-agbakwunye n'osimiri ahụ pere mpe nke ukwuu.N'akụkụ a kwa, ala osimiri ahụ na-adịkwa omimi ọzọ n'ihi mmebi ala nke mmiri mere. Ọ bụkwa ebe Augrabies Falls dị, ebe Osimiri Orange na-adaba mita 56 (ụkwụ 184) n'ime ogologo ụzọ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 18 (maili 11).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Augrabies Falls National Park, South Africa - Cedarberg Africa|url=https://www.cedarberg-travel.com/destination/south-africa/northern-cape/augrabies-falls-national-park/|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=www.cedarberg-travel.com|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Orange na-abanye n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic n'etiti obere obodo Oranjemund (nke pụtara &quot;ọnụ Orange&quot;) na Namibia na Alexander Bay na South Africa, banyere equidistant n'etiti Walvis Bay na [[Cape Town]]. Ọnụ osimiri Orange bụ ebe dị iche iche dị iche iche ma bụrụ ebe obibi nke ụdị nnụnụ 57 dị iche iche na 20 653-26 653 nnụnụ n'otu n'otu edere na 1985. Ọ bụ ebe a ma ama na Ramsar bụ otu n'ime ala mmiri ole na ole na-adịgide adịgide n'ụsọ oké osimiri South-West Africa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Anderson|first=Mark D|date=September 2003|title=Waterbird populations at the Orange River mouth from 1980–2001: a re-assessment of its Ramsar status|url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2989/00306520309485389|journal=Ostrich|language=en|volume=74|issue=3–4|pages=159–172|doi=10.2989/00306520309485389|issn=0030-6525}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe dị ka 33 (21 mi) site n'ọnụ ya, ọ na-egbochi ya site na rapids na sand bars ma n'ozuzu ya anaghị agafe agafe ogologo oge. Osimiri ahụ nwere ngụkọta ,432 km (1,511 mi). &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Orange River {{!}} Physical Features &amp; Exploration {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmiri ozuzo na mmiri ozuzo ===
[[Faịlụ:Augrabie_01.jpg|thumb|Ọda Mmiri Augrabies na-asọba]]
N'[[Oge ọkọchị]], ọnụ ọgụgụ mmiri dị n'osimiri ahụ na-ebelata nke ukwuu n'ihi ọsọ ọsọ na evaporation. Na isi iyi nke Orange, mmiri ozuzo bụ ihe dị ka 2,000  in) kwa afọ, mana mmiri ozuzo na-ebelata ka osimiri ahụ na-aga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ; n'ọnụ ya, mmiri ozu na-erughị 50  in) kwa shekara. Otú ọ dị, ihe ndị na-akwado evaporation na-abawanye n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ. N'Oge mmiri ozuzo (oge okpomọkụ), osimiri Orange na-aghọ iyi na-acha nchara nchara. Nnukwu ihe ndị e bu n'ime ala na-eme ka ọrụ injinia dị n'osimiri ahụ bụrụ ihe iyi egwu ogologo oge.

Mkpokọta mpaghara mmiri  nke Osimiri Orange, tinyere Osimiri Vaal, na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka 973,000 km² (376,000 square miles). Nke a hà ka ihe dị ka 77% nke mkpokọta ala South Africa, nke nwere mpaghara ruru 1,221,037 km² (471,445 square miles).Otú ọ dị, ihe dị ka 366,000 km² (141,000 square miles), ya bụ ihe dị ka 38% nke mpaghara mmiri a, dị n'èzí South Africa, n'ime mba Lesotho, Botswana, na Namibia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Orange River {{!}} South African History Online|url=https://sahistory.org.za/place/orange-river|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=sahistory.org.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụtụ isi ===

* Osimiri Vaal - 1,458 km (906 mi) 
* Osimiri Caledon - 642 km (399 mi) 
* Osimiri Khubelu - 144 km (89 mi) 

== Usoro ụtụ isi ==
A na-enye mmiri n'elu akụkụ Osimiri Orange site n'ọtụtụ osimiri nta na iyi mmiri ndị na-amalite n'ugwu ndị dị na Lesotho na South Africa.N'ime isi iyi ndị kachasị mkpa dị n'elu akụkụ osimiri ahụ bụ Osimiri Caledon, Osimiri Little Caledon, Osimiri Kraai, Kornetspruit, na Osimiri Senqunyane. Ọtụtụ n'ime ha na-anakọta mmiri sitere n'Ugwu Maloti, tupu ha ejikọọ na ọwa mmiri bụ isi nke Osimiri Orange. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Orange-Senqu River Basin|publisher=Orange-Senqu River Commission (ORASECOM)|year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mmiri ndị a na-enye ọtụtụ n'ime mmiri Orange River na-agba kwa afọ n'ihi na mmiri ozuzo kachasị elu na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-eme n'elu ugwu Lesotho. Snowfall na oge mmiri ozuzo na-enye aka nke ukwuu na iyi na-asọba n'oge ọkọchị. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Hydrology of the Orange-Senqu Basin|journal=Hydrological Sciences Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọtụtụ mmiri ndị dị n'elu na-achịkwa site na ọdọ mmiri ndị metụtara Lesotho Highlands Water Project, nke na-enye South Africa mmiri mgbe ọ na-emepụta ike eletrik maka Lesotho.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Orange-Senqu River Basin|publisher=ORASECOM|year=2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ihe mgbochi mmiri ===

* Ọdọ Mmiri Armenia
* Ọdọ Mmiri Egmont
* Ọdọ Mmiri Gariep
* Ọdọ Mmiri Newberry
* Ọdọ Mmiri Vanderkloof
* Ihe mgbochi mmiri Welbedacht
* Ọdọ Mmiri Knellport
* Ọdọ Mmiri Kalkfontein
* Ihe mgbochi mmiri Teirpoort
* Ọdọ Mmiri Mohale
* Ihe Mmiri Katse
* Ọdọ Mmiri Rustfontein

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==

=== Okwu mmalite ===
Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị bi na mbụ tupu ọchịchị ndị mmadụ achịkwa ha kpọrọ osimiri ahụ, na-ezo aka na ụcha ojii ya, ma ọ bụ mgbe ụfọdụ naanị Kai ! ''Arib'' (&quot;Great River&quot;), nke sitere na ya na nsụgharị Afrikaans ''Gariep'',  na nsụgharị &quot;Groote Rivier&quot;. Aha Dutch mbụ maka osimiri ahụ bụ naanị nsụgharị ahụ, Groote Rivier, nke pụtara &quot;Osimiri Ukwu&quot;.  Colonel Robert Gordon, onye isi nke United East India Company (VOC)  na Cape Town, kpọrọ osimiri ahụ Osimiri Orange, na njem n'ime ime obodo na 1779.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACWR&quot; /&gt; Gordon kpọrọ osimiri ahụ iji sọpụrụ William V nke Orange.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACWR&quot; /&gt; Nkwenye a ma ama ma ọ bụghị nke ziri ezi bụ na a na-akpọ osimiri ahụ aha ya site na ụcha Oroma nke mmiri ya, n'adịghị ka ụcha nke mmiri ya na-esote, Osimiri Vaal, nke aha ya sitere na aha ahụ bụ &quot;osimiri na-acha odo odo&quot; (vaal bụ Afrikaans maka ntụ ma ọ bụ ntụ). Kemgbe njedebe nke ịkpa ókè agbụrụ, aha &quot;Gariep&quot; enweela ihu ọma ka ukwuu na akwụkwọ ozi gọọmentị na South Africa, ọ bụ ezie na aha &quot;Orange&quot; nwere nkwado mba ụwa ka ukwuu.&lt;ref name=&quot;ACWR&quot;&gt;Earle, Anton et al. (2005), [http://www.acwr.co.za/pdf_files/05.pdf A preliminary basin profile of the Orange/Senqu River (pdf)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228220417/http://www.acwr.co.za/pdf_files/05.pdf |date=28 February 2008 }}, ''African Centre for Water Research'', retrieved 30 June 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Na Lesotho, ebe osimiri ahụ na-ebili, a maara ya dị ka Osimiri Senqu, nke sitere na aha [[Griqua language|Khoemana]] mbụ.
[[Faịlụ:Orange_River_Panorama.jpg|center|thumb|600x600px|Panorama e si n'ugwu jupụtara na fluorspar na-ele anya n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ, nke jupụtara na mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mmiri ozuzo karịrị nke ọma]]
Kọmitii Na-ahụ Maka Aha Ala nke Eastern Cape akpọsawo ebumnuche ya ịtụle mgbanwe aha site na aha ọchịchị, maka akụkụ osimiri ahụ nke na-eme ka ókèala dị n'etiti Eastern Cape na Free State, na aro ndị bụ '''IGqili''' ma ọ bụ '''Senqu'''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=New name looms for NC River|work=Diamond Fields Advertiser|date=13 June 2013|page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;polity.org.za&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.polity.org.za/print-version/sa-statement-by-afriforum-civil-rights-organisation-objects-to-proposed-name-change-of-orange-river-06062013-2013-06-06|title=Statement by Afriforum on proposed name change of Orange River|work=Polity|date=6 June 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mgbasa ozi e tinyere na akwụkwọ akụkọ ''Aliwal Weekblad'' na-ekwu na &quot;a na-eche na aha a dị ugbu a nwere njikọ siri ike na akụkọ ihe mere eme nke mmeri ọchịchị onye kwuo uche ya ma ya mere enweghị ọnọdụ n'okpuru ikike ọchịchị onye kwuo ike ugbu a&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;polity.org.za&quot; /&gt;

=== Grootslang ===
N'akụkọ ọdịnala nke South Africa, a na-ejikọta Osimiri Orange na Grootslang, ihe e kere eke a na-akọ n'akụkọ ifo nke yiri nnukwu agwọ. A na-ejikọtakwa ya na dayamọnd ndị a na-ahụ n'ájá na nkume ndị mmiri osimiri na-eburu. A na-ekwu na Grootslang bi n'ime ọgba jupụtara na nkume dị oké ọnụ ahịa, nke ejikọtara na Osimiri Orange site n'okporo mmiri eke nke dayamọnd ndị ahụ ji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-abanye n'ime osimiri ahụ.Ebe ndị ọzọ a na-ekwu na ha bụ ebe Grootslang na-ebi gụnyere ọdọ mmiri dị n'okpuru King George Cataract na Aughrabies Falls, nke a na-ekwukwa na ọ bụ ebe dayamọnd si apụta,[1] nakwa nnukwu nkume dị n'etiti osimiri ahụ n'onwe ya. N'ụdị a nke akụkọ ifo ahụ, a na-ekwukwa na Grootslang na-achụ ma na-eri ehi ndị na-ata ahịhịa n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dream&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Green, Lawrence G.|title=Where Men Still Dream|date=1948|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54893|publisher=Standard Press Ltd., Cape Town|pages=125–126}}&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Glamour&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Cornell, F. C.|title=The Glamour of Prospecting|date=1920|url=https://archive.org/details/glamourprospect00corngoog|publisher=T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọnọdụ akụ na ụba ==
[[Faịlụ:Orange_River_at_Aliwal_North.jpg|thumb|Àkwà Mmiri General Hertzog n'elu Osimiri Orange na Aliwal North n'ókè ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ na Free State: Rịba ama ihe ndị fọdụrụ na Frere Bridge n'aka ekpe.]]
Dị ka isi iyi mmiri maka ọtụtụ ndị South Africa, Osimiri Orange na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ịkwado ọrụ ugbo, ụlọ ọrụ, na igwu ala. Iji nyere aka na nke a, e mepụtara nnukwu atụmatụ mmiri abụọ, Orange River Project na Lesotho Highlands Water Project. N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, osimiri ahụ keere òkè dị mkpa na South African diamond rush, na diamond mbụ na mba ahụ ka a chọtara na alluvial deposits na Orange. Taa, ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ikpeazụ nke Osimiri Orange na gburugburu ọnụ ya, ebe e nyere ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ ikike na ikikere maka nchọpụta mmanụ na gas. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Sowman|first=Merle|date=2023|title=Mapping for justice: towards an accessible, transparent database of mining along the West Coast of South Africa|url=https://oneoceanhub.org/mapping-for-justice-towards-an-accessible-transparent-database-of-mining-along-the-west-coast-of-south-africa/|accessdate=8 June 2026|work=One Ocean Hub}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihi enweghị anụmanụ dị ize ndụ na oke mmiri n'oge ọkọchị, a na-eji osimiri ahụ eme ihe maka ntụrụndụ na rafting. Orange River rafting aghọwo ihe a ma ama n'ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-eji ogige ha n'akụkụ osimiri iji rụọ ọrụ. Njem ndị kachasị ewu ewu bụ njem osimiri ụbọchị anọ na ụbọchị isii nke na-ewere ọnọdụ ma ọ bụ n'akụkụ ndagwurugwu dị n'okpuru Augrabies Falls ma ọ bụ na mpaghara Richtersveld.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=4-Day Orange River Adventure|url=https://orangeriverrafting.com/adventures/4-day-orange-river-adventure/|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=Orange River Rafting|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ Osimiri Orange ===
Orange River Project (ORP) bụ otu n'ime nnukwu ọrụ na nke kachasị mma nke ụdị ya na South Africa. Ọ bụ gọọmentị Hendrik Verwoerd wuru ya n'oge Oge ịkpa ókè agbụrụ. E wuru ORP iji mebie mmiri nke Osimiri Orange - nke, na-enweghị Osimiri Vaal, na-anọchite anya ihe dị ka 14.1% nke ngụkọta mmiri na South Africa - na n'ime usoro ahụ, iji gboo mkpa na-arịwanye elu maka mmiri. Ebumnuche ndị bụ isi nke ọrụ ahụ bụ: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Orange River - People, Economy, Borders {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Orange-River/People-and-economy#ref418184|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Research Portal|url=https://ujcontent.uj.ac.za/esploro/outputs/doctoral/To-provide-for-the-supply-and/9942601307691|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=ujcontent.uj.ac.za}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* iji mee ka mmiri na-asọsi ike,
* mmepụta na nnyefe nke ike eletrik mmiri,
* iji nye ndị ọrụ mmiri a pụrụ ịdabere na ya na ndagwurugwu Osimiri Orange, na
* iji nye ndụ ọhụrụ na mpaghara ndị na-enweghị mmiri na Eastern Cape, dị ka Great Fish na Sundays River valleys.

Gariep Dam, nke dị nso na Colesberg, bụ ebe kachasị ukwuu a na-echekwa mmiri n'ime usoro Osimiri Orange.Site na dam a, a na-ebuga mmiri n'akụkụ abụọ:N'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, mmiri na-eso Osimiri Orange gaa n'ihu (na-agafe ebe a na-emepụta ọkụ eletrik site n'ike mmiri) ruo Vanderkloof Dam.N'akụkụ ndịda, a na-ebufe mmiri ahụ site na Orange–Fish Tunnel ruo ógbè Eastern Cape.
[[Faịlụ:GariepDam.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Gariep Dam nke dị na Osimiri Orange bụ nnukwu mmiri na South Africa, ọ bụkwa akụkụ dị mkpa nke Orange River Project.]]

==== Mmiri eletrik ====
Eskom na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na Gariep Dam na Vanderkloof Dam. Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik mmiri dị na Vanderkloof Dam bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletriki mbụ na South Africa nke dị kpamkpam n'okpuru ala. E guzobere obodo Oviston na Oranjekrag iji mee ka iwu na ịrụ ọrụ nke akụrụngwa ọhụrụ dị mfe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2023-11-06|title=Vanderkloof Power Station - Heritage|url=https://www.eskom.co.za/heritage/vanderkloof-power-station/|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=www.eskom.co.za|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Scenery_photo_by_Siloam_Village_Gariep.JPG|thumb|Nlegharị anya n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mmiri ahụ, na mmiri na-abanye na Oviston]]

==== Ịgba mmiri ====
[[Faịlụ:Orange_River_Wine_Farm.jpg|thumb|Ubi vaịn dị n'Osimiri Orange]]
[[Faịlụ:Irrigation_Project_along_the_Orange_River.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ọrụ ịgba mmiri dị iche iche n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ]]
Ịgba mmiri n'ebe sara mbara dị n'okpuru mmiri nke Vanderkloof Dam, nke mere ka ọtụtụ puku hekta nke ala kpọrọ nkụ ghọọ ala ọrụ ugbo na-amị mkpụrụ nke ukwuu, mere ka o kwe omume site na iwu Gariep na Vanderk loof Dam. Atụmatụ ịgba mmiri ochie dị ka ndị dị na [[Buchuberg]], Upington, Kakamas, na Vioolsdrif enwetala uru n'ihi na ịchịkwa mmiri ahụ ga-ekwe omume ugbu a. N'akụkụ osimiri Namibia, Aussenkehr na-emepụta mkpụrụ vaịn site na enyemaka nke mmiri sitere na Orange.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2010-03-07|title=Irrigation Project along the Orange River - NASA Science|url=https://science.nasa.gov/earth/earth-observatory/irrigation-project-along-the-orange-river-43035/|accessdate=2026-06-01|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, ebe ndị na-emepụta mmanya n'akụkụ Osimiri Orange amụbaala n'ịdị mkpa. Ịgba mmiri n'Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Cape enwetala nnukwu mmụba, ọ bụghị naanị site na mmiri a na-eme ka ọ dị, kamakwa n'ihi mmelite nke mmiri. Enweghị mmelite a, ndị ọrụ ugbo citrus nọ n'akụkụ Osimiri Lower Sundays ga-anọgide na-ata ahụhụ mmepụta ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2025-01-30|title=Wine in the desert|url=https://news.wine.co.za/news.aspx?NEWSID=44771|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=wine.co.za|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Scheme|url=https://www.gfrwua.com/scheme|accessdate=2026-06-09|work=GFRWUA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ọrụ Mmiri nke Highlands ===
E chepụtara Lesotho Highlands Water Project iji gbakwunye mmiri na Vaal River System. A na-ebute mmiri na South Africa site na ọwa mbufe -agafe n'okpuru ókèala Lesotho South Africa na Osimiri Caledon, wee gaa n'okpuru Osimiri Little Caledon n'ebe ndịda Clarens na Free State, ma na-abanye na Osimiri Ash ihe dị ka kilomita 30 (19 mi) n'ebe ugwu. Atụmatụ ahụ ghọrọ ihe ga-ekwe omume mgbe mmiri achọrọ na Gauteng ruru ọkwa ndị a na-enweghịzi ike ịkwado n'ụzọ akụ na ụba site na atụmatụ nchekwa ọzọ dị ka Tugela River-Vaal River, nke jiri Sterkfontein Dam, nke dị nso na Harrismith na Free State.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lesotho Large-Scale Water Transfer Scheme Case Study|url=https://www.internetgeography.net/geotopics/lesotho-large-scale-water-transfer-scheme-case-study/|accessdate=2026-06-01|work=Internet Geography|language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Diamonds nke mmiri na-asọ asọ ===
N'afọ 1867, a chọtara diamond mbụ a chọtara na South Africa, Eureka Diamond, na nso Hopetown na Osimiri Orange. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, a chọtara diamond buru ibu nke a maara dị ka Star of South Africa n'otu ebe ahụ, na-akpata ọganihu diamond. N'oge na-adịghị anya, diamond rush na-aga na diamond mine kpọmkwem site na kimberlite na Kimberley na 1871, ọ bụ ezie na a nọgidere na-ahụ diamond alluvial na Orange. Taa, ọtụtụ ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ikpeazụ nke osimiri ahụ, yana osimiri ndị gbara ọnụ ya gburugburu. Ebe a na-egwupụta diamond na-arụkwa ọrụ n'etiti osimiri ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Eureka Diamond {{!}} History of Diamonds|url=https://cairndiamonds.com/blogs/news/eureka-diamond-historical-diamonds|accessdate=2026-06-23|work=Cairn Diamonds|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:OrangeRiverRafting.jpg|thumb|Rafting na Osimiri Orange bụ ọrụ ndị njem nleta na-ewu ewu.]]

=== Ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri na ịnya ụgbọ mmiri ===
N'oge ọnwa dị jụụ nke Machị na Eprel, nyere ezigbo mmiri ozuzo na oghere nke ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri na-emeghe, onye na-agba ụgbọ mmiri (ma ọ bụ onye na-arụ ọrụ n'ụgbọ mmiri) nwere ike ịga kilomita 30 (19 mi) kwa ụbọchị. Ebe ndị dị ala nke osimiri ahụ kachasị ewu ewu, n'ihi ọdịdị ala mara mma. A na-enweta njem azụmahịa, njem ndị a na-esi n'obodo Vioolsdrif.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Butler|first=Graeme|date=1997-01-01|title=A Study of Places Relating to Selected Historic Forest Themes in the North East Forest Region Victoria (excluding Box Ironbark Area|url=https://www.academia.edu/43684379/A_Study_of_Places_Relating_to_Selected_Historic_Forest_Themes_in_the_North_East_Forest_Region_Victoria_excluding_Box_Ironbark_Area|journal=Volume 2: Place Reports}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Anụ Ọhịa ==
Osimiri Orange enweghị nnukwu anụmanụ. Ọ dị n'èzí Agụ iyi Naịl, ọ bụ ezie na enyí dị ọtụtụ, a chụrụ ha na narị afọ nke iri na itoolu. Osimiri Orange nwere obere ụdị dị iche iche. Nnyocha site na 1995 ruo 2001 na Lower Orange River chọpụtara ụdị azụ 19 dị iche iche sitere na ezinụlọ asatọ dị iche iche. Ụdị abụọ na-abụghị nke ala e dekọrọ na nyocha ahụ bụ &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;i id=&quot;mwAe4&quot;&gt;Cyprinus carpio&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; na ''Oreochromis mossambicus'', nke ikpeazụ n'ime ha mụbara ngwa ngwa n'ụba kemgbe mmalite afọ 1980.&lt;ref name=&quot;NINA&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Næsje|first=T. F.|title=Fish populations, gill net catches and gill net selectivity in the Lower Orange River, Namibia, from 1995 to 2001|date=2007|publisher=NINR|location=Trondheim|isbn=978-82-426-1791-0|pages=5–6}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahụ ụdị ọzọ dị iche iche, rainbow trout, na isi mmiri nke osimiri na Lesotho.
[[Faịlụ:Labeobarbus_aeneus,_Orange_river,_Richtersveld.jpg|thumb|Smallmouth yellowfish (''Labeobarbus aeneus'') bụ Azụ egwuregwu a ma ama nke dị na usoro Osimiri Orange-Vaal.]]
Ụdị asaa dị na usoro Osimiri Vaal-Orange: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Beekman|first=Hans E.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MKWRJ7GOOM0C&amp;pg=PA13|title=Facing the Facts: Assessing the Vulnerability of Africa's Water Resources to Environmental Change|date=2006-05-30|publisher=UNEP/Earthprint|isbn=978-92-807-2574-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Azụ̀ catfish (''Austroglanis sclateri'') 
* Maluti redfin ma ọ bụ Maloti minnow (''Pseudobarbus quathlambae'') 
* Namaquab barb (Barbus hospes) 
* Osimiri sardine (''Mesobola brevianalis'') 
* Azụ̀ na-acha odo odo (''Labeobarbus aeneus'') 
* Nnukwu azụ na-acha odo odo (''Labeobarbus kimberlyensis'') 
* Azụ̀ Mudfish nke Osimiri Orange (''Labeo capensis'') 

[[Faịlụ:Augrabies_-_Twin_Falls_-_001.jpg|thumb|Twin Falls na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Augrabies Falls]]

== Hụkwa ==

* Ndepụta osimiri dị na South Africa
* Ndepụta nke osimiri ndị dị n'ókè mba ụwa
* Ndepụta nke ịgafe Osimiri Orange

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}


== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Kruchem|first=Thomas|title=Orange-Senqu Artery of Life: Water and Peace in Southern Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JJs5MwEACAAJ|year=2012|publisher=Brandes &amp; Apsel|location=Eschborn|isbn=978-3-86099-884-7}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commons category|Orange River}}

* [http://www.orasecom.org/ Orange-Senqu River Commission (ORASECOM)] E debere ya na  Wayback Machine
* [http://www.orangesenqurak.org Orange-Senqu River Awareness Kit - ebe ihe ọmụma maka ọdọ mmiri Orange-Sencu River]
* Map of the Orange River basin at Water Resources eAtlasnaỤgbọ Mmiri Wayback  (nke edere na 13 Ọgọst 2012) 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20061007235833/http://www.environment.gov.za/soer/estuary/catch/orange.html Map nke akụkụ nke ọdọ mmiri Orange River nke bụ akụkụ nke South Africa]
* [https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/148587/seeing-orange-in-the-kalahari &quot;Ịhụ Orange na Kalahari&quot;], isiokwu na foto onye na-eme njem n'ime mbara igwe na NASA Earth Observatory, July 18, 2021
* [http://www.dwaf.gov.za/orange/ Ihe ọmụma banyere Osimiri Orange sitere na Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Mmiri na Ọhịa nke South Africa]
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![[Freshwater biology|freshwater]]
|-
|[[Lentic system ecology|lakes]]
|-
|[[Lotic system ecology|rivers]]
|-
|[[wetland]]s
|-
|
----
|-
|[[fisheries]]
|-
| &lt;center&gt;{{Tnavbar|Aquatic ecosystem topics}}&lt;/center&gt;
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>03kdgk4y794xb2zjqzc5gvi6v6js0f0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672955</id>
      <parentid>672954</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-07-30T22:18:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>restore [[Intertidal ecology|intertidal]]</comment>
      <origin>672955</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="623" sha1="gty0ntszd0s5wl2830umlpyq758p3nr" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot;|[[aquatic ecosystem|aquatic&lt;br /&gt;ecosystems]]
|-
| [[Image:Nwhi - French Frigate Shoals reef - many fish.jpg|90px|center|]]
|-
! [[marine ecosystem|marine]]
|-
| [[Intertidal ecology|intertidal]]
|-
| [[estuary]]
|-
| [[mangrove]]
|-
| [[lagoon]]
|-
| [[salt marsh]]
|-
| [[Continental shelf|ocean habitats]]
|-
|
----
|-
![[Freshwater biology|freshwater]]
|-
|[[Lentic system ecology|lakes]]
|-
|[[Lotic system ecology|rivers]]
|-
|[[wetland]]s
|-
|
----
|-
|[[fisheries]]
|-
| &lt;center&gt;{{Tnavbar|Aquatic ecosystem topics}}&lt;/center&gt;
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gty0ntszd0s5wl2830umlpyq758p3nr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672956</id>
      <parentid>672955</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-07-31T10:16:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add [[Marine biology|biology]]</comment>
      <origin>672956</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="655" sha1="hwvkm38jvxjoypplxuamt57hfulhy99" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot;|[[aquatic ecosystem|aquatic&lt;br /&gt;ecosystems]]
|-
| [[Image:Nwhi - French Frigate Shoals reef - many fish.jpg|90px|center|]]
|-
! [[marine ecosystem|marine]]
|-
| [[Intertidal ecology|intertidal]]
|-
| [[estuary]]
|-
| [[mangrove]]
|-
| [[lagoon]]
|-
| [[salt marsh]]
|-
| [[Marine biology|biology]]
|-
| [[Continental shelf|ocean habitats]]
|-
|
----
|-
![[Freshwater biology|freshwater]]
|-
|[[Lentic system ecology|lakes]]
|-
|[[Lotic system ecology|rivers]]
|-
|[[wetland]]s
|-
|
----
|-
|[[fisheries]]
|-
| &lt;center&gt;{{Tnavbar|Aquatic ecosystem topics}}&lt;/center&gt;
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hwvkm38jvxjoypplxuamt57hfulhy99</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672957</id>
      <parentid>672956</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-07-31T10:18:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>reorder</comment>
      <origin>672957</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="655" sha1="5qqig36pw9s045sepemizj8ph4ts98d" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot;|[[aquatic ecosystem|aquatic&lt;br /&gt;ecosystems]]
|-
| [[Image:Nwhi - French Frigate Shoals reef - many fish.jpg|90px|center|]]
|-
! [[marine ecosystem|marine]]
|-
| [[Marine biology|biology]]
|-
| [[Intertidal ecology|intertidal]]
|-
| [[estuary]]
|-
| [[mangrove]]
|-
| [[lagoon]]
|-
| [[salt marsh]]
|-
| [[Continental shelf|ocean habitats]]
|-
|
----
|-
![[Freshwater biology|freshwater]]
|-
|[[Lentic system ecology|lakes]]
|-
|[[Lotic system ecology|rivers]]
|-
|[[wetland]]s
|-
|
----
|-
|[[fisheries]]
|-
| &lt;center&gt;{{Tnavbar|Aquatic ecosystem topics}}&lt;/center&gt;
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5qqig36pw9s045sepemizj8ph4ts98d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672958</id>
      <parentid>672957</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-07-31T13:04:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add [[benthos]]</comment>
      <origin>672958</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="666" sha1="di2x92pvpaoaex8bnpxfnh1nr82zdpg" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot;|[[aquatic ecosystem|aquatic&lt;br /&gt;ecosystems]]
|-
| [[Image:Nwhi - French Frigate Shoals reef - many fish.jpg|90px|center|]]
|-
! [[marine ecosystem|marine]]
|-
| [[Marine biology|biology]]
|-
| [[salt marsh]]
|-
| [[Intertidal ecology|intertidal]]
|-
| [[estuary]]
|-
| [[mangrove]]
|-
| [[lagoon]]
|-
| [[benthos]]
|-
| [[Continental shelf|habitats]]
|-
|
----
|-
![[Freshwater biology|freshwater]]
|-
|[[Lentic system ecology|lakes]]
|-
|[[Lotic system ecology|rivers]]
|-
|[[wetland]]s
|-
|
----
|-
|[[fisheries]]
|-
| &lt;center&gt;{{Tnavbar|Aquatic ecosystem topics}}&lt;/center&gt;
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>di2x92pvpaoaex8bnpxfnh1nr82zdpg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672959</id>
      <parentid>672958</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-07-31T13:08:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>reorder</comment>
      <origin>672959</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="666" sha1="d4ajbeqt30vcwrzy9cawwvzc00ogpjn" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot;|[[aquatic ecosystem|aquatic&lt;br /&gt;ecosystems]]
|-
| [[Image:Nwhi - French Frigate Shoals reef - many fish.jpg|90px|center|]]
|-
! [[marine ecosystem|marine]]
|-
| [[Marine biology|biology]]
|-
| [[Intertidal ecology|intertidal]]
|-
| [[salt marsh]]
|-
| [[estuary]]
|-
| [[mangrove]]
|-
| [[lagoon]]
|-
| [[benthos]]
|-
| [[Continental shelf|habitats]]
|-
|
----
|-
![[Freshwater biology|freshwater]]
|-
|[[Lentic system ecology|lakes]]
|-
|[[Lotic system ecology|rivers]]
|-
|[[wetland]]s
|-
|
----
|-
|[[fisheries]]
|-
| &lt;center&gt;{{Tnavbar|Aquatic ecosystem topics}}&lt;/center&gt;
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>d4ajbeqt30vcwrzy9cawwvzc00ogpjn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672960</id>
      <parentid>672959</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-07-31T13:20:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]</comment>
      <origin>672960</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="698" sha1="cc0hob744m04mb7v2yk3mhti4rdx008" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot;|[[aquatic ecosystem|aquatic&lt;br /&gt;ecosystems]]
|-
| [[Image:Nwhi - French Frigate Shoals reef - many fish.jpg|90px|center|]]
|-
! [[marine ecosystem|marine]]
|-
| [[Marine biology|biology]]
|-
| [[Intertidal ecology|intertidal]]
|-
| [[salt marsh]]
|-
| [[estuary]]
|-
| [[mangrove]]
|-
| [[lagoon]]
|-
| [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
|-
| [[benthos]]
|-
| [[Continental shelf|habitats]]
|-
|
----
|-
![[Freshwater biology|freshwater]]
|-
|[[Lentic system ecology|lakes]]
|-
|[[Lotic system ecology|rivers]]
|-
|[[wetland]]s
|-
|
----
|-
|[[fisheries]]
|-
| &lt;center&gt;{{Tnavbar|Aquatic ecosystem topics}}&lt;/center&gt;
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cc0hob744m04mb7v2yk3mhti4rdx008</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672961</id>
      <parentid>672960</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-07-31T13:32:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>reorder</comment>
      <origin>672961</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="698" sha1="qnabcn1qkp0bas8u5x3ro2d55w7m28l" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot;|[[aquatic ecosystem|aquatic&lt;br /&gt;ecosystems]]
|-
| [[Image:Nwhi - French Frigate Shoals reef - many fish.jpg|90px|center|]]
|-
! [[marine ecosystem|marine]]
|-
| [[Marine biology|biology]]
|-
| [[salt marsh]]
|-
| [[Intertidal ecology|intertidal]]
|-
| [[estuary]]
|-
| [[mangrove]]
|-
| [[lagoon]]
|-
| [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
|-
| [[benthos]]
|-
| [[Continental shelf|habitats]]
|-
|
----
|-
![[Freshwater biology|freshwater]]
|-
|[[Lentic system ecology|lakes]]
|-
|[[Lotic system ecology|rivers]]
|-
|[[wetland]]s
|-
|
----
|-
|[[fisheries]]
|-
| &lt;center&gt;{{Tnavbar|Aquatic ecosystem topics}}&lt;/center&gt;
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qnabcn1qkp0bas8u5x3ro2d55w7m28l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672962</id>
      <parentid>672961</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-08-02T07:15:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>remove  [[Marine biology|biology]]</comment>
      <origin>672962</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="680" sha1="sp6ao0pn6mtyeup4op6ofjar9b8rgoo" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot;|[[aquatic ecosystem|aquatic&lt;br /&gt;ecosystems]]
|-
| [[Image:Nwhi - French Frigate Shoals reef - many fish.jpg|90px|center|]]
|-
! [[marine ecosystem|marine]]
|-
| [[salt marsh]]
|-
| [[Intertidal ecology|intertidal]]
|-
| [[estuary]]
|-
| [[mangrove]]
|-
| [[lagoon]]
|-
| [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
|-
| [[benthos]]
|-
| [[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|habitats]]
|-
|
----
|-
![[Freshwater biology|freshwater]]
|-
|[[Lentic system ecology|lakes]]
|-
|[[Lotic system ecology|rivers]]
|-
|[[wetland]]s
|-
|
----
|-
|[[fisheries]]
|-
| &lt;center&gt;{{Tnavbar|Aquatic ecosystem topics}}&lt;/center&gt;
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sp6ao0pn6mtyeup4op6ofjar9b8rgoo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672963</id>
      <parentid>672962</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-08-06T02:38:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>remove [[mangrove]]</comment>
      <origin>672963</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="662" sha1="0km71jeb324nlumgdi4z5t78xw2dbql" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot;|[[aquatic ecosystem|aquatic&lt;br /&gt;ecosystems]]
|-
| [[Image:Nwhi - French Frigate Shoals reef - many fish.jpg|90px|center|]]
|-
! [[marine ecosystem|marine]]
|-
| [[salt marsh]]
|-
| [[Intertidal ecology|intertidal]]
|-
| [[estuary]]
|-
| [[lagoon]]
|-
| [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
|-
| [[benthos]]
|-
| [[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|habitats]]
|-
|
----
|-
![[Freshwater biology|freshwater]]
|-
|[[Lentic system ecology|lakes]]
|-
|[[Lotic system ecology|rivers]]
|-
|[[wetland]]s
|-
|
----
|-
|[[fisheries]]
|-
| &lt;center&gt;{{Tnavbar|Aquatic ecosystem topics}}&lt;/center&gt;
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0km71jeb324nlumgdi4z5t78xw2dbql</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672964</id>
      <parentid>672963</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-09-23T23:31:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Limnology|freshwater]]</comment>
      <origin>672964</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="653" sha1="1e7bblsm8xz8i365740bojdx2io9v4g" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot;|[[aquatic ecosystem|aquatic&lt;br /&gt;ecosystems]]
|-
| [[Image:Nwhi - French Frigate Shoals reef - many fish.jpg|90px|center|]]
|-
! [[marine ecosystem|marine]]
|-
| [[salt marsh]]
|-
| [[Intertidal ecology|intertidal]]
|-
| [[estuary]]
|-
| [[lagoon]]
|-
| [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
|-
| [[benthos]]
|-
| [[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|habitats]]
|-
|
----
|-
![[Limnology|freshwater]]
|-
|[[Lentic system ecology|lakes]]
|-
|[[Lotic system ecology|rivers]]
|-
|[[wetland]]s
|-
|
----
|-
|[[fisheries]]
|-
| &lt;center&gt;{{Tnavbar|Aquatic ecosystem topics}}&lt;/center&gt;
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1e7bblsm8xz8i365740bojdx2io9v4g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672965</id>
      <parentid>672964</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-09-23T23:39:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[WP:UNDO|Undid]] revision 240561382 by [[Special:Contributions/Geronimo20|Geronimo20]] ([[User talk:Geronimo20|talk]])</comment>
      <origin>672965</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="662" sha1="0km71jeb324nlumgdi4z5t78xw2dbql" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot;|[[aquatic ecosystem|aquatic&lt;br /&gt;ecosystems]]
|-
| [[Image:Nwhi - French Frigate Shoals reef - many fish.jpg|90px|center|]]
|-
! [[marine ecosystem|marine]]
|-
| [[salt marsh]]
|-
| [[Intertidal ecology|intertidal]]
|-
| [[estuary]]
|-
| [[lagoon]]
|-
| [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
|-
| [[benthos]]
|-
| [[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|habitats]]
|-
|
----
|-
![[Freshwater biology|freshwater]]
|-
|[[Lentic system ecology|lakes]]
|-
|[[Lotic system ecology|rivers]]
|-
|[[wetland]]s
|-
|
----
|-
|[[fisheries]]
|-
| &lt;center&gt;{{Tnavbar|Aquatic ecosystem topics}}&lt;/center&gt;
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0km71jeb324nlumgdi4z5t78xw2dbql</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672966</id>
      <parentid>672965</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-10-26T19:23:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Lake stratification|stratification]]</comment>
      <origin>672966</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="705" sha1="czwn2mdz75pallkvkt91ct7xptyrxuj" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot;|[[aquatic ecosystem|aquatic&lt;br /&gt;ecosystems]]
|-
| [[Image:Nwhi - French Frigate Shoals reef - many fish.jpg|90px|center|]]
|-
! [[marine ecosystem|marine]]
|-
| [[salt marsh]]
|-
| [[Intertidal ecology|intertidal]]
|-
| [[estuary]]
|-
| [[lagoon]]
|-
| [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
|-
| [[benthos]]
|-
| [[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|habitats]]
|-
|
----
|-
![[Freshwater biology|freshwater]]
|-
|[[Lentic system ecology|lakes]]
|-
|[[Lotic system ecology|rivers]]
|-
|[[wetland]]s
|-
|[[Lake stratification|stratification]]
|-
|
----
|-
|[[fisheries]]
|-
| &lt;center&gt;{{Tnavbar|Aquatic ecosystem topics}}&lt;/center&gt;
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>czwn2mdz75pallkvkt91ct7xptyrxuj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672967</id>
      <parentid>672966</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-10-26T19:26:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Pelagic zone|aquatic layers]]</comment>
      <origin>672967</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="741" sha1="i9l8ujbuj4mr1p49qy2njrtbthixrbf" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot;|[[aquatic ecosystem|aquatic&lt;br /&gt;ecosystems]]
|-
| [[Image:Nwhi - French Frigate Shoals reef - many fish.jpg|90px|center|]]
|-
! [[marine ecosystem|marine]]
|-
| [[salt marsh]]
|-
| [[Intertidal ecology|intertidal]]
|-
| [[estuary]]
|-
| [[lagoon]]
|-
| [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
|-
| [[benthos]]
|-
| [[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|habitats]]
|-
|
----
|-
![[Freshwater biology|freshwater]]
|-
|[[Lentic system ecology|lakes]]
|-
|[[Lotic system ecology|rivers]]
|-
|[[wetland]]s
|-
|[[Lake stratification|stratification]]
|-
|
----
|-
|[[Pelagic zone|aquatic layers]]
|-
|[[fisheries]]
|-
| &lt;center&gt;{{Tnavbar|Aquatic ecosystem topics}}&lt;/center&gt;
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i9l8ujbuj4mr1p49qy2njrtbthixrbf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672968</id>
      <parentid>672967</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-10-26T19:28:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[wild fisheries]]</comment>
      <origin>672968</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="746" sha1="h8xnfz53z7dsycvfutpiidzqi0cf7e4" xml:space="preserve">{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! align=&quot;center&quot;|[[aquatic ecosystem|aquatic&lt;br /&gt;ecosystems]]
|-
| [[Image:Nwhi - French Frigate Shoals reef - many fish.jpg|90px|center|]]
|-
! [[marine ecosystem|marine]]
|-
| [[salt marsh]]
|-
| [[Intertidal ecology|intertidal]]
|-
| [[estuary]]
|-
| [[lagoon]]
|-
| [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
|-
| [[benthos]]
|-
| [[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|habitats]]
|-
|
----
|-
![[Freshwater biology|freshwater]]
|-
|[[Lentic system ecology|lakes]]
|-
|[[Lotic system ecology|rivers]]
|-
|[[wetland]]s
|-
|[[Lake stratification|stratification]]
|-
|
----
|-
|[[Pelagic zone|aquatic layers]]
|-
|[[wild fisheries]]
|-
| &lt;center&gt;{{Tnavbar|Aquatic ecosystem topics}}&lt;/center&gt;
|}&lt;noinclude&gt;
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>h8xnfz53z7dsycvfutpiidzqi0cf7e4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672969</id>
      <parentid>672968</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-12-20T20:39:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>convert</comment>
      <origin>672969</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="854" sha1="gid9w806noa26ccoggx6tq4kps8sil0" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Fishery science topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|120px]]
|state = nocollapse
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Salt marsh]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]

|group3 = See also
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672970</id>
      <parentid>672969</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-12-20T20:43:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Aquatic ecosystem topics</comment>
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|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|120px]]
|state = nocollapse
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Salt marsh]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]

|group3 = See also
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ehgov7yxc8xjdja9l7kna3hfr1f3455</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>672971</id>
      <parentid>672970</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-12-20T20:49:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>reorder</comment>
      <origin>672971</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="830" sha1="flbb7b8gk00i559nmcvbevg834o1s86" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|90px]]
|state = nocollapse
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Salt marsh]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672972</id>
      <parentid>672971</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-03-09T15:46:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Calliopejen1</username>
        <id>5652</id>
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|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|90px]]
|state = autocollapse
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Salt marsh]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672973</id>
      <parentid>672972</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-04-03T20:39:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Velella</username>
        <id>62096</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+ two topics</comment>
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|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|90px]]
|state = autocollapse
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Salt marsh]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Environmental monitoring]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>k23pf7pznnt5h2rvjztynswkvgdwrtb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672974</id>
      <parentid>672973</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-04-03T21:26:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>remove [[Environmental monitoring]] (too general)</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|90px]]
|state = autocollapse
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Salt marsh]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672975</id>
      <parentid>672974</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-11-28T02:27:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>resize image</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|130px]]
|state = autocollapse
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Salt marsh]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>l56ipcebwie8vbnw78ln6bje3zj0wai</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672976</id>
      <parentid>672975</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-11-28T02:33:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Coral reef]]</comment>
      <origin>672976</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|130px]]
|state = autocollapse
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem]]
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{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>672977</id>
      <parentid>672976</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-06T22:55:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Deep water coral]]</comment>
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|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
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|state = autocollapse
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem]]
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{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]
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{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>672978</id>
      <parentid>672977</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-06T22:57:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Pelagic fish]], [[Dermersal fish]]</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|130px]]
|state = autocollapse
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem]]
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{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]
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{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>83r2bgnwp1deuab54axg79tgx2qo14n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672979</id>
      <parentid>672978</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-06T22:58:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>tweak</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="999" sha1="264tu1t5ky6nalhodpzr2t6752bquqr" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
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|state = autocollapse
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem]]
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{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]
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{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672980</id>
      <parentid>672979</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-06T23:00:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Kelp forests]]</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = autocollapse
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>672981</id>
      <parentid>672980</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-06T23:11:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>reorder</comment>
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      <text bytes="1022" sha1="7wu5wm742c1f5tgd6xj3tywr2m0db10" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = autocollapse
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672982</id>
      <parentid>672981</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-06T23:17:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>state</comment>
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|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]
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{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672983</id>
      <parentid>672982</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-13T20:45:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add articles, group</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1296" sha1="91tcq4xnfyapycht8rsdynihu0c40ja" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>91tcq4xnfyapycht8rsdynihu0c40ja</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672984</id>
      <parentid>672983</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-13T21:20:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add divers</comment>
      <origin>672984</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1463" sha1="p5bj4oudvcz8ghb9zxazrghj94mwunv" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Tropical marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>p5bj4oudvcz8ghb9zxazrghj94mwunv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672985</id>
      <parentid>672984</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-13T21:36:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>remove [[Tropical marine ecosystem]]</comment>
      <origin>672985</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1427" sha1="2bht9i9vxxsx48hzqd0x42pdk0q4w5f" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2bht9i9vxxsx48hzqd0x42pdk0q4w5f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672986</id>
      <parentid>672985</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-13T22:41:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Acoustic ecology]], [[Marine biology]]</comment>
      <origin>672986</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1479" sha1="21inqzc8ai2wt2pml9z56jmt5qadvbo" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>21inqzc8ai2wt2pml9z56jmt5qadvbo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672987</id>
      <parentid>672986</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-13T23:39:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Ecohydrology]]</comment>
      <origin>672987</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1502" sha1="row57vbsrjlz76yki7s2ukrijdtgoy5" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>row57vbsrjlz76yki7s2ukrijdtgoy5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672988</id>
      <parentid>672987</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-14T07:35:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Black smoker]], [[Cold seep]]</comment>
      <origin>672988</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1545" sha1="s99fbai9141t3cf107v7gazt6enq3z6" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>s99fbai9141t3cf107v7gazt6enq3z6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672989</id>
      <parentid>672988</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-14T08:29:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Census of Marine Life]]</comment>
      <origin>672989</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1577" sha1="1en4yhai2l2y5jr1rpcl6vt6yu87eeq" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt;
|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1en4yhai2l2y5jr1rpcl6vt6yu87eeq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672990</id>
      <parentid>672989</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-16T23:08:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>misc</comment>
      <origin>672990</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1519" sha1="0dyfuvv5gfd0ano5wl8v4b4f2v2554s" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0dyfuvv5gfd0ano5wl8v4b4f2v2554s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672991</id>
      <parentid>672990</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-16T23:11:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>truncate</comment>
      <origin>672991</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1541" sha1="oyqs7s5zdyt9yssd1hxrd1m7mxjdfle" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>oyqs7s5zdyt9yssd1hxrd1m7mxjdfle</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672992</id>
      <parentid>672991</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-17T01:25:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Intertidal wetland]]</comment>
      <origin>672992</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1570" sha1="7bruvwpidh388xp43mcbr89y9h6ea0p" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7bruvwpidh388xp43mcbr89y9h6ea0p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672993</id>
      <parentid>672992</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-17T07:00:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>plurals</comment>
      <origin>672993</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1575" sha1="p953zt2m6301ki3q8lviua7tvh3cx7t" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]
{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]
{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>p953zt2m6301ki3q8lviua7tvh3cx7t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672994</id>
      <parentid>672993</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-17T09:48:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Related topics</comment>
      <origin>672994</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1698" sha1="0wcd2jz5v5o10nb0i6h2nd09qum1xbj" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Related topics
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0wcd2jz5v5o10nb0i6h2nd09qum1xbj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672995</id>
      <parentid>672994</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-19T00:17:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add region group</comment>
      <origin>672995</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1809" sha1="ia01epo6dr6ddd7hj7y63e7vvbw4u4l" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Regions
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Related topics
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ia01epo6dr6ddd7hj7y63e7vvbw4u4l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672996</id>
      <parentid>672995</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-19T02:32:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add divers</comment>
      <origin>672996</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1934" sha1="o2vaqmp8c2hupmwis1by0sdx2642cpx" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Related topics
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>o2vaqmp8c2hupmwis1by0sdx2642cpx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672997</id>
      <parentid>672996</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-19T04:21:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]], [[Marine larval ecology]], [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]], [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]], More...</comment>
      <origin>672997</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2263" sha1="sb8lq03fn3g9ktel9tryquliwrk6wdp" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Related topics
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sb8lq03fn3g9ktel9tryquliwrk6wdp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672998</id>
      <parentid>672997</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-19T04:46:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Ramsar Convention]] etc</comment>
      <origin>672998</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2343" sha1="3dh7j6gcuux3z7pxhuolt6vxtt3wfo1" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Related topics
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3dh7j6gcuux3z7pxhuolt6vxtt3wfo1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>672999</id>
      <parentid>672998</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-19T05:31:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Marine chemistry]]</comment>
      <origin>672999</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2370" sha1="7yrpaqhpp7iai0inoqnnszdfzfqd6nf" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Related topics
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7yrpaqhpp7iai0inoqnnszdfzfqd6nf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673000</id>
      <parentid>672999</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-19T05:46:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add a couple of dubious ones</comment>
      <origin>673000</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2661" sha1="a11e2skbyve3i9se279ibjx5bmpj4bt" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary low salinity zone|Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic Ecology of the Low Salinity San Francisco Estuary|Pelagic ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Related topics
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>a11e2skbyve3i9se279ibjx5bmpj4bt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673001</id>
      <parentid>673000</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-22T08:22:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Rheotaxis]]</comment>
      <origin>673001</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2681" sha1="eqy6t10bdwevelz5551eddu2u1uh68e" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary low salinity zone|Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic Ecology of the Low Salinity San Francisco Estuary|Pelagic ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Related topics
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>eqy6t10bdwevelz5551eddu2u1uh68e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673002</id>
      <parentid>673001</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-22T08:59:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Stream bed]]</comment>
      <origin>673002</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2702" sha1="s9yb5u5gjq6ublol897ihy4rqfhsmmq" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary low salinity zone|Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic Ecology of the Low Salinity San Francisco Estuary|Pelagic ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Related topics
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>s9yb5u5gjq6ublol897ihy4rqfhsmmq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673003</id>
      <parentid>673002</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-22T09:05:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Hyporheic zone]]</comment>
      <origin>673003</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2727" sha1="f7wxowr90cykb2r0k0mv46eqydtjhxe" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary low salinity zone|Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic Ecology of the Low Salinity San Francisco Estuary|Pelagic ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Related topics
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>f7wxowr90cykb2r0k0mv46eqydtjhxe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673004</id>
      <parentid>673003</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-23T05:23:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Marine conservation]], [[Marine conservation activism]]</comment>
      <origin>673004</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2796" sha1="11mr0fouqk51nct5jyhz659kin7qp0f" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary low salinity zone|Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic Ecology of the Low Salinity San Francisco Estuary|Pelagic ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Related topics
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>11mr0fouqk51nct5jyhz659kin7qp0f</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673005</id>
      <parentid>673004</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-23T05:38:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Conservation ecology]]</comment>
      <origin>673005</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2819" sha1="m0qjthap5gpf1dzz0xn1lbafj5vwsp2" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary low salinity zone|Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic Ecology of the Low Salinity San Francisco Estuary|Pelagic ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>m0qjthap5gpf1dzz0xn1lbafj5vwsp2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673006</id>
      <parentid>673005</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-24T01:40:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]</comment>
      <origin>673006</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2865" sha1="lzjg5dlyvcg0eas1l0rzxuydyf0u31g" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary low salinity zone|Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic Ecology of the Low Salinity San Francisco Estuary|Pelagic ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lzjg5dlyvcg0eas1l0rzxuydyf0u31g</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673007</id>
      <parentid>673006</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-24T01:45:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Algal bloom]], [[Trophic level]]</comment>
      <origin>673007</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2911" sha1="06834q2qc6n36hpmj3prghc14iyt5lc" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary low salinity zone|Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic Ecology of the Low Salinity San Francisco Estuary|Pelagic ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673008</id>
      <parentid>673007</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-24T01:57:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Tide pool]]</comment>
      <origin>673008</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2931" sha1="89pbb52vn4e13gtuv7kgcaob8oo80p4" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary low salinity zone|Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic Ecology of the Low Salinity San Francisco Estuary|Pelagic ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673009</id>
      <parentid>673008</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-27T01:51:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>trim</comment>
      <origin>673009</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2818" sha1="b9iuj9aehtuxeaouqde0nqd9ytqs6sx" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary low salinity zone|Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673010</id>
      <parentid>673009</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-12-27T03:10:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]</comment>
      <origin>673010</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2763" sha1="3301lgk5b8e2fyajrekafk62e2a09xc" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3301lgk5b8e2fyajrekafk62e2a09xc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673011</id>
      <parentid>673010</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-01-07T19:11:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Michael Hardy</username>
        <id>28299</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>singular</comment>
      <origin>673011</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2762" sha1="9d0925gw350udhlnym6n5y0zh0ihn3c" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9d0925gw350udhlnym6n5y0zh0ihn3c</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673012</id>
      <parentid>673011</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-01-07T19:11:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Michael Hardy</username>
        <id>28299</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673012</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2761" sha1="gtql7tptseaiki52auq8gn4su3qw1wr" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gtql7tptseaiki52auq8gn4su3qw1wr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673013</id>
      <parentid>673012</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-01-22T04:33:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Seagrass meadow]], [[Aquatic biodiversity research]], [[Sponge reef]]</comment>
      <origin>673013</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2851" sha1="rwrn65rg7sba7v9p5hlx0hwgapkohq1" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rwrn65rg7sba7v9p5hlx0hwgapkohq1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673014</id>
      <parentid>673013</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-01-22T04:35:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>tsk</comment>
      <origin>673014</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2851" sha1="ea1d3l0sv0uzjstmazxpbyg8utcuq2j" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ea1d3l0sv0uzjstmazxpbyg8utcuq2j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673015</id>
      <parentid>673014</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-02-01T10:59:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Coral reef fish]]</comment>
      <origin>673015</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2877" sha1="32xii9hk0y7lq9aaod0bqf8ailsx01s" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>32xii9hk0y7lq9aaod0bqf8ailsx01s</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673016</id>
      <parentid>673015</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-02-15T06:29:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add image</comment>
      <origin>673016</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2921" sha1="9hukmwprhfcbedcgihdzb8jq5me3uw4" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9hukmwprhfcbedcgihdzb8jq5me3uw4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673017</id>
      <parentid>673016</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-02-17T01:00:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Hydrothermal vent]]</comment>
      <origin>673017</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2949" sha1="hm3k686z9wh86v98nvtbciv8rhm9xb1" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hm3k686z9wh86v98nvtbciv8rhm9xb1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673018</id>
      <parentid>673017</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-01T08:29:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Coastal fish]]</comment>
      <origin>673018</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2972" sha1="b6dc9r5fwfcqm7y4bctwqjj82bvx2dk" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>b6dc9r5fwfcqm7y4bctwqjj82bvx2dk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673019</id>
      <parentid>673018</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-06T06:26:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Trophic dynamics]]</comment>
      <origin>673019</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2999" sha1="5yt8bn175sagrho9z4ckvy9tzxftcyh" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673020</id>
      <parentid>673019</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-12T03:52:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Rocky shore]]</comment>
      <origin>673020</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3021" sha1="53c29w2e6epgogdegqax9bh4bvzqktr" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673021</id>
      <parentid>673020</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-12T03:54:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>doh...</comment>
      <origin>673021</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3021" sha1="f22wdwwvfhusfiw7m66bma3g7dt7elg" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673022</id>
      <parentid>673021</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-13T01:12:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Microbial food web]], [[Microbial loop]]</comment>
      <origin>673022</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3075" sha1="n71njl3ra5ndoxtshfuhv5ctesz8440" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673023</id>
      <parentid>673022</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-13T01:25:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Trophic state index]]</comment>
      <origin>673023</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3105" sha1="i85ogfigd5pg4cpmjk19il9g8jb42vb" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673024</id>
      <parentid>673023</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-13T02:57:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Thorson's rule]]</comment>
      <origin>673024</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3130" sha1="8rpxjqvjky439bi5a02kqpm69l1897u" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673025</id>
      <parentid>673024</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-13T07:24:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Paradox of the plankton]]</comment>
      <origin>673025</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3164" sha1="9scyp8addnmuvfs9oi4aauckr2c18mz" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673026</id>
      <parentid>673025</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-13T07:25:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>reposition</comment>
      <origin>673026</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3164" sha1="ea9vvkl0m6lml7a9fjrk999x5qcjako" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673027</id>
      <parentid>673026</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-16T11:14:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>colour</comment>
      <origin>673027</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3198" sha1="mag5goucat9ww8mjax7o3iqm0d9ro1u" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673028</id>
      <parentid>673027</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-20T02:42:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[f-ratio]], [[Cold seep]]s</comment>
      <origin>673028</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3237" sha1="iuilwd0tw4le3dqlrl1op5q68tak6hz" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673029</id>
      <parentid>673028</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-20T07:04:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]</comment>
      <origin>673029</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3291" sha1="dyr3i94rrozxnhmx54n0zfil6summ53" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673030</id>
      <parentid>673029</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-23T09:47:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>R'n'B</username>
        <id>1950</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Disambiguate [[Conservation ecology]] to [[conservation biology]] using [[:en:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]]</comment>
      <origin>673030</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3312" sha1="h99nsqcweh8wg7252umcv1v4iz8xyln" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673031</id>
      <parentid>673030</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-28T19:10:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Particle (ecology)|Particles]]</comment>
      <origin>673031</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3351" sha1="iqub498t3ldqwm5ctzjorrv4gvg89kr" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particles]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673032</id>
      <parentid>673031</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-28T20:19:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Fisheries science]], [[Dead zone]], [[Upwelling]], [[Marine snow]], [[Water column]]</comment>
      <origin>673032</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3464" sha1="60f1iqhmwt55ipvs4rhq6nxaioywd25" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particles]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673033</id>
      <parentid>673032</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-28T20:47:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>tweak</comment>
      <origin>673033</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3463" sha1="t7mde26jxhgygqkc7m115empv2etgqu" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673034</id>
      <parentid>673033</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-29T09:36:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>R'n'B</username>
        <id>1950</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Disambiguate [[Dead zone]] to [[Dead zone (ecology)]] using [[:en:Wikipedia:Tools/Navigation_popups|popups]]</comment>
      <origin>673034</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3483" sha1="3yua01itbelf6afdkpvudrr3inyukzo" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673035</id>
      <parentid>673034</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-29T10:45:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>reposition</comment>
      <origin>673035</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3483" sha1="pzq7w9tpcoodrm5gzvf182t2niw84n5" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <id>673036</id>
      <parentid>673035</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-29T10:47:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3489" sha1="sac6m42q5716kdq0nub433ce0ev6nfk" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673037</id>
      <parentid>673036</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-29T10:51:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>reposition</comment>
      <origin>673037</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3489" sha1="n637p10auz182goh0bu0xmybc1v38nv" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673038</id>
      <parentid>673037</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-30T00:04:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Benthic zone]], [[Photic zone]]</comment>
      <origin>673038</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3534" sha1="odj9q5ia63lw5hxp2iedukgc86mfos2" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthic zone]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673039</id>
      <parentid>673038</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-30T02:44:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Pond]], [[Fish pond]]</comment>
      <origin>673039</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3569" sha1="qjfxhmx27j86ugc4ajg1umk0kllyxu8" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthic zone]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673040</id>
      <parentid>673039</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-30T02:53:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Water garden]]</comment>
      <origin>673040</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3592" sha1="gnxdrd7az4k8203th292vr9hcnfmwg0" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthic zone]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gnxdrd7az4k8203th292vr9hcnfmwg0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673041</id>
      <parentid>673040</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-30T21:08:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Demersal fish]]</comment>
      <origin>673041</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3631" sha1="hrq8i2r6u6nbg76co5xrf19z2vn2kyd" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hrq8i2r6u6nbg76co5xrf19z2vn2kyd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673042</id>
      <parentid>673041</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-30T21:27:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>trim</comment>
      <origin>673042</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3605" sha1="onuq73uxq835ghn8zt7akgqcvand5b2" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>onuq73uxq835ghn8zt7akgqcvand5b2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673043</id>
      <parentid>673042</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-04-02T07:01:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[GIS and aquatic science]]</comment>
      <origin>673043</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3639" sha1="7kdi3o12wp51p1w31xhbendo0cq8sf0" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7kdi3o12wp51p1w31xhbendo0cq8sf0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673044</id>
      <parentid>673043</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-04-03T05:02:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Colored dissolved organic matter]], [[Sediment trap]], [[Iron Hypothesis]],</comment>
      <origin>673044</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3732" sha1="mx1eccisf5e982e1s00f22fba16oazz" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mx1eccisf5e982e1s00f22fba16oazz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673045</id>
      <parentid>673044</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-04-03T06:49:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Iron fertilization]]</comment>
      <origin>673045</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3761" sha1="lev0ye3ni7vum5vpb8a5l6lsmjennwm" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673046</id>
      <parentid>673045</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-04-03T06:55:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Ocean nourishment]]</comment>
      <origin>673046</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3789" sha1="o2hlbwj85p5vpyyfnp005vyjg9dd04m" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673047</id>
      <parentid>673046</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-04-03T07:11:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Bay mud]], [[Mudflat]], [[Marine bacteriophage]], [[Marine vertebrate]], [[Zooplankton]], , [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]], [[Phytoplankton]]</comment>
      <origin>673047</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3977" sha1="hsxns9toyhnwl263gwwam4tvd6bazpq" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673048</id>
      <parentid>673047</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-04-03T07:14:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Seabird]], [[Plankton]]</comment>
      <origin>673048</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4014" sha1="29gv4gypitp4k92hq69x1it33kd969f" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673049</id>
      <parentid>673048</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-04-03T07:15:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>title</comment>
      <origin>673049</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4024" sha1="2vr89464hwp9zw583bmgv5p7rtg41on" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673050</id>
      <parentid>673049</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-04-03T07:30:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Marine invertebrates]], [[Marine mammal]], [[Marine reptile]]</comment>
      <origin>673050</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4104" sha1="3vdda0rl6t0mcvh5234j3jfu36pf6vb" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673051</id>
      <parentid>673050</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-04-03T07:34:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>reposition</comment>
      <origin>673051</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4104" sha1="62amnuv77nt8h84r94uuh4px9w274dm" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673052</id>
      <parentid>673051</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-04-04T14:33:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>reorder</comment>
      <origin>673052</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4104" sha1="8uq4olfh63ygic6zg90xd4z9lvy1i0n" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673053</id>
      <parentid>673052</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-04-04T14:51:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Aquatic science]]</comment>
      <origin>673053</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4130" sha1="m5i5qh2xez0pr5eef49jgkaeak1b70q" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = General
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>m5i5qh2xez0pr5eef49jgkaeak1b70q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673054</id>
      <parentid>673053</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-04-04T15:24:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>reorder</comment>
      <origin>673054</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4153" sha1="tuiof5y9e564yb8umsc2tdxt0gt572w" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystems|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tuiof5y9e564yb8umsc2tdxt0gt572w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673055</id>
      <parentid>673054</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-04-08T23:34:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Landscape limnology]]</comment>
      <origin>673055</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4183" sha1="0qft8945p53md0i41urfeaascf9l4hi" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystems|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673056</id>
      <parentid>673055</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-05-01T15:42:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Bioluminescence]]</comment>
      <origin>673056</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4209" sha1="sn2vlx8gye8mdb0zvchlejnue1n7lwv" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystems|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sn2vlx8gye8mdb0zvchlejnue1n7lwv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673057</id>
      <parentid>673056</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-05-03T01:40:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Thermal pollution]]</comment>
      <origin>673057</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4237" sha1="tcq5uoe655dma8eal2yf1ugougd1bfk" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystems|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tcq5uoe655dma8eal2yf1ugougd1bfk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673058</id>
      <parentid>673057</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-05-17T03:41:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Deep sea communities]]</comment>
      <origin>673058</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4268" sha1="7s8argg918jt3y3d3najafjrmdn4j0a" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystems|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673059</id>
      <parentid>673058</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-05-17T03:49:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Whale fall]]</comment>
      <origin>673059</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4289" sha1="qnuy51vs0ox6yvbrrpp2r2p4nouf0xl" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystems|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qnuy51vs0ox6yvbrrpp2r2p4nouf0xl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673060</id>
      <parentid>673059</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-05-18T22:42:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Nekton]], [[Neuston]]</comment>
      <origin>673060</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4324" sha1="r49wd7vvzxvcuqa5fa4h9gqj4tam7kk" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystems|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673061</id>
      <parentid>673060</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-05-21T08:57:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Seashore wildlife]] (appallingly written)</comment>
      <origin>673061</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4352" sha1="d7osuka08eu2bjacw1sj29mpq37ragb" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystems|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>d7osuka08eu2bjacw1sj29mpq37ragb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673062</id>
      <parentid>673061</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-05-22T06:22:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Deep sea creature]]</comment>
      <origin>673062</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4380" sha1="t62c2lwuh3mldzs8x9gw0wglwyf1pep" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystems|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
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|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
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|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystema]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="4397" sha1="6bge5vouj1xs64nvm69q70vfxeje8l9" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
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|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Image:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Moofushi Kandu fish.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2010-07-16T22:55:02Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="4544" sha1="kcl09497tam36r83ogozzfrtascw8by" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]] components
|image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[File:Moofushi Kandu fish.jpg|140px]]
|state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;
|liststyle = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group5 = Issues
|list5  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <id>673068</id>
      <parentid>673067</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-07-19T08:02:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>section</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5248" sha1="b4ffz4o7jd9t5qgv77nvrnrhfh5czgg" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - general and freshwater components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;
  |belowstyle = background:#7FBF7F

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2010-07-19T08:10:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>reorder and resize</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5252" sha1="8lyoqrk91q0inp9xq77ld0llyoq2akz" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - general and freshwater components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;
  |belowstyle = background:#7FBF7F

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
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 {{Navbox|child
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}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
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|group3 = Issues
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 {{Navbox|child
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|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

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 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
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|group3 = Issues
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 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
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 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
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|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

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|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2010-08-03T08:31:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
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      <comment>[[Aquatic predation]]</comment>
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|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
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|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
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|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2010-08-08T12:21:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]</comment>
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|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
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 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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        <id>48023</id>
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      <text bytes="5393" sha1="jltw5a8qkm5n5epnzhzht9gmpj4n0km" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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  |belowstyle = background:#7FBF7F

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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        <id>48023</id>
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
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 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
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|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2010-08-14T07:09:31Z</timestamp>
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
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 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
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|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2010-08-14T08:24:01Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|Freshwater ecoregions]], [[Freshwater swamp forest]], [[Brackish marsh]], [[Freshwater  marsh]]</comment>
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
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 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
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|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

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|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2010-08-14T08:36:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[List of marine ecoregions]], reorder</comment>
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|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
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|abbr1 = general
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 {{Navbox|child
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|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2010-08-14T08:41:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
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      <comment>[[Marine Protected Area]]</comment>
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
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 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
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|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2010-08-24T16:58:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia)]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="5817" sha1="pa96y2z42klsthgxhhw0zv8wbszd8j3" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
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|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
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 {{Navbox|child
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|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia)]][[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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        <id>48023</id>
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|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
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 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
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|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9oua9hhx8nasua9fx48bw5ifgy2mco2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673084</id>
      <parentid>673083</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-08-24T17:22:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Eutrophication]], [[Anoxic event]]</comment>
      <origin>673084</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5871" sha1="l2tnuio8bkqhao78khvi3riuw426t75" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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  |belowstyle = background:#7FBF7F

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic event]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>l2tnuio8bkqhao78khvi3riuw426t75</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673085</id>
      <parentid>673084</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-08-24T17:31:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Anoxic waters]]</comment>
      <origin>673085</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5872" sha1="7n2ygb6spcndr9onp41w2l8xs2nse5l" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;
  |belowstyle = background:#7FBF7F

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7n2ygb6spcndr9onp41w2l8xs2nse5l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673086</id>
      <parentid>673085</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T07:37:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zodon</username>
        <id>31882</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>issues seem to relate to both marine and other - so move to general section</comment>
      <origin>673086</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5872" sha1="dnvc8hzwyol3p3oomijp4u0jxbywypr" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;
  |belowstyle = background:#7FBF7F

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
}}


|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673087</id>
      <parentid>673086</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T21:56:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Reverted 1 edit by [[Special:Contributions/Zodon|Zodon]]; Issues are predominently marine, and achieve a better balance in the section sizes. ([[WP:TW|TW]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="5872" sha1="7n2ygb6spcndr9onp41w2l8xs2nse5l" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;
  |belowstyle = background:#7FBF7F

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673088</id>
      <parentid>673087</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-10-18T22:21:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>trim [[conservation biology|Conservation ecology]]</comment>
      <origin>673088</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5820" sha1="i29a5s65tuj9yysaeo75ugkjx8yvd7r" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;
  |belowstyle = background:#7FBF7F

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem|Aquatic ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i29a5s65tuj9yysaeo75ugkjx8yvd7r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673089</id>
      <parentid>673088</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-12-13T10:04:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]</comment>
      <origin>673089</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5888" sha1="ksl25z6w85iw4fy1w4pkcd558v8x95z" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;
  |belowstyle = background:#7FBF7F

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2010-12-17T18:59:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
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      <comment>[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]</comment>
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
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 {{Navbox|child
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|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2011-01-15T00:10:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>48023</id>
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      <comment>[[Siltation]]</comment>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5998" sha1="3xfrm7eectmbsxqt6r7lu3z58lg36bi" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
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 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
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|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <id>673092</id>
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      <timestamp>2011-02-03T09:06:06Z</timestamp>
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        <id>48023</id>
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      <comment>[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]], [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="6076" sha1="nuhfmymu0pd4kt3r87wtvxp18fikeye" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
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 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
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|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Siltation]]{{·w}}[[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology#Oceanic habitats|Ocean habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673093</id>
      <parentid>673092</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-04-17T01:35:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Marine habitats]]</comment>
      <origin>673093</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6045" sha1="ah5rojnhwu8bmligrla4hfsn1kms51d" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Siltation]]{{·w}}[[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = Issues
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673094</id>
      <parentid>673093</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-04-30T22:30:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add groups</comment>
      <origin>673094</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6215" sha1="kl0zrr1rewhpkrle373mmm2784w56jt" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Siltation]]{{·w}}[[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lentic ecosystem|Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[Lotic ecosystem|River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kl0zrr1rewhpkrle373mmm2784w56jt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673095</id>
      <parentid>673094</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-05-21T06:16:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>adjust wikilinks</comment>
      <origin>673095</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6182" sha1="bxq973djbfkyb9telc5c2v11i1qqrsl" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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  |belowstyle = background:#7FBF7F

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Siltation]]{{·w}}[[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Freshwater biology|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology|Freshwater ecology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>48023</id>
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      <comment>[[Freshwater ecosystem]]</comment>
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|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
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|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
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|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Siltation]]{{·w}}[[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="6188" sha1="fr6rcidabar1ptsy9450xcrs5ld5dmk" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
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|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
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|group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2011-05-26T09:51:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>48023</id>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6216" sha1="nhpdo8r310nz2ufmisckyn1ylqahvoq" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
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|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
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 {{Navbox|child
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  |belowstyle = background:#7FBF7F

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial ecology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Siltation]]{{·w}}[[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673099</id>
      <parentid>673098</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-06-05T05:13:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Coastal biogeomorphology]], [[Ecological values of mangrove]]</comment>
      <origin>673099</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6291" sha1="rbuo9yxhyy2v9f1ypkfdqosv1smirty" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
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  |belowstyle = background:#7FBF7F

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial ecology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Siltation]]{{·w}}[[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic dynamics]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Coastal biogeomorphology]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecological values of mangrove]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rbuo9yxhyy2v9f1ypkfdqosv1smirty</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673100</id>
      <parentid>673099</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-06-15T00:40:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Food chain]]</comment>
      <origin>673100</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6304" sha1="1yzyyuf79trxdjoqw3klsm3qhxi36q8" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;
  |belowstyle = background:#7FBF7F

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Food chain]]{{·w}}[[Food web]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial ecology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Siltation]]{{·w}}[[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Coastal biogeomorphology]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecological values of mangrove]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1yzyyuf79trxdjoqw3klsm3qhxi36q8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673101</id>
      <parentid>673100</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-06-16T16:40:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Frietjes</username>
        <id>14509</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>per [[wp:deviations]]</comment>
      <origin>673101</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6237" sha1="awcyvpaddcbjfe80qw16zecmnonm7md" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
| name      = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title     = 
| state     = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected  = {{{expanded|general}}}

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
| image      = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
| groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; 
| liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Food chain]]{{·w}}[[Food web]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial ecology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Siltation]]{{·w}}[[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 = 
 {{Navbox|child
| image      = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
| groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; 
| liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Coastal biogeomorphology]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{nowrap end}}

| group4 = Issues
| list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecological values of mangrove]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673102</id>
      <parentid>673101</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-06-16T23:01:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>this is an appropriate colour</comment>
      <origin>673102</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6304" sha1="1yzyyuf79trxdjoqw3klsm3qhxi36q8" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#7FBF7F;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;
  |belowstyle = background:#7FBF7F

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Food chain]]{{·w}}[[Food web]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial ecology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Siltation]]{{·w}}[[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#7FBF7F;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Coastal biogeomorphology]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecological values of mangrove]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>1yzyyuf79trxdjoqw3klsm3qhxi36q8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673103</id>
      <parentid>673102</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-07-04T16:38:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>background</comment>
      <origin>673103</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6304" sha1="byjtedd355ol140hzovz22mcn2dxdsg" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#99BBCF;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#99BBCF;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;
  |belowstyle = background:#99BBCF

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Food chain]]{{·w}}[[Food web]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial ecology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Siltation]]{{·w}}[[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#99BBCF;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Coastal biogeomorphology]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecological values of mangrove]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>byjtedd355ol140hzovz22mcn2dxdsg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673104</id>
      <parentid>673103</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-09-08T12:21:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Curb Chain</username>
        <id>64076</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removed space</comment>
      <origin>673104</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6303" sha1="r7bjb5rt1555odrjz3f9dqyq6dahy1s" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#99BBCF;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#99BBCF;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;
  |belowstyle = background:#99BBCF

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Food chain]]{{·w}}[[Food web]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial ecology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Siltation]]{{·w}}[[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#99BBCF;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Coastal biogeomorphology]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecological values of mangrove]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <timestamp>2011-09-25T21:49:26Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]</comment>
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|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
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|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Food chain]]{{·w}}[[Food web]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial ecology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Siltation]]{{·w}}[[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#99BBCF;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Coastal biogeomorphology]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecological values of mangrove]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <id>673106</id>
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      <timestamp>2011-09-27T06:12:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Ocean turbidity]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="6399" sha1="dnowllgao1rey8fayqcz6ai7bov4qb4" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#99BBCF;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#99BBCF;
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|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
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|group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#99BBCF;
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Coastal biogeomorphology]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Ocean turbidity]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Ocean turbidity]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecological values of mangrove]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673107</id>
      <parentid>673106</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-09-27T06:14:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>reposition</comment>
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      <text bytes="6399" sha1="qfy70x9qykb4tbjcdla6vi9u7t9axcx" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#99BBCF;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#99BBCF;
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|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Food chain]]{{·w}}[[Food web]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial ecology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Siltation]]{{·w}}[[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
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|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
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|group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Coastal biogeomorphology]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Ocean turbidity]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecological values of mangrove]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
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 {{Navbox|child
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|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Food chain]]{{·w}}[[Food web]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial ecology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Siltation]]{{·w}}[[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
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|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

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|abbr2 = marine
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 {{Navbox|child
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|group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Coastal biogeomorphology]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
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 }}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
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|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
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 {{Navbox|child
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|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

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|group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

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|group4 = Issues
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 }}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
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  |belowstyle = background:#ABBEDC

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Food chain]]{{·w}}[[Food web]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial ecology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Siltation]]{{·w}}[[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#ABBEDC;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Ocean turbidity]]{{·w}}[[Photophore]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Coastal biogeomorphology]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecological values of mangrove]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5u07tj7zv6qhcuzgrac0ll9ujpcjgiz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673111</id>
      <parentid>673110</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-10-27T03:36:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>One Ton Depot</username>
        <id>49111</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template:Flatlist]] per [[Template:Navbox#Examples]]</comment>
      <origin>673111</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5303" sha1="dz53dr6wf491adw4mcbxeevd3y92vkz" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| basestyle = background:#ABBEDC;

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s – [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupstyle = width:5.5em; background:#ABBEDC;

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]
}}

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystems]]
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystems]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]
}}

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s – [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupstyle = width:5.5em; background:#ABBEDC;

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]
}}

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep water coral]]s
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]
}}

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forests]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s
}}

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dz53dr6wf491adw4mcbxeevd3y92vkz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673112</id>
      <parentid>673111</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-10-27T16:25:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>There is no consensus for these unhelpful changes. See [[User talk:One Ton Depot#Your unhelpful edits|here]]</comment>
      <origin>673112</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6394" sha1="5u07tj7zv6qhcuzgrac0ll9ujpcjgiz" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
|name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
|title = 
|state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
|selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
|basestyle  = background:#ABBEDC;

|sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
|abbr1 = general
|list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em; &lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#ABBEDC;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;
  |belowstyle = background:#ABBEDC

|group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Aquatic ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Acoustic ecology]]{{·w}}[[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]{{·w}}[[Algal bloom]]{{·w}}[[Anoxic waters]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic adaptation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic animal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic biodiversity research]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic biomonitoring]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic insects]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic mammal]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic plant]]s{{·w}}[[Aquatic predation]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic respiration]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Aquatic toxicology]]{{·w}}[[Benthos]]{{·w}}[[Bioluminescence]]{{·w}}[[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]{{·w}}[[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]{{·w}}[[Colored dissolved organic matter]]{{·w}}[[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]{{·w}}[[Ecohydrology]]{{·w}}[[Eutrophication]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries science]]{{·w}}[[Food chain]]{{·w}}[[Food web]]{{·w}}[[GIS and aquatic science]]{{·w}}[[Hydrobiology]]{{·w}}[[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]{{·w}}[[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]{{·w}}[[Microbial ecology]]{{·w}}[[Microbial food web]]{{·w}}[[Microbial loop]]{{·w}}[[Nekton]]{{·w}}[[Neuston]]{{·w}}[[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]{{·w}}[[Photic zone]]{{·w}}[[Phytoplankton]]{{·w}}[[Plankton]]{{·w}}[[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]{{·w}}[[Ramsar Convention]]{{·w}}[[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]{{·w}}[[Sediment trap]]{{·w}}[[Siltation]]{{·w}}[[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]{{·w}}[[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]{{·w}}[[Thermal pollution]]{{·w}}[[Trophic level]]{{·w}}[[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]{{·w}}[[Water column]]{{·w}}[[Zooplankton]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Freshwater ecosystem]]s{{·w}}[[Brackish marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biology]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater biome]]s{{·w}}[[Freshwater fish]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater  marsh]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater swamp forest]]{{·w}}[[Hyporheic zone]]{{·w}}[[Lake ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Landscape limnology]]{{·w}}[[Limnology]]{{·w}}[[Lake stratification]]{{·w}}[[Macrophyte]]{{·w}}[[Pond]]{{·w}}[[Fish pond]]{{·w}}[[Rheotaxis]]{{·w}}[[River ecosystems]]{{·w}}[[Stream bed]]{{·w}}[[Stream pool]]{{·w}}[[Trophic state index]]{{·w}}[[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]{{·w}}[[Water garden]]{{·w}}[[Wetland]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[List of marine ecoregions]]{{·w}}[[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]{{·w}}[[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]{{·w}}[[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]{{·w}}[[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]{{nowrap end}}
}}

|sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s - [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
|abbr2 = marine
|list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  |image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  |groupstyle = padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;&lt;!--reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines--&gt; width:5.5em; background:#ABBEDC;
  |liststyle  = padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em; &lt;!--otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole--&gt; width:auto;

|group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
|list1  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[f-ratio]]{{·w}}[[Iron fertilization]]{{·w}}[[Iron Hypothesis]]{{·w}}[[Large marine ecosystem]]{{·w}}[[Marine biology]]{{·w}}[[Marine chemistry]]{{·w}}[[Marine snow]]{{·w}}[[Ocean nourishment]]{{·w}}[[Oceanic physical-biological process]]{{·w}}[[Ocean turbidity]]{{·w}}[[Photophore]]{{·w}}[[Thorson's rule]]{{·w}}[[Upwelling]]{{·w}}[[Whale fall]]{{·w}}[[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]{{nowrap end}}

|group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
|list2  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Census of Marine Life]]{{·w}}[[Coastal fish]]{{·w}}[[Coral reef fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea communities]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea creature]]{{·w}}[[Deep sea fish]]{{·w}}[[Deep water coral]]s{{·w}}[[Demersal fish]]{{·w}}[[Marine bacteriophage]]{{·w}}[[Marine invertebrates]]{{·w}}[[Marine larval ecology]]{{·w}}[[Marine mammal]]{{·w}}[[Marine reptile]]{{·w}}[[Marine vertebrate]]{{·w}}[[Paradox of the plankton]]{{·w}}[[Pelagic fish]]{{·w}}[[Seabird]]{{·w}}[[Seashore wildlife]]{{·w}}[[Wild fisheries]]{{nowrap end}}

|group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
|list3  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Bay mud]]{{·w}}[[Black smoker]]s{{·w}}[[Coastal biogeomorphology]]{{·w}}[[Cold seep]]s{{·w}}[[Coral reef]]s{{·w}}[[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]{{·w}}[[Estuary|Estuaries]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal ecology]]{{·w}}[[Intertidal wetland]]{{·w}}[[Kelp forests]]{{·w}}[[Hydrothermal vent]]{{·w}}[[Lagoon]]s{{·w}}[[Mangrove]]s{{·w}}[[Marine biomes]]{{·w}}[[Marine habitats]]{{·w}}[[Mudflat]]{{·w}}[[Rocky shore]]s{{·w}}[[Salt marsh]]es{{·w}}[[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s{{·w}}[[Sponge reef]]s{{·w}}[[Tide pool]]s{{nowrap end}}

|group4 = Issues
|list4  = {{nowrap begin}}[[Ecological values of mangrove]]{{·w}}[[Fisheries and climate change]]{{·w}}[[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation]]{{·w}}[[Marine conservation activism]]{{·w}}[[Marine pollution]]{{·w}}[[Marine Protected Area]]{{nowrap end}}
 }}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5u07tj7zv6qhcuzgrac0ll9ujpcjgiz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673113</id>
      <parentid>673112</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-10-29T01:44:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>One Ton Depot</username>
        <id>49111</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>per discussion at [[Template talk:Physical oceanography#Colouring]]; consensus for flatlist, discussion re liststyling and colour ongoing...</comment>
      <origin>673113</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5734" sha1="omkwno0geohb3wejpoz3n9e3fzm0v4k" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible sections
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| basestyle = background: #ABBEDC;

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s – [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupstyle = padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em; &lt;!-- reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines --&gt; width: 5.5em; background: #ABBEDC;
  | liststyle  = padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em; &lt;!-- otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole --&gt;

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]
}}

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystems]]
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystems]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]
}}

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s – [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupstyle = padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em; &lt;!-- reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines --&gt; width: 5.5em; background: #ABBEDC;
  | liststyle  = padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em; &lt;!-- otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole --&gt;

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]
}}

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep water coral]]s
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]
}}

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forests]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s
}}

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>omkwno0geohb3wejpoz3n9e3fzm0v4k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673114</id>
      <parentid>673113</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-10-29T06:36:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>One Ton Depot</username>
        <id>49111</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Template:Navbox with collapsible groups]] width: auto;</comment>
      <origin>673114</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5768" sha1="hhqsjhcq3ud64ldhte7a8qqi4leeubo" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| basestyle = background: #ABBEDC;

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupstyle = padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em; &lt;!-- reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines --&gt; width: 5.5em; background: #ABBEDC;
  | liststyle  = padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em; &lt;!-- otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole --&gt; width: auto;

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]
}}

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystems]]
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystems]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]
}}

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupstyle = padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em; &lt;!-- reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines --&gt; width: 5.5em; background: #ABBEDC;
  | liststyle  = padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em; &lt;!-- otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole --&gt; width: auto;

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]
}}

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep water coral]]s
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]
}}

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forests]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s
}}

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hhqsjhcq3ud64ldhte7a8qqi4leeubo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673115</id>
      <parentid>673114</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-10-31T02:43:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Diannaa</username>
        <id>31234</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Use default colours per discussion at [[Template talk:Physical oceanography]]</comment>
      <origin>673115</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5691" sha1="ra0z3ihghvnn24l698wwon8yt8emq5r" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupstyle = padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em; &lt;!-- reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines --&gt; width: 5.5em;
  | liststyle  = padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em; &lt;!-- otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole --&gt; width: auto;

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]
}}

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystems]]
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystems]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]
}}

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupstyle = padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em; &lt;!-- reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines --&gt; width: 5.5em;
  | liststyle  = padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em; &lt;!-- otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole --&gt; width: auto;

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]
}}

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep water coral]]s
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]
}}

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forests]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s
}}

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ra0z3ihghvnn24l698wwon8yt8emq5r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673116</id>
      <parentid>673115</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-10-31T04:20:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Diannaa</username>
        <id>31234</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add title</comment>
      <origin>673116</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5715" sha1="orcvdu4beddryudwxi2ombhg4texw7l" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupstyle = padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em; &lt;!-- reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines --&gt; width: 5.5em;
  | liststyle  = padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em; &lt;!-- otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole --&gt; width: auto;

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]
}}

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystems]]
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystems]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]
}}

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupstyle = padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em; &lt;!-- reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines --&gt; width: 5.5em;
  | liststyle  = padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em; &lt;!-- otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole --&gt; width: auto;

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]
}}

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep water coral]]s
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]
}}

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forests]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s
}}

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>orcvdu4beddryudwxi2ombhg4texw7l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673117</id>
      <parentid>673116</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-10-31T04:53:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Diannaa</username>
        <id>31234</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undid revision 458245309 by [[Special:Contributions/Diannaa|Diannaa]] ([[User talk:Diannaa|talk]])</comment>
      <origin>673117</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5691" sha1="ra0z3ihghvnn24l698wwon8yt8emq5r" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupstyle = padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em; &lt;!-- reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines --&gt; width: 5.5em;
  | liststyle  = padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em; &lt;!-- otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole --&gt; width: auto;

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]
}}

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystems]]
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystems]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]
}}

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupstyle = padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em; &lt;!-- reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines --&gt; width: 5.5em;
  | liststyle  = padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em; &lt;!-- otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole --&gt; width: auto;

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]
}}

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep water coral]]s
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]
}}

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forests]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s
}}

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
{{flatlist |
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ra0z3ihghvnn24l698wwon8yt8emq5r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673118</id>
      <parentid>673117</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-11-18T20:01:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WOSlinker</username>
        <id>3423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>listclass=hlist instead of flatlist</comment>
      <origin>673118</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5587" sha1="jk9ho8bqfqzhbzioltqq15u77kzexea" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupstyle = padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em; &lt;!-- reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines --&gt; width: 5.5em;
  | liststyle  = padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em; &lt;!-- otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole --&gt; width: auto;

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystems]]
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystems]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupstyle = padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em; &lt;!-- reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines --&gt; width: 5.5em;
  | liststyle  = padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em; &lt;!-- otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole --&gt; width: auto;

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep water coral]]s
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forests]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jk9ho8bqfqzhbzioltqq15u77kzexea</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673119</id>
      <parentid>673118</parentid>
      <timestamp>2012-01-27T04:56:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>~</comment>
      <origin>673119</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5587" sha1="qdcwjuls4de45zr9kezmsb247z9487i" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupstyle = padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em; &lt;!-- reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines --&gt; width: 5.5em;
  | liststyle  = padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em; &lt;!-- otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole --&gt; width: auto;

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]s
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]s
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupstyle = padding: 0.35em 1.0em; line-height: 1.1em; &lt;!-- reduces gap between wrapped groupname lines --&gt; width: 5.5em;
  | liststyle  = padding: 0.25em 0; line-height: 1.4em; &lt;!-- otherwise lists can appear to form continuous whole --&gt; width: auto;

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep water coral]]s
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forests]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qdcwjuls4de45zr9kezmsb247z9487i</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673120</id>
      <parentid>673119</parentid>
      <timestamp>2012-01-31T00:42:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Plastikspork</username>
        <id>14478</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Not necessary with hlist class</comment>
      <origin>673120</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5119" sha1="swmk6owsr3zf1xuhlh2m3ld0ktm4wz5" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]s
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]s
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep water coral]]s
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forests]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>swmk6owsr3zf1xuhlh2m3ld0ktm4wz5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673121</id>
      <parentid>673120</parentid>
      <timestamp>2012-02-03T02:02:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>plurals</comment>
      <origin>673121</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5122" sha1="8iotturc4p0nga244zrolyozfx17pq6" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]s
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]s
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep water coral]]s
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8iotturc4p0nga244zrolyozfx17pq6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673122</id>
      <parentid>673121</parentid>
      <timestamp>2012-03-26T18:46:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Stemonitis</username>
        <id>43245</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>direct link to [[deep-water coral]]</comment>
      <origin>673122</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5121" sha1="s20hvn9d6gr9efguzzszd0yy7jpypd2" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]s
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]s
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>s20hvn9d6gr9efguzzszd0yy7jpypd2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673123</id>
      <parentid>673122</parentid>
      <timestamp>2012-07-21T10:53:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MKar</username>
        <id>7681</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix</comment>
      <origin>673123</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5145" sha1="7b7sl6o0ef7kg9tdwnmkjkvklne3fhb" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]s
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]s
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7b7sl6o0ef7kg9tdwnmkjkvklne3fhb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673124</id>
      <parentid>673123</parentid>
      <timestamp>2012-07-21T11:47:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>that doesn't &quot;fix&quot; the template - it breaks it</comment>
      <origin>673124</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5121" sha1="s20hvn9d6gr9efguzzszd0yy7jpypd2" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]s
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]s
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters‎|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673125</id>
      <parentid>673124</parentid>
      <timestamp>2012-07-27T08:23:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>FrescoBot</username>
        <id>7343</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Bot: [[User:FrescoBot/Misplaced invisible LTR marks|misplaced invisible LTR marks]]</comment>
      <origin>673125</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5118" sha1="bierume5183xb6zdtx9q5uo2ncxqp42" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]s
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]s
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bierume5183xb6zdtx9q5uo2ncxqp42</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673126</id>
      <parentid>673125</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-02-22T00:59:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Funandtrvl</username>
        <id>4026</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fx</comment>
      <origin>673126</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5086" sha1="iw3lhyw2l3yydezjw6mznln65c2a4i3" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px|Estuary mouth|alt=Estuary mouth]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|''more'' ...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters]]
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]s
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]s
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|''more'' ...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 = {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px|Fish of the Maldives|alt=Fish of the Maldives]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean chemistry]]
* [[Ocean fertilization]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|''more'' ...]]

| group2 = [[Marine biology|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673127</id>
      <parentid>673126</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-02-22T01:06:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Funandtrvl</username>
        <id>4026</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add cat</comment>
      <origin>673127</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5117" sha1="lcmg87urhaqlau1kz7o8cso380pp1eq" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px|Estuary mouth|alt=Estuary mouth]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|''more'' ...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters]]
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]s
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]s
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|''more'' ...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 = {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px|Fish of the Maldives|alt=Fish of the Maldives]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean chemistry]]
* [[Ocean fertilization]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|''more'' ...]]

| group2 = [[Marine biology|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lcmg87urhaqlau1kz7o8cso380pp1eq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673128</id>
      <parentid>673127</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-02-22T01:48:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>if you are going to complicate the template in this way then you need to go and correct the template state for all the articles that use the template</comment>
      <origin>673128</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5149" sha1="q4h004epln5li7a76njh5985wslncid" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]s
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]s
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>q4h004epln5li7a76njh5985wslncid</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673129</id>
      <parentid>673128</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-03-05T19:12:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Sobreira</username>
        <id>56731</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673129</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5164" sha1="5up54c5g90b7yarcgztbfic5660ll15" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]s
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]s
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5up54c5g90b7yarcgztbfic5660ll15</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673130</id>
      <parentid>673129</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-10-22T19:11:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Salt pannes and pools]]</comment>
      <origin>673130</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5192" sha1="8yz4yugazc4ryr63maugvdg2vaiop1m" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]s
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]s
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Iron Hypothesis]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8yz4yugazc4ryr63maugvdg2vaiop1m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673131</id>
      <parentid>673130</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-04-13T03:17:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>trim red link</comment>
      <origin>673131</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5170" sha1="ke20o6gtca646co35bugrv5w76i3b20" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic insects]]
* [[Pelagic zone|Aquatic layers]]
* [[Aquatic mammal]]s
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater ecosystem]]s
* [[Brackish marsh]]
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]s
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]s
* [[Landscape limnology]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
* [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]s
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List of freshwater ecoregions]]
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine ecoregions]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Ecology of the Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine ecosystem]]
* [[f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Coastal fish]]
* [[Coral reef fish]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep sea fish]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Demersal fish]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ke20o6gtca646co35bugrv5w76i3b20</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673132</id>
      <parentid>673131</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-08-03T04:58:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LlywelynII</username>
        <id>21411</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>cleanup, grouping, and pruning of some duplicates</comment>
      <origin>673132</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5543" sha1="rgnos9tbjsw9aea4w8d7wlb3z7ihdom" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insects|Insects]]s
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry|Camouflage &amp; Mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems ([[Freshwater ecosystem|Freshwater]]
* [[Lake ecosystem|Lake]]
* [[River ecosystem|River]])
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]] ([[Fish pond]])
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]] ([[Brackish marsh|Brackish]] &amp; [[freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest|Swamp]]
* [[Bog]]
* [[Fen]])
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology|Biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry|Chemistry]]
* Ecosystems ([[Large marine ecosystem|Large marine]]
* [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]] ([[Coastal fish|Coastal]]
* [[Coral reef fish|Coral reef]]
* [[Deep sea fish|Deep sea]]
* [[Demersal fish|Demersal]]
* [[Pelagic fish|Pelagic]])
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertibrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]s
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rgnos9tbjsw9aea4w8d7wlb3z7ihdom</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673133</id>
      <parentid>673132</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-08-03T04:59:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LlywelynII</username>
        <id>21411</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>alpha order</comment>
      <origin>673133</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5543" sha1="n0bq674nkeygwf554zvrjudnwc5gvin" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insects|Insects]]s
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry|Camouflage &amp; Mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems ([[Freshwater ecosystem|Freshwater]]
* [[Lake ecosystem|Lake]]
* [[River ecosystem|River]])
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]] ([[Fish pond]])
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]] ([[Brackish marsh|Brackish]] &amp; [[freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest|Swamp]]
* [[Bog]]
* [[Fen]])
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology|Biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry|Chemistry]]
* Ecosystems ([[Large marine ecosystem|Large marine]]
* [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]] ([[Coastal fish|Coastal]]
* [[Coral reef fish|Coral reef]]
* [[Deep sea fish|Deep sea]]
* [[Demersal fish|Demersal]]
* [[Pelagic fish|Pelagic]])
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertibrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]s
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>n0bq674nkeygwf554zvrjudnwc5gvin</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673134</id>
      <parentid>673133</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-08-03T04:59:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LlywelynII</username>
        <id>21411</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>spellin</comment>
      <origin>673134</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5542" sha1="12kd0l20mrg22rrwsupc8p25jtgrgc0" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insects|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry|Camouflage &amp; Mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems ([[Freshwater ecosystem|Freshwater]]
* [[Lake ecosystem|Lake]]
* [[River ecosystem|River]])
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]] ([[Fish pond]])
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]] ([[Brackish marsh|Brackish]] &amp; [[freshwater  marsh]]
* [[Freshwater swamp forest|Swamp]]
* [[Bog]]
* [[Fen]])
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology|Biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry|Chemistry]]
* Ecosystems ([[Large marine ecosystem|Large marine]]
* [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]] ([[Coastal fish|Coastal]]
* [[Coral reef fish|Coral reef]]
* [[Deep sea fish|Deep sea]]
* [[Demersal fish|Demersal]]
* [[Pelagic fish|Pelagic]])
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertibrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]s
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>12kd0l20mrg22rrwsupc8p25jtgrgc0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673135</id>
      <parentid>673134</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-08-03T06:25:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>c/e</comment>
      <origin>673135</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5575" sha1="ku1viox3dm84z78lnvtauzce9lh5n72" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|&lt;includeonly&gt;autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insects|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry|Camouflage &amp; Mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology|Biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry|Chemistry]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ku1viox3dm84z78lnvtauzce9lh5n72</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673136</id>
      <parentid>673135</parentid>
      <timestamp>2015-02-27T02:51:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Beyond My Ken</username>
        <id>52789</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673136</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5575" sha1="5na1ziix6xlkpg4jw20coyjcrcq1n52" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insects|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry|Camouflage &amp; Mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology|Biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry|Chemistry]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5na1ziix6xlkpg4jw20coyjcrcq1n52</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673137</id>
      <parentid>673136</parentid>
      <timestamp>2015-03-27T16:56:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Deep scattering layer]],  [[Diel vertical migration]]</comment>
      <origin>673137</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5615" sha1="tnh61iotetortjnjhj4qq457c4a9dsl" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insects|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage and mimicry|Camouflage &amp; Mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland (freshwater ecology)|Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangrove]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tnh61iotetortjnjhj4qq457c4a9dsl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673138</id>
      <parentid>673137</parentid>
      <timestamp>2016-02-26T21:56:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LittleWink</username>
        <id>11288</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Redirect bypassing</comment>
      <origin>673138</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5626" sha1="szu8zfbufhjbng9pq3ecjeqnesl8xvz" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine biology|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>szu8zfbufhjbng9pq3ecjeqnesl8xvz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673139</id>
      <parentid>673138</parentid>
      <timestamp>2016-05-18T10:39:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chiswick Chap</username>
        <id>22576</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>def template behaviour</comment>
      <origin>673139</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5563" sha1="b2q32am7804p02jowuc3isghek1jufc" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state|autocollapse}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine biology|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>b2q32am7804p02jowuc3isghek1jufc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673140</id>
      <parentid>673139</parentid>
      <timestamp>2016-05-18T11:13:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>what is your rationale for removing the general default?</comment>
      <origin>673140</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5626" sha1="szu8zfbufhjbng9pq3ecjeqnesl8xvz" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = 
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine biology|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>szu8zfbufhjbng9pq3ecjeqnesl8xvz</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673141</id>
      <parentid>673140</parentid>
      <timestamp>2016-05-18T17:50:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Chiswick Chap</username>
        <id>22576</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fill title field, and comment on weird beh.</comment>
      <origin>673141</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5765" sha1="ttfa0hg0vtu85eugqh68m9qyg6mxxys" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = Aquatic ecosystem topics&lt;!--this restores normal bar with edit buttons--&gt;
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine biology|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ttfa0hg0vtu85eugqh68m9qyg6mxxys</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673142</id>
      <parentid>673141</parentid>
      <timestamp>2016-08-02T02:01:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Marine life]]</comment>
      <origin>673142</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5780" sha1="ekztpqzgif6bveffjdxwyfl39vb512k" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = Aquatic ecosystem topics&lt;!--this restores normal bar with edit buttons--&gt;
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life forms]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ekztpqzgif6bveffjdxwyfl39vb512k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673143</id>
      <parentid>673142</parentid>
      <timestamp>2016-09-28T05:55:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>trim, [[Marine microoganism]]</comment>
      <origin>673143</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5814" sha1="e42imhccu9q8j75cre13y9bbr4hzmda" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = Aquatic ecosystem topics&lt;!--this restores normal bar with edit buttons--&gt;
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microoganism|Microoganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>e42imhccu9q8j75cre13y9bbr4hzmda</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673144</id>
      <parentid>673143</parentid>
      <timestamp>2016-09-28T05:56:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>tsk</comment>
      <origin>673144</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5816" sha1="92d370xast5savdffsz93uydrdmhs4o" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = Aquatic ecosystem topics&lt;!--this restores normal bar with edit buttons--&gt;
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>92d370xast5savdffsz93uydrdmhs4o</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673145</id>
      <parentid>673144</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-15T15:55:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>RN1970</username>
        <id>64077</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>another</comment>
      <origin>673145</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5837" sha1="bpkajnbugenzyfx8b01elgqdl61q9vu" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = Aquatic ecosystem topics&lt;!--this restores normal bar with edit buttons--&gt;
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Black smoker]]s
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bpkajnbugenzyfx8b01elgqdl61q9vu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673146</id>
      <parentid>673145</parentid>
      <timestamp>2017-06-16T09:51:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>RN1970</username>
        <id>64077</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rm. repeat entry (black smoker redirects to hydrothermal vent, already in list)</comment>
      <origin>673146</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5817" sha1="bijzigq2fyuj7vv592dza2j8m1hj5rh" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = Aquatic ecosystem topics&lt;!--this restores normal bar with edit buttons--&gt;
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bijzigq2fyuj7vv592dza2j8m1hj5rh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673147</id>
      <parentid>673146</parentid>
      <timestamp>2018-11-24T21:18:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>The Transhumanist</username>
        <id>49087</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>The Transhumanist moved page [[Template:Aquatic ecosystem topics]] to [[Template:Aquatic ecosystems]]: plural naming convention</comment>
      <origin>673146</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5817" sha1="bijzigq2fyuj7vv592dza2j8m1hj5rh" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystem topics
| title = Aquatic ecosystem topics&lt;!--this restores normal bar with edit buttons--&gt;
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bijzigq2fyuj7vv592dza2j8m1hj5rh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673148</id>
      <parentid>673147</parentid>
      <timestamp>2018-11-24T21:19:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>The Transhumanist</username>
        <id>49087</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>update title and name</comment>
      <origin>673148</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5756" sha1="qllouym0dgr22yay7ce3f2epo8dr28r" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = Aquatic ecosystems
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qllouym0dgr22yay7ce3f2epo8dr28r</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673149</id>
      <parentid>673148</parentid>
      <timestamp>2018-11-28T07:26:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>The Transhumanist</username>
        <id>49087</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>portal link</comment>
      <origin>673149</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5829" sha1="4a593p7fvixgoadd8278d3h68ocuq7t" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = Aquatic ecosystems
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]

| below =
* {{icon|Portal}} '''[[Portal:Aquatic ecosystems|Portal]]'''

}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4a593p7fvixgoadd8278d3h68ocuq7t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673150</id>
      <parentid>673149</parentid>
      <timestamp>2018-12-04T06:07:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mr. Guye</username>
        <id>4688</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673150</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5851" sha1="4wovwnlwf6e5lcu8adxomv7olonynsy" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = Aquatic ecosystems
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| listclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]

| below =
* {{icon|Portal}} '''[[Portal:Aquatic ecosystems|Portal]]'''

}}

}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4wovwnlwf6e5lcu8adxomv7olonynsy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673151</id>
      <parentid>673150</parentid>
      <timestamp>2018-12-13T12:05:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Woodensuperman</username>
        <id>47269</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673151</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5842" sha1="2tw7cfswoazgijsanwfs59bz7uch02d" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = Aquatic ecosystems
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
}}
| below =
* {{icon|Portal}} [[Portal:Aquatic ecosystems|Portal]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2tw7cfswoazgijsanwfs59bz7uch02d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673152</id>
      <parentid>673151</parentid>
      <timestamp>2019-07-11T00:48:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add [[Marine algae and plants|Algae and plants]], remove portal</comment>
      <origin>673152</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5824" sha1="gr9hjnaxnji16710967cdsgld6zq871" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = Aquatic ecosystems
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine algae and plants|Algae and plants]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gr9hjnaxnji16710967cdsgld6zq871</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673153</id>
      <parentid>673152</parentid>
      <timestamp>2020-03-14T09:35:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Meiobenthos]], [[Macrobenthos]]</comment>
      <origin>673153</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5861" sha1="4huy0t5f2cm50xv7k5e1r90ebdtrmac" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = Aquatic ecosystems
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine algae and plants|Algae and plants]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4huy0t5f2cm50xv7k5e1r90ebdtrmac</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673154</id>
      <parentid>673153</parentid>
      <timestamp>2020-06-05T09:12:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add some</comment>
      <origin>673154</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6027" sha1="clklk2qthwm746feobmjokyhia3ux0j" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = Aquatic ecosystems
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Marine food web|Food web]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Marine primary production|Primary production]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes|Prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists|Protists]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Marine viruses|Viruses]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>clklk2qthwm746feobmjokyhia3ux0j</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673155</id>
      <parentid>673154</parentid>
      <timestamp>2020-06-05T09:16:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Viral shunt]]</comment>
      <origin>673155</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6045" sha1="kt9cut4uwduq44fdx3jb789x1wmsxuj" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = Aquatic ecosystems
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Marine food web|Food web]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Marine primary production|Primary production]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes|Prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists|Protists]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Marine viruses|Viruses]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kt9cut4uwduq44fdx3jb789x1wmsxuj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673156</id>
      <parentid>673155</parentid>
      <timestamp>2020-09-19T07:13:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Northamerica1000</username>
        <id>31320</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added to marine components box: | below= '''{{portal-inline|size=small|Oceans}}'''</comment>
      <origin>673156</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6096" sha1="sgoxrlfp9uj56tjc3m3uw82byt08r65" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = Aquatic ecosystems
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Marine food web|Food web]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Marine primary production|Primary production]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes|Prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists|Protists]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Marine viruses|Viruses]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Marine habitats]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
| below=
'''{{portal-inline|size=small|Oceans}}'''
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sgoxrlfp9uj56tjc3m3uw82byt08r65</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673157</id>
      <parentid>673156</parentid>
      <timestamp>2021-03-18T19:03:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Grammar SWAT認字特警</username>
        <id>64078</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Remove repetition</comment>
      <origin>673157</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6074" sha1="t5p2s1jm4nu68fg5mcoiktm0zp2dta5" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = Aquatic ecosystems
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Marine food web|Food web]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Marine primary production|Primary production]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes|Prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists|Protists]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Marine viruses|Viruses]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
| below=
'''{{portal-inline|size=small|Oceans}}'''
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>t5p2s1jm4nu68fg5mcoiktm0zp2dta5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673158</id>
      <parentid>673157</parentid>
      <timestamp>2021-05-06T17:36:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>A Congenital optimist</username>
        <id>64079</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added a type of reef</comment>
      <origin>673158</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6093" sha1="aslw0w3hnkoafq9pu58ljbaunvh5a4q" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = Aquatic ecosystems
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Marine food web|Food web]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Marine primary production|Primary production]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes|Prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists|Protists]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Marine viruses|Viruses]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Oyster reef]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
| below=
'''{{portal-inline|size=small|Oceans}}'''
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>aslw0w3hnkoafq9pu58ljbaunvh5a4q</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673159</id>
      <parentid>673158</parentid>
      <timestamp>2021-09-01T02:19:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Shibbolethink</username>
        <id>44092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>correct plug for template</comment>
      <origin>673159</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6108" sha1="pjh45qacir50gc0epgjguz8lvhktb54" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = Aquatic ecosystems
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio (oceanography)|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Marine food web|Food web]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Marine primary production|Primary production]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes|Prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists|Protists]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Marine viruses|Viruses]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Oyster reef]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
| below=
'''{{portal-inline|size=small|Oceans}}'''
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pjh45qacir50gc0epgjguz8lvhktb54</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673160</id>
      <parentid>673159</parentid>
      <timestamp>2021-11-25T10:41:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Marine coastal ecosystem|Marine coastal habitats]]</comment>
      <origin>673160</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6163" sha1="bn4mste791u0i3axth83uynimcwdvxa" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = Aquatic ecosystems
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio (oceanography)|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Marine food web|Food web]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Marine primary production|Primary production]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes|Prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists|Protists]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Marine viruses|Viruses]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Marine coastal ecosystem|Marine coastal habitats]]
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Oyster reef]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
| below=
'''{{portal-inline|size=small|Oceans}}'''
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bn4mste791u0i3axth83uynimcwdvxa</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673161</id>
      <parentid>673160</parentid>
      <timestamp>2021-11-25T10:42:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>reposition</comment>
      <origin>673161</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6163" sha1="cpz3yiwcb28vj6o4xouxhg0pnr92cxf" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = Aquatic ecosystems
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio (oceanography)|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Marine food web|Food web]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Marine primary production|Primary production]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes|Prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists|Protists]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Marine viruses|Viruses]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Marine coastal ecosystem|Marine coastal habitats]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Oyster reef]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
| below=
'''{{portal-inline|size=small|Oceans}}'''
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cpz3yiwcb28vj6o4xouxhg0pnr92cxf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673162</id>
      <parentid>673161</parentid>
      <timestamp>2021-11-26T09:17:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>adjust link</comment>
      <origin>673162</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6156" sha1="6p7u9fuptz1foyqx88341sxqyxyn2xg" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = Aquatic ecosystems
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio (oceanography)|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Marine food web|Food web]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Marine primary production|Primary production]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes|Prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists|Protists]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Marine viruses|Viruses]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitats|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Marine coastal ecosystem|Coastal habitats]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Oyster reef]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
| below=
'''{{portal-inline|size=small|Oceans}}'''
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>6p7u9fuptz1foyqx88341sxqyxyn2xg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673163</id>
      <parentid>673162</parentid>
      <timestamp>2023-08-15T05:13:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Wikishovel</username>
        <id>19181</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>673163</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6155" sha1="pg2r416c9a5smm349qikbb98hadfzs0" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = Aquatic ecosystems
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Ocean chemistry|Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio (oceanography)|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Marine food web|Food web]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Marine primary production|Primary production]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep sea communities]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganism|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes|Prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists|Protists]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Marine viruses|Viruses]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitat|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Marine coastal ecosystem|Coastal habitats]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Oyster reef]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
| below=
'''{{portal-inline|size=small|Oceans}}'''
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>pg2r416c9a5smm349qikbb98hadfzs0</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673164</id>
      <parentid>673163</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-03-13T19:51:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>SimLibrarian</username>
        <id>52776</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>make links direct</comment>
      <origin>673164</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6138" sha1="amryjngixpdr2b06vu7ews4dqoly8pl" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = Aquatic ecosystems
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Aquatic ecosystem|general]] and [[Freshwater biology|freshwater]] components
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = 
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Aquatic ecosystem|General]]
| list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation|Adaptation]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Agent-based models]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]s ([[Aquatic insect|Insects]]
* [[Aquatic mammal|Mammals]])
* [[Aquatic plant]]s
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Aquatic biodiversity research|Biodiversity research]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring|Biomonitoring]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Underwater camouflage|Camouflage and mimicry]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Aquatic ecosystem|Ecosystems]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Isotope analysis]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Aquatic predation|Predation]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Aquatic respiration|Respiration]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling|Schooling]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawning]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology|Toxicology]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]
* [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Fresh water|Freshwater]]
| list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology|Biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome|Biomes]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Freshwater ecosystem|freshwater]]
** [[Lake ecosystem|lake]]
** [[River ecosystem|river]]
* [[Freshwater fish|Fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Brackish marsh|brackish marsh]]
** [[freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest|swamp]]
** [[bog]]
** [[fen]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters|Environmental quality]]
* [[:Category:Freshwater ecology|More...]]

| group3 = [[Ecoregion]]s
| list3  =
* [[Ecoregion#Freshwater|Freshwater]] ([[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)|List]])
* [[Ecoregion#Marine|Marine]] ([[List of marine ecoregions|List]])
* [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|The Everglades]]
* [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
* [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|The North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
* [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|The San Francisco Estuary]]
}}

| sect2 = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s&amp;nbsp;– [[Marine ecosystem|marine]] components
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 =
 {{Navbox|child
  | image  = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
  | groupwidth = 5.5em

| group1 = [[Marine ecosystem|Marine]]
| list1  =
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* Ecosystems
** [[Large marine ecosystem|large marine]]
** [[Marine ecosystem|marine]])
* [[f-ratio (oceanography)|''f''-ratio]]
* [[Marine food web|Food web]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization|Ocean nourishment]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Marine primary production|Primary production]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]
* [[:Category:Marine biology|More...]]

| group2 = [[Marine life|Marine&lt;br /&gt;life]]
| list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage|Bacteriophages]]
* [[Census of Marine Life|Census]]
* [[Fish]]
** [[Coastal fish|coastal]]
** [[Coral reef fish|coral reef]]
** [[Deep-sea fish|deep sea]]
** [[Demersal fish|demersal]]
** [[Pelagic fish|pelagic]]
* [[Deep-sea community]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates|Invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology|Larvae]]
* [[Marine mammal|Mammals]]
* [[Marine life]]
* [[Marine microorganisms|Microorganisms]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes|Prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists|Protists]]
* [[Marine reptile|Reptiles]]
* [[Seabird]]s
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
* [[Marine viruses|Viruses]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

| group3 = [[Marine habitat|Marine&lt;br /&gt;habitats]]
| list3  =
* [[Marine coastal ecosystem|Coastal habitats]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Cold seep]]s
* [[Coral reef]]s
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount]]
* [[Estuary|Estuaries]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]s
* [[Kelp forest]]s
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]s
* [[Lagoon]]s
* [[Mangrove]]s
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Mudflat]]s
* [[Oyster reef]]s
* [[Rocky shore]]s
* [[Salt marsh]]es
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass|Seagrass meadow]]s
* [[Sponge ground]]s
* [[Sponge reef]]s
* [[Tide pool]]s

| group4 = Issues
| list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area|Marine Protected Area]]
| below=
'''{{portal-inline|size=small|Oceans}}'''
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>amryjngixpdr2b06vu7ews4dqoly8pl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673165</id>
      <parentid>673164</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-06-09T05:45:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Neutral0814</username>
        <id>20068</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rmv duplicate and redundant links, rmv redlink, [[WP:TRANSPARENCY]], added Lakes portal link</comment>
      <origin>673165</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5445" sha1="r7hdmi96vfxfilx0fuxcyw4dyrs59dr" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = General components and [[freshwater ecosystem]]s
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = {{Navbox|child
 | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
 | groupwidth = 5.5em
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]
** [[Aquatic insect|Insect]]
** [[Aquatic mammal|Mammal]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic plant]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Aquatic population dynamics]]
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawn]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]

 | group2 = Freshwater
 | list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters]]
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Bog]]
** [[Brackish marsh]]
** [[Fen]]
** [[Freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest]]

 | group3 = Ecoregions
 | list3  =
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar|Africa and Madagascar]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean|Latin America and the Caribbean]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* Specific examples
** [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Everglades]]
** [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
** [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
** [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|San Francisco Estuary]]
 }}

| sect2 = [[Marine ecosystem]]s
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 = {{Navbox|child
 | image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
 | groupwidth = 5.5em
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* [[f-ratio (oceanography)|f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine food web]]
* [[Marine primary production]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]

 | group2 = [[Marine life]]
 | list2  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Deep-sea community]]
* [[Deep sea creature]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine microorganisms]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists]]
* [[Marine vertebrate]]
* [[Marine viruses]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]
* [[Saltwater fish]]
** [[Coastal fish]]
** [[Coral reef fish]]
** [[Deep-sea fish]]
** [[Demersal fish]]
** [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
* [[Seagrass]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

 | group3 = [[Marine habitat]]s
 | list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Marine coastal ecosystem]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]
* [[Coral reef]]
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount § Ecology]]
* [[Estuary]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forest]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]
* [[Mangrove]]
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Oyster reef]]
* [[Rocky shore]]
* [[Salt marsh]]
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass meadow]]
* [[Sponge ground]]
* [[Sponge reef]]
* [[Tide pool]]

 | group4 = [[Marine conservation|Conservation]]
 | list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area]]
 }}

| below =
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Lakes|size=tiny}}}}
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Oceans|size=tiny}}}}
* {{icon|CAT}} [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|Category]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>r7hdmi96vfxfilx0fuxcyw4dyrs59dr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673166</id>
      <parentid>673165</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-06-09T05:57:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Neutral0814</username>
        <id>20068</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673166</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5505" sha1="ru2egl3xieblew66l64mctftn5ovphc" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = General components and [[freshwater ecosystem]]s
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = {{Navbox|child
 | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]
** [[Aquatic insect|Insect]]
** [[Aquatic mammal|Mammal]]
** [[Water bird]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic plant]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Aquatic population dynamics]]
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawn]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]

 | group2 = Freshwater
 | list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters]]
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Bog]]
** [[Brackish marsh]]
** [[Fen]]
** [[Freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest]]

 | group3 = Ecoregions
 | list3  =
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar|Africa and Madagascar]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean|Latin America and the Caribbean]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* Specific examples
** [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Everglades]]
** [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
** [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
** [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|San Francisco Estuary]]
 }}

| sect2 = [[Marine ecosystem]]s
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 = {{Navbox|child
 | image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* [[f-ratio (oceanography)|f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine food web]]
* [[Marine primary production]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]

 | group2 = [[Marine life]]
 | list2  = {{Navbox|child
  | list1  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Deep-sea community]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Seagrass]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

  | group2 = [[Marine microorganisms|Microorganisms]]
  | list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists]]
* [[Marine viruses]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]

  | group3 = [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
  | list3  =
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Saltwater fish]]
** [[Coastal fish]]
** [[Coral reef fish]]
** [[Deep-sea fish]]
** [[Demersal fish]]
** [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
  }}

 | group3 = [[Marine habitat]]s
 | list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Marine coastal ecosystem]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]
* [[Coral reef]]
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount § Ecology]]
* [[Estuary]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forest]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]
* [[Mangrove]]
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Oyster reef]]
* [[Rocky shore]]
* [[Salt marsh]]
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass meadow]]
* [[Sponge ground]]
* [[Sponge reef]]
* [[Tide pool]]

 | group4 = [[Marine conservation|Conservation]]
 | list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area]]
 }}

| below =
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Lakes|size=tiny}}}}
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Oceans|size=tiny}}}}
* {{icon|CAT}} [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|Category]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ru2egl3xieblew66l64mctftn5ovphc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673167</id>
      <parentid>673166</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-06-09T05:59:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Neutral0814</username>
        <id>20068</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>added [[Marine fungi]]</comment>
      <origin>673167</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5524" sha1="dannyjog89d9raatwecbm8ntmo2yf3e" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = General components and [[freshwater ecosystem]]s
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = {{Navbox|child
 | image  = [[File:Estuary-mouth.jpg|140px]]
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]
** [[Aquatic insect|Insect]]
** [[Aquatic mammal|Mammal]]
** [[Water bird]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic plant]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Aquatic population dynamics]]
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawn]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]

 | group2 = Freshwater
 | list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters]]
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Bog]]
** [[Brackish marsh]]
** [[Fen]]
** [[Freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest]]

 | group3 = Ecoregions
 | list3  =
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar|Africa and Madagascar]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean|Latin America and the Caribbean]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* Specific examples
** [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Everglades]]
** [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
** [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
** [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|San Francisco Estuary]]
 }}

| sect2 = [[Marine ecosystem]]s
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 = {{Navbox|child
 | image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* [[f-ratio (oceanography)|f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine food web]]
* [[Marine primary production]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]

 | group2 = [[Marine life]]
 | list2  = {{Navbox|child
  | list1  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Deep-sea community]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine fungi]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Seagrass]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

  | group2 = [[Marine microorganisms|Microorganisms]]
  | list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists]]
* [[Marine viruses]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]

  | group3 = [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
  | list3  =
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Saltwater fish]]
** [[Coastal fish]]
** [[Coral reef fish]]
** [[Deep-sea fish]]
** [[Demersal fish]]
** [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
  }}

 | group3 = [[Marine habitat]]s
 | list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Marine coastal ecosystem]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]
* [[Coral reef]]
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount § Ecology]]
* [[Estuary]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forest]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]
* [[Mangrove]]
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Oyster reef]]
* [[Rocky shore]]
* [[Salt marsh]]
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass meadow]]
* [[Sponge ground]]
* [[Sponge reef]]
* [[Tide pool]]

 | group4 = [[Marine conservation|Conservation]]
 | list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area]]
 }}

| below =
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Lakes|size=tiny}}}}
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Oceans|size=tiny}}}}
* {{icon|CAT}} [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|Category]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dannyjog89d9raatwecbm8ntmo2yf3e</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673168</id>
      <parentid>673167</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-08-16T21:57:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Андрей Романенко</username>
        <id>17902</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673168</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5592" sha1="n4zvpl5xorgzrfgmleuwbzr8s6u3x86" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = General components and [[freshwater ecosystem]]s
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = {{Navbox|child
 | image  = [[File:Aerial view of Slapton Sands and northern part of Ley - geograph.org.uk - 1434412.jpg|140px]]
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]
** [[Aquatic insect|Insect]]
** [[Aquatic mammal|Mammal]]
** [[Water bird]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic plant]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Aquatic population dynamics]]
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawn]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]

 | group2 = Freshwater
 | list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters]]
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Bog]]
** [[Brackish marsh]]
** [[Fen]]
** [[Freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest]]

 | group3 = Ecoregions
 | list3  =
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar|Africa and Madagascar]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean|Latin America and the Caribbean]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* Specific examples
** [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Everglades]]
** [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
** [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
** [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|San Francisco Estuary]]
 }}

| sect2 = [[Marine ecosystem]]s
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 = {{Navbox|child
 | image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* [[f-ratio (oceanography)|f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine food web]]
* [[Marine primary production]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]

 | group2 = [[Marine life]]
 | list2  = {{Navbox|child
  | list1  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Deep-sea community]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine fungi]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Seagrass]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

  | group2 = [[Marine microorganisms|Microorganisms]]
  | list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists]]
* [[Marine viruses]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]

  | group3 = [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
  | list3  =
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Saltwater fish]]
** [[Coastal fish]]
** [[Coral reef fish]]
** [[Deep-sea fish]]
** [[Demersal fish]]
** [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
  }}

 | group3 = [[Marine habitat]]s
 | list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Marine coastal ecosystem]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]
* [[Coral reef]]
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount § Ecology]]
* [[Estuary]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forest]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]
* [[Mangrove]]
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Oyster reef]]
* [[Rocky shore]]
* [[Salt marsh]]
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass meadow]]
* [[Sponge ground]]
* [[Sponge reef]]
* [[Tide pool]]

 | group4 = [[Marine conservation|Conservation]]
 | list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area]]
 }}

| below =
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Lakes|size=tiny}}}}
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Oceans|size=tiny}}}}
* {{icon|CAT}} [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|Category]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>n4zvpl5xorgzrfgmleuwbzr8s6u3x86</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673169</id>
      <parentid>673168</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-01-25T10:55:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>182.218.211.231</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673169</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5686" sha1="dhen063p83rcnbk0ydivg27u0d94zx7" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = General components and [[freshwater ecosystem]]s
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = {{Navbox|child
 | image  = [[File:Aerial view of Slapton Sands and northern part of Ley - geograph.org.uk - 1434412.jpg|140px]]
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]
** [[Aquatic insect|Insect]]
** [[Aquatic mammal|Mammal]]
** [[Water bird]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic plant]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Aquatic population dynamics]]
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Semiaquatic]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawn]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems]]
* [[Stream metabolism]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]

 | group2 = Freshwater
 | list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters]]
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River ecosystem]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Bog]]
** [[Brackish marsh]]
** [[Fen]]
** [[Freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest]]

 | group3 = Ecoregions
 | list3  =
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar|Africa and Madagascar]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean|Latin America and the Caribbean]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* Specific examples
** [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Everglades]]
** [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
** [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
** [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|San Francisco Estuary]]
 }}

| sect2 = [[Marine ecosystem]]s ([[Template:Marine aquatic ecosystems|components]])
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 = {{Navbox|child
 | image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* [[f-ratio (oceanography)|f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine food web]]
* [[Marine primary production]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]

 | group2 = [[Marine life]]
 | list2  = {{Navbox|child
  | list1  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Deep-sea community]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine fungi]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Seagrass]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

  | group2 = [[Marine microorganisms|Microorganisms]]
  | list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists]]
* [[Marine viruses]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]

  | group3 = [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
  | list3  =
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Saltwater fish]]
** [[Coastal fish]]
** [[Coral reef fish]]
** [[Deep-sea fish]]
** [[Demersal fish]]
** [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
  }}

 | group3 = [[Marine habitat]]s
 | list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Marine coastal ecosystem]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]
* [[Coral reef]]
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount § Ecology]]
* [[Estuary]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forest]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]
* [[Mangrove]]
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Oyster reef]]
* [[Rocky shore]]
* [[Salt marsh]]
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass meadow]]
* [[Sponge ground]]
* [[Sponge reef]]
* [[Tide pool]]

 | group4 = [[Marine conservation|Conservation]]
 | list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area]]
 }}

| below =
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Lakes|size=tiny}}}}
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Oceans|size=tiny}}}}
* {{icon|CAT}} [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|Category]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dhen063p83rcnbk0ydivg27u0d94zx7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673170</id>
      <parentid>673169</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-04-01T21:59:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>182.218.211.231</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673170</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5709" sha1="ieqtvahxi59we3fjb1ajlxkh5i8am2n" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = General components and [[freshwater ecosystem]]s
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = {{Navbox|child
 | image  = [[File:Aerial view of Slapton Sands and northern part of Ley - geograph.org.uk - 1434412.jpg|140px]]
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]
** [[Aquatic insect|Insect]]
** [[Aquatic mammal|Mammal]]
** [[Water bird]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic plant]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Aquatic population dynamics]]
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Semiaquatic]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawn]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems]]
* [[Stream metabolism]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]

 | group2 = Freshwater
 | list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters]]
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River]]
** [[River ecosystem|Ecosystem]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Bog]]
** [[Brackish marsh]]
** [[Fen]]
** [[Freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest]]

 | group3 = Ecoregions
 | list3  =
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar|Africa and Madagascar]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean|Latin America and the Caribbean]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* Specific examples
** [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Everglades]]
** [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
** [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
** [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|San Francisco Estuary]]
 }}

| sect2 = [[Marine ecosystem]]s ([[Template:Marine aquatic ecosystems|components]])
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 = {{Navbox|child
 | image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* [[f-ratio (oceanography)|f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine food web]]
* [[Marine primary production]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]

 | group2 = [[Marine life]]
 | list2  = {{Navbox|child
  | list1  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Deep-sea community]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine fungi]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Seagrass]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

  | group2 = [[Marine microorganisms|Microorganisms]]
  | list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists]]
* [[Marine viruses]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]

  | group3 = [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
  | list3  =
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Saltwater fish]]
** [[Coastal fish]]
** [[Coral reef fish]]
** [[Deep-sea fish]]
** [[Demersal fish]]
** [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
  }}

 | group3 = [[Marine habitat]]s
 | list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Marine coastal ecosystem]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]
* [[Coral reef]]
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount § Ecology]]
* [[Estuary]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forest]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]
* [[Mangrove]]
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Oyster reef]]
* [[Rocky shore]]
* [[Salt marsh]]
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass meadow]]
* [[Sponge ground]]
* [[Sponge reef]]
* [[Tide pool]]

 | group4 = [[Marine conservation|Conservation]]
 | list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area]]
 }}

| below =
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Lakes|size=tiny}}}}
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Oceans|size=tiny}}}}
* {{icon|CAT}} [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|Category]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ieqtvahxi59we3fjb1ajlxkh5i8am2n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673171</id>
      <parentid>673170</parentid>
      <timestamp>2025-09-14T07:30:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Epipelagic</username>
        <id>48023</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Mycoloop]]</comment>
      <origin>673171</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5724" sha1="i0rsil5mbiht2tmu1i7ykrb1xau9hyc" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = General components and [[freshwater ecosystem]]s
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = {{Navbox|child
 | image  = [[File:Aerial view of Slapton Sands and northern part of Ley - geograph.org.uk - 1434412.jpg|140px]]
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]
** [[Aquatic insect|Insect]]
** [[Aquatic mammal|Mammal]]
** [[Water bird]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic plant]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Aquatic population dynamics]]
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Mycoloop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Semiaquatic]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawn]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems]]
* [[Stream metabolism]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]

 | group2 = Freshwater
 | list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters]]
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River]]
** [[River ecosystem|Ecosystem]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Bog]]
** [[Brackish marsh]]
** [[Fen]]
** [[Freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest]]

 | group3 = Ecoregions
 | list3  =
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar|Africa and Madagascar]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean|Latin America and the Caribbean]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* Specific examples
** [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Everglades]]
** [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
** [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
** [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|San Francisco Estuary]]
 }}

| sect2 = [[Marine ecosystem]]s ([[Template:Marine aquatic ecosystems|components]])
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 = {{Navbox|child
 | image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* [[f-ratio (oceanography)|f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine food web]]
* [[Marine primary production]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]

 | group2 = [[Marine life]]
 | list2  = {{Navbox|child
  | list1  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Deep-sea community]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine fungi]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Seagrass]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

  | group2 = [[Marine microorganisms|Microorganisms]]
  | list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists]]
* [[Marine viruses]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]

  | group3 = [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
  | list3  =
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
* [[Saltwater fish]]
** [[Coastal fish]]
** [[Coral reef fish]]
** [[Deep-sea fish]]
** [[Demersal fish]]
** [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
  }}

 | group3 = [[Marine habitat]]s
 | list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Marine coastal ecosystem]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]
* [[Coral reef]]
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount § Ecology]]
* [[Estuary]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forest]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]
* [[Mangrove]]
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Oyster reef]]
* [[Rocky shore]]
* [[Salt marsh]]
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass meadow]]
* [[Sponge ground]]
* [[Sponge reef]]
* [[Tide pool]]

 | group4 = [[Marine conservation|Conservation]]
 | list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area]]
 }}

| below =
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Lakes|size=tiny}}}}
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Oceans|size=tiny}}}}
* {{icon|CAT}} [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|Category]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i0rsil5mbiht2tmu1i7ykrb1xau9hyc</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673172</id>
      <parentid>673171</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-02-14T08:41:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>en&gt;~2026-99472-6</username>
        <id>0</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673172</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5760" sha1="fkg81mk3nvtfub6g8v0aaojv4c4vw94" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = General components and [[freshwater ecosystem]]s
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = {{Navbox|child
 | image  = [[File:Aerial view of Slapton Sands and northern part of Ley - geograph.org.uk - 1434412.jpg|140px]]
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]
** [[Aquatic insect|Insect]]
** [[Aquatic mammal|Mammal]]
** [[Water bird]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic plant]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Aquatic population dynamics]]
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Mycoloop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Semiaquatic]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawn]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems]]
* [[Stream metabolism]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]

 | group2 = Freshwater
 | list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters]]
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River]]
** [[River ecosystem|Ecosystem]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Bog]]
** [[Brackish marsh]]
** [[Fen]]
** [[Freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest]]

 | group3 = Ecoregions
 | list3  =
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar|Africa and Madagascar]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean|Latin America and the Caribbean]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* Specific examples
** [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Everglades]]
** [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
** [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
** [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|San Francisco Estuary]]
 }}

| sect2 = [[Marine ecosystem]]s ([[Template:Marine aquatic ecosystems|components]])
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 = {{Navbox|child
 | image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* [[f-ratio (oceanography)|f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine food web]]
* [[Marine primary production]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]

 | group2 = [[Marine life]]
 | list2  = {{Navbox|child
  | list1  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Deep-sea community]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine fungi]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Seagrass]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

  | group2 = [[Marine microorganisms|Microorganisms]]
  | list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists]]
* [[Marine viruses]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]

  | group3 = [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
  | list3  =
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
** [[List of marine reptiles|list]]
* [[Saltwater fish]]
** [[Coastal fish]]
** [[Coral reef fish]]
** [[Deep-sea fish]]
** [[Demersal fish]]
** [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
  }}

 | group3 = [[Marine habitat]]s
 | list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Marine coastal ecosystem]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]
* [[Coral reef]]
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount § Ecology]]
* [[Estuary]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forest]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]
* [[Mangrove]]
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Oyster reef]]
* [[Rocky shore]]
* [[Salt marsh]]
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass meadow]]
* [[Sponge ground]]
* [[Sponge reef]]
* [[Tide pool]]

 | group4 = [[Marine conservation|Conservation]]
 | list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area]]
 }}

| below =
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Lakes|size=tiny}}}}
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Oceans|size=tiny}}}}
* {{icon|CAT}} [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|Category]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fkg81mk3nvtfub6g8v0aaojv4c4vw94</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673173</id>
      <parentid>673172</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T12:42:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>King ChristLike</username>
        <id>13051</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>227 revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Aquatic_ecosystems]]</comment>
      <origin>673172</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5760" sha1="fkg81mk3nvtfub6g8v0aaojv4c4vw94" xml:space="preserve">{{Navbox with collapsible groups
| name  = Aquatic ecosystems
| title = [[Aquatic ecosystem]]s
| state = {{{state&lt;includeonly&gt;|autocollapse&lt;/includeonly&gt;}}}
| selected = {{{expanded|general}}}&lt;!--aargh! this causes template to stick open, very undesirable--&gt;
| bodyclass = hlist

| sect1 = General components and [[freshwater ecosystem]]s
| abbr1 = general
| list1 = {{Navbox|child
 | image  = [[File:Aerial view of Slapton Sands and northern part of Ley - geograph.org.uk - 1434412.jpg|140px]]
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Acoustic ecology]]
* [[Algal bloom]]
* [[Anoxic waters]]
* [[Aquatic adaptation]]
* [[Aquatic animal]]
** [[Aquatic insect|Insect]]
** [[Aquatic mammal|Mammal]]
** [[Water bird]]
* [[Aquatic biomonitoring]]
* [[Aquatic plant]]
* [[Agent-based model in biology#Aquatic population dynamics|Aquatic population dynamics]]
* [[Aquatic predation]]
* [[Aquatic respiration]]
* [[Aquatic science]]
* [[Aquatic toxicology]]
* [[Benthos]]
* [[Bioluminescence]]
* [[Biomass (ecology)|Biomass]]
* [[Cascade effect (ecology)|Cascade effect]]
* [[Colored dissolved organic matter]]
* [[Dead zone (ecology)|Dead zone]]
* [[Ecohydrology]]
* [[Eutrophication]]
* [[Fisheries science]]
* [[Food chain]]
* [[Food web]]
* [[GIS and aquatic science]]
* [[Hydrobiology]]
* [[Hypoxia (environmental)|Hypoxia]]
* [[Macrobenthos]]
* [[Meiobenthos]]
* [[Microbial ecology]]
* [[Microbial food web]]
* [[Microbial loop]]
* [[Mycoloop]]
* [[Nekton]]
* [[Neuston]]
* [[Particle (ecology)|Particle]]
* [[Pelagic zone]]
* [[Photic zone]]
* [[Phytoplankton]]
* [[Plankton]]
* [[Pleuston]]
* [[Productivity (ecology)|Productivity]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Sediment trap]]
* [[Semiaquatic]]
* [[Shoaling and schooling]]
* [[Siltation]]
* [[Spawn (biology)|Spawn]]
* [[Isotope analysis#Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems|Stable isotope analysis in aquatic ecosystems]]
* [[Stream metabolism]]
* [[Substrate (marine biology)|Substrate]]
* [[Thermal pollution]]
* [[Trophic level]]
* [[Underwater camouflage]]
* [[Water column]]
* [[Zooplankton]]

 | group2 = Freshwater
 | list2  =
* [[Freshwater biology]]
* [[Freshwater biome]]
* [[Freshwater environmental quality parameters]]
* [[Freshwater fish]]
* [[Hyporheic zone]]
* [[Limnology]]
* [[Lake ecosystem]]
* [[Lake stratification]]
* [[Macrophyte]]
* [[Pond]]
** [[Fish pond]]
* [[Rheotaxis]]
* [[River]]
** [[River ecosystem|Ecosystem]]
* [[Stream bed]]
* [[Stream pool]]
* [[Trophic state index]]
* [[Upland and lowland]]
* [[Water garden]]
* [[Wetland]]
** [[Bog]]
** [[Brackish marsh]]
** [[Fen]]
** [[Freshwater marsh]]
** [[Freshwater swamp forest]]

 | group3 = Ecoregions
 | list3  =
* [[List of freshwater ecoregions (WWF)]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions in Africa and Madagascar|Africa and Madagascar]]
** [[List of freshwater ecoregions of Latin America and the Caribbean|Latin America and the Caribbean]]
* [[List of marine ecoregions]]
* Specific examples
** [[Geography and ecology of the Everglades|Everglades]]
** [[Freshwater ecology of Maharashtra|Maharashtra]]
** [[Ecosystem of the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre|North Pacific Subtropical Gyre]]
** [[Ecology of the San Francisco Estuary|San Francisco Estuary]]
 }}

| sect2 = [[Marine ecosystem]]s ([[Template:Marine aquatic ecosystems|components]])
| abbr2 = marine
| list2 = {{Navbox|child
 | image = [[File:Maldivesfish2.jpg|140px]]
 | group1 = General
 | list1  =
* [[Deep scattering layer]]
* [[Diel vertical migration]]
* [[f-ratio (oceanography)|f-ratio]]
* [[Iron fertilization]]
* [[Large marine ecosystem]]
* [[Marine biology]]
* [[Marine chemistry]]
* [[Marine food web]]
* [[Marine primary production]]
* [[Marine snow]]
* [[Ocean fertilization]]
* [[Oceanic physical-biological process]]
* [[Ocean turbidity]]
* [[Photophore]]
* [[Thorson's rule]]
* [[Upwelling]]
* [[Viral shunt]]
* [[Whale fall]]

 | group2 = [[Marine life]]
 | list2  = {{Navbox|child
  | list1  =
* [[Census of Marine Life]]
* [[Deep-sea community]]
* [[Deep-water coral]]
* [[Marine fungi]]
* [[Marine invertebrates]]
* [[Marine larval ecology]]
* [[Seagrass]]
* [[Seashore wildlife]]
* [[Wild fisheries]]

  | group2 = [[Marine microorganisms|Microorganisms]]
  | list2  =
* [[Marine bacteriophage]]
* [[Marine prokaryotes]]
* [[Marine protists]]
* [[Marine viruses]]
* [[Paradox of the plankton]]

  | group3 = [[Marine vertebrate|Vertebrates]]
  | list3  =
* [[Marine mammal]]
* [[Marine reptile]]
** [[List of marine reptiles|list]]
* [[Saltwater fish]]
** [[Coastal fish]]
** [[Coral reef fish]]
** [[Deep-sea fish]]
** [[Demersal fish]]
** [[Pelagic fish]]
* [[Seabird]]
  }}

 | group3 = [[Marine habitat]]s
 | list3  =
* [[Bay mud]]
* [[Marine coastal ecosystem]]
* [[Coastal biogeomorphology]]
* [[Cold seep]]
* [[Coral reef]]
* [[Davidson Seamount#Ecology|Davidson Seamount § Ecology]]
* [[Estuary]]
* [[Intertidal ecology]]
* [[Intertidal wetland]]
* [[Kelp forest]]
* [[Hydrothermal vent]]
* [[Lagoon]]
* [[Mangrove]]
* [[Marine biomes]]
* [[Mudflat]]
* [[Oyster reef]]
* [[Rocky shore]]
* [[Salt marsh]]
* [[Salt pannes and pools]]
* [[Seagrass meadow]]
* [[Sponge ground]]
* [[Sponge reef]]
* [[Tide pool]]

 | group4 = [[Marine conservation|Conservation]]
 | list4  =
* [[Coral bleaching]]
* [[Ecological values of mangroves]]
* [[Fisheries and climate change]]
* [[Hotspot Ecosystem Research and Man's Impact On European Seas|HERMIONE]]
* [[Human impact on marine life]]
* [[Marine conservation activism]]
* [[Marine pollution]]
* [[Marine protected area]]
 }}

| below =
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Lakes|size=tiny}}}}
* {{nowrap|{{portal-inline|Oceans|size=tiny}}}}
* {{icon|CAT}} [[:Category:Aquatic ecology|Category]]
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
[[Category:Ecology templates]]
[[Category:Fishing navigational boxes]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fkg81mk3nvtfub6g8v0aaojv4c4vw94</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Location map/data/South Africa Mpumalanga</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>77467</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673176</id>
      <timestamp>2018-03-19T14:12:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Frietjes</username>
        <id>14509</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>created from [[Template:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]], edit history will be saved in [[Module:Location map/data/South Africa Mpumalanga/doc]]</comment>
      <origin>673176</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="206" sha1="fx3ii36857vzgeiok86e5ru1eswkvpk" xml:space="preserve">return {
	name = 'Mpumalanga',
	top = -23.75,
	bottom = -27.75,
	left = 28,
	right = 32.25,
	image = 'South Africa Mpumalanga location map.svg',
	image1 = 'South Africa Mpumalanga relief location map.svg'
}</text>
      <sha1>fx3ii36857vzgeiok86e5ru1eswkvpk</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673177</id>
      <parentid>673176</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T12:48:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>King ChristLike</username>
        <id>13051</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>1 revision imported from [[:en:Module:Location_map/data/South_Africa_Mpumalanga]]</comment>
      <origin>673176</origin>
      <model>Scribunto</model>
      <format>text/plain</format>
      <text bytes="206" sha1="fx3ii36857vzgeiok86e5ru1eswkvpk" xml:space="preserve">return {
	name = 'Mpumalanga',
	top = -23.75,
	bottom = -27.75,
	left = 28,
	right = 32.25,
	image = 'South Africa Mpumalanga location map.svg',
	image1 = 'South Africa Mpumalanga relief location map.svg'
}</text>
      <sha1>fx3ii36857vzgeiok86e5ru1eswkvpk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Module:Location map/data/South Africa Mpumalanga/doc</title>
    <ns>828</ns>
    <id>77468</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673178</id>
      <timestamp>2010-02-02T00:58:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Htonl</username>
        <id>48167</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[WP:AES|←]]Created page with '{{#switch:{{{1}}} |name=Mpumalanga |top=-23.75 |bottom=-27.75 |left=28 |right=32.25 |image=Blank map of Mpumalanga.svg }}&lt;noinclude&gt; {{Location map/Info}}  [[Catego...'</comment>
      <origin>673178</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="217" sha1="lc8lb4h950izbalwp2v78xo8609lt9z" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch:{{{1}}}
|name=Mpumalanga
|top=-23.75
|bottom=-27.75
|left=28
|right=32.25
|image=Blank map of Mpumalanga.svg
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lc8lb4h950izbalwp2v78xo8609lt9z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673179</id>
      <parentid>673178</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-02-23T01:23:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Koavf</username>
        <id>36</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nominated for deletion; see [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion#Template:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]. ([[WP:TW|TW]])</comment>
      <origin>673179</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="262" sha1="jx56atvdbp0jnnesogl28ftq5ez3zwj" xml:space="preserve">{{tfd|Location map South Africa Mpumalanga}}
{{#switch:{{{1}}}
|name=Mpumalanga
|top=-23.75
|bottom=-27.75
|left=28
|right=32.25
|image=Blank map of Mpumalanga.svg
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jx56atvdbp0jnnesogl28ftq5ez3zwj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673180</id>
      <parentid>673179</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-02-23T01:28:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Koavf</username>
        <id>36</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>{{tfd|South African location maps}}</comment>
      <origin>673180</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="253" sha1="ahk6qap51dtvly3ja3e3y1mu7wfip7p" xml:space="preserve">{{tfd|South African location maps}}
{{#switch:{{{1}}}
|name=Mpumalanga
|top=-23.75
|bottom=-27.75
|left=28
|right=32.25
|image=Blank map of Mpumalanga.svg
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ahk6qap51dtvly3ja3e3y1mu7wfip7p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673181</id>
      <parentid>673180</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-02-23T02:27:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Htonl</username>
        <id>48167</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>&lt;noinclude&gt; the {{tfd}} since it breaks lots of infoboxes in a horrible way</comment>
      <origin>673181</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="275" sha1="j7v6654x6woohjr5fnv46z860mhr792" xml:space="preserve">&lt;noinclude&gt;{{tfd|South African location maps}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{#switch:{{{1}}}
|name=Mpumalanga
|top=-23.75
|bottom=-27.75
|left=28
|right=32.25
|image=Blank map of Mpumalanga.svg
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>j7v6654x6woohjr5fnv46z860mhr792</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673182</id>
      <parentid>673181</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-02-24T00:46:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>RL0919</username>
        <id>28520</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Tfd withdrawn by nominator</comment>
      <origin>673182</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="217" sha1="lc8lb4h950izbalwp2v78xo8609lt9z" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch:{{{1}}}
|name=Mpumalanga
|top=-23.75
|bottom=-27.75
|left=28
|right=32.25
|image=Blank map of Mpumalanga.svg
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lc8lb4h950izbalwp2v78xo8609lt9z</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673183</id>
      <parentid>673182</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-02-28T09:59:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Obersachse</username>
        <id>1087</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+de</comment>
      <origin>673183</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="269" sha1="etii74d7ckfj0dilkyrdk3fx9wvnx36" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch:{{{1}}}
|name=Mpumalanga
|top=-23.75
|bottom=-27.75
|left=28
|right=32.25
|image=Blank map of Mpumalanga.svg
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates]]
[[de:Vorlage:Positionskarte Südafrika Mpumalanga]]
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>etii74d7ckfj0dilkyrdk3fx9wvnx36</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673184</id>
      <parentid>673183</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-17T21:53:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Obersachsebot</username>
        <id>1272</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot Adding: [[ru:Шаблон:ПозКарта Южно-Африканская Республика Мпумаланга]]</comment>
      <origin>673184</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="380" sha1="dqyftxf6ai1965730efaaybadzv1ngm" xml:space="preserve">{{#switch:{{{1}}}
|name=Mpumalanga
|top=-23.75
|bottom=-27.75
|left=28
|right=32.25
|image=Blank map of Mpumalanga.svg
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates]]
[[de:Vorlage:Positionskarte Südafrika Mpumalanga]]
[[ru:Шаблон:ПозКарта Южно-Африканская Республика Мпумаланга]]
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{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates]]
[[cs:Šablona:LocMap Mpumalanga]]
[[de:Vorlage:Positionskarte Südafrika Mpumalanga]]
[[ru:Шаблон:ПозКарта Южно-Африканская Республика Мпумаланга]]
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{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates|Mpumalanga]]

[[cs:Šablona:LocMap Mpumalanga]]
[[de:Vorlage:Positionskarte Südafrika Mpumalanga]]
[[ru:Шаблон:ПозКарта Южно-Африканская Республика Мпумаланга]]
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{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates|Mpumalanga]]

[[af:Sjabloon:Liggingkaart Mpumalanga]]
[[cs:Šablona:LocMap Mpumalanga]]
[[de:Vorlage:Positionskarte Südafrika Mpumalanga]]
[[fr:Modèle:Géolocalisation/Mpumalanga]]
[[ru:Шаблон:ПозКарта Южно-Африканская Республика Мпумаланга]]
[[yo:Àdàkọ:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
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{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates|Mpumalanga]]

[[af:Sjabloon:Liggingkaart Mpumalanga]]
[[bg:Шаблон:ПК Република Южна Африка Мпумаланга]]
[[cs:Šablona:LocMap Mpumalanga]]
[[de:Vorlage:Positionskarte Südafrika Mpumalanga]]
[[fr:Modèle:Géolocalisation/Mpumalanga]]
[[ru:Шаблон:ПозКарта Южно-Африканская Республика Мпумаланга]]
[[yo:Àdàkọ:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
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{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates|Mpumalanga]]

[[af:Sjabloon:Liggingkaart Mpumalanga]]
[[bg:Шаблон:ПК Република Южна Африка Мпумаланга]]
[[cs:Šablona:LocMap Jihoafrická republika Mpumalanga]]
[[de:Vorlage:Positionskarte Südafrika Mpumalanga]]
[[fr:Modèle:Géolocalisation/Mpumalanga]]
[[ru:Шаблон:ПозКарта Южно-Африканская Республика Мпумаланга]]
[[yo:Àdàkọ:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
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{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates|Mpumalanga]]

[[af:Sjabloon:Liggingkaart Mpumalanga]]
[[bg:Шаблон:ПК Република Южна Африка Мпумаланга]]
[[cs:Šablona:LocMap Jihoafrická republika Mpumalanga]]
[[de:Vorlage:Positionskarte Südafrika Mpumalanga]]
[[fa:الگو:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
[[fr:Modèle:Géolocalisation/Mpumalanga]]
[[ru:Шаблон:ПозКарта Южно-Африканская Республика Мпумаланга]]
[[yo:Àdàkọ:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
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      <comment>r2.7.2) (Robot: Adding [[zu:Template:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]</comment>
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{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates|Mpumalanga]]

[[af:Sjabloon:Liggingkaart Mpumalanga]]
[[bg:Шаблон:ПК Република Южна Африка Мпумаланга]]
[[cs:Šablona:LocMap Jihoafrická republika Mpumalanga]]
[[de:Vorlage:Positionskarte Südafrika Mpumalanga]]
[[fa:الگو:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
[[fr:Modèle:Géolocalisation/Mpumalanga]]
[[zu:Template:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
[[ru:Шаблон:ПозКарта Южно-Африканская Республика Мпумаланга]]
[[yo:Àdàkọ:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
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{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates|Mpumalanga]]

[[af:Sjabloon:Liggingkaart Mpumalanga]]
[[bg:Шаблон:ПК Република Южна Африка Мпумаланга]]
[[cs:Šablona:LocMap Jihoafrická republika Mpumalanga]]
[[de:Vorlage:Positionskarte Südafrika Mpumalanga]]
[[fa:الگو:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
[[fr:Modèle:Géolocalisation/Mpumalanga]]
[[id:Templat:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
[[zu:Template:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
[[ru:Шаблон:ПозКарта Южно-Африканская Республика Мпумаланга]]
[[yo:Àdàkọ:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
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{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates|Mpumalanga]]

[[af:Sjabloon:Liggingkaart Mpumalanga]]
[[bg:Шаблон:ПК Република Южна Африка Мпумаланга]]
[[cs:Šablona:LocMap Jihoafrická republika Mpumalanga]]
[[de:Vorlage:Positionskarte Südafrika Mpumalanga]]
[[fa:الگو:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
[[fr:Modèle:Géolocalisation/Mpumalanga]]
[[id:Templat:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
[[zu:Template:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
[[pl:Szablon:Mapa dane Mpumalanga]]
[[ru:Шаблон:ПозКарта Южно-Африканская Республика Мпумаланга]]
[[yo:Àdàkọ:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
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{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates|Mpumalanga]]

[[af:Sjabloon:Liggingkaart Mpumalanga]]
[[bg:Шаблон:ПК Република Южна Африка Мпумаланга]]
[[cs:Šablona:LocMap Jihoafrická republika Mpumalanga]]
[[de:Vorlage:Positionskarte Südafrika Mpumalanga]]
[[fa:الگو:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
[[fr:Modèle:Géolocalisation/Mpumalanga]]
[[id:Templat:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
[[zu:Template:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
[[pl:Szablon:Mapa dane Mpumalanga]]
[[ru:Шаблон:ПозКарта Южно-Африканская Республика Мпумаланга]]
[[yo:Àdàkọ:Location map South Africa Mpumalanga]]
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{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates|Mpumalanga]]

&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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{{Location map/Info}}

[[Category:South Africa location map templates|Mpumalanga]]

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| see also = 
* [[Module:Location map/data/South Africa]]

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[[Category:South Africa location map templates|Mpumalanga]]

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      <comment>Moving [[:Category:South Africa location map templates]] to [[:Category:South Africa location map modules]] per [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Speedy]]</comment>
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[[Category:South Africa location map modules|Mpumalanga]]

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* [[Module:Location map/data/South Africa]]

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&lt;!-- Categories below this line; interwikis at Wikidata --&gt;
[[Category:South Africa location map modules|Mpumalanga]]

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|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Followed by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673202</id>
      <parentid>673201</parentid>
      <timestamp>2004-10-24T21:53:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ugen64</username>
        <id>41860</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673202</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="206" sha1="r9syel4v2xoknqxvshgf6iv8uq7ox5y" xml:space="preserve">|-
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br&gt;{{{year1}}}&amp;ndash;{{{year2}}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Followed by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>r9syel4v2xoknqxvshgf6iv8uq7ox5y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673203</id>
      <parentid>673202</parentid>
      <timestamp>2004-10-24T21:54:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ugen64</username>
        <id>41860</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>673203</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="188" sha1="etpdcf2bly22qp402fu7dxmy6g5vq4n" xml:space="preserve">|-
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br&gt;{{{years}}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Followed by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>etpdcf2bly22qp402fu7dxmy6g5vq4n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673204</id>
      <parentid>673203</parentid>
      <timestamp>2004-10-24T22:29:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lord Emsworth</username>
        <id>64080</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Followed --&gt; Succeeded (since Preceded is already used)</comment>
      <origin>673204</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="189" sha1="7hm1cn63vzbp1i0me4r63y2wwo2oyh2" xml:space="preserve">|-
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br&gt;{{{years}}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>7hm1cn63vzbp1i0me4r63y2wwo2oyh2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673205</id>
      <parentid>673204</parentid>
      <timestamp>2004-11-08T01:24:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ugen64</username>
        <id>41860</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>673205</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="207" sha1="ik6ccupigste39lyqq8av1q2vmqsnmt" xml:space="preserve">|- bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br&gt;{{{years}}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>ik6ccupigste39lyqq8av1q2vmqsnmt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673206</id>
      <parentid>673205</parentid>
      <timestamp>2004-11-08T01:51:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lord Emsworth</username>
        <id>64080</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673206</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="239" sha1="7y8zby060kz6r35sz15wdrifbkfq4f6" xml:space="preserve">|- bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; {{rowspan-bef}} align=&quot;center&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br&gt;{{{years}}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; {{rowspan-aft}} align=&quot;center&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>7y8zby060kz6r35sz15wdrifbkfq4f6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673207</id>
      <parentid>673206</parentid>
      <timestamp>2004-11-08T01:51:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lord Emsworth</username>
        <id>64080</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673207</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="243" sha1="l4xiuwrm2ot1jscbdccpqgy3kt3jzaq" xml:space="preserve">|- bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; {{{rowspan-bef}}} align=&quot;center&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br&gt;{{{years}}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; {{{rowspan-aft}}} align=&quot;center&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>l4xiuwrm2ot1jscbdccpqgy3kt3jzaq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673208</id>
      <parentid>673207</parentid>
      <timestamp>2004-11-08T01:52:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lord Emsworth</username>
        <id>64080</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rv self</comment>
      <origin>673208</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="207" sha1="ik6ccupigste39lyqq8av1q2vmqsnmt" xml:space="preserve">|- bgcolor=&quot;#F5F5F5&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br&gt;{{{years}}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>ik6ccupigste39lyqq8av1q2vmqsnmt</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673209</id>
      <parentid>673208</parentid>
      <timestamp>2004-11-09T00:59:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Lord Emsworth</username>
        <id>64080</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>try new style</comment>
      <origin>673209</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="198" sha1="447ztm3mbm5ptw63uyi9xe7q3ly6uoy" xml:space="preserve">|- id=&quot;toc&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br&gt;{{{years}}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>447ztm3mbm5ptw63uyi9xe7q3ly6uoy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673210</id>
      <parentid>673209</parentid>
      <timestamp>2004-12-09T13:18:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jdforrester</username>
        <id>3024</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fixed complaint</comment>
      <origin>673210</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="208" sha1="j31e82v8nxlz4h9ibtlcaujld7pvv38" xml:space="preserve">|- class=&quot;toccolours&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br&gt;{{{years}}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>j31e82v8nxlz4h9ibtlcaujld7pvv38</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673211</id>
      <parentid>673210</parentid>
      <timestamp>2004-12-09T13:41:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gene s</username>
        <id>64081</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>class=&quot;toccolours&quot; moved to {{start box}}</comment>
      <origin>673211</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="190" sha1="cbeg57bn1ybr2panrn6r4j1tzzhlqof" xml:space="preserve">|- 
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br&gt;{{{years}}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>cbeg57bn1ybr2panrn6r4j1tzzhlqof</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673212</id>
      <parentid>673211</parentid>
      <timestamp>2005-01-27T01:55:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jengod</username>
        <id>16097</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673212</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="154" sha1="e78l80c6wwtk5zv5cg4jp4ctkky7rvd" xml:space="preserve">|- 
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|align=&quot;center&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br&gt;{{{years}}}
|align=&quot;center&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>e78l80c6wwtk5zv5cg4jp4ctkky7rvd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673213</id>
      <parentid>673212</parentid>
      <timestamp>2005-01-27T01:56:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jengod</username>
        <id>16097</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>revert</comment>
      <origin>673213</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="190" sha1="cbeg57bn1ybr2panrn6r4j1tzzhlqof" xml:space="preserve">|- 
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br&gt;{{{years}}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>cbeg57bn1ybr2panrn6r4j1tzzhlqof</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673214</id>
      <parentid>673213</parentid>
      <timestamp>2005-02-16T11:50:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ed g2s</username>
        <id>26986</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>css</comment>
      <origin>673214</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="185" sha1="o4ocydsm867191sx58ni51i7dneildf" xml:space="preserve">|-  style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| width=&quot;30%&quot; |Preceded by:&lt;br /&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
| width=&quot;40%&quot; |'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br /&gt;{{{years}}}
| width=&quot;30%&quot; |Succeeded by:&lt;br /&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>o4ocydsm867191sx58ni51i7dneildf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673215</id>
      <parentid>673214</parentid>
      <timestamp>2005-03-16T00:13:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>OwenBlacker</username>
        <id>12119</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Forced centering on Title/Years cell</comment>
      <origin>673215</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="212" sha1="crzvbohgybi7rglqbvdu1jzjzavj3pu" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| width=&quot;30%&quot; |Preceded by:&lt;br /&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
| width=&quot;40%&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br /&gt;{{{years}}}
| width=&quot;30%&quot; |Succeeded by:&lt;br /&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>crzvbohgybi7rglqbvdu1jzjzavj3pu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673216</id>
      <parentid>673215</parentid>
      <timestamp>2005-04-06T15:35:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>83.70.94.112</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673216</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="224" sha1="p4563nletsy882dr9gpftwvjo1ttt85" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| width=&quot;30%&quot; |Preceded by:&lt;br /&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
| width=&quot;40%&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br /&gt;{{{years}}}
| width=&quot;30%&quot; |Heiress Apparent:&lt;br /&gt;''Princess von Hannover''</text>
      <sha1>p4563nletsy882dr9gpftwvjo1ttt85</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673217</id>
      <parentid>673216</parentid>
      <timestamp>2005-04-06T15:53:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Timc</username>
        <id>38023</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/83.70.94.112|83.70.94.112]] to last version by OwenBlacker</comment>
      <origin>673217</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="212" sha1="crzvbohgybi7rglqbvdu1jzjzavj3pu" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| width=&quot;30%&quot; |Preceded by:&lt;br /&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
| width=&quot;40%&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br /&gt;{{{years}}}
| width=&quot;30%&quot; |Succeeded by:&lt;br /&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>crzvbohgybi7rglqbvdu1jzjzavj3pu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673218</id>
      <parentid>673217</parentid>
      <timestamp>2005-08-17T07:28:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Marianocecowski</username>
        <id>64082</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>spaces for flexibility (to bypass format)</comment>
      <origin>673218</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="218" sha1="3djwg8uabwrj2lyfxzb6lejx6g3i8kd" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| width=&quot;30%&quot; |Preceded by:&lt;br /&gt;''' {{{before}}} '''
| width=&quot;40%&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |''' {{{title}}} '''&lt;br /&gt;{{{years}}}
| width=&quot;30%&quot; |Succeeded by:&lt;br /&gt;''' {{{after}}} '''</text>
      <sha1>3djwg8uabwrj2lyfxzb6lejx6g3i8kd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673219</id>
      <parentid>673218</parentid>
      <timestamp>2005-10-16T20:12:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Eras-mus</username>
        <id>59076</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673219</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="255" sha1="5h8z27wgxgat7j0ohhye34levds8c2t" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| width=&quot;30%&quot; |Preceded by:&lt;br /&gt;''' {{{before}}} '''
| width=&quot;40%&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |''' {{{title}}} '''&lt;br /&gt;{{{years}}}
| width=&quot;30%&quot; |Succeeded by:&lt;br /&gt;''' {{{after}}} '''
&lt;!--[[fr:Modèle:Succession box]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5h8z27wgxgat7j0ohhye34levds8c2t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673220</id>
      <parentid>673219</parentid>
      <timestamp>2005-11-03T22:23:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KuatofKDY</username>
        <id>59077</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673220</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="151" sha1="1izqs9j2jb4sto9n5jds20v9zxocstl" xml:space="preserve">{{s-bef|rows={{{rows}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows}}}|after={{{after}}}}}</text>
      <sha1>1izqs9j2jb4sto9n5jds20v9zxocstl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673221</id>
      <parentid>673220</parentid>
      <timestamp>2005-11-03T22:40:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>LouI</username>
        <id>64083</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/KuatofKDY|KuatofKDY]] to last version by Eras-mus</comment>
      <origin>673221</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="255" sha1="5h8z27wgxgat7j0ohhye34levds8c2t" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| width=&quot;30%&quot; |Preceded by:&lt;br /&gt;''' {{{before}}} '''
| width=&quot;40%&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |''' {{{title}}} '''&lt;br /&gt;{{{years}}}
| width=&quot;30%&quot; |Succeeded by:&lt;br /&gt;''' {{{after}}} '''
&lt;!--[[fr:Modèle:Succession box]]--&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5h8z27wgxgat7j0ohhye34levds8c2t</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673222</id>
      <parentid>673221</parentid>
      <timestamp>2005-11-04T00:22:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DLJessup</username>
        <id>47144</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>embed subtemplates per [[Template talk:Succession box#Embedding the new succession forms in the succession box]]</comment>
      <origin>673222</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="199" sha1="8zb7730lfscbit9nv6ef2gkluqq0eao" xml:space="preserve">{{succession before| before={{{before}}}| }}
{{succession title| title={{{title}}}| years={{{years}}}| }}
{{succession after| after={{{after}}}| }}&lt;noinclude&gt;[[fr:Modèle:Succession box]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8zb7730lfscbit9nv6ef2gkluqq0eao</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673223</id>
      <parentid>673222</parentid>
      <timestamp>2005-11-04T02:05:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KuatofKDY</username>
        <id>59077</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>testing...will revert if failed in 3 minutes</comment>
      <origin>673223</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="151" sha1="1izqs9j2jb4sto9n5jds20v9zxocstl" xml:space="preserve">{{s-bef|rows={{{rows}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows}}}|after={{{after}}}}}</text>
      <sha1>1izqs9j2jb4sto9n5jds20v9zxocstl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673224</id>
      <parentid>673223</parentid>
      <timestamp>2005-11-04T02:06:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>KuatofKDY</username>
        <id>59077</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>testing...will revert if failed in 3 minutes</comment>
      <origin>673224</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="182" sha1="pg7fq57k2dwdxb2e1gsyk8s312l36al" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows}}}|after={{{after}}}}}</text>
      <sha1>pg7fq57k2dwdxb2e1gsyk8s312l36al</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673225</id>
      <parentid>673224</parentid>
      <timestamp>2006-01-05T18:09:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John K</username>
        <id>50835</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673225</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="190" sha1="cbeg57bn1ybr2panrn6r4j1tzzhlqof" xml:space="preserve">|- 
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''&lt;br&gt;{{{years}}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>cbeg57bn1ybr2panrn6r4j1tzzhlqof</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673226</id>
      <parentid>673225</parentid>
      <timestamp>2006-01-05T18:10:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>John K</username>
        <id>50835</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>oops, a mistake</comment>
      <origin>673226</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="182" sha1="pg7fq57k2dwdxb2e1gsyk8s312l36al" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows}}}|after={{{after}}}}}</text>
      <sha1>pg7fq57k2dwdxb2e1gsyk8s312l36al</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673227</id>
      <parentid>673226</parentid>
      <timestamp>2006-04-20T00:22:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jdforrester</username>
        <id>3024</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Just a test.</comment>
      <origin>673227</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="849" sha1="qvlzol0z41qtb2kgjr2nexj5ogiwbyr" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br/&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''{{#if:{{{district|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''''Representative for {{{district}}}'''''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{years}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{years}}}|}}{{#if:{{{regent1|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''with {{{regent1}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years1|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years1}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{regent2|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''{{{regent2}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years2|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years2}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{regent3|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''{{{regent3}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years3|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years3}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{alongside|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Served alongside: '''{{{alongside}}}'''&lt;/small&gt;|}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br./&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''
|-</text>
      <sha1>qvlzol0z41qtb2kgjr2nexj5ogiwbyr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673228</id>
      <parentid>673227</parentid>
      <timestamp>2006-04-20T00:23:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jdforrester</username>
        <id>3024</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Fix.</comment>
      <origin>673228</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="818" sha1="mahzy4wx4m6bo46tkkb6371kinwzs2b" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br/&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''{{#if:{{{district|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''''Representative for {{{district}}}'''''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{years}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{years}}}|}}{{#if:{{{regent1|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''with {{{regent1}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years1|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years1}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{regent2|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''{{{regent2}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years2|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years2}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{regent3|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''{{{regent3}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years3|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years3}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{alongside|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Served alongside: '''{{{alongside}}}'''&lt;/small&gt;|}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br./&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''
|-</text>
      <sha1>mahzy4wx4m6bo46tkkb6371kinwzs2b</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673229</id>
      <parentid>673228</parentid>
      <timestamp>2006-04-20T00:24:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jdforrester</username>
        <id>3024</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Another fix.</comment>
      <origin>673229</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="815" sha1="r1zc8p2rx7ld0m7obe9w0igp51ix2uh" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br/&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''{{#if:{{{district|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''''Representative for {{{district}}}'''''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{years}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{years}}}|}}{{#if:{{{regent1|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''with {{{regent1}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years1|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years1}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{regent2|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''{{{regent2}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years2|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years2}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{regent3|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''{{{regent3}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years3|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years3}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{alongside|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Served alongside: '''{{{alongside}}}'''&lt;/small&gt;|}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br./&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>r1zc8p2rx7ld0m7obe9w0igp51ix2uh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673230</id>
      <parentid>673229</parentid>
      <timestamp>2006-05-18T15:00:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mackensen</username>
        <id>37933</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+cat</comment>
      <origin>673230</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="239" sha1="8b3cty01ul0o9ncft9q2p8ul0aevwxo" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows}}}|after={{{after}}}}}
&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Succession templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8b3cty01ul0o9ncft9q2p8ul0aevwxo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673231</id>
      <parentid>673230</parentid>
      <timestamp>2006-05-18T15:01:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Phil Boswell</username>
        <id>14493</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>remove extraneous wihte-space</comment>
      <origin>673231</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="238" sha1="b8z4xm7cktvrqo8q361ehtnutbr6yof" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows}}}|after={{{after}}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Succession templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>b8z4xm7cktvrqo8q361ehtnutbr6yof</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673232</id>
      <parentid>673231</parentid>
      <timestamp>2006-05-19T00:30:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Ed g2s</username>
        <id>26986</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>default values</comment>
      <origin>673232</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="244" sha1="07xvgggymo53mq0r1dc7dw2q7uvfk28" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows|1}}}|after={{{after}}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Succession templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>07xvgggymo53mq0r1dc7dw2q7uvfk28</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673233</id>
      <parentid>673232</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-11-03T05:33:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bryan Derksen</username>
        <id>31227</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>appears to be abandoned, marking as orphan</comment>
      <origin>673233</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="852" sha1="a4ig2jvozqc6i2ssyt7vbgd8kyx6btf" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br/&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''{{#if:{{{district|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''''Representative for {{{district}}}'''''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{years}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{years}}}|}}{{#if:{{{regent1|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''with {{{regent1}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years1|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years1}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{regent2|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''{{{regent2}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years2|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years2}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{regent3|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''{{{regent3}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years3|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years3}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{alongside|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Served alongside: '''{{{alongside}}}'''&lt;/small&gt;|}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br./&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''
{{deprecated|date=November 3, 2007}}</text>
      <sha1>a4ig2jvozqc6i2ssyt7vbgd8kyx6btf</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673234</id>
      <parentid>673233</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-11-03T09:30:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jdforrester</username>
        <id>3024</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undoing for delete/merge.</comment>
      <origin>673234</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="815" sha1="r1zc8p2rx7ld0m7obe9w0igp51ix2uh" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br/&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''{{#if:{{{district|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''''Representative for {{{district}}}'''''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{years}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{years}}}|}}{{#if:{{{regent1|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''with {{{regent1}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years1|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years1}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{regent2|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''{{{regent2}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years2|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years2}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{regent3|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''{{{regent3}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years3|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years3}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{alongside|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Served alongside: '''{{{alongside}}}'''&lt;/small&gt;|}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br./&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>r1zc8p2rx7ld0m7obe9w0igp51ix2uh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673235</id>
      <parentid>673234</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-11-03T09:32:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jdforrester</username>
        <id>3024</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>moved [[Template:Succession box/temp]] to [[Template:Succession box]]: Merging histories</comment>
      <origin>673234</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="815" sha1="r1zc8p2rx7ld0m7obe9w0igp51ix2uh" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|Preceded by:&lt;br/&gt;'''{{{before}}}'''
|width=&quot;40%&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|'''{{{title}}}'''{{#if:{{{district|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;'''''Representative for {{{district}}}'''''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{years}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{years}}}|}}{{#if:{{{regent1|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''with {{{regent1}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years1|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years1}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{regent2|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''{{{regent2}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years2|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years2}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{regent3|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;''{{{regent3}}}''|}} {{#if:{{{years3|}}}| &lt;small&gt;''  ({{{years3}}})''&lt;/small&gt;|}}{{#if:{{{alongside|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;Served alongside: '''{{{alongside}}}'''&lt;/small&gt;|}}
|width=&quot;30%&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; rowspan=&quot;{{{rows}}}&quot;|Succeeded by:&lt;br./&gt;'''{{{after}}}'''</text>
      <sha1>r1zc8p2rx7ld0m7obe9w0igp51ix2uh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673236</id>
      <parentid>673235</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-11-03T09:38:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jdforrester</username>
        <id>3024</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Argh, network going down at just the wrong time.</comment>
      <origin>673236</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="244" sha1="07xvgggymo53mq0r1dc7dw2q7uvfk28" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows|1}}}|after={{{after}}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Succession templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>07xvgggymo53mq0r1dc7dw2q7uvfk28</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673237</id>
      <parentid>673236</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-11-05T12:47:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zzuuzz</username>
        <id>12978</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Protected Template:Succession box: [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High risk template]] [edit=sysop:move=sysop]</comment>
      <origin>673236</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="244" sha1="07xvgggymo53mq0r1dc7dw2q7uvfk28" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows|1}}}|after={{{after}}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Category:Succession templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>07xvgggymo53mq0r1dc7dw2q7uvfk28</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673238</id>
      <parentid>673237</parentid>
      <timestamp>2007-11-05T12:48:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Zzuuzz</username>
        <id>12978</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>protected template</comment>
      <origin>673238</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="259" sha1="5ftdpudl2gvtbcp1jmviguhgmee7lw6" xml:space="preserve">|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows|1}}}|after={{{after}}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Pp-template}}[[Category:Succession templates]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>5ftdpudl2gvtbcp1jmviguhgmee7lw6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673239</id>
      <parentid>673238</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-05-12T08:29:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Happy-melon</username>
        <id>14506</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add {{documentation}}</comment>
      <origin>673239</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="283" sha1="bzral9ord1r7csylacdj8il8kj3wffv" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows|1}}}|after={{{after}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Pp-template|small=yes}}
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bzral9ord1r7csylacdj8il8kj3wffv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673240</id>
      <parentid>673239</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-03-25T11:11:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add alongside= parameter</comment>
      <origin>673240</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="347" sha1="o2d29hygvcikbyxfcb6wv4xxj0e8nq2" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}} 
  {{#if: {{{alongside|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside|}}} | }}
}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows|1}}}|after={{{after}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Pp-template|small=yes}}
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>o2d29hygvcikbyxfcb6wv4xxj0e8nq2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673241</id>
      <parentid>673240</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-03-25T11:13:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fix alongside</comment>
      <origin>673241</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="349" sha1="66jcm9dutsemudar6ubmf5gd46vkc8d" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}} 
  | {{#if: {{{alongside|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside|}}} | }}
}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows|1}}}|after={{{after}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Pp-template|small=yes}}
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>66jcm9dutsemudar6ubmf5gd46vkc8d</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673242</id>
      <parentid>673241</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-03-25T11:15:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>reduce whitespace</comment>
      <origin>673242</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="346" sha1="fqj1bpknt4se0amwas3a8q3mcnghrzy" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}} | {{#if: {{{alongside|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside|}}} | }}
}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows|1}}}|after={{{after}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Pp-template|small=yes}}
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fqj1bpknt4se0amwas3a8q3mcnghrzy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673243</id>
      <parentid>673242</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-03-25T11:19:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>tweak</comment>
      <origin>673243</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="345" sha1="bmq2z7r5lvknhzhil62rxwiqhr1aved" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}} | {{#if: {{{alongside|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside}}} | }} }}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows|1}}}|after={{{after}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Pp-template|small=yes}}
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bmq2z7r5lvknhzhil62rxwiqhr1aved</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673244</id>
      <parentid>673243</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-03-25T11:22:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>tweak</comment>
      <origin>673244</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="347" sha1="smquhqjztt419cx1xkiorngx2os7r9v" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}} | {{#if: {{{alongside|}}} | alongside = {{{alongside|1}}} | }} }}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows|1}}}|after={{{after}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Pp-template|small=yes}}
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>smquhqjztt419cx1xkiorngx2os7r9v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673245</id>
      <parentid>673244</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-03-25T11:25:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>simplify</comment>
      <origin>673245</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="314" sha1="8xign0vf85yhs1qnbditqhsyofyhi50" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|1}}} }}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows|1}}}|after={{{after}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Pp-template|small=yes}}
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8xign0vf85yhs1qnbditqhsyofyhi50</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673246</id>
      <parentid>673245</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-03-25T11:27:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>OK, that works.  This now passes on the parameter alongside=</comment>
      <origin>673246</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="313" sha1="jyt14ienh1goysbj78fvou4dt34usa9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} }}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows|1}}}|after={{{after}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Pp-template|small=yes}}
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jyt14ienh1goysbj78fvou4dt34usa9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673247</id>
      <parentid>673246</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-04-01T17:31:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add the &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot; etc parameters per [[Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Succession_Box_Standardization#alongside_parameter]]</comment>
      <origin>673247</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="649" sha1="ld351rssf4ii0ug36w4w19gw4wzxzq7" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}}}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows|1}}}|after={{{after}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Pp-template|small=yes}}
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ld351rssf4ii0ug36w4w19gw4wzxzq7</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673248</id>
      <parentid>673247</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-10-04T20:56:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WOSlinker</username>
        <id>3423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>remove {{pp-template}} since included in {{documentation}}</comment>
      <origin>673248</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="623" sha1="tobhewl6wbrz0mu3vvl7skrmz97zyg6" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}}}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows|1}}}|after={{{after}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tobhewl6wbrz0mu3vvl7skrmz97zyg6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673249</id>
      <parentid>673248</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-12-04T04:59:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>new params: before2, before3, before4, before5, after2, after3-5, .... per [[Wikipedia_talk:SBS#Proposal:_Creation_of_additional_parameters_for_s-bef_and_s-aft]]</comment>
      <origin>673249</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="951" sha1="p3461m2p4d01qumi6a0y34ejvcxm9xr" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}{{#if:{{{before2|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;{{{before2}}}|}}{{#if:{{{before3|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;{{{before3}}}|}}{{#if:{{{before4|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;{{{before4}}}|}}{{#if:{{{before5|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;{{{before5}}}|}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}}}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows|1}}}|after={{{after}}}}}{{#if:{{{after2|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;{{{after2}}}|}}{{#if:{{{after3|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;{{{after3}}}|}}{{#if:{{{after4|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;{{{after4}}}|}}{{#if:{{{after5|}}}|&lt;br/&gt;{{{after5}}}|}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>p3461m2p4d01qumi6a0y34ejvcxm9xr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673250</id>
      <parentid>673249</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-12-04T04:59:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>&lt;br /&gt;</comment>
      <origin>673250</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="959" sha1="lngalyp32bh8215b0go7lkeznsfbcih" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}{{#if:{{{before2|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{before2}}}|}}{{#if:{{{before3|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{before3}}}|}}{{#if:{{{before4|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{before4}}}|}}{{#if:{{{before5|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{before5}}}|}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}}}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows|1}}}|after={{{after}}}}}{{#if:{{{after2|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{after2}}}|}}{{#if:{{{after3|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{after3}}}|}}{{#if:{{{after4|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{after4}}}|}}{{#if:{{{after5|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{after5}}}|}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lngalyp32bh8215b0go7lkeznsfbcih</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673251</id>
      <parentid>673250</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-12-04T15:31:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>param pass-through</comment>
      <origin>673251</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="879" sha1="ambmkg20hoxbdmasduq8z0owfxoersj" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}{{#if:{{{before2|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{before2}}}|}}{{#if:{{{before3|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{before3}}}|}}{{#if:{{{before4|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{before4}}}|}}{{#if:{{{before5|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{before5}}}|}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}}}}
{{s-aft|rows={{{rows|1}}}|after={{{after}}}}}|after2={{{after2|}}}|after3={{{after3|}}}|after4={{{after4|}}}|after5={{{after5|}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ambmkg20hoxbdmasduq8z0owfxoersj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673252</id>
      <parentid>673251</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-12-04T15:36:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>close brackets</comment>
      <origin>673252</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="887" sha1="c9wcnqwco8736awv4mxvws9zlzutw6y" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}{{#if:{{{before2|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{before2}}}|}}{{#if:{{{before3|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{before3}}}|}}{{#if:{{{before4|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{before4}}}|}}{{#if:{{{before5|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{before5}}}|}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}}}}
{{s-aft |rows={{{rows|1}}} |after={{{after}}}}} |after2={{{after2|}}} |after3={{{after3|}}} |after4={{{after4|}}} |after5={{{after5|}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673253</id>
      <parentid>673252</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-12-04T15:37:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rm. stra brackets</comment>
      <origin>673253</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="885" sha1="4xrq9piy2ctmd57feqrnukauhg2574n" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef|rows={{{rows|1}}}|before={{{before}}}{{#if:{{{before2|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{before2}}}|}}{{#if:{{{before3|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{before3}}}|}}{{#if:{{{before4|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{before4}}}|}}{{#if:{{{before5|}}}|&lt;br /&gt;{{{before5}}}|}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}}}}
{{s-aft |rows={{{rows|1}}} |after={{{after}}} |after2={{{after2|}}} |after3={{{after3|}}} |after4={{{after4|}}} |after5={{{after5|}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4xrq9piy2ctmd57feqrnukauhg2574n</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673254</id>
      <parentid>673253</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-12-04T15:46:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>param pass-through</comment>
      <origin>673254</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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{{s-bef |rows={{{rows|1}}} |before={{{before}}} |before2={{{before2|}}} |before3={{{before3|}}} |before4={{{before4|}}} |before5={{{before5|}}} }}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}}}}
{{s-aft |rows={{{rows|1}}} |after={{{after}}} |after2={{{after2|}}} |after3={{{after3|}}} |after4={{{after4|}}} |after5={{{after5|}}} }}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bbody1vehvdi5qem27oqx0xjcnrw2td</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673255</id>
      <parentid>673254</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-12-06T17:42:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>More &quot;with&quot; parameters, up to &quot;with25&quot;.  Needed for some rare cases, e.g. [[Sir Matthew Wood, 1st Baronet]]</comment>
      <origin>673255</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
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{{s-bef |rows={{{rows|1}}} |before={{{before}}} |before2={{{before2|}}} |before3={{{before3|}}} |before4={{{before4|}}} |before5={{{before5|}}} }}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}} |with16={{{with16|}}} |with17={{{with17|}}} |with18={{{with18|}}} |with19={{{with19|}}} |with20={{{with20|}}} |with21={{{with21|}}} |with22={{{with22|}}} |with23={{{with23|}}} |with24={{{with24|}}} |with25={{{with25|}}} }}
{{s-aft |rows={{{rows|1}}} |after={{{after}}} |after2={{{after2|}}} |after3={{{after3|}}} |after4={{{after4|}}} |after5={{{after5|}}} }}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mau8qosdhz6t9jj7zbgo2eyut3nl8p9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673256</id>
      <parentid>673255</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-10-19T14:47:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WOSlinker</username>
        <id>3423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Changed protection level of Template:Succession box: allow template editors to modify ([Edit=Protected template] (indefinite) [Move=Protected template] (indefinite))</comment>
      <origin>673255</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1034" sha1="mau8qosdhz6t9jj7zbgo2eyut3nl8p9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef |rows={{{rows|1}}} |before={{{before}}} |before2={{{before2|}}} |before3={{{before3|}}} |before4={{{before4|}}} |before5={{{before5|}}} }}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}} |with16={{{with16|}}} |with17={{{with17|}}} |with18={{{with18|}}} |with19={{{with19|}}} |with20={{{with20|}}} |with21={{{with21|}}} |with22={{{with22|}}} |with23={{{with23|}}} |with24={{{with24|}}} |with25={{{with25|}}} }}
{{s-aft |rows={{{rows|1}}} |after={{{after}}} |after2={{{after2|}}} |after3={{{after3|}}} |after4={{{after4|}}} |after5={{{after5|}}} }}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mau8qosdhz6t9jj7zbgo2eyut3nl8p9</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673257</id>
      <parentid>673256</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-10-23T21:59:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WOSlinker</username>
        <id>3423</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>remove duplicated with8 param</comment>
      <origin>673257</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1014" sha1="4b737hjmdrqzjy03geq0fj20wuminaq" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef |rows={{{rows|1}}} |before={{{before}}} |before2={{{before2|}}} |before3={{{before3|}}} |before4={{{before4|}}} |before5={{{before5|}}} }}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}} |with16={{{with16|}}} |with17={{{with17|}}} |with18={{{with18|}}} |with19={{{with19|}}} |with20={{{with20|}}} |with21={{{with21|}}} |with22={{{with22|}}} |with23={{{with23|}}} |with24={{{with24|}}} |with25={{{with25|}}} }}
{{s-aft |rows={{{rows|1}}} |after={{{after}}} |after2={{{after2|}}} |after3={{{after3|}}} |after4={{{after4|}}} |after5={{{after5|}}} }}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4b737hjmdrqzjy03geq0fj20wuminaq</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673258</id>
      <parentid>673257</parentid>
      <timestamp>2015-07-20T13:03:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Samsara</username>
        <id>38063</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>allow second line to be optional when date ranges are not known</comment>
      <origin>673258</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1015" sha1="fe50omx6xr1fzwb2kftujhh5xsg5gsh" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef |rows={{{rows|1}}} |before={{{before}}} |before2={{{before2|}}} |before3={{{before3|}}} |before4={{{before4|}}} |before5={{{before5|}}} }}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years|}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}} |with16={{{with16|}}} |with17={{{with17|}}} |with18={{{with18|}}} |with19={{{with19|}}} |with20={{{with20|}}} |with21={{{with21|}}} |with22={{{with22|}}} |with23={{{with23|}}} |with24={{{with24|}}} |with25={{{with25|}}} }}
{{s-aft |rows={{{rows|1}}} |after={{{after}}} |after2={{{after2|}}} |after3={{{after3|}}} |after4={{{after4|}}} |after5={{{after5|}}} }}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>fe50omx6xr1fzwb2kftujhh5xsg5gsh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673259</id>
      <parentid>673258</parentid>
      <timestamp>2023-08-18T15:45:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>track misuse: 'after' parameter includes any of the words: vacant, incumbent, abolished, suspended</comment>
      <origin>673259</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2024" sha1="p1h3xvwhlkoc4jv0qit7hzjrd08sm05" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef |rows={{{rows|1}}} |before={{{before}}} |before2={{{before2|}}} |before3={{{before3|}}} |before4={{{before4|}}} |before5={{{before5|}}} }}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years|}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}} |with16={{{with16|}}} |with17={{{with17|}}} |with18={{{with18|}}} |with19={{{with19|}}} |with20={{{with20|}}} |with21={{{with21|}}} |with22={{{with22|}}} |with23={{{with23|}}} |with24={{{with24|}}} |with25={{{with25|}}} }}
{{s-aft |rows={{{rows|1}}} |after={{{after}}} |after2={{{after2|}}} |after3={{{after3|}}} |after4={{{after4|}}} |after5={{{after5|}}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{after|}}} |pattern=[vV]acant |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH&lt;!--
 --&gt;|&lt;!--
 --&gt;| [[Category:Template:Succession box: 'after' parameter includes the word 'vacant']]&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{after|}}} |pattern=[iI]ncumbent |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH&lt;!--
 --&gt;|&lt;!--
 --&gt;|[[Category:Template:Succession box: 'after' parameter includes the word 'incumbent']]&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{after|}}} |pattern=[aA]bolished |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH&lt;!--
 --&gt;|&lt;!--
 --&gt;| [[Category:Template:Succession box: 'after' parameter includes the word 'abolished']]&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{after|}}} |pattern=[sS]uspended |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH&lt;!--
 --&gt;|&lt;!--
 --&gt;| [[Category:Template:Succession box: 'after' parameter includes the word 'suspended']]&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>p1h3xvwhlkoc4jv0qit7hzjrd08sm05</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673260</id>
      <parentid>673259</parentid>
      <timestamp>2023-08-18T15:50:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>track misuse: 'before' parameter includes any of the words: new, created, vacant, suspended</comment>
      <origin>673260</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3027" sha1="49os9rgsw4zubxew7qr30870ikjgiy5" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef |rows={{{rows|1}}} |before={{{before}}} |before2={{{before2|}}} |before3={{{before3|}}} |before4={{{before4|}}} |before5={{{before5|}}} }}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years|}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}} |with16={{{with16|}}} |with17={{{with17|}}} |with18={{{with18|}}} |with19={{{with19|}}} |with20={{{with20|}}} |with21={{{with21|}}} |with22={{{with22|}}} |with23={{{with23|}}} |with24={{{with24|}}} |with25={{{with25|}}} }}
{{s-aft |rows={{{rows|1}}} |after={{{after}}} |after2={{{after2|}}} |after3={{{after3|}}} |after4={{{after4|}}} |after5={{{after5|}}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{before|}}} |pattern=^%s*[nN][eE][wW] |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH&lt;!--
 --&gt;|&lt;!--
 --&gt;|[[Category:Template:Succession box: 'before' parameter begins with the word 'new']]&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{before|}}} |pattern=[cC]reated |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH&lt;!--
 --&gt;|&lt;!--
 --&gt;|[[Category:Template:Succession box: 'before' parameter includes the word 'created']]&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{before|}}} |pattern=[vV]acant |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH&lt;!--
 --&gt;|&lt;!--
 --&gt;|[[Category:Template:Succession box: 'before' parameter includes the word 'vacant']]&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{before|}}} |pattern=[sS]uspended |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH&lt;!--
 --&gt;|&lt;!--
 --&gt;|[[Category:Template:Succession box: 'before' parameter includes the word 'suspended']]&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{after|}}} |pattern=[vV]acant |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH&lt;!--
 --&gt;|&lt;!--
 --&gt;| [[Category:Template:Succession box: 'after' parameter includes the word 'vacant']]&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{after|}}} |pattern=[iI]ncumbent |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH&lt;!--
 --&gt;|&lt;!--
 --&gt;|[[Category:Template:Succession box: 'after' parameter includes the word 'incumbent']]&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{after|}}} |pattern=[aA]bolished |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH&lt;!--
 --&gt;|&lt;!--
 --&gt;| [[Category:Template:Succession box: 'after' parameter includes the word 'abolished']]&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{after|}}} |pattern=[sS]uspended |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH&lt;!--
 --&gt;|&lt;!--
 --&gt;| [[Category:Template:Succession box: 'after' parameter includes the word 'suspended']]&lt;!--
--&gt;}}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>49os9rgsw4zubxew7qr30870ikjgiy5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673261</id>
      <parentid>673260</parentid>
      <timestamp>2023-08-18T21:25:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>move checks to [[Template:Succession box/check]]</comment>
      <origin>673261</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1094" sha1="0mriyk2zv31n3kzv8q5wvug0bv97kno" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef |rows={{{rows|1}}} |before={{{before}}} |before2={{{before2|}}} |before3={{{before3|}}} |before4={{{before4|}}} |before5={{{before5|}}} }}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years|}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}} |with16={{{with16|}}} |with17={{{with17|}}} |with18={{{with18|}}} |with19={{{with19|}}} |with20={{{with20|}}} |with21={{{with21|}}} |with22={{{with22|}}} |with23={{{with23|}}} |with24={{{with24|}}} |with25={{{with25|}}} }}
{{s-aft |rows={{{rows|1}}} |after={{{after}}} |after2={{{after2|}}} |after3={{{after3|}}} |after4={{{after4|}}} |after5={{{after5|}}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{Succession box/check|before={{{before}}}|after={{{after|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0mriyk2zv31n3kzv8q5wvug0bv97kno</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673262</id>
      <parentid>673261</parentid>
      <timestamp>2023-08-22T17:52:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>oops</comment>
      <origin>673262</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1095" sha1="kaa97q8nvks6vzw06ro35znw30omaff" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef |rows={{{rows|1}}} |before={{{before}}} |before2={{{before2|}}} |before3={{{before3|}}} |before4={{{before4|}}} |before5={{{before5|}}} }}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years|}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}} |with16={{{with16|}}} |with17={{{with17|}}} |with18={{{with18|}}} |with19={{{with19|}}} |with20={{{with20|}}} |with21={{{with21|}}} |with22={{{with22|}}} |with23={{{with23|}}} |with24={{{with24|}}} |with25={{{with25|}}} }}
{{s-aft |rows={{{rows|1}}} |after={{{after}}} |after2={{{after2|}}} |after3={{{after3|}}} |after4={{{after4|}}} |after5={{{after5|}}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{Succession box/check|before={{{before|}}}|after={{{after|}}}}}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kaa97q8nvks6vzw06ro35znw30omaff</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673263</id>
      <parentid>673262</parentid>
      <timestamp>2023-08-22T18:23:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>move check to where it is not ignored</comment>
      <origin>673263</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1103" sha1="p6q3dvnzrnd94os3a30qpkj7ebvnksg" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef |rows={{{rows|1}}} |before={{{before}}} |before2={{{before2|}}} |before3={{{before3|}}} |before4={{{before4|}}} |before5={{{before5|}}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{Succession box/check/sandbox|before={{{before|}}}|after={{{after|}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years|}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}} |with16={{{with16|}}} |with17={{{with17|}}} |with18={{{with18|}}} |with19={{{with19|}}} |with20={{{with20|}}} |with21={{{with21|}}} |with22={{{with22|}}} |with23={{{with23|}}} |with24={{{with24|}}} |with25={{{with25|}}} }}
{{s-aft |rows={{{rows|1}}} |after={{{after}}} |after2={{{after2|}}} |after3={{{after3|}}} |after4={{{after4|}}} |after5={{{after5|}}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>p6q3dvnzrnd94os3a30qpkj7ebvnksg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673264</id>
      <parentid>673263</parentid>
      <timestamp>2023-08-23T13:35:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Pppery</username>
        <id>14521</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Don't use sandbox in mainspace</comment>
      <origin>673264</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1095" sha1="3drqo54iertvp7vxzs0fbu4f3e8jk4m" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef |rows={{{rows|1}}} |before={{{before}}} |before2={{{before2|}}} |before3={{{before3|}}} |before4={{{before4|}}} |before5={{{before5|}}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{Succession box/check|before={{{before|}}}|after={{{after|}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years|}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}} |with16={{{with16|}}} |with17={{{with17|}}} |with18={{{with18|}}} |with19={{{with19|}}} |with20={{{with20|}}} |with21={{{with21|}}} |with22={{{with22|}}} |with23={{{with23|}}} |with24={{{with24|}}} |with25={{{with25|}}} }}
{{s-aft |rows={{{rows|1}}} |after={{{after}}} |after2={{{after2|}}} |after3={{{after3|}}} |after4={{{after4|}}} |after5={{{after5|}}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3drqo54iertvp7vxzs0fbu4f3e8jk4m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673265</id>
      <parentid>673264</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T12:50:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>King ChristLike</username>
        <id>13051</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>65 revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Succession_box]]</comment>
      <origin>673264</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1095" sha1="3drqo54iertvp7vxzs0fbu4f3e8jk4m" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
{{s-bef |rows={{{rows|1}}} |before={{{before}}} |before2={{{before2|}}} |before3={{{before3|}}} |before4={{{before4|}}} |before5={{{before5|}}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;{{Succession box/check|before={{{before|}}}|after={{{after|}}}}}
{{s-ttl|rows={{{rows|1}}}|title={{{title}}}|years={{{years|}}}|alongside = {{{alongside|}}} |with={{{with|}}}
  |with2={{{with2|}}} |with3={{{with3|}}} |with4={{{with4|}}} |with5={{{with5|}}} |with6={{{with6|}}} |with7={{{with7|}}}
  |with8={{{with8|}}} |with9={{{with9|}}} |with10={{{with10|}}} |with11={{{with11|}}}
  |with12={{{with12|}}}  |with13={{{with13|}}} |with14={{{with14|}}} |with15={{{with15|}}} |with16={{{with16|}}} |with17={{{with17|}}} |with18={{{with18|}}} |with19={{{with19|}}} |with20={{{with20|}}} |with21={{{with21|}}} |with22={{{with22|}}} |with23={{{with23|}}} |with24={{{with24|}}} |with25={{{with25|}}} }}
{{s-aft |rows={{{rows|1}}} |after={{{after}}} |after2={{{after2|}}} |after3={{{after3|}}} |after4={{{after4|}}} |after5={{{after5|}}} }}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3drqo54iertvp7vxzs0fbu4f3e8jk4m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templeeti:S-par/gb</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>77470</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673270</id>
      <timestamp>2011-06-14T16:17:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MSGJ</username>
        <id>14482</id>
      </contributor>
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  <page>
    <title>Templeeti:Succession box/doc</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>77471</id>
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      <id>673275</id>
      <timestamp>2008-05-22T08:59:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>The Duke of Waltham</username>
        <id>26929</id>
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      <origin>673275</origin>
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&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

=== Usage ===

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor. A template should be filled in like this:

:&lt;nowiki&gt;{{s-start}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:&lt;nowiki&gt;{{succession box |&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:&lt;nowiki&gt;  before=&lt;/nowiki&gt;''name of predecessor''&lt;nowiki&gt; |&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:&lt;nowiki&gt;  title=&lt;/nowiki&gt;''title held''&lt;nowiki&gt; |&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:&lt;nowiki&gt;  years=&lt;/nowiki&gt;''tenure/term/reign''&lt;nowiki&gt; |&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:&lt;nowiki&gt;  after=&lt;/nowiki&gt;''name of successor''
:&lt;nowiki&gt;}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;
:&lt;nowiki&gt;{{end}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;

== Example ==

From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;font-size:95%; width:95%; overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{start box}}
{{succession box |
  before=[[Clement Attlee]] |
  title=[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] |
  years=26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955 |
  after=[[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box |
  before=[[Emanuel Shinwell]] |
  title=[[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]] |
  years=1951 – 1952 |
  after=[[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end box}}
&lt;/pre&gt;
{{start box}}
{{succession box |
  before=[[Clement Attlee]] |
  title=[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]] |
  years=26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955 |
  after=[[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box |
  before=[[Emanuel Shinwell]] |
  title=[[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]] |
  years=1951 – 1952 |
  after=[[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end box}}

== See also ==

* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{subst:PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mvdwk9fq0bgwzoqkykbjpgeqk90g4lr</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>673276</id>
      <parentid>673275</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-08-13T03:03:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cyrus XIII</username>
        <id>28415</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>updating formatting, in order to keep any code still resulting from this manual more maintainable</comment>
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      <text bytes="2905" sha1="e74pz54iwcurdb9q6t7hg20vi54fwms" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

=== Usage ===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

== Example ==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

== See also ==

* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{subst:PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>e74pz54iwcurdb9q6t7hg20vi54fwms</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673277</id>
      <parentid>673276</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-09-17T11:18:05Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Cabayi</username>
        <id>9137</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>rm subst</comment>
      <origin>673277</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2899" sha1="lwn89vhci22i4btqlav8nqpnsyr5tnl" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

=== Usage ===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

== Example ==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

== See also ==

* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lwn89vhci22i4btqlav8nqpnsyr5tnl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673278</id>
      <parentid>673277</parentid>
      <timestamp>2008-12-23T07:42:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Fryed-peach</username>
        <id>14544</id>
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&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

=== Usage ===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

== Example ==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

== See also ==

* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ljhrz42ha2q85x5ra18jk5p2si3rmae</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673279</id>
      <parentid>673278</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-01-31T05:02:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mercenario97</username>
        <id>31346</id>
      </contributor>
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      <text bytes="2962" sha1="t46v4l8932fpi2wrlr9nxp06rq3oav3" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

=== Usage ===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

== Example ==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

== See also ==

* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[es:Plantila:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>t46v4l8932fpi2wrlr9nxp06rq3oav3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673280</id>
      <parentid>673279</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-01-31T05:06:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mercenario97</username>
        <id>31346</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2963" sha1="b5mtyul76v2gv87buxx861kzw05d002" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

=== Usage ===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

== Example ==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

== See also ==

* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673281</id>
      <parentid>673280</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-03-14T23:29:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Salam32</username>
        <id>44112</id>
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&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

=== Usage ===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

== Example ==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

== See also ==

* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ki18v9usx7p6ozvx162gbikgo61jvmg</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673282</id>
      <parentid>673281</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-03-27T21:45:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>UnholyFreezz</username>
        <id>62185</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>673282</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3060" sha1="rubku9eivafom2xsj09apin8r8e20ak" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

=== Usage ===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

== Example ==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

== See also ==

* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Последовательный шаблон]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>rubku9eivafom2xsj09apin8r8e20ak</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673283</id>
      <parentid>673282</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-03-28T16:34:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>UnholyFreezz</username>
        <id>62185</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673283</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3029" sha1="f1ux34mvlq1eazk50f5qbmoc6q50a84" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

=== Usage ===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

== Example ==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

== See also ==

* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>f1ux34mvlq1eazk50f5qbmoc6q50a84</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673284</id>
      <parentid>673283</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-05-21T10:17:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Borgx</username>
        <id>26923</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>+id</comment>
      <origin>673284</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3059" sha1="of6b8d1rz7hket1e6krztvh50wyrlt2" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

=== Usage ===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

== Example ==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

== See also ==

* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>of6b8d1rz7hket1e6krztvh50wyrlt2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673285</id>
      <parentid>673284</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-08-10T15:30:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rotsee</username>
        <id>64084</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>iw sv</comment>
      <origin>673285</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3086" sha1="i49e03h7jyzawawlpqqxvnid6ghydhy" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

=== Usage ===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

== Example ==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

== See also ==

* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>i49e03h7jyzawawlpqqxvnid6ghydhy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673286</id>
      <parentid>673285</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-08-29T16:45:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>RalfX</username>
        <id>14609</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>zh</comment>
      <origin>673286</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3117" sha1="f2owkzzxcnurfemdr2n7hu8teqdrd67" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

=== Usage ===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

== Example ==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

== See also ==

* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>f2owkzzxcnurfemdr2n7hu8teqdrd67</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673287</id>
      <parentid>673286</parentid>
      <timestamp>2009-10-29T14:56:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BRUTE</username>
        <id>1857</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+ka</comment>
      <origin>673287</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3155" sha1="lg0g8y4z22n02pnx8hcajqdx4d4l3su" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

=== Usage ===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

== Example ==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

== See also ==

* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673288</id>
      <parentid>673287</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-02-06T09:38:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hoodinski</username>
        <id>64085</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>pl added</comment>
      <origin>673288</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3186" sha1="860e46pvfxurcxlclmxskmujqjwlgl5" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

=== Usage ===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

== Example ==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

== See also ==

* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pl:Szablon:Tabela sukcesji]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>860e46pvfxurcxlclmxskmujqjwlgl5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673289</id>
      <parentid>673288</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-01T05:21:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Headbomb</username>
        <id>18252</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[Category:Exclude in print]]</comment>
      <origin>673289</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3216" sha1="lzuubmafcocycrh0uv3sg33pgndyeqe" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

=== Usage ===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

== Example ==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951 – 1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

== See also ==

* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pl:Szablon:Tabela sukcesji]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>lzuubmafcocycrh0uv3sg33pgndyeqe</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673290</id>
      <parentid>673289</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-03-02T03:14:52Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Koavf</username>
        <id>36</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>fmt</comment>
      <origin>673290</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3222" sha1="ors3fv8ypbiajxvm3u5ph3nlmdxp1b5" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

=== Usage ===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

== Example ==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951&amp;nbsp;– 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951&amp;nbsp;– 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

== See also ==

* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pl:Szablon:Tabela sukcesji]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ors3fv8ypbiajxvm3u5ph3nlmdxp1b5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673291</id>
      <parentid>673290</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-05-06T22:31:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Opraco</username>
        <id>2238</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>+[[:pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]</comment>
      <origin>673291</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3263" sha1="15l4om100mgbd5eya8jpv7hqgof8uc5" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

=== Usage ===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

== Example ==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951&amp;nbsp;– 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951&amp;nbsp;– 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{end}}

== See also ==

* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pl:Szablon:Tabela sukcesji]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>15l4om100mgbd5eya8jpv7hqgof8uc5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673292</id>
      <parentid>673291</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-08-26T21:44:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rich Farmbrough</username>
        <id>819</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673292</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3256" sha1="nu7wodxtund7ekfhodngbuh8hwwsbb1" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Usage===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{End}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|s-start}} and end with one {{tld|end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|end box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==Example==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951&amp;nbsp;– 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{End}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951&amp;nbsp;– 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{End}}

==See also==
* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pl:Szablon:Tabela sukcesji]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>nu7wodxtund7ekfhodngbuh8hwwsbb1</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673293</id>
      <parentid>673292</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-08-26T21:45:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Rich Farmbrough</username>
        <id>819</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Usage */</comment>
      <origin>673293</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3256" sha1="p7dk3q0la9gar1mfiopch24dr4o2j22" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Usage===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{End}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{tld|D-start}} and end with one {{tld|End}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==Example==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951&amp;nbsp;– 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{End}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951&amp;nbsp;– 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{End}}

==See also==
* Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
* A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pl:Szablon:Tabela sukcesji]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>p7dk3q0la9gar1mfiopch24dr4o2j22</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673294</id>
      <parentid>673293</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-08-28T08:50:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>2.95.11.42</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673294</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3252" sha1="ttkoiicm19cddkq7kyr48cwdrthx4qn" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Usage===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|D-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==Example==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pl:Szablon:Tabela sukcesji]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ttkoiicm19cddkq7kyr48cwdrthx4qn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673295</id>
      <parentid>673294</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-09-10T15:15:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Redrose64</username>
        <id>14477</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* Usage */ typo</comment>
      <origin>673295</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3252" sha1="8k1yymyupicro0o4ff6h5gtq420xib8" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Usage===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==Example==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pl:Szablon:Tabela sukcesji]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8k1yymyupicro0o4ff6h5gtq420xib8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673296</id>
      <parentid>673295</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-10-05T15:59:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Amakuha</username>
        <id>14659</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <origin>673296</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3314" sha1="e2p4sok1l8g3pvgdmvx9t9k8wrnlvid" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Usage===
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = 
| title  = 
| years  = 
| after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==Example==
From the [[Winston Churchill]] article:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pl:Szablon:Tabela sukcesji]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Скринька наступництва]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>e2p4sok1l8g3pvgdmvx9t9k8wrnlvid</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673297</id>
      <parentid>673296</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-12-04T16:24:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>expand and update</comment>
      <origin>673297</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6096" sha1="9uzgicdvaqf70nulrbrnheoo99lev35" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''s-start'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Usage===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 15)
===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{start box}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{end box}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{start box}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{end box}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pl:Szablon:Tabela sukcesji]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Скринька наступництва]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>9uzgicdvaqf70nulrbrnheoo99lev35</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673298</id>
      <parentid>673297</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-12-04T16:25:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>tl</comment>
      <origin>673298</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6103" sha1="qpydw7x0fo1zryd9q6zs59hlnqzar07" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Usage===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 15)
===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{start box}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{end box}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{start box}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{end box}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pl:Szablon:Tabela sukcesji]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Скринька наступництва]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qpydw7x0fo1zryd9q6zs59hlnqzar07</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673299</id>
      <parentid>673298</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-12-06T05:05:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Plasticspork</username>
        <id>37890</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>fmt</comment>
      <origin>673299</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6095" sha1="atihz7xb4trgkgfrpiveulsq108sfa3" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Usage===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 15)
===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pl:Szablon:Tabela sukcesji]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Скринька наступництва]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>atihz7xb4trgkgfrpiveulsq108sfa3</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673300</id>
      <parentid>673299</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-12-06T17:43:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Usage with multiple office-holders */ use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)</comment>
      <origin>673300</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6096" sha1="4wiffen5qnaod3dyrr3uj1s60bzv1qn" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Usage===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pl:Szablon:Tabela sukcesji]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Скринька наступництва]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4wiffen5qnaod3dyrr3uj1s60bzv1qn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673301</id>
      <parentid>673300</parentid>
      <timestamp>2010-12-26T13:55:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MrArifnajafov</username>
        <id>64086</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673301</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6131" sha1="50xnv1gat0tkbg06lrdly66nd1j3idm" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Usage===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[az:Şablon:Vərəsəlik qutusu]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pl:Szablon:Tabela sukcesji]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Скринька наступництва]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>50xnv1gat0tkbg06lrdly66nd1j3idm</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673302</id>
      <parentid>673301</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-04-08T09:21:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MerlIwBot</username>
        <id>2550</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>robot Removing: [[pl:Szablon:Tabela sukcesji]]</comment>
      <origin>673302</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6100" sha1="61adt88qaqd6h9iimdeqsdufzljqpq4" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Usage===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[az:Şablon:Vərəsəlik qutusu]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Скринька наступництва]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>61adt88qaqd6h9iimdeqsdufzljqpq4</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673303</id>
      <parentid>673302</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-04-13T18:05:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>89.212.98.134</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>sl:Predloga:S-polje</comment>
      <origin>673303</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6124" sha1="3ftb6f6y4jdkq81swbusxawivcmzugn" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Usage===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[az:Şablon:Vərəsəlik qutusu]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[sl:Predloga:S-polje]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Скринька наступництва]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>3ftb6f6y4jdkq81swbusxawivcmzugn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673304</id>
      <parentid>673303</parentid>
      <timestamp>2011-05-21T00:18:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Xxglennxx</username>
        <id>14663</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673304</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6152" sha1="bjr1fpyco2897las3424rgcs1ze6zre" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Usage===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[az:Şablon:Vərəsəlik qutusu]]
[[cy:Nodyn:Bocs-olyniaeth]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[sl:Predloga:S-polje]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Скринька наступництва]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bjr1fpyco2897las3424rgcs1ze6zre</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673305</id>
      <parentid>673304</parentid>
      <timestamp>2012-03-11T10:25:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>166.205.137.167</ip>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[WP:AES|←]]Replaced content with '      (((('</comment>
      <origin>673305</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10" sha1="rzl0u0fv1bdgdgxjsm0h9hrseyijf9k" xml:space="preserve">      ((((</text>
      <sha1>rzl0u0fv1bdgdgxjsm0h9hrseyijf9k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673306</id>
      <parentid>673305</parentid>
      <timestamp>2012-03-11T10:25:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jim1138</username>
        <id>41780</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/166.205.137.167|166.205.137.167]] ([[User talk:166.205.137.167|talk]]) unexplained removal of content ([[WP:HG|HG]])</comment>
      <origin>673306</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6152" sha1="bjr1fpyco2897las3424rgcs1ze6zre" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Usage===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[az:Şablon:Vərəsəlik qutusu]]
[[cy:Nodyn:Bocs-olyniaeth]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[sl:Predloga:S-polje]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Скринька наступництва]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bjr1fpyco2897las3424rgcs1ze6zre</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673307</id>
      <parentid>673306</parentid>
      <timestamp>2012-05-07T12:24:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yahia.barie</username>
        <id>14596</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>bn:টেমপ্লেট:Succession box</comment>
      <origin>673307</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6199" sha1="plkrvy4213jr90g8mldua2x5jmg2jby" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Usage===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[az:Şablon:Vərəsəlik qutusu]]
[[bn:টেমপ্লেট:Succession box]]
[[cy:Nodyn:Bocs-olyniaeth]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[sl:Predloga:S-polje]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Скринька наступництва]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>plkrvy4213jr90g8mldua2x5jmg2jby</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673308</id>
      <parentid>673307</parentid>
      <timestamp>2012-08-12T12:59:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MKar</username>
        <id>7681</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>ILL-or</comment>
      <origin>673308</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6237" sha1="0adk3401cu1l4gb6jc0rph194quwa9m" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Usage===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[az:Şablon:Vərəsəlik qutusu]]
[[bn:টেমপ্লেট:Succession box]]
[[cy:Nodyn:Bocs-olyniaeth]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[or:ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Succession box]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[sl:Predloga:S-polje]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Скринька наступництва]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0adk3401cu1l4gb6jc0rph194quwa9m</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673309</id>
      <parentid>673308</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-03-16T18:22:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>이형주</username>
        <id>41986</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673309</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6263" sha1="suhfrjmvrlxe79to574r0t1d26bwlwn" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Usage===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

[[ar:قالب:Succession box]]
[[az:Şablon:Vərəsəlik qutusu]]
[[bn:টেমপ্লেট:Succession box]]
[[cy:Nodyn:Bocs-olyniaeth]]
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[id:Templat:Succession box]]
[[ja:Template:Succession box]]
[[ka:თარგი:Succession box]]
[[ko:틀:Succession box]]
[[or:ଛାଞ୍ଚ:Succession box]]
[[pt:Predefinição:Caixa de sucessão]]
[[ru:Шаблон:Succession box]]
[[sl:Predloga:S-polje]]
[[sv:Mall:Succession box]]
[[uk:Шаблон:Скринька наступництва]]
[[zh:Template:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>suhfrjmvrlxe79to574r0t1d26bwlwn</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673310</id>
      <parentid>673309</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-03-29T05:27:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DixonDBot</username>
        <id>2300</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Migrating 14 interwiki links, now provided by [[Wikipedia:Wikidata|Wikidata]] on [[d:Q3366748]]</comment>
      <origin>673310</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5795" sha1="416m04semubt6hni8edl47aa4txj7kh" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Usage===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[ko:틀:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>416m04semubt6hni8edl47aa4txj7kh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673311</id>
      <parentid>673310</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-04-29T01:03:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <ip>89.76.237.3</ip>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673311</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6369" sha1="sfr62l0qdlp37emmlhpx3ckr5k1faex" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = Jestem biedniejszym Polakiem, dla mnie już ponad cztery lata temu naruszyl wszystkie możliwe bariery i granice, zawsze pozostanie i bęzie w mojej pamięci poki co i już tylko jako nieistotny dla mnie fenomenalny raper oraz morederca, jebany konfident oraz człowiek, który jest nikimi, pyszałkiem, egocentrykiem oraz kosztował życie kilku ludzi ... Sam jsrt sobe już sie boje nazywan się Tomasz Pelczar i od czterech lat nadal tyklo próbuję zaczynać życie na rodzinnej dzielcy przy ulicy Wloskiej, też jetem konfidentem, ale nikt przeze mnie nie zginął ... 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Usage===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[ko:틀:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sfr62l0qdlp37emmlhpx3ckr5k1faex</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673312</id>
      <parentid>673311</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-06-04T23:45:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Modernponderer</username>
        <id>60630</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Undid revision 552649272 by [[Special:Contributions/89.76.237.3|89.76.237.3]] ([[User talk:89.76.237.3|talk]])</comment>
      <origin>673312</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5795" sha1="416m04semubt6hni8edl47aa4txj7kh" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

===Usage===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[ko:틀:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>416m04semubt6hni8edl47aa4txj7kh</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673313</id>
      <parentid>673312</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-06-16T20:00:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nick Levinson</username>
        <id>47333</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Usage */ Added on the &quot;years&quot; parameter and, minor, spaced a section heading.</comment>
      <origin>673313</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5963" sha1="di2a9t4b0ibv2yxpouupplxorxesozr" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[ko:틀:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>di2a9t4b0ibv2yxpouupplxorxesozr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673314</id>
      <parentid>673313</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-06-27T07:48:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gire 3pich2005</username>
        <id>41973</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673314</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5999" sha1="eatujvsegfebnu7051t6ro6io5rd5j5" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[fa:الگو:جعبه توالی]]
[[ko:틀:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>eatujvsegfebnu7051t6ro6io5rd5j5</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673315</id>
      <parentid>673314</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-07-25T15:38:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Salix alba</username>
        <id>14641</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>add template data</comment>
      <origin>673315</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11393" sha1="gc0tz5ux5sauxe4e0oj0tebqd2d8wmy" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
  &quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
  &quot;params&quot;: {
    &quot;years&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;years&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: true
    },
    &quot;title&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;title&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office e.g. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;rows&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;rows&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;alongside&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, upto 25 people&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with6&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with7&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with8&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with9&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with10&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with11&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with12&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with13&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with14&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with15&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with16&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with17&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with18&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with19&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with20&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with21&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with22&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with23&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with24&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with25&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    }

  }
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;


==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[fa:الگو:جعبه توالی]]
[[ko:틀:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>gc0tz5ux5sauxe4e0oj0tebqd2d8wmy</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673316</id>
      <parentid>673315</parentid>
      <timestamp>2013-10-27T00:59:01Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Hyacinth</username>
        <id>14652</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* See also */ *{{tl|Sequence}}</comment>
      <origin>673316</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11410" sha1="4quoardbl1svd27j0i71qh09zrvctkj" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
  &quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
  &quot;params&quot;: {
    &quot;years&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;years&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: true
    },
    &quot;title&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;title&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office e.g. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;rows&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;rows&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;alongside&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, upto 25 people&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with6&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with7&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with8&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with9&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with10&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with11&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with12&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with13&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with14&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with15&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with16&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with17&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with18&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with19&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with20&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with21&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with22&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with23&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with24&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with25&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    }

  }
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;


==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[fa:الگو:جعبه توالی]]
[[ko:틀:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>4quoardbl1svd27j0i71qh09zrvctkj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673317</id>
      <parentid>673316</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-02-20T04:06:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DocWatson42</username>
        <id>14675</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Added a space.</comment>
      <origin>673317</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11411" sha1="2rjs5bl4cgqq4lggispfiwybaapn68y" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
  &quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
  &quot;params&quot;: {
    &quot;years&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;years&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: true
    },
    &quot;title&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;title&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office e.g. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;rows&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;rows&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;alongside&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with6&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with7&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with8&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with9&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with10&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with11&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with12&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with13&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with14&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with15&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with16&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with17&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with18&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with19&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with20&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with21&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with22&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with23&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with24&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with25&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    }

  }
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;


==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[fa:الگو:جعبه توالی]]
[[ko:틀:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>2rjs5bl4cgqq4lggispfiwybaapn68y</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673318</id>
      <parentid>673317</parentid>
      <timestamp>2014-02-20T04:38:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>DocWatson42</username>
        <id>14675</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Deleted a redundancy.</comment>
      <origin>673318</origin>
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      <text bytes="11398" sha1="msvoa5fxjay6z6kfa40z2jnf2pk111w" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc (max 25)

===Examples===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
  &quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
  &quot;params&quot;: {
    &quot;years&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;years&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: true
    },
    &quot;title&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;title&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office e.g. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;rows&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;rows&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;alongside&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with6&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with7&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with8&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with9&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with10&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with11&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with12&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with13&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with14&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with15&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with16&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with17&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with18&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with19&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with20&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with21&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with22&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with23&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with24&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with25&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    }

  }
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;


==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[fa:الگو:جعبه توالی]]
[[ko:틀:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>msvoa5fxjay6z6kfa40z2jnf2pk111w</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673319</id>
      <parentid>673318</parentid>
      <timestamp>2015-09-06T16:13:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>GoingBatty</username>
        <id>28408</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>[[WP:AWB/T|typo(s) fixed]]: etc  → etc.  (3) using [[Project:AWB|AWB]] (11376)</comment>
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&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

===Examples===

==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
  &quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
  &quot;params&quot;: {
    &quot;years&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;years&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: true
    },
    &quot;title&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;title&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office e.g. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;rows&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;rows&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;alongside&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with6&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with7&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with8&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with9&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with10&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with11&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with12&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with13&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with14&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with15&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with16&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with17&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with18&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with19&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with20&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with21&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with22&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with23&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with24&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with25&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    }

  }
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
[[es:Plantilla:Succession box]]
[[fa:الگو:جعبه توالی]]
[[ko:틀:Succession box]]
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ta5bb5frx5hsvtveymwhvzltb23vu28</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673320</id>
      <parentid>673319</parentid>
      <timestamp>2015-09-10T16:30:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mahdy Saffar</username>
        <id>64087</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>removing interwikis</comment>
      <origin>673320</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11307" sha1="93fq4b95p30yf2ffldrede43hlr48zp" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

===Examples===

==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
  &quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
  &quot;params&quot;: {
    &quot;years&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;years&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: true
    },
    &quot;title&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;title&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office e.g. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;rows&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;rows&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;before5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;after5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;alongside&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with2&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with3&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with4&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with5&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with6&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with7&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with8&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with9&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with10&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with11&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with12&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with13&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with14&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with15&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with16&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with17&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with18&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with19&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with20&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with21&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with22&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with23&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with24&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    },
    &quot;with25&quot;: {
      &quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
      &quot;description&quot;: &quot;&quot;,
      &quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
      &quot;required&quot;: false
    }

  }
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>93fq4b95p30yf2ffldrede43hlr48zp</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673321</id>
      <parentid>673320</parentid>
      <timestamp>2015-10-17T18:56:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jdforrester</username>
        <id>3024</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>TemplateData: Make title/before/after auto-prompt the user.</comment>
      <origin>673321</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10195" sha1="jpd4x4t9sx4hkqk8gdqf08cbek8r3ka" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

===Examples===

==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818&amp;ndash;1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820&amp;ndash;1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831&amp;ndash;1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832&amp;ndash;1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835&amp;ndash;1839
 | years   = 1818&amp;ndash;1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office e.g. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	}
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>jpd4x4t9sx4hkqk8gdqf08cbek8r3ka</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673322</id>
      <parentid>673321</parentid>
      <timestamp>2015-12-20T19:48:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HandsomeFella</username>
        <id>47198</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Example with multiple office-holders */ carrington -&gt; carington</comment>
      <origin>673322</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10137" sha1="90571qx7e6iazebgkqlzm37wn1pyf4l" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

===Examples===

==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pre]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office e.g. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	}
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>90571qx7e6iazebgkqlzm37wn1pyf4l</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673323</id>
      <parentid>673322</parentid>
      <timestamp>2015-12-21T20:30:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HandsomeFella</username>
        <id>47198</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Example with multiple office-holders */</comment>
      <origin>673323</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10139" sha1="dg0fu5prl8i8weg9z5i10nx6viws01u" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

===Examples===

==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office e.g. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	}
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dg0fu5prl8i8weg9z5i10nx6viws01u</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673324</id>
      <parentid>673323</parentid>
      <timestamp>2015-12-28T15:17:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>HandsomeFella</username>
        <id>47198</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Example with multiple office-holders */</comment>
      <origin>673324</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10141" sha1="s1yk6mhtqxvisylfeltn4ymgq8q2u17" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

===Examples===

==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office e.g. [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	}
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673325</id>
      <parentid>673324</parentid>
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        <id>3024</id>
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      <comment>TemplateData: Switch to block format; fiddle with order, examples.</comment>
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&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

===Examples===

==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;1912–1935&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Number of rows to cover&quot;
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	},
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;block&quot;,
	&quot;paramOrder&quot;: [
		&quot;title&quot;,
		&quot;years&quot;,
		&quot;before&quot;,
		&quot;before2&quot;,
		&quot;before3&quot;,
		&quot;before4&quot;,
		&quot;before5&quot;,
		&quot;after&quot;,
		&quot;after2&quot;,
		&quot;after3&quot;,
		&quot;after4&quot;,
		&quot;after5&quot;,
		&quot;alongside&quot;,
		&quot;with&quot;,
		&quot;with2&quot;,
		&quot;with3&quot;,
		&quot;with4&quot;,
		&quot;with5&quot;,
		&quot;with6&quot;,
		&quot;with7&quot;,
		&quot;with8&quot;,
		&quot;with9&quot;,
		&quot;with10&quot;,
		&quot;with11&quot;,
		&quot;with12&quot;,
		&quot;with13&quot;,
		&quot;with14&quot;,
		&quot;with15&quot;,
		&quot;with16&quot;,
		&quot;with17&quot;,
		&quot;with18&quot;,
		&quot;with19&quot;,
		&quot;with20&quot;,
		&quot;with21&quot;,
		&quot;with22&quot;,
		&quot;with23&quot;,
		&quot;with24&quot;,
		&quot;with25&quot;,
		&quot;rows&quot;
	]
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>kukqbp5o5l0tv42nhiduq8oympib3wv</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673326</id>
      <parentid>673325</parentid>
      <timestamp>2018-06-15T04:40:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Greenshed</username>
        <id>4341</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>high-use|118,000</comment>
      <origin>673326</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10750" sha1="cmpr0qmconr5lijzftwwtislxki02z8" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

{{high-use|118,000}}

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated, the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

===Examples===

==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;1912–1935&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Number of rows to cover&quot;
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	},
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;block&quot;,
	&quot;paramOrder&quot;: [
		&quot;title&quot;,
		&quot;years&quot;,
		&quot;before&quot;,
		&quot;before2&quot;,
		&quot;before3&quot;,
		&quot;before4&quot;,
		&quot;before5&quot;,
		&quot;after&quot;,
		&quot;after2&quot;,
		&quot;after3&quot;,
		&quot;after4&quot;,
		&quot;after5&quot;,
		&quot;alongside&quot;,
		&quot;with&quot;,
		&quot;with2&quot;,
		&quot;with3&quot;,
		&quot;with4&quot;,
		&quot;with5&quot;,
		&quot;with6&quot;,
		&quot;with7&quot;,
		&quot;with8&quot;,
		&quot;with9&quot;,
		&quot;with10&quot;,
		&quot;with11&quot;,
		&quot;with12&quot;,
		&quot;with13&quot;,
		&quot;with14&quot;,
		&quot;with15&quot;,
		&quot;with16&quot;,
		&quot;with17&quot;,
		&quot;with18&quot;,
		&quot;with19&quot;,
		&quot;with20&quot;,
		&quot;with21&quot;,
		&quot;with22&quot;,
		&quot;with23&quot;,
		&quot;with24&quot;,
		&quot;with25&quot;,
		&quot;rows&quot;
	]
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>cmpr0qmconr5lijzftwwtislxki02z8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673327</id>
      <parentid>673326</parentid>
      <timestamp>2018-06-15T04:46:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Greenshed</username>
        <id>4341</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>s-start template series</comment>
      <origin>673327</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10812" sha1="a1018ee8cf4k88ja8t9en5wmvqaegqb" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

{{high-use|118,000}}

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated in favour of the [[Template:S-start|s-start template series]], the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

===Examples===

==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateDataHeader}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;1912–1935&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Number of rows to cover&quot;
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	},
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;block&quot;,
	&quot;paramOrder&quot;: [
		&quot;title&quot;,
		&quot;years&quot;,
		&quot;before&quot;,
		&quot;before2&quot;,
		&quot;before3&quot;,
		&quot;before4&quot;,
		&quot;before5&quot;,
		&quot;after&quot;,
		&quot;after2&quot;,
		&quot;after3&quot;,
		&quot;after4&quot;,
		&quot;after5&quot;,
		&quot;alongside&quot;,
		&quot;with&quot;,
		&quot;with2&quot;,
		&quot;with3&quot;,
		&quot;with4&quot;,
		&quot;with5&quot;,
		&quot;with6&quot;,
		&quot;with7&quot;,
		&quot;with8&quot;,
		&quot;with9&quot;,
		&quot;with10&quot;,
		&quot;with11&quot;,
		&quot;with12&quot;,
		&quot;with13&quot;,
		&quot;with14&quot;,
		&quot;with15&quot;,
		&quot;with16&quot;,
		&quot;with17&quot;,
		&quot;with18&quot;,
		&quot;with19&quot;,
		&quot;with20&quot;,
		&quot;with21&quot;,
		&quot;with22&quot;,
		&quot;with23&quot;,
		&quot;with24&quot;,
		&quot;with25&quot;,
		&quot;rows&quot;
	]
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>a1018ee8cf4k88ja8t9en5wmvqaegqb</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673328</id>
      <parentid>673327</parentid>
      <timestamp>2018-08-13T23:05:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jdaloner</username>
        <id>14673</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
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      <text bytes="10813" sha1="ni8qoafqy82brlzonaajplpella0iy5" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

{{high-use|118,000}}

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated in favour of the [[Template:S-start|s-start template series]], the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

===Examples===

==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateData header}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;1912–1935&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Number of rows to cover&quot;
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	},
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;block&quot;,
	&quot;paramOrder&quot;: [
		&quot;title&quot;,
		&quot;years&quot;,
		&quot;before&quot;,
		&quot;before2&quot;,
		&quot;before3&quot;,
		&quot;before4&quot;,
		&quot;before5&quot;,
		&quot;after&quot;,
		&quot;after2&quot;,
		&quot;after3&quot;,
		&quot;after4&quot;,
		&quot;after5&quot;,
		&quot;alongside&quot;,
		&quot;with&quot;,
		&quot;with2&quot;,
		&quot;with3&quot;,
		&quot;with4&quot;,
		&quot;with5&quot;,
		&quot;with6&quot;,
		&quot;with7&quot;,
		&quot;with8&quot;,
		&quot;with9&quot;,
		&quot;with10&quot;,
		&quot;with11&quot;,
		&quot;with12&quot;,
		&quot;with13&quot;,
		&quot;with14&quot;,
		&quot;with15&quot;,
		&quot;with16&quot;,
		&quot;with17&quot;,
		&quot;with18&quot;,
		&quot;with19&quot;,
		&quot;with20&quot;,
		&quot;with21&quot;,
		&quot;with22&quot;,
		&quot;with23&quot;,
		&quot;with24&quot;,
		&quot;with25&quot;,
		&quot;rows&quot;
	]
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
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{{high-use|113,000}}

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Mostly deprecated in favour of the [[Template:S-start|s-start template series]], the ''succession box'' template ought to be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

===Examples===

==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateData header}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;1912–1935&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Number of rows to cover&quot;
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	},
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;block&quot;,
	&quot;paramOrder&quot;: [
		&quot;title&quot;,
		&quot;years&quot;,
		&quot;before&quot;,
		&quot;before2&quot;,
		&quot;before3&quot;,
		&quot;before4&quot;,
		&quot;before5&quot;,
		&quot;after&quot;,
		&quot;after2&quot;,
		&quot;after3&quot;,
		&quot;after4&quot;,
		&quot;after5&quot;,
		&quot;alongside&quot;,
		&quot;with&quot;,
		&quot;with2&quot;,
		&quot;with3&quot;,
		&quot;with4&quot;,
		&quot;with5&quot;,
		&quot;with6&quot;,
		&quot;with7&quot;,
		&quot;with8&quot;,
		&quot;with9&quot;,
		&quot;with10&quot;,
		&quot;with11&quot;,
		&quot;with12&quot;,
		&quot;with13&quot;,
		&quot;with14&quot;,
		&quot;with15&quot;,
		&quot;with16&quot;,
		&quot;with17&quot;,
		&quot;with18&quot;,
		&quot;with19&quot;,
		&quot;with20&quot;,
		&quot;with21&quot;,
		&quot;with22&quot;,
		&quot;with23&quot;,
		&quot;with24&quot;,
		&quot;with25&quot;,
		&quot;rows&quot;
	]
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>hk3v7subw05efbtx8qa2bgzwbdgev4p</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673330</id>
      <parentid>673329</parentid>
      <timestamp>2019-01-04T10:00:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Greenshed</username>
        <id>4341</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Deprecated - see talk page</comment>
      <origin>673330</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10921" sha1="bz4llqaz0sksp3tr1jcxwumnia9j3fi" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

{{high-use|113,000}}

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Deprecated in favour of the [[Template:S-start|s-start template series]], the ''succession box'' template might be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one. For purposes of consistency and simplicity, it is preferable to use ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series templates in all cases.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

===Examples===

==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateData header}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;1912–1935&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Number of rows to cover&quot;
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	},
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;block&quot;,
	&quot;paramOrder&quot;: [
		&quot;title&quot;,
		&quot;years&quot;,
		&quot;before&quot;,
		&quot;before2&quot;,
		&quot;before3&quot;,
		&quot;before4&quot;,
		&quot;before5&quot;,
		&quot;after&quot;,
		&quot;after2&quot;,
		&quot;after3&quot;,
		&quot;after4&quot;,
		&quot;after5&quot;,
		&quot;alongside&quot;,
		&quot;with&quot;,
		&quot;with2&quot;,
		&quot;with3&quot;,
		&quot;with4&quot;,
		&quot;with5&quot;,
		&quot;with6&quot;,
		&quot;with7&quot;,
		&quot;with8&quot;,
		&quot;with9&quot;,
		&quot;with10&quot;,
		&quot;with11&quot;,
		&quot;with12&quot;,
		&quot;with13&quot;,
		&quot;with14&quot;,
		&quot;with15&quot;,
		&quot;with16&quot;,
		&quot;with17&quot;,
		&quot;with18&quot;,
		&quot;with19&quot;,
		&quot;with20&quot;,
		&quot;with21&quot;,
		&quot;with22&quot;,
		&quot;with23&quot;,
		&quot;with24&quot;,
		&quot;with25&quot;,
		&quot;rows&quot;
	]
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}
&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

&lt;/includeonly&gt;

&lt;includeonly&gt;
&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bz4llqaz0sksp3tr1jcxwumnia9j3fi</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673331</id>
      <parentid>673330</parentid>
      <timestamp>2020-04-27T01:35:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vanisaac</username>
        <id>27024</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>/* See also */clean up per [[WP:CAT#T]] and [[WP:AWBREQ]] add template:Sandbox other</comment>
      <origin>673331</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10911" sha1="mvhsmbhqfin1kampto6iyhw8roq0bof" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

{{high-use|113,000}}

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Deprecated in favour of the [[Template:S-start|s-start template series]], the ''succession box'' template might be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one. For purposes of consistency and simplicity, it is preferable to use ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series templates in all cases.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

===Examples===

==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateData header}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;1912–1935&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Number of rows to cover&quot;
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	},
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;block&quot;,
	&quot;paramOrder&quot;: [
		&quot;title&quot;,
		&quot;years&quot;,
		&quot;before&quot;,
		&quot;before2&quot;,
		&quot;before3&quot;,
		&quot;before4&quot;,
		&quot;before5&quot;,
		&quot;after&quot;,
		&quot;after2&quot;,
		&quot;after3&quot;,
		&quot;after4&quot;,
		&quot;after5&quot;,
		&quot;alongside&quot;,
		&quot;with&quot;,
		&quot;with2&quot;,
		&quot;with3&quot;,
		&quot;with4&quot;,
		&quot;with5&quot;,
		&quot;with6&quot;,
		&quot;with7&quot;,
		&quot;with8&quot;,
		&quot;with9&quot;,
		&quot;with10&quot;,
		&quot;with11&quot;,
		&quot;with12&quot;,
		&quot;with13&quot;,
		&quot;with14&quot;,
		&quot;with15&quot;,
		&quot;with16&quot;,
		&quot;with17&quot;,
		&quot;with18&quot;,
		&quot;with19&quot;,
		&quot;with20&quot;,
		&quot;with21&quot;,
		&quot;with22&quot;,
		&quot;with23&quot;,
		&quot;with24&quot;,
		&quot;with25&quot;,
		&quot;rows&quot;
	]
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>mvhsmbhqfin1kampto6iyhw8roq0bof</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673332</id>
      <parentid>673331</parentid>
      <timestamp>2021-05-22T15:17:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>dab to [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="10987" sha1="pj29uify2v2g7zua1rxqp5sxr5abk1k" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

{{high-use|113,000}}

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Deprecated in favour of the [[Template:S-start|s-start template series]], the ''succession box'' template might be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one. For purposes of consistency and simplicity, it is preferable to use ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series templates in all cases.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

===Examples===

==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}

==TemplateData==
{{TemplateData header}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;1912–1935&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Number of rows to cover&quot;
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person.&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	},
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;block&quot;,
	&quot;paramOrder&quot;: [
		&quot;title&quot;,
		&quot;years&quot;,
		&quot;before&quot;,
		&quot;before2&quot;,
		&quot;before3&quot;,
		&quot;before4&quot;,
		&quot;before5&quot;,
		&quot;after&quot;,
		&quot;after2&quot;,
		&quot;after3&quot;,
		&quot;after4&quot;,
		&quot;after5&quot;,
		&quot;alongside&quot;,
		&quot;with&quot;,
		&quot;with2&quot;,
		&quot;with3&quot;,
		&quot;with4&quot;,
		&quot;with5&quot;,
		&quot;with6&quot;,
		&quot;with7&quot;,
		&quot;with8&quot;,
		&quot;with9&quot;,
		&quot;with10&quot;,
		&quot;with11&quot;,
		&quot;with12&quot;,
		&quot;with13&quot;,
		&quot;with14&quot;,
		&quot;with15&quot;,
		&quot;with16&quot;,
		&quot;with17&quot;,
		&quot;with18&quot;,
		&quot;with19&quot;,
		&quot;with20&quot;,
		&quot;with21&quot;,
		&quot;with22&quot;,
		&quot;with23&quot;,
		&quot;with24&quot;,
		&quot;with25&quot;,
		&quot;rows&quot;
	]
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

==See also==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}

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&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]

}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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{{high-use|113,000}}

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Deprecated in favour of the [[Template:S-start|s-start template series]], the ''succession box'' template might be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one. For purposes of consistency and simplicity, it is preferable to use ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series templates in all cases.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

=== Examples ===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}

== TemplateData ==
{{TemplateData header}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;1912–1935&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Number of rows to cover&quot;
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	},
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;block&quot;,
	&quot;paramOrder&quot;: [
		&quot;title&quot;,
		&quot;years&quot;,
		&quot;before&quot;,
		&quot;before2&quot;,
		&quot;before3&quot;,
		&quot;before4&quot;,
		&quot;before5&quot;,
		&quot;after&quot;,
		&quot;after2&quot;,
		&quot;after3&quot;,
		&quot;after4&quot;,
		&quot;after5&quot;,
		&quot;alongside&quot;,
		&quot;with&quot;,
		&quot;with2&quot;,
		&quot;with3&quot;,
		&quot;with4&quot;,
		&quot;with5&quot;,
		&quot;with6&quot;,
		&quot;with7&quot;,
		&quot;with8&quot;,
		&quot;with9&quot;,
		&quot;with10&quot;,
		&quot;with11&quot;,
		&quot;with12&quot;,
		&quot;with13&quot;,
		&quot;with14&quot;,
		&quot;with15&quot;,
		&quot;with16&quot;,
		&quot;with17&quot;,
		&quot;with18&quot;,
		&quot;with19&quot;,
		&quot;with20&quot;,
		&quot;with21&quot;,
		&quot;with22&quot;,
		&quot;with23&quot;,
		&quot;with24&quot;,
		&quot;with25&quot;,
		&quot;rows&quot;
	]
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== See also ==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Exclude in print]]
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>imwl8cpr9v861pigqa407zjqwzh6r30</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673334</id>
      <parentid>673333</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T14:20:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>JJMC89 bot III</username>
        <id>27027</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Removing [[:Category:Exclude in print]] per [[Wikipedia:Categories for discussion/Log/2022 July 19#Category:Exclude in print]]</comment>
      <origin>673334</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="10951" sha1="bst1ffm6k0u8v84hs3l3md6joe7t2e6" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

{{high-use|113,000}}

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Deprecated in favour of the [[Template:S-start|s-start template series]], the ''succession box'' template might be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one. For purposes of consistency and simplicity, it is preferable to use ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series templates in all cases.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

=== Examples ===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;pre style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/pre&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}

== TemplateData ==
{{TemplateData header}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;1912–1935&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Number of rows to cover&quot;
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	},
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;block&quot;,
	&quot;paramOrder&quot;: [
		&quot;title&quot;,
		&quot;years&quot;,
		&quot;before&quot;,
		&quot;before2&quot;,
		&quot;before3&quot;,
		&quot;before4&quot;,
		&quot;before5&quot;,
		&quot;after&quot;,
		&quot;after2&quot;,
		&quot;after3&quot;,
		&quot;after4&quot;,
		&quot;after5&quot;,
		&quot;alongside&quot;,
		&quot;with&quot;,
		&quot;with2&quot;,
		&quot;with3&quot;,
		&quot;with4&quot;,
		&quot;with5&quot;,
		&quot;with6&quot;,
		&quot;with7&quot;,
		&quot;with8&quot;,
		&quot;with9&quot;,
		&quot;with10&quot;,
		&quot;with11&quot;,
		&quot;with12&quot;,
		&quot;with13&quot;,
		&quot;with14&quot;,
		&quot;with15&quot;,
		&quot;with16&quot;,
		&quot;with17&quot;,
		&quot;with18&quot;,
		&quot;with19&quot;,
		&quot;with20&quot;,
		&quot;with21&quot;,
		&quot;with22&quot;,
		&quot;with23&quot;,
		&quot;with24&quot;,
		&quot;with25&quot;,
		&quot;rows&quot;
	]
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== See also ==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bst1ffm6k0u8v84hs3l3md6joe7t2e6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673335</id>
      <parentid>673334</parentid>
      <timestamp>2023-05-30T12:45:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WOSlinker</username>
        <id>3423</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673335</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11111" sha1="ipucpeu2w0zypwz53maercwu5io5l82" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

{{high-use|113,000}}

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Deprecated in favour of the [[Template:S-start|s-start template series]], the ''succession box'' template might be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one. For purposes of consistency and simplicity, it is preferable to use ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series templates in all cases.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

=== Examples ===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}

== TemplateData ==
{{TemplateData header}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;1912–1935&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Number of rows to cover&quot;
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	},
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;block&quot;,
	&quot;paramOrder&quot;: [
		&quot;title&quot;,
		&quot;years&quot;,
		&quot;before&quot;,
		&quot;before2&quot;,
		&quot;before3&quot;,
		&quot;before4&quot;,
		&quot;before5&quot;,
		&quot;after&quot;,
		&quot;after2&quot;,
		&quot;after3&quot;,
		&quot;after4&quot;,
		&quot;after5&quot;,
		&quot;alongside&quot;,
		&quot;with&quot;,
		&quot;with2&quot;,
		&quot;with3&quot;,
		&quot;with4&quot;,
		&quot;with5&quot;,
		&quot;with6&quot;,
		&quot;with7&quot;,
		&quot;with8&quot;,
		&quot;with9&quot;,
		&quot;with10&quot;,
		&quot;with11&quot;,
		&quot;with12&quot;,
		&quot;with13&quot;,
		&quot;with14&quot;,
		&quot;with15&quot;,
		&quot;with16&quot;,
		&quot;with17&quot;,
		&quot;with18&quot;,
		&quot;with19&quot;,
		&quot;with20&quot;,
		&quot;with21&quot;,
		&quot;with22&quot;,
		&quot;with23&quot;,
		&quot;with24&quot;,
		&quot;with25&quot;,
		&quot;rows&quot;
	]
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== See also ==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ipucpeu2w0zypwz53maercwu5io5l82</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673336</id>
      <parentid>673335</parentid>
      <timestamp>2024-07-22T23:31:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Jonesey95</username>
        <id>14480</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Parameters */ Add documentation that should go without saying, but people do this for some reason.</comment>
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&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

{{high-use|113,000}}

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Deprecated in favour of the [[Template:S-start|s-start template series]], the ''succession box'' template might be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one. For purposes of consistency and simplicity, it is preferable to use ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series templates in all cases.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

;Title
The title of the office held. Do not put the name of the person covered by the article into this field.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

=== Examples ===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}

== TemplateData ==
{{TemplateData header}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;1912–1935&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Number of rows to cover&quot;
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	},
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;block&quot;,
	&quot;paramOrder&quot;: [
		&quot;title&quot;,
		&quot;years&quot;,
		&quot;before&quot;,
		&quot;before2&quot;,
		&quot;before3&quot;,
		&quot;before4&quot;,
		&quot;before5&quot;,
		&quot;after&quot;,
		&quot;after2&quot;,
		&quot;after3&quot;,
		&quot;after4&quot;,
		&quot;after5&quot;,
		&quot;alongside&quot;,
		&quot;with&quot;,
		&quot;with2&quot;,
		&quot;with3&quot;,
		&quot;with4&quot;,
		&quot;with5&quot;,
		&quot;with6&quot;,
		&quot;with7&quot;,
		&quot;with8&quot;,
		&quot;with9&quot;,
		&quot;with10&quot;,
		&quot;with11&quot;,
		&quot;with12&quot;,
		&quot;with13&quot;,
		&quot;with14&quot;,
		&quot;with15&quot;,
		&quot;with16&quot;,
		&quot;with17&quot;,
		&quot;with18&quot;,
		&quot;with19&quot;,
		&quot;with20&quot;,
		&quot;with21&quot;,
		&quot;with22&quot;,
		&quot;with23&quot;,
		&quot;with24&quot;,
		&quot;with25&quot;,
		&quot;rows&quot;
	]
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== See also ==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}

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&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

{{high-use|113,000}}

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Deprecated in favour of the [[Template:S-start|s-start template series]], the ''succession box'' template might be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one. For purposes of consistency and simplicity, it is preferable to use ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series templates in all cases.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

;Title
The title of the office held. Do not put the name of the person covered by the article into this field.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

=== Examples ===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}

== TemplateData ==
{{TemplateData header}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;1912–1935&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office; do not include the person's name&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Number of rows to cover&quot;
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	},
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;block&quot;,
	&quot;paramOrder&quot;: [
		&quot;title&quot;,
		&quot;years&quot;,
		&quot;before&quot;,
		&quot;before2&quot;,
		&quot;before3&quot;,
		&quot;before4&quot;,
		&quot;before5&quot;,
		&quot;after&quot;,
		&quot;after2&quot;,
		&quot;after3&quot;,
		&quot;after4&quot;,
		&quot;after5&quot;,
		&quot;alongside&quot;,
		&quot;with&quot;,
		&quot;with2&quot;,
		&quot;with3&quot;,
		&quot;with4&quot;,
		&quot;with5&quot;,
		&quot;with6&quot;,
		&quot;with7&quot;,
		&quot;with8&quot;,
		&quot;with9&quot;,
		&quot;with10&quot;,
		&quot;with11&quot;,
		&quot;with12&quot;,
		&quot;with13&quot;,
		&quot;with14&quot;,
		&quot;with15&quot;,
		&quot;with16&quot;,
		&quot;with17&quot;,
		&quot;with18&quot;,
		&quot;with19&quot;,
		&quot;with20&quot;,
		&quot;with21&quot;,
		&quot;with22&quot;,
		&quot;with23&quot;,
		&quot;with24&quot;,
		&quot;with25&quot;,
		&quot;rows&quot;
	]
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== See also ==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673338</id>
      <parentid>673337</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T12:51:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>King ChristLike</username>
        <id>13051</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>63 revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Succession_box/doc]]</comment>
      <origin>673337</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="11257" sha1="0wlfe2rrrw2d63gcjqduwuatmy62jp9" xml:space="preserve">{{Documentation subpage}}
&lt;!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS AT THE BOTTOM OF THIS PAGE --&gt;

{{high-use|113,000}}

This template creates a standard line for succession boxes.

Deprecated in favour of the [[Template:S-start|s-start template series]], the ''succession box'' template might be used only for the simplest succession lines. These are single succession lines showing nothing more than a succession of three people holding exactly the same title. For succession lines sharing cells with other lines, for new or expired titles, for incumbencies or vacancies, for titular rulers or pretenders, for titles which change their name before or after the subject, and for lines requiring other additional information, the specialised templates of the ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series should be used instead of this one. For purposes of consistency and simplicity, it is preferable to use ''{{tl|s-start}}'' series templates in all cases.

===Syntax===
Basic usage:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title  = 
 | years  = 
 | with   =
 | before = 
 | after  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

Full usage:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
 | title   = 
 | years   = 
 | with    =
 | with2   =
 | with3   =
 | with4   =
 | with5   =
 | with6   =
 | with7   =
 | with8   =
 | with9   =
 | with10  =
 | before  = 
 | before2 = 
 | before3 = 
 | before4 = 
 | before5 = 
 | after   = 
 | after2  = 
 | after3  = 
 | after4  = 
 | after5  = 
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

=== Usage ===
A succession box may start with a single {{Tld|S-start}} and end with one {{Tld|S-end}}. Alternatively, the old versions may be used, namely {{Tld|Start box}} as the initial template and {{Tld|End box}} as the finishing one; the two formats are compatible with each other.

Within each succession box, one or more lines may be created. One {{tld|Succession box}} is used for each line, and parameters are used to insert data into the template: &quot;before&quot; for the predecessor of the subject, &quot;title&quot; for the subject's title, &quot;years&quot; for the time period during which they held the title, and &quot;after&quot; for the name of their successor.

==== Parameters ====
;Years
Mandatory; a value is required. The value may be years or full dates. A range is not required, such as if a term of office was one year.

;Title
The title of the office held. Do not put the name of the person covered by the article into this field.

==== Usage with multiple office-holders ====
Where a post was held by more than one person at a time, extra parameters should be used to include them.

;Predecessors
*For multiple predecessors use &quot;before&quot;, &quot;before2&quot;, &quot;before3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Successors
*For multiple successors use &quot;after&quot;, &quot;after2&quot;, &quot;after3&quot;, etc. (max 5)
;Concurrent office-holders
*For concurrent office-holders use &quot;with&quot;, &quot;with2&quot;, &quot;with3&quot;, etc. (max 25)

=== Examples ===
==== Example with single office-holder ====
From the article [[Winston Churchill]]:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Clement Attlee]]
| title  = [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
| years  = 26 October 1951 – 7 April 1955
| after  = [[Anthony Eden|Sir Anthony Eden]]
}}
{{Succession box
| before = [[Emanuel Shinwell]]
| title  = [[Minister of Defence (UK)|Minister of Defence]]
| years  = 1951–1952
| after  = [[Harold Alexander, 1st Earl Alexander of Tunis|The Earl Alexander of Tunis]]
}}
{{S-end}}

==== Example with multiple office-holders ====
From the article [[Richard Temple-Grenville, 2nd Duke of Buckingham and Chandos]]:

&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;wikitext&quot; style=&quot;overflow:auto;&quot;&gt;
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|gb}}
{{succession box
 | title   = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Buckinghamshire (UK Parliament constituency)|Buckinghamshire]]
 | with    = [[William Selby Lowndes]] 1818–1820
 | with2   = [[Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington|Robert Smith]] 1820–1831
 | with3   = [[John Smith (Wendover MP)|John Smith]] 1831–1835
 | with4   = [[Sir George Dashwood, 5th Baronet|Sir George Dashwood, Bt]] 1832–1835
 | with5   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]] 1835–1839
 | with6   = [[George Simon Harcourt]] 1835–1839
 | years   = 1818–1839
 | before  = [[William Selby Lowndes]]
 | before2 = [[Thomas Grenville]]
 | after   = [[Sir William Young, 4th Baronet|Sir William Young, Bt]]
 | after2  = [[George Simon Harcourt]]
 | after3  = [[Caledon Du Pré]]
}}
{{s-end}}

== TemplateData ==
{{TemplateData header}}

&lt;templatedata&gt;
{
	&quot;description&quot;: &quot;This template creates a standard line for succession boxes. It is normally preceded by {{S-start}} and followed by {{S-end}}&quot;,
	&quot;params&quot;: {
		&quot;years&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Years&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;The years the office held, value may be years or full dates, a range is not require if the post was only held for a year&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;1912–1935&quot;,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;title&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Title&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Title of the office; do not include the person's name&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true,
			&quot;example&quot;: &quot;[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]&quot;
		},
		&quot;rows&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Rows&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;number&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Number of rows to cover&quot;
		},
		&quot;before&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;Before&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;before2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;before5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;before5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth predecessor&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;First successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false,
			&quot;suggested&quot;: true
		},
		&quot;after2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after2&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Second successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after3&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Third successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after4&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Forth successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;after5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;after5&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Fifth successors&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;alongside&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;alongside&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Used when they 'Served alongside' another person&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with&quot;,
			&quot;description&quot;: &quot;Concurrent office-holders, up to 25 people&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with2&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with2&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with3&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with3&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with4&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with4&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with5&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with5&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with6&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with6&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with7&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with7&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with8&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with8&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with9&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with9&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with10&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with10&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with11&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with11&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with12&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with12&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with13&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with13&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with14&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with14&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with15&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with15&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with16&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with16&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with17&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with17&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with18&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with18&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with19&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with19&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with20&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with20&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with21&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with21&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with22&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with22&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with23&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with23&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with24&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with24&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		},
		&quot;with25&quot;: {
			&quot;label&quot;: &quot;with25&quot;,
			&quot;type&quot;: &quot;string&quot;,
			&quot;required&quot;: false
		}
	},
	&quot;format&quot;: &quot;block&quot;,
	&quot;paramOrder&quot;: [
		&quot;title&quot;,
		&quot;years&quot;,
		&quot;before&quot;,
		&quot;before2&quot;,
		&quot;before3&quot;,
		&quot;before4&quot;,
		&quot;before5&quot;,
		&quot;after&quot;,
		&quot;after2&quot;,
		&quot;after3&quot;,
		&quot;after4&quot;,
		&quot;after5&quot;,
		&quot;alongside&quot;,
		&quot;with&quot;,
		&quot;with2&quot;,
		&quot;with3&quot;,
		&quot;with4&quot;,
		&quot;with5&quot;,
		&quot;with6&quot;,
		&quot;with7&quot;,
		&quot;with8&quot;,
		&quot;with9&quot;,
		&quot;with10&quot;,
		&quot;with11&quot;,
		&quot;with12&quot;,
		&quot;with13&quot;,
		&quot;with14&quot;,
		&quot;with15&quot;,
		&quot;with16&quot;,
		&quot;with17&quot;,
		&quot;with18&quot;,
		&quot;with19&quot;,
		&quot;with20&quot;,
		&quot;with21&quot;,
		&quot;with22&quot;,
		&quot;with23&quot;,
		&quot;with24&quot;,
		&quot;with25&quot;,
		&quot;rows&quot;
	]
}
&lt;/templatedata&gt;

== See also ==
*Documentation for creating more complex succession boxes can be found at [[Template:S-start]].
*A quick overview of the various templates and parameters of the ''s-start'' series can be found at the [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Succession Box Standardization/Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]].
*{{tl|Sequence}}

&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Sandbox other||
&lt;!-- CATEGORIES AND INTERWIKIS HERE, THANKS --&gt;
[[Category:Succession templates|{{PAGENAME}}]]
}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;</text>
      <sha1>0wlfe2rrrw2d63gcjqduwuatmy62jp9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Templeeti:Succession box/check</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>77472</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673339</id>
      <timestamp>2023-08-18T21:12:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>BrownHairedGirl</username>
        <id>14525</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>[[WP:AES|←]]Created page with '&lt;includeonly&gt;{{Main other |&lt;!-- --&gt;{{#if: {{{before|}}} | &lt;!--     {{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{before|}}} |pattern=^%s*[nN][eE][wW] |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMATCH&lt;!--      --&gt;|&lt;!--      --&gt;|[[Category:Template:Succession box: 'before' parameter begins with the word 'new']]&lt;!--     --&gt;}}&lt;!--     --&gt;{{#ifeq: {{#invoke:String|match|s={{{before|}}} |pattern=[cC]reated |start=1 |match=1 |plain=false |nomatch=NOMATCH}} | NOMA...'</comment>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>14525</id>
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      <comment>oops</comment>
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    <revision>
      <id>673342</id>
      <parentid>673341</parentid>
      <timestamp>2023-08-19T17:59:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>MusikBot II</username>
        <id>14639</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Protected &quot;[[Template:Succession box/check]]&quot;: [[Wikipedia:High-risk templates|High-risk template or module]]: 118592 transclusions ([[User:MusikBot II/TemplateProtector|more info]]) ([Edit=Require template editor access] (indefinite) [Move=Require template editor access] (indefinite))</comment>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2023-08-25T03:53:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <comment>track misuse to [[Category:Template:Succession box: 'before' parameter includes the word 'unknown']] and [[Category:Template:Succession box: 'after' parameter includes the word 'unknown']]</comment>
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    <revision>
      <id>673344</id>
      <parentid>673343</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T12:51:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>King ChristLike</username>
        <id>13051</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>5 revisions imported from [[:en:Template:Succession_box/check]]</comment>
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    <title>Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345029603|Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Rondevlei1.jpg|thumb|260x260px|Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland na Rondevlei, [[Cape Town]]]]
'''Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland''' bụ ụdị ahịhịa dị oke egwu nke Western Cape, South Africa.

== Ebe obibi ==
A na-ahụ ụdị ahịhịa ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri a na usoro okike ya na Western Cape, South Africa, na ala mmiri na-atọ ụtọ, n'akụkụ ala nke osimiri na gburugburu oge na estuaries. Ala ahụ na-adịkarị larịị na ala bara ọgaranya ma na-acha odo odo. Ọ na-ejedebe na mpaghara mmiri ozuzo n'oge oyi. 

Nke a bụbu otu n'ime nnukwu gburugburu ebe obibi na Cape Flats nke Cape Town. Cape Flats nwere ọtụtụ Ala mmiri, [[osimiri]] na oge a na-eme, mana a na-ewepụ mmiri ma wuo ha maka ụlọ. Mmadụ ole na ole ka nọ n'ebe ndị dị ka Rondevlei.

== Mmekọrịta gburugburu ebe obibi ==
Osisi ndị a nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ahịhịa dị ogologo (dịka ọmụmaatụ Phragmites australis, Typha capensis), Restios, sedges, ahịhịa, mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri na ọtụtụ ụdị osisi. Mkpuchi osisi dị oke elu. Ala Sedge na-adịkarị na mpaghara idei mmiri, mmiri na-ese n'elu mmiri na-eto n'ọdọ mmiri mepere emepe, osisi ndị dị ogologo na obere osisi na-eto n'ala kpọrọ nkụ (dịka ọmụmaatụ Erica na Restio sp.) na akwa ahịhịa ndị dị ogologo ma buru ibu na-achịkwa n'akụkụ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị ahịhịa ndị a na-ahụ anya ma na-achịkwa bụ Senecio halimnifolius, Paspalum vaginatum, Pennisetum macrourum, Triglochin bulbosa, Bolboschoenus maritimus na Juncus krausii. 

Ụdị osisi ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ụdị osisi a gụnyere: Passerina paludosa, Aponogeton angustifolius, Aponogeton distachyos, na Cotula myriophylloides. Usoro ihe a abụghị nke bara ụba na endemics (dịka ọkọlọtọ mpaghara Cape Floristic) mana ọ bụ ebe obibi bara ụba ma dị mkpa maka nnụnụ mmiri na Frogs nke Cape. Ọ bụkwa ebe a na-azụlite ụmụ nnụnụ Western Leopard Toad.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.bergmun.org.za/media/Biodiversity/Biodiversity%20Report%202010.pdf|title=Biodiversity Report 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905093212/http://www.bergmun.org.za/media/Biodiversity/Biodiversity%20Report%202010.pdf|archivedate=2011-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/sdf/Documents/CapeFlats_SDP_EMF_Aug09_fin.pdf|title=Cape Flats District Plant 2009|accessdate=2011-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404035531/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/sdf/Documents/CapeFlats_SDP_EMF_Aug09_fin.pdf|archivedate=2012-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Egwu na Nchekwa ==
Usoro okike ndị a na-eyi egwu site na ahịhịa ndị ọzọ na-awakpo dịka Kikuyu grass, Water Hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes), Red River Gum (''Eucalyptus cladocalyx'') na Port Jackson (''Acacia saligna''), yana nsị na ntụgharị mmiri maka ihe gbasara ọrụ ugbo na mmepe. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ala mmiri ndị a agbanweela ugbu a ma furu efu na usoro kike n'ozuzu ya ugbu a dị ka ihe nọ n'ihe ize ndụ. Iwu mba na-echebe ala mmiri niile fọdụrụnụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://bgis.sanbi.org/fsp/Reports/SandveldFreshwaterEcosystems2008.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720203917/http://bgis.sanbi.org/fsp/Reports/SandveldFreshwaterEcosystems2008.pdf|archivedate=2011-07-20|title=Aquatic Ecosystems of the Cape}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Documents/Reserves/Diep%20River%20nature%20reserve%20IRMP%202011.pdf|title=Archived copy|accessdate=2011-02-17|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120404035636/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/Documents/Reserves/Diep%20River%20nature%20reserve%20IRMP%202011.pdf|archivedate=2012-04-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Faịlụ:Cape_Lowland_Freshwater_Wetland_South_Africa_5_restios.JPG
Faịlụ:Cape_Lowland_Freshwater_Wetlands_in_Cape_Town_6.JPG|A surviving patch of Cape Freshwater Wetlands in the city of Cape Town.
Faịlụ:Aponogeton_distachyos.jpg|The &quot;Waterblommetjie&quot;(''Aponogeton distachyos''), a plant endemic to Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland.
Faịlụ:Bufo_pantherinus_-_Western_leopard_toad.JPG|The critically endangered Western Leopard Toad breeds in Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland.
Faịlụ:Cape_Wetlands_-_western_cape_SA.JPG
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Sister project/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;{{Commons category|Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland}}

* Ụdị dị iche iche nke Cape Town
* Cape Flats Sand Fynbos
* Ógbè Cape Floristic
* Njedebe

== Edensibịa ==
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    <title>Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Mmiri Dị Ọhụrụ</title>
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        <username>Adimora chidinma</username>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345031663|Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands]]&quot;</comment>
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Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands bụ ụdị ahịhịa mmiri dị ọcha nke na-eme n'ime ime obodo ọwụwa anyanwụ nke South Africa. A na-ahazi ya dị ka otu '''AZf 3''' na map ahịhịa nke mba ahụ, ala mmiri ndị a na-ejikọta ya na ndagwurugwu, ala mmiri, pans, na ndagwupụta mmiri na-adịghị mma gafee akụkụ nke Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Free State, na KwaZulu-Natal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mucina2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mucina|first=Ladislav|title=The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland|publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute|series=Strelitzia|year=2006|pages=578–580|isbn=9781919976211}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ahịhịa mmiri, sedges, na ahịhịa ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ihe gbasara oge ma ọ bụ oge na-adịgide adịgide n'ime ahịhịa ndị a. Ụdị ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere Phragmites australis, Typha capensis, na ụdị Cyperus na Juncus dị iche iche. Ala mmiri ndị a na-enye ebe obibi maka ndị na-aṅụ mmiri, nnụnụ mmiri, na ndị na-anaghị amụ nwa n'ime mmiri, ma na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ibelata idei mmiri na ịsacha mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;SANBI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands (AZf 3)|url=https://bgis.sanbi.org/vegmap|publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute|accessdate=17 February 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchekwa ==
A na-ewere Ala Mmiri Dị Ọcha nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ dị ka ihe iyi egwu n'ihi mmiri ozuzo, ịkọ ihe, mmụba obodo, na mmetọ. Ọtụtụ usoro ala mmiri dị na mpaghara Highveld na ọwụwa anyanwụ emebiela ma ọ bụ kewaa, ọ bụkwa naanị obere akụkụ ka echekwara nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;SANBI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands (AZf 3)|url=https://bgis.sanbi.org/vegmap|publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute|accessdate=17 February 2026}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://bgis.sanbi.org/vegmap &quot;Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands (AZf 3)&quot;]. South African National Biodiversity Institute&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 February&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ụdị dị iche iche nke South Africa
* Highveld

== Edensibịa ==
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Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands bụ ụdị ahịhịa mmiri dị ọcha nke na-eme n'ime ime obodo ọwụwa anyanwụ nke South Africa. A na-ahazi ya dị ka otu '''AZf 3''' na map ahịhịa nke mba ahụ, ala mmiri ndị a na-ejikọta ya na ndagwurugwu, ala mmiri, pans, na ndagwupụta mmiri na-adịghị mma gafee akụkụ nke Gauteng, Mpumalanga, Free State, na KwaZulu-Natal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mucina2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Mucina|first=Ladislav|title=The Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland|publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute|series=Strelitzia|year=2006|pages=578–580|isbn=9781919976211}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ahịhịa mmiri, sedges, na ahịhịa ndị a na-ahụkarị n'ihe gbasara oge ma ọ bụ oge na-adịgide adịgide n'ime ahịhịa ndị a. Ụdị ndị a na-ahụkarị gụnyere Phragmites australis, Typha capensis, na ụdị Cyperus na Juncus dị iche iche. Ala mmiri ndị a na-enye ebe obibi maka ndị na-aṅụ mmiri, nnụnụ mmiri, na ndị na-anaghị amụ nwa n'ime mmiri, ma na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ibelata idei mmiri na ịsacha mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;SANBI&quot; /&gt;

== Nchekwa ==
A na-ewere Ala Mmiri Dị Ọcha nke Ọwụwa Anyanwụ dị ka ihe iyi egwu n'ihi mmiri ozuzo, ịkọ ihe, mmụba obodo, na mmetọ. Ọtụtụ usoro ala mmiri dị na mpaghara Highveld na ọwụwa anyanwụ emebiela ma ọ bụ kewaa, ọ bụkwa naanị obere akụkụ ka echekwara nke ọma.&lt;ref name=&quot;SANBI&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands (AZf 3)|url=https://bgis.sanbi.org/vegmap|publisher=South African National Biodiversity Institute|accessdate=17 February 2026}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://bgis.sanbi.org/vegmap &quot;Eastern Temperate Freshwater Wetlands (AZf 3)&quot;]. South African National Biodiversity Institute&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;17 February&lt;/span&gt; 2026&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ụdị dị iche iche nke South Africa
* Highveld

== Edensibịa ==
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    <title>Ubi Mmiri nke Uitkamp</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340333738|Uitkamp Wetlands]]&quot;</comment>
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Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve bụ ebe nchekwa mmiri dị hekta 32 (79-acre) nke dị na Durbanville na mpaghara Western Cape nke South Africa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Pages/BrochuresBooklets.aspx|title=Environmental resources and downloads. City of Cape Town. Environmental Resource Management Dept|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223125053/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Pages/Brochuresbooklets.aspx|archivedate=2012-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụdị dị iche iche ==
Ogige ahụ nwere mpaghara ise kewara ekewa site na okporo ụzọ. Ọ na-echebe ihe karịrị ụdị osisi 279, nke 30 n'ime ha nọ n'ihe ize ndụ &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; na ọtụtụ dị ụkọ. watsonia na arum lily na-acha pinki pinki na-ekpuchi ala mmiri n'oge opupu ihe ubi, tinyere restios, orchid, sundews na okooko osisi ndị ọzọ mara mma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.calflora.net/southafrica/capeflora.html|title=Flora of the Western Cape}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnukwu ihe iyi egwu na [[Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland|Ala mmiri]] ahụ sitere na osisi ndị ọzọ na-awakpo Port Jackson (''Acacia saligna'') na Ahịhịa Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum); &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=City of Cape Town Nature Reserves. Free Booklet|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Documents/CCT_Nature_Reserves_book_2010-02.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122115114/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Documents/CCT_Nature_Reserves_book_2010-02.pdf|archivedate=2010-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dekọrọ ụdị osisi 15 na-awụpo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ahịhịa ===
Ụdị osisi ndị kachasị n'ime mmiri bụ Typha capensis (nke bụ onye na-awakpo na gburugburu ebe obibi a) na Juncus effusus .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Faịlụ:Geissorhiza_radians_flower_Swartland_Shale_Renosterveld_-_Uitkamp_Cape_Town.jpg|''Geissorhiza radians'' flower growing in Swartland Shale Renosterveld at Uitkamp reserve. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Anụ na-enye nwa ara ===
Anụmanụ ndị a na-ahụ n'ime ogige ahụ na-adịkarị obere ma na-eme n'abalị. Bucks a chọtara bụ Common duiker, Steenbok na Cape grysbok. Nnukwu Mongoose na-acha ntụ ntụ bụ anụ na-eri ibe ya n'ime ebe nchekwa ahụ. A na-eche na Caracal na Cape fox na-eleta mgbe ụfọdụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-enye nwa ara gụnyere:

* Nkịta ọhịa nwere ntị bat
* Mongoos na-acha ntụ ntụ
* Mongoose na-acha odo odo
* Mongoliano
* Ezì ọhịa Cape
* Anụ ọhịa nwere eriri
* Anụ ọhịa African pygmy
* Shrew ọhịa

=== Nnụnụ ===
E nwere ụdị nnụnụ 67 a hụrụ n'ime ebe nchekwa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ ===
E nwere ụdị anụ na-akpụ akpụ iri na atọ dị n'ime ebe a na-echekwa anụ; ngwere anọ, agwọ isii, na mbe atọ. Ụdị ngwere kachasị ewu ewu bụ gecko Ocellated. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị agwọ bụ: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Onye na-eri slug
* Agwọ na-agba agba
* Agwọ na-acha ọbara ọbara / Herald

Igurube gụnyere Marsh terrapin na Parrot-beaked tortoise.

=== Anụ ndị bi n'ala na n'ala ===
A chọtawo otu ụdị anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala na n'ebe nchekwa ahụ, ụgbụgbọ mmiri Clicking.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anụmanụ ndị nwere azụ ===
A na-ahụ nwanyị di ya nwụrụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke Cape ebe a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ụdị dị iche iche nke Cape Town
* Ndepụta nke ebe nchekwa okike na Cape Town
* Swartland Shale Renosterveld
* [[Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland]]
* Ogige Nchekwa Ihe Ochie nke Durbanville

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>frslsso3k2rpi41vqa3igmf0x24qnps</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673357</id>
      <parentid>673356</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:56:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adimora chidinma</username>
        <id>15845</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673357</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="9382" sha1="6dn294t24chn3jcamwpkhssjqw2t8jz" xml:space="preserve">
 

Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve bụ ebe nchekwa mmiri dị hekta 32 (79-acre) nke dị na Durbanville na mpaghara Western Cape nke South Africa . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Pages/BrochuresBooklets.aspx|title=Environmental resources and downloads. City of Cape Town. Environmental Resource Management Dept|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121223125053/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Pages/Brochuresbooklets.aspx|archivedate=2012-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụdị dị iche iche ==
Ogige ahụ nwere mpaghara ise kewara ekewa site na okporo ụzọ. Ọ na-echebe ihe karịrị ụdị osisi 279, nke 30 n'ime ha nọ n'ihe ize ndụ &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; na ọtụtụ dị ụkọ. watsonia na arum lily na-acha pinki pinki na-ekpuchi ala mmiri n'oge opupu ihe ubi, tinyere restios, orchid, sundews na okooko osisi ndị ọzọ mara mma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.calflora.net/southafrica/capeflora.html|title=Flora of the Western Cape}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnukwu ihe iyi egwu na [[Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland|Ala mmiri]] ahụ sitere na osisi ndị ọzọ na-awakpo Port Jackson (''Acacia saligna'') na Ahịhịa Kikuyu (Pennisetum clandestinum); &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=City of Cape Town Nature Reserves. Free Booklet|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Documents/CCT_Nature_Reserves_book_2010-02.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122115114/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Documents/CCT_Nature_Reserves_book_2010-02.pdf|archivedate=2010-11-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; E dekọrọ ụdị osisi 15 na-awụpo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ahịhịa ===
Ụdị osisi ndị kachasị n'ime mmiri bụ Typha capensis (nke bụ onye na-awakpo na gburugburu ebe obibi a) na Juncus effusus .&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery&gt;
Faịlụ:Geissorhiza_radians_flower_Swartland_Shale_Renosterveld_-_Uitkamp_Cape_Town.jpg|''Geissorhiza radians'' flower growing in Swartland Shale Renosterveld at Uitkamp reserve. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Anụ na-enye nwa ara ===
Anụmanụ ndị a na-ahụ n'ime ogige ahụ na-adịkarị obere ma na-eme n'abalị. Bucks a chọtara bụ Common duiker, Steenbok na Cape grysbok. Nnukwu Mongoose na-acha ntụ ntụ bụ anụ na-eri ibe ya n'ime ebe nchekwa ahụ. A na-eche na Caracal na Cape fox na-eleta mgbe ụfọdụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Ụmụ anụmanụ ndị ọzọ na-enye nwa ara gụnyere:

* Nkịta ọhịa nwere ntị bat
* Mongoos na-acha ntụ ntụ
* Mongoose na-acha odo odo
* Mongoliano
* Ezì ọhịa Cape
* Anụ ọhịa nwere eriri
* Anụ ọhịa African pygmy
* Shrew ọhịa

=== Nnụnụ ===
E nwere ụdị nnụnụ 67 a hụrụ n'ime ebe nchekwa ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anụ ndị na-akpụ akpụ ===
E nwere ụdị anụ na-akpụ akpụ iri na atọ dị n'ime ebe a na-echekwa anụ; ngwere anọ, agwọ isii, na mbe atọ. Ụdị ngwere kachasị ewu ewu bụ gecko Ocellated. Ụfọdụ n'ime ụdị agwọ bụ: &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

* Onye na-eri slug
* Agwọ na-agba agba
* Agwọ na-acha ọbara ọbara / Herald

Igurube gụnyere Marsh terrapin na Parrot-beaked tortoise.

=== Anụ ndị bi n'ala na n'ala ===
A chọtawo otu ụdị anụmanụ na-ebi n'ala na n'ebe nchekwa ahụ, ụgbụgbọ mmiri Clicking.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anụmanụ ndị nwere azụ ===
A na-ahụ nwanyị di ya nwụrụ n'oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke Cape ebe a.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan|url=https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf|archivedate=2023-10-03}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20231003030121/https://resource.capetown.gov.za/documentcentre/Documents/City%20strategies,%20plans%20and%20frameworks/Uitkamp_IRMP_Jun2011v02_Final.pdf &quot;Uitkamp Wetland Nature Reserve - Integrated Reserve Management Plan&quot;] &lt;span class=&quot;cs1-format&quot;&gt;(PDF)&lt;/span&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ụdị dị iche iche nke Cape Town
* Ndepụta nke ebe nchekwa okike na Cape Town
* Swartland Shale Renosterveld
* [[Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland]]
* Ogige Nchekwa Ihe Ochie nke Durbanville

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>6dn294t24chn3jcamwpkhssjqw2t8jz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Neodymium</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77476</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673358</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T13:59:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Iwuala chisom</username>
        <id>17246</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356761033|Neodymium]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673358</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="66360" sha1="kb1bfgt69vrj4xjw06sx81ougyhf9n9" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Neodymium''' bụ kemịkalụ; ọ nwere akara '''Nd''' na nọmba atọm 60. Ọ bụ onye nke anọ n'ime usoro lanthanide ma a na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ọla ndị dị ụkọ. Ọ bụ ígwè siri ike, nke a na-agbatịtụ, ọlaọcha nke na-emebi ngwa ngwa na ikuku na mmiri. Mgbe oxidized, neodymium na-emeghachi omume ngwa ngwa, na-emepụta pink, purple / blue, na yellow compounds na +2, +3 na +4 oxidation states. A na-ewere ya n'ozuzu ya dị ka nke nwere otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Werbowy|first=Slawomir|title=Studies of Landé gJ-factors of singly ionized neodymium isotopes (142, 143 and 145) at relatively small magnetic fields up to 334 G by collinear laser ion beam spectroscopy|journal=The European Physical Journal D|date=2017|volume=71|doi=10.1140/epjd/e2016-70641-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neodymium chọpụtara na 1885 site n'aka onye Austria na-emepụta kemịkal Carl Auer von Welsbach, onye chọpụtakwara praseodymium. Neodymium dị n'ọtụtụ na mineral monazite na bastnäsite. A naghị ahụ Neodymium n'ụzọ okike n'ụdị ígwè ma ọ bụ na-agwakọtaghị ya na lanthanides ndị ọzọ, a na-emekarị ka ọ dị mma maka iji ya eme ihe n'ozuzu. Neodymium bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị - ihe dị ka cobalt, nickel, ma ọ bụ ọla kọpa - ma na-ekesa ya n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ime mkpo ụwa. A na-egwupụta ọtụtụ neodymium azụmahịa n'ụwa na China, dịka ọ dị na ọtụtụ ọla ndị ọzọ dị ụkọ.

A na-eji ngwakọta Neodymium eme ihe na mbụ dị ka ihe na-acha odo odo na 1927 ma nọgide na-abụ ihe mgbakwunye a ma ama. Agba nke neodymium compounds sitere na Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; ion ma na-abụkarị na-acha uhie uhie. Agba a na-agbanwe na ụdị ọkụ n'ihi mmekọrịta nke bands na-amịkọrọ ìhè nke neodymium na ìhè gburugburu ebe obibi nke bara ọgaranya na bands na'ahụ anya nke mercury, trivalent europium ma ọ bụ Terbium. A na-eji ugogbe anya ndị e ji neodymium mee ihe na lasers nke na-ewepụta infrared na wavelengths n'etiti 1046 na 1062 nanometers. A na-eji lasers ndị a eme ihe na ngwa ike dị elu, dị ka inertial confinement fusion. A na-ejikwa Neodymium na kristal ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, dị ka yttrium aluminum garnet na Nd:YAG laser.

A na-eji alloys neodymium eme ihe iji mee ka Magnet neodymium dị elu, nke bụ Magnet na-adịgide adịgide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Herbst|first=J.F.|date=Nov 1991|title=Neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets|journal=Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials|volume=100|issue=1–3|pages=57–78|doi=10.1016/0304-8853(91)90812-o|issn=0304-8853}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eji magnet ndị a eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ngwaahịa dị ka microphones, ụdaolu ọkachamara, ekweisi ntị, ihe ntụrụndụ DC eletrik dị elu, na draịvụ diski ike nke kọmputa, ebe a chọrọ obere magnet (ma ọ bụ olu) ma ọ bụ ebe magnetik siri ike. A na-eji nnukwu magnets neodymium mee ihe na motors eletrik nwere oke ike na ịdị arọ (dịka, na Ụgbọala hybrid) na generators (dịka ụgbọelu na ndị na-emepụta eletrik). 

== Ihe onwunwe ==
Neodymium ọla nwere ihe ọla na-egbuke egbuke, nke na-acha ọlaọcha. Neodymium na-adikarị n'ụdị allotropic abụọ, ya na mgbanwe site na hexagonal abụọ gaa na  body-centered cubic structure nke etiti ahụ na-eme ihe dị ka 863&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neodymium, dịka ọtụtụ lanthanides, bụ paramagnetic na okpomọkụ ụlọ. Ọ na-aghọ antiferromagnet mgbe ojuru oyi na okpụrụ  20 K (−253.2 °C).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Andrej Szytula|title=Handbook of Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth Intermetallics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tgM8oAQcdcC&amp;pg=PA1|date=8 March 1994|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-4261-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Below this transition N'okpuru okpomọkụ mgbanwe a, ọ na e gosipụta na usoro na usoro nke magnetik dị mgbagwoju anya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zochowski|first=S W|title=Magnetic phase diagrams of neodymium|journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter|volume=3|issue=41|date=1991|issn=0953-8984|doi=10.1088/0953-8984/3/41/007|pages=8079–8094}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lebech|first=B|title=Magnetic phase transitions in double hexagonal close packed neodymium metal-commensurate in two dimensions|journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter|volume=6|issue=27|date=1994|issn=0953-8984|doi=10.1088/0953-8984/6/27/029|pages=5201–5222}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke nwere oge ntụrụndụ ogologo na omume spin glass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kamber|first=Umut|title=Self-induced spin glass state in elemental and crystalline neodymium|journal=Science|volume=368|issue=6494|date=2020|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.aay6757|pmid=32467362}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neodymium bụ metal dị ụkọ nke dị na mischmetal ochie na mkpokọta ihe dịka  18%. Iji mepụta neodymium magnets, a na-agwakọta ya na iron, nke bụ ferromagnet.

=== Nhazi eletrọn ===
Neodymium bụ onye nke anọ n'ime usoro lanthanide. Na tebụl oge, ọ na-apụta n'etiti lanthanides praseodymium n'aka ekpe ya na ihe na-emepụta radiation promethium n'akụkụ aka nri ya, na n'elu actinide 2&quot; href=&quot;./Uranium&quot; id=&quot;mwqg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Uranium&quot;&gt;uranium. A na-ahazi electrons 60 ya na 4&quot; href=&quot;./Electron_configuration&quot; id=&quot;mwqw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Electron configuration&quot;&gt;nhazi [Xe]4f46s2, nke electrons 6f na 6s bụ Valencia. Dị ka ọtụtụ ọla ndị ọzọ na usoro lanthanide, neodymium na-ejikarị electrons atọ dị ka valence electrons, dịka mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, electrons 4f fọdụrụ na-ejikọta nke ọma: nke a bụ n'ihi na 4f orbitals na-abanye n'ime isi nke electrons na nucleus, 5d na 6s sochiri, nke a na-abawanye na ụgwọ ion dị elu. Neodymium ka nwere ike ịhapụ electron nke anọ n'ihi na ọ na-abịa n'oge na lanthanides, ebe ụgwọ nuklia ka dị ala na ike 4f subshell dị elu iji kwe ka ewepụ valence electrons ndị ọzọ.[19]

&lt;nowiki&gt;Neodymium nwere ebe ịgbaze nke &lt;spall about=&quot;#mwt114&quot; data-mw='{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;convert&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Convert&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1024&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;C&quot;},&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;F&quot;},&quot;abbr&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;on&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwtg&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;1,024   na ebe ọ na-esi nke 3,074  . Dị ka lanthanides ndị ọzọ, ọ na-enwekarị Ọnọdụ oxidation +3, mana ọ pụkwara ịmepụta na +2 na +4 ọnọdụ oxidation, na ọbụna, n'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, +0. Neodymium metal na-agbaze ngwa ngwa n'ọnọdụ gburugburu,  na-emepụta oyi oxide dị ka nchara ígwè nke nwere ike ịgbasa ma kpughee metal ka ọ na-agbaji; ihe nlele dị sentimita nke neodymium na-agbacha kpamkpam n'ihe dị ka otu afọ.&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; na-agbaze na mmiri. Dị ka onye agbata obi ya praseodymium, ọ na-ere ọkụ ngwa ngwa na ihe dị ka 150 °C iji mepụta neodymium (III) oxide; oxide ahụ wee pụọ, na-ekpughe nnukwu ígwè ahụ na oxidation ọzọ: &lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Neodymium bụ ihe electropositive, ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na mmiri oyi, ma ọ bụ ngwa ngwa na mmiri ọkụ, iji mepụta neodymium (III) hydroxide: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-isotopes&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;1046&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Isotope|Isotopes]] nke [[neodymium]] (&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Isotopes/main/table/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;isotopes-table wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Isi isotopes
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Mgbukpọ
|- class=&quot;isotopes-table-headers&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Screen reader-only/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sr-only&quot;&gt;Isotope&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Egwuregwu ịgba egwú
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ọkara ndụ (t1/2) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (''t''/2) &lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ejiji
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |pro-duct
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3.37 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β+&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |27.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |12.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |23.8%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2.29&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.&lt;sup&amp;gt;15&lt;/sup&amp;gt;;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |8.3%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |17.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10.98 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.80%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.60%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9.3&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β-β-&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;''A'' (Nd) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;144.242&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;.003&lt;/span&gt;
* 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi) &amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Neodymium na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na dilute sulfuric acid iji mepụta ihe ngwọta nwere lilac Nd (III) ion. Ndị a dị ka [Nd (OH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; complexes: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webelements.com/neodymium/chemistry.html|title=Chemical reactions of Neodymium|publisher=Webelements|accessdate=2012-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe ndị mejupụtara ===
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-isotopes&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;1046&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Isotope|Isotopes]] nke [[neodymium]] (&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Isotopes/main/table/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;isotopes-table wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Isi isotopes
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Mgbukpọ
|- class=&quot;isotopes-table-headers&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Screen reader-only/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sr-only&quot;&gt;Isotope&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Egwuregwu ịgba egwú
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ọkara ndụ (t1/2) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (''t''/2) &lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ejiji
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |pro-duct
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3.37 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β+&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |27.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |12.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |23.8%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2.29&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.&lt;sup&amp;gt;15&lt;/sup&amp;gt;;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |8.3%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |17.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10.98 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.80%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.60%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9.3&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β-β-&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;''A'' (Nd) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;144.242&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;.003&lt;/span&gt;
* 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi) &amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|}
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-isotopes&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;1046&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Isotope|Isotopes]] nke [[neodymium]] (&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Isotopes/main/table/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;isotopes-table wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Isi isotopes
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Mgbukpọ
|- class=&quot;isotopes-table-headers&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Screen reader-only/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sr-only&quot;&gt;Isotope&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Egwuregwu ịgba egwú
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ọkara ndụ (t1/2) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (''t''/2) &lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ejiji
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |pro-duct
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3.37 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β+&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |27.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |12.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |23.8%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2.29&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.&lt;sup&amp;gt;15&lt;/sup&amp;gt;;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |8.3%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |17.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10.98 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.80%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.60%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9.3&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β-β-&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;''A'' (Nd) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;144.242&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;.003&lt;/span&gt;
* 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi) &amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|}
[[Faịlụ:Neodym(III)sulfat.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Neodymium (III) sulfate]]

* halides: NdF&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQQ&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdCl&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQY&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdCl&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQg&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdBr&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQo&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdI&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQw&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdI&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQ4&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* oxides: &amp;amp;nbsp;
* hydroxide: &amp;amp;nbsp;
* carbonate: Nd&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwARk&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (CO&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwARo&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;) &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwARs&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* sulfate: &amp;amp;nbsp;
* acetate: Nd (CH3COO) 3Nd (CH&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwASI&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;) &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwASM&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Magnet neodymium (Nd&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)  

==== Ihe ndị mejupụtara organoneodymium ====
Organoneodymium compounds bụ compounds nwere njikọ neodymium-carbon. Ngwakọta ndị a yiri nke lanthanides ndị ọzọ, nke a na-akọwa site na enweghị ike ịgafe π backbonding. N'ihi ya, a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe na cyclopentadienides ionic (isostructural na nke lanthanum) na alkyls na aryls dị mfe, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ike ịbụ polymer.[23]

== Isotopes ==
 
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-isotopes&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;1046&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Isotope|Isotopes]] nke [[neodymium]] (&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Isotopes/main/table/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;isotopes-table wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Isi isotopes
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Mgbukpọ
|- class=&quot;isotopes-table-headers&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Screen reader-only/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sr-only&quot;&gt;Isotope&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Egwuregwu ịgba egwú
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ọkara ndụ (t1/2) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (''t''/2) &lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ejiji
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |pro-duct
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3.37 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β+&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |27.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |12.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |23.8%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2.29&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.&lt;sup&amp;gt;15&lt;/sup&amp;gt;;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |8.3%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |17.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10.98 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.80%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.60%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9.3&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β-β-&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;''A'' (Nd) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;144.242&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;.003&lt;/span&gt;
* 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi) &amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|}
Neodymium na-apụ''t'' n't-linkid=&quot;1184&quot; href=&quot;./Natural_abundance&quot; id=&quot;mwAWg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Natural abundance&quot;&gt;ụba okike (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) nwere isotopes ise - &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt; na &lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;, ebe &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt; bụ nke kachasị ukwuu (27.2% nke oke okike) - na radioisotopes abụọ nwere ọkara ndụ dị ogologo, &lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (alpha decay na ọkara ndụ (t&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;) nke 2.29Nd×1015 afọ) na &lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (double beta decay, t1/2 ≈ 9.3×1018 afọ). N'ozuzu, achọpụtala 35 radioisotopes nke neodymium ka ọ na-erule afọ 2022, ebe radioisotops kachasị kwụsie ike bụ ndị na-apụta n'okike: 144Nd na 150Nd. All nke fọdụrụ radioactive isotopes nwere ọkara ndụ nke dị mkpụmkpụ karịa ụbọchị iri na abụọ, na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a nwere ọkara oge nke dị mkpirikpi karịa 70 sekọnd; isotope aka kacha kwụsie ike bụ &lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt; na ọkara ndụ ya nke ụbọchị 10.98.&amp;nbsp;

Neodymium nwekwara 15 a maara me''t'' iso''t'', nke kachasị kwụsie ike bụ &lt;sup&gt;139m&lt;/sup&gt; (''t''&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; = 5.5 awa), &lt;sup&gt;135m&lt;/sup&gt; (t1/2 = 5.5 nkeji) na &lt;sup&gt;133m1&lt;/sup&gt; (t 1/2 ~ 70 sekọnd). Ụzọ mbu nke ire ure tupu isotope kachasị mma, &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;, bụ Njide electron na ire ure positron, na ụzọ mbu nke mbu mgbe beta na-ewepu ire ure. Ngwaahịa ndị bụ isi na-emebi tupu &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt; bụ isotopes praseodymium, na ngwaahịa ndị bụ isi mgbe &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt; gasịrị bụ isotops promethium.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Karlewski|first=T.|title=Decay of the heaviest isotope of neodymium:154Nd|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik A|volume=322|issue=1|date=1985|issn=0340-2193|doi=10.1007/BF01412035|pages=177–178}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anọ n'ime ise na-akwụsi ike isotopes bụ naanị na-akwụsịghị ike, nke pụtara na a na-atụ anya na ha ga-enwe mmebi nke radiation, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ọkara ndụ ogologo iji were ya dị ka nke kwụsiri ike maka ebumnuche bara uru.&lt;ref name=&quot;rare decays&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Belli|first=P.|title=Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays|date=2019|journal=[[European Physical Journal A]]|volume=55|pages=4–6 &lt;!--data table--&gt;|doi=10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, a na-ebu amụma na ụfọdụ isotopes nke samarium ga-emebi na isotopes of neodymium.&lt;ref name=&quot;rare decays&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

A na-eji iso''t'' neodymium eme ihe na ọrụ sayensị dị iche iche. A na-eji &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt; emepụta isotopes dị mkpirikpi nke thulium na ytterbium. A tụwo aro &lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt; maka mmepụta nke &lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;, nke bụ isi iyi nke ike radiation. E jirila ọtụtụ isotopes neodymium mee ihe maka mmepụta nke isotopes promethium ndị ọzọ. Mmebi site na &lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt; (t&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt; = 1.06×1011 y) gaa na &lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt; na-enye ohere maka oge samarium-neodymium.&lt;ref name=&quot;DePaolo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Depaolo|first=D. J.|title=Nd isotopic variations and petrogenetic models|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=3|year=1976|doi=10.1029/GL003i005p00249|issue=5|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/41937/1/grl330.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ejikwa &lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt; mee ihe iji mụọ mbibi beta okpukpu abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Barabash|first=A. S.|title=Double beta decay of &lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;Nd to the First 0&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; excited state of &lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;Sm|journal=Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters|date=2004|volume=79|issue=1|pages=10–12|doi=10.1134/1.1675911|url=https://doi.org/10.1134/1.1675911}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
N'afọ 1751, onye Sweden na-amụ banyere ihe ndị dị n'ime ala bụ Axel Fredrik Cronstedt chọpụtara ihe ndị dị arọ site na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na Bastnäs, nke e mechara kpọwa cerite. Afọ iri atọ ka e mesịrị, Wilhelm Hisinger dị afọ iri na ise, onye otu ezinụlọ nwere ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, zigara Carl Scheele ihe nlele, onye na-achọtaghị ihe ọhụrụ ọ bụla n'ime ya. N'afọ 1803, mgbe Hisinger ghọsịrị onye na-ahụ maka ígwè, ya na Jöns Jacob Berzelius laghachiri na mineral ma wepụta oxide ọhụrụ, nke ha kpọrọ ''ceria'' n'aha obere mbara ala Ceres, nke a chọpụtara afọ abụọ tupu mgbe ahụ.[29] Martin Heinrich Klaproth kewapụrụ Ceria n'otu oge na n'onwe ya na Germany.[30] N'agbata afọ 1839 na 1843, onye dọkịta na-awa ahụ na onye na-emepụta ọgwụ na Sweden bụ Carl Gustaf Mosander gosipụtara na ceria bụ ngwakọta nke oxides, onye bi n'otu ụlọ ahụ dị ka Berzelius; ọ kewara oxides abụọ ọzọ, nke ọ kpọrọ ''lanthana'' na ''didymia''. &lt;ref name=&quot;XI&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/ed009p1231|author=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|authorlink=Mary Elvira Weeks|title=The Discovery of the Elements: XI. Some Elements Isolated with the Aid of Potassium and Sodium:Zirconium, Titanium, Cerium and Thorium|journal=The Journal of Chemical Education|date=1932|volume=9|issue=7|pages=1231–1243}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Weeks&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|title=The discovery of the elements|date=1956|publisher=Journal of Chemical Education|location=Easton, PA|url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryoftheel002045mbp|edition=6th}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Virginia&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marshall|first=James L. Marshall|title=Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Confusing Years|journal=The Hexagon|date=2015|pages=72–77|url=http://www.chem.unt.edu/~jimm/REDISCOVERY%207-09-2018/Hexagon%20Articles/rare%20earths%20II.pdf|accessdate=30 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mebiri akụkụ nke cerium nitrate site n'ịkpọ ya n'ikuku wee gwọọ oxide na-esi na ya apụta na nitric acid. A na-akpọ ọla ndị mepụtara oxides ndị a ''lanthanum'' na ''didymium''. Didymium mechara gosipụta na ọ bụghị otu ihe mgbe Carl Auer von Welsbach kewara ya n'ime ihe abụọ, praseodymium na neodymium, na Vienna n'afọ 1885.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=v. Welsbach|first=Carl Auer|title=Die Zerlegung des Didyms in seine Elemente|journal=Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften|volume=6|issue=1|year=1885|pages=477–491|doi=10.1007/BF01554643}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths|author=Krishnamurthy|first=N.|publisher=CRC Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-203-41302-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Von Welsbach gosipụtara nkewa site na nyocha spectroscopic, mana ngwaahịa ndị ahụ dị obere. A chọpụtara neodymium dị ọcha n'afọ 1925. Aha neodymium sitere na okwu Grik ''neos'' (νέος), ọhụrụ, na ''didymos'' (διδύμος), ejima.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/268 268]–270|title=Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements|author=Emsley, John|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2003|isbn=0-19-850340-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;XVI&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|title=The discovery of the elements. XVI. The rare earth elements|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=9|issue=10|year=1932|doi=10.1021/ed009p1751}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Double nitrate crystallization bụ ụzọ e si eme ka neodymium dị ọcha ruo n'afọ 1950. Lindsay Chemical Division bụ nke mbụ na-azụ ahịa nnu Mgbanwe ion nke neodymium. Malite na 1950s, a na-enweta ịdị ọcha dị elu (&gt;99%) neodymium site na usoro mgbanwe ion site na monazite, mineral jupụtara na ihe ndị dị ụkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-enweta ọla ahụ site na electrolysis nke nnu Halyde ya. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ewepụta ọtụtụ neodymium site na bastnäsite ma mee ka ọ dị ọcha site na iwepụta solvent. A na-eji mkpocha mgbanwe ion eme ihe maka ịdị ọcha kachasị elu (nke a na-ahụkarị &gt;99.99%). Kemgbe ahụ, teknụzụ iko emeela ka ọ dịkwuo mma n'ihi ịdị ọcha nke neodymium oxide dị n'ahịa na ọganihu nke teknụzụ enyo n'ozuzu. Ụzọ mbụ nke ikewa lanthanides dabere na fractional crystallization, nke na-enyeghị ohere maka ikewapụ neodymium dị elu ruo mgbe e mepụtara usoro mgbanwe ion a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị.

== Ebe ọ pụtara na mmepụta ==
[[Faịlụ:Bastnaesite_-_Kischtimsk,_Ural.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ebe a na-adịghị ahụkebe]]
A naghị ahụkarị Neodymium n'okike dị ka ihe nweere onwe ya, kama ọ na-apụta na ore dị ka monazite na bastnäsite (nke bụ ìgwè mineral kama otu mineral) nke nwere obere ihe niile dị n'ala. Neodymium anaghị adịkarị na mineral ndị a, ma e wezụga monazite- (Nd) na kozoite- (Nd). &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/|title=Mindat.org|author=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy|date=1993–2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ndị a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala dị na China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, na Australia.

The Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; ion is similar in size to ions of the early lanthanides of the cerium group (those from lanthanum to samarium and europium). As a result, it tends to occur along with them in phosphate, silicate and carbonate minerals, such as monazite (M&lt;sup&gt;III&lt;/sup&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) and bastnäsite (M&lt;sup&gt;III&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;F), where M refers to all the rare-earth metals except scandium and the radioactive promethium (mostly Ce, La, and Y, with somewhat less Pr and Nd).[41] Bastnäsite is usually lacking in thorium and the heavy lanthanides, and the purification of the light lanthanides from it is less involved than from monazite. The ore, after being crushed and ground, is first treated with hot concentrated sulfuric acid, which liberates carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, and silicon tetrafluoride. The product is then dried and leached with water, leaving the early lanthanide ions, including lanthanum, in solution.[41] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Source discusses treatment of both ores with HCl etc to produce LnCl3 but not treatment with sulfuric acid. (May 2024)&quot;&gt;failed verification&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; margin-right:15px; margin-down:0; font-size:90%; line-height:11pt; text-align: center&quot;
|+Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke usoro anyanwụ[42]
!Ọnụ ọgụgụ atọm&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&quot;width:45%; text-align: left&quot; |Ihe ndị dị na ya
! style=&quot;padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 10px; text-align: left&quot; |Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|42
|Molybdenum
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |2.771
|-
|47
|Ọlaọcha
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.590
|-
|50
|Tin
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |4.699
|-
|58
|Cerium
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |1.205
|-
|59
|Praseodymium
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.205
|- style=&quot;background:#ff9;&quot;
|''60''
|''Neodymium''
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |''1''
|-
|74
|Tungsten
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.054
|-
|90
|Thorium
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.054
|-
|92
|Uranium
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.022
|}
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Neodymium n'ime Usoro anyanwụ bụ 0.083 ppb (akụkụ kwa ijeri). [42] [b] Ọnụ ọgụgụ a bụ ihe dịka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke platinum, mana okpukpu abụọ na ọkara karịa mercury, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu ise karịa ọlaedo.[42] A naghị ahụkarị lanthanides na mbara igwe, ha dịkwa ọtụtụ n'ime mkpo ụwa.  [42]

A na-ekewa Neodymium dị ka lithophile n'okpuru nhazi Goldschmidt, nke pụtara na a na-ahụkarị ya na oxygen. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nke ọla ndị dị ụkọ, neodymium abụghị ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ya n'ime mkpo ụwa bụ ihe dịka 41 mg / kg. Ọ dị ka lanthanum n'ụba.&amp;nbsp;

Mmepụta ụwa nke neodymium bụ ihe dị ka tọn 7,000 na 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/268 268]–270|title=Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements|author=Emsley, John|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2003|isbn=0-19-850340-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, ihe ka ukwuu na mmepụta na ebe nchekwa nke ala ndị dị ụkọ dị na China.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rare Earths Statistics and Information {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/mcs-2016-raree.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506184123/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/mcs-2016-raree.pdf|archivedate=2016-05-06|accessdate=2023-06-07|work=minerals.usgs.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enweghị ntụkwasị obi nke ọnụahịa na nnweta emeela ka ụlọ ọrụ (karịsịa ndị Japan) mepụta magnet na-adịgide adịgide na motors eletrik ndị metụtara ya na obere ọla ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/honda-rareearths-idUST9N18R02G|title=Honda co-develops first hybrid car motor free of heavy rare earth metals|date=12 July 2016|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-12/honda-readies-heavy-rare-earth-free-hybrids-to-sidestep-china|title=Honda's Heavy Rare Earth-Free Hybrid Motors Sidestep China|date=12 July 2016|work=Bloomberg.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Neodymium is typically 10–18% of the rare-earth content of commercial deposits of the light rare-earth-element minerals bastnäsite and monazite.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; With neodymium compounds being the most strongly colored for the trivalent lanthanides, it can occasionally dominate the coloration of rare-earth minerals when competing chromophores are absent. It usually gives a pink coloration. Outstanding examples of this include monazite crystals from the tin deposits in Llallagua, Bolivia; ancylite from Mont Saint-Hilaire, [[Quebec]], Canada; or lanthanite from Lower Saucon Township, Pennsylvania. As with neodymium glasses, such minerals change their colors under the differing lighting conditions. The absorption bands of neodymium interact with the visible emission spectrum of mercury vapor, with the unfiltered shortwave UV light causing neodymium-containing minerals to reflect a distinctive green color. This can be observed with monazite-containing sands or bastnäsite-containing ore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Buzhinskii|first=I. M.|date=1971-08-01|title=Influence of specific neodymium-glass absorption bands on generating energy|journal=Journal of Applied Spectroscopy|language=en|volume=15|issue=2|pages=1002–1005|doi=10.1007/BF00607297|issn=1573-8647}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpa maka ihe onwunwe mineral, dị ka ihe ndị dị ụkọ (gụnyere neodymium) na ihe ndị ọzọ dị oke egwu, anọwo na-abawanye ngwa ngwa n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mmepe ụlọ ọrụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe achọrọ maka ọha mmadụ nwere obere carbon emeela ka a chọọ teknụzụ na-echekwa ike dịka batrị, motors dị elu, isi mmalite ike na-agbanwe agbanwe, na sel mmanụ. N'etiti teknụzụ ndị a, a na-ejikarị magnet na-adịgide adịgide emepụta motors dị elu, na magnet neodymium-iron-boron (nd&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sintered and bonded magnets; ebe a na-akpọ NdFeB magnet) bụ ụdị magnet na-adịghị adịgide adịgide n'ahịa kemgbe ha mepụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sagawa|first=M.|title=New material for permanent magnets on a base of Nd and Fe (Invited)|journal=Journal of Applied Physics|date=1984|volume=55|issue=6|pages=2083–2087|doi=10.1063/1.333572|url=https://doi.org/10.1063/1.333572}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eji ndFeB magnet eme ihe na ụgbọala eletrik hybrid, Ụgbọala eletrik plug-in, ụgbọala eletriki, ụgbọala cell, turbines ifufe, ngwa ụlọ, kọmputa, na ọtụtụ obere ngwaọrụ eletrọniki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yang Yongxiang&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yang|first=Yongxiang|date=2017-03-01|title=REE Recovery from End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnet Scrap: A Critical Review|journal=Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=122–149|doi=10.1007/s40831-016-0090-4|issn=2199-3831}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, ha dị mkpa maka ịchekwa ike. Iji mezuo ebumnuche nke Nkwekọrịta Paris, a na-atụ anya na ọchịchọ maka ndFeB magnet ga-abawanye nke ukwuu n'ọdịnihu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yang Yongxiang&quot; /&gt;
 
Magnet Neodymium (ihe alloy, Nd&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) bụ magnet kachasị ike na-adịgide adịgide a maara. Magnet neodymium nke iri gram ole na ole nwere ike ibuli otu puku okpukpu nke ịdị arọ ya, ma nwee ike ijikọta ya na ike zuru ezu iji kụwaa ọkpụkpụ. Magnet ndị a dị ọnụ ala, dị mfe, ma sie ike karịa samarium-cobalt magnets. Otú ọ dị, ha abụghị ndị ka elu n'akụkụ ọ bụla, ebe ọ bụ na magnet ndị dabeere na neodymium na-efunahụ magnetism ha na okpomọkụ dị ala &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=W.|title=The Fe-Nd (Iron-Neodymium) system|journal=Journal of Phase Equilibria|date=1992|volume=13|issue=6|pages=645–648|doi=10.1007/BF02667216|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02667216}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma na-emebi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bala|first=H.|date=1993-10-01|title=Effect of impurities on the corrosion behaviour of neodymium|journal=Journal of Applied Electrochemistry|language=en|volume=23|issue=10|pages=1017–1024|doi=10.1007/BF00266123|issn=1572-8838}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe Magnet samarium-cobalt anaghị emebi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hopp|first=M.|date=2003-04-01|title=Testing the cytotoxicity of metal alloys used as magnetic prosthetic devices|journal=Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine|language=en|volume=14|issue=4|pages=335–345|doi=10.1023/A:1022931915709|pmid=15348458|issn=1573-4838}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Neodymium magnets appear in products such as microphones, professional loudspeakers, headphones, [[Égwu ahiri|guitar]] and [[bass guitar]] pick-ups, and computer hard disks where low mass, small volume, or strong magnetic fields are required. Neodymium is used in the electric motors of hybrid and electric automobiles&lt;ref name=&quot;Yang Yongxiang&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yang|first=Yongxiang|date=2017-03-01|title=REE Recovery from End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnet Scrap: A Critical Review|journal=Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=122–149|doi=10.1007/s40831-016-0090-4|issn=2199-3831}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in the electricity generators of some designs of commercial wind turbines (only wind turbines with &quot;permanent magnet&quot; generators use neodymium).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stanfordmagnets.com/application-of-neodymium-magnets-in-wind-turbine-generators.html|title=Application of Neodymium Magnets in Wind Turbine Generators|author=Marchio|first=Cathy|date=Apr 16, 2024|work=Stanford Magnets|accessdate=Aug 16, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, drive electric motors of each Toyota Prius require one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of neodymium per vehicle.{{R|reu}} Permanent neodymium iron boride ( ) magnets are often made with heavy rare earth elements like [[Ọrịa na-esi ísì ụtọ|dysprosium]] and terbium as substituents to improve their performance in heated conditions, since the magnets lose performance rapidly above room temperature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rom|first=Christopher L.|date=2024|title=Emerging magnetic materials for electric vehicle drive motors|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1557/s43577-024-00743-4|journal=MRS Bulletin|language=en|volume=49|issue=7|pages=738–750|doi=10.1557/s43577-024-00743-4|issn=0883-7694}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neodymium magnets are used in medical devices such as MRI and treatments for chronic pain and wound healing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yuksel|first=Cengiz|date=September 2018|title=The use of neodymium magnets in healthcare and their effects on health|journal=Northern Clinics of Istanbul|volume=5|issue=3|pages=268–273|doi=10.14744/nci.2017.00483|issn=2536-4553|pmid=30688942}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-emepụta iko Neodymium (Nd:glass) site na itinye 2&quot; href=&quot;./Neodymium(III)_oxide&quot; id=&quot;mwAzQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Neodymium(III) oxide&quot;&gt;neodymium oxide (Nd2O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) na iko agbaze. N'ìhè ehihie ma ọ bụ ọkụ na-enwu enwu, iko neodymium na-apụta lavender, mana ọ na-apụghị ịcha anụnụ anụnụ n'okpuru ọkụ fluorescent. Enwere ike iji Neodymium mee ihe iji mee ka iko na-acha odo odo site na purple ruo na mmanya na-acha ọbara ọbara na ntụ ntụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kondrukevich|first=A. A.|date=2008-05-01|title=Color of porcelain containing neodymium oxide|journal=Glass and Ceramics|language=en|volume=65|issue=5|pages=203–207|doi=10.1007/s10717-008-9039-9|issn=1573-8515}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ojiji azụmahịa mbụ nke neodymium dị ọcha bụ na agba iko, malite na nnwale nke Leo Moser na Nọvemba 1927. Igwe &quot;Alexandrite&quot; nke sitere na ya ka bụ agba nke Moser glassworks ruo taa. Neodymium glass e ṅomiri n'ọtụtụ ebe na mbido afọ 1930 site na ụlọ iko America, ọkachasị Heisey, Fostoria (&quot;wisteria&quot;), Cambridge (&quot;heatherbloom&quot;), na Steuben (&quot;wistería&quot;), na ebe ndị ọzọ (dịka Lalique, na France, ma ọ bụ Murano). Tiffin's &quot;twilight&quot; nọgidere na mmepụta site n'afọ 1950 ruo afọ 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://coloradosprings.yourhub.com/CrippleCreekTellerCounty/Stories/Arts/Story~443258.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403165916/http://coloradosprings.yourhub.com/CrippleCreekTellerCounty/Stories/Arts/Story~443258.aspx|archivedate=2008-04-03|title=Chameleon Glass Changes Color|accessdate=2009-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ndị a na-enweta ugbu a gụnyere ndị na-emepụta iko na Czech Republic, United States, na China. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Brown|first=David C.|title=High-Peak-Power Nd: Glass Laser Systems|chapter=Optical-Pump Sources for Nd : Glass Lasers|series=Springer Series in Optical Sciences|date=1981|pages=99–127|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-38508-0_3|isbn=978-3-662-13516-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akara absorption nke neodymium na-eme ka agba iko gbanwee n'okpuru ọnọdụ ọkụ dị iche iche, na-acha uhie uhie na-acha odo odo n'okpuru ìhè ehihie ma ọ bụ ìhè na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-aṅụrị anụnụ n'okpuru ọkụ na-acha ọcha, na-aghọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'okpuru ọchịchịrị trichromatic. Na njikọta ya na ọlaedo ma ọ bụ [[selenium]], a na-emepụta ụcha uhie. Ebe ọ bụ na agba neodymium na-adabere na mgbanwe &quot;a machibidoro iwu&quot; f-f n'ime atọm ahụ, enwere mmetụta dị nta na agba site na gburugburu kemịkal, yabụ agba ahụ anaghị emetụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iko ahụ. Otú ọ dị, maka agba kachasị mma, ọ dị mkpa ka e belata ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha nwere ígwè na silica eji eme iko ahụ. Otu ọdịdị a machibidoro iwu nke mgbanwe f-f na-eme ka ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ghara ịdị ike karịa nke ọtụtụ ihe mgbanwe d nyere, yabụ a ga-eji ihe ndị ọzọ mee ihe na iko iji nweta ike agba achọrọ. Nchịkọta mbụ nke Moser jiri ihe dị ka 5% nke neodymium oxide mee ihe na iko ahụ gbazere agbaze, nke zuru oke nke Moser zoro aka na ndị a dị ka iko &quot;ụwa-adịghị ahụkebe&quot;. N'ịbụ ntọala siri ike, ọkwa nke neodymium ahụ ga-emetụta ihe ndị na-agbaze nke iko ahụ, na ihe dị na lime nke iko ahụ nwere ike ịchọ mgbanwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofglas0000bray|title=Dictionary of glass: materials and techniques|author=Bray, Charles|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|date=2001|isbn=0-8122-3619-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìhè a na-ebute site na iko neodymium na-egosi bands absorption dị nkọ n'ụzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe; a na-eji iko ahụ eme ihe n'Ọrụ mbara igwe iji mepụta bands dị nkọ nke enwere ike ịhazi akara spectral.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntinye ọzọ bụ ịmepụta nzacha ndị na-ahọrọ mbara igwe iji belata mmetụta nke mmetọ ìhè site na sodium na ọkụ fluorescent mgbe ọ na-agafe agba ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ikuku hydrogen-alpha na-acha uhie uhie site na nebulae. A na-ejikwa Neodymium wepụ ụcha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ígwè na iko kpatara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Peelman|first=S.|date=2018-06-01|title=Recovery of Neodymium as (Na, Nd)(SO4)2 from the Ferrous Fraction of a General WEEE Shredder Stream|journal=Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|pages=276–287|doi=10.1007/s40831-018-0165-5|issn=2199-3831}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Neodymium bụ akụkụ nke &quot;didymium&quot; (na-ezo aka na ngwakọta nke nnu nke neodymium na praseodymium) nke a na-eji eme ka iko na-acha iji mee ka ugogbe anya nke onye na-agbanye mmiri na onye na-eme ka iko ghara ịdị ike na 589 nm. Mmetụta yiri nke ahụ nke akara na-acha odo odo nke mercury na 578 nm bụ isi ihe kpatara ụcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ a hụrụ maka iko neodymium n'okpuru ọkụ na-acha ọcha. A na-eji ugegbe Neodymium na didymium eme ihe na nzacha na-eme ka agba dịkwuo mma na foto ime ụlọ, ọkachasị na nzacha ụcha odo site na ọkụ ọkụ. N'otu aka ahụ, iko neodymium na-aghọ ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe kpọmkwem na ọkụ ọkụ. Lamps ndị a nwere neodymium n'ime iko iji nyochaa ìhè odo, na-eme ka ìhè na-acha ọcha nke dị ka ìhè anyanwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Liqiang|title=Color-filtered phosphor-in-glass for LED-lit LCD with wide color gamut|journal=Ceramics International|date=August 2019|volume=45|issue=11|pages=14432–14438|doi=10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.04.164}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, a kọrọ na a na-eji enyo didymium ebufe koodu Morse gafee ọgbọ agha.&lt;ref name=&quot;b1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fontani, Marco|title=The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck9jBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA173|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-938334-4|pages=172–173}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ojiji ya na iko, a na-eji nnu neodymium eme ihe dị ka ihe na-acha maka enamels.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

=== Lasers ===
Enwere ike iji ihe ụfọdụ na-apụta ìhè na obere njupụta nke neodymium ion mee ihe na lasers dị ka mgbasa ozi mmeri maka ogologo oge infrared (105&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;-1064 nm), dịka Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet), Nd:YAP (yttrium aluminum Perovskite), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Sulc|first=Jan|editor=Hoffman|title=Solid State Lasers XIV: Technology and Devices|chapter=Comparison of diode-side-pumped triangular Nd:YAG and Nd:YAP laser|date=27 April 2005|doi=10.1117/12.588233|chapterurl=https://www.crytur.cz/storage/cryt_UK-General/posters%20laser/Nd_triangl.pdf|accessdate=16 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nd:YLF (yttrium lithium fluoride), Nd: YVO4 (yttrium orthovanadate), na Nd:glass. Neodymium-doped crystals (nke a na-ahụkarị Nd:YVO&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwA4k&quot;&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;) na-emepụta ọkụ laser infrared dị elu nke a na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ìhè laser na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na laser pointers DPSS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tanjib Atique Khan|date=2012-06-27|title=Solid State Laser &amp; Semiconductor Laser|url=http://dewan.buet.ac.bd/EEE6503/Reports/Report_Chap12-13_SolidStateLasers+SemiconductorLasers.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Trivalent neodymium ion Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; bụbụ lanthanide mbụ sitere na ihe ndị dị ụkọ eji emepụta radiation laser. Emeputara laser Nd:CaWO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;  n'afọ 1961.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.126.1406|title=Continuous operation of a solid-state optical maser|year=1962|author=Johnson|first=L. F.|journal=Physical Review|volume=126|issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ bụ laser nke atọ etinyere n'ọrụ. (nke mbụ bụbụ ruby, nke abụọ bụ laser U&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;:CaF ). Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, laser neodymium  ghọrọ otu n'ime lasers ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ebumnuche ojiji. Ihe ịga nke ọma ion Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; dị na nhazi nke ọkwa ike ya na ihe ndị dị na spectroscopic dabara adaba maka imepụta radiation laser. N'afọ 1964 Geusic et al.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1063/1.1753928|title=Laser oscillations in nd-doped yttrium aluminum, yttrium gallium and gadolinium garnets|year=1964|author=Geusic|first=J. E.|journal=Applied Physics Letters|volume=4|issue=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;  gosipụtara ọrụ nke ion neodymium na YAG matrix Y&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Al&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;. Ọ bụ laser ọkwa anọ nwere ike ala ma nwee ezigbo ihe eji arụ ọrụ na okpomọkụ. Maka mgbapụta anya nke ihe a, ọ kere omume iji flashlamp radiation na adịghị ejikọta ọnụ ma ọ bụ ihe na agbanwe agbanwe diode.

Laser dị ugbu a na UK Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), HELEN (High Energy Laser Embodymium) 1-terawatt neodymium-glass laser, nwere ike ịnweta etiti nke mpaghara nrụgide na okpomọkụ ma jiri ya nweta data maka imepụta otu njupụta, okpomọkụ, na nrụgide si emekọrịta n'ime ogbunigwe. HELEN nwere ike ịmepụta plasma nke dị gburugburu 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; K, nke a na-atụle opacity na nnyefe nke radiation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1364/AO.41.003497|title=Multipass Reconfiguration of the HELEN Nd:Glass Laser at the Atomic Weapons Establishment|date=2002|journal=Applied Optics|volume=41|pages=3497–505|pmid=12078672|issue=18|author=Norman|first=M. J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eji Neodymium solid-state lasers  eme ihe na sistemụ ọkụ (terawatt scale), ike dị elu (megajoules) maka njikọta ikuku. inertial confinement fusion. A na-ejikarị lasers Nd:glass frequency tripled na third harmonic at 351&amp;nbsp;nm  na ngwaọrụ njikọta laser.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=W.|date=2010-10-01|title=Third harmonic generation of Nd:glass laser with novel composite deuterated KDP crystals|journal=Laser Physics|language=en|volume=20|issue=10|pages=1923–1926|doi=10.1134/S1054660X10190175|issn=1555-6611}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Neodymium nwere ikike okpomọkụ dị oke egwu na okpomọkụ mmiri-helium, yabụ ọ bara uru na cryocoolers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Neodymium: Properties and Applications|url=https://www.stanfordmaterials.com/blog/neodymium-properties-and-applications.html|accessdate=2025-05-13|work=www.stanfordmaterials.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Enwere ike iji Neodymium acetate mee ihe dị ka ihe dị iche iche na microscopy electron (ihe na-anọchi anya uranyl acetate na-egbu egbu na nke na-egbu mgbu). &lt;ref name=&quot;uranyl acetate&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kuipers|first=Jeroen|date=2020-04-01|title=Neodymium as an alternative contrast for uranium in electron microscopy|journal=Histochemistry and Cell Biology|language=en|volume=153|issue=4|pages=271–277|doi=10.1007/s00418-020-01846-0|issn=1432-119X|pmid=32008069}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Eleghị anya n'ihi myirịta ya na Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, a kọọrọ Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;  iji kwalite uto osisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wei, Y. and Zhou, X.|title=The Effect of Neodymium (Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;) on Some Physiological Activities in Oilseed Rape during Calcium (Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;) Starvation|url=http://www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/2/399.htm|journal=10th International Rapeseed Congress|volume=2|year=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ejikarị ihe ndị dị n'ala dị ụkọ eme ihe na China dị ka [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tommasi|first=Franca|date=2021-11-01|title=Review of Rare Earth Elements as Fertilizers and Feed Additives: A Knowledge Gap Analysis|journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|language=en|volume=81|issue=4|pages=531–540|doi=10.1007/s00244-020-00773-4|issn=1432-0703|pmid=33141264}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Samarium-neodymium dating bara uru maka ịchọpụta mmekọrịta afọ nke nkume  na meteorites. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7639024.stm|title=Team finds Earth's 'oldest rocks'|work=BBC News|accessdate=2009-06-06|date=2008-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A na-eji isotopes nke Neodymium edere na mmiri iji wughachi mgbanwe na mgbasa nke oké osimiri gara aga.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tachikawa|first=K.|date=2003|title=Neodymium budget in the modern ocean and paleo-oceanographic implications|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=108|issue=C8|doi=10.1029/1999JC000285}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=van de Flierdt|first=Tina|date=2016-11-28|title=Neodymium in the oceans: a global database, a regional comparison and implications for palaeoceanographic research|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume=374|issue=2081|doi=10.1098/rsta.2015.0293|pmid=29035258}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ na nchebe nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ==
   
A chọpụtala na lanthanides mbụ, gụnyere neodymium, yana lanthanum, cerium na praseodymium dị mkpa maka ụfọdụ nje methanotrophic na-ebi na mudpots nke ugwu mgbawa, dị ka ''Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/1462-2920.12249|pmid=24034209|title=Rare earth metals are essential for methanotrophic life in volcanic mudpots|date=2013|author=Pol|first=Arjan|journal=Environmental Microbiology|volume=16|issue=1|pages=255–64|url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl//bitstream/handle/2066/128108/128108.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kang|first=Lin|date=2000-04-01|title=Neodymium cations Nd3+ were transported to the interior ofEuglena gracilis 277|journal=Chinese Science Bulletin|language=en|volume=45|issue=7|pages=585–592|doi=10.1007/BF02886032|issn=1861-9541}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maghị Neodymium ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Vais|first=Vladimir|date=2003-09-01|title=Condensation reaction in the bandpass reaction cell improves sensitivity for uranium, thorium, neodymium and praseodymium measurements|journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry|language=en|volume=377|issue=1|pages=85–88|doi=10.1007/s00216-003-2084-x|pmid=12856100|issn=1618-2650}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uzuzu ígwè Neodymium na-ere ọkụ ma yabụ ihe ize ndụ mgbawa. Neodymium compounds, dị ka ọ dị na ọla niile dị ụkọ, nwere obere na nke dị nro; Otú ọ dị, a chọpụtabeghị nsị ya nke ọma. A na-ewere nnu neodymium a na-eri dị ka ihe na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-agbaze karịa ma ọ bụrụhaala na ha anaghị agbaze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/nd.htm|title=Neodymium (Nd) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uzuzu na nnu nke neodymium na-akpasu anya na mucous membranes iwe nke ukwuu, ma na-akcasu Akpụkpọ ahụ iwe. Ịṅụ ume n'ájá nwere ike ịkpata embolism nke akpa ume, na ikpughe ihe na-emebi imeju. Neodymium na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi ọbara ịkpụkọ, ọkachasị mgbe a na-enye ya na intravenously.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/268 268]–270|title=Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements|author=Emsley, John|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2003|isbn=0-19-850340-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A nwalere magnet Neodymium maka iji ọgwụ mee ihe dị ka magnetic braces na mmezi ọkpụkpụ, mana nsogbu Biocompatibility egbochiwo itinye ya n'ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Donohue|first=V. E.|date=Mar 1995|title=In vitro cytotoxicity testing of neodymium-iron-boron magnets|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jab.770060110|journal=Journal of Applied Biomaterials|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=69–74|doi=10.1002/jab.770060110|pmid=7703540|issn=1045-4861}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magnet ndị a na-ere ahịa nke e ji neodymium mee siri ike nke ukwuu ma nwee ike ịdọta ibe ha site n'ebe dị anya. Ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nlezianya, ha na-agbakọta ngwa ngwa na ike, na-akpata mmerụ ahụ. Enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ihe edere ede banyere onye na-efunahụ mkpịsị aka mgbe magnet abụọ ọ na-eji na-agbakọta ọnụ site na 50 cm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Swain|first=Frank|title=How to remove a finger with two super magnets|publisher=Seed Media Group LLC|date=March 6, 2009|url=http://scienceblogs.com/sciencepunk/2009/03/06/how-to-remove-a-finger-with-tw/|accessdate=2013-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Ihe ize ndụ ọzọ nke magnet ndị a dị ike bụ na ọ bụrụ na a na-eri ihe karịrị otu magnet, ha nwere ike ịpị anụ ahụ dị nro na eriri afọ. Nke a emeela ka e mee atụmatụ na 1,700 nleta n'ime ụlọ mberede  ma mee ka ọ dị mkpa icheta usoro ihe eji egwuri egwu nke Buckyballs, nke bụ usoro iwu obere magnet neodymium. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Neodymium Magnets: Too Attractive?|date=2014|url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/821835|journal=Medscape Gastroenterology|author=Balistreri, William F.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Lanthanides
* Oge 6 ihe
* Mkpụrụ osisi ndị dị ụkọ
* Magnet
* [[Ọrịa na-esi ísì ụtọ]] 

== Ebensibịa ==

== Akwụkwọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|date=2011|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7}}
*  
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* {{Cite journal|author=Lodders|first=K.|title=Solar System abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements|year=2003|pages=1220–47|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=591|issue=2|issn=0004-637X|doi=10.1086/375492|url=http://solarsystem.wustl.edu/wp-content/uploads/reprints/2003/Lodders%202003%20ApJ%20Elemental%20abundances.pdf}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
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[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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        <username>Iwuala chisom</username>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356761033|Neodymium]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="66457" sha1="5y8koyvnwthgdb44mtgj06a15dfkp1h" xml:space="preserve">&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Neodymium''' bụ kemịkalụ; ọ nwere akara '''Nd''' na nọmba atọm 60. Ọ bụ onye nke anọ n'ime usoro lanthanide ma a na-ewere ya dị ka otu n'ime ọla ndị dị ụkọ. Ọ bụ ígwè siri ike, nke a na-agbatịtụ, ọlaọcha nke na-emebi ngwa ngwa na ikuku na mmiri. Mgbe oxidized, neodymium na-emeghachi omume ngwa ngwa, na-emepụta pink, purple / blue, na yellow compounds na +2, +3 na +4 oxidation states. A na-ewere ya n'ozuzu ya dị ka nke nwere otu n'ime ihe ndị dị mgbagwoju anya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Werbowy|first=Slawomir|title=Studies of Landé gJ-factors of singly ionized neodymium isotopes (142, 143 and 145) at relatively small magnetic fields up to 334 G by collinear laser ion beam spectroscopy|journal=The European Physical Journal D|date=2017|volume=71|doi=10.1140/epjd/e2016-70641-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neodymium chọpụtara na 1885 site n'aka onye Austria na-emepụta kemịkal Carl Auer von Welsbach, onye chọpụtakwara praseodymium. Neodymium dị n'ọtụtụ na mineral monazite na bastnäsite. A naghị ahụ Neodymium n'ụzọ okike n'ụdị ígwè ma ọ bụ na-agwakọtaghị ya na lanthanides ndị ọzọ, a na-emekarị ka ọ dị mma maka iji ya eme ihe n'ozuzu. Neodymium bụ ihe a na-ahụkarị - ihe dị ka cobalt, nickel, ma ọ bụ ọla kọpa - ma na-ekesa ya n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ime mkpo ụwa. A na-egwupụta ọtụtụ neodymium azụmahịa n'ụwa na China, dịka ọ dị na ọtụtụ ọla ndị ọzọ dị ụkọ.

A na-eji ngwakọta Neodymium eme ihe na mbụ dị ka ihe na-acha odo odo na 1927 ma nọgide na-abụ ihe mgbakwunye a ma ama. Agba nke neodymium compounds sitere na Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; ion ma na-abụkarị na-acha uhie uhie. Agba a na-agbanwe na ụdị ọkụ n'ihi mmekọrịta nke bands na-amịkọrọ ìhè nke neodymium na ìhè gburugburu ebe obibi nke bara ọgaranya na bands na'ahụ anya nke mercury, trivalent europium ma ọ bụ Terbium. A na-eji ugogbe anya ndị e ji neodymium mee ihe na lasers nke na-ewepụta infrared na wavelengths n'etiti 1046 na 1062 nanometers. A na-eji lasers ndị a eme ihe na ngwa ike dị elu, dị ka inertial confinement fusion. A na-ejikwa Neodymium na kristal ndị ọzọ dị iche iche, dị ka yttrium aluminum garnet na Nd:YAG laser.

A na-eji alloys neodymium eme ihe iji mee ka Magnet neodymium dị elu, nke bụ Magnet na-adịgide adịgide.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Herbst|first=J.F.|date=Nov 1991|title=Neodymium-iron-boron permanent magnets|journal=Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials|volume=100|issue=1–3|pages=57–78|doi=10.1016/0304-8853(91)90812-o|issn=0304-8853}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eji magnet ndị a eme ihe n'ọtụtụ ngwaahịa dị ka microphones, ụdaolu ọkachamara, ekweisi ntị, ihe ntụrụndụ DC eletrik dị elu, na draịvụ diski ike nke kọmputa, ebe a chọrọ obere magnet (ma ọ bụ olu) ma ọ bụ ebe magnetik siri ike. A na-eji nnukwu magnets neodymium mee ihe na motors eletrik nwere oke ike na ịdị arọ (dịka, na Ụgbọala hybrid) na generators (dịka ụgbọelu na ndị na-emepụta eletrik). 

== Ihe onwunwe ==
Neodymium ọla nwere ihe ọla na-egbuke egbuke, nke na-acha ọlaọcha. Neodymium na-adikarị n'ụdị allotropic abụọ, ya na mgbanwe site na hexagonal abụọ gaa na  body-centered cubic structure nke etiti ahụ na-eme ihe dị ka 863&amp;nbsp;°C.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neodymium, dịka ọtụtụ lanthanides, bụ paramagnetic na okpomọkụ ụlọ. Ọ na-aghọ antiferromagnet mgbe ojuru oyi na okpụrụ  20 K (−253.2 °C).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Andrej Szytula|title=Handbook of Crystal Structures and Magnetic Properties of Rare Earth Intermetallics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-tgM8oAQcdcC&amp;pg=PA1|date=8 March 1994|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-0-8493-4261-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Below this transition N'okpuru okpomọkụ mgbanwe a, ọ na e gosipụta na usoro na usoro nke magnetik dị mgbagwoju anya&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zochowski|first=S W|title=Magnetic phase diagrams of neodymium|journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter|volume=3|issue=41|date=1991|issn=0953-8984|doi=10.1088/0953-8984/3/41/007|pages=8079–8094}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Lebech|first=B|title=Magnetic phase transitions in double hexagonal close packed neodymium metal-commensurate in two dimensions|journal=Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter|volume=6|issue=27|date=1994|issn=0953-8984|doi=10.1088/0953-8984/6/27/029|pages=5201–5222}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke nwere oge ntụrụndụ ogologo na omume spin glass.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kamber|first=Umut|title=Self-induced spin glass state in elemental and crystalline neodymium|journal=Science|volume=368|issue=6494|date=2020|issn=0036-8075|doi=10.1126/science.aay6757|pmid=32467362}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neodymium bụ metal dị ụkọ nke dị na mischmetal ochie na mkpokọta ihe dịka  18%. Iji mepụta neodymium magnets, a na-agwakọta ya na iron, nke bụ ferromagnet.

=== Nhazi eletrọn ===
Neodymium bụ onye nke anọ n'ime usoro lanthanide. Na tebụl oge, ọ na-apụta n'etiti lanthanides praseodymium n'aka ekpe ya na ihe na-emepụta radiation promethium n'akụkụ aka nri ya, na n'elu actinide 2&quot; href=&quot;./Uranium&quot; id=&quot;mwqg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Uranium&quot;&gt;uranium. A na-ahazi electrons 60 ya na 4&quot; href=&quot;./Electron_configuration&quot; id=&quot;mwqw&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Electron configuration&quot;&gt;nhazi [Xe]4f46s2, nke electrons 6f na 6s bụ Valencia. Dị ka ọtụtụ ọla ndị ọzọ na usoro lanthanide, neodymium na-ejikarị electrons atọ dị ka valence electrons, dịka mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, electrons 4f fọdụrụ na-ejikọta nke ọma: nke a bụ n'ihi na 4f orbitals na-abanye n'ime isi nke electrons na nucleus, 5d na 6s sochiri, nke a na-abawanye na ụgwọ ion dị elu. Neodymium ka nwere ike ịhapụ electron nke anọ n'ihi na ọ na-abịa n'oge na lanthanides, ebe ụgwọ nuklia ka dị ala na ike 4f subshell dị elu iji kwe ka ewepụ valence electrons ndị ọzọ.[19]

&lt;nowiki&gt;Neodymium nwere ebe ịgbaze nke &lt;spall about=&quot;#mwt114&quot; data-mw='{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;convert&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Convert&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;1024&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;C&quot;},&quot;3&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;F&quot;},&quot;abbr&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;on&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}' data-ve-no-generated-contents=&quot;true&quot; id=&quot;mwtg&quot; typeof=&quot;mw:Transclusion&quot;&gt;1,024   na ebe ọ na-esi nke 3,074  . Dị ka lanthanides ndị ọzọ, ọ na-enwekarị Ọnọdụ oxidation +3, mana ọ pụkwara ịmepụta na +2 na +4 ọnọdụ oxidation, na ọbụna, n'ọnọdụ ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe, +0. Neodymium metal na-agbaze ngwa ngwa n'ọnọdụ gburugburu,  na-emepụta oyi oxide dị ka nchara ígwè nke nwere ike ịgbasa ma kpughee metal ka ọ na-agbaji; ihe nlele dị sentimita nke neodymium na-agbacha kpamkpam n'ihe dị ka otu afọ.&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; na-agbaze na mmiri. Dị ka onye agbata obi ya praseodymium, ọ na-ere ọkụ ngwa ngwa na ihe dị ka 150 °C iji mepụta neodymium (III) oxide; oxide ahụ wee pụọ, na-ekpughe nnukwu ígwè ahụ na oxidation ọzọ: &lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;Neodymium bụ ihe electropositive, ọ na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na mmiri oyi, ma ọ bụ ngwa ngwa na mmiri ọkụ, iji mepụta neodymium (III) hydroxide: &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Side box/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-isotopes&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;1046&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Isotope|Isotopes]] nke [[neodymium]] (&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Isotopes/main/table/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;isotopes-table wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Isi isotopes
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Mgbukpọ
|- class=&quot;isotopes-table-headers&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Screen reader-only/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sr-only&quot;&gt;Isotope&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Egwuregwu ịgba egwú
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ọkara ndụ (t1/2) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (''t''/2) &lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ejiji
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |pro-duct
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3.37 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β+&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |27.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |12.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |23.8%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2.29&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.&lt;sup&amp;gt;15&lt;/sup&amp;gt;;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |8.3%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |17.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10.98 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.80%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.60%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9.3&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β-β-&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;''A'' (Nd) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;144.242&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;.003&lt;/span&gt;
* 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi) &amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|}
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Neodymium na-agbaze ngwa ngwa na dilute sulfuric acid iji mepụta ihe ngwọta nwere lilac Nd (III) ion. Ndị a dị ka [Nd (OH&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;sub&gt;9&lt;/sub&gt;]&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; complexes: &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.webelements.com/neodymium/chemistry.html|title=Chemical reactions of Neodymium|publisher=Webelements|accessdate=2012-08-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Block indent/styles.css&quot; /&gt;

=== Ihe ndị mejupụtara ===
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-isotopes&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;1046&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Isotope|Isotopes]] nke [[neodymium]] (&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Isotopes/main/table/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;isotopes-table wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Isi isotopes
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Mgbukpọ
|- class=&quot;isotopes-table-headers&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Screen reader-only/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sr-only&quot;&gt;Isotope&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Egwuregwu ịgba egwú
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ọkara ndụ (t1/2) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (''t''/2) &lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ejiji
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |pro-duct
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3.37 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β+&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |27.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |12.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |23.8%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2.29&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.&lt;sup&amp;gt;15&lt;/sup&amp;gt;;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |8.3%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |17.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10.98 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.80%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.60%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9.3&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β-β-&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;''A'' (Nd) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;144.242&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;.003&lt;/span&gt;
* 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi) &amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|}
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-isotopes&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;1046&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Isotope|Isotopes]] nke [[neodymium]] (&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Isotopes/main/table/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;isotopes-table wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Isi isotopes
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Mgbukpọ
|- class=&quot;isotopes-table-headers&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Screen reader-only/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sr-only&quot;&gt;Isotope&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Egwuregwu ịgba egwú
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ọkara ndụ (t1/2) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (''t''/2) &lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ejiji
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |pro-duct
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3.37 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β+&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |27.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |12.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |23.8%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2.29&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.&lt;sup&amp;gt;15&lt;/sup&amp;gt;;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |8.3%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |17.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10.98 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.80%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.60%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9.3&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β-β-&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;''A'' (Nd) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;144.242&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;.003&lt;/span&gt;
* 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi) &amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|}
[[Faịlụ:Neodym(III)sulfat.JPG|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Neodymium (III) sulfate]]

* halides: NdF&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQQ&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdCl&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQY&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdCl&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQg&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdBr&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQo&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdI&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQw&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;; NdI&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwAQ4&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* oxides: &amp;amp;nbsp;
* hydroxide: &amp;amp;nbsp;
* carbonate: Nd&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwARk&quot;&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt; (CO&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwARo&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;) &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwARs&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* sulfate: &amp;amp;nbsp;
* acetate: Nd (CH3COO) 3Nd (CH&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwASI&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;) &lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwASM&quot;&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
* Magnet neodymium (Nd&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;)  

==== Ihe ndị mejupụtara organoneodymium ====
Organoneodymium compounds bụ compounds nwere njikọ neodymium-carbon. Ngwakọta ndị a yiri nke lanthanides ndị ọzọ, nke a na-akọwa site na enweghị ike ịgafe π backbonding. N'ihi ya, a na-ejikarị ha eme ihe na cyclopentadienides ionic (isostructural na nke lanthanum) na alkyls na aryls dị mfe, ụfọdụ n'ime ha nwere ike ịbụ polymer.[23]

== Isotopes ==
 
{| class=&quot;infobox ib-isotopes&quot;
|+ class=&quot;infobox-title&quot; id=&quot;1046&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;[[Isotope|Isotopes]] nke [[neodymium]] (&lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) &lt;/span&gt;) &amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Isotopes/main/table/styles.css&quot; /&gt;
{| class=&quot;isotopes-table wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Isi isotopes
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; scope=&quot;colgroup&quot; |Mgbukpọ
|- class=&quot;isotopes-table-headers&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Screen reader-only/styles.css&quot; /&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sr-only&quot;&gt;Isotope&lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |Egwuregwu ịgba egwú
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ọkara ndụ (t1/2) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt; (''t''/2) &lt;/span&gt;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |ejiji
! scope=&quot;col&quot; |pro-duct
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3.37 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β+&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |27.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |12.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |23.8%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2.29&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.&lt;sup&amp;gt;15&lt;/sup&amp;gt;;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;α&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;140&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |8.3%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |17.2%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: center;&quot; |njikọ
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;10.98 d.&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.80%
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: left;&quot; |stable
|-
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |5.60%
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align: top; text-align: right;&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;9.3&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;&quot;&gt;×&lt;/span&gt; y&amp;nbsp;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: left; vertical-align: top;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;float: left; font-size: 115%; padding: 0;&quot;&gt;β-β-&lt;sup&gt;−&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/span&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align: right; vertical-align: middle;&quot; |&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;
|}
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; |Standard atomic weight Ar° (Nd) &lt;span class=&quot;nobold&quot;&gt;''A'' (Nd) &lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Plainlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist&quot;&gt;
* &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;144.242&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:0.225em;margin-right:0.225em;&quot;&gt;±&lt;/span&gt;.003&lt;/span&gt;
* 144.24±0.01 (nke e kewara ka ọ dị mkpirikpi) &amp;nbsp;
&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; class=&quot;infobox-below noprint&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Navbar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;
|}
Neodymium na-apụ''t'' n't-linkid=&quot;1184&quot; href=&quot;./Natural_abundance&quot; id=&quot;mwAWg&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Natural abundance&quot;&gt;ụba okike (&lt;sub&gt;60&lt;/sub&gt;) nwere isotopes ise - &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;145&lt;/sup&gt;, &lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt; na &lt;sup&gt;148&lt;/sup&gt;, ebe &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt; bụ nke kachasị ukwuu (27.2% nke oke okike) - na radioisotopes abụọ nwere ọkara ndụ dị ogologo, &lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;144&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (alpha decay na ọkara ndụ (t&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;) nke 2.29Nd×1015 afọ) na &lt;sup&gt;&lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/sup&gt; (double beta decay, t1/2 ≈ 9.3×1018 afọ). N'ozuzu, achọpụtala 35 radioisotopes nke neodymium ka ọ na-erule afọ 2022, ebe radioisotops kachasị kwụsie ike bụ ndị na-apụta n'okike: 144Nd na 150Nd. All nke fọdụrụ radioactive isotopes nwere ọkara ndụ nke dị mkpụmkpụ karịa ụbọchị iri na abụọ, na ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a nwere ọkara oge nke dị mkpirikpi karịa 70 sekọnd; isotope aka kacha kwụsie ike bụ &lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt; na ọkara ndụ ya nke ụbọchị 10.98.&amp;nbsp;

Neodymium nwekwara 15 a maara me''t'' iso''t'', nke kachasị kwụsie ike bụ &lt;sup&gt;139m&lt;/sup&gt; (''t''&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/sub&gt; = 5.5 awa), &lt;sup&gt;135m&lt;/sup&gt; (t1/2 = 5.5 nkeji) na &lt;sup&gt;133m1&lt;/sup&gt; (t 1/2 ~ 70 sekọnd). Ụzọ mbu nke ire ure tupu isotope kachasị mma, &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt;, bụ Njide electron na ire ure positron, na ụzọ mbu nke mbu mgbe beta na-ewepu ire ure. Ngwaahịa ndị bụ isi na-emebi tupu &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt; bụ isotopes praseodymium, na ngwaahịa ndị bụ isi mgbe &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt; gasịrị bụ isotops promethium.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Karlewski|first=T.|title=Decay of the heaviest isotope of neodymium:154Nd|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik A|volume=322|issue=1|date=1985|issn=0340-2193|doi=10.1007/BF01412035|pages=177–178}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anọ n'ime ise na-akwụsi ike isotopes bụ naanị na-akwụsịghị ike, nke pụtara na a na-atụ anya na ha ga-enwe mmebi nke radiation, ọ bụ ezie na ha nwere ọkara ndụ ogologo iji were ya dị ka nke kwụsiri ike maka ebumnuche bara uru.&lt;ref name=&quot;rare decays&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Belli|first=P.|title=Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays|date=2019|journal=[[European Physical Journal A]]|volume=55|pages=4–6 &lt;!--data table--&gt;|doi=10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tụkwasị na nke a, a na-ebu amụma na ụfọdụ isotopes nke samarium ga-emebi na isotopes of neodymium.&lt;ref name=&quot;rare decays&quot; /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

A na-eji iso''t'' neodymium eme ihe na ọrụ sayensị dị iche iche. A na-eji &lt;sup&gt;142&lt;/sup&gt; emepụta isotopes dị mkpirikpi nke thulium na ytterbium. A tụwo aro &lt;sup&gt;146&lt;/sup&gt; maka mmepụta nke &lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt;, nke bụ isi iyi nke ike radiation. E jirila ọtụtụ isotopes neodymium mee ihe maka mmepụta nke isotopes promethium ndị ọzọ. Mmebi site na &lt;sup&gt;147&lt;/sup&gt; (t&lt;sub&gt;1/2&lt;/sub&gt; = 1.06×1011 y) gaa na &lt;sup&gt;143&lt;/sup&gt; na-enye ohere maka oge samarium-neodymium.&lt;ref name=&quot;DePaolo&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Depaolo|first=D. J.|title=Nd isotopic variations and petrogenetic models|journal=Geophysical Research Letters|volume=3|year=1976|doi=10.1029/GL003i005p00249|issue=5|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/41937/1/grl330.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ejikwa &lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt; mee ihe iji mụọ mbibi beta okpukpu abụọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Barabash|first=A. S.|title=Double beta decay of &lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;Nd to the First 0&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; excited state of &lt;sup&gt;150&lt;/sup&gt;Sm|journal=Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics Letters|date=2004|volume=79|issue=1|pages=10–12|doi=10.1134/1.1675911|url=https://doi.org/10.1134/1.1675911}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
N'afọ 1751, onye Sweden na-amụ banyere ihe ndị dị n'ime ala bụ Axel Fredrik Cronstedt chọpụtara ihe ndị dị arọ site na ebe a na-egwupụta ihe na Bastnäs, nke e mechara kpọwa cerite. Afọ iri atọ ka e mesịrị, Wilhelm Hisinger dị afọ iri na ise, onye otu ezinụlọ nwere ebe a na-egwupụta ihe, zigara Carl Scheele ihe nlele, onye na-achọtaghị ihe ọhụrụ ọ bụla n'ime ya. N'afọ 1803, mgbe Hisinger ghọsịrị onye na-ahụ maka ígwè, ya na Jöns Jacob Berzelius laghachiri na mineral ma wepụta oxide ọhụrụ, nke ha kpọrọ ''ceria'' n'aha obere mbara ala Ceres, nke a chọpụtara afọ abụọ tupu mgbe ahụ.[29] Martin Heinrich Klaproth kewapụrụ Ceria n'otu oge na n'onwe ya na Germany.[30] N'agbata afọ 1839 na 1843, onye dọkịta na-awa ahụ na onye na-emepụta ọgwụ na Sweden bụ Carl Gustaf Mosander gosipụtara na ceria bụ ngwakọta nke oxides, onye bi n'otu ụlọ ahụ dị ka Berzelius; ọ kewara oxides abụọ ọzọ, nke ọ kpọrọ ''lanthana'' na ''didymia''. &lt;ref name=&quot;XI&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1021/ed009p1231|author=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|authorlink=Mary Elvira Weeks|title=The Discovery of the Elements: XI. Some Elements Isolated with the Aid of Potassium and Sodium:Zirconium, Titanium, Cerium and Thorium|journal=The Journal of Chemical Education|date=1932|volume=9|issue=7|pages=1231–1243}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;Weeks&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|title=The discovery of the elements|date=1956|publisher=Journal of Chemical Education|location=Easton, PA|url=https://archive.org/details/discoveryoftheel002045mbp|edition=6th}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Virginia&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Marshall|first=James L. Marshall|title=Rediscovery of the elements: The Rare Earths–The Confusing Years|journal=The Hexagon|date=2015|pages=72–77|url=http://www.chem.unt.edu/~jimm/REDISCOVERY%207-09-2018/Hexagon%20Articles/rare%20earths%20II.pdf|accessdate=30 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; O mebiri akụkụ nke cerium nitrate site n'ịkpọ ya n'ikuku wee gwọọ oxide na-esi na ya apụta na nitric acid. A na-akpọ ọla ndị mepụtara oxides ndị a ''lanthanum'' na ''didymium''. Didymium mechara gosipụta na ọ bụghị otu ihe mgbe Carl Auer von Welsbach kewara ya n'ime ihe abụọ, praseodymium na neodymium, na Vienna n'afọ 1885.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=v. Welsbach|first=Carl Auer|title=Die Zerlegung des Didyms in seine Elemente|journal=Monatshefte für Chemie und verwandte Teile anderer Wissenschaften|volume=6|issue=1|year=1885|pages=477–491|doi=10.1007/BF01554643}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Extractive Metallurgy of Rare Earths|author=Krishnamurthy|first=N.|publisher=CRC Press|year=2004|isbn=978-0-203-41302-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Von Welsbach gosipụtara nkewa site na nyocha spectroscopic, mana ngwaahịa ndị ahụ dị obere. A chọpụtara neodymium dị ọcha n'afọ 1925. Aha neodymium sitere na okwu Grik ''neos'' (νέος), ọhụrụ, na ''didymos'' (διδύμος), ejima.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/268 268]–270|title=Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements|author=Emsley, John|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2003|isbn=0-19-850340-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;XVI&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Weeks|first=Mary Elvira|title=The discovery of the elements. XVI. The rare earth elements|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=9|issue=10|year=1932|doi=10.1021/ed009p1751}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Double nitrate crystallization bụ ụzọ e si eme ka neodymium dị ọcha ruo n'afọ 1950. Lindsay Chemical Division bụ nke mbụ na-azụ ahịa nnu Mgbanwe ion nke neodymium. Malite na 1950s, a na-enweta ịdị ọcha dị elu (&gt;99%) neodymium site na usoro mgbanwe ion site na monazite, mineral jupụtara na ihe ndị dị ụkọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-enweta ọla ahụ site na electrolysis nke nnu Halyde ya. Ka ọ dị ugbu a, a na-ewepụta ọtụtụ neodymium site na bastnäsite ma mee ka ọ dị ọcha site na iwepụta solvent. A na-eji mkpocha mgbanwe ion eme ihe maka ịdị ọcha kachasị elu (nke a na-ahụkarị &gt;99.99%). Kemgbe ahụ, teknụzụ iko emeela ka ọ dịkwuo mma n'ihi ịdị ọcha nke neodymium oxide dị n'ahịa na ọganihu nke teknụzụ enyo n'ozuzu. Ụzọ mbụ nke ikewa lanthanides dabere na fractional crystallization, nke na-enyeghị ohere maka ikewapụ neodymium dị elu ruo mgbe e mepụtara usoro mgbanwe ion a kpọtụrụ aha n'elu mgbe Agha Ụwa nke Abụọ gasịrị.

== Ebe ọ pụtara na mmepụta ==
[[Faịlụ:Bastnaesite_-_Kischtimsk,_Ural.jpg|áká_èkpè|thumb|Ebe a na-adịghị ahụkebe]]
A naghị ahụkarị Neodymium n'okike dị ka ihe nweere onwe ya, kama ọ na-apụta na ore dị ka monazite na bastnäsite (nke bụ ìgwè mineral kama otu mineral) nke nwere obere ihe niile dị n'ala. Neodymium anaghị adịkarị na mineral ndị a, ma e wezụga monazite- (Nd) na kozoite- (Nd). &lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web|url=https://www.mindat.org/|title=Mindat.org|author=Hudson Institute of Mineralogy|date=1993–2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ndị a na-egwupụta ihe n'ala dị na China, United States, Brazil, India, Sri Lanka, na Australia.

Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; ion nwere nha yiri nke nha lanthanides mbụ n'ime otu cerium group (ndị sitere na lanthanum ruo samarium naeuropium). N'ihi nke a, a na-ahụkarị ya ka ọ na eso nyere na ime mineral ndị bụ, phosphate, silicate na carbonate,  dịka monazite (M&lt;sup&gt;III&lt;/sup&gt;PO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;) na bastnäsite (M&lt;sup&gt;III&lt;/sup&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;F), ebe mkpụrụedemede M na-anochite anya rare-earth ma e wezụga  scandium na radioactive promethium (karịsịa Ce, La, na Y, yana obere Pr na Nd).[41] Bastnäsite anaghị enwekarị  thorium na lanthanides ndị dị arụ, usoro iweputa lanthanides ndị dị mfe na ya adịghịkwa mgbagwoju anya ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke monazite. Mgbe agbasasịrị ma gwerie nkume ore ahụ, a na-ebu uzo jiri acid sulfuric dị ọku ma sie ike, nke a na-eweputa carbon dioxide, hydrogen fluoride, na silicon tetrafluoride. A na- akpọrọ ihe ahụ pụtara na ya nkụ ma jiri mmiri saa ya, nke na-eme ka ion lanthanide ndị mbụ gụnyere lanthanum nogide na ngwakọta mmiri ahụ.[41] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template &quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;span title=&quot;Source discusses treatment of both ores with HCl etc to produce LnCl3 but not treatment with sulfuric acid. (May 2024)&quot;&gt;failed verification&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; margin-right:15px; margin-down:0; font-size:90%; line-height:11pt; text-align: center&quot;
|+Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke usoro anyanwụ[42]
!Ọnụ ọgụgụ atọm&lt;br /&gt;
! style=&quot;width:45%; text-align: left&quot; |Ihe ndị dị na ya
! style=&quot;padding-right: 5px; padding-left: 10px; text-align: left&quot; |Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche&lt;br /&gt;
|-
|42
|Molybdenum
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |2.771
|-
|47
|Ọlaọcha
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.590
|-
|50
|Tin
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |4.699
|-
|58
|Cerium
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |1.205
|-
|59
|Praseodymium
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.205
|- style=&quot;background:#ff9;&quot;
|''60''
|''Neodymium''
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |''1''
|-
|74
|Tungsten
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.054
|-
|90
|Thorium
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.054
|-
|92
|Uranium
| style=&quot;padding-right:5px; text-align:right;&quot; |0.022
|}
Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Neodymium n'ime Usoro anyanwụ bụ 0.083 ppb (akụkụ kwa ijeri). [42] [b] Ọnụ ọgụgụ a bụ ihe dịka ụzọ abụọ n'ụzọ atọ nke platinum, mana okpukpu abụọ na ọkara karịa mercury, na ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ okpukpu ise karịa ọlaedo.[42] A naghị ahụkarị lanthanides na mbara igwe, ha dịkwa ọtụtụ n'ime mkpo ụwa.  [42]

A na-ekewa Neodymium dị ka lithophile n'okpuru nhazi Goldschmidt, nke pụtara na a na-ahụkarị ya na oxygen. Ọ bụ ezie na ọ bụ nke ọla ndị dị ụkọ, neodymium abụghị ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe. Ọnụ ọgụgụ ya n'ime mkpo ụwa bụ ihe dịka 41 mg / kg. Ọ dị ka lanthanum n'ụba.&amp;nbsp;

Mmepụta ụwa nke neodymium bụ ihe dị ka tọn 7,000 na 2004. &lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/268 268]–270|title=Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements|author=Emsley, John|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2003|isbn=0-19-850340-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ka ọ na-erule n'afọ 2015, ihe ka ukwuu na mmepụta na ebe nchekwa nke ala ndị dị ụkọ dị na China.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Rare Earths Statistics and Information {{!}} U.S. Geological Survey|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/mcs-2016-raree.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506184123/http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/rare_earths/mcs-2016-raree.pdf|archivedate=2016-05-06|accessdate=2023-06-07|work=minerals.usgs.gov|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Enweghị ntụkwasị obi nke ọnụahịa na nnweta emeela ka ụlọ ọrụ (karịsịa ndị Japan) mepụta magnet na-adịgide adịgide na motors eletrik ndị metụtara ya na obere ọla ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/honda-rareearths-idUST9N18R02G|title=Honda co-develops first hybrid car motor free of heavy rare earth metals|date=12 July 2016|work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-12/honda-readies-heavy-rare-earth-free-hybrids-to-sidestep-china|title=Honda's Heavy Rare Earth-Free Hybrid Motors Sidestep China|date=12 July 2016|work=Bloomberg.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Neodymium is typically 10–18% of the rare-earth content of commercial deposits of the light rare-earth-element minerals bastnäsite and monazite.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; With neodymium compounds being the most strongly colored for the trivalent lanthanides, it can occasionally dominate the coloration of rare-earth minerals when competing chromophores are absent. It usually gives a pink coloration. Outstanding examples of this include monazite crystals from the tin deposits in Llallagua, Bolivia; ancylite from Mont Saint-Hilaire, [[Quebec]], Canada; or lanthanite from Lower Saucon Township, Pennsylvania. As with neodymium glasses, such minerals change their colors under the differing lighting conditions. The absorption bands of neodymium interact with the visible emission spectrum of mercury vapor, with the unfiltered shortwave UV light causing neodymium-containing minerals to reflect a distinctive green color. This can be observed with monazite-containing sands or bastnäsite-containing ore.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Buzhinskii|first=I. M.|date=1971-08-01|title=Influence of specific neodymium-glass absorption bands on generating energy|journal=Journal of Applied Spectroscopy|language=en|volume=15|issue=2|pages=1002–1005|doi=10.1007/BF00607297|issn=1573-8647}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mkpa maka ihe onwunwe mineral, dị ka ihe ndị dị ụkọ (gụnyere neodymium) na ihe ndị ọzọ dị oke egwu, anọwo na-abawanye ngwa ngwa n'ihi mmụba nke ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ na mmepe ụlọ ọrụ. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, ihe achọrọ maka ọha mmadụ nwere obere carbon emeela ka a chọọ teknụzụ na-echekwa ike dịka batrị, motors dị elu, isi mmalite ike na-agbanwe agbanwe, na sel mmanụ. N'etiti teknụzụ ndị a, a na-ejikarị magnet na-adịgide adịgide emepụta motors dị elu, na magnet neodymium-iron-boron (nd&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; sintered and bonded magnets; ebe a na-akpọ NdFeB magnet) bụ ụdị magnet na-adịghị adịgide adịgide n'ahịa kemgbe ha mepụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Sagawa|first=M.|title=New material for permanent magnets on a base of Nd and Fe (Invited)|journal=Journal of Applied Physics|date=1984|volume=55|issue=6|pages=2083–2087|doi=10.1063/1.333572|url=https://doi.org/10.1063/1.333572}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-eji ndFeB magnet eme ihe na ụgbọala eletrik hybrid, Ụgbọala eletrik plug-in, ụgbọala eletriki, ụgbọala cell, turbines ifufe, ngwa ụlọ, kọmputa, na ọtụtụ obere ngwaọrụ eletrọniki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yang Yongxiang&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yang|first=Yongxiang|date=2017-03-01|title=REE Recovery from End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnet Scrap: A Critical Review|journal=Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=122–149|doi=10.1007/s40831-016-0090-4|issn=2199-3831}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọzọkwa, ha dị mkpa maka ịchekwa ike. Iji mezuo ebumnuche nke Nkwekọrịta Paris, a na-atụ anya na ọchịchọ maka ndFeB magnet ga-abawanye nke ukwuu n'ọdịnihu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yang Yongxiang&quot; /&gt;
 
Magnet Neodymium (ihe alloy, Nd&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) bụ magnet kachasị ike na-adịgide adịgide a maara. Magnet neodymium nke iri gram ole na ole nwere ike ibuli otu puku okpukpu nke ịdị arọ ya, ma nwee ike ijikọta ya na ike zuru ezu iji kụwaa ọkpụkpụ. Magnet ndị a dị ọnụ ala, dị mfe, ma sie ike karịa samarium-cobalt magnets. Otú ọ dị, ha abụghị ndị ka elu n'akụkụ ọ bụla, ebe ọ bụ na magnet ndị dabeere na neodymium na-efunahụ magnetism ha na okpomọkụ dị ala &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=W.|title=The Fe-Nd (Iron-Neodymium) system|journal=Journal of Phase Equilibria|date=1992|volume=13|issue=6|pages=645–648|doi=10.1007/BF02667216|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02667216}}&lt;/ref&gt; ma na-emebi, &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Bala|first=H.|date=1993-10-01|title=Effect of impurities on the corrosion behaviour of neodymium|journal=Journal of Applied Electrochemistry|language=en|volume=23|issue=10|pages=1017–1024|doi=10.1007/BF00266123|issn=1572-8838}}&lt;/ref&gt; ebe Magnet samarium-cobalt anaghị emebi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hopp|first=M.|date=2003-04-01|title=Testing the cytotoxicity of metal alloys used as magnetic prosthetic devices|journal=Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine|language=en|volume=14|issue=4|pages=335–345|doi=10.1023/A:1022931915709|pmid=15348458|issn=1573-4838}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Neodymium magnets appear in products such as microphones, professional loudspeakers, headphones, [[Égwu ahiri|guitar]] and [[bass guitar]] pick-ups, and computer hard disks where low mass, small volume, or strong magnetic fields are required. Neodymium is used in the electric motors of hybrid and electric automobiles&lt;ref name=&quot;Yang Yongxiang&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yang|first=Yongxiang|date=2017-03-01|title=REE Recovery from End-of-Life NdFeB Permanent Magnet Scrap: A Critical Review|journal=Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy|language=en|volume=3|issue=1|pages=122–149|doi=10.1007/s40831-016-0090-4|issn=2199-3831}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in the electricity generators of some designs of commercial wind turbines (only wind turbines with &quot;permanent magnet&quot; generators use neodymium).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.stanfordmagnets.com/application-of-neodymium-magnets-in-wind-turbine-generators.html|title=Application of Neodymium Magnets in Wind Turbine Generators|author=Marchio|first=Cathy|date=Apr 16, 2024|work=Stanford Magnets|accessdate=Aug 16, 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, drive electric motors of each Toyota Prius require one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of neodymium per vehicle.{{R|reu}} Permanent neodymium iron boride ( ) magnets are often made with heavy rare earth elements like [[Ọrịa na-esi ísì ụtọ|dysprosium]] and terbium as substituents to improve their performance in heated conditions, since the magnets lose performance rapidly above room temperature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Rom|first=Christopher L.|date=2024|title=Emerging magnetic materials for electric vehicle drive motors|url=https://link.springer.com/10.1557/s43577-024-00743-4|journal=MRS Bulletin|language=en|volume=49|issue=7|pages=738–750|doi=10.1557/s43577-024-00743-4|issn=0883-7694}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neodymium magnets are used in medical devices such as MRI and treatments for chronic pain and wound healing.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Yuksel|first=Cengiz|date=September 2018|title=The use of neodymium magnets in healthcare and their effects on health|journal=Northern Clinics of Istanbul|volume=5|issue=3|pages=268–273|doi=10.14744/nci.2017.00483|issn=2536-4553|pmid=30688942}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-emepụta iko Neodymium (Nd:glass) site na itinye 2&quot; href=&quot;./Neodymium(III)_oxide&quot; id=&quot;mwAzQ&quot; rel=&quot;mw:WikiLink&quot; title=&quot;Neodymium(III) oxide&quot;&gt;neodymium oxide (Nd2O&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) na iko agbaze. N'ìhè ehihie ma ọ bụ ọkụ na-enwu enwu, iko neodymium na-apụta lavender, mana ọ na-apụghị ịcha anụnụ anụnụ n'okpuru ọkụ fluorescent. Enwere ike iji Neodymium mee ihe iji mee ka iko na-acha odo odo site na purple ruo na mmanya na-acha ọbara ọbara na ntụ ntụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kondrukevich|first=A. A.|date=2008-05-01|title=Color of porcelain containing neodymium oxide|journal=Glass and Ceramics|language=en|volume=65|issue=5|pages=203–207|doi=10.1007/s10717-008-9039-9|issn=1573-8515}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ojiji azụmahịa mbụ nke neodymium dị ọcha bụ na agba iko, malite na nnwale nke Leo Moser na Nọvemba 1927. Igwe &quot;Alexandrite&quot; nke sitere na ya ka bụ agba nke Moser glassworks ruo taa. Neodymium glass e ṅomiri n'ọtụtụ ebe na mbido afọ 1930 site na ụlọ iko America, ọkachasị Heisey, Fostoria (&quot;wisteria&quot;), Cambridge (&quot;heatherbloom&quot;), na Steuben (&quot;wistería&quot;), na ebe ndị ọzọ (dịka Lalique, na France, ma ọ bụ Murano). Tiffin's &quot;twilight&quot; nọgidere na mmepụta site n'afọ 1950 ruo afọ 1980. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://coloradosprings.yourhub.com/CrippleCreekTellerCounty/Stories/Arts/Story~443258.aspx|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403165916/http://coloradosprings.yourhub.com/CrippleCreekTellerCounty/Stories/Arts/Story~443258.aspx|archivedate=2008-04-03|title=Chameleon Glass Changes Color|accessdate=2009-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe ndị a na-enweta ugbu a gụnyere ndị na-emepụta iko na Czech Republic, United States, na China. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Brown|first=David C.|title=High-Peak-Power Nd: Glass Laser Systems|chapter=Optical-Pump Sources for Nd : Glass Lasers|series=Springer Series in Optical Sciences|date=1981|pages=99–127|doi=10.1007/978-3-540-38508-0_3|isbn=978-3-662-13516-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Akara absorption nke neodymium na-eme ka agba iko gbanwee n'okpuru ọnọdụ ọkụ dị iche iche, na-acha uhie uhie na-acha odo odo n'okpuru ìhè ehihie ma ọ bụ ìhè na-acha ọbara ọbara, na-aṅụrị anụnụ n'okpuru ọkụ na-acha ọcha, na-aghọ akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ n'okpuru ọchịchịrị trichromatic. Na njikọta ya na ọlaedo ma ọ bụ [[selenium]], a na-emepụta ụcha uhie. Ebe ọ bụ na agba neodymium na-adabere na mgbanwe &quot;a machibidoro iwu&quot; f-f n'ime atọm ahụ, enwere mmetụta dị nta na agba site na gburugburu kemịkal, yabụ agba ahụ anaghị emetụta akụkọ ihe mere eme nke iko ahụ. Otú ọ dị, maka agba kachasị mma, ọ dị mkpa ka e belata ihe ndị na-adịghị ọcha nwere ígwè na silica eji eme iko ahụ. Otu ọdịdị a machibidoro iwu nke mgbanwe f-f na-eme ka ihe na-acha anụnụ anụnụ ghara ịdị ike karịa nke ọtụtụ ihe mgbanwe d nyere, yabụ a ga-eji ihe ndị ọzọ mee ihe na iko iji nweta ike agba achọrọ. Nchịkọta mbụ nke Moser jiri ihe dị ka 5% nke neodymium oxide mee ihe na iko ahụ gbazere agbaze, nke zuru oke nke Moser zoro aka na ndị a dị ka iko &quot;ụwa-adịghị ahụkebe&quot;. N'ịbụ ntọala siri ike, ọkwa nke neodymium ahụ ga-emetụta ihe ndị na-agbaze nke iko ahụ, na ihe dị na lime nke iko ahụ nwere ike ịchọ mgbanwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofglas0000bray|title=Dictionary of glass: materials and techniques|author=Bray, Charles|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|date=2001|isbn=0-8122-3619-X}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ìhè a na-ebute site na iko neodymium na-egosi bands absorption dị nkọ n'ụzọ a na-adịghị ahụkebe; a na-eji iko ahụ eme ihe n'Ọrụ mbara igwe iji mepụta bands dị nkọ nke enwere ike ịhazi akara spectral.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ntinye ọzọ bụ ịmepụta nzacha ndị na-ahọrọ mbara igwe iji belata mmetụta nke mmetọ ìhè site na sodium na ọkụ fluorescent mgbe ọ na-agafe agba ndị ọzọ, ọkachasị ikuku hydrogen-alpha na-acha uhie uhie site na nebulae. A na-ejikwa Neodymium wepụ ụcha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ nke ihe ndị na-emetọ ígwè na iko kpatara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Peelman|first=S.|date=2018-06-01|title=Recovery of Neodymium as (Na, Nd)(SO4)2 from the Ferrous Fraction of a General WEEE Shredder Stream|journal=Journal of Sustainable Metallurgy|language=en|volume=4|issue=2|pages=276–287|doi=10.1007/s40831-018-0165-5|issn=2199-3831}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Neodymium bụ akụkụ nke &quot;didymium&quot; (na-ezo aka na ngwakọta nke nnu nke neodymium na praseodymium) nke a na-eji eme ka iko na-acha iji mee ka ugogbe anya nke onye na-agbanye mmiri na onye na-eme ka iko ghara ịdị ike na 589 nm. Mmetụta yiri nke ahụ nke akara na-acha odo odo nke mercury na 578 nm bụ isi ihe kpatara ụcha na-acha anụnụ anụnụ a hụrụ maka iko neodymium n'okpuru ọkụ na-acha ọcha. A na-eji ugegbe Neodymium na didymium eme ihe na nzacha na-eme ka agba dịkwuo mma na foto ime ụlọ, ọkachasị na nzacha ụcha odo site na ọkụ ọkụ. N'otu aka ahụ, iko neodymium na-aghọ ihe a na-ejikarị eme ihe kpọmkwem na ọkụ ọkụ. Lamps ndị a nwere neodymium n'ime iko iji nyochaa ìhè odo, na-eme ka ìhè na-acha ọcha nke dị ka ìhè anyanwụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Zhang|first=Liqiang|title=Color-filtered phosphor-in-glass for LED-lit LCD with wide color gamut|journal=Ceramics International|date=August 2019|volume=45|issue=11|pages=14432–14438|doi=10.1016/j.ceramint.2019.04.164}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge Agha Ụwa Mbụ, a kọrọ na a na-eji enyo didymium ebufe koodu Morse gafee ọgbọ agha.&lt;ref name=&quot;b1&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Fontani, Marco|title=The Lost Elements: The Periodic Table's Shadow Side|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ck9jBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA173|year=2015|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-938334-4|pages=172–173}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dị ka ojiji ya na iko, a na-eji nnu neodymium eme ihe dị ka ihe na-acha maka enamels.&lt;ref name=&quot;CRC&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|chapter=Neodymium. Elements|editor=Haynes, William M.|date=2016|title=CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics|edition=97th|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-4987-5429-3}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

=== Lasers ===
Enwere ike iji ihe ụfọdụ na-apụta ìhè na obere njupụta nke neodymium ion mee ihe na lasers dị ka mgbasa ozi mmeri maka ogologo oge infrared (105&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;-1064 nm), dịka Nd:YAG (yttrium aluminium garnet), Nd:YAP (yttrium aluminum Perovskite), &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Sulc|first=Jan|editor=Hoffman|title=Solid State Lasers XIV: Technology and Devices|chapter=Comparison of diode-side-pumped triangular Nd:YAG and Nd:YAP laser|date=27 April 2005|doi=10.1117/12.588233|chapterurl=https://www.crytur.cz/storage/cryt_UK-General/posters%20laser/Nd_triangl.pdf|accessdate=16 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nd:YLF (yttrium lithium fluoride), Nd: YVO4 (yttrium orthovanadate), na Nd:glass. Neodymium-doped crystals (nke a na-ahụkarị Nd:YVO&lt;nowiki&gt;&lt;sub id=&quot;mwA4k&quot;&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;/nowiki&gt;) na-emepụta ọkụ laser infrared dị elu nke a na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ ìhè laser na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ na laser pointers DPSS.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Tanjib Atique Khan|date=2012-06-27|title=Solid State Laser &amp; Semiconductor Laser|url=http://dewan.buet.ac.bd/EEE6503/Reports/Report_Chap12-13_SolidStateLasers+SemiconductorLasers.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Trivalent neodymium ion Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; bụbụ lanthanide mbụ sitere na ihe ndị dị ụkọ eji emepụta radiation laser. Emeputara laser Nd:CaWO&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;  n'afọ 1961.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.126.1406|title=Continuous operation of a solid-state optical maser|year=1962|author=Johnson|first=L. F.|journal=Physical Review|volume=126|issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'akụkọ ihe mere eme, ọ bụ laser nke atọ etinyere n'ọrụ. (nke mbụ bụbụ ruby, nke abụọ bụ laser U&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;:CaF ). Kemgbe ọtụtụ afọ, laser neodymium  ghọrọ otu n'ime lasers ndị a na-ejikarị eme ihe maka ebumnuche ojiji. Ihe ịga nke ọma ion Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt; dị na nhazi nke ọkwa ike ya na ihe ndị dị na spectroscopic dabara adaba maka imepụta radiation laser. N'afọ 1964 Geusic et al.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1063/1.1753928|title=Laser oscillations in nd-doped yttrium aluminum, yttrium gallium and gadolinium garnets|year=1964|author=Geusic|first=J. E.|journal=Applied Physics Letters|volume=4|issue=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;  gosipụtara ọrụ nke ion neodymium na YAG matrix Y&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;Al&lt;sub&gt;5&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;12&lt;/sub&gt;. Ọ bụ laser ọkwa anọ nwere ike ala ma nwee ezigbo ihe eji arụ ọrụ na okpomọkụ. Maka mgbapụta anya nke ihe a, ọ kere omume iji flashlamp radiation na adịghị ejikọta ọnụ ma ọ bụ ihe na agbanwe agbanwe diode.

Laser dị ugbu a na UK Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), HELEN (High Energy Laser Embodymium) 1-terawatt neodymium-glass laser, nwere ike ịnweta etiti nke mpaghara nrụgide na okpomọkụ ma jiri ya nweta data maka imepụta otu njupụta, okpomọkụ, na nrụgide si emekọrịta n'ime ogbunigwe. HELEN nwere ike ịmepụta plasma nke dị gburugburu 10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; K, nke a na-atụle opacity na nnyefe nke radiation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1364/AO.41.003497|title=Multipass Reconfiguration of the HELEN Nd:Glass Laser at the Atomic Weapons Establishment|date=2002|journal=Applied Optics|volume=41|pages=3497–505|pmid=12078672|issue=18|author=Norman|first=M. J.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-eji Neodymium solid-state lasers  eme ihe na sistemụ ọkụ (terawatt scale), ike dị elu (megajoules) maka njikọta ikuku. inertial confinement fusion. A na-ejikarị lasers Nd:glass frequency tripled na third harmonic at 351&amp;nbsp;nm  na ngwaọrụ njikọta laser.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wang|first=W.|date=2010-10-01|title=Third harmonic generation of Nd:glass laser with novel composite deuterated KDP crystals|journal=Laser Physics|language=en|volume=20|issue=10|pages=1923–1926|doi=10.1134/S1054660X10190175|issn=1555-6611}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Neodymium nwere ikike okpomọkụ dị oke egwu na okpomọkụ mmiri-helium, yabụ ọ bara uru na cryocoolers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Neodymium: Properties and Applications|url=https://www.stanfordmaterials.com/blog/neodymium-properties-and-applications.html|accessdate=2025-05-13|work=www.stanfordmaterials.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Enwere ike iji Neodymium acetate mee ihe dị ka ihe dị iche iche na microscopy electron (ihe na-anọchi anya uranyl acetate na-egbu egbu na nke na-egbu mgbu). &lt;ref name=&quot;uranyl acetate&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kuipers|first=Jeroen|date=2020-04-01|title=Neodymium as an alternative contrast for uranium in electron microscopy|journal=Histochemistry and Cell Biology|language=en|volume=153|issue=4|pages=271–277|doi=10.1007/s00418-020-01846-0|issn=1432-119X|pmid=32008069}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Eleghị anya n'ihi myirịta ya na Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;, a kọọrọ Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;  iji kwalite uto osisi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wei, Y. and Zhou, X.|title=The Effect of Neodymium (Nd&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;) on Some Physiological Activities in Oilseed Rape during Calcium (Ca&lt;sup&gt;2+&lt;/sup&gt;) Starvation|url=http://www.regional.org.au/au/gcirc/2/399.htm|journal=10th International Rapeseed Congress|volume=2|year=1999}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ejikarị ihe ndị dị n'ala dị ụkọ eme ihe na China dị ka [[Ihe na-eme ka mkpụrụ osisi na-eme nri|fatịlaịza]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tommasi|first=Franca|date=2021-11-01|title=Review of Rare Earth Elements as Fertilizers and Feed Additives: A Knowledge Gap Analysis|journal=Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology|language=en|volume=81|issue=4|pages=531–540|doi=10.1007/s00244-020-00773-4|issn=1432-0703|pmid=33141264}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Samarium-neodymium dating bara uru maka ịchọpụta mmekọrịta afọ nke nkume  na meteorites. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/7639024.stm|title=Team finds Earth's 'oldest rocks'|work=BBC News|accessdate=2009-06-06|date=2008-09-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* A na-eji isotopes nke Neodymium edere na mmiri iji wughachi mgbanwe na mgbasa nke oké osimiri gara aga.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Tachikawa|first=K.|date=2003|title=Neodymium budget in the modern ocean and paleo-oceanographic implications|journal=Journal of Geophysical Research|volume=108|issue=C8|doi=10.1029/1999JC000285}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=van de Flierdt|first=Tina|date=2016-11-28|title=Neodymium in the oceans: a global database, a regional comparison and implications for palaeoceanographic research|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences|volume=374|issue=2081|doi=10.1098/rsta.2015.0293|pmid=29035258}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọrụ na nchebe nke ihe ndị dị ndụ ==
   
A chọpụtala na lanthanides mbụ, gụnyere neodymium, yana lanthanum, cerium na praseodymium dị mkpa maka ụfọdụ nje methanotrophic na-ebi na mudpots nke ugwu mgbawa, dị ka ''Methylacidiphilum fumariolicum''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1111/1462-2920.12249|pmid=24034209|title=Rare earth metals are essential for methanotrophic life in volcanic mudpots|date=2013|author=Pol|first=Arjan|journal=Environmental Microbiology|volume=16|issue=1|pages=255–64|url=https://repository.ubn.ru.nl//bitstream/handle/2066/128108/128108.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kang|first=Lin|date=2000-04-01|title=Neodymium cations Nd3+ were transported to the interior ofEuglena gracilis 277|journal=Chinese Science Bulletin|language=en|volume=45|issue=7|pages=585–592|doi=10.1007/BF02886032|issn=1861-9541}}&lt;/ref&gt; A maghị Neodymium ka ọ na-arụ ọrụ na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Vais|first=Vladimir|date=2003-09-01|title=Condensation reaction in the bandpass reaction cell improves sensitivity for uranium, thorium, neodymium and praseodymium measurements|journal=Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry|language=en|volume=377|issue=1|pages=85–88|doi=10.1007/s00216-003-2084-x|pmid=12856100|issn=1618-2650}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Uzuzu ígwè Neodymium na-ere ọkụ ma yabụ ihe ize ndụ mgbawa. Neodymium compounds, dị ka ọ dị na ọla niile dị ụkọ, nwere obere na nke dị nro; Otú ọ dị, a chọpụtabeghị nsị ya nke ọma. A na-ewere nnu neodymium a na-eri dị ka ihe na-egbu egbu ma ọ bụrụ na ha na-agbaze karịa ma ọ bụrụhaala na ha anaghị agbaze.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/nd.htm|title=Neodymium (Nd) - Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uzuzu na nnu nke neodymium na-akpasu anya na mucous membranes iwe nke ukwuu, ma na-akcasu Akpụkpọ ahụ iwe. Ịṅụ ume n'ájá nwere ike ịkpata embolism nke akpa ume, na ikpughe ihe na-emebi imeju. Neodymium na-arụkwa ọrụ dị ka ihe na-egbochi ọbara ịkpụkọ, ọkachasị mgbe a na-enye ya na intravenously.&lt;ref name=&quot;history&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl|pages=[https://archive.org/details/naturesbuildingb0000emsl/page/268 268]–270|title=Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements|author=Emsley, John|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2003|isbn=0-19-850340-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A nwalere magnet Neodymium maka iji ọgwụ mee ihe dị ka magnetic braces na mmezi ọkpụkpụ, mana nsogbu Biocompatibility egbochiwo itinye ya n'ọrụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Donohue|first=V. E.|date=Mar 1995|title=In vitro cytotoxicity testing of neodymium-iron-boron magnets|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jab.770060110|journal=Journal of Applied Biomaterials|language=en|volume=6|issue=1|pages=69–74|doi=10.1002/jab.770060110|pmid=7703540|issn=1045-4861}}&lt;/ref&gt; Magnet ndị a na-ere ahịa nke e ji neodymium mee siri ike nke ukwuu ma nwee ike ịdọta ibe ha site n'ebe dị anya. Ọ bụrụ na ejighi ya nlezianya, ha na-agbakọta ngwa ngwa na ike, na-akpata mmerụ ahụ. Enwere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu ihe edere ede banyere onye na-efunahụ mkpịsị aka mgbe magnet abụọ ọ na-eji na-agbakọta ọnụ site na 50 cm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Swain|first=Frank|title=How to remove a finger with two super magnets|publisher=Seed Media Group LLC|date=March 6, 2009|url=http://scienceblogs.com/sciencepunk/2009/03/06/how-to-remove-a-finger-with-tw/|accessdate=2013-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;

Ihe ize ndụ ọzọ nke magnet ndị a dị ike bụ na ọ bụrụ na a na-eri ihe karịrị otu magnet, ha nwere ike ịpị anụ ahụ dị nro na eriri afọ. Nke a emeela ka e mee atụmatụ na 1,700 nleta n'ime ụlọ mberede  ma mee ka ọ dị mkpa icheta usoro ihe eji egwuri egwu nke Buckyballs, nke bụ usoro iwu obere magnet neodymium. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Neodymium Magnets: Too Attractive?|date=2014|url=https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/821835|journal=Medscape Gastroenterology|author=Balistreri, William F.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Lanthanides
* Oge 6 ihe
* Mkpụrụ osisi ndị dị ụkọ
* Magnet
* [[Ọrịa na-esi ísì ụtọ]] 

== Ebensibịa ==

== Akwụkwọ ==

* {{Cite book|author=Emsley|first=John|title=Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements|date=2011|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|isbn=978-0-19-960563-7}}
*  
* [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji]
* {{Cite journal|author=Lodders|first=K.|title=Solar System abundances and condensation temperatures of the elements|year=2003|pages=1220–47|journal=[[The Astrophysical Journal]]|volume=591|issue=2|issn=0004-637X|doi=10.1086/375492|url=http://solarsystem.wustl.edu/wp-content/uploads/reprints/2003/Lodders%202003%20ApJ%20Elemental%20abundances.pdf}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

[[Otú:Short description is different from Wikidata]]
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>5y8koyvnwthgdb44mtgj06a15dfkp1h</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ebe Nchekwa Okike nke Ọwara Zandvlei</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-06T14:11:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adimora chidinma</username>
        <id>15845</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340340751|Zandvlei Estuary Nature Reserve]]&quot;</comment>
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Zandvlei Estuary Nature Reserve (nke a na-akpọkwa &quot;Sandvlei&quot;) bụ Ebe nchekwa okike na ntụrụndụ dị na Muizenberg dị nso na [[Cape Town]], South Africa.

== Ihe ndị mere n'oge gara aga ==
Mgbe Zandvlei banyere n'oké osimiri n'obodo Muizenberg dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri, ọ bụ naanị osimiri na-arụ ọrụ n'ụsọ oké osimiri False Bay nke Cape Town, nke mepere n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic n'oge oyi, n'oge ọkọchị, a na-eji ájá mechie ọnụ ya iji jide mmiri ahụ, a na-emeghekwa ya kwa ọnwa ruo ụbọchị ole na ole n'ọnwa zuru oke iji mee ka nnu dị n'ime ya, wee mechie ya ọzọ. Ọ bụkwa otu n'ime ebe mmiri kachasị mkpa maka ịchọta azụ dịka garik, steenbras na ụdị stumpnose abụọ.

[[Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland|ala mmiri]] gbara ya gburugburu bụ ebe obibi dị mkpa maka nnụnụ ma nwee ụdị 166 na ndepụta ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zandvleitrust.org.za/the-zandvlei/#fauna|title=The Zandvlei Trust: Fauna|publisher=The Zandvlei Trust|accessdate=22 February 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nwere ọtụtụ akpụkpọ nnụnụ maka ọha na eze. Ọ bụkwa ebe obibi dị mkpa maka anụ ndị bi n'ala na n'ala nakwa ihe dị ka ụdị anụmanụ iri abụọ na-akpụ akpụ dị ka nkata angulate, marsh terrapin na agwọ mole. Porcupines, grysbok, otters na mongoose nwekwara ike ịhụ mgbe ụfọdụ.

Ndụ osisi bụ ihe atụ nke Cape Flats Dune Strandveld na Cape Wetland. Osisi ndị a na-adịghị ahụkebe ma ọ bụ ndị na-adọrọ mmasị gụnyere ''Gladiolus angustus'' na ''Salvia aurea'' (syn. ''S. africana-lutea&amp;nbsp;''). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.calflora.net/southafrica/capeflora.html|title=Flora of the Western Cape}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Faịlụ:Gladiolus_angustus_(1).jpg|thumb|Otu n'ime osisi ''Gladiolus angustus'' mara mma nke a pụrụ ịhụ ka ọ na-ama ifuru n'ọnụ mmiri ahụ. Ọ na-ama n'oge opupu ihe ubi ruo mmalite oge okpomọkụ, site n'October ruo November.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Gladiolus angustus {{!}} PlantZAfrica|url=https://pza.sanbi.org/gladiolus-angustus|accessdate=2023-04-21|work=pza.sanbi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.seascoutbase.co.za/|title=Sea Scout Base|accessdate=September 7, 2013|archivedate=July 30, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130730115942/http://www.seascoutbase.co.za/}}&lt;/ref&gt; na-eduzi ụgbọ mmiri na ịkwọ ụgbọ mmiri n'ebe yina, na mgbakwunye na nkuzi ọzụzụ dị iche iche na asọmpi iwu ụgbọ mmiri Kon-Tiki kwa afọ. Ịkụ azụ na-ewu ewu, ebe ọtụtụ nnukwu garrick rutere. A chọrọ akwụkwọ ikike ịkụ azụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Documents/CCT_Nature_Reserves_book_2010-02.pdf|title=City of Cape Town Nature Reserves. Free Booklet|accessdate=February 15, 2011|archivedate=November 22, 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122115114/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Documents/CCT_Nature_Reserves_book_2010-02.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ngosi ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Faịlụ:Muizenberg_with_Zandvlei.jpg|View of Muizenberg suburbs with '''Zandvlei''' estuary in the background
Faịlụ:Wikimania_2018,_Cape_Town_(_1050505).jpg|View over the estuary
Faịlụ:Rafts_on_Sandvlei_during_the_Kon-Tiki_Scout_Adventure_at_Lakeside_in_Cape_Town.jpg|alt=Colourful rafts on a lake|Rafts on Sandvlei during the Kon-Tiki Adventure for Scouts and Guides at Lakeside, Cape Town in 2006
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ụdị dị iche iche nke Cape Town
* Ndepụta nke ebe nchekwa okike na Cape Town
* Cape Flats Dune Strandveld
* [[Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland]]
* SCOUTS South Africa
* Kon-Tiki (Ịgba ọsọ) 

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Turbidity</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350442166|Turbidity]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:TurbidityStandards.jpg|thumb|Ụkpụrụ mgbagwoju anya nke 5, 50, na 500 NTU]]
 
Turbidity bụ igwe ojii ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ nke mmiri nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya na anya. Nlele nke turbidity bụ ule dị mkpa nke Mmiri doro anya na [[Ịdị mma mmiri|ogo mmiri]].

Mmiri mmiri nwere ike ịnwe ihe siri ike a kpọchiri akpọchi nke nwere obere nha dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ihe a kpọchiri akpọchi ga-ebu ibu ma dị arọ nke na ha ga-adaba ngwa ngwa n'ala akpa ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụ ihe nlele mmiri ka ọ kwụsie ike (ihe siri ike a na-edozi), obere obere ihe ndị ahụ ga-adaba naanị nwayọ ma ọ bụ na ha agaghị ada ma ọlị ma ọ bụrụ na ihe nlele ahụ na-akpali mgbe niile ma ọ bụ na obere ihe ndị ahụ na-agbakọta. Obere obere ihe siri ike ndị a na-eme ka mmiri ahụ yie ihe gbara ọchịchịrị.

A na-etinyekwa turbidity (ma ọ bụ haze) na ihe siri ike dị ka ugegbe ma ọ bụ plastik. Na mmepụta plastik, a na-akọwa ụfụfụ dị ka pasentị nke ìhè nke a tụgharịrị karịa 2.5 ° site na ntụziaka ìhè na-abata.

== Ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ya ==</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350442166|Turbidity]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673367</origin>
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[[Faịlụ:TurbidityStandards.jpg|thumb|Ụkpụrụ mgbagwoju anya nke 5, 50, na 500 NTU]]
 
Turbidity bụ igwe ojii ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ nke mmiri nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya na anya. Nlele nke turbidity bụ ule dị mkpa nke Mmiri doro anya na [[Ịdị mma mmiri|ogo mmiri]].

Mmiri nwere ike ịnwe ihe siri ike a kpọchiri akpọchi nke nwere obere nha dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ihe a kpọchiri akpọchi ga-ebu ibu ma dị arọ nke na ha ga-adaba ngwa ngwa n'ala akpa ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụ ihe nlele mmiri ka ọ kwụsie ike (ihe siri ike a na-edozi), obere obere ihe ndị ahụ ga-adaba naanị nwayọ ma ọ bụ na ha agaghị ada ma ọlị ma ọ bụrụ na ihe nlele ahụ na-akpali mgbe niile ma ọ bụ na obere ihe ndị ahụ na-agbakọta. Obere obere ihe siri ike ndị a na-eme ka mmiri ahụ yie ihe gbara ọchịchịrị.

A na-etinyekwa turbidity (ma ọ bụ haze) na ihe siri ike dị ka ugegbe ma ọ bụ plastik. Na mmepụta plastik, a na-akọwa ụfụfụ dị ka pasentị nke ìhè nke a tụgharịrị karịa 2.5 ° site na ntụziaka ìhè na-abata.

== Ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ya ==
O nwere ike ịbụ na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha n'ime mmiri mepere emepe na-akpata ya. Ihe ndị mmadụ na-eme nke na-akpaghasị ala, dịka owuwu ụlọ, igwu ala na ọrụ ugbo, nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu na-abanye n'ime mmiri n'oge oké mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mmiri ozuzo. Ebe ndị a na-enwekarị oke mbuze n'akụkụ mmiri yana ebe ndị mepere emepe na-enyekwa nnukwu nsogbu na mmiri ndị dị nso, site na mmetọ mmiri ozuzo site na elu ala dị larịị dịka okporo ụzọ, àkwà mmiri, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ọdụ ụgbọelu. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka igwu ala, igwu ala, na mgbake kol nwere ike ịkpata oke turbidity site na obere nkume colloidal.</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350442166|Turbidity]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:TurbidityStandards.jpg|thumb|Ụkpụrụ mgbagwoju anya nke 5, 50, na 500 NTU]]
 
Turbidity bụ igwe ojii ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ nke mmiri nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya na anya. Nlele nke turbidity bụ ule dị mkpa nke Mmiri doro anya na [[Ịdị mma mmiri|ogo mmiri]].

Mmiri nwere ike ịnwe ihe siri ike a kpọchiri akpọchi nke nwere obere nha dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ihe a kpọchiri akpọchi ga-ebu ibu ma dị arọ nke na ha ga-adaba ngwa ngwa n'ala akpa ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụ ihe nlele mmiri ka ọ kwụsie ike (ihe siri ike a na-edozi), obere obere ihe ndị ahụ ga-adaba naanị nwayọ ma ọ bụ na ha agaghị ada ma ọlị ma ọ bụrụ na ihe nlele ahụ na-akpali mgbe niile ma ọ bụ na obere ihe ndị ahụ na-agbakọta. Obere obere ihe siri ike ndị a na-eme ka mmiri ahụ yie ihe gbara ọchịchịrị.

A na-etinyekwa turbidity (ma ọ bụ haze) na ihe siri ike dị ka ugegbe ma ọ bụ plastik. Na mmepụta plastik, a na-akọwa ụfụfụ dị ka pasentị nke ìhè nke a tụgharịrị karịa 2.5 ° site na ntụziaka ìhè na-abata.

== Ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ya ==
O nwere ike ịbụ na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha n'ime mmiri mepere emepe na-akpata ya. Ihe ndị mmadụ na-eme nke na-akpaghasị ala, dịka owuwu ụlọ, igwu ala na ọrụ ugbo, nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu na-abanye n'ime mmiri n'oge oké mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mmiri ozuzo. Ebe ndị a na-enwekarị oke mbuze n'akụkụ mmiri yana ebe ndị mepere emepe na-enyekwa nnukwu nsogbu na mmiri ndị dị nso, site na mmetọ mmiri ozuzo site na elu ala dị larịị dịka okporo ụzọ, àkwà mmiri, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ọdụ ụgbọelu. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka igwu ala, igwu ala, na mgbake kol nwere ike ịkpata oke turbidity site na obere nkume colloidal.

N'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ, ka ọkwa turbidity dị elu, otú ahụ ka ihe ize ndụ nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa afọ na-arị elu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=A.G.|title=The association between drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness: a systematic review|date=2007-09-21|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=7|issue=256|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-256|pmid=17888154}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a na-enye nsogbu karịsịa maka ndị nwere nsogbu ahụ ike, n'ihi na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ dị ka nje ma ọ bụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịbanye na ihe ndị a kwụgidere. Ihe ndị a kwụgidere na-egbochi ọgwụ chlorine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=LeChevallier|first=M W|date=July 1981|title=Effect of turbidity on chlorination efficiency and bacterial persistence in drinking water|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=42|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1128/aem.42.1.159-167.1981|pmid=7259162}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu aka ahụ, ihe siri ike nwere ike ichebe nje bacteria site na ultraviolet (UV) sterilization nke mmiri.</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350442166|Turbidity]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:TurbidityStandards.jpg|thumb|Ụkpụrụ mgbagwoju anya nke 5, 50, na 500 NTU]]
 
Turbidity bụ igwe ojii ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ nke mmiri nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya na anya. Nlele nke turbidity bụ ule dị mkpa nke Mmiri doro anya na [[Ịdị mma mmiri|ogo mmiri]].

Mmiri nwere ike ịnwe ihe siri ike a kpọchiri akpọchi nke nwere obere nha dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ihe a kpọchiri akpọchi ga-ebu ibu ma dị arọ nke na ha ga-adaba ngwa ngwa n'ala akpa ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụ ihe nlele mmiri ka ọ kwụsie ike (ihe siri ike a na-edozi), obere obere ihe ndị ahụ ga-adaba naanị nwayọ ma ọ bụ na ha agaghị ada ma ọlị ma ọ bụrụ na ihe nlele ahụ na-akpali mgbe niile ma ọ bụ na obere ihe ndị ahụ na-agbakọta. Obere obere ihe siri ike ndị a na-eme ka mmiri ahụ yie ihe gbara ọchịchịrị.

A na-etinyekwa turbidity (ma ọ bụ haze) na ihe siri ike dị ka ugegbe ma ọ bụ plastik. Na mmepụta plastik, a na-akọwa ụfụfụ dị ka pasentị nke ìhè nke a tụgharịrị karịa 2.5 ° site na ntụziaka ìhè na-abata.

== Ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ya ==
O nwere ike ịbụ na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha n'ime mmiri mepere emepe na-akpata ya. Ihe ndị mmadụ na-eme nke na-akpaghasị ala, dịka owuwu ụlọ, igwu ala na ọrụ ugbo, nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu na-abanye n'ime mmiri n'oge oké mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mmiri ozuzo. Ebe ndị a na-enwekarị oke mbuze n'akụkụ mmiri yana ebe ndị mepere emepe na-enyekwa nnukwu nsogbu na mmiri ndị dị nso, site na mmetọ mmiri ozuzo site na elu ala dị larịị dịka okporo ụzọ, àkwà mmiri, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ọdụ ụgbọelu. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka igwu ala, igwu ala, na mgbake kol nwere ike ịkpata oke turbidity site na obere nkume colloidal.

N'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ, ka ọkwa turbidity dị elu, otú ahụ ka ihe ize ndụ nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa afọ na-arị elu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=A.G.|title=The association between drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness: a systematic review|date=2007-09-21|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=7|issue=256|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-256|pmid=17888154}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a na-enye nsogbu karịsịa maka ndị nwere nsogbu ahụ ike, n'ihi na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ dị ka nje ma ọ bụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịbanye na ihe ndị a kwụgidere. Ihe ndị a kwụgidere na-egbochi ọgwụ chlorine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=LeChevallier|first=M W|date=July 1981|title=Effect of turbidity on chlorination efficiency and bacterial persistence in drinking water|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=42|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1128/aem.42.1.159-167.1981|pmid=7259162}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu aka ahụ, ihe siri ike nwere ike ichebe nje bacteria site na ultraviolet (UV) sterilization nke mmiri.

N'ime mmiri dị ka ọdọ mmiri, osimiri na ọdọ mmiri, ọkwa dị elu nke turbidity nwere ike ibelata ọkụ ọkụ na-erute omimi dị ala, nke nwere ike igbochi uto nke osisi mmiri na-emikpu ma si otú a na-emetụta ụdị ndị na-adabere na ha, dị ka azụ na azụ azụ. Ọkwa turbidity dị elu nwekwara ike imetụta ikike azụ azụ iji nweta oxygen gbazere. A na-ahụta ihe a mgbe niile na Chesapeake Bay na ọwụwa anyanwụ United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stevenson|first=J. Court|title=Decline of Submerged Plants in Chesapeake Bay|date=1979|url=http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428081405/http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|archivedate=2019-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sediments|url=http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|date=2009-08-06|publisher=[[Chesapeake Bay Program]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927073649/http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|archivedate=2011-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350442166|Turbidity]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:TurbidityStandards.jpg|thumb|Ụkpụrụ mgbagwoju anya nke 5, 50, na 500 NTU]]
 
Turbidity bụ igwe ojii ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ nke mmiri nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya na anya. Nlele nke turbidity bụ ule dị mkpa nke Mmiri doro anya na [[Ịdị mma mmiri|ogo mmiri]].

Mmiri nwere ike ịnwe ihe siri ike a kpọchiri akpọchi nke nwere obere nha dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ihe a kpọchiri akpọchi ga-ebu ibu ma dị arọ nke na ha ga-adaba ngwa ngwa n'ala akpa ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụ ihe nlele mmiri ka ọ kwụsie ike (ihe siri ike a na-edozi), obere obere ihe ndị ahụ ga-adaba naanị nwayọ ma ọ bụ na ha agaghị ada ma ọlị ma ọ bụrụ na ihe nlele ahụ na-akpali mgbe niile ma ọ bụ na obere ihe ndị ahụ na-agbakọta. Obere obere ihe siri ike ndị a na-eme ka mmiri ahụ yie ihe gbara ọchịchịrị.

A na-etinyekwa turbidity (ma ọ bụ haze) na ihe siri ike dị ka ugegbe ma ọ bụ plastik. Na mmepụta plastik, a na-akọwa ụfụfụ dị ka pasentị nke ìhè nke a tụgharịrị karịa 2.5 ° site na ntụziaka ìhè na-abata.

== Ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ya ==
O nwere ike ịbụ na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha n'ime mmiri mepere emepe na-akpata ya. Ihe ndị mmadụ na-eme nke na-akpaghasị ala, dịka owuwu ụlọ, igwu ala na ọrụ ugbo, nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu na-abanye n'ime mmiri n'oge oké mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mmiri ozuzo. Ebe ndị a na-enwekarị oke mbuze n'akụkụ mmiri yana ebe ndị mepere emepe na-enyekwa nnukwu nsogbu na mmiri ndị dị nso, site na mmetọ mmiri ozuzo site na elu ala dị larịị dịka okporo ụzọ, àkwà mmiri, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ọdụ ụgbọelu. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka igwu ala, igwu ala, na mgbake kol nwere ike ịkpata oke turbidity site na obere nkume colloidal.

N'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ, ka ọkwa turbidity dị elu, otú ahụ ka ihe ize ndụ nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa afọ na-arị elu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=A.G.|title=The association between drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness: a systematic review|date=2007-09-21|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=7|issue=256|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-256|pmid=17888154}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a na-enye nsogbu karịsịa maka ndị nwere nsogbu ahụ ike, n'ihi na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ dị ka nje ma ọ bụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịbanye na ihe ndị a kwụgidere. Ihe ndị a kwụgidere na-egbochi ọgwụ chlorine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=LeChevallier|first=M W|date=July 1981|title=Effect of turbidity on chlorination efficiency and bacterial persistence in drinking water|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=42|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1128/aem.42.1.159-167.1981|pmid=7259162}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu aka ahụ, ihe siri ike nwere ike ichebe nje bacteria site na ultraviolet (UV) sterilization nke mmiri.

N'ime mmiri dị ka ọdọ mmiri, osimiri na ọdọ mmiri, ọkwa dị elu nke turbidity nwere ike ibelata ọkụ ọkụ na-erute omimi dị ala, nke nwere ike igbochi uto nke osisi mmiri na-emikpu ma si otú a na-emetụta ụdị ndị na-adabere na ha, dị ka azụ na azụ azụ. Ọkwa turbidity dị elu nwekwara ike imetụta ikike azụ azụ iji nweta oxygen gbazere. A na-ahụta ihe a mgbe niile na Chesapeake Bay na ọwụwa anyanwụ United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stevenson|first=J. Court|title=Decline of Submerged Plants in Chesapeake Bay|date=1979|url=http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428081405/http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|archivedate=2019-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sediments|url=http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|date=2009-08-06|publisher=[[Chesapeake Bay Program]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927073649/http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|archivedate=2011-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maka ọtụtụ mpaghara mangrove, a chọrọ nnukwu turbidity iji kwado ụdị ụfọdụ, dị ka ichekwa azụ ndị na-eto eto n'aka ndị na-eri anụ. Maka ọtụtụ osisi mangrove dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Australia, ọkachasị Moreton Bay, ọkwa turbidity ruru 600 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) chọrọ maka ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ịtụle ==
[[Faịlụ:Runoff_torbidity.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmiri iyi na-adịghị mma nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo kpatara]]</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350442166|Turbidity]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:TurbidityStandards.jpg|thumb|Ụkpụrụ mgbagwoju anya nke 5, 50, na 500 NTU]]
 
Turbidity bụ igwe ojii ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ nke mmiri nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya na anya. Nlele nke turbidity bụ ule dị mkpa nke Mmiri doro anya na [[Ịdị mma mmiri|ogo mmiri]].

Mmiri nwere ike ịnwe ihe siri ike a kpọchiri akpọchi nke nwere obere nha dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ihe a kpọchiri akpọchi ga-ebu ibu ma dị arọ nke na ha ga-adaba ngwa ngwa n'ala akpa ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụ ihe nlele mmiri ka ọ kwụsie ike (ihe siri ike a na-edozi), obere obere ihe ndị ahụ ga-adaba naanị nwayọ ma ọ bụ na ha agaghị ada ma ọlị ma ọ bụrụ na ihe nlele ahụ na-akpali mgbe niile ma ọ bụ na obere ihe ndị ahụ na-agbakọta. Obere obere ihe siri ike ndị a na-eme ka mmiri ahụ yie ihe gbara ọchịchịrị.

A na-etinyekwa turbidity (ma ọ bụ haze) na ihe siri ike dị ka ugegbe ma ọ bụ plastik. Na mmepụta plastik, a na-akọwa ụfụfụ dị ka pasentị nke ìhè nke a tụgharịrị karịa 2.5 ° site na ntụziaka ìhè na-abata.

== Ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ya ==
O nwere ike ịbụ na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha n'ime mmiri mepere emepe na-akpata ya. Ihe ndị mmadụ na-eme nke na-akpaghasị ala, dịka owuwu ụlọ, igwu ala na ọrụ ugbo, nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu na-abanye n'ime mmiri n'oge oké mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mmiri ozuzo. Ebe ndị a na-enwekarị oke mbuze n'akụkụ mmiri yana ebe ndị mepere emepe na-enyekwa nnukwu nsogbu na mmiri ndị dị nso, site na mmetọ mmiri ozuzo site na elu ala dị larịị dịka okporo ụzọ, àkwà mmiri, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ọdụ ụgbọelu. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka igwu ala, igwu ala, na mgbake kol nwere ike ịkpata oke turbidity site na obere nkume colloidal.

N'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ, ka ọkwa turbidity dị elu, otú ahụ ka ihe ize ndụ nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa afọ na-arị elu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=A.G.|title=The association between drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness: a systematic review|date=2007-09-21|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=7|issue=256|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-256|pmid=17888154}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a na-enye nsogbu karịsịa maka ndị nwere nsogbu ahụ ike, n'ihi na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ dị ka nje ma ọ bụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịbanye na ihe ndị a kwụgidere. Ihe ndị a kwụgidere na-egbochi ọgwụ chlorine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=LeChevallier|first=M W|date=July 1981|title=Effect of turbidity on chlorination efficiency and bacterial persistence in drinking water|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=42|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1128/aem.42.1.159-167.1981|pmid=7259162}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu aka ahụ, ihe siri ike nwere ike ichebe nje bacteria site na ultraviolet (UV) sterilization nke mmiri.

N'ime mmiri dị ka ọdọ mmiri, osimiri na ọdọ mmiri, ọkwa dị elu nke turbidity nwere ike ibelata ọkụ ọkụ na-erute omimi dị ala, nke nwere ike igbochi uto nke osisi mmiri na-emikpu ma si otú a na-emetụta ụdị ndị na-adabere na ha, dị ka azụ na azụ azụ. Ọkwa turbidity dị elu nwekwara ike imetụta ikike azụ azụ iji nweta oxygen gbazere. A na-ahụta ihe a mgbe niile na Chesapeake Bay na ọwụwa anyanwụ United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stevenson|first=J. Court|title=Decline of Submerged Plants in Chesapeake Bay|date=1979|url=http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428081405/http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|archivedate=2019-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sediments|url=http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|date=2009-08-06|publisher=[[Chesapeake Bay Program]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927073649/http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|archivedate=2011-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maka ọtụtụ mpaghara mangrove, a chọrọ nnukwu turbidity iji kwado ụdị ụfọdụ, dị ka ichekwa azụ ndị na-eto eto n'aka ndị na-eri anụ. Maka ọtụtụ osisi mangrove dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Australia, ọkachasị Moreton Bay, ọkwa turbidity ruru 600 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) chọrọ maka ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ịtụle ==
[[Faịlụ:Runoff_torbidity.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmiri iyi na-adịghị mma nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo kpatara]]
Ịtụle nke mmiri na-ezochi bụ ihe dị mkpa iji chọpụta ma mmiri doro anya ma mmiri dị mma. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;Ntụaka dị mkpa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; E nwere nkeji ọkọlọtọ abụọ maka ịkọ akụkọ turbidity: Formazin Nephelometric Units (FNU) sitere na ISO 7027 na Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) site na Usoro USEPA 180.1. A na-ejikarị ISO 7027 na FNU eme ihe na Europe, ebe a na-ejikarị NTU eme ihe na US ISO 7027 na-enye usoro na ịdị mma mmiri maka ikpebi turbidity. A na-eji ya ekpebi mkpokọta nke ihe ndị a kwụchiri na ihe nlele mmiri site na ịtụ ìhè merenụ gbasaara n'akụkụ aka nri site na ihe nlele ahụ. A na-ejide ìhè gbasaara site na photodiode, nke na-emepụta akara eletrọnịkị nke a gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ turbidity. Emepụtala ngwaike mepere emepe site na usoro ISO 7027 iji tụọ turbidity nke ọma site na iji microcontroller Arduino na LED dị ọnụ ala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wijnen|first=Bas|title=Open-source mobile water quality testing platform|journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|volume=4|issue=3|pages=532–537|date=2014-05-09|doi=10.2166/washdev.2014.137|url=https://hal.science/hal-02119690/document}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350442166|Turbidity]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:TurbidityStandards.jpg|thumb|Ụkpụrụ mgbagwoju anya nke 5, 50, na 500 NTU]]
 
Turbidity bụ igwe ojii ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ nke mmiri nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya na anya. Nlele nke turbidity bụ ule dị mkpa nke Mmiri doro anya na [[Ịdị mma mmiri|ogo mmiri]].

Mmiri nwere ike ịnwe ihe siri ike a kpọchiri akpọchi nke nwere obere nha dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ihe a kpọchiri akpọchi ga-ebu ibu ma dị arọ nke na ha ga-adaba ngwa ngwa n'ala akpa ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụ ihe nlele mmiri ka ọ kwụsie ike (ihe siri ike a na-edozi), obere obere ihe ndị ahụ ga-adaba naanị nwayọ ma ọ bụ na ha agaghị ada ma ọlị ma ọ bụrụ na ihe nlele ahụ na-akpali mgbe niile ma ọ bụ na obere ihe ndị ahụ na-agbakọta. Obere obere ihe siri ike ndị a na-eme ka mmiri ahụ yie ihe gbara ọchịchịrị.

A na-etinyekwa turbidity (ma ọ bụ haze) na ihe siri ike dị ka ugegbe ma ọ bụ plastik. Na mmepụta plastik, a na-akọwa ụfụfụ dị ka pasentị nke ìhè nke a tụgharịrị karịa 2.5 ° site na ntụziaka ìhè na-abata.

== Ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ya ==
O nwere ike ịbụ na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha n'ime mmiri mepere emepe na-akpata ya. Ihe ndị mmadụ na-eme nke na-akpaghasị ala, dịka owuwu ụlọ, igwu ala na ọrụ ugbo, nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu na-abanye n'ime mmiri n'oge oké mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mmiri ozuzo. Ebe ndị a na-enwekarị oke mbuze n'akụkụ mmiri yana ebe ndị mepere emepe na-enyekwa nnukwu nsogbu na mmiri ndị dị nso, site na mmetọ mmiri ozuzo site na elu ala dị larịị dịka okporo ụzọ, àkwà mmiri, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ọdụ ụgbọelu. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka igwu ala, igwu ala, na mgbake kol nwere ike ịkpata oke turbidity site na obere nkume colloidal.

N'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ, ka ọkwa turbidity dị elu, otú ahụ ka ihe ize ndụ nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa afọ na-arị elu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=A.G.|title=The association between drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness: a systematic review|date=2007-09-21|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=7|issue=256|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-256|pmid=17888154}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a na-enye nsogbu karịsịa maka ndị nwere nsogbu ahụ ike, n'ihi na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ dị ka nje ma ọ bụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịbanye na ihe ndị a kwụgidere. Ihe ndị a kwụgidere na-egbochi ọgwụ chlorine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=LeChevallier|first=M W|date=July 1981|title=Effect of turbidity on chlorination efficiency and bacterial persistence in drinking water|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=42|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1128/aem.42.1.159-167.1981|pmid=7259162}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu aka ahụ, ihe siri ike nwere ike ichebe nje bacteria site na ultraviolet (UV) sterilization nke mmiri.

N'ime mmiri dị ka ọdọ mmiri, osimiri na ọdọ mmiri, ọkwa dị elu nke turbidity nwere ike ibelata ọkụ ọkụ na-erute omimi dị ala, nke nwere ike igbochi uto nke osisi mmiri na-emikpu ma si otú a na-emetụta ụdị ndị na-adabere na ha, dị ka azụ na azụ azụ. Ọkwa turbidity dị elu nwekwara ike imetụta ikike azụ azụ iji nweta oxygen gbazere. A na-ahụta ihe a mgbe niile na Chesapeake Bay na ọwụwa anyanwụ United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stevenson|first=J. Court|title=Decline of Submerged Plants in Chesapeake Bay|date=1979|url=http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428081405/http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|archivedate=2019-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sediments|url=http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|date=2009-08-06|publisher=[[Chesapeake Bay Program]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927073649/http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|archivedate=2011-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maka ọtụtụ mpaghara mangrove, a chọrọ nnukwu turbidity iji kwado ụdị ụfọdụ, dị ka ichekwa azụ ndị na-eto eto n'aka ndị na-eri anụ. Maka ọtụtụ osisi mangrove dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Australia, ọkachasị Moreton Bay, ọkwa turbidity ruru 600 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) chọrọ maka ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ịtụle ==
[[Faịlụ:Runoff_torbidity.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmiri iyi na-adịghị mma nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo kpatara]]
Ịtụle nke mmiri na-ezochi bụ ihe dị mkpa iji chọpụta ma mmiri doro anya ma mmiri dị mma. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;Ntụaka dị mkpa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; E nwere nkeji ọkọlọtọ abụọ maka ịkọ akụkọ turbidity: Formazin Nephelometric Units (FNU) sitere na ISO 7027 na Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) site na Usoro USEPA 180.1. A na-ejikarị ISO 7027 na FNU eme ihe na Europe, ebe a na-ejikarị NTU eme ihe na US ISO 7027 na-enye usoro na ịdị mma mmiri maka ikpebi turbidity. A na-eji ya ekpebi mkpokọta nke ihe ndị a kwụchiri na ihe nlele mmiri site na ịtụ ìhè merenụ gbasaara n'akụkụ aka nri site na ihe nlele ahụ. A na-ejide ìhè gbasaara site na photodiode, nke na-emepụta akara eletrọnịkị nke a gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ turbidity. Emepụtala ngwaike mepere emepe site na usoro ISO 7027 iji tụọ turbidity nke ọma site na iji microcontroller Arduino na LED dị ọnụ ala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wijnen|first=Bas|title=Open-source mobile water quality testing platform|journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|volume=4|issue=3|pages=532–537|date=2014-05-09|doi=10.2166/washdev.2014.137|url=https://hal.science/hal-02119690/document}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere ụzọ dị iche iche a ga-esi enyocha ogo mmiri, nke kacha zie ezie bụ ụfọdụ nbibi (ya bụ, mbelata ike) nke ìhè ka ọ na-agafe na kọlụm mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/|title=Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity|publisher=Fondriest Environmental, Inc.|accessdate=1 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro Jackson Candle ọzọ ejiri mee ihe (nkeji: Jackson Turbidity Unit ma ọ bụ JTU) bụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche nke ogologo kọlụm mmiri dị mkpa iji kpuchie ọkụ kandụl na-elele ya kpamkpam. Ka mmiri dị mkpa (ka kọlụm mmiri na-adị ogologo), otú ahụ ka mmiri na-adịwanye mma. N'ezie mmiri naanị na-emepụta ụfọdụ attenuation, na ihe ọ bụla ihe etisasịwo na mmiri na-emepụta agba nwere ike ibelata ụfọdụ wavelengths. Ngwá ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ anaghị eji kandụl eme ihe, ma ekwesịrị ịhazi usoro a nke ịbelata ọkụ ọkụ site na kọlụm mmiri na JTUs.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot; /&gt;

A na-ewere ọchịchọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na-agbasa ọkụ na-elekwasị anya na ha ugbu a dị ka ihe dị mkpa nke turbidity na mmiri. Turbidity a tụrụ n'ụzọ a na-eji ngwá ọrụ a na-akpọ nephelometer na ihe nchọpụta a na-etinye n'akụkụ ọkụ ahụ. Ìhè ka ukwuu na-eru ihe nchọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ọtụtụ obere ihe na-agbasa isi iyi karịa ma ọ bụrụhaala na e nwere ole na ole. Otu nke turbidity site na calibrated nephelometer nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ NTU ma ọ bụ FTU, dabere na usoro ọkọlọtọ eji. Ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ìhè ole na-egosipụta maka ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-enye na-adabere na njirimara nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dịka ọdịdị ha, ụcha, na ntụgharị ha. N'ihi nke a (na ihe mere na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị arọ na-ada ngwa ngwa ma ghara inye aka n'ịgụ ihe mgbagwoju anya), njikọ dị n'etiti ihe mgbagha na ihe mgbaghịa zuru oke (TSS) bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ebe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/|title=Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity|publisher=Fondriest Environmental, Inc.|accessdate=1 February 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/ &quot;Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity&quot;]. Fairborn, OH: Fondriest Environmental, Inc&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350442166|Turbidity]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:TurbidityStandards.jpg|thumb|Ụkpụrụ mgbagwoju anya nke 5, 50, na 500 NTU]]
 
Turbidity bụ igwe ojii ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ nke mmiri nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya na anya. Nlele nke turbidity bụ ule dị mkpa nke Mmiri doro anya na [[Ịdị mma mmiri|ogo mmiri]].

Mmiri nwere ike ịnwe ihe siri ike a kpọchiri akpọchi nke nwere obere nha dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ihe a kpọchiri akpọchi ga-ebu ibu ma dị arọ nke na ha ga-adaba ngwa ngwa n'ala akpa ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụ ihe nlele mmiri ka ọ kwụsie ike (ihe siri ike a na-edozi), obere obere ihe ndị ahụ ga-adaba naanị nwayọ ma ọ bụ na ha agaghị ada ma ọlị ma ọ bụrụ na ihe nlele ahụ na-akpali mgbe niile ma ọ bụ na obere ihe ndị ahụ na-agbakọta. Obere obere ihe siri ike ndị a na-eme ka mmiri ahụ yie ihe gbara ọchịchịrị.

A na-etinyekwa turbidity (ma ọ bụ haze) na ihe siri ike dị ka ugegbe ma ọ bụ plastik. Na mmepụta plastik, a na-akọwa ụfụfụ dị ka pasentị nke ìhè nke a tụgharịrị karịa 2.5 ° site na ntụziaka ìhè na-abata.

== Ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ya ==
O nwere ike ịbụ na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha n'ime mmiri mepere emepe na-akpata ya. Ihe ndị mmadụ na-eme nke na-akpaghasị ala, dịka owuwu ụlọ, igwu ala na ọrụ ugbo, nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu na-abanye n'ime mmiri n'oge oké mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mmiri ozuzo. Ebe ndị a na-enwekarị oke mbuze n'akụkụ mmiri yana ebe ndị mepere emepe na-enyekwa nnukwu nsogbu na mmiri ndị dị nso, site na mmetọ mmiri ozuzo site na elu ala dị larịị dịka okporo ụzọ, àkwà mmiri, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ọdụ ụgbọelu. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka igwu ala, igwu ala, na mgbake kol nwere ike ịkpata oke turbidity site na obere nkume colloidal.

N'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ, ka ọkwa turbidity dị elu, otú ahụ ka ihe ize ndụ nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa afọ na-arị elu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=A.G.|title=The association between drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness: a systematic review|date=2007-09-21|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=7|issue=256|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-256|pmid=17888154}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a na-enye nsogbu karịsịa maka ndị nwere nsogbu ahụ ike, n'ihi na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ dị ka nje ma ọ bụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịbanye na ihe ndị a kwụgidere. Ihe ndị a kwụgidere na-egbochi ọgwụ chlorine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=LeChevallier|first=M W|date=July 1981|title=Effect of turbidity on chlorination efficiency and bacterial persistence in drinking water|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=42|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1128/aem.42.1.159-167.1981|pmid=7259162}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu aka ahụ, ihe siri ike nwere ike ichebe nje bacteria site na ultraviolet (UV) sterilization nke mmiri.

N'ime mmiri dị ka ọdọ mmiri, osimiri na ọdọ mmiri, ọkwa dị elu nke turbidity nwere ike ibelata ọkụ ọkụ na-erute omimi dị ala, nke nwere ike igbochi uto nke osisi mmiri na-emikpu ma si otú a na-emetụta ụdị ndị na-adabere na ha, dị ka azụ na azụ azụ. Ọkwa turbidity dị elu nwekwara ike imetụta ikike azụ azụ iji nweta oxygen gbazere. A na-ahụta ihe a mgbe niile na Chesapeake Bay na ọwụwa anyanwụ United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stevenson|first=J. Court|title=Decline of Submerged Plants in Chesapeake Bay|date=1979|url=http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428081405/http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|archivedate=2019-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sediments|url=http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|date=2009-08-06|publisher=[[Chesapeake Bay Program]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927073649/http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|archivedate=2011-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maka ọtụtụ mpaghara mangrove, a chọrọ nnukwu turbidity iji kwado ụdị ụfọdụ, dị ka ichekwa azụ ndị na-eto eto n'aka ndị na-eri anụ. Maka ọtụtụ osisi mangrove dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Australia, ọkachasị Moreton Bay, ọkwa turbidity ruru 600 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) chọrọ maka ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ịtụle ==
[[Faịlụ:Runoff_torbidity.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmiri iyi na-adịghị mma nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo kpatara]]
Ịtụle nke mmiri na-ezochi bụ ihe dị mkpa iji chọpụta ma mmiri doro anya ma mmiri dị mma. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;Ntụaka dị mkpa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; E nwere nkeji ọkọlọtọ abụọ maka ịkọ akụkọ turbidity: Formazin Nephelometric Units (FNU) sitere na ISO 7027 na Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) site na Usoro USEPA 180.1. A na-ejikarị ISO 7027 na FNU eme ihe na Europe, ebe a na-ejikarị NTU eme ihe na US ISO 7027 na-enye usoro na ịdị mma mmiri maka ikpebi turbidity. A na-eji ya ekpebi mkpokọta nke ihe ndị a kwụchiri na ihe nlele mmiri site na ịtụ ìhè merenụ gbasaara n'akụkụ aka nri site na ihe nlele ahụ. A na-ejide ìhè gbasaara site na photodiode, nke na-emepụta akara eletrọnịkị nke a gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ turbidity. Emepụtala ngwaike mepere emepe site na usoro ISO 7027 iji tụọ turbidity nke ọma site na iji microcontroller Arduino na LED dị ọnụ ala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wijnen|first=Bas|title=Open-source mobile water quality testing platform|journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|volume=4|issue=3|pages=532–537|date=2014-05-09|doi=10.2166/washdev.2014.137|url=https://hal.science/hal-02119690/document}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere ụzọ dị iche iche a ga-esi enyocha ogo mmiri, nke kacha zie ezie bụ ụfọdụ nbibi (ya bụ, mbelata ike) nke ìhè ka ọ na-agafe na kọlụm mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/|title=Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity|publisher=Fondriest Environmental, Inc.|accessdate=1 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro Jackson Candle ọzọ ejiri mee ihe (nkeji: Jackson Turbidity Unit ma ọ bụ JTU) bụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche nke ogologo kọlụm mmiri dị mkpa iji kpuchie ọkụ kandụl na-elele ya kpamkpam. Ka mmiri dị mkpa (ka kọlụm mmiri na-adị ogologo), otú ahụ ka mmiri na-adịwanye mma. N'ezie mmiri naanị na-emepụta ụfọdụ attenuation, na ihe ọ bụla ihe etisasịwo na mmiri na-emepụta agba nwere ike ibelata ụfọdụ wavelengths. Ngwá ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ anaghị eji kandụl eme ihe, ma ekwesịrị ịhazi usoro a nke ịbelata ọkụ ọkụ site na kọlụm mmiri na JTUs.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot; /&gt;

A na-ewere ọchịchọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na-agbasa ọkụ na-elekwasị anya na ha ugbu a dị ka ihe dị mkpa nke turbidity na mmiri. Turbidity a tụrụ n'ụzọ a na-eji ngwá ọrụ a na-akpọ nephelometer na ihe nchọpụta a na-etinye n'akụkụ ọkụ ahụ. Ìhè ka ukwuu na-eru ihe nchọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ọtụtụ obere ihe na-agbasa isi iyi karịa ma ọ bụrụhaala na e nwere ole na ole. Otu nke turbidity site na calibrated nephelometer nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ NTU ma ọ bụ FTU, dabere na usoro ọkọlọtọ eji. Ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ìhè ole na-egosipụta maka ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-enye na-adabere na njirimara nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dịka ọdịdị ha, ụcha, na ntụgharị ha. N'ihi nke a (na ihe mere na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị arọ na-ada ngwa ngwa ma ghara inye aka n'ịgụ ihe mgbagwoju anya), njikọ dị n'etiti ihe mgbagha na ihe mgbaghịa zuru oke (TSS) bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ebe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/|title=Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity|publisher=Fondriest Environmental, Inc.|accessdate=1 February 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/ &quot;Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity&quot;]. Fairborn, OH: Fondriest Environmental, Inc&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere ike tụọ ọgba aghara na ọdọ mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, ọwa na oke osimiri site na iji diski Secchi. A na-agbada diski ojii na nke ọcha n'ime mmiri ruo mgbe a naghị ahụ ya ọzọ; A na-edezi omimi ( omimi nke Secchi ) dị ka ihe nlele nke nghọta nke mmiri (nke metụtara turbidity). Diski Secchi nwere uru nke ijikọ turbidity n'elu omimi (ebe akwa turbidity na-agbanwe agbanwe dị), ịdị ngwa ma dị mfe iji, yana ọnụ ala. Ọ nwere ike inye ihe ngosi siri ike nke omimi nke mpaghara euphotic na nkewa 3 nke omimi Secchi, Otú ọ dị, a pụghị iji nke a mee ihe na mmiri na-emighị emi ebe diski nwere ike ịhụ na ala. 

A na-ejikwa kamera na Ọhụụ kọmputa tụọ ụfụfụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Antonini|first=Giorgio|date=2024-08-16|title=A novel camera-based sensor for real-time wastewater quality monitoring|url=https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article/19/9/3778/104171/A-novel-camera-based-sensor-for-real-time|journal=Water Practice and Technology|volume=19|issue=9|pages=3778–3793|doi=10.2166/wpt.2024.211|issn=1751-231X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha dị otú ahụ nwere ike iji mmụta igwe chọpụta nsogbu na nsị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ji|first=Hyon|date=2020-06-22|title=Measurement of Wastewater Discharge in Sewer Pipes Using Image Analysis|journal=Water|language=en|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1771|doi=10.3390/w12061771|issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350442166|Turbidity]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:TurbidityStandards.jpg|thumb|Ụkpụrụ mgbagwoju anya nke 5, 50, na 500 NTU]]
 
Turbidity bụ igwe ojii ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ nke mmiri nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya na anya. Nlele nke turbidity bụ ule dị mkpa nke Mmiri doro anya na [[Ịdị mma mmiri|ogo mmiri]].

Mmiri nwere ike ịnwe ihe siri ike a kpọchiri akpọchi nke nwere obere nha dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ihe a kpọchiri akpọchi ga-ebu ibu ma dị arọ nke na ha ga-adaba ngwa ngwa n'ala akpa ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụ ihe nlele mmiri ka ọ kwụsie ike (ihe siri ike a na-edozi), obere obere ihe ndị ahụ ga-adaba naanị nwayọ ma ọ bụ na ha agaghị ada ma ọlị ma ọ bụrụ na ihe nlele ahụ na-akpali mgbe niile ma ọ bụ na obere ihe ndị ahụ na-agbakọta. Obere obere ihe siri ike ndị a na-eme ka mmiri ahụ yie ihe gbara ọchịchịrị.

A na-etinyekwa turbidity (ma ọ bụ haze) na ihe siri ike dị ka ugegbe ma ọ bụ plastik. Na mmepụta plastik, a na-akọwa ụfụfụ dị ka pasentị nke ìhè nke a tụgharịrị karịa 2.5 ° site na ntụziaka ìhè na-abata.

== Ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ya ==
O nwere ike ịbụ na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha n'ime mmiri mepere emepe na-akpata ya. Ihe ndị mmadụ na-eme nke na-akpaghasị ala, dịka owuwu ụlọ, igwu ala na ọrụ ugbo, nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu na-abanye n'ime mmiri n'oge oké mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mmiri ozuzo. Ebe ndị a na-enwekarị oke mbuze n'akụkụ mmiri yana ebe ndị mepere emepe na-enyekwa nnukwu nsogbu na mmiri ndị dị nso, site na mmetọ mmiri ozuzo site na elu ala dị larịị dịka okporo ụzọ, àkwà mmiri, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ọdụ ụgbọelu. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka igwu ala, igwu ala, na mgbake kol nwere ike ịkpata oke turbidity site na obere nkume colloidal.

N'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ, ka ọkwa turbidity dị elu, otú ahụ ka ihe ize ndụ nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa afọ na-arị elu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=A.G.|title=The association between drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness: a systematic review|date=2007-09-21|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=7|issue=256|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-256|pmid=17888154}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a na-enye nsogbu karịsịa maka ndị nwere nsogbu ahụ ike, n'ihi na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ dị ka nje ma ọ bụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịbanye na ihe ndị a kwụgidere. Ihe ndị a kwụgidere na-egbochi ọgwụ chlorine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=LeChevallier|first=M W|date=July 1981|title=Effect of turbidity on chlorination efficiency and bacterial persistence in drinking water|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=42|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1128/aem.42.1.159-167.1981|pmid=7259162}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu aka ahụ, ihe siri ike nwere ike ichebe nje bacteria site na ultraviolet (UV) sterilization nke mmiri.

N'ime mmiri dị ka ọdọ mmiri, osimiri na ọdọ mmiri, ọkwa dị elu nke turbidity nwere ike ibelata ọkụ ọkụ na-erute omimi dị ala, nke nwere ike igbochi uto nke osisi mmiri na-emikpu ma si otú a na-emetụta ụdị ndị na-adabere na ha, dị ka azụ na azụ azụ. Ọkwa turbidity dị elu nwekwara ike imetụta ikike azụ azụ iji nweta oxygen gbazere. A na-ahụta ihe a mgbe niile na Chesapeake Bay na ọwụwa anyanwụ United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stevenson|first=J. Court|title=Decline of Submerged Plants in Chesapeake Bay|date=1979|url=http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428081405/http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|archivedate=2019-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sediments|url=http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|date=2009-08-06|publisher=[[Chesapeake Bay Program]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927073649/http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|archivedate=2011-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maka ọtụtụ mpaghara mangrove, a chọrọ nnukwu turbidity iji kwado ụdị ụfọdụ, dị ka ichekwa azụ ndị na-eto eto n'aka ndị na-eri anụ. Maka ọtụtụ osisi mangrove dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Australia, ọkachasị Moreton Bay, ọkwa turbidity ruru 600 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) chọrọ maka ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ịtụle ==
[[Faịlụ:Runoff_torbidity.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmiri iyi na-adịghị mma nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo kpatara]]
Ịtụle nke mmiri na-ezochi bụ ihe dị mkpa iji chọpụta ma mmiri doro anya ma mmiri dị mma. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;Ntụaka dị mkpa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; E nwere nkeji ọkọlọtọ abụọ maka ịkọ akụkọ turbidity: Formazin Nephelometric Units (FNU) sitere na ISO 7027 na Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) site na Usoro USEPA 180.1. A na-ejikarị ISO 7027 na FNU eme ihe na Europe, ebe a na-ejikarị NTU eme ihe na US ISO 7027 na-enye usoro na ịdị mma mmiri maka ikpebi turbidity. A na-eji ya ekpebi mkpokọta nke ihe ndị a kwụchiri na ihe nlele mmiri site na ịtụ ìhè merenụ gbasaara n'akụkụ aka nri site na ihe nlele ahụ. A na-ejide ìhè gbasaara site na photodiode, nke na-emepụta akara eletrọnịkị nke a gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ turbidity. Emepụtala ngwaike mepere emepe site na usoro ISO 7027 iji tụọ turbidity nke ọma site na iji microcontroller Arduino na LED dị ọnụ ala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wijnen|first=Bas|title=Open-source mobile water quality testing platform|journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|volume=4|issue=3|pages=532–537|date=2014-05-09|doi=10.2166/washdev.2014.137|url=https://hal.science/hal-02119690/document}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere ụzọ dị iche iche a ga-esi enyocha ogo mmiri, nke kacha zie ezie bụ ụfọdụ nbibi (ya bụ, mbelata ike) nke ìhè ka ọ na-agafe na kọlụm mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/|title=Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity|publisher=Fondriest Environmental, Inc.|accessdate=1 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro Jackson Candle ọzọ ejiri mee ihe (nkeji: Jackson Turbidity Unit ma ọ bụ JTU) bụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche nke ogologo kọlụm mmiri dị mkpa iji kpuchie ọkụ kandụl na-elele ya kpamkpam. Ka mmiri dị mkpa (ka kọlụm mmiri na-adị ogologo), otú ahụ ka mmiri na-adịwanye mma. N'ezie mmiri naanị na-emepụta ụfọdụ attenuation, na ihe ọ bụla ihe etisasịwo na mmiri na-emepụta agba nwere ike ibelata ụfọdụ wavelengths. Ngwá ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ anaghị eji kandụl eme ihe, ma ekwesịrị ịhazi usoro a nke ịbelata ọkụ ọkụ site na kọlụm mmiri na JTUs.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot; /&gt;

A na-ewere ọchịchọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na-agbasa ọkụ na-elekwasị anya na ha ugbu a dị ka ihe dị mkpa nke turbidity na mmiri. Turbidity a tụrụ n'ụzọ a na-eji ngwá ọrụ a na-akpọ nephelometer na ihe nchọpụta a na-etinye n'akụkụ ọkụ ahụ. Ìhè ka ukwuu na-eru ihe nchọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ọtụtụ obere ihe na-agbasa isi iyi karịa ma ọ bụrụhaala na e nwere ole na ole. Otu nke turbidity site na calibrated nephelometer nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ NTU ma ọ bụ FTU, dabere na usoro ọkọlọtọ eji. Ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ìhè ole na-egosipụta maka ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-enye na-adabere na njirimara nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dịka ọdịdị ha, ụcha, na ntụgharị ha. N'ihi nke a (na ihe mere na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị arọ na-ada ngwa ngwa ma ghara inye aka n'ịgụ ihe mgbagwoju anya), njikọ dị n'etiti ihe mgbagha na ihe mgbaghịa zuru oke (TSS) bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ebe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/|title=Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity|publisher=Fondriest Environmental, Inc.|accessdate=1 February 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/ &quot;Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity&quot;]. Fairborn, OH: Fondriest Environmental, Inc&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere ike tụọ ọgba aghara na ọdọ mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, ọwa na oke osimiri site na iji diski Secchi. A na-agbada diski ojii na nke ọcha n'ime mmiri ruo mgbe a naghị ahụ ya ọzọ; A na-edezi omimi ( omimi nke Secchi ) dị ka ihe nlele nke nghọta nke mmiri (nke metụtara turbidity). Diski Secchi nwere uru nke ijikọ turbidity n'elu omimi (ebe akwa turbidity na-agbanwe agbanwe dị), ịdị ngwa ma dị mfe iji, yana ọnụ ala. Ọ nwere ike inye ihe ngosi siri ike nke omimi nke mpaghara euphotic na nkewa 3 nke omimi Secchi, Otú ọ dị, a pụghị iji nke a mee ihe na mmiri na-emighị emi ebe diski nwere ike ịhụ na ala. 

A na-ejikwa kamera na Ọhụụ kọmputa tụọ ụfụfụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Antonini|first=Giorgio|date=2024-08-16|title=A novel camera-based sensor for real-time wastewater quality monitoring|url=https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article/19/9/3778/104171/A-novel-camera-based-sensor-for-real-time|journal=Water Practice and Technology|volume=19|issue=9|pages=3778–3793|doi=10.2166/wpt.2024.211|issn=1751-231X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha dị otú ahụ nwere ike iji mmụta igwe chọpụta nsogbu na nsị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ji|first=Hyon|date=2020-06-22|title=Measurement of Wastewater Discharge in Sewer Pipes Using Image Analysis|journal=Water|language=en|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1771|doi=10.3390/w12061771|issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngwaọrụ ọzọ, nke nwere ike inye aka tụọ turbidity na mmiri na-adịghị omimi bụ tubue turbidity. Tube turbidity na-ejikọta mmiri n'ime tube dị iche iche nke na-enye ohere ikpebi turbidity dabere na diski dị iche na ala ya, na-adabere na diski Secchi.
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350442166|Turbidity]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:TurbidityStandards.jpg|thumb|Ụkpụrụ mgbagwoju anya nke 5, 50, na 500 NTU]]
 
Turbidity bụ igwe ojii ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ nke mmiri nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya na anya. Nlele nke turbidity bụ ule dị mkpa nke Mmiri doro anya na [[Ịdị mma mmiri|ogo mmiri]].

Mmiri nwere ike ịnwe ihe siri ike a kpọchiri akpọchi nke nwere obere nha dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ihe a kpọchiri akpọchi ga-ebu ibu ma dị arọ nke na ha ga-adaba ngwa ngwa n'ala akpa ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụ ihe nlele mmiri ka ọ kwụsie ike (ihe siri ike a na-edozi), obere obere ihe ndị ahụ ga-adaba naanị nwayọ ma ọ bụ na ha agaghị ada ma ọlị ma ọ bụrụ na ihe nlele ahụ na-akpali mgbe niile ma ọ bụ na obere ihe ndị ahụ na-agbakọta. Obere obere ihe siri ike ndị a na-eme ka mmiri ahụ yie ihe gbara ọchịchịrị.

A na-etinyekwa turbidity (ma ọ bụ haze) na ihe siri ike dị ka ugegbe ma ọ bụ plastik. Na mmepụta plastik, a na-akọwa ụfụfụ dị ka pasentị nke ìhè nke a tụgharịrị karịa 2.5 ° site na ntụziaka ìhè na-abata.

== Ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ya ==
O nwere ike ịbụ na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha n'ime mmiri mepere emepe na-akpata ya. Ihe ndị mmadụ na-eme nke na-akpaghasị ala, dịka owuwu ụlọ, igwu ala na ọrụ ugbo, nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu na-abanye n'ime mmiri n'oge oké mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mmiri ozuzo. Ebe ndị a na-enwekarị oke mbuze n'akụkụ mmiri yana ebe ndị mepere emepe na-enyekwa nnukwu nsogbu na mmiri ndị dị nso, site na mmetọ mmiri ozuzo site na elu ala dị larịị dịka okporo ụzọ, àkwà mmiri, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ọdụ ụgbọelu. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka igwu ala, igwu ala, na mgbake kol nwere ike ịkpata oke turbidity site na obere nkume colloidal.

N'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ, ka ọkwa turbidity dị elu, otú ahụ ka ihe ize ndụ nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa afọ na-arị elu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=A.G.|title=The association between drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness: a systematic review|date=2007-09-21|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=7|issue=256|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-256|pmid=17888154}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a na-enye nsogbu karịsịa maka ndị nwere nsogbu ahụ ike, n'ihi na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ dị ka nje ma ọ bụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịbanye na ihe ndị a kwụgidere. Ihe ndị a kwụgidere na-egbochi ọgwụ chlorine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=LeChevallier|first=M W|date=July 1981|title=Effect of turbidity on chlorination efficiency and bacterial persistence in drinking water|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=42|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1128/aem.42.1.159-167.1981|pmid=7259162}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu aka ahụ, ihe siri ike nwere ike ichebe nje bacteria site na ultraviolet (UV) sterilization nke mmiri.

N'ime mmiri dị ka ọdọ mmiri, osimiri na ọdọ mmiri, ọkwa dị elu nke turbidity nwere ike ibelata ọkụ ọkụ na-erute omimi dị ala, nke nwere ike igbochi uto nke osisi mmiri na-emikpu ma si otú a na-emetụta ụdị ndị na-adabere na ha, dị ka azụ na azụ azụ. Ọkwa turbidity dị elu nwekwara ike imetụta ikike azụ azụ iji nweta oxygen gbazere. A na-ahụta ihe a mgbe niile na Chesapeake Bay na ọwụwa anyanwụ United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stevenson|first=J. Court|title=Decline of Submerged Plants in Chesapeake Bay|date=1979|url=http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428081405/http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|archivedate=2019-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sediments|url=http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|date=2009-08-06|publisher=[[Chesapeake Bay Program]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927073649/http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|archivedate=2011-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maka ọtụtụ mpaghara mangrove, a chọrọ nnukwu turbidity iji kwado ụdị ụfọdụ, dị ka ichekwa azụ ndị na-eto eto n'aka ndị na-eri anụ. Maka ọtụtụ osisi mangrove dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Australia, ọkachasị Moreton Bay, ọkwa turbidity ruru 600 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) chọrọ maka ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ịtụle ==
[[Faịlụ:Runoff_torbidity.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmiri iyi na-adịghị mma nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo kpatara]]
Ịtụle nke mmiri na-ezochi bụ ihe dị mkpa iji chọpụta ma mmiri doro anya ma mmiri dị mma. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;Ntụaka dị mkpa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; E nwere nkeji ọkọlọtọ abụọ maka ịkọ akụkọ turbidity: Formazin Nephelometric Units (FNU) sitere na ISO 7027 na Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) site na Usoro USEPA 180.1. A na-ejikarị ISO 7027 na FNU eme ihe na Europe, ebe a na-ejikarị NTU eme ihe na US ISO 7027 na-enye usoro na ịdị mma mmiri maka ikpebi turbidity. A na-eji ya ekpebi mkpokọta nke ihe ndị a kwụchiri na ihe nlele mmiri site na ịtụ ìhè merenụ gbasaara n'akụkụ aka nri site na ihe nlele ahụ. A na-ejide ìhè gbasaara site na photodiode, nke na-emepụta akara eletrọnịkị nke a gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ turbidity. Emepụtala ngwaike mepere emepe site na usoro ISO 7027 iji tụọ turbidity nke ọma site na iji microcontroller Arduino na LED dị ọnụ ala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wijnen|first=Bas|title=Open-source mobile water quality testing platform|journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|volume=4|issue=3|pages=532–537|date=2014-05-09|doi=10.2166/washdev.2014.137|url=https://hal.science/hal-02119690/document}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere ụzọ dị iche iche a ga-esi enyocha ogo mmiri, nke kacha zie ezie bụ ụfọdụ nbibi (ya bụ, mbelata ike) nke ìhè ka ọ na-agafe na kọlụm mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/|title=Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity|publisher=Fondriest Environmental, Inc.|accessdate=1 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro Jackson Candle ọzọ ejiri mee ihe (nkeji: Jackson Turbidity Unit ma ọ bụ JTU) bụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche nke ogologo kọlụm mmiri dị mkpa iji kpuchie ọkụ kandụl na-elele ya kpamkpam. Ka mmiri dị mkpa (ka kọlụm mmiri na-adị ogologo), otú ahụ ka mmiri na-adịwanye mma. N'ezie mmiri naanị na-emepụta ụfọdụ attenuation, na ihe ọ bụla ihe etisasịwo na mmiri na-emepụta agba nwere ike ibelata ụfọdụ wavelengths. Ngwá ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ anaghị eji kandụl eme ihe, ma ekwesịrị ịhazi usoro a nke ịbelata ọkụ ọkụ site na kọlụm mmiri na JTUs.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot; /&gt;

A na-ewere ọchịchọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na-agbasa ọkụ na-elekwasị anya na ha ugbu a dị ka ihe dị mkpa nke turbidity na mmiri. Turbidity a tụrụ n'ụzọ a na-eji ngwá ọrụ a na-akpọ nephelometer na ihe nchọpụta a na-etinye n'akụkụ ọkụ ahụ. Ìhè ka ukwuu na-eru ihe nchọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ọtụtụ obere ihe na-agbasa isi iyi karịa ma ọ bụrụhaala na e nwere ole na ole. Otu nke turbidity site na calibrated nephelometer nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ NTU ma ọ bụ FTU, dabere na usoro ọkọlọtọ eji. Ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ìhè ole na-egosipụta maka ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-enye na-adabere na njirimara nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dịka ọdịdị ha, ụcha, na ntụgharị ha. N'ihi nke a (na ihe mere na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị arọ na-ada ngwa ngwa ma ghara inye aka n'ịgụ ihe mgbagwoju anya), njikọ dị n'etiti ihe mgbagha na ihe mgbaghịa zuru oke (TSS) bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ebe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/|title=Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity|publisher=Fondriest Environmental, Inc.|accessdate=1 February 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/ &quot;Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity&quot;]. Fairborn, OH: Fondriest Environmental, Inc&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere ike tụọ ọgba aghara na ọdọ mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, ọwa na oke osimiri site na iji diski Secchi. A na-agbada diski ojii na nke ọcha n'ime mmiri ruo mgbe a naghị ahụ ya ọzọ; A na-edezi omimi ( omimi nke Secchi ) dị ka ihe nlele nke nghọta nke mmiri (nke metụtara turbidity). Diski Secchi nwere uru nke ijikọ turbidity n'elu omimi (ebe akwa turbidity na-agbanwe agbanwe dị), ịdị ngwa ma dị mfe iji, yana ọnụ ala. Ọ nwere ike inye ihe ngosi siri ike nke omimi nke mpaghara euphotic na nkewa 3 nke omimi Secchi, Otú ọ dị, a pụghị iji nke a mee ihe na mmiri na-emighị emi ebe diski nwere ike ịhụ na ala. 

A na-ejikwa kamera na Ọhụụ kọmputa tụọ ụfụfụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Antonini|first=Giorgio|date=2024-08-16|title=A novel camera-based sensor for real-time wastewater quality monitoring|url=https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article/19/9/3778/104171/A-novel-camera-based-sensor-for-real-time|journal=Water Practice and Technology|volume=19|issue=9|pages=3778–3793|doi=10.2166/wpt.2024.211|issn=1751-231X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha dị otú ahụ nwere ike iji mmụta igwe chọpụta nsogbu na nsị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ji|first=Hyon|date=2020-06-22|title=Measurement of Wastewater Discharge in Sewer Pipes Using Image Analysis|journal=Water|language=en|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1771|doi=10.3390/w12061771|issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngwaọrụ ọzọ, nke nwere ike inye aka tụọ turbidity na mmiri na-adịghị omimi bụ tubue turbidity. Tube turbidity na-ejikọta mmiri n'ime tube dị iche iche nke na-enye ohere ikpebi turbidity dabere na diski dị iche na ala ya, na-adabere na diski Secchi.

A na-eji turbidity na ikuku, nke na-akpata mbe&lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; anyanwụ, dị ka ihe atụ nke mmetọ. Iji mepụta mbelata nke irradiance, ewebatala ọtụtụ usoro mgbagwoju anya, gụnyere Linke turbidity factor (TL).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kasten|first=F.|title=The linke turbidity factor based on improved values of the integral Rayleigh optical thickness|date=March 1996|journal=Solar Energy|volume=56|issue=3|pages=239–244|doi=10.1016/0038-092X(95)00114-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350442166|Turbidity]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:TurbidityStandards.jpg|thumb|Ụkpụrụ mgbagwoju anya nke 5, 50, na 500 NTU]]
 
Turbidity bụ igwe ojii ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ nke mmiri nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya na anya. Nlele nke turbidity bụ ule dị mkpa nke Mmiri doro anya na [[Ịdị mma mmiri|ogo mmiri]].

Mmiri nwere ike ịnwe ihe siri ike a kpọchiri akpọchi nke nwere obere nha dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ihe a kpọchiri akpọchi ga-ebu ibu ma dị arọ nke na ha ga-adaba ngwa ngwa n'ala akpa ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụ ihe nlele mmiri ka ọ kwụsie ike (ihe siri ike a na-edozi), obere obere ihe ndị ahụ ga-adaba naanị nwayọ ma ọ bụ na ha agaghị ada ma ọlị ma ọ bụrụ na ihe nlele ahụ na-akpali mgbe niile ma ọ bụ na obere ihe ndị ahụ na-agbakọta. Obere obere ihe siri ike ndị a na-eme ka mmiri ahụ yie ihe gbara ọchịchịrị.

A na-etinyekwa turbidity (ma ọ bụ haze) na ihe siri ike dị ka ugegbe ma ọ bụ plastik. Na mmepụta plastik, a na-akọwa ụfụfụ dị ka pasentị nke ìhè nke a tụgharịrị karịa 2.5 ° site na ntụziaka ìhè na-abata.

== Ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ya ==
O nwere ike ịbụ na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha n'ime mmiri mepere emepe na-akpata ya. Ihe ndị mmadụ na-eme nke na-akpaghasị ala, dịka owuwu ụlọ, igwu ala na ọrụ ugbo, nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu na-abanye n'ime mmiri n'oge oké mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mmiri ozuzo. Ebe ndị a na-enwekarị oke mbuze n'akụkụ mmiri yana ebe ndị mepere emepe na-enyekwa nnukwu nsogbu na mmiri ndị dị nso, site na mmetọ mmiri ozuzo site na elu ala dị larịị dịka okporo ụzọ, àkwà mmiri, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ọdụ ụgbọelu. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka igwu ala, igwu ala, na mgbake kol nwere ike ịkpata oke turbidity site na obere nkume colloidal.

N'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ, ka ọkwa turbidity dị elu, otú ahụ ka ihe ize ndụ nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa afọ na-arị elu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=A.G.|title=The association between drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness: a systematic review|date=2007-09-21|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=7|issue=256|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-256|pmid=17888154}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a na-enye nsogbu karịsịa maka ndị nwere nsogbu ahụ ike, n'ihi na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ dị ka nje ma ọ bụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịbanye na ihe ndị a kwụgidere. Ihe ndị a kwụgidere na-egbochi ọgwụ chlorine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=LeChevallier|first=M W|date=July 1981|title=Effect of turbidity on chlorination efficiency and bacterial persistence in drinking water|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=42|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1128/aem.42.1.159-167.1981|pmid=7259162}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu aka ahụ, ihe siri ike nwere ike ichebe nje bacteria site na ultraviolet (UV) sterilization nke mmiri.

N'ime mmiri dị ka ọdọ mmiri, osimiri na ọdọ mmiri, ọkwa dị elu nke turbidity nwere ike ibelata ọkụ ọkụ na-erute omimi dị ala, nke nwere ike igbochi uto nke osisi mmiri na-emikpu ma si otú a na-emetụta ụdị ndị na-adabere na ha, dị ka azụ na azụ azụ. Ọkwa turbidity dị elu nwekwara ike imetụta ikike azụ azụ iji nweta oxygen gbazere. A na-ahụta ihe a mgbe niile na Chesapeake Bay na ọwụwa anyanwụ United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stevenson|first=J. Court|title=Decline of Submerged Plants in Chesapeake Bay|date=1979|url=http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428081405/http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|archivedate=2019-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sediments|url=http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|date=2009-08-06|publisher=[[Chesapeake Bay Program]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927073649/http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|archivedate=2011-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maka ọtụtụ mpaghara mangrove, a chọrọ nnukwu turbidity iji kwado ụdị ụfọdụ, dị ka ichekwa azụ ndị na-eto eto n'aka ndị na-eri anụ. Maka ọtụtụ osisi mangrove dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Australia, ọkachasị Moreton Bay, ọkwa turbidity ruru 600 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) chọrọ maka ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ịtụle ==
[[Faịlụ:Runoff_torbidity.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmiri iyi na-adịghị mma nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo kpatara]]
Ịtụle nke mmiri na-ezochi bụ ihe dị mkpa iji chọpụta ma mmiri doro anya ma mmiri dị mma. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;Ntụaka dị mkpa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; E nwere nkeji ọkọlọtọ abụọ maka ịkọ akụkọ turbidity: Formazin Nephelometric Units (FNU) sitere na ISO 7027 na Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) site na Usoro USEPA 180.1. A na-ejikarị ISO 7027 na FNU eme ihe na Europe, ebe a na-ejikarị NTU eme ihe na US ISO 7027 na-enye usoro na ịdị mma mmiri maka ikpebi turbidity. A na-eji ya ekpebi mkpokọta nke ihe ndị a kwụchiri na ihe nlele mmiri site na ịtụ ìhè merenụ gbasaara n'akụkụ aka nri site na ihe nlele ahụ. A na-ejide ìhè gbasaara site na photodiode, nke na-emepụta akara eletrọnịkị nke a gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ turbidity. Emepụtala ngwaike mepere emepe site na usoro ISO 7027 iji tụọ turbidity nke ọma site na iji microcontroller Arduino na LED dị ọnụ ala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wijnen|first=Bas|title=Open-source mobile water quality testing platform|journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|volume=4|issue=3|pages=532–537|date=2014-05-09|doi=10.2166/washdev.2014.137|url=https://hal.science/hal-02119690/document}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere ụzọ dị iche iche a ga-esi enyocha ogo mmiri, nke kacha zie ezie bụ ụfọdụ nbibi (ya bụ, mbelata ike) nke ìhè ka ọ na-agafe na kọlụm mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/|title=Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity|publisher=Fondriest Environmental, Inc.|accessdate=1 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro Jackson Candle ọzọ ejiri mee ihe (nkeji: Jackson Turbidity Unit ma ọ bụ JTU) bụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche nke ogologo kọlụm mmiri dị mkpa iji kpuchie ọkụ kandụl na-elele ya kpamkpam. Ka mmiri dị mkpa (ka kọlụm mmiri na-adị ogologo), otú ahụ ka mmiri na-adịwanye mma. N'ezie mmiri naanị na-emepụta ụfọdụ attenuation, na ihe ọ bụla ihe etisasịwo na mmiri na-emepụta agba nwere ike ibelata ụfọdụ wavelengths. Ngwá ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ anaghị eji kandụl eme ihe, ma ekwesịrị ịhazi usoro a nke ịbelata ọkụ ọkụ site na kọlụm mmiri na JTUs.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot; /&gt;

A na-ewere ọchịchọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na-agbasa ọkụ na-elekwasị anya na ha ugbu a dị ka ihe dị mkpa nke turbidity na mmiri. Turbidity a tụrụ n'ụzọ a na-eji ngwá ọrụ a na-akpọ nephelometer na ihe nchọpụta a na-etinye n'akụkụ ọkụ ahụ. Ìhè ka ukwuu na-eru ihe nchọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ọtụtụ obere ihe na-agbasa isi iyi karịa ma ọ bụrụhaala na e nwere ole na ole. Otu nke turbidity site na calibrated nephelometer nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ NTU ma ọ bụ FTU, dabere na usoro ọkọlọtọ eji. Ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ìhè ole na-egosipụta maka ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-enye na-adabere na njirimara nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dịka ọdịdị ha, ụcha, na ntụgharị ha. N'ihi nke a (na ihe mere na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị arọ na-ada ngwa ngwa ma ghara inye aka n'ịgụ ihe mgbagwoju anya), njikọ dị n'etiti ihe mgbagha na ihe mgbaghịa zuru oke (TSS) bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ebe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/|title=Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity|publisher=Fondriest Environmental, Inc.|accessdate=1 February 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/ &quot;Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity&quot;]. Fairborn, OH: Fondriest Environmental, Inc&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere ike tụọ ọgba aghara na ọdọ mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, ọwa na oke osimiri site na iji diski Secchi. A na-agbada diski ojii na nke ọcha n'ime mmiri ruo mgbe a naghị ahụ ya ọzọ; A na-edezi omimi ( omimi nke Secchi ) dị ka ihe nlele nke nghọta nke mmiri (nke metụtara turbidity). Diski Secchi nwere uru nke ijikọ turbidity n'elu omimi (ebe akwa turbidity na-agbanwe agbanwe dị), ịdị ngwa ma dị mfe iji, yana ọnụ ala. Ọ nwere ike inye ihe ngosi siri ike nke omimi nke mpaghara euphotic na nkewa 3 nke omimi Secchi, Otú ọ dị, a pụghị iji nke a mee ihe na mmiri na-emighị emi ebe diski nwere ike ịhụ na ala. 

A na-ejikwa kamera na Ọhụụ kọmputa tụọ ụfụfụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Antonini|first=Giorgio|date=2024-08-16|title=A novel camera-based sensor for real-time wastewater quality monitoring|url=https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article/19/9/3778/104171/A-novel-camera-based-sensor-for-real-time|journal=Water Practice and Technology|volume=19|issue=9|pages=3778–3793|doi=10.2166/wpt.2024.211|issn=1751-231X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha dị otú ahụ nwere ike iji mmụta igwe chọpụta nsogbu na nsị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ji|first=Hyon|date=2020-06-22|title=Measurement of Wastewater Discharge in Sewer Pipes Using Image Analysis|journal=Water|language=en|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1771|doi=10.3390/w12061771|issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngwaọrụ ọzọ, nke nwere ike inye aka tụọ turbidity na mmiri na-adịghị omimi bụ tubue turbidity. Tube turbidity na-ejikọta mmiri n'ime tube dị iche iche nke na-enye ohere ikpebi turbidity dabere na diski dị iche na ala ya, na-adabere na diski Secchi.

A na-eji turbidity na ikuku, nke na-akpata mbe&lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; anyanwụ, dị ka ihe atụ nke mmetọ. Iji mepụta mbelata nke irradiance, ewebatala ọtụtụ usoro mgbagwoju anya, gụnyere Linke turbidity factor (TL).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kasten|first=F.|title=The linke turbidity factor based on improved values of the integral Rayleigh optical thickness|date=March 1996|journal=Solar Energy|volume=56|issue=3|pages=239–244|doi=10.1016/0038-092X(95)00114-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụkpụrụ na usoro nnwale ==
[[Faịlụ:Turbidimeters.JPG|thumb|A na-eji Turbidimeters na mmiri na-asachapụ mmiri iji tụọ turbidity (na NTU) nke mmiri raw na mmiri doro anya mgbe nzacha.]]

=== Ụkpụrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ ===
Gọọmenti ewepụtala ụkpụrụ maka nhụsianya a na-anabata na mmiri ọñụñụ. Na United States, usoro mmiri ọha na eze nke na-eji usoro nzacha ma ọ bụ nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma agaghị enwe mgbagwoju anya karịa 1.0 NTU na ebe a na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ na ihe nlele niile maka turbidity ga-erughị ma ọ bụ hà nhata 0.3 NTU ma ọ dịkarịa ala 95 pasent nke ihe nlele n'ọnwa ọ bụla. Sistemu ndị na-eji nzacha na-abụghị nke a na-ahụkarị ma ọ bụ nzacha ozugbo ga-agbaso oke steeti, nke ga-agụnye turbidity n'oge ọ bụla gafere 5 NTU. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ na-agba mbọ nweta ọkwa dị ala dị ka 0.1 NTU.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Primary Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations|date=2022-01-26|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụkpụrụ mgbagwoju anya nke Europe bụ 4 NTU.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What are the drinking water standards?|url=http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/advice-leaflets/standards.pdf|date=June 2017|publisher=Drinking Water Inspectorate (UK)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190539/http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/advice-leaflets/standards.pdf|archivedate=2020-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụkpụrụ mmiri gburugburu ebe obibi ===

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350442166|Turbidity]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:TurbidityStandards.jpg|thumb|Ụkpụrụ mgbagwoju anya nke 5, 50, na 500 NTU]]
 
Turbidity bụ igwe ojii ma ọ bụ ụfụfụ nke mmiri nke ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-adịghị ahụ anya na anya. Nlele nke turbidity bụ ule dị mkpa nke Mmiri doro anya na [[Ịdị mma mmiri|ogo mmiri]].

Mmiri nwere ike ịnwe ihe siri ike a kpọchiri akpọchi nke nwere obere nha dị iche iche. Ọ bụ ezie na ụfọdụ ihe a kpọchiri akpọchi ga-ebu ibu ma dị arọ nke na ha ga-adaba ngwa ngwa n'ala akpa ahụ ma ọ bụrụ na a hapụ ihe nlele mmiri ka ọ kwụsie ike (ihe siri ike a na-edozi), obere obere ihe ndị ahụ ga-adaba naanị nwayọ ma ọ bụ na ha agaghị ada ma ọlị ma ọ bụrụ na ihe nlele ahụ na-akpali mgbe niile ma ọ bụ na obere ihe ndị ahụ na-agbakọta. Obere obere ihe siri ike ndị a na-eme ka mmiri ahụ yie ihe gbara ọchịchịrị.

A na-etinyekwa turbidity (ma ọ bụ haze) na ihe siri ike dị ka ugegbe ma ọ bụ plastik. Na mmepụta plastik, a na-akọwa ụfụfụ dị ka pasentị nke ìhè nke a tụgharịrị karịa 2.5 ° site na ntụziaka ìhè na-abata.

== Ihe kpatara ya na mmetụta ya ==
O nwere ike ịbụ na ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị ọcha n'ime mmiri mepere emepe na-akpata ya. Ihe ndị mmadụ na-eme nke na-akpaghasị ala, dịka owuwu ụlọ, igwu ala na ọrụ ugbo, nwere ike ime ka mmiri dị elu na-abanye n'ime mmiri n'oge oké mmiri ozuzo n'ihi mmiri ozuzo. Ebe ndị a na-enwekarị oke mbuze n'akụkụ mmiri yana ebe ndị mepere emepe na-enyekwa nnukwu nsogbu na mmiri ndị dị nso, site na mmetọ mmiri ozuzo site na elu ala dị larịị dịka okporo ụzọ, àkwà mmiri, ebe a na-adọba ụgbọala na ọdụ ụgbọelu. Ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ dịka igwu ala, igwu ala, na mgbake kol nwere ike ịkpata oke turbidity site na obere nkume colloidal.

N'ime mmiri ọṅụṅụ, ka ọkwa turbidity dị elu, otú ahụ ka ihe ize ndụ nke ndị mmadụ nwere ike ibute ọrịa afọ na-arị elu. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Mann|first=A.G.|title=The association between drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness: a systematic review|date=2007-09-21|journal=BMC Public Health|volume=7|issue=256|doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-256|pmid=17888154}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nke a na-enye nsogbu karịsịa maka ndị nwere nsogbu ahụ ike, n'ihi na ihe ndị na-emerụ ahụ dị ka nje ma ọ bụ nje bacteria nwere ike ịbanye na ihe ndị a kwụgidere. Ihe ndị a kwụgidere na-egbochi ọgwụ chlorine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=LeChevallier|first=M W|date=July 1981|title=Effect of turbidity on chlorination efficiency and bacterial persistence in drinking water|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|volume=42|issue=1|pages=159–167|doi=10.1128/aem.42.1.159-167.1981|pmid=7259162}}&lt;/ref&gt; N'otu aka ahụ, ihe siri ike nwere ike ichebe nje bacteria site na ultraviolet (UV) sterilization nke mmiri.

N'ime mmiri dị ka ọdọ mmiri, osimiri na ọdọ mmiri, ọkwa dị elu nke turbidity nwere ike ibelata ọkụ ọkụ na-erute omimi dị ala, nke nwere ike igbochi uto nke osisi mmiri na-emikpu ma si otú a na-emetụta ụdị ndị na-adabere na ha, dị ka azụ na azụ azụ. Ọkwa turbidity dị elu nwekwara ike imetụta ikike azụ azụ iji nweta oxygen gbazere. A na-ahụta ihe a mgbe niile na Chesapeake Bay na ọwụwa anyanwụ United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Stevenson|first=J. Court|title=Decline of Submerged Plants in Chesapeake Bay|date=1979|url=http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|publisher=U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428081405/http://www.fws.gov/chesapeakebay/savpage.htm|archivedate=2019-04-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Sediments|url=http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|date=2009-08-06|publisher=[[Chesapeake Bay Program]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927073649/http://www.chesapeakebay.net/sediments.aspx|archivedate=2011-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Maka ọtụtụ mpaghara mangrove, a chọrọ nnukwu turbidity iji kwado ụdị ụfọdụ, dị ka ichekwa azụ ndị na-eto eto n'aka ndị na-eri anụ. Maka ọtụtụ osisi mangrove dị n'akụkụ oke osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Australia, ọkachasị Moreton Bay, ọkwa turbidity ruru 600 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) chọrọ maka ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi kwesịrị ekwesị. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ịtụle ==
[[Faịlụ:Runoff_torbidity.jpg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Mmiri iyi na-adịghị mma nke nnukwu mmiri ozuzo kpatara]]
Ịtụle nke mmiri na-ezochi bụ ihe dị mkpa iji chọpụta ma mmiri doro anya ma mmiri dị mma. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)&quot;&gt;Ntụaka dị mkpa&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; E nwere nkeji ọkọlọtọ abụọ maka ịkọ akụkọ turbidity: Formazin Nephelometric Units (FNU) sitere na ISO 7027 na Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) site na Usoro USEPA 180.1. A na-ejikarị ISO 7027 na FNU eme ihe na Europe, ebe a na-ejikarị NTU eme ihe na US ISO 7027 na-enye usoro na ịdị mma mmiri maka ikpebi turbidity. A na-eji ya ekpebi mkpokọta nke ihe ndị a kwụchiri na ihe nlele mmiri site na ịtụ ìhè merenụ gbasaara n'akụkụ aka nri site na ihe nlele ahụ. A na-ejide ìhè gbasaara site na photodiode, nke na-emepụta akara eletrọnịkị nke a gbanwere ka ọ bụrụ turbidity. Emepụtala ngwaike mepere emepe site na usoro ISO 7027 iji tụọ turbidity nke ọma site na iji microcontroller Arduino na LED dị ọnụ ala. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Wijnen|first=Bas|title=Open-source mobile water quality testing platform|journal=Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development|volume=4|issue=3|pages=532–537|date=2014-05-09|doi=10.2166/washdev.2014.137|url=https://hal.science/hal-02119690/document}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere ụzọ dị iche iche a ga-esi enyocha ogo mmiri, nke kacha zie ezie bụ ụfọdụ nbibi (ya bụ, mbelata ike) nke ìhè ka ọ na-agafe na kọlụm mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/|title=Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity|publisher=Fondriest Environmental, Inc.|accessdate=1 February 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro Jackson Candle ọzọ ejiri mee ihe (nkeji: Jackson Turbidity Unit ma ọ bụ JTU) bụ n'ụzọ dị iche iche nke ogologo kọlụm mmiri dị mkpa iji kpuchie ọkụ kandụl na-elele ya kpamkpam. Ka mmiri dị mkpa (ka kọlụm mmiri na-adị ogologo), otú ahụ ka mmiri na-adịwanye mma. N'ezie mmiri naanị na-emepụta ụfọdụ attenuation, na ihe ọ bụla ihe etisasịwo na mmiri na-emepụta agba nwere ike ibelata ụfọdụ wavelengths. Ngwá ọrụ ọgbara ọhụrụ anaghị eji kandụl eme ihe, ma ekwesịrị ịhazi usoro a nke ịbelata ọkụ ọkụ site na kọlụm mmiri na JTUs.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot; /&gt;

A na-ewere ọchịchọ nke ụmụ irighiri ihe na-agbasa ọkụ na-elekwasị anya na ha ugbu a dị ka ihe dị mkpa nke turbidity na mmiri. Turbidity a tụrụ n'ụzọ a na-eji ngwá ọrụ a na-akpọ nephelometer na ihe nchọpụta a na-etinye n'akụkụ ọkụ ahụ. Ìhè ka ukwuu na-eru ihe nchọpụta ma ọ bụrụ na e nwere ọtụtụ obere ihe na-agbasa isi iyi karịa ma ọ bụrụhaala na e nwere ole na ole. Otu nke turbidity site na calibrated nephelometer nwere ike ịbụ ma ọ bụ NTU ma ọ bụ FTU, dabere na usoro ọkọlọtọ eji. Ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ, ìhè ole na-egosipụta maka ọnụ ọgụgụ a na-enye na-adabere na njirimara nke ụmụ irighiri ihe dịka ọdịdị ha, ụcha, na ntụgharị ha. N'ihi nke a (na ihe mere na ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị dị arọ na-ada ngwa ngwa ma ghara inye aka n'ịgụ ihe mgbagwoju anya), njikọ dị n'etiti ihe mgbagha na ihe mgbaghịa zuru oke (TSS) bụ ihe a na-adịghị ahụkebe maka ebe ọ bụla ma ọ bụ ọnọdụ ọ bụla.&lt;ref name=&quot;fondriest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/|title=Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity|publisher=Fondriest Environmental, Inc.|accessdate=1 February 2021}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/measurements/measuring-water-quality/turbidity-sensors-meters-and-methods/ &quot;Measuring Turbidity, TSS, and Water Clarity&quot;]. Fairborn, OH: Fondriest Environmental, Inc&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;1 February&lt;/span&gt; 2021&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Enwere ike tụọ ọgba aghara na ọdọ mmiri, ọdọ mmiri, ọwa na oke osimiri site na iji diski Secchi. A na-agbada diski ojii na nke ọcha n'ime mmiri ruo mgbe a naghị ahụ ya ọzọ; A na-edezi omimi ( omimi nke Secchi ) dị ka ihe nlele nke nghọta nke mmiri (nke metụtara turbidity). Diski Secchi nwere uru nke ijikọ turbidity n'elu omimi (ebe akwa turbidity na-agbanwe agbanwe dị), ịdị ngwa ma dị mfe iji, yana ọnụ ala. Ọ nwere ike inye ihe ngosi siri ike nke omimi nke mpaghara euphotic na nkewa 3 nke omimi Secchi, Otú ọ dị, a pụghị iji nke a mee ihe na mmiri na-emighị emi ebe diski nwere ike ịhụ na ala. 

A na-ejikwa kamera na Ọhụụ kọmputa tụọ ụfụfụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Antonini|first=Giorgio|date=2024-08-16|title=A novel camera-based sensor for real-time wastewater quality monitoring|url=https://iwaponline.com/wpt/article/19/9/3778/104171/A-novel-camera-based-sensor-for-real-time|journal=Water Practice and Technology|volume=19|issue=9|pages=3778–3793|doi=10.2166/wpt.2024.211|issn=1751-231X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nnyocha dị otú ahụ nwere ike iji mmụta igwe chọpụta nsogbu na nsị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Ji|first=Hyon|date=2020-06-22|title=Measurement of Wastewater Discharge in Sewer Pipes Using Image Analysis|journal=Water|language=en|volume=12|issue=6|pages=1771|doi=10.3390/w12061771|issn=2073-4441}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngwaọrụ ọzọ, nke nwere ike inye aka tụọ turbidity na mmiri na-adịghị omimi bụ tubue turbidity. Tube turbidity na-ejikọta mmiri n'ime tube dị iche iche nke na-enye ohere ikpebi turbidity dabere na diski dị iche na ala ya, na-adabere na diski Secchi.

A na-eji turbidity na ikuku, nke na-akpata mbe&lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; anyanwụ, dị ka ihe atụ nke mmetọ. Iji mepụta mbelata nke irradiance, ewebatala ọtụtụ usoro mgbagwoju anya, gụnyere Linke turbidity factor (TL).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Kasten|first=F.|title=The linke turbidity factor based on improved values of the integral Rayleigh optical thickness|date=March 1996|journal=Solar Energy|volume=56|issue=3|pages=239–244|doi=10.1016/0038-092X(95)00114-7}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ụkpụrụ na usoro nnwale ==
[[Faịlụ:Turbidimeters.JPG|thumb|A na-eji Turbidimeters na mmiri na-asachapụ mmiri iji tụọ turbidity (na NTU) nke mmiri raw na mmiri doro anya mgbe nzacha.]]

=== Ụkpụrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ ===
Gọọmenti ewepụtala ụkpụrụ maka nhụsianya a na-anabata na mmiri ọñụñụ. Na United States, usoro mmiri ọha na eze nke na-eji usoro nzacha ma ọ bụ nke na-eme ka ọ bụrụ ihe na-adịghị mma agaghị enwe mgbagwoju anya karịa 1.0 NTU na ebe a na-emepụta ihe ọkụkụ na ihe nlele niile maka turbidity ga-erughị ma ọ bụ hà nhata 0.3 NTU ma ọ dịkarịa ala 95 pasent nke ihe nlele n'ọnwa ọ bụla. Sistemu ndị na-eji nzacha na-abụghị nke a na-ahụkarị ma ọ bụ nzacha ozugbo ga-agbaso oke steeti, nke ga-agụnye turbidity n'oge ọ bụla gafere 5 NTU. Ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ mmiri ọ drinkingụ drinkingụ na-agba mbọ nweta ọkwa dị ala dị ka 0.1 NTU.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=National Primary Drinking Water Regulations|url=https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/national-primary-drinking-water-regulations|date=2022-01-26|publisher=EPA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụkpụrụ mgbagwoju anya nke Europe bụ 4 NTU.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=What are the drinking water standards?|url=http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/advice-leaflets/standards.pdf|date=June 2017|publisher=Drinking Water Inspectorate (UK)|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111190539/http://dwi.defra.gov.uk/consumers/advice-leaflets/standards.pdf|archivedate=2020-11-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Ụkpụrụ mmiri gburugburu ebe obibi ===

==== United States ====
Ụlọ ọrụ US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) ebipụtala ụkpụrụ mmiri maka turbidity. Ihe njirisi ndị a bụ nyocha sayensị nke mmetụta turbidity, nke steeti na-eji emepụta ụkpụrụ ịdị mma mmiri maka akụkụ mmiri. (State nwere ike bipụta njirisi nke ha.) Steeti ụfọdụ ewepụtala ụkpụrụ ịdị mma mmiri maka ọgba aghara, gụnyere
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ala Mmiri Zoarvlei</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77479</id>
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      <id>673369</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:21:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adimora chidinma</username>
        <id>15845</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1340341494|Zoarvlei Wetlands]]&quot;</comment>
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;Zoarvlei Wetlands bụ ebe a na-echekwa mmiri nke dị ihe dị ka hekta 140 (350 acres) n'obodo [[Cape Town]], South Africa. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu Table Bay Nature Reserve kwupụtara na June 2012.

Ọ na-echebe ụdị nnụnụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ụdị nnụnụ mmiri na nnụnụ nnụnụ. Ala mmiri ahụ jupụtara na ahịhịa, yana mmiri mepere emepe. Ala kpọrọ nkụ na-echekwa ọtụtụ okooko osisi oge opupu ihe ubi na nke afọ. Ebe nchekwa ahụ dị n'akụkụ mpaghara Paarden Eiland, dị nso na etiti obodo ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Documents/CCT_Nature_Reserves_book_2010-02.pdf|title=City of Cape Town Nature Reserves. Free Booklet|accessdate=2011-02-15|archivedate=2010-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122115114/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Documents/CCT_Nature_Reserves_book_2010-02.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ebe Nchekwa Okike nke Table Bay
* Ụdị dị iche iche nke Cape Town
* Ndepụta nke ebe nchekwa okike na Cape Town
* [[Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland]]

== Edensibịa ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673370</id>
      <parentid>673369</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T15:25:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Adimora chidinma</username>
        <id>15845</id>
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 &lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;'''Zoarvlei Wetlands''' bụ ebe a na-echekwa mmiri nke dị ihe dị ka hekta 140 (350 acres) n'obodo [[Cape Town]], South Africa. Ọ bụ akụkụ nke nnukwu Table Bay Nature Reserve kwupụtara na June 2012.

Ọ na-echebe ụdị nnụnụ dị iche iche, gụnyere ụdị nnụnụ mmiri na nnụnụ nnụnụ. Ala mmiri ahụ jupụtara na ahịhịa, yana mmiri mepere emepe. Ala kpọrọ nkụ na-echekwa ọtụtụ okooko osisi oge opupu ihe ubi na nke afọ. Ebe nchekwa ahụ dị n'akụkụ mpaghara Paarden Eiland, dị nso na etiti obodo ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Documents/CCT_Nature_Reserves_book_2010-02.pdf|title=City of Cape Town Nature Reserves. Free Booklet|accessdate=2011-02-15|archivedate=2010-11-22|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122115114/http://www.capetown.gov.za/en/EnvironmentalResourceManagement/publications/Documents/CCT_Nature_Reserves_book_2010-02.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ebe Nchekwa Okike nke Table Bay
* Ụdị dị iche iche nke Cape Town
* Ndepụta nke ebe nchekwa okike na Cape Town
* [[Cape Lowland Freshwater Wetland]]

== Edensibịa ==
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    <title>Ihe nzacha mmiri n'ebe a na-eji ya eme ihe</title>
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        <username>Mirah50</username>
        <id>16972</id>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326733164|Point of use water filter]]&quot;</comment>
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A na-eji ihe nzacha mmiri eme ihe n'ụlọ  ma ọ bụ ọfịs n'otu n'otu iji nwete nzacha mmiri ọṅụṅụ ruo na nso ebe a ga-aṅụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mass&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mass.gov/service-details/home-water-treatment-devices-point-of-entry-and-point-of-use-drinking-water-treatment|title=Home Water Treatment Devices - Point of Entry and Point of Use Drinking Water Treatment|accessdate=3 February 2023|publisher=Commonwealth of Massachusetts}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isiokwu metụtara ya, ọgwụgwọ mmiri ebe a na-eji eme ihe na-akọwa nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ mmiri zuru oke na teknụzụ e mere iji jeere obodo ozi mgbe ọgwụgwọ mmiri nke obodo dara ma ọ bụ mgbe ọ na-adịghị.

O yirị ka nzacha mmiri POU a maara nke ọma bụ ndị arụnyere na paịpụ mmiri na usekwu tupu mmiri erute n'ọnụ mgbata. E nwekwara ite nzacha mmiri ebe mmiri na-agafe site n'ihe nzacha n'ime ite plastik a rụrụ n'ụzọ pụrụ ichee.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-021-00128-z|title=A critical review of point-of-use drinking water treatment in the United States|date=22 July 2021|accessdate=3 February 2023|doi=10.1038/s41545-021-00128-z|author=Wu|first=Jishan|journal=npj Clean Water|volume=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nzacha ndị ndị a na-adaberekarị na resin mgbanwe ion nke e mere iji wepụ  calcium ion iji belata isi ike mmiri ma wepụ ion ígwè dị arọ ọ bụla dị egwu dị ka led. Ọtụtụ ihe nzacha na-enwekwa unyi carbon arụpụtara iji wepụ chlorine karịrị akarị, ma belata ụtọ na isi ọjọọ ndị a na-achọghị. Ha nwekwara ike ịdị irè n'ibelata mkpokọta nke organic e jikọtara na halogen nke enwere ike ịmepụta site na-iji halogen asachapụ mmiri nke nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị sitere n'okikey dịka akụkụ nke usoro nhicha ahụ na ebe a na-agwọ mmiri obodo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Point-of-use water filters can effectively remove disinfection by-products and toxicity from chlorinated and chloraminated tap water†|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/ew/c6ew00068a|accessdate=3 February 2023|journal=Environmental Science: Water Research &amp; Technology|date=1 July 2016|doi=10.1039/C6EW00068A|author=Stalter|first=Daniel|volume=2|issue=5|pages=875–883}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nzacha ndị nwere osmosis dịkwa ma nwee ike ịdị irè n'iwepụ ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa.

Ihe nzacha mmiri n'ebe a na-eji ya eme ihe nwere ikike dị nta iji gbanwee kemịkal mmiri ma na-achọkarị ka a na-agbanwe katrij ọgwụgwọ n'oge niile, ọkachasị na mpaghara ebe mmiri siri ike.

== Uru ==
Ihe nzacha POU na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ibelata mmiri siri ike nakwa n'ibelata ihe mkpofu lime n'ime ngwa usekwu, n'elu isi ihe ịsa ahụ ma belata ihe mkpofu mmiri n'ime ebe ịsa ahụ ma ọ bụrụhaala na a na-agbanwe katrij nzacha ya mgbe niile.

Ha nwekwara ike ịdị irè n'iwepụ ígwè ion dị arọ ebe ha dị. Otú ọ dị, ọgwụgwọ mmiri nke obodo ọgbara ọhụrụ a na ụkpụrụ ọkpọkọ mmiri nke oge a pụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọla na-egbu egbu anaghị abụkarị nsogbu dị mkpa. Ọbụna ebe a na-achọpụta ion ndị dị otú ahụ, ha nwere ike ịnọ n'okpuru oke ọgwụgwọ dị irè nke nzacha ahụ

== Ihe mgbochi ==
Ọ bụ ezie na teknụzụ dị na ihe nzacha POU siri ike n'ozuzu ya, obere oge nke mmiri na-anọ n'ime nzacha na mgbochi teknụzụ nke ngwaọrụ ndị ahụ pụtara na ọkwa arụmọrụ ha adịghị oke dịka onye ọrụ nwere ike ịtụ anya ya. Ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị na polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) nwere ike ịdị na ụfọdụ mmiri n'ihi mmetọ nke sitere na ebe a na-anakọta mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mass&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mass.gov/service-details/home-water-treatment-devices-point-of-entry-and-point-of-use-drinking-water-treatment|title=Home Water Treatment Devices - Point of Entry and Point of Use Drinking Water Treatment|accessdate=3 February 2023|publisher=Commonwealth of Massachusetts}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.mass.gov/service-details/home-water-treatment-devices-point-of-entry-and-point-of-use-drinking-water-treatment &quot;Home Water Treatment Devices - Point of Entry and Point of Use Drinking Water Treatment&quot;]. Commonwealth of Massachusetts&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;3 February&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; mana ọtụtụ ihe nzacha POU na-enye naanị mbelata nke mkpokọta ruo 70 ng / L ebe oke na ụlọ ọrụ nzacha mmiri nke obodo nwere ike ịdị ala dị ka 20 ng / L. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, ihe nzacha POU agaghị aba uru ọ bụla.

== Ọghọm ==

=== Ọnụ ego ===
Ihe nzacha mmiri niile n'ebe a na-eji ya eme ihe na-agụnye teknụzụ nke chọrọ mgbanwe ma ọ bụ nnọchi oge. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nkeji mgbanwe ion na-enwe mgbe ike agwụrụ ha ma ghara ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma, nkeji carbon na-ejuputa n'ụdị ihe ndị sitere n'okike, nke na-eme ka ha ghara ịrụ ọrụ dịka e si hazie ha. N'ihi na onye ọrụ nwere ike ọ gaghị achọpụta ọkwa ọgwụgwọ, ọtụtụ ndị nrụpụta na-akwado ka a dochie nkeji mgbe niile. Ọnụ ego nke nkeji ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịdị ukwuu &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/home-water-treatment/water-filters/step3.html|title=Choosing Home Water Filters &amp; Other Water Treatment Systems|accessdate=23 April 2023|publisher=Centres for disease control and prevention|date=23 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmetọ nje bacteria ===
A na-emepụta ọtụtụ ihe nzacha iji wepụ chlorine na mmiri iji melite ísì na ụtọ nke mmiri. Iwepụ chlorine nwere ike inye nje bacteria na obere ihe ndị ọzọ ohere ịbanye n'ime akụkụ nke nzacha ahụ n'okpuru mwepụ chlorine na ogwe nke ọkpọkọ ma ọ bụ paịpụ mmiri ịsa ahụ na isi. Nchịkọta dị otú ahụ nwere ike ibute ihe ize ndụ ahụike na-adịghị na mmiri a na-enyochaghị &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/home-water-treatment/water-filters/step3.html|title=Choosing Home Water Filters &amp; Other Water Treatment Systems|accessdate=23 April 2023|publisher=Centres for disease control and prevention|date=23 February 2023}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;&quot;&gt;[https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/home-water-treatment/water-filters/step3.html &quot;Choosing Home Water Filters &amp; Other Water Treatment Systems&quot;]. Centres for disease control and prevention. 23 February 2023&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;23 April&lt;/span&gt; 2023&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asambodo na United States ==
Òtù atọ bụ ndị nwere ikike site na American National Standards Institute, ma nke ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere ngwaahịa ndị a kwadoro site na iji American National Standard Institute / National Science Foundation standards. Ụkpụrụ ọ bụla nke American National Standards Institute / National Science Foundation na-acho nyocha nke nkwupụta mbelata mmetọ arụmọrụ, nyocha nke otu ahụ, gụnyere ihe ndị dị na ya na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe owuwu ya, yana nyocha nke akara ngwaahịa na akwụkwọ ahịa. Nke ọ bụla na-akwado na ngalaba ọgwụgwọ mmiri n'ụlọ na-ezute ma ọ bụ gafee National Standard Institute / National Science Foundation nakwa ụkpụrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ nke Environmental Protection Agency. A na-enye ụkpụrụ American National Standard Institute / National Science Foundation n'ụdị abụọ dị iche iche, otu maka nchegbu ahụike (dị ka iwepụ ụfọdụ mmetọ (Standard 53, Health Effects) na otu maka nchekasị maka mma (Aesthetic Effects, dị ka imeziwanye ụtọ ma ọ bụ ọdịdị mmiri). asambodo sitere na òtù ndị a ga-akọwapụta otu ma ọ bụ abụọ n'ime ụkpụrụ ndị a.

=== NSF International ===
NSF International dị ka a maara ya ugbu a malitere dị ka National Sanitation Foundation na 1944 na Mahadum nke Michigan School of Public Health . &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nsf.org/about-nsf/mission-values-history|title=Mission, Values and History - NSF International|work=Nsf.org|accessdate=2016-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmemme Asambodo Ngwaọrụ Ọgwụgwọ Mmiri nke NSF na-achọ ka e mee nyocha ngwaahịa dị ukwuu na nyocha mberede  nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Otu ebumnuche nke nzukọ a  na-abụghị maka uru bụ inye ndị na-azụ ahịa mmesi obi ike na ngwaọrụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri ha na-azụta na-emezu atụmatụ, ihe, na arụmọrụ nke ụkpụrụ mba.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt;

=== Ụlọ nyocha nke Underwriters ===
Ụlọ nyocha nke Underwriters, bụ ụlọ ọrụ nwere onwe ya, nke nwere ikike ịnwale ma nye asambodo nke na-enye asambodo maka ụlọ ọgwụgwọ mmiri ndị zutere ma ọ bụ gafee ụkpụrụ nke EPA na American National Standard Institute / National Science Foundation gbasara ogo mmiri ọṅụṅụ, na mbelata mmetọ, nchegbu mara mma, iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe, na nchekwa ihe.

=== Water Quality Association ===
Òtù Water Quality Association bụ òtù azụmahịa nke na-anwale akụrụngwa ọgwụgwọ mmiri, ma na-enye akara ọla edo ya nye usoro ndị mezuru ma ọ bụ gafee ụkpụrụ ANSI / NSF maka mbelata mmetọ arụmọrụ, iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe, na nchekwa ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wqa.org/about-us/who-we-are|title=Who We Are|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|publisher=Water Quality Association|accessdate=2018-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nzacha ndị na-eji osmosis azụ, ndị a akpọrọ &quot;Ihe nzacha otu micron zuru oke,&quot; ma ọ bụ ndị akpọrọ aha dịka otu ụlọ ọrụ American National Standards Institute (ANSI) kwadoro - ụlọ ọrụ a kwadoro na American National Standard Institute / National Science Foundation Standard 53 maka &quot;Cyst Removal&quot; na-enye mmesi obi ike kachasị ukwuu nke iwepu Cryptosporidium. Dị ka ọ dị na nzacha niile, soro ntụziaka onye nrụpụta maka ojiji nzacha na ndochi ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Water Health Series: Filtration Facts|url=https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/home-drinking-water-filtration-fact-sheet|date=September 2005|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
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A na-eji ihe nzacha mmiri eme ihe n'ụlọ  ma ọ bụ ọfịs n'otu n'otu iji nwete nzacha mmiri ọṅụṅụ ruo na nso ebe a ga-aṅụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mass&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mass.gov/service-details/home-water-treatment-devices-point-of-entry-and-point-of-use-drinking-water-treatment|title=Home Water Treatment Devices - Point of Entry and Point of Use Drinking Water Treatment|accessdate=3 February 2023|publisher=Commonwealth of Massachusetts}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isiokwu metụtara ya, ọgwụgwọ mmiri ebe a na-eji eme ihe na-akọwa nhọrọ ọgwụgwọ mmiri zuru oke na teknụzụ e mere iji jeere obodo ozi mgbe ọgwụgwọ mmiri nke obodo dara ma ọ bụ mgbe ọ na-adịghị.

O yirị ka nzacha mmiri POU a maara nke ọma bụ ndị arụnyere na paịpụ mmiri na usekwu tupu mmiri erute n'ọnụ mgbata. E nwekwara ite nzacha mmiri ebe mmiri na-agafe site n'ihe nzacha n'ime ite plastik a rụrụ n'ụzọ pụrụ ichee.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nature&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s41545-021-00128-z|title=A critical review of point-of-use drinking water treatment in the United States|date=22 July 2021|accessdate=3 February 2023|doi=10.1038/s41545-021-00128-z|author=Wu|first=Jishan|journal=npj Clean Water|volume=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nzacha ndị ndị a na-adaberekarị na resin mgbanwe ion nke e mere iji wepụ  calcium ion iji belata isi ike mmiri ma wepụ ion ígwè dị arọ ọ bụla dị egwu dị ka led. Ọtụtụ ihe nzacha na-enwekwa unyi carbon arụpụtara iji wepụ chlorine karịrị akarị, ma belata ụtọ na isi ọjọọ ndị a na-achọghị. Ha nwekwara ike ịdị irè n'ibelata mkpokọta nke organic e jikọtara na halogen nke enwere ike ịmepụta site na-iji halogen asachapụ mmiri nke nwere ọtụtụ ihe ndị sitere n'okikey dịka akụkụ nke usoro nhicha ahụ na ebe a na-agwọ mmiri obodo. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Point-of-use water filters can effectively remove disinfection by-products and toxicity from chlorinated and chloraminated tap water†|url=https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2016/ew/c6ew00068a|accessdate=3 February 2023|journal=Environmental Science: Water Research &amp; Technology|date=1 July 2016|doi=10.1039/C6EW00068A|author=Stalter|first=Daniel|volume=2|issue=5|pages=875–883}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nzacha ndị nwere osmosis dịkwa ma nwee ike ịdị irè n'iwepụ ọtụtụ ihe ndị na-akpata ọrịa.

Ihe nzacha mmiri n'ebe a na-eji ya eme ihe nwere ikike dị nta iji gbanwee kemịkal mmiri ma na-achọkarị ka a na-agbanwe katrij ọgwụgwọ n'oge niile, ọkachasị na mpaghara ebe mmiri siri ike.

== Uru ==
Ihe nzacha POU na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma n'ibelata mmiri siri ike nakwa n'ibelata ihe mkpofu lime n'ime ngwa usekwu, n'elu isi ihe ịsa ahụ ma belata ihe mkpofu mmiri n'ime ebe ịsa ahụ ma ọ bụrụhaala na a na-agbanwe katrij nzacha ya mgbe niile.

Ha nwekwara ike ịdị irè n'iwepụ ígwè ion dị arọ ebe ha dị. Otú ọ dị, ọgwụgwọ mmiri nke obodo ọgbara ọhụrụ a na ụkpụrụ ọkpọkọ mmiri nke oge a pụtara na ọnụ ọgụgụ ọla na-egbu egbu anaghị abụkarị nsogbu dị mkpa. Ọbụna ebe a na-achọpụta ion ndị dị otú ahụ, ha nwere ike ịnọ n'okpuru oke ọgwụgwọ dị irè nke nzacha ahụ

== Ihe mgbochi ==
Ọ bụ ezie na teknụzụ dị na ihe nzacha POU siri ike n'ozuzu ya, obere oge nke mmiri na-anọ n'ime nzacha na mgbochi teknụzụ nke ngwaọrụ ndị ahụ pụtara na ọkwa arụmọrụ ha adịghị oke dịka onye ọrụ nwere ike ịtụ anya ya. Ihe ndị na-eme ka mmiri ghara ịdị na polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS) nwere ike ịdị na ụfọdụ mmiri n'ihi mmetọ nke sitere na ebe a na-anakọta mmiri.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mass&quot; /&gt; mana ọtụtụ ihe nzacha POU na-enye naanị mbelata nke mkpokọta ruo 70 ng / L ebe oke na ụlọ ọrụ nzacha mmiri nke obodo nwere ike ịdị ala dị ka 20 ng / L. N'ọnọdụ ndị dị otú ahụ, ihe nzacha POU agaghị aba uru ọ bụla.

== Ọghọm ==

=== Ọnụ ego ===
Ihe nzacha mmiri niile n'ebe a na-eji ya eme ihe na-agụnye teknụzụ nke chọrọ mgbanwe ma ọ bụ nnọchi oge. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, nkeji mgbanwe ion na-enwe mgbe ike agwụrụ ha ma ghara ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma, nkeji carbon na-ejuputa n'ụdị ihe ndị sitere n'okike, nke na-eme ka ha ghara ịrụ ọrụ dịka e si hazie ha. N'ihi na onye ọrụ nwere ike ọ gaghị achọpụta ọkwa ọgwụgwọ, ọtụtụ ndị nrụpụta na-akwado ka a dochie nkeji mgbe niile. Ọnụ ego nke nkeji ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịdị ukwuu &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/healthywater/drinking/home-water-treatment/water-filters/step3.html|title=Choosing Home Water Filters &amp; Other Water Treatment Systems|accessdate=23 April 2023|publisher=Centres for disease control and prevention|date=23 February 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Mmetọ nje bacteria ===
A na-emepụta ọtụtụ ihe nzacha iji wepụ chlorine na mmiri iji melite ísì na ụtọ nke mmiri. Iwepụ chlorine nwere ike inye nje bacteria na obere ihe ndị ọzọ ohere ịbanye n'ime akụkụ nke nzacha ahụ n'okpuru mwepụ chlorine na ogwe nke ọkpọkọ ma ọ bụ paịpụ mmiri ịsa ahụ na isi. Nchịkọta dị otú ahụ nwere ike ibute ihe ize ndụ ahụike na-adịghị na mmiri a na-enyochaghị &lt;ref name=&quot;CDC&quot; /&gt;
== Asambodo na United States ==
Òtù atọ bụ ndị nwere ikike site na American National Standards Institute, ma nke ọ bụla n'ime ha nwere ngwaahịa ndị a kwadoro site na iji American National Standard Institute / National Science Foundation standards. Ụkpụrụ ọ bụla nke American National Standards Institute / National Science Foundation na-acho nyocha nke nkwupụta mbelata mmetọ arụmọrụ, nyocha nke otu ahụ, gụnyere ihe ndị dị na ya na iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe owuwu ya, yana nyocha nke akara ngwaahịa na akwụkwọ ahịa. Nke ọ bụla na-akwado na ngalaba ọgwụgwọ mmiri n'ụlọ na-ezute ma ọ bụ gafee National Standard Institute / National Science Foundation nakwa ụkpụrụ mmiri ọṅụṅụ nke Environmental Protection Agency. A na-enye ụkpụrụ American National Standard Institute / National Science Foundation n'ụdị abụọ dị iche iche, otu maka nchegbu ahụike (dị ka iwepụ ụfọdụ mmetọ (Standard 53, Health Effects) na otu maka nchekasị maka mma (Aesthetic Effects, dị ka imeziwanye ụtọ ma ọ bụ ọdịdị mmiri). asambodo sitere na òtù ndị a ga-akọwapụta otu ma ọ bụ abụọ n'ime ụkpụrụ ndị a.

=== NSF International ===
NSF International dị ka a maara ya ugbu a malitere dị ka National Sanitation Foundation na 1944 na Mahadum nke Michigan School of Public Health . &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.nsf.org/about-nsf/mission-values-history|title=Mission, Values and History - NSF International|work=Nsf.org|accessdate=2016-06-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmemme Asambodo Ngwaọrụ Ọgwụgwọ Mmiri nke NSF na-achọ ka e mee nyocha ngwaahịa dị ukwuu na nyocha mberede  nke ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe. Otu ebumnuche nke nzukọ a  na-abụghị maka uru bụ inye ndị na-azụ ahịa mmesi obi ike na ngwaọrụ ọgwụgwọ mmiri ha na-azụta na-emezu atụmatụ, ihe, na arụmọrụ nke ụkpụrụ mba.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot; /&gt;

=== Ụlọ nyocha nke Underwriters ===
Ụlọ nyocha nke Underwriters, bụ ụlọ ọrụ nwere onwe ya, nke nwere ikike ịnwale ma nye asambodo nke na-enye asambodo maka ụlọ ọgwụgwọ mmiri ndị zutere ma ọ bụ gafee ụkpụrụ nke EPA na American National Standard Institute / National Science Foundation gbasara ogo mmiri ọṅụṅụ, na mbelata mmetọ, nchegbu mara mma, iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe, na nchekwa ihe.

=== Water Quality Association ===
Òtù Water Quality Association bụ òtù azụmahịa nke na-anwale akụrụngwa ọgwụgwọ mmiri, ma na-enye akara ọla edo ya nye usoro ndị mezuru ma ọ bụ gafee ụkpụrụ ANSI / NSF maka mbelata mmetọ arụmọrụ, iguzosi ike n'ezi ihe, na nchekwa ihe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.wqa.org/about-us/who-we-are|title=Who We Are|author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt;|publisher=Water Quality Association|accessdate=2018-05-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ihe nzacha ndị na-eji osmosis azụ, ndị a akpọrọ &quot;Ihe nzacha otu micron zuru oke,&quot; ma ọ bụ ndị akpọrọ aha dịka otu ụlọ ọrụ American National Standards Institute (ANSI) kwadoro - ụlọ ọrụ a kwadoro na American National Standard Institute / National Science Foundation Standard 53 maka &quot;Cyst Removal&quot; na-enye mmesi obi ike kachasị ukwuu nke iwepu Cryptosporidium. Dị ka ọ dị na nzacha niile, soro ntụziaka onye nrụpụta maka ojiji nzacha na ndochi ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Water Health Series: Filtration Facts|url=https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/home-drinking-water-filtration-fact-sheet|date=September 2005|publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
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{{Nnọọ|username=Zafer|bot=[[Ojiarụ:DolphybBot|DolphybBot]] ([[Ńkàtá ojiarụ:DolphybBot|ṅkátá]]) 18:00, 6 Julaị 2026 (UTC)}}</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357316405|Mesophile]]&quot;</comment>
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'''mesophile''' Mesophile bụ akụkụ ahụ na-eto nke ọma na okpomọkụ adịghị oke, ọ naghị ekpo oke ọkụ ma ọ bụ oke oyi, na-enwe oke uto sitere na 20 ruo 45 °C (68 ruo 113 °F).  Okpomọkụ kachasị mma maka ihe ndị a bụ 37 °C (ihe dị ka 99 °F).  A na-etinyekarị okwu a na microorganisms. A na-akpọ ihe ndị na-amasị gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka extremophiles. Mesophiles nwere nhazi dị iche iche, nke nwere ngalaba abụọ: nje bacteria, Archaea, na nke alaeze Fungi nke ngalaba Eukarya. Mesophiles nke ngalaba nje bacteria nwere ike ịbụ gram-positive ma ọ bụ gram-negative. Ihe chọrọ oxygen maka mesophiles nwere ike ịbụ aerobic ma ọ bụ anaerobic. E nwere ụdị atọ bụ isi nke mesophiles: coccus, bacillus, na spiral.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Ebe obibi ==
Ebe obibi nke mesophiles nwere ike ịgụnye cheese na yogọt. A na-etinyekarị ha n'oge a na-agbanye biya na mmanya. Ebe ọ bụ na okpomọkụ nke ahụ mmadụ bụ 37 °C, ọtụtụ pathogens nke mmadụ bụ mesophiles, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ mejupụtara microbiome nke mmadụ.</text>
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'''mesophile''' Mesophile bụ akụkụ ahụ na-eto nke ọma na okpomọkụ adịghị oke, ọ naghị ekpo oke ọkụ ma ọ bụ oke oyi, na-enwe oke uto sitere na 20 ruo 45 °C (68 ruo 113 °F).  Okpomọkụ kachasị mma maka ihe ndị a bụ 37 °C (ihe dị ka 99 °F).  A na-etinyekarị okwu a na microorganisms. A na-akpọ ihe ndị na-amasị gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka extremophiles. Mesophiles nwere nhazi dị iche iche, nke nwere ngalaba abụọ: nje bacteria, Archaea, na nke alaeze Fungi nke ngalaba Eukarya. Mesophiles nke ngalaba nje bacteria nwere ike ịbụ gram-positive ma ọ bụ gram-negative. Ihe chọrọ oxygen maka mesophiles nwere ike ịbụ aerobic ma ọ bụ anaerobic. E nwere ụdị atọ bụ isi nke mesophiles: coccus, bacillus, na spiral.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Ebe obibi ==
Ebe obibi nke mesophiles nwere ike ịgụnye cheese na yogọt. A na-etinyekarị ha n'oge a na-agbanye biya na mmanya. Ebe ọ bụ na okpomọkụ nke ahụ mmadụ bụ 37 °C, ọtụtụ pathogens nke mmadụ bụ mesophiles, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ mejupụtara microbiome nke mmadụ.

== Mesophiles vs. extremophiles ==
Mesophiles bụ ndị na-emegide extremophiles. A na-akpọ Extremophiles na-ahọrọ gburugburu ebe oyi na-atụ psychrophilic, ndị na-ahọrọ okpomọkụ dị ọkụ ka a na-akpọ thermophilic ma ọ bụ thermotropic na ndị na-eme nke ọma na gburugburu ebe dị ọkụ bụ hyperthermophilic. Zheng, et al. emebere usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ genome. iji kewaa nje bacteria n'ime mesophilic na thermophilic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hao Zheng|title=Gene-centric association analysis for the correlation between the guanine-cytosine content levels and temperature range conditions of prokaryotic species|journal=BMC Bioinformatics|year=2010|volume=11|issue=Suppl 11|pages=S7|doi=10.1186/1471-2105-11-S11-S7|pmid=21172057}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbanwe ==
Nje bacteria niile nwere ezigbo gburugburu gburugburu ebe obibi na okpomọkụ nke ha na-eme nke ọma. Ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata oke okpomọkụ dị n'ime akụkụ ahụ, mana ihe akaebe na-egosi na ngosipụta nke ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (alleles) nwere ike ịgbanwe ụdị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-enwe mmetụta nke akụkụ ahụ. Nnyocha e bipụtara na 2016 gosipụtara na nje bacteria mesophilic nwere ike ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji gosipụta ụfọdụ alleles sitere na nje bacteria psychrophilic, si otú ahụ na-agbanwe oke okpomọkụ nke nje bacteria mesophilic iji kwekọọ na nke nje psychrofhilic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pankowski|first=Jarosław A.|title=Temperature Sensitivity Conferred by ligA Alleles from Psychrophilic Bacteria upon Substitution in Mesophilic Bacteria and a Yeast Species|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=15 March 2016|volume=82|issue=6|pages=1924–1932|doi=10.1128/AEM.03890-15|issn=0099-2240|pmid=26773080}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''mesophile''' Mesophile bụ akụkụ ahụ na-eto nke ọma na okpomọkụ adịghị oke, ọ naghị ekpo oke ọkụ ma ọ bụ oke oyi, na-enwe oke uto sitere na 20 ruo 45 °C (68 ruo 113 °F).  Okpomọkụ kachasị mma maka ihe ndị a bụ 37 °C (ihe dị ka 99 °F).  A na-etinyekarị okwu a na microorganisms. A na-akpọ ihe ndị na-amasị gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka extremophiles. Mesophiles nwere nhazi dị iche iche, nke nwere ngalaba abụọ: nje bacteria, Archaea, na nke alaeze Fungi nke ngalaba Eukarya. Mesophiles nke ngalaba nje bacteria nwere ike ịbụ gram-positive ma ọ bụ gram-negative. Ihe chọrọ oxygen maka mesophiles nwere ike ịbụ aerobic ma ọ bụ anaerobic. E nwere ụdị atọ bụ isi nke mesophiles: coccus, bacillus, na spiral.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Ebe obibi ==
Ebe obibi nke mesophiles nwere ike ịgụnye cheese na yogọt. A na-etinyekarị ha n'oge a na-agbanye biya na mmanya. Ebe ọ bụ na okpomọkụ nke ahụ mmadụ bụ 37 °C, ọtụtụ pathogens nke mmadụ bụ mesophiles, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ mejupụtara microbiome nke mmadụ.

== Mesophiles vs. extremophiles ==
Mesophiles bụ ndị na-emegide extremophiles. A na-akpọ Extremophiles na-ahọrọ gburugburu ebe oyi na-atụ psychrophilic, ndị na-ahọrọ okpomọkụ dị ọkụ ka a na-akpọ thermophilic ma ọ bụ thermotropic na ndị na-eme nke ọma na gburugburu ebe dị ọkụ bụ hyperthermophilic. Zheng, et al. emebere usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ genome. iji kewaa nje bacteria n'ime mesophilic na thermophilic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hao Zheng|title=Gene-centric association analysis for the correlation between the guanine-cytosine content levels and temperature range conditions of prokaryotic species|journal=BMC Bioinformatics|year=2010|volume=11|issue=Suppl 11|pages=S7|doi=10.1186/1471-2105-11-S11-S7|pmid=21172057}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbanwe ==
Nje bacteria niile nwere ezigbo gburugburu gburugburu ebe obibi na okpomọkụ nke ha na-eme nke ọma. Ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata oke okpomọkụ dị n'ime akụkụ ahụ, mana ihe akaebe na-egosi na ngosipụta nke ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (alleles) nwere ike ịgbanwe ụdị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-enwe mmetụta nke akụkụ ahụ. Nnyocha e bipụtara na 2016 gosipụtara na nje bacteria mesophilic nwere ike ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji gosipụta ụfọdụ alleles sitere na nje bacteria psychrophilic, si otú ahụ na-agbanwe oke okpomọkụ nke nje bacteria mesophilic iji kwekọọ na nke nje psychrofhilic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pankowski|first=Jarosław A.|title=Temperature Sensitivity Conferred by ligA Alleles from Psychrophilic Bacteria upon Substitution in Mesophilic Bacteria and a Yeast Species|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=15 March 2016|volume=82|issue=6|pages=1924–1932|doi=10.1128/AEM.03890-15|issn=0099-2240|pmid=26773080}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihi nhazi nke mesophiles na-esighị ike, belatara mgbanwe maka njikọ protein. Mesophiles enweghị ike ịmepụta protein na okpomọkụ dị ala. Ọ na-emetụta mgbanwe okpomọkụ karịa, na abụba acid nke membrane anaghị ekwe ka mmiri dị ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=K.Y.|year=1993|title=EFFECTS of TEMPERATURE and SOLUTE ON the MINIMUM WATER ACTIVITY FOR GROWTH and TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC of SELECTED MESOPHILES and PSYCHROTROPHS|journal=Journal of Food Processing and Preservation|volume=17|issue=4|pages=305–318|doi=10.1111/j.1745-4549.1993.tb00733.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbelata okpomọkụ kachasị mma nke 37 °C ruo 0 °C ruo 8 °C na-eduga na mbelata nke protein synthesis. A na-akpali protein ndị na-ajụ oyi (CIPs) n'oge okpomọkụ dị ala, nke na-enye ohere ka protein ndị na'ajụ oyi (CSPs) mepụta. Mgbanwe laghachi na okpomọkụ kachasị mma na-ahụ mmụba, na-egosi na mesophiles na-adabere na okpompe. Ọnụnọ oxygen na-emetụtakwa uto nke microorganism.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;</text>
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'''mesophile''' Mesophile bụ akụkụ ahụ na-eto nke ọma na okpomọkụ adịghị oke, ọ naghị ekpo oke ọkụ ma ọ bụ oke oyi, na-enwe oke uto sitere na 20 ruo 45 °C (68 ruo 113 °F).  Okpomọkụ kachasị mma maka ihe ndị a bụ 37 °C (ihe dị ka 99 °F).  A na-etinyekarị okwu a na microorganisms. A na-akpọ ihe ndị na-amasị gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka extremophiles. Mesophiles nwere nhazi dị iche iche, nke nwere ngalaba abụọ: nje bacteria, Archaea, na nke alaeze Fungi nke ngalaba Eukarya. Mesophiles nke ngalaba nje bacteria nwere ike ịbụ gram-positive ma ọ bụ gram-negative. Ihe chọrọ oxygen maka mesophiles nwere ike ịbụ aerobic ma ọ bụ anaerobic. E nwere ụdị atọ bụ isi nke mesophiles: coccus, bacillus, na spiral.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Ebe obibi ==
Ebe obibi nke mesophiles nwere ike ịgụnye cheese na yogọt. A na-etinyekarị ha n'oge a na-agbanye biya na mmanya. Ebe ọ bụ na okpomọkụ nke ahụ mmadụ bụ 37 °C, ọtụtụ pathogens nke mmadụ bụ mesophiles, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ mejupụtara microbiome nke mmadụ.

== Mesophiles vs. extremophiles ==
Mesophiles bụ ndị na-emegide extremophiles. A na-akpọ Extremophiles na-ahọrọ gburugburu ebe oyi na-atụ psychrophilic, ndị na-ahọrọ okpomọkụ dị ọkụ ka a na-akpọ thermophilic ma ọ bụ thermotropic na ndị na-eme nke ọma na gburugburu ebe dị ọkụ bụ hyperthermophilic. Zheng, et al. emebere usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ genome. iji kewaa nje bacteria n'ime mesophilic na thermophilic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hao Zheng|title=Gene-centric association analysis for the correlation between the guanine-cytosine content levels and temperature range conditions of prokaryotic species|journal=BMC Bioinformatics|year=2010|volume=11|issue=Suppl 11|pages=S7|doi=10.1186/1471-2105-11-S11-S7|pmid=21172057}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbanwe ==
Nje bacteria niile nwere ezigbo gburugburu gburugburu ebe obibi na okpomọkụ nke ha na-eme nke ọma. Ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata oke okpomọkụ dị n'ime akụkụ ahụ, mana ihe akaebe na-egosi na ngosipụta nke ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (alleles) nwere ike ịgbanwe ụdị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-enwe mmetụta nke akụkụ ahụ. Nnyocha e bipụtara na 2016 gosipụtara na nje bacteria mesophilic nwere ike ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji gosipụta ụfọdụ alleles sitere na nje bacteria psychrophilic, si otú ahụ na-agbanwe oke okpomọkụ nke nje bacteria mesophilic iji kwekọọ na nke nje psychrofhilic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pankowski|first=Jarosław A.|title=Temperature Sensitivity Conferred by ligA Alleles from Psychrophilic Bacteria upon Substitution in Mesophilic Bacteria and a Yeast Species|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=15 March 2016|volume=82|issue=6|pages=1924–1932|doi=10.1128/AEM.03890-15|issn=0099-2240|pmid=26773080}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihi nhazi nke mesophiles na-esighị ike, belatara mgbanwe maka njikọ protein. Mesophiles enweghị ike ịmepụta protein na okpomọkụ dị ala. Ọ na-emetụta mgbanwe okpomọkụ karịa, na abụba acid nke membrane anaghị ekwe ka mmiri dị ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=K.Y.|year=1993|title=EFFECTS of TEMPERATURE and SOLUTE ON the MINIMUM WATER ACTIVITY FOR GROWTH and TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC of SELECTED MESOPHILES and PSYCHROTROPHS|journal=Journal of Food Processing and Preservation|volume=17|issue=4|pages=305–318|doi=10.1111/j.1745-4549.1993.tb00733.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbelata okpomọkụ kachasị mma nke 37 °C ruo 0 °C ruo 8 °C na-eduga na mbelata nke protein synthesis. A na-akpali protein ndị na-ajụ oyi (CIPs) n'oge okpomọkụ dị ala, nke na-enye ohere ka protein ndị na'ajụ oyi (CSPs) mepụta. Mgbanwe laghachi na okpomọkụ kachasị mma na-ahụ mmụba, na-egosi na mesophiles na-adabere na okpompe. Ọnụnọ oxygen na-emetụtakwa uto nke microorganism.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Enwere nkọwa abụọ maka thermophiles na-enwe ike ịdị ndụ na oke okpomọkụ dị elu ebe mesophiles enweghị ike. Nkọwa kacha pụta ìhè bụ na a kwenyere na thermophiles nwere akụkụ sel ndị kwụsiri ike karịa akụkụ sel nke mesophiles nke mere thermophiles ji enwe ike ibi na okpomọkụ dị elu karịa mesophiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Koffler 227–240&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Koffler|first=Henry|title=Protoplasmic differences between mesophiles and thermophiles|date=2016-11-28|journal=Bacteriological Reviews|volume=21|issue=4|pages=227–240|issn=0005-3678|pmid=13488883|doi=10.1128/MMBR.21.4.227-240.1957}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke abụọ, dị ka akwụkwọ Gaughran (21) na Allen (3) nọchiri anya ya, kwenyere na resynthesis ngwa ngwa nke ihe ndị mejupụtara cell mebiri emebi ma ọ bụ mebiri emebi bụ isi ihe na-akpata nsogbu nke nkwụsi ike nke ndu na ikpo ọkụ &lt;ref name=&quot;Koffler 227–240&quot; /&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357316405|Mesophile]]&quot;</comment>
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'''mesophile''' Mesophile bụ akụkụ ahụ na-eto nke ọma na okpomọkụ adịghị oke, ọ naghị ekpo oke ọkụ ma ọ bụ oke oyi, na-enwe oke uto sitere na 20 ruo 45 °C (68 ruo 113 °F).  Okpomọkụ kachasị mma maka ihe ndị a bụ 37 °C (ihe dị ka 99 °F).  A na-etinyekarị okwu a na microorganisms. A na-akpọ ihe ndị na-amasị gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka extremophiles. Mesophiles nwere nhazi dị iche iche, nke nwere ngalaba abụọ: nje bacteria, Archaea, na nke alaeze Fungi nke ngalaba Eukarya. Mesophiles nke ngalaba nje bacteria nwere ike ịbụ gram-positive ma ọ bụ gram-negative. Ihe chọrọ oxygen maka mesophiles nwere ike ịbụ aerobic ma ọ bụ anaerobic. E nwere ụdị atọ bụ isi nke mesophiles: coccus, bacillus, na spiral.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Ebe obibi ==
Ebe obibi nke mesophiles nwere ike ịgụnye cheese na yogọt. A na-etinyekarị ha n'oge a na-agbanye biya na mmanya. Ebe ọ bụ na okpomọkụ nke ahụ mmadụ bụ 37 °C, ọtụtụ pathogens nke mmadụ bụ mesophiles, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ mejupụtara microbiome nke mmadụ.

== Mesophiles vs. extremophiles ==
Mesophiles bụ ndị na-emegide extremophiles. A na-akpọ Extremophiles na-ahọrọ gburugburu ebe oyi na-atụ psychrophilic, ndị na-ahọrọ okpomọkụ dị ọkụ ka a na-akpọ thermophilic ma ọ bụ thermotropic na ndị na-eme nke ọma na gburugburu ebe dị ọkụ bụ hyperthermophilic. Zheng, et al. emebere usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ genome. iji kewaa nje bacteria n'ime mesophilic na thermophilic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hao Zheng|title=Gene-centric association analysis for the correlation between the guanine-cytosine content levels and temperature range conditions of prokaryotic species|journal=BMC Bioinformatics|year=2010|volume=11|issue=Suppl 11|pages=S7|doi=10.1186/1471-2105-11-S11-S7|pmid=21172057}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbanwe ==
Nje bacteria niile nwere ezigbo gburugburu gburugburu ebe obibi na okpomọkụ nke ha na-eme nke ọma. Ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata oke okpomọkụ dị n'ime akụkụ ahụ, mana ihe akaebe na-egosi na ngosipụta nke ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (alleles) nwere ike ịgbanwe ụdị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-enwe mmetụta nke akụkụ ahụ. Nnyocha e bipụtara na 2016 gosipụtara na nje bacteria mesophilic nwere ike ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji gosipụta ụfọdụ alleles sitere na nje bacteria psychrophilic, si otú ahụ na-agbanwe oke okpomọkụ nke nje bacteria mesophilic iji kwekọọ na nke nje psychrofhilic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pankowski|first=Jarosław A.|title=Temperature Sensitivity Conferred by ligA Alleles from Psychrophilic Bacteria upon Substitution in Mesophilic Bacteria and a Yeast Species|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=15 March 2016|volume=82|issue=6|pages=1924–1932|doi=10.1128/AEM.03890-15|issn=0099-2240|pmid=26773080}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihi nhazi nke mesophiles na-esighị ike, belatara mgbanwe maka njikọ protein. Mesophiles enweghị ike ịmepụta protein na okpomọkụ dị ala. Ọ na-emetụta mgbanwe okpomọkụ karịa, na abụba acid nke membrane anaghị ekwe ka mmiri dị ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=K.Y.|year=1993|title=EFFECTS of TEMPERATURE and SOLUTE ON the MINIMUM WATER ACTIVITY FOR GROWTH and TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC of SELECTED MESOPHILES and PSYCHROTROPHS|journal=Journal of Food Processing and Preservation|volume=17|issue=4|pages=305–318|doi=10.1111/j.1745-4549.1993.tb00733.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbelata okpomọkụ kachasị mma nke 37 °C ruo 0 °C ruo 8 °C na-eduga na mbelata nke protein synthesis. A na-akpali protein ndị na-ajụ oyi (CIPs) n'oge okpomọkụ dị ala, nke na-enye ohere ka protein ndị na'ajụ oyi (CSPs) mepụta. Mgbanwe laghachi na okpomọkụ kachasị mma na-ahụ mmụba, na-egosi na mesophiles na-adabere na okpompe. Ọnụnọ oxygen na-emetụtakwa uto nke microorganism.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Enwere nkọwa abụọ maka thermophiles na-enwe ike ịdị ndụ na oke okpomọkụ dị elu ebe mesophiles enweghị ike. Nkọwa kacha pụta ìhè bụ na a kwenyere na thermophiles nwere akụkụ sel ndị kwụsiri ike karịa akụkụ sel nke mesophiles nke mere thermophiles ji enwe ike ibi na okpomọkụ dị elu karịa mesophiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Koffler 227–240&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Koffler|first=Henry|title=Protoplasmic differences between mesophiles and thermophiles|date=2016-11-28|journal=Bacteriological Reviews|volume=21|issue=4|pages=227–240|issn=0005-3678|pmid=13488883|doi=10.1128/MMBR.21.4.227-240.1957}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke abụọ, dị ka akwụkwọ Gaughran (21) na Allen (3) nọchiri anya ya, kwenyere na resynthesis ngwa ngwa nke ihe ndị mejupụtara cell mebiri emebi ma ọ bụ mebiri emebi bụ isi ihe na-akpata nsogbu nke nkwụsi ike nke ndu na ikpo ọkụ &lt;ref name=&quot;Koffler 227–240&quot; /&gt;

== Mkpa oxygen ==
N'ihi ọdịiche dị iche iche nke mesophiles, mkpa Oxygen dịgas iche iche. Mgba ume aerobic chọrọ iji oxygen na anaerobic anaghị eme. E nwere ụdị anaerobes atọ. Anaerobes nwere ike na-etolite na enweghị ikuku oxygen, na-eji fermentation kama. N'oge ịgbaze, shuga na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ acid, mmanya, ma ọ bụ gas. Ọ bụrụ na oxygen dị, ọ ga-eji iku ume aerobic kama. Obligate anaerobes enweghị ike itolite na oxygen. Anaerobes na-anabata ikuku nwere ike iguzogide ikuku oxygen.</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357316405|Mesophile]]&quot;</comment>
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'''mesophile''' Mesophile bụ akụkụ ahụ na-eto nke ọma na okpomọkụ adịghị oke, ọ naghị ekpo oke ọkụ ma ọ bụ oke oyi, na-enwe oke uto sitere na 20 ruo 45 °C (68 ruo 113 °F).  Okpomọkụ kachasị mma maka ihe ndị a bụ 37 °C (ihe dị ka 99 °F).  A na-etinyekarị okwu a na microorganisms. A na-akpọ ihe ndị na-amasị gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka extremophiles. Mesophiles nwere nhazi dị iche iche, nke nwere ngalaba abụọ: nje bacteria, Archaea, na nke alaeze Fungi nke ngalaba Eukarya. Mesophiles nke ngalaba nje bacteria nwere ike ịbụ gram-positive ma ọ bụ gram-negative. Ihe chọrọ oxygen maka mesophiles nwere ike ịbụ aerobic ma ọ bụ anaerobic. E nwere ụdị atọ bụ isi nke mesophiles: coccus, bacillus, na spiral.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Ebe obibi ==
Ebe obibi nke mesophiles nwere ike ịgụnye cheese na yogọt. A na-etinyekarị ha n'oge a na-agbanye biya na mmanya. Ebe ọ bụ na okpomọkụ nke ahụ mmadụ bụ 37 °C, ọtụtụ pathogens nke mmadụ bụ mesophiles, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ mejupụtara microbiome nke mmadụ.

== Mesophiles vs. extremophiles ==
Mesophiles bụ ndị na-emegide extremophiles. A na-akpọ Extremophiles na-ahọrọ gburugburu ebe oyi na-atụ psychrophilic, ndị na-ahọrọ okpomọkụ dị ọkụ ka a na-akpọ thermophilic ma ọ bụ thermotropic na ndị na-eme nke ọma na gburugburu ebe dị ọkụ bụ hyperthermophilic. Zheng, et al. emebere usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ genome. iji kewaa nje bacteria n'ime mesophilic na thermophilic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hao Zheng|title=Gene-centric association analysis for the correlation between the guanine-cytosine content levels and temperature range conditions of prokaryotic species|journal=BMC Bioinformatics|year=2010|volume=11|issue=Suppl 11|pages=S7|doi=10.1186/1471-2105-11-S11-S7|pmid=21172057}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbanwe ==
Nje bacteria niile nwere ezigbo gburugburu gburugburu ebe obibi na okpomọkụ nke ha na-eme nke ọma. Ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata oke okpomọkụ dị n'ime akụkụ ahụ, mana ihe akaebe na-egosi na ngosipụta nke ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (alleles) nwere ike ịgbanwe ụdị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-enwe mmetụta nke akụkụ ahụ. Nnyocha e bipụtara na 2016 gosipụtara na nje bacteria mesophilic nwere ike ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji gosipụta ụfọdụ alleles sitere na nje bacteria psychrophilic, si otú ahụ na-agbanwe oke okpomọkụ nke nje bacteria mesophilic iji kwekọọ na nke nje psychrofhilic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pankowski|first=Jarosław A.|title=Temperature Sensitivity Conferred by ligA Alleles from Psychrophilic Bacteria upon Substitution in Mesophilic Bacteria and a Yeast Species|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=15 March 2016|volume=82|issue=6|pages=1924–1932|doi=10.1128/AEM.03890-15|issn=0099-2240|pmid=26773080}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihi nhazi nke mesophiles na-esighị ike, belatara mgbanwe maka njikọ protein. Mesophiles enweghị ike ịmepụta protein na okpomọkụ dị ala. Ọ na-emetụta mgbanwe okpomọkụ karịa, na abụba acid nke membrane anaghị ekwe ka mmiri dị ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=K.Y.|year=1993|title=EFFECTS of TEMPERATURE and SOLUTE ON the MINIMUM WATER ACTIVITY FOR GROWTH and TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC of SELECTED MESOPHILES and PSYCHROTROPHS|journal=Journal of Food Processing and Preservation|volume=17|issue=4|pages=305–318|doi=10.1111/j.1745-4549.1993.tb00733.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbelata okpomọkụ kachasị mma nke 37 °C ruo 0 °C ruo 8 °C na-eduga na mbelata nke protein synthesis. A na-akpali protein ndị na-ajụ oyi (CIPs) n'oge okpomọkụ dị ala, nke na-enye ohere ka protein ndị na'ajụ oyi (CSPs) mepụta. Mgbanwe laghachi na okpomọkụ kachasị mma na-ahụ mmụba, na-egosi na mesophiles na-adabere na okpompe. Ọnụnọ oxygen na-emetụtakwa uto nke microorganism.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Enwere nkọwa abụọ maka thermophiles na-enwe ike ịdị ndụ na oke okpomọkụ dị elu ebe mesophiles enweghị ike. Nkọwa kacha pụta ìhè bụ na a kwenyere na thermophiles nwere akụkụ sel ndị kwụsiri ike karịa akụkụ sel nke mesophiles nke mere thermophiles ji enwe ike ibi na okpomọkụ dị elu karịa mesophiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Koffler 227–240&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Koffler|first=Henry|title=Protoplasmic differences between mesophiles and thermophiles|date=2016-11-28|journal=Bacteriological Reviews|volume=21|issue=4|pages=227–240|issn=0005-3678|pmid=13488883|doi=10.1128/MMBR.21.4.227-240.1957}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke abụọ, dị ka akwụkwọ Gaughran (21) na Allen (3) nọchiri anya ya, kwenyere na resynthesis ngwa ngwa nke ihe ndị mejupụtara cell mebiri emebi ma ọ bụ mebiri emebi bụ isi ihe na-akpata nsogbu nke nkwụsi ike nke ndu na ikpo ọkụ &lt;ref name=&quot;Koffler 227–240&quot; /&gt;

== Mkpa oxygen ==
N'ihi ọdịiche dị iche iche nke mesophiles, mkpa Oxygen dịgas iche iche. Mgba ume aerobic chọrọ iji oxygen na anaerobic anaghị eme. E nwere ụdị anaerobes atọ. Anaerobes nwere ike na-etolite na enweghị ikuku oxygen, na-eji fermentation kama. N'oge ịgbaze, shuga na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ acid, mmanya, ma ọ bụ gas. Ọ bụrụ na oxygen dị, ọ ga-eji iku ume aerobic kama. Obligate anaerobes enweghị ike itolite na oxygen. Anaerobes na-anabata ikuku nwere ike iguzogide ikuku oxygen.

== Ọrụ ==
Microorganisms na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ime ire ere nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ịnweta mineral. N'ime gburugburu mmiri, ihe dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye ohere maka ụdị mesophiles dị iche iche. Ọrụ nke mesophile ọ bụla na-adabere na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke kachasị oke okpomọkụ. A na-eji nje bacteria dị ka mesophiles na thermophiles na-eme cheese n'ihi ọrụ ha na agba agba. &quot;Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọdịnala na-eji okwu ndị a na-egosi n'ozuzu (obere aka ike) okpomọkụ kachasị mma maka uto nke nje bacteria: psychrophiles (15-20 ° C), mesophiles (30-37 ° C), thermophiles (50-60 ° C) na oké thermophiles (ruo 122 Celsius C). &quot; A na-eji ma mesophiles na thermophiles eme ihe na cheese maka otu ihe kpatara ya; otu o sila dị, ha na-etolite, na-eto ma na-anwụ n'ụdị okpomọkụ dị iche iche. Nje bacteria Psychrotrophic na-enye aka na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi na-emebi emebi, na-akpụ akpụ ma ọ bụ na-eme ihe ọjọọ n'ihi ike ha na-eto eto na obere okpomọkụ dị ka na refrjiraeto.

== Ihe Nlereanya ==</text>
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'''mesophile''' Mesophile bụ akụkụ ahụ na-eto nke ọma na okpomọkụ adịghị oke, ọ naghị ekpo oke ọkụ ma ọ bụ oke oyi, na-enwe oke uto sitere na 20 ruo 45 °C (68 ruo 113 °F).  Okpomọkụ kachasị mma maka ihe ndị a bụ 37 °C (ihe dị ka 99 °F).  A na-etinyekarị okwu a na microorganisms. A na-akpọ ihe ndị na-amasị gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka extremophiles. Mesophiles nwere nhazi dị iche iche, nke nwere ngalaba abụọ: nje bacteria, Archaea, na nke alaeze Fungi nke ngalaba Eukarya. Mesophiles nke ngalaba nje bacteria nwere ike ịbụ gram-positive ma ọ bụ gram-negative. Ihe chọrọ oxygen maka mesophiles nwere ike ịbụ aerobic ma ọ bụ anaerobic. E nwere ụdị atọ bụ isi nke mesophiles: coccus, bacillus, na spiral.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Ebe obibi ==
Ebe obibi nke mesophiles nwere ike ịgụnye cheese na yogọt. A na-etinyekarị ha n'oge a na-agbanye biya na mmanya. Ebe ọ bụ na okpomọkụ nke ahụ mmadụ bụ 37 °C, ọtụtụ pathogens nke mmadụ bụ mesophiles, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ mejupụtara microbiome nke mmadụ.

== Mesophiles vs. extremophiles ==
Mesophiles bụ ndị na-emegide extremophiles. A na-akpọ Extremophiles na-ahọrọ gburugburu ebe oyi na-atụ psychrophilic, ndị na-ahọrọ okpomọkụ dị ọkụ ka a na-akpọ thermophilic ma ọ bụ thermotropic na ndị na-eme nke ọma na gburugburu ebe dị ọkụ bụ hyperthermophilic. Zheng, et al. emebere usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ genome. iji kewaa nje bacteria n'ime mesophilic na thermophilic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hao Zheng|title=Gene-centric association analysis for the correlation between the guanine-cytosine content levels and temperature range conditions of prokaryotic species|journal=BMC Bioinformatics|year=2010|volume=11|issue=Suppl 11|pages=S7|doi=10.1186/1471-2105-11-S11-S7|pmid=21172057}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbanwe ==
Nje bacteria niile nwere ezigbo gburugburu gburugburu ebe obibi na okpomọkụ nke ha na-eme nke ọma. Ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata oke okpomọkụ dị n'ime akụkụ ahụ, mana ihe akaebe na-egosi na ngosipụta nke ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (alleles) nwere ike ịgbanwe ụdị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-enwe mmetụta nke akụkụ ahụ. Nnyocha e bipụtara na 2016 gosipụtara na nje bacteria mesophilic nwere ike ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji gosipụta ụfọdụ alleles sitere na nje bacteria psychrophilic, si otú ahụ na-agbanwe oke okpomọkụ nke nje bacteria mesophilic iji kwekọọ na nke nje psychrofhilic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pankowski|first=Jarosław A.|title=Temperature Sensitivity Conferred by ligA Alleles from Psychrophilic Bacteria upon Substitution in Mesophilic Bacteria and a Yeast Species|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=15 March 2016|volume=82|issue=6|pages=1924–1932|doi=10.1128/AEM.03890-15|issn=0099-2240|pmid=26773080}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihi nhazi nke mesophiles na-esighị ike, belatara mgbanwe maka njikọ protein. Mesophiles enweghị ike ịmepụta protein na okpomọkụ dị ala. Ọ na-emetụta mgbanwe okpomọkụ karịa, na abụba acid nke membrane anaghị ekwe ka mmiri dị ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=K.Y.|year=1993|title=EFFECTS of TEMPERATURE and SOLUTE ON the MINIMUM WATER ACTIVITY FOR GROWTH and TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC of SELECTED MESOPHILES and PSYCHROTROPHS|journal=Journal of Food Processing and Preservation|volume=17|issue=4|pages=305–318|doi=10.1111/j.1745-4549.1993.tb00733.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbelata okpomọkụ kachasị mma nke 37 °C ruo 0 °C ruo 8 °C na-eduga na mbelata nke protein synthesis. A na-akpali protein ndị na-ajụ oyi (CIPs) n'oge okpomọkụ dị ala, nke na-enye ohere ka protein ndị na'ajụ oyi (CSPs) mepụta. Mgbanwe laghachi na okpomọkụ kachasị mma na-ahụ mmụba, na-egosi na mesophiles na-adabere na okpompe. Ọnụnọ oxygen na-emetụtakwa uto nke microorganism.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Enwere nkọwa abụọ maka thermophiles na-enwe ike ịdị ndụ na oke okpomọkụ dị elu ebe mesophiles enweghị ike. Nkọwa kacha pụta ìhè bụ na a kwenyere na thermophiles nwere akụkụ sel ndị kwụsiri ike karịa akụkụ sel nke mesophiles nke mere thermophiles ji enwe ike ibi na okpomọkụ dị elu karịa mesophiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Koffler 227–240&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Koffler|first=Henry|title=Protoplasmic differences between mesophiles and thermophiles|date=2016-11-28|journal=Bacteriological Reviews|volume=21|issue=4|pages=227–240|issn=0005-3678|pmid=13488883|doi=10.1128/MMBR.21.4.227-240.1957}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke abụọ, dị ka akwụkwọ Gaughran (21) na Allen (3) nọchiri anya ya, kwenyere na resynthesis ngwa ngwa nke ihe ndị mejupụtara cell mebiri emebi ma ọ bụ mebiri emebi bụ isi ihe na-akpata nsogbu nke nkwụsi ike nke ndu na ikpo ọkụ &lt;ref name=&quot;Koffler 227–240&quot; /&gt;

== Mkpa oxygen ==
N'ihi ọdịiche dị iche iche nke mesophiles, mkpa Oxygen dịgas iche iche. Mgba ume aerobic chọrọ iji oxygen na anaerobic anaghị eme. E nwere ụdị anaerobes atọ. Anaerobes nwere ike na-etolite na enweghị ikuku oxygen, na-eji fermentation kama. N'oge ịgbaze, shuga na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ acid, mmanya, ma ọ bụ gas. Ọ bụrụ na oxygen dị, ọ ga-eji iku ume aerobic kama. Obligate anaerobes enweghị ike itolite na oxygen. Anaerobes na-anabata ikuku nwere ike iguzogide ikuku oxygen.

== Ọrụ ==
Microorganisms na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ime ire ere nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ịnweta mineral. N'ime gburugburu mmiri, ihe dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye ohere maka ụdị mesophiles dị iche iche. Ọrụ nke mesophile ọ bụla na-adabere na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke kachasị oke okpomọkụ. A na-eji nje bacteria dị ka mesophiles na thermophiles na-eme cheese n'ihi ọrụ ha na agba agba. &quot;Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọdịnala na-eji okwu ndị a na-egosi n'ozuzu (obere aka ike) okpomọkụ kachasị mma maka uto nke nje bacteria: psychrophiles (15-20 ° C), mesophiles (30-37 ° C), thermophiles (50-60 ° C) na oké thermophiles (ruo 122 Celsius C). &quot; A na-eji ma mesophiles na thermophiles eme ihe na cheese maka otu ihe kpatara ya; otu o sila dị, ha na-etolite, na-eto ma na-anwụ n'ụdị okpomọkụ dị iche iche. Nje bacteria Psychrotrophic na-enye aka na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi na-emebi emebi, na-akpụ akpụ ma ọ bụ na-eme ihe ọjọọ n'ihi ike ha na-eto eto na obere okpomọkụ dị ka na refrjiraeto.

== Ihe Nlereanya ==
Ụfọdụ mesophiles a ma ama gụnyere ''Listeria monocytogenes'', ''Staphylococcus aureus'', na ''Escherichia coli'' . Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ nke ụdị mesophiles bụ ''Clostridium kluyveri'', ''Pseudomonas maltophilia'', ''Thiobacillus novellus'', ''Streptococcus pyogenes'', na ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' . Ụdị ọrịa na ọrịa dị iche iche na-enwekarị nje sitere na nje bacteria mesophilic dịka ndị edepụtara n'elu.

=== ''Listeria monocytogenes'' ===
''Listeria monocytogenes'' bụ nje bacteria gram-positive. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Bacillus na ''Staphylococcus''. Ọ bụ ụdị osisi, anaerobe nwere ike nke na-agbanye site na peritrichous flagella. ''L. monocytogenes'' motility na-ejedebe site na 20 °C ruo 25 °C.&lt;ref name=&quot;LISTERIA&quot; /&gt; Na okpomọkụ kachasị mma, ọ na-efunahụ motibility ya. Nje a na-akpata listeriosis nke sitere na nri emetọ.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357316405|Mesophile]]&quot;</comment>
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'''mesophile''' Mesophile bụ akụkụ ahụ na-eto nke ọma na okpomọkụ adịghị oke, ọ naghị ekpo oke ọkụ ma ọ bụ oke oyi, na-enwe oke uto sitere na 20 ruo 45 °C (68 ruo 113 °F).  Okpomọkụ kachasị mma maka ihe ndị a bụ 37 °C (ihe dị ka 99 °F).  A na-etinyekarị okwu a na microorganisms. A na-akpọ ihe ndị na-amasị gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka extremophiles. Mesophiles nwere nhazi dị iche iche, nke nwere ngalaba abụọ: nje bacteria, Archaea, na nke alaeze Fungi nke ngalaba Eukarya. Mesophiles nke ngalaba nje bacteria nwere ike ịbụ gram-positive ma ọ bụ gram-negative. Ihe chọrọ oxygen maka mesophiles nwere ike ịbụ aerobic ma ọ bụ anaerobic. E nwere ụdị atọ bụ isi nke mesophiles: coccus, bacillus, na spiral.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Ebe obibi ==
Ebe obibi nke mesophiles nwere ike ịgụnye cheese na yogọt. A na-etinyekarị ha n'oge a na-agbanye biya na mmanya. Ebe ọ bụ na okpomọkụ nke ahụ mmadụ bụ 37 °C, ọtụtụ pathogens nke mmadụ bụ mesophiles, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ mejupụtara microbiome nke mmadụ.

== Mesophiles vs. extremophiles ==
Mesophiles bụ ndị na-emegide extremophiles. A na-akpọ Extremophiles na-ahọrọ gburugburu ebe oyi na-atụ psychrophilic, ndị na-ahọrọ okpomọkụ dị ọkụ ka a na-akpọ thermophilic ma ọ bụ thermotropic na ndị na-eme nke ọma na gburugburu ebe dị ọkụ bụ hyperthermophilic. Zheng, et al. emebere usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ genome. iji kewaa nje bacteria n'ime mesophilic na thermophilic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hao Zheng|title=Gene-centric association analysis for the correlation between the guanine-cytosine content levels and temperature range conditions of prokaryotic species|journal=BMC Bioinformatics|year=2010|volume=11|issue=Suppl 11|pages=S7|doi=10.1186/1471-2105-11-S11-S7|pmid=21172057}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbanwe ==
Nje bacteria niile nwere ezigbo gburugburu gburugburu ebe obibi na okpomọkụ nke ha na-eme nke ọma. Ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata oke okpomọkụ dị n'ime akụkụ ahụ, mana ihe akaebe na-egosi na ngosipụta nke ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (alleles) nwere ike ịgbanwe ụdị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-enwe mmetụta nke akụkụ ahụ. Nnyocha e bipụtara na 2016 gosipụtara na nje bacteria mesophilic nwere ike ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji gosipụta ụfọdụ alleles sitere na nje bacteria psychrophilic, si otú ahụ na-agbanwe oke okpomọkụ nke nje bacteria mesophilic iji kwekọọ na nke nje psychrofhilic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pankowski|first=Jarosław A.|title=Temperature Sensitivity Conferred by ligA Alleles from Psychrophilic Bacteria upon Substitution in Mesophilic Bacteria and a Yeast Species|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=15 March 2016|volume=82|issue=6|pages=1924–1932|doi=10.1128/AEM.03890-15|issn=0099-2240|pmid=26773080}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihi nhazi nke mesophiles na-esighị ike, belatara mgbanwe maka njikọ protein. Mesophiles enweghị ike ịmepụta protein na okpomọkụ dị ala. Ọ na-emetụta mgbanwe okpomọkụ karịa, na abụba acid nke membrane anaghị ekwe ka mmiri dị ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=K.Y.|year=1993|title=EFFECTS of TEMPERATURE and SOLUTE ON the MINIMUM WATER ACTIVITY FOR GROWTH and TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC of SELECTED MESOPHILES and PSYCHROTROPHS|journal=Journal of Food Processing and Preservation|volume=17|issue=4|pages=305–318|doi=10.1111/j.1745-4549.1993.tb00733.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbelata okpomọkụ kachasị mma nke 37 °C ruo 0 °C ruo 8 °C na-eduga na mbelata nke protein synthesis. A na-akpali protein ndị na-ajụ oyi (CIPs) n'oge okpomọkụ dị ala, nke na-enye ohere ka protein ndị na'ajụ oyi (CSPs) mepụta. Mgbanwe laghachi na okpomọkụ kachasị mma na-ahụ mmụba, na-egosi na mesophiles na-adabere na okpompe. Ọnụnọ oxygen na-emetụtakwa uto nke microorganism.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Enwere nkọwa abụọ maka thermophiles na-enwe ike ịdị ndụ na oke okpomọkụ dị elu ebe mesophiles enweghị ike. Nkọwa kacha pụta ìhè bụ na a kwenyere na thermophiles nwere akụkụ sel ndị kwụsiri ike karịa akụkụ sel nke mesophiles nke mere thermophiles ji enwe ike ibi na okpomọkụ dị elu karịa mesophiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Koffler 227–240&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Koffler|first=Henry|title=Protoplasmic differences between mesophiles and thermophiles|date=2016-11-28|journal=Bacteriological Reviews|volume=21|issue=4|pages=227–240|issn=0005-3678|pmid=13488883|doi=10.1128/MMBR.21.4.227-240.1957}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke abụọ, dị ka akwụkwọ Gaughran (21) na Allen (3) nọchiri anya ya, kwenyere na resynthesis ngwa ngwa nke ihe ndị mejupụtara cell mebiri emebi ma ọ bụ mebiri emebi bụ isi ihe na-akpata nsogbu nke nkwụsi ike nke ndu na ikpo ọkụ &lt;ref name=&quot;Koffler 227–240&quot; /&gt;

== Mkpa oxygen ==
N'ihi ọdịiche dị iche iche nke mesophiles, mkpa Oxygen dịgas iche iche. Mgba ume aerobic chọrọ iji oxygen na anaerobic anaghị eme. E nwere ụdị anaerobes atọ. Anaerobes nwere ike na-etolite na enweghị ikuku oxygen, na-eji fermentation kama. N'oge ịgbaze, shuga na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ acid, mmanya, ma ọ bụ gas. Ọ bụrụ na oxygen dị, ọ ga-eji iku ume aerobic kama. Obligate anaerobes enweghị ike itolite na oxygen. Anaerobes na-anabata ikuku nwere ike iguzogide ikuku oxygen.

== Ọrụ ==
Microorganisms na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ime ire ere nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ịnweta mineral. N'ime gburugburu mmiri, ihe dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye ohere maka ụdị mesophiles dị iche iche. Ọrụ nke mesophile ọ bụla na-adabere na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke kachasị oke okpomọkụ. A na-eji nje bacteria dị ka mesophiles na thermophiles na-eme cheese n'ihi ọrụ ha na agba agba. &quot;Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọdịnala na-eji okwu ndị a na-egosi n'ozuzu (obere aka ike) okpomọkụ kachasị mma maka uto nke nje bacteria: psychrophiles (15-20 ° C), mesophiles (30-37 ° C), thermophiles (50-60 ° C) na oké thermophiles (ruo 122 Celsius C). &quot; A na-eji ma mesophiles na thermophiles eme ihe na cheese maka otu ihe kpatara ya; otu o sila dị, ha na-etolite, na-eto ma na-anwụ n'ụdị okpomọkụ dị iche iche. Nje bacteria Psychrotrophic na-enye aka na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi na-emebi emebi, na-akpụ akpụ ma ọ bụ na-eme ihe ọjọọ n'ihi ike ha na-eto eto na obere okpomọkụ dị ka na refrjiraeto.

== Ihe Nlereanya ==
Ụfọdụ mesophiles a ma ama gụnyere ''Listeria monocytogenes'', ''Staphylococcus aureus'', na ''Escherichia coli'' . Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ nke ụdị mesophiles bụ ''Clostridium kluyveri'', ''Pseudomonas maltophilia'', ''Thiobacillus novellus'', ''Streptococcus pyogenes'', na ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' . Ụdị ọrịa na ọrịa dị iche iche na-enwekarị nje sitere na nje bacteria mesophilic dịka ndị edepụtara n'elu.

=== ''Listeria monocytogenes'' ===
''Listeria monocytogenes'' bụ nje bacteria gram-positive. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Bacillus na ''Staphylococcus''. Ọ bụ ụdị osisi, anaerobe nwere ike nke na-agbanye site na peritrichous flagella. ''L. monocytogenes'' motility na-ejedebe site na 20 °C ruo 25 °C.&lt;ref name=&quot;LISTERIA&quot; /&gt; Na okpomọkụ kachasị mma, ọ na-efunahụ motibility ya. Nje a na-akpata listeriosis nke sitere na nri emetọ.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

=== ''Staphylococcus aureus'' ===
A chọpụtara ''Staphylococcus aureus'' na 1880. &lt;ref name=&quot;AUREUS&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-akpata ọrịa dị iche iche sitere na mmerụ ahụ. Nje bacteria na-emeri usoro okike nke ahụ. Ọrịa ''S. aureus'' na-adịte aka gụnyere oyi bara ya n'ahụ, meningitis, na osteomyelitis. A na-enwekarị nkwekọrịta ''S. aureus'' na ụlọ ọgwụ.
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'''mesophile''' Mesophile bụ akụkụ ahụ na-eto nke ọma na okpomọkụ adịghị oke, ọ naghị ekpo oke ọkụ ma ọ bụ oke oyi, na-enwe oke uto sitere na 20 ruo 45 °C (68 ruo 113 °F).  Okpomọkụ kachasị mma maka ihe ndị a bụ 37 °C (ihe dị ka 99 °F).  A na-etinyekarị okwu a na microorganisms. A na-akpọ ihe ndị na-amasị gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka extremophiles. Mesophiles nwere nhazi dị iche iche, nke nwere ngalaba abụọ: nje bacteria, Archaea, na nke alaeze Fungi nke ngalaba Eukarya. Mesophiles nke ngalaba nje bacteria nwere ike ịbụ gram-positive ma ọ bụ gram-negative. Ihe chọrọ oxygen maka mesophiles nwere ike ịbụ aerobic ma ọ bụ anaerobic. E nwere ụdị atọ bụ isi nke mesophiles: coccus, bacillus, na spiral.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

== Ebe obibi ==
Ebe obibi nke mesophiles nwere ike ịgụnye cheese na yogọt. A na-etinyekarị ha n'oge a na-agbanye biya na mmanya. Ebe ọ bụ na okpomọkụ nke ahụ mmadụ bụ 37 °C, ọtụtụ pathogens nke mmadụ bụ mesophiles, dị ka ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ndị dị ndụ mejupụtara microbiome nke mmadụ.

== Mesophiles vs. extremophiles ==
Mesophiles bụ ndị na-emegide extremophiles. A na-akpọ Extremophiles na-ahọrọ gburugburu ebe oyi na-atụ psychrophilic, ndị na-ahọrọ okpomọkụ dị ọkụ ka a na-akpọ thermophilic ma ọ bụ thermotropic na ndị na-eme nke ọma na gburugburu ebe dị ọkụ bụ hyperthermophilic. Zheng, et al. emebere usoro mgbakọ na mwepụ genome. iji kewaa nje bacteria n'ime mesophilic na thermophilic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Hao Zheng|title=Gene-centric association analysis for the correlation between the guanine-cytosine content levels and temperature range conditions of prokaryotic species|journal=BMC Bioinformatics|year=2010|volume=11|issue=Suppl 11|pages=S7|doi=10.1186/1471-2105-11-S11-S7|pmid=21172057}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mgbanwe ==
Nje bacteria niile nwere ezigbo gburugburu gburugburu ebe obibi na okpomọkụ nke ha na-eme nke ọma. Ọtụtụ ihe na-akpata oke okpomọkụ dị n'ime akụkụ ahụ, mana ihe akaebe na-egosi na ngosipụta nke ihe mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa (alleles) nwere ike ịgbanwe ụdị ọnọdụ okpomọkụ na-enwe mmetụta nke akụkụ ahụ. Nnyocha e bipụtara na 2016 gosipụtara na nje bacteria mesophilic nwere ike ịmepụta mkpụrụ ndụ ihe nketa iji gosipụta ụfọdụ alleles sitere na nje bacteria psychrophilic, si otú ahụ na-agbanwe oke okpomọkụ nke nje bacteria mesophilic iji kwekọọ na nke nje psychrofhilic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Pankowski|first=Jarosław A.|title=Temperature Sensitivity Conferred by ligA Alleles from Psychrophilic Bacteria upon Substitution in Mesophilic Bacteria and a Yeast Species|journal=Applied and Environmental Microbiology|date=15 March 2016|volume=82|issue=6|pages=1924–1932|doi=10.1128/AEM.03890-15|issn=0099-2240|pmid=26773080}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihi nhazi nke mesophiles na-esighị ike, belatara mgbanwe maka njikọ protein. Mesophiles enweghị ike ịmepụta protein na okpomọkụ dị ala. Ọ na-emetụta mgbanwe okpomọkụ karịa, na abụba acid nke membrane anaghị ekwe ka mmiri dị ukwuu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Li|first=K.Y.|year=1993|title=EFFECTS of TEMPERATURE and SOLUTE ON the MINIMUM WATER ACTIVITY FOR GROWTH and TEMPERATURE CHARACTERISTIC of SELECTED MESOPHILES and PSYCHROTROPHS|journal=Journal of Food Processing and Preservation|volume=17|issue=4|pages=305–318|doi=10.1111/j.1745-4549.1993.tb00733.x}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbelata okpomọkụ kachasị mma nke 37 °C ruo 0 °C ruo 8 °C na-eduga na mbelata nke protein synthesis. A na-akpali protein ndị na-ajụ oyi (CIPs) n'oge okpomọkụ dị ala, nke na-enye ohere ka protein ndị na'ajụ oyi (CSPs) mepụta. Mgbanwe laghachi na okpomọkụ kachasị mma na-ahụ mmụba, na-egosi na mesophiles na-adabere na okpompe. Ọnụnọ oxygen na-emetụtakwa uto nke microorganism.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

Enwere nkọwa abụọ maka thermophiles na-enwe ike ịdị ndụ na oke okpomọkụ dị elu ebe mesophiles enweghị ike. Nkọwa kacha pụta ìhè bụ na a kwenyere na thermophiles nwere akụkụ sel ndị kwụsiri ike karịa akụkụ sel nke mesophiles nke mere thermophiles ji enwe ike ibi na okpomọkụ dị elu karịa mesophiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Koffler 227–240&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Koffler|first=Henry|title=Protoplasmic differences between mesophiles and thermophiles|date=2016-11-28|journal=Bacteriological Reviews|volume=21|issue=4|pages=227–240|issn=0005-3678|pmid=13488883|doi=10.1128/MMBR.21.4.227-240.1957}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ụlọ akwụkwọ nke abụọ, dị ka akwụkwọ Gaughran (21) na Allen (3) nọchiri anya ya, kwenyere na resynthesis ngwa ngwa nke ihe ndị mejupụtara cell mebiri emebi ma ọ bụ mebiri emebi bụ isi ihe na-akpata nsogbu nke nkwụsi ike nke ndu na ikpo ọkụ &lt;ref name=&quot;Koffler 227–240&quot; /&gt;

== Mkpa oxygen ==
N'ihi ọdịiche dị iche iche nke mesophiles, mkpa Oxygen dịgas iche iche. Mgba ume aerobic chọrọ iji oxygen na anaerobic anaghị eme. E nwere ụdị anaerobes atọ. Anaerobes nwere ike na-etolite na enweghị ikuku oxygen, na-eji fermentation kama. N'oge ịgbaze, shuga na-agbanwe ka ọ bụrụ acid, mmanya, ma ọ bụ gas. Ọ bụrụ na oxygen dị, ọ ga-eji iku ume aerobic kama. Obligate anaerobes enweghị ike itolite na oxygen. Anaerobes na-anabata ikuku nwere ike iguzogide ikuku oxygen.

== Ọrụ ==
Microorganisms na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa n'ime ire ere nke ihe ndị dị ndụ na ịnweta mineral. N'ime gburugburu mmiri, ihe dị iche iche nke gburugburu ebe obibi na-enye ohere maka ụdị mesophiles dị iche iche. Ọrụ nke mesophile ọ bụla na-adabere na gburugburu ebe obibi, nke kachasị oke okpomọkụ. A na-eji nje bacteria dị ka mesophiles na thermophiles na-eme cheese n'ihi ọrụ ha na agba agba. &quot;Ndị ọkà mmụta sayensị ọdịnala na-eji okwu ndị a na-egosi n'ozuzu (obere aka ike) okpomọkụ kachasị mma maka uto nke nje bacteria: psychrophiles (15-20 ° C), mesophiles (30-37 ° C), thermophiles (50-60 ° C) na oké thermophiles (ruo 122 Celsius C). &quot; A na-eji ma mesophiles na thermophiles eme ihe na cheese maka otu ihe kpatara ya; otu o sila dị, ha na-etolite, na-eto ma na-anwụ n'ụdị okpomọkụ dị iche iche. Nje bacteria Psychrotrophic na-enye aka na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi na-emebi emebi, na-akpụ akpụ ma ọ bụ na-eme ihe ọjọọ n'ihi ike ha na-eto eto na obere okpomọkụ dị ka na refrjiraeto.

== Ihe Nlereanya ==
Ụfọdụ mesophiles a ma ama gụnyere ''Listeria monocytogenes'', ''Staphylococcus aureus'', na ''Escherichia coli'' . Ihe atụ ndị ọzọ nke ụdị mesophiles bụ ''Clostridium kluyveri'', ''Pseudomonas maltophilia'', ''Thiobacillus novellus'', ''Streptococcus pyogenes'', na ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'' . Ụdị ọrịa na ọrịa dị iche iche na-enwekarị nje sitere na nje bacteria mesophilic dịka ndị edepụtara n'elu.

=== ''Listeria monocytogenes'' ===
''Listeria monocytogenes'' bụ nje bacteria gram-positive. Ọ nwere njikọ chiri anya na Bacillus na ''Staphylococcus''. Ọ bụ ụdị osisi, anaerobe nwere ike nke na-agbanye site na peritrichous flagella. ''L. monocytogenes'' motility na-ejedebe site na 20 °C ruo 25 °C.&lt;ref name=&quot;LISTERIA&quot; /&gt; Na okpomọkụ kachasị mma, ọ na-efunahụ motibility ya. Nje a na-akpata listeriosis nke sitere na nri emetọ.&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;

=== ''Staphylococcus aureus'' ===
A chọpụtara ''Staphylococcus aureus'' na 1880. &lt;ref name=&quot;AUREUS&quot; /&gt; Ọ na-akpata ọrịa dị iche iche sitere na mmerụ ahụ. Nje bacteria na-emeri usoro okike nke ahụ. Ọrịa ''S. aureus'' na-adịte aka gụnyere oyi bara ya n'ahụ, meningitis, na osteomyelitis. A na-enwekarị nkwekọrịta ''S. aureus'' na ụlọ ọgwụ.

=== ''Escherichia coli'' ===
''Escherichia coli'' bụ gram-negative, ụdị osisi-ụdị nje bacteria nke na-adịghị emepụta spores.&lt;ref name=&quot;COLI&quot; /&gt; Nje bacteria bụ onye otu Enterobacteriaceae. Ọ nwere ike ịmepụta enterotoxins nke bụ thermolabile ma ọ bụ thermostable. Ihe ndị ọzọ e ji mara E. coli bụ na ọ bụ Oxidase-negative, citrate-negative، methyl-red positive, na Voges-Proskauer-negative. Iji chịkọta E. coli, ọ bụ coliform. Ọ nwere ike iji [[glucose]] na acetate dị ka isi iyi carbon maka ịgbaze. A na-ahụkarị E. coli n'ime eriri afọ nke ihe ndị dị ndụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;ROBINSON&quot; /&gt; E. coli nwere ọtụtụ ikike dịka ịbụ onye na-elekọta DNA recombinant na ịbụ pathogen.

== Hụkwa ==

* Mgbari nri anaerobic
* Mesophilic digester
* Mesophyte
* Onye na-anọpụ iche
* Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi

== Edensibịa ==

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    <title>Ahmed Abukhater</title>
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      <comment>Jiri ' {{short description|Palestinian American architect}} {{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}} {{Infobox person | name             = Dr. Ahmed Abukhater | native_name      = د. أحمد أبو خاطر | native_name_lang = ar | image            = Ahmed Abukhater 03 01 2010.jpg | caption          =  | occupation       = Architect, power lifter | notable_works    = 1- Water as a Catalyst for Peace: Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution [book], Taylor &amp; Francis G...' kere ihü</comment>
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{{short description|Palestinian American architect}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2025}}
{{Infobox person
| name             = Dr. Ahmed Abukhater
| native_name      = د. أحمد أبو خاطر
| native_name_lang = ar
| image            = Ahmed Abukhater 03 01 2010.jpg
| caption          = 
| occupation       = Architect, power lifter
| notable_works    = 1- Water as a Catalyst for Peace: Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution [book], Taylor &amp; Francis Group (Routledge). &lt;br&gt;
2- Palestine – Peace by Piece: Transformative Conflict Resolution for Land and Trans-boundary Water Resources [book], Springer International Publishing.
| employer         = [[Boeing]]
| birth_place      = [[Rafah]], [[Gaza Strip]], Palestine
| children         = 4
| education        = [[Doctorate|PhD in Community and Regional Planning]], Dual Master's Degree, [[Urban and Regional Planning]], and [[Bachelor of Engineering]] (Architectural Engineering)
| alma_mater       = [[MIT]], [[Harvard Kennedy School]], [[University of Texas at Austin]] &lt;small&gt;([[Doctorate|PhD in Community and Regional Planning]])&lt;/small&gt; [[University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign]] &lt;small&gt;([[Master’s|Urban and Regional Planning]])&lt;/small&gt;
| known_for        = Author, speaker, and the first athlete to represent Palestine at the World [[Powerlifting]] Championships and world record for [[bench press]]
| website          = {{url|ahmedabukhater.com}}
| height           = {{height|ft=5|in=9}}
}}
{{CompetitionRecordTableTop}}
{{CompetitionRecordSport | [[Powerlifting#Bench press|Powerlifting – Bench Press]]}}
{{CompetitionRecordCountry | {{USA}}}}|{{flag|Palestine|name=Palestinian}}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition| WABDL Heart of America Bench Press and Deadlift Championships}}&lt;BR&gt;
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2004 | 82kg ([[Illinois]] State Record)}}
{{CompetitionRecordCompetition| World [[Powerlifting]] Championships}}&lt;BR&gt;
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2006 | 90kg }}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2007 | 90kg }}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2008 |100kg }}
{{CompetitionRecordFirst | 2009 |100kg }}
{{CompetitionRecordBottom}}
'''Ahmed Abukhater''' ({{langx|ar| أحمد أبو خاطر}}) (born 1977) is an architect, [[environmental scientist]], and an urban and regional [[urban planner|planner]] by trade.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |title=University at Albany Experts |url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts |access-date=June 21, 2024 |website=University at Albany}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is an author, [[Powerlifting|powerlifter]], and the first athlete to represent [[Palestine]] at the World Association of Bench Pressers and Dead lifters (WABDL) World [[Powerlifting]] Championships in [[Las Vegas]], [[Nevada]], in 2006.&lt;ref name=&quot;imeu.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2007 |title=Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete |url=http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml |archive-date=November 20, 2008 |access-date=June 21, 2024 |website=Institute for Middle East Understanding}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hilary |first=Nieman |date=November 6, 2006 |title=Palestine to Be Represented in World Weightlifting Championships |url=https://www.wrmea.org/2006-november/waging-peace-palestine-to-be-represented-in-world-weightlifting-championships.html |access-date=June 5, 2024 |website=wrmea.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated4&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;• Ahmed Abukhater: World Championships powerlifting: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1-NwPboXALs&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated5&quot;/&gt;</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353553296|Ahmed Abukhater]]&quot;</comment>
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  {{Reflist}}'''Ahmed Abukhater''' ({{langx|ar|أحمد أبو خاطر}}) (amụrụ n'afọ otu puku narị iteghete iri asaa na asaa) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, [[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi|ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]], na onye na-eme atụmatụ obodo na mpaghara site na azụmahịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ọ bụ onye edemede, onye na-ebuli ike, na onye egwuregwu mbụ nọchitere anya [[Ọchịchị Palestaịn|Palestine]] na Ọgbakọ mba ụwa niile nke Bench Pressers na Dead lifters (WABDL) World Powerlifting Championships na [[Las Vegas]], [[Náevadạ|Nevada]], n'afọ puku abụọ na isii.&lt;ref name=&quot;imeu.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2007|title=Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete|url=http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archivedate=November 20, 2008|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=Institute for Middle East Understanding}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hilary|first=Nieman|date=November 6, 2006|title=Palestine to Be Represented in World Weightlifting Championships|url=https://www.wrmea.org/2006-november/waging-peace-palestine-to-be-represented-in-world-weightlifting-championships.html|accessdate=June 5, 2024|work=wrmea.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abụọ na asaa, Abukhater nọchitere anya Palestine ọzọ na WABDL World Championship, na Anaheim, California, ebe ọ meriri ngalaba ya ma setịpụ ihe ndekọ ụwa ọhụrụ nke Palestine.
O setịpụrụ ndekọ ọhụrụ maka steeti Illinois n' afọ puku abụọ na anọ, ma nwee ọtụtụ ndekọ mba na nke mba ụwa na powerlifting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wabdl.org/europe-asia-pacific_region.htm#Palestine|title=European Region&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704110307/http://www.wabdl.org/europe-asia-pacific_region.htm#Palestine|archivedate=July 4, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ironhistory.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=9746|title=Palestinian Weightlifting Record – IronHistory&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archivedate=October 7, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007085344/http://www.ironhistory.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=9746}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;• Nieman, Hilary. (2007). &quot;Ahmed Abukhater Representing Palestine and Winning in the World Weightlifting Championships.&quot; Arab-American Affairs – August, Glendale, CA, USA. {{Cite web|url=http://www.arab-american-affairs.net/index.htm|title=The Arab-American Affairs magazine|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010021729/http://www.arab-american-affairs.net/index.htm|archivedate=October 10, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndekọ mba ụwa na nke ụwa ==
Nkewa nke ụmụ nwoke na-emeghe na nke kachasị mma -nari iteghete na asatọ lbs ịdị arọ&amp;nbsp;

: ''E debere ya na asọmpi a na-anwale ọgwụ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.athletebio.com/ple1977m1|title=Ahmed Abukhater (PLE1977M1)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ogwe aka: narị isii na iri atọ lbs&amp;nbsp;
* Bench Press: narị isii na iri isii na iri lbs&amp;nbsp;
* Deadlift: narị asaa na ise lbs&amp;nbsp;

== Ihe ndekọ onwe onye ==
Powerlifting Gym Records:

: ''Emere ya n'ụlọ mmega ahụ (nke a na-ejighị n'aka) ''

* Ogwe aka: 705.4 lbs
* Bench Press: 727.5 lbs
* Deadlift: 749.5 lbs
* Ngụkọta nke ike: puku abuọ otu nari iri asatọ na abuo lbs

Ọ gbakwara 413.3 lbs maka ugboro iri, metụ aka ma gaa n'ime ụlọ mmega ahụ.

== Ọrụ ọkachamara ==
Abukhater na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a maka Boeing na ụgbọ elu dijitalụ. N'oge gara aga, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke GIS na Trimble Navigation Ltd, onye nduzi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke njikwa ngwaahịa na Pitney Bowes sọftware , onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ Esri maka atụmatụ na mmepe obodo na onye nduzi nke PLACES na mba California na onye njikwa GIS na onye nkuzi na Mahadum Texas na Austin.

Ọ bụ onye isi okwu n'ọtụtụ ebe gụnyere ngwọta GIS na ahịa atụmatụ na Atụmatụ na Mmepe Obodo, Atụmatụ Obodo na Ógbè, [[sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]] na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, na njikwa ihe onwunwe mmiri na ngwọta esemokwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot;&gt;• Johnson, Allan. (2007). &quot;World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin.&quot; The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: {{Cite web|url=http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|title=World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218193527/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|archivedate=February 18, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọkachamara ya lekwasịrị anya na akụkụ geopolitical na hydropolitical nke ihe onwunwe mmiri n'ihe gbasara esemokwu Arab-Israel, njikwa mmiri, na Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba dị iche iche na Middle East.  

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ ya n'obodo Palestine nke Rafah, Ahmed Abukhater tolitere n'ụwa nke enweghị nhata gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ịbụ onye Palestine si Gaza Strip ma zụlite n'oge Intifada nke Palestine (na-arị elu), ọ ghọtara uru mmiri dị ka onye na-akwado ndụ na udo.&lt;ref name=&quot;imeu.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2007|title=Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete|url=http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archivedate=November 20, 2008|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=Institute for Middle East Understanding}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abukhater nwere Ph.D. na atụmatụ obodo na mpaghara site na Mahadum Texas na Austin na-elekwasị anya na njikwa mmiri na Ngwọta esemokwu na ogbugbo (ngwọta esemume ọzọ)  na nzere masta na atụmatụ obodo ukwu na mpaghara site Na Mahadum Illinois na Urbana-Champaign na nzere bachelọ na injinia ụlọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot;&gt;• Johnson, Allan. (2007). &quot;World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin.&quot; The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: {{Cite web|url=http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|title=World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218193527/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|archivedate=February 18, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịdị iche ==
Site na agụmakwụkwọ na ahụmịhe ọkachamara, ọ mepụtara nka na ngalaba sitere na Nnyocha atụmatụ na Geographic Information System (Esri), Geospatial analysis na multi-criteria evaluation (MCE), modeling mmiri n'okpuru ala,    sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe na-adigide, na Ịdozi Esemokwu na Mkpesa . Abukhater edeela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, jere ozi na bọọdụ ọchịchị na ndụmọdụ, ma nata ihe karịrị onyinye iri abụọ maka ọrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ ya na-adịbeghị anya nke akpọrọ Mmiri dị ka ihe na-akwalite udo - Njikwa Mmiri Na-agafe Oke Ala na Ịdozi esemokw bụ akwụkwọ na-akọwa usoro mkparịta ụka mmiri ma na-enye nkọwa nke otu esi ejikọta ikpe ziri ezi na usoro nkwekọrịta na ọchịchị mba ụwa. 

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

* Palestine - Udo site n'Ime: Mgbanwe nke esemokwu maka ala na ihe onwunwe mmiri na-agafe ókèala, Mbipụta Mba Nile nke Springer.
* Mmiri dị ka ihe na-akpali udo: Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution, Taylor &amp; Francis Group (Routledge).

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Mahadum]]
[[Otú:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu]]
[[Otú:Ndị dị ndụ]]
[[Otú:Gburugburu ebe obibi na 2020]]
[[Otú:Ndị ọchu nta ego]]
[[Otú:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na mbụ ndị ọchụnta ego Naijiria]]</text>
      <sha1>0jqce3yukbw40jy3grm139f1ci3awnc</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>673462</id>
      <parentid>673459</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:27:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Specialyvonne</username>
        <id>56002</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>673462</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8860" sha1="08g85j4hbsh3i9udgcebk2vgayu0tey" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
  {{Reflist}}'''Ahmed Abukhater''' ({{langx|ar|أحمد أبو خاطر}}) (amụrụ n'afọ otu puku narị iteghete iri asaa na asaa) bụ onye na-ese ụkpụrụ ụlọ, [[Sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi|ọkà mmụta sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]], na onye na-eme atụmatụ obodo na mpaghara site na azụmahịa.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ọ bụ onye edemede, onye na-ebuli ike, na onye egwuregwu mbụ nọchitere anya [[Ọchịchị Palestaịn|Palestine]] na Ọgbakọ mba ụwa niile nke Bench Pressers na Dead lifters (WABDL) World Powerlifting Championships na [[Las Vegas]], [[Náevadạ|Nevada]], n'afọ puku abụọ na isii.&lt;ref name=&quot;imeu.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2007|title=Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete|url=http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archivedate=November 20, 2008|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=Institute for Middle East Understanding}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Hilary|first=Nieman|date=November 6, 2006|title=Palestine to Be Represented in World Weightlifting Championships|url=https://www.wrmea.org/2006-november/waging-peace-palestine-to-be-represented-in-world-weightlifting-championships.html|accessdate=June 5, 2024|work=wrmea.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ọnwa Nọvemba afọ puku abụọ na asaa, Abukhater nọchitere anya Palestine ọzọ na WABDL World Championship, na Anaheim, California, ebe ọ meriri ngalaba ya ma setịpụ ihe ndekọ ụwa ọhụrụ nke Palestine.
O setịpụrụ ndekọ ọhụrụ maka steeti Illinois n' afọ puku abụọ na anọ, ma nwee ọtụtụ ndekọ mba na nke mba ụwa na powerlifting.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.wabdl.org/europe-asia-pacific_region.htm#Palestine|title=European Region&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704110307/http://www.wabdl.org/europe-asia-pacific_region.htm#Palestine|archivedate=July 4, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.ironhistory.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=9746|title=Palestinian Weightlifting Record – IronHistory&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archivedate=October 7, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007085344/http://www.ironhistory.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=9746}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;• Nieman, Hilary. (2007). &quot;Ahmed Abukhater Representing Palestine and Winning in the World Weightlifting Championships.&quot; Arab-American Affairs – August, Glendale, CA, USA. {{Cite web|url=http://www.arab-american-affairs.net/index.htm|title=The Arab-American Affairs magazine|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010021729/http://www.arab-american-affairs.net/index.htm|archivedate=October 10, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ihe ndekọ mba ụwa na nke ụwa ==
Nkewa nke ụmụ nwoke na-emeghe na nke kachasị mma -nari iteghete na asatọ lbs ịdị arọ&amp;nbsp;

: ''E debere ya na asọmpi a na-anwale ọgwụ''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.athletebio.com/ple1977m1|title=Ahmed Abukhater (PLE1977M1)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Ogwe aka: narị isii na iri atọ lbs&amp;nbsp;
* Bench Press: narị isii na iri isii na iri lbs&amp;nbsp;
* Deadlift: narị asaa na ise lbs&amp;nbsp;

== Ihe ndekọ onwe onye ==
Powerlifting Gym Records:

: ''Emere ya n'ụlọ mmega ahụ (nke a na-ejighị n'aka) ''

* Ogwe aka: 705.4 lbs
* Bench Press: 727.5 lbs
* Deadlift: 749.5 lbs
* Ngụkọta nke ike: puku abuọ otu nari iri asatọ na abuo lbs

Ọ gbakwara 413.3 lbs maka ugboro iri, metụ aka ma gaa n'ime ụlọ mmega ahụ.

== Ọrụ ọkachamara ==
Abukhater na-arụ ọrụ ugbu a maka Boeing na ụgbọ elu dijitalụ. N'oge gara aga, ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye isi nchịkwa nke GIS na Trimble Navigation Ltd, onye nduzi zuru ụwa ọnụ nke njikwa ngwaahịa na Pitney Bowes sọftware , onye njikwa ụlọ ọrụ zuru ụwa ọnụ Esri maka atụmatụ na mmepe obodo na onye nduzi nke PLACES na mba California na onye njikwa GIS na onye nkuzi na Mahadum Texas na Austin.

Ọ bụ onye isi okwu n'ọtụtụ ebe gụnyere ngwọta GIS na ahịa atụmatụ na Atụmatụ na Mmepe Obodo, Atụmatụ Obodo na Ógbè, [[sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi]] na mmepe na-adịgide adịgide, na njikwa ihe onwunwe mmiri na ngwọta esemokwu. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot;&gt;• Johnson, Allan. (2007). &quot;World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin.&quot; The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: {{Cite web|url=http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|title=World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218193527/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|archivedate=February 18, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọkachamara ya lekwasịrị anya na akụkụ geopolitical na hydropolitical nke ihe onwunwe mmiri n'ihe gbasara esemokwu Arab-Israel, njikwa mmiri, na Iwu gburugburu ebe obibi nke mba dị iche iche na Middle East.  

== Oge ọ malitere ==
A mụrụ ya n'obodo Palestine nke Rafah, Ahmed Abukhater tolitere n'ụwa nke enweghị nhata gburugburu ebe obibi. N'ịbụ onye Palestine si Gaza Strip ma zụlite n'oge Intifada nke Palestine (na-arị elu), ọ ghọtara uru mmiri dị ka onye na-akwado ndụ na udo.&lt;ref name=&quot;imeu.net&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|date=August 10, 2007|title=Ahmed Abukhater: Record-setting athlete|url=http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120102555/http://imeu.net/news/article006168.shtml|archivedate=November 20, 2008|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=Institute for Middle East Understanding}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Abukhater nwere Ph.D. na atụmatụ obodo na mpaghara site na Mahadum Texas na Austin na-elekwasị anya na njikwa mmiri na Ngwọta esemokwu na ogbugbo (ngwọta esemume ọzọ)  na nzere masta na atụmatụ obodo ukwu na mpaghara site Na Mahadum Illinois na Urbana-Champaign na nzere bachelọ na injinia ụlọ. &lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot;&gt;• Johnson, Allan. (2007). &quot;World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Student takes long journey from Gaza Strip to UT-Austin.&quot; The Daily Texan – February 15, Austin, TX, USA. Available online at: {{Cite web|url=http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|title=World-class weightlifter chases PhD at Texas – Sports|accessdate=June 22, 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070218193527/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2007/02/15/Sports/WorldClass.Weightlifter.Chases.Phd.At.Texas-2721755.shtml|archivedate=February 18, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ịdị iche ==
Site na agụmakwụkwọ na ahụmịhe ọkachamara, ọ mepụtara nka na ngalaba sitere na Nnyocha atụmatụ na Geographic Information System (Esri), Geospatial analysis na multi-criteria evaluation (MCE), modeling mmiri n'okpuru ala,    sayensị gburugburu ebe obibi na mmepe na-adigide, na Ịdozi Esemokwu na Mkpesa . Abukhater edeela ọtụtụ akwụkwọ, jere ozi na bọọdụ ọchịchị na ndụmọdụ, ma nata ihe karịrị onyinye iri abụọ maka ọrụ ya.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=University at Albany Experts|url=https://www.albany.edu/news-center/experts|accessdate=June 21, 2024|work=University at Albany}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akwụkwọ ya na-adịbeghị anya nke akpọrọ Mmiri dị ka ihe na-akwalite udo - Njikwa Mmiri Na-agafe Oke Ala na Ịdozi esemokw bụ akwụkwọ na-akọwa usoro mkparịta ụka mmiri ma na-enye nkọwa nke otu esi ejikọta ikpe ziri ezi na usoro nkwekọrịta na ọchịchị mba ụwa. 

== Akwụkwọ ndị e bipụtara ==

* Palestine - Udo site n'Ime: Mgbanwe nke esemokwu maka ala na ihe onwunwe mmiri na-agafe ókèala, Mbipụta Mba Nile nke Springer.
* Mmiri dị ka ihe na-akpali udo: Transboundary Water Management and Conflict Resolution, Taylor &amp; Francis Group (Routledge).

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}
[[Otú:Mmadụ ndi di ndụ]]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]
[[Otú:Mahadum]]
[[Otú:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na otu]]
[[Otú:Ndị dị ndụ]]
[[Otú:Gburugburu ebe obibi na 2020]]
[[Otú:Ndị ọchu nta ego]]
[[Otú:Narị afọ nke iri abụọ na mbụ ndị ọchụnta ego Naijiria]]</text>
      <sha1>08g85j4hbsh3i9udgcebk2vgayu0tey</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Shire</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77484</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673440</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T20:32:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
      <origin>673440</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4559" sha1="ba1qy6yd13ns7sz7jfr7255g83lao6q" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
| name               = Shire River
| name_native        =
| name_native_lang   =
| name_other         = Shiré, Chire
| name_etymology     = [[Chewa language|Chewa]] ''chiri'', &quot;steep banks&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/29778127|title=Shire, Shirwak and Nyasa |author=Price, T.|year=1966|journal=The Society of Malawi Journal|volume=19|issue=1|pages=15-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://historyofmalawi.com/?p=872|title=The Mighty Shire River – History Of Malawi}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;
| image              = Shire fluss nsanje.jpg
| image_size         =
| image_caption      = The Shire near [[Nsanje]], Malawi
| map                = Shire (rivière).png
| map_size           = 280px
| map_caption        =
| pushpin_map        =
| pushpin_map_size   =
| pushpin_map_caption=
&lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;
| subdivision_type1  = Country
| subdivision_name1  = [[Malawi]], [[Mozambique]]
| subdivision_type2  =
| subdivision_name2  =
| subdivision_type3  =
| subdivision_name3  =
| subdivision_type4  =
| subdivision_name4  =
| subdivision_type5  =
| subdivision_name5  =
&lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;
| length             = {{convert|402|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| width_min          =
| width_avg          =
| width_max          =
| depth_min          =
| depth_avg          =
| depth_max          =
| discharge1_location=
| discharge1_min     =
| discharge1_avg     = 486 m3/s
| discharge1_max     =
&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;
| source1            = [[Lake Malawi]]
| source1_location   =
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|14|25|25|S|35|14|10|E|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation  = {{convert|474|m|abbr=on}}
| mouth              = [[Zambezi]]
| mouth_location     =
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|17|41|36|S|35|18|55|E|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation    =
| progression        =
| river_system       =
| basin_size         =
| tributaries_left   =
| tributaries_right  =
| custom_label       =
| custom_data        =
| extra              =
}}
'''Shire''' bụ osimiri kachasị ukwuu na [[Malawi]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldsenz.blogspot.com/2010/12/shire-river-malawi.html|title=The Ruins of the Moment: Shire River, Malawi — Photos by Pete McGregor|date=December 20, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ naanị ebe a na-esi abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Malawi, ọ na-asọbakwa n'Osimiri Zambezi dị na [[Mozambique]]. Ogologo ya bụ {{convert|402|km|mi}}. Osimiri Shire dị n'elu na-asọpụta site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Malawi ma na-asọ ihe dị ka {{convert|12|mi|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} tupu ọ banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Malombe dị omimi. Ọ na-asọpụ mmiri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Malombe wee na-asọga n'ebe ndịda site na Liwonde National Park ebe ọtụtụ hippopotamus juru ebe niile n'akụkụ ya. N'etiti obodo Matope na Chikwawa, osimiri etiti na-ada ihe dị ka {{convert|1300|ft|m|order=flip|abbr=on}} site na usoro mmiri na ndagwurugwu, gụnyere Mmiri Kapachira. E wuru ọdọ mmiri abụọ maka ike eletrik n'akụkụ ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ nke Shire nke Blantyre.

Mgbe Chikwawa gafere, osimiri dị n'okpuru na-atụgharị gaa n'ebe ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ wee banye n'ala dị larịị nke Mozambique. Osimiri Ruo, nke kachasị ukwuu ma bụrụkwa otu n'ime obere mmiri ya na-asọba mgbe niile, na-esonyere Shire dị nso n'obodo Malawi bụ Chiromo.  Mmiri apịtị ahụ na-agafe n'ebe buru ibu nke a maara dị ka Elephant Marsh tupu ọ ruo na njikọ ya na Osimiri Zambezi dị n'ebe ndịda obodo Sena, Mozambique.

N'afọ 1859, njem David Livingstone nke Abụọ nke Zambezi gara n'osimiri Shire.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Briggs|first1=Philip|title=Malawi|date=2016|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=9781784770143|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CQueDAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA9|page=9|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ndagwurugwu osimiri ahụ bụ akụkụ nke usoro East Africa Rift.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://mappoint.msn.com/(rddmzdbprlpfsl5504qmz245)/map.aspx?C=0%2c0&amp;A=100000&amp;L=WLD0409 |title=Live Search Maps |access-date=2007-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203211025/http://mappoint.msn.com/(rddmzdbprlpfsl5504qmz245)/map.aspx?C=0%2C0&amp;A=100000&amp;L=WLD0409 |archive-date=2007-12-03 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Ferry over Shire River in Mozambique.JPG|thumb|left|250px|Ụgbọ mmiri na-agafe Shire na Mozambique]]
{{clear|left}}

== Edensibia ==
{{reflist}}
{{Commons}}
{{Rivers of Malawi}}
{{Rivers of Mozambique}}
{{Authority control}}


{{Malawi-river-stub}}
{{Mozambique-river-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Osimiri Ruo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77485</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673441</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T20:49:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vivian Amalachukwu</username>
        <id>17172</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
      <origin>673441</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3429" sha1="ke382i8e5g81czyeavuup78yy1qfl8c" xml:space="preserve">{{For| osimiri dị na China|Ruo Shui}}

'''Osimiri Ruo''' bụ nnukwu mmiri nke [[Osimiri Shire]] dị na ndịda [[Malawi]] na [[Mozambique]]. Ọ malitere site na Mulanje Massif (Malawi) ma mepụta {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} nke ókèala Malawi na Mozambique. Ọ na-esonyere Osimiri Shire na Chiromo.&lt;ref name=Britannica/&gt;

Mmiri Osimiri Ruo gụnyere ugwu ndịda nke Mulanje Massif na Shire Highlands na Malawi. Isi iyi mmiri ya bụ Osimiri Thuchila (ma ọ bụ Tuchila), nke na-asọpụ mkpọda ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ nke Mulanje na mkpọda ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ugwu Shire na ala Thuchila dị n'etiti ha. Njikọ Ruo na Thuchila dị nso na Sandama. Ruo na mmiri ndị dị n'akụkụ aka ekpe ya na-asọpụkwa akụkụ nke Mpaghara Milange na Mozambique dị nso.

Mmiri Zoa (16°18'27&quot;S 35°17'10&quot;E) nwere mmiri dị mita 60, ma na-ekewapụ ọnụọgụ azụ̀ dị n'elu mmiri Ruo site na nke dị n'osimiri Zambezi na Osimiri [[Osimiri Shire | Shire]].&lt;ref&gt;Tweddle, Denis. &quot;Mulanje&quot;. ''Freshwater Ecoregions of the World''. Accessed 17 August 2019. [http://www.feow.org/ecoregions/details/562].&lt;/ref&gt;

Ụgbọ okporo ígwè Shire Highlands na-eso ụzọ ala nke Ruo n'etiti Sandama na Chiromo.

==Awọ na-eti mkpu n'Osimiri Ruo==
E buru ụzọ nweta awọ &quot;Arthroleptis francei&quot; site n'akụkụ Osimiri Ruo n'ugwu nke Mulanje Massif. Otu n'ime aha ya a na-akpọkarị bụ awọ na-eti mkpu n'Osimiri Ruo.&lt;ref name=Frost/&gt; Aha ọzọ a na-akpọkarị ya bụ igbe okwu nke France,&lt;ref name=Frost/&gt; nakwa aha ya kpọmkwem bụ 'francei' nwere akụkọ ihe mere eme dị mwute. Maazị F. H. France bụ onye ọrụ ugbo na-eto eto nwụrụ n'ịnwa ịgafe Osimiri Ruo nso ebe a chịkọtara ''Arthroleptis francei'' na mbụ. Arthur Loveridge, ọkà mmụta sayensị nke kọwara ụdị anụmanụ a, kpọrọ ya aha France ka &quot;aha ya wee jikọta ya na oke ọhịa ọ chọrọ ichekwa n'ugwu ahụ ọ hụrụ n'anya nke ukwuu.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Loveridge 1953&quot;/&gt; N'agbanyeghị njikọ ya na osimiri site na akụkọ ihe mere eme ya na aha ya, akịrị a bụ ụdị ala bi n'ime ahịhịa akwụkwọ.&lt;ref name=IUCN/&gt;

==Edensibia==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
&lt;ref name=Britannica&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Ruo-River |title=Ruo River |date=20 July 1998 |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |access-date=16 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=Frost&gt;{{cite web |url=http://research.amnh.org/vz/herpetology/amphibia/Amphibia/Anura/Arthroleptidae/Arthroleptinae/Arthroleptis/Arthroleptis-francei |title=''Arthroleptis francei'' Loveridge, 1953 |author=Frost, Darrel R. |year=2016 |work=Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0 |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |access-date=16 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=IUCN&gt;{{cite iucn | author = IUCN SSC Amphibian Specialist Group | title = ''Arthroleptis francei'' | volume= 2016 | article-number = e.T54371A77165298 | year = 2016 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T54371A77165298.en }}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;ref name=&quot;Loveridge 1953&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Loveridge |first1=A. |year=1953 |title=Zoological results of a fifth expedition to East Africa. IV. Amphibians from Nyasaland and Tete |journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology |volume=110 |pages=325–406 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/8015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}


{{Malawi-river-stub}}
{{Mozambique-river-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ibuli elu na ịdọrọ</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>673445</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T20:58:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354447709|Lift-to-drag ratio]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673445</origin>
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[[Faịlụ:Airfoil_lift_and_drag.svg|thumb|Lift na drag bụ ihe abụọ dị n'ime Ike ikuku zuru oke na-arụ ọrụ na aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọelu.]]
Na aerodynamics, ihe na-ebuli-na-adọkpụrụ (ma ọ bụ L/D ratio) bụ ihe ebuli na-emepụta site na aerodynamic ahụ dị ka aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu, kewara site aerodynamic drag kpatara site na-ebugharị site na ikuku. Ọ na-akọwa arụmọrụ ikuku n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu enyere. Oke L/D maka ahụ ọ bụla enyere ga-adịgasị iche dịka ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu ndị a si dị.</text>
      <sha1>fgpjfledkgaom7xmfy385qauaasarlx</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673451</id>
      <parentid>673445</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:08:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354447709|Lift-to-drag ratio]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673451</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1682" sha1="sqrn0krmotqdnn4sozovp5lv3c8gg0s" xml:space="preserve">
[[Faịlụ:Airfoil_lift_and_drag.svg|thumb|Lift na drag bụ ihe abụọ dị n'ime Ike ikuku zuru oke na-arụ ọrụ na aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọelu.]]
Na aerodynamics, ihe na-ebuli-na-adọkpụrụ (ma ọ bụ L/D ratio) bụ ihe ebuli na-emepụta site na aerodynamic ahụ dị ka aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu, kewara site aerodynamic drag kpatara site na-ebugharị site na ikuku. Ọ na-akọwa arụmọrụ ikuku n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu enyere. Oke L/D maka ahụ ọ bụla enyere ga-adịgasị iche dịka ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu ndị a si dị.

Maka nku aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu kwadoro, a na-akọwapụta L/D mgbe ọ nọ n'ụgbọ elu kwụ ọtọ na larịị. Maka onye na-agbagharị agbagharị ọ na-ekpebi oke glide, nke ebe dị anya na-aga megide ịdị elu ya.

A na-agbakọ okwu ahụ maka ọsọ ikuku ọ bụla site n'ịtụ elu ewepụtara, wee kewaa site na ịdọrọ na ọsọ ahụ. Ndị a na-adịgasị iche n'ọsọ, yabụ a na-edobe nsonaazụ ya na eserese akụkụ abụọ. N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile eserese ahụ na-etolite ọdịdị U, n'ihi akụkụ abụọ bụ isi nke ịdọrọ. Enwere ike gbakọọ L/D site na iji mgbako mmiri mgbakọ ma ọ bụ ịme anwansị kọmputa. A na-atụ ya nke ọma site na ịnwale na ọwara ikuku ma ọ bụ n'ule ụgbọ elu efu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/1729881418766190|title=Accurate calculation of aerodynamic coefficients of parafoil airdrop system based on computational fluid dynamic|date=2018|author=Wu|first=Wannan|journal=International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems|volume=15|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>sqrn0krmotqdnn4sozovp5lv3c8gg0s</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>673461</id>
      <parentid>673451</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:26:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354447709|Lift-to-drag ratio]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673461</origin>
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[[Faịlụ:Airfoil_lift_and_drag.svg|thumb|Lift na drag bụ ihe abụọ dị n'ime Ike ikuku zuru oke na-arụ ọrụ na aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọelu.]]
Na aerodynamics, ihe na-ebuli-na-adọkpụrụ (ma ọ bụ L/D ratio) bụ ihe ebuli na-emepụta site na aerodynamic ahụ dị ka aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu, kewara site aerodynamic drag kpatara site na-ebugharị site na ikuku. Ọ na-akọwa arụmọrụ ikuku n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu enyere. Oke L/D maka ahụ ọ bụla enyere ga-adịgasị iche dịka ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu ndị a si dị.

Maka nku aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu kwadoro, a na-akọwapụta L/D mgbe ọ nọ n'ụgbọ elu kwụ ọtọ na larịị. Maka onye na-agbagharị agbagharị ọ na-ekpebi oke glide, nke ebe dị anya na-aga megide ịdị elu ya.

A na-agbakọ okwu ahụ maka ọsọ ikuku ọ bụla site n'ịtụ elu ewepụtara, wee kewaa site na ịdọrọ na ọsọ ahụ. Ndị a na-adịgasị iche n'ọsọ, yabụ a na-edobe nsonaazụ ya na eserese akụkụ abụọ. N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile eserese ahụ na-etolite ọdịdị U, n'ihi akụkụ abụọ bụ isi nke ịdọrọ. Enwere ike gbakọọ L/D site na iji mgbako mmiri mgbakọ ma ọ bụ ịme anwansị kọmputa. A na-atụ ya nke ọma site na ịnwale na ọwara ikuku ma ọ bụ n'ule ụgbọ elu efu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/1729881418766190|title=Accurate calculation of aerodynamic coefficients of parafoil airdrop system based on computational fluid dynamic|date=2018|author=Wu|first=Wannan|journal=International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems|volume=15|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ọdịdị L / D na-emetụta ma ụdị drag nke ahụ na site na drag induced jikọtara ya na ịmepụta ike ibuli elu. Ọ na-adabere n'ụzọ bụ isi na lift na drag coefficients, angle nke mwakpo na ikuku na-aga na nku.

Ọnụọgụ L/D na-agbanwe agbanwe na ike achọrọ maka ụzọ ụgbọ elu enyere, nke mere na ime okpukpu abụọ nke L/D ga-achọ naanị ọkara nke ume maka otu njem ahụ. Nke a na-ebute akụ na ụba mmanụ ọkụ ka mma.

Enwere ike iji oke L/D maka ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ ala. A na-ekpebi oke L/D maka ụgbọ mmiri hydrofoil na ọrụ mbugharị n'otu aka ahụ na ụgbọ elu

== Ibuli elu na ịdọrọ ==
[[Faịlụ:DragvsSpeed.jpg|thumb|Drag vs Speed. L/DMAX na-eme na ọ dịkarịa ala Total Drag (dịka Parasite gbakwunyere Induced) ]]</text>
      <sha1>gqn9ahmcy0yzicvlhza36h10lzka3np</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>673464</id>
      <parentid>673461</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:30:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354447709|Lift-to-drag ratio]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673464</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="4017" sha1="1yyv0q0m943agvat1oplx4th6rmitq8" xml:space="preserve">
[[Faịlụ:Airfoil_lift_and_drag.svg|thumb|Lift na drag bụ ihe abụọ dị n'ime Ike ikuku zuru oke na-arụ ọrụ na aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọelu.]]
Na aerodynamics, ihe na-ebuli-na-adọkpụrụ (ma ọ bụ L/D ratio) bụ ihe ebuli na-emepụta site na aerodynamic ahụ dị ka aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu, kewara site aerodynamic drag kpatara site na-ebugharị site na ikuku. Ọ na-akọwa arụmọrụ ikuku n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu enyere. Oke L/D maka ahụ ọ bụla enyere ga-adịgasị iche dịka ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu ndị a si dị.

Maka nku aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu kwadoro, a na-akọwapụta L/D mgbe ọ nọ n'ụgbọ elu kwụ ọtọ na larịị. Maka onye na-agbagharị agbagharị ọ na-ekpebi oke glide, nke ebe dị anya na-aga megide ịdị elu ya.

A na-agbakọ okwu ahụ maka ọsọ ikuku ọ bụla site n'ịtụ elu ewepụtara, wee kewaa site na ịdọrọ na ọsọ ahụ. Ndị a na-adịgasị iche n'ọsọ, yabụ a na-edobe nsonaazụ ya na eserese akụkụ abụọ. N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile eserese ahụ na-etolite ọdịdị U, n'ihi akụkụ abụọ bụ isi nke ịdọrọ. Enwere ike gbakọọ L/D site na iji mgbako mmiri mgbakọ ma ọ bụ ịme anwansị kọmputa. A na-atụ ya nke ọma site na ịnwale na ọwara ikuku ma ọ bụ n'ule ụgbọ elu efu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/1729881418766190|title=Accurate calculation of aerodynamic coefficients of parafoil airdrop system based on computational fluid dynamic|date=2018|author=Wu|first=Wannan|journal=International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems|volume=15|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ọdịdị L / D na-emetụta ma ụdị drag nke ahụ na site na drag induced jikọtara ya na ịmepụta ike ibuli elu. Ọ na-adabere n'ụzọ bụ isi na lift na drag coefficients, angle nke mwakpo na ikuku na-aga na nku.

Ọnụọgụ L/D na-agbanwe agbanwe na ike achọrọ maka ụzọ ụgbọ elu enyere, nke mere na ime okpukpu abụọ nke L/D ga-achọ naanị ọkara nke ume maka otu njem ahụ. Nke a na-ebute akụ na ụba mmanụ ọkụ ka mma.

Enwere ike iji oke L/D maka ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ ala. A na-ekpebi oke L/D maka ụgbọ mmiri hydrofoil na ọrụ mbugharị n'otu aka ahụ na ụgbọ elu

== Ibuli elu na ịdọrọ ==
[[Faịlụ:DragvsSpeed.jpg|thumb|Drag vs Speed. L/DMAX na-eme na ọ dịkarịa ala Total Drag (dịka Parasite gbakwunyere Induced) ]]
[[Faịlụ:Coefficients_of_Drag_and_Lift_vs_AOA.jpg|thumb|Njikọta nke drag C &lt;sub&gt;D&lt;/sub&gt; na lift C &lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; vs n'akụkụ mwakpo .]]
[[Faịlụ:Polar_Curve_2.png|thumb|Polar curve na-egosi angle glide maka ọsọ ọsọ kachasị mma (L / D kachasị mma). Ọ bụ akụkụ kachasị dị larịị nke ikuku dị jụụ, nke ga-eme ka ebe dị anya karịa. Ụzọ ikuku a (akara kwụ ọtọ) kwekọrọ na ebe tangent nke akara na-amalite site na mmalite nke eserese ahụ. Ụgbọelu na-efe ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ nwayọ karịa ọsọ ụgbọelu a ga-ekpuchi obere ebe tupu ọ daa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bw&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Wander|first=Bob|title=Glider Polars and Speed-To-Fly...Made Easy!|date=2003|publisher=Bob Wander's Soaring Books &amp; Supplies|location=Minneapolis|pages=7–10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;faa&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Glider Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-13|date=2003|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation, FAA|isbn=9780160514197}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Enwere ike ịmepụta ebuli mgbe ahụ dị ka ikuku ikuku na-aga site na mmiri viscous dị ka ikuku. A na-akụkarị ikuku aerofoil na/ma ọ bụ na-edobe ya n'akụkụ mbuso ikuku. Mbuli ahụ na-abawanye ka square nke ikuku ọsọ 

Mgbe ọ bụla ahụ ikuku na-eme ka e bulie ya elu, nke a na-emekwa ka e bulite ma ọ bụ mee ka e bufee ya. Na ọsọ dị ala, ụgbọelu ga-eme ka e bulie ya elu na akụkụ dị elu nke mwakpo, nke na-akpata nnukwu drag. Okwu a na-achịkwa akụkụ ọsọ dị ala nke eserese nke ibuli elu na ọsọ.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673466</id>
      <parentid>673464</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T21:47:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354447709|Lift-to-drag ratio]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673466</origin>
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[[Faịlụ:Airfoil_lift_and_drag.svg|thumb|Lift na drag bụ ihe abụọ dị n'ime Ike ikuku zuru oke na-arụ ọrụ na aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọelu.]]
Na aerodynamics, ihe na-ebuli-na-adọkpụrụ (ma ọ bụ L/D ratio) bụ ihe ebuli na-emepụta site na aerodynamic ahụ dị ka aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu, kewara site aerodynamic drag kpatara site na-ebugharị site na ikuku. Ọ na-akọwa arụmọrụ ikuku n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu enyere. Oke L/D maka ahụ ọ bụla enyere ga-adịgasị iche dịka ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu ndị a si dị.

Maka nku aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu kwadoro, a na-akọwapụta L/D mgbe ọ nọ n'ụgbọ elu kwụ ọtọ na larịị. Maka onye na-agbagharị agbagharị ọ na-ekpebi oke glide, nke ebe dị anya na-aga megide ịdị elu ya.

A na-agbakọ okwu ahụ maka ọsọ ikuku ọ bụla site n'ịtụ elu ewepụtara, wee kewaa site na ịdọrọ na ọsọ ahụ. Ndị a na-adịgasị iche n'ọsọ, yabụ a na-edobe nsonaazụ ya na eserese akụkụ abụọ. N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile eserese ahụ na-etolite ọdịdị U, n'ihi akụkụ abụọ bụ isi nke ịdọrọ. Enwere ike gbakọọ L/D site na iji mgbako mmiri mgbakọ ma ọ bụ ịme anwansị kọmputa. A na-atụ ya nke ọma site na ịnwale na ọwara ikuku ma ọ bụ n'ule ụgbọ elu efu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/1729881418766190|title=Accurate calculation of aerodynamic coefficients of parafoil airdrop system based on computational fluid dynamic|date=2018|author=Wu|first=Wannan|journal=International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems|volume=15|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ọdịdị L / D na-emetụta ma ụdị drag nke ahụ na site na drag induced jikọtara ya na ịmepụta ike ibuli elu. Ọ na-adabere n'ụzọ bụ isi na lift na drag coefficients, angle nke mwakpo na ikuku na-aga na nku.

Ọnụọgụ L/D na-agbanwe agbanwe na ike achọrọ maka ụzọ ụgbọ elu enyere, nke mere na ime okpukpu abụọ nke L/D ga-achọ naanị ọkara nke ume maka otu njem ahụ. Nke a na-ebute akụ na ụba mmanụ ọkụ ka mma.

Enwere ike iji oke L/D maka ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ ala. A na-ekpebi oke L/D maka ụgbọ mmiri hydrofoil na ọrụ mbugharị n'otu aka ahụ na ụgbọ elu

== Ibuli elu na ịdọrọ ==
[[Faịlụ:DragvsSpeed.jpg|thumb|Drag vs Speed. L/DMAX na-eme na ọ dịkarịa ala Total Drag (dịka Parasite gbakwunyere Induced) ]]
[[Faịlụ:Coefficients_of_Drag_and_Lift_vs_AOA.jpg|thumb|Njikọta nke drag C &lt;sub&gt;D&lt;/sub&gt; na lift C &lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; vs n'akụkụ mwakpo .]]
[[Faịlụ:Polar_Curve_2.png|thumb|Polar curve na-egosi angle glide maka ọsọ ọsọ kachasị mma (L / D kachasị mma). Ọ bụ akụkụ kachasị dị larịị nke ikuku dị jụụ, nke ga-eme ka ebe dị anya karịa. Ụzọ ikuku a (akara kwụ ọtọ) kwekọrọ na ebe tangent nke akara na-amalite site na mmalite nke eserese ahụ. Ụgbọelu na-efe ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ nwayọ karịa ọsọ ụgbọelu a ga-ekpuchi obere ebe tupu ọ daa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bw&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Wander|first=Bob|title=Glider Polars and Speed-To-Fly...Made Easy!|date=2003|publisher=Bob Wander's Soaring Books &amp; Supplies|location=Minneapolis|pages=7–10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;faa&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Glider Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-13|date=2003|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation, FAA|isbn=9780160514197}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Enwere ike ịmepụta ebuli mgbe ahụ dị ka ikuku ikuku na-aga site na mmiri viscous dị ka ikuku. A na-akụkarị ikuku aerofoil na/ma ọ bụ na-edobe ya n'akụkụ mbuso ikuku. Mbuli ahụ na-abawanye ka square nke ikuku ọsọ 

Mgbe ọ bụla ahụ ikuku na-eme ka e bulie ya elu, nke a na-emekwa ka e bulite ma ọ bụ mee ka e bufee ya. Na ọsọ dị ala, ụgbọelu ga-eme ka e bulie ya elu na akụkụ dị elu nke mwakpo, nke na-akpata nnukwu drag. Okwu a na-achịkwa akụkụ ọsọ dị ala nke eserese nke ibuli elu na ọsọ.
[[Faịlụ:DargPolarAL.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Drag curve maka obere ụgbọelu. Tangent na-enye akara L / D kachasị elu.]]
Ihe na-akpata dọkpụrụ akpụ bụ site na mmegharị nke ahụ site na ikuku. Ụdị ịdọrọ a, nke a makwaara dị ka nguzogide ikuku ma ọ bụ ịdọrọ profaịlụ na-adịgasị iche na square nke ọsọ (lee drag equation). N'ihi nke a, a na-akpọpụta ịdọrọ profaịlụ n'ọsọ ọsọ dị ukwuu, na-akpụ akụkụ aka nri nke eserese elu/ọsọ nke U shape. A na-ewetu draịva profaịlụ site n'ịkwalite na ibelata akụkụ obe.

N'ihi ya, ngụkọta drag na ahụ ọ bụla nwere ihe abụọ, drag induced na form drag.

=== Bulite na dọrọ ọnụọgụgụ ===
A na-akpọ ọnụego mgbanwe nke ebuli na ịdọrọ nwere akụkụ mwakpo (AoA) n'otu n'otu, ihe ndị na-ebuli na ịdọrọ bụ C &lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; na C &lt;sub&gt;D.&lt;/sub&gt; A na-akọwakarị oke mgbanwe nke ebuli na ịdọrọ na AoA n'ihe gbasara ihe ndị a.
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        <id>24507</id>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354447709|Lift-to-drag ratio]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Airfoil_lift_and_drag.svg|thumb|Lift na drag bụ ihe abụọ dị n'ime Ike ikuku zuru oke na-arụ ọrụ na aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọelu.]]
Na aerodynamics, ihe na-ebuli-na-adọkpụrụ (ma ọ bụ L/D ratio) bụ ihe ebuli na-emepụta site na aerodynamic ahụ dị ka aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu, kewara site aerodynamic drag kpatara site na-ebugharị site na ikuku. Ọ na-akọwa arụmọrụ ikuku n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu enyere. Oke L/D maka ahụ ọ bụla enyere ga-adịgasị iche dịka ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu ndị a si dị.

Maka nku aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu kwadoro, a na-akọwapụta L/D mgbe ọ nọ n'ụgbọ elu kwụ ọtọ na larịị. Maka onye na-agbagharị agbagharị ọ na-ekpebi oke glide, nke ebe dị anya na-aga megide ịdị elu ya.

A na-agbakọ okwu ahụ maka ọsọ ikuku ọ bụla site n'ịtụ elu ewepụtara, wee kewaa site na ịdọrọ na ọsọ ahụ. Ndị a na-adịgasị iche n'ọsọ, yabụ a na-edobe nsonaazụ ya na eserese akụkụ abụọ. N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile eserese ahụ na-etolite ọdịdị U, n'ihi akụkụ abụọ bụ isi nke ịdọrọ. Enwere ike gbakọọ L/D site na iji mgbako mmiri mgbakọ ma ọ bụ ịme anwansị kọmputa. A na-atụ ya nke ọma site na ịnwale na ọwara ikuku ma ọ bụ n'ule ụgbọ elu efu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/1729881418766190|title=Accurate calculation of aerodynamic coefficients of parafoil airdrop system based on computational fluid dynamic|date=2018|author=Wu|first=Wannan|journal=International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems|volume=15|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ọdịdị L / D na-emetụta ma ụdị drag nke ahụ na site na drag induced jikọtara ya na ịmepụta ike ibuli elu. Ọ na-adabere n'ụzọ bụ isi na lift na drag coefficients, angle nke mwakpo na ikuku na-aga na nku.

Ọnụọgụ L/D na-agbanwe agbanwe na ike achọrọ maka ụzọ ụgbọ elu enyere, nke mere na ime okpukpu abụọ nke L/D ga-achọ naanị ọkara nke ume maka otu njem ahụ. Nke a na-ebute akụ na ụba mmanụ ọkụ ka mma.

Enwere ike iji oke L/D maka ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ ala. A na-ekpebi oke L/D maka ụgbọ mmiri hydrofoil na ọrụ mbugharị n'otu aka ahụ na ụgbọ elu

== Ibuli elu na ịdọrọ ==
[[Faịlụ:DragvsSpeed.jpg|thumb|Drag vs Speed. L/DMAX na-eme na ọ dịkarịa ala Total Drag (dịka Parasite gbakwunyere Induced) ]]
[[Faịlụ:Coefficients_of_Drag_and_Lift_vs_AOA.jpg|thumb|Njikọta nke drag C &lt;sub&gt;D&lt;/sub&gt; na lift C &lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; vs n'akụkụ mwakpo .]]
[[Faịlụ:Polar_Curve_2.png|thumb|Polar curve na-egosi angle glide maka ọsọ ọsọ kachasị mma (L / D kachasị mma). Ọ bụ akụkụ kachasị dị larịị nke ikuku dị jụụ, nke ga-eme ka ebe dị anya karịa. Ụzọ ikuku a (akara kwụ ọtọ) kwekọrọ na ebe tangent nke akara na-amalite site na mmalite nke eserese ahụ. Ụgbọelu na-efe ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ nwayọ karịa ọsọ ụgbọelu a ga-ekpuchi obere ebe tupu ọ daa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bw&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Wander|first=Bob|title=Glider Polars and Speed-To-Fly...Made Easy!|date=2003|publisher=Bob Wander's Soaring Books &amp; Supplies|location=Minneapolis|pages=7–10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;faa&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Glider Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-13|date=2003|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation, FAA|isbn=9780160514197}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Enwere ike ịmepụta ebuli mgbe ahụ dị ka ikuku ikuku na-aga site na mmiri viscous dị ka ikuku. A na-akụkarị ikuku aerofoil na/ma ọ bụ na-edobe ya n'akụkụ mbuso ikuku. Mbuli ahụ na-abawanye ka square nke ikuku ọsọ 

Mgbe ọ bụla ahụ ikuku na-eme ka e bulie ya elu, nke a na-emekwa ka e bulite ma ọ bụ mee ka e bufee ya. Na ọsọ dị ala, ụgbọelu ga-eme ka e bulie ya elu na akụkụ dị elu nke mwakpo, nke na-akpata nnukwu drag. Okwu a na-achịkwa akụkụ ọsọ dị ala nke eserese nke ibuli elu na ọsọ.
[[Faịlụ:DargPolarAL.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Drag curve maka obere ụgbọelu. Tangent na-enye akara L / D kachasị elu.]]
Ihe na-akpata dọkpụrụ akpụ bụ site na mmegharị nke ahụ site na ikuku. Ụdị ịdọrọ a, nke a makwaara dị ka nguzogide ikuku ma ọ bụ ịdọrọ profaịlụ na-adịgasị iche na square nke ọsọ (lee drag equation). N'ihi nke a, a na-akpọpụta ịdọrọ profaịlụ n'ọsọ ọsọ dị ukwuu, na-akpụ akụkụ aka nri nke eserese elu/ọsọ nke U shape. A na-ewetu draịva profaịlụ site n'ịkwalite na ibelata akụkụ obe.

N'ihi ya, ngụkọta drag na ahụ ọ bụla nwere ihe abụọ, drag induced na form drag.

=== Bulite na dọrọ ọnụọgụgụ ===
A na-akpọ ọnụego mgbanwe nke ebuli na ịdọrọ nwere akụkụ mwakpo (AoA) n'otu n'otu, ihe ndị na-ebuli na ịdọrọ bụ C &lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; na C &lt;sub&gt;D.&lt;/sub&gt; A na-akọwakarị oke mgbanwe nke ebuli na ịdọrọ na AoA n'ihe gbasara ihe ndị a.

Maka uru ọ bụla e nyere nke ebuli, AoA na-adịgasị iche na ọsọ. A na-akpọ eserese nke CL na CD vs. ọsọ dị ka akụkụ ịdọrọ. Egosiri ọsọ na-abawanye site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri. A na-enye oke mbuli / ịdọrọ site na mkpọda site na mmalite ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ n'usoro na ya mere oke L/D kachasị anaghị eme na ebe ọ dịkarịa ala ịdọrọ ọnụọgụ, ebe kachasị ekpe. Kama, ọ na-eme n'ọsọ dịtụ karịa. Ndị na-emepụta ihe ga-ahọrọkarị imewe nku nke na-emepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ L/D na ọsọ njem ụgbọ mmiri a họọrọ maka ụgbọ elu nwere nku, si otú ahụ na-eme ka akụ na ụba dịkwuo elu. Dị ka ihe niile dị na injinia ụgbọ elu, oke-ebuli-na-adọkpụrụ abụghị naanị ihe a na-eche maka imewe nku. Ịrụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ọgụ dị elu na ụlọ ahịa dị nro dịkwa mkpa.

== Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Glide ==
Dị ka fuselage ụgbọ elu na njikwa elu ga-agbakwunye ịdọrọ na ikekwe ụfọdụ ebuli, ọ dị mma ịtụle L/D nke ụgbọ elu ahụ n'ozuzu ya. Oke glide, nke bụ nha nke njem ụgbọ elu na-aga n'ihu (enweghị ike) na mgbada ya, bụ (mgbe ọ na-efe na ọsọ mgbe niile) n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ha nhata L/D ụgbọ elu. Nke a bụ mmasị karịsịa na nhazi na ịrụ ọrụ nke ụgbọ elu ụgbọ elu dị elu, nke nwere ike inwe oke glide fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 60 ruo 1 (nkeji 60 nke anya na-aga n'ihu maka nkeji nke ọ bụla) n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, ma na 30: 1 na-ewere ọrụ dị mma maka ntụrụndụ izugbe. Inweta L/D kacha mma nke glider n'omume chọrọ njikwa ziri ezi nke ọsọ ikuku yana arụ ọrụ dị nro yana mgbochi nke njikwa ahụ iji belata ịdọrọ site na elu njikwa ewepụrụ. N'ọnọdụ ikuku efu, L/D ga-eme njem nha anya site na elu furu efu. Ị nweta ebe kacha elu maka elu furu efu na ọnọdụ ikuku chọrọ ngbanwe ọzọ nke ikuku kacha mma, dị ka njem ụgbọ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe. Iji nweta oke ọsọ n'ofe obodo, ndị na-anya ụgbọ elu na-atụ anya ọkụ ọkụ siri ike na-ebukarị ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri ha (ụgbọ elu ụgbọ mmiri) na mmiri ballast: ụbara nku nku pụtara oke glide kacha mma na oke ikuku, mana ọ na-eri ịrịgo nwayọ nwayọ na thermals. Dị ka e kwuru n'okpuru, L/D kachasị adabereghị na ibu ma ọ bụ nku nku, mana na ntinye nku ka ukwuu, L/D kachasị na-eme na ọsọ ọsọ. Ọzọkwa, ikuku na-agba ọsọ pụtara na ụgbọ elu ga-efe na ọnụ ọgụgụ Reynolds ka ukwuu na nke a ga-ebutekarị ọnụ ọgụgụ drag drag efu efu. 

== Echiche ==

=== Akara ụda ===
Na mgbakọ na mwepụ, enwere ike ịtụle oke elu na ịdọrọ dị ka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Loftin, LK Jr.|title=Quest for performance: The evolution of modern aircraft. NASA SP-468|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm|accessdate=2006-04-22|archivedate=2018-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529231420/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
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        <id>24507</id>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354447709|Lift-to-drag ratio]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Airfoil_lift_and_drag.svg|thumb|Lift na drag bụ ihe abụọ dị n'ime Ike ikuku zuru oke na-arụ ọrụ na aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọelu.]]
Na aerodynamics, ihe na-ebuli-na-adọkpụrụ (ma ọ bụ L/D ratio) bụ ihe ebuli na-emepụta site na aerodynamic ahụ dị ka aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu, kewara site aerodynamic drag kpatara site na-ebugharị site na ikuku. Ọ na-akọwa arụmọrụ ikuku n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu enyere. Oke L/D maka ahụ ọ bụla enyere ga-adịgasị iche dịka ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu ndị a si dị.

Maka nku aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu kwadoro, a na-akọwapụta L/D mgbe ọ nọ n'ụgbọ elu kwụ ọtọ na larịị. Maka onye na-agbagharị agbagharị ọ na-ekpebi oke glide, nke ebe dị anya na-aga megide ịdị elu ya.

A na-agbakọ okwu ahụ maka ọsọ ikuku ọ bụla site n'ịtụ elu ewepụtara, wee kewaa site na ịdọrọ na ọsọ ahụ. Ndị a na-adịgasị iche n'ọsọ, yabụ a na-edobe nsonaazụ ya na eserese akụkụ abụọ. N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile eserese ahụ na-etolite ọdịdị U, n'ihi akụkụ abụọ bụ isi nke ịdọrọ. Enwere ike gbakọọ L/D site na iji mgbako mmiri mgbakọ ma ọ bụ ịme anwansị kọmputa. A na-atụ ya nke ọma site na ịnwale na ọwara ikuku ma ọ bụ n'ule ụgbọ elu efu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/1729881418766190|title=Accurate calculation of aerodynamic coefficients of parafoil airdrop system based on computational fluid dynamic|date=2018|author=Wu|first=Wannan|journal=International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems|volume=15|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ọdịdị L / D na-emetụta ma ụdị drag nke ahụ na site na drag induced jikọtara ya na ịmepụta ike ibuli elu. Ọ na-adabere n'ụzọ bụ isi na lift na drag coefficients, angle nke mwakpo na ikuku na-aga na nku.

Ọnụọgụ L/D na-agbanwe agbanwe na ike achọrọ maka ụzọ ụgbọ elu enyere, nke mere na ime okpukpu abụọ nke L/D ga-achọ naanị ọkara nke ume maka otu njem ahụ. Nke a na-ebute akụ na ụba mmanụ ọkụ ka mma.

Enwere ike iji oke L/D maka ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ ala. A na-ekpebi oke L/D maka ụgbọ mmiri hydrofoil na ọrụ mbugharị n'otu aka ahụ na ụgbọ elu

== Ibuli elu na ịdọrọ ==
[[Faịlụ:DragvsSpeed.jpg|thumb|Drag vs Speed. L/DMAX na-eme na ọ dịkarịa ala Total Drag (dịka Parasite gbakwunyere Induced) ]]
[[Faịlụ:Coefficients_of_Drag_and_Lift_vs_AOA.jpg|thumb|Njikọta nke drag C &lt;sub&gt;D&lt;/sub&gt; na lift C &lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; vs n'akụkụ mwakpo .]]
[[Faịlụ:Polar_Curve_2.png|thumb|Polar curve na-egosi angle glide maka ọsọ ọsọ kachasị mma (L / D kachasị mma). Ọ bụ akụkụ kachasị dị larịị nke ikuku dị jụụ, nke ga-eme ka ebe dị anya karịa. Ụzọ ikuku a (akara kwụ ọtọ) kwekọrọ na ebe tangent nke akara na-amalite site na mmalite nke eserese ahụ. Ụgbọelu na-efe ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ nwayọ karịa ọsọ ụgbọelu a ga-ekpuchi obere ebe tupu ọ daa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bw&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Wander|first=Bob|title=Glider Polars and Speed-To-Fly...Made Easy!|date=2003|publisher=Bob Wander's Soaring Books &amp; Supplies|location=Minneapolis|pages=7–10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;faa&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Glider Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-13|date=2003|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation, FAA|isbn=9780160514197}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Enwere ike ịmepụta ebuli mgbe ahụ dị ka ikuku ikuku na-aga site na mmiri viscous dị ka ikuku. A na-akụkarị ikuku aerofoil na/ma ọ bụ na-edobe ya n'akụkụ mbuso ikuku. Mbuli ahụ na-abawanye ka square nke ikuku ọsọ 

Mgbe ọ bụla ahụ ikuku na-eme ka e bulie ya elu, nke a na-emekwa ka e bulite ma ọ bụ mee ka e bufee ya. Na ọsọ dị ala, ụgbọelu ga-eme ka e bulie ya elu na akụkụ dị elu nke mwakpo, nke na-akpata nnukwu drag. Okwu a na-achịkwa akụkụ ọsọ dị ala nke eserese nke ibuli elu na ọsọ.
[[Faịlụ:DargPolarAL.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Drag curve maka obere ụgbọelu. Tangent na-enye akara L / D kachasị elu.]]
Ihe na-akpata dọkpụrụ akpụ bụ site na mmegharị nke ahụ site na ikuku. Ụdị ịdọrọ a, nke a makwaara dị ka nguzogide ikuku ma ọ bụ ịdọrọ profaịlụ na-adịgasị iche na square nke ọsọ (lee drag equation). N'ihi nke a, a na-akpọpụta ịdọrọ profaịlụ n'ọsọ ọsọ dị ukwuu, na-akpụ akụkụ aka nri nke eserese elu/ọsọ nke U shape. A na-ewetu draịva profaịlụ site n'ịkwalite na ibelata akụkụ obe.

N'ihi ya, ngụkọta drag na ahụ ọ bụla nwere ihe abụọ, drag induced na form drag.

=== Bulite na dọrọ ọnụọgụgụ ===
A na-akpọ ọnụego mgbanwe nke ebuli na ịdọrọ nwere akụkụ mwakpo (AoA) n'otu n'otu, ihe ndị na-ebuli na ịdọrọ bụ C &lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; na C &lt;sub&gt;D.&lt;/sub&gt; A na-akọwakarị oke mgbanwe nke ebuli na ịdọrọ na AoA n'ihe gbasara ihe ndị a.

Maka uru ọ bụla e nyere nke ebuli, AoA na-adịgasị iche na ọsọ. A na-akpọ eserese nke CL na CD vs. ọsọ dị ka akụkụ ịdọrọ. Egosiri ọsọ na-abawanye site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri. A na-enye oke mbuli / ịdọrọ site na mkpọda site na mmalite ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ n'usoro na ya mere oke L/D kachasị anaghị eme na ebe ọ dịkarịa ala ịdọrọ ọnụọgụ, ebe kachasị ekpe. Kama, ọ na-eme n'ọsọ dịtụ karịa. Ndị na-emepụta ihe ga-ahọrọkarị imewe nku nke na-emepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ L/D na ọsọ njem ụgbọ mmiri a họọrọ maka ụgbọ elu nwere nku, si otú ahụ na-eme ka akụ na ụba dịkwuo elu. Dị ka ihe niile dị na injinia ụgbọ elu, oke-ebuli-na-adọkpụrụ abụghị naanị ihe a na-eche maka imewe nku. Ịrụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ọgụ dị elu na ụlọ ahịa dị nro dịkwa mkpa.

== Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Glide ==
Dị ka fuselage ụgbọ elu na njikwa elu ga-agbakwunye ịdọrọ na ikekwe ụfọdụ ebuli, ọ dị mma ịtụle L/D nke ụgbọ elu ahụ n'ozuzu ya. Oke glide, nke bụ nha nke njem ụgbọ elu na-aga n'ihu (enweghị ike) na mgbada ya, bụ (mgbe ọ na-efe na ọsọ mgbe niile) n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ha nhata L/D ụgbọ elu. Nke a bụ mmasị karịsịa na nhazi na ịrụ ọrụ nke ụgbọ elu ụgbọ elu dị elu, nke nwere ike inwe oke glide fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 60 ruo 1 (nkeji 60 nke anya na-aga n'ihu maka nkeji nke ọ bụla) n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, ma na 30: 1 na-ewere ọrụ dị mma maka ntụrụndụ izugbe. Inweta L/D kacha mma nke glider n'omume chọrọ njikwa ziri ezi nke ọsọ ikuku yana arụ ọrụ dị nro yana mgbochi nke njikwa ahụ iji belata ịdọrọ site na elu njikwa ewepụrụ. N'ọnọdụ ikuku efu, L/D ga-eme njem nha anya site na elu furu efu. Ị nweta ebe kacha elu maka elu furu efu na ọnọdụ ikuku chọrọ ngbanwe ọzọ nke ikuku kacha mma, dị ka njem ụgbọ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe. Iji nweta oke ọsọ n'ofe obodo, ndị na-anya ụgbọ elu na-atụ anya ọkụ ọkụ siri ike na-ebukarị ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri ha (ụgbọ elu ụgbọ mmiri) na mmiri ballast: ụbara nku nku pụtara oke glide kacha mma na oke ikuku, mana ọ na-eri ịrịgo nwayọ nwayọ na thermals. Dị ka e kwuru n'okpuru, L/D kachasị adabereghị na ibu ma ọ bụ nku nku, mana na ntinye nku ka ukwuu, L/D kachasị na-eme na ọsọ ọsọ. Ọzọkwa, ikuku na-agba ọsọ pụtara na ụgbọ elu ga-efe na ọnụ ọgụgụ Reynolds ka ukwuu na nke a ga-ebutekarị ọnụ ọgụgụ drag drag efu efu. 

== Echiche ==

=== Akara ụda ===
Na mgbakọ na mwepụ, enwere ike ịtụle oke elu na ịdọrọ dị ka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Loftin, LK Jr.|title=Quest for performance: The evolution of modern aircraft. NASA SP-468|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm|accessdate=2006-04-22|archivedate=2018-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529231420/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: &lt;math&gt;(L/D)_\text{max} = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{\pi \varepsilon \text{AR}}{C_{D,0}}},&lt;/math&gt;

ebe AR bụ akụkụ nke nha, &lt;math&gt;\varepsilon&lt;/math&gt; ihe na-eme ka arụmọrụ dị ogologo, ọnụọgụgụ dị obere karịa mana dị nso na ịdị n'otu maka nku ndị dị ogologo, nke nwere ihu kwụ ọtọ, na &lt;math&gt;C_{D,0}&lt;/math&gt; ihe ndọda efu nke na-ebuli elu .

Nke kachasị mkpa, oke elu na-adọkpụ na-adabere na ịdị arọ nke ụgbọelu, mpaghara nku, ma ọ bụ ibu nku.
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354447709|Lift-to-drag ratio]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Airfoil_lift_and_drag.svg|thumb|Lift na drag bụ ihe abụọ dị n'ime Ike ikuku zuru oke na-arụ ọrụ na aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọelu.]]
Na aerodynamics, ihe na-ebuli-na-adọkpụrụ (ma ọ bụ L/D ratio) bụ ihe ebuli na-emepụta site na aerodynamic ahụ dị ka aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu, kewara site aerodynamic drag kpatara site na-ebugharị site na ikuku. Ọ na-akọwa arụmọrụ ikuku n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu enyere. Oke L/D maka ahụ ọ bụla enyere ga-adịgasị iche dịka ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu ndị a si dị.

Maka nku aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu kwadoro, a na-akọwapụta L/D mgbe ọ nọ n'ụgbọ elu kwụ ọtọ na larịị. Maka onye na-agbagharị agbagharị ọ na-ekpebi oke glide, nke ebe dị anya na-aga megide ịdị elu ya.

A na-agbakọ okwu ahụ maka ọsọ ikuku ọ bụla site n'ịtụ elu ewepụtara, wee kewaa site na ịdọrọ na ọsọ ahụ. Ndị a na-adịgasị iche n'ọsọ, yabụ a na-edobe nsonaazụ ya na eserese akụkụ abụọ. N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile eserese ahụ na-etolite ọdịdị U, n'ihi akụkụ abụọ bụ isi nke ịdọrọ. Enwere ike gbakọọ L/D site na iji mgbako mmiri mgbakọ ma ọ bụ ịme anwansị kọmputa. A na-atụ ya nke ọma site na ịnwale na ọwara ikuku ma ọ bụ n'ule ụgbọ elu efu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/1729881418766190|title=Accurate calculation of aerodynamic coefficients of parafoil airdrop system based on computational fluid dynamic|date=2018|author=Wu|first=Wannan|journal=International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems|volume=15|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ọdịdị L / D na-emetụta ma ụdị drag nke ahụ na site na drag induced jikọtara ya na ịmepụta ike ibuli elu. Ọ na-adabere n'ụzọ bụ isi na lift na drag coefficients, angle nke mwakpo na ikuku na-aga na nku.

Ọnụọgụ L/D na-agbanwe agbanwe na ike achọrọ maka ụzọ ụgbọ elu enyere, nke mere na ime okpukpu abụọ nke L/D ga-achọ naanị ọkara nke ume maka otu njem ahụ. Nke a na-ebute akụ na ụba mmanụ ọkụ ka mma.

Enwere ike iji oke L/D maka ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ ala. A na-ekpebi oke L/D maka ụgbọ mmiri hydrofoil na ọrụ mbugharị n'otu aka ahụ na ụgbọ elu

== Ibuli elu na ịdọrọ ==
[[Faịlụ:DragvsSpeed.jpg|thumb|Drag vs Speed. L/DMAX na-eme na ọ dịkarịa ala Total Drag (dịka Parasite gbakwunyere Induced) ]]
[[Faịlụ:Coefficients_of_Drag_and_Lift_vs_AOA.jpg|thumb|Njikọta nke drag C &lt;sub&gt;D&lt;/sub&gt; na lift C &lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; vs n'akụkụ mwakpo .]]
[[Faịlụ:Polar_Curve_2.png|thumb|Polar curve na-egosi angle glide maka ọsọ ọsọ kachasị mma (L / D kachasị mma). Ọ bụ akụkụ kachasị dị larịị nke ikuku dị jụụ, nke ga-eme ka ebe dị anya karịa. Ụzọ ikuku a (akara kwụ ọtọ) kwekọrọ na ebe tangent nke akara na-amalite site na mmalite nke eserese ahụ. Ụgbọelu na-efe ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ nwayọ karịa ọsọ ụgbọelu a ga-ekpuchi obere ebe tupu ọ daa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bw&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Wander|first=Bob|title=Glider Polars and Speed-To-Fly...Made Easy!|date=2003|publisher=Bob Wander's Soaring Books &amp; Supplies|location=Minneapolis|pages=7–10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;faa&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Glider Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-13|date=2003|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation, FAA|isbn=9780160514197}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Enwere ike ịmepụta ebuli mgbe ahụ dị ka ikuku ikuku na-aga site na mmiri viscous dị ka ikuku. A na-akụkarị ikuku aerofoil na/ma ọ bụ na-edobe ya n'akụkụ mbuso ikuku. Mbuli ahụ na-abawanye ka square nke ikuku ọsọ 

Mgbe ọ bụla ahụ ikuku na-eme ka e bulie ya elu, nke a na-emekwa ka e bulite ma ọ bụ mee ka e bufee ya. Na ọsọ dị ala, ụgbọelu ga-eme ka e bulie ya elu na akụkụ dị elu nke mwakpo, nke na-akpata nnukwu drag. Okwu a na-achịkwa akụkụ ọsọ dị ala nke eserese nke ibuli elu na ọsọ.
[[Faịlụ:DargPolarAL.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Drag curve maka obere ụgbọelu. Tangent na-enye akara L / D kachasị elu.]]
Ihe na-akpata dọkpụrụ akpụ bụ site na mmegharị nke ahụ site na ikuku. Ụdị ịdọrọ a, nke a makwaara dị ka nguzogide ikuku ma ọ bụ ịdọrọ profaịlụ na-adịgasị iche na square nke ọsọ (lee drag equation). N'ihi nke a, a na-akpọpụta ịdọrọ profaịlụ n'ọsọ ọsọ dị ukwuu, na-akpụ akụkụ aka nri nke eserese elu/ọsọ nke U shape. A na-ewetu draịva profaịlụ site n'ịkwalite na ibelata akụkụ obe.

N'ihi ya, ngụkọta drag na ahụ ọ bụla nwere ihe abụọ, drag induced na form drag.

=== Bulite na dọrọ ọnụọgụgụ ===
A na-akpọ ọnụego mgbanwe nke ebuli na ịdọrọ nwere akụkụ mwakpo (AoA) n'otu n'otu, ihe ndị na-ebuli na ịdọrọ bụ C &lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; na C &lt;sub&gt;D.&lt;/sub&gt; A na-akọwakarị oke mgbanwe nke ebuli na ịdọrọ na AoA n'ihe gbasara ihe ndị a.

Maka uru ọ bụla e nyere nke ebuli, AoA na-adịgasị iche na ọsọ. A na-akpọ eserese nke CL na CD vs. ọsọ dị ka akụkụ ịdọrọ. Egosiri ọsọ na-abawanye site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri. A na-enye oke mbuli / ịdọrọ site na mkpọda site na mmalite ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ n'usoro na ya mere oke L/D kachasị anaghị eme na ebe ọ dịkarịa ala ịdọrọ ọnụọgụ, ebe kachasị ekpe. Kama, ọ na-eme n'ọsọ dịtụ karịa. Ndị na-emepụta ihe ga-ahọrọkarị imewe nku nke na-emepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ L/D na ọsọ njem ụgbọ mmiri a họọrọ maka ụgbọ elu nwere nku, si otú ahụ na-eme ka akụ na ụba dịkwuo elu. Dị ka ihe niile dị na injinia ụgbọ elu, oke-ebuli-na-adọkpụrụ abụghị naanị ihe a na-eche maka imewe nku. Ịrụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ọgụ dị elu na ụlọ ahịa dị nro dịkwa mkpa.

== Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Glide ==
Dị ka fuselage ụgbọ elu na njikwa elu ga-agbakwunye ịdọrọ na ikekwe ụfọdụ ebuli, ọ dị mma ịtụle L/D nke ụgbọ elu ahụ n'ozuzu ya. Oke glide, nke bụ nha nke njem ụgbọ elu na-aga n'ihu (enweghị ike) na mgbada ya, bụ (mgbe ọ na-efe na ọsọ mgbe niile) n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ha nhata L/D ụgbọ elu. Nke a bụ mmasị karịsịa na nhazi na ịrụ ọrụ nke ụgbọ elu ụgbọ elu dị elu, nke nwere ike inwe oke glide fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 60 ruo 1 (nkeji 60 nke anya na-aga n'ihu maka nkeji nke ọ bụla) n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, ma na 30: 1 na-ewere ọrụ dị mma maka ntụrụndụ izugbe. Inweta L/D kacha mma nke glider n'omume chọrọ njikwa ziri ezi nke ọsọ ikuku yana arụ ọrụ dị nro yana mgbochi nke njikwa ahụ iji belata ịdọrọ site na elu njikwa ewepụrụ. N'ọnọdụ ikuku efu, L/D ga-eme njem nha anya site na elu furu efu. Ị nweta ebe kacha elu maka elu furu efu na ọnọdụ ikuku chọrọ ngbanwe ọzọ nke ikuku kacha mma, dị ka njem ụgbọ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe. Iji nweta oke ọsọ n'ofe obodo, ndị na-anya ụgbọ elu na-atụ anya ọkụ ọkụ siri ike na-ebukarị ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri ha (ụgbọ elu ụgbọ mmiri) na mmiri ballast: ụbara nku nku pụtara oke glide kacha mma na oke ikuku, mana ọ na-eri ịrịgo nwayọ nwayọ na thermals. Dị ka e kwuru n'okpuru, L/D kachasị adabereghị na ibu ma ọ bụ nku nku, mana na ntinye nku ka ukwuu, L/D kachasị na-eme na ọsọ ọsọ. Ọzọkwa, ikuku na-agba ọsọ pụtara na ụgbọ elu ga-efe na ọnụ ọgụgụ Reynolds ka ukwuu na nke a ga-ebutekarị ọnụ ọgụgụ drag drag efu efu. 

== Echiche ==

=== Akara ụda ===
Na mgbakọ na mwepụ, enwere ike ịtụle oke elu na ịdọrọ dị ka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Loftin, LK Jr.|title=Quest for performance: The evolution of modern aircraft. NASA SP-468|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm|accessdate=2006-04-22|archivedate=2018-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529231420/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: &lt;math&gt;(L/D)_\text{max} = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{\pi \varepsilon \text{AR}}{C_{D,0}}},&lt;/math&gt;

ebe AR bụ akụkụ nke nha, &lt;math&gt;\varepsilon&lt;/math&gt; ihe na-eme ka arụmọrụ dị ogologo, ọnụọgụgụ dị obere karịa mana dị nso na ịdị n'otu maka nku ndị dị ogologo, nke nwere ihu kwụ ọtọ, na &lt;math&gt;C_{D,0}&lt;/math&gt; ihe ndọda efu nke na-ebuli elu .

Nke kachasị mkpa, oke elu na-adọkpụ na-adabere na ịdị arọ nke ụgbọelu, mpaghara nku, ma ọ bụ ibu nku.

Enwere ike igosi na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala abụọ kachasị na-ebuli-to-drag maka ụgbọ elu nwere nku bụ ogologo nku na mkpokọta mmiri mmiri. Otu ụzọ a ga-esi amata ọnụọgụ ihe ndọtị efu nke ụgbọ elu bụ usoro mgbakasị akpụkpọ anụ. Maka ụgbọ elu emebere nke ọma, drag zero-lift (ma ọ bụ drag parasite) na-abụkarị nke ịdọrọ esemokwu akpụkpọ ahụ gbakwunyere obere pasent nke nrụgide nrụgide kpatara nkewa nkewa. A na-eji usoro ahụ eme ihe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Raymer|first=Daniel|title=Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach|date=2012|publisher=AIAA|location=New York|edition=5th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: &lt;math&gt;C_{D,0} = C_\text{fe} \frac{S_\text{wet}}{S_\text{ref}},&lt;/math&gt;

ebee &lt;math&gt;C_\text{fe}&lt;/math&gt; bụ nha nhata nke esemokwu akpụkpọ ahụ, &lt;math&gt;S_\text{wet}&lt;/math&gt; bụ ebe mmiri dị na ya na &lt;math&gt;S_\text{ref}&lt;/math&gt; bụ mpaghara ntụaka nku. Ihe nhata nke esemokwu akpụkpọ ahụ na-akọwa ma ndọkpụ nkewa na ndọkpụ nke esemokwu akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ uru na-adịgide adịgide maka ụdị ụgbọelu nke otu klas ahụ. Tinye nke a n'ime nha nha maka oke ebuli-na-dọkpụ, yana nha nha maka nha nha akụkụ ( &lt;math&gt;b^2/S_\text{ref}&lt;/math&gt; ), na-emepụta nha nhata &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;
 (L/D)_\text{max} = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{\pi \varepsilon}{C_\text{fe}} \frac{b^2}{S_\text{wet}}},&lt;/math&gt; ebe ''b'' bụ nku. Okwu ahụ &lt;math&gt;b^2/S_\text{wet}&lt;/math&gt; a maara ya dị ka oke akụkụ mmiri mmiri. Usoro a na-egosi mkpa ọ dị inwe oke akụkụ mmiri mmiri iji nweta imewe dị irè nke ikuku.
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        <id>24507</id>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354447709|Lift-to-drag ratio]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Airfoil_lift_and_drag.svg|thumb|Lift na drag bụ ihe abụọ dị n'ime Ike ikuku zuru oke na-arụ ọrụ na aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọelu.]]
Na aerodynamics, ihe na-ebuli-na-adọkpụrụ (ma ọ bụ L/D ratio) bụ ihe ebuli na-emepụta site na aerodynamic ahụ dị ka aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu, kewara site aerodynamic drag kpatara site na-ebugharị site na ikuku. Ọ na-akọwa arụmọrụ ikuku n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu enyere. Oke L/D maka ahụ ọ bụla enyere ga-adịgasị iche dịka ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu ndị a si dị.

Maka nku aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu kwadoro, a na-akọwapụta L/D mgbe ọ nọ n'ụgbọ elu kwụ ọtọ na larịị. Maka onye na-agbagharị agbagharị ọ na-ekpebi oke glide, nke ebe dị anya na-aga megide ịdị elu ya.

A na-agbakọ okwu ahụ maka ọsọ ikuku ọ bụla site n'ịtụ elu ewepụtara, wee kewaa site na ịdọrọ na ọsọ ahụ. Ndị a na-adịgasị iche n'ọsọ, yabụ a na-edobe nsonaazụ ya na eserese akụkụ abụọ. N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile eserese ahụ na-etolite ọdịdị U, n'ihi akụkụ abụọ bụ isi nke ịdọrọ. Enwere ike gbakọọ L/D site na iji mgbako mmiri mgbakọ ma ọ bụ ịme anwansị kọmputa. A na-atụ ya nke ọma site na ịnwale na ọwara ikuku ma ọ bụ n'ule ụgbọ elu efu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/1729881418766190|title=Accurate calculation of aerodynamic coefficients of parafoil airdrop system based on computational fluid dynamic|date=2018|author=Wu|first=Wannan|journal=International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems|volume=15|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ọdịdị L / D na-emetụta ma ụdị drag nke ahụ na site na drag induced jikọtara ya na ịmepụta ike ibuli elu. Ọ na-adabere n'ụzọ bụ isi na lift na drag coefficients, angle nke mwakpo na ikuku na-aga na nku.

Ọnụọgụ L/D na-agbanwe agbanwe na ike achọrọ maka ụzọ ụgbọ elu enyere, nke mere na ime okpukpu abụọ nke L/D ga-achọ naanị ọkara nke ume maka otu njem ahụ. Nke a na-ebute akụ na ụba mmanụ ọkụ ka mma.

Enwere ike iji oke L/D maka ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ ala. A na-ekpebi oke L/D maka ụgbọ mmiri hydrofoil na ọrụ mbugharị n'otu aka ahụ na ụgbọ elu

== Ibuli elu na ịdọrọ ==
[[Faịlụ:DragvsSpeed.jpg|thumb|Drag vs Speed. L/DMAX na-eme na ọ dịkarịa ala Total Drag (dịka Parasite gbakwunyere Induced) ]]
[[Faịlụ:Coefficients_of_Drag_and_Lift_vs_AOA.jpg|thumb|Njikọta nke drag C &lt;sub&gt;D&lt;/sub&gt; na lift C &lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; vs n'akụkụ mwakpo .]]
[[Faịlụ:Polar_Curve_2.png|thumb|Polar curve na-egosi angle glide maka ọsọ ọsọ kachasị mma (L / D kachasị mma). Ọ bụ akụkụ kachasị dị larịị nke ikuku dị jụụ, nke ga-eme ka ebe dị anya karịa. Ụzọ ikuku a (akara kwụ ọtọ) kwekọrọ na ebe tangent nke akara na-amalite site na mmalite nke eserese ahụ. Ụgbọelu na-efe ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ nwayọ karịa ọsọ ụgbọelu a ga-ekpuchi obere ebe tupu ọ daa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bw&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Wander|first=Bob|title=Glider Polars and Speed-To-Fly...Made Easy!|date=2003|publisher=Bob Wander's Soaring Books &amp; Supplies|location=Minneapolis|pages=7–10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;faa&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Glider Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-13|date=2003|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation, FAA|isbn=9780160514197}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Enwere ike ịmepụta ebuli mgbe ahụ dị ka ikuku ikuku na-aga site na mmiri viscous dị ka ikuku. A na-akụkarị ikuku aerofoil na/ma ọ bụ na-edobe ya n'akụkụ mbuso ikuku. Mbuli ahụ na-abawanye ka square nke ikuku ọsọ 

Mgbe ọ bụla ahụ ikuku na-eme ka e bulie ya elu, nke a na-emekwa ka e bulite ma ọ bụ mee ka e bufee ya. Na ọsọ dị ala, ụgbọelu ga-eme ka e bulie ya elu na akụkụ dị elu nke mwakpo, nke na-akpata nnukwu drag. Okwu a na-achịkwa akụkụ ọsọ dị ala nke eserese nke ibuli elu na ọsọ.
[[Faịlụ:DargPolarAL.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Drag curve maka obere ụgbọelu. Tangent na-enye akara L / D kachasị elu.]]
Ihe na-akpata dọkpụrụ akpụ bụ site na mmegharị nke ahụ site na ikuku. Ụdị ịdọrọ a, nke a makwaara dị ka nguzogide ikuku ma ọ bụ ịdọrọ profaịlụ na-adịgasị iche na square nke ọsọ (lee drag equation). N'ihi nke a, a na-akpọpụta ịdọrọ profaịlụ n'ọsọ ọsọ dị ukwuu, na-akpụ akụkụ aka nri nke eserese elu/ọsọ nke U shape. A na-ewetu draịva profaịlụ site n'ịkwalite na ibelata akụkụ obe.

N'ihi ya, ngụkọta drag na ahụ ọ bụla nwere ihe abụọ, drag induced na form drag.

=== Bulite na dọrọ ọnụọgụgụ ===
A na-akpọ ọnụego mgbanwe nke ebuli na ịdọrọ nwere akụkụ mwakpo (AoA) n'otu n'otu, ihe ndị na-ebuli na ịdọrọ bụ C &lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; na C &lt;sub&gt;D.&lt;/sub&gt; A na-akọwakarị oke mgbanwe nke ebuli na ịdọrọ na AoA n'ihe gbasara ihe ndị a.

Maka uru ọ bụla e nyere nke ebuli, AoA na-adịgasị iche na ọsọ. A na-akpọ eserese nke CL na CD vs. ọsọ dị ka akụkụ ịdọrọ. Egosiri ọsọ na-abawanye site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri. A na-enye oke mbuli / ịdọrọ site na mkpọda site na mmalite ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ n'usoro na ya mere oke L/D kachasị anaghị eme na ebe ọ dịkarịa ala ịdọrọ ọnụọgụ, ebe kachasị ekpe. Kama, ọ na-eme n'ọsọ dịtụ karịa. Ndị na-emepụta ihe ga-ahọrọkarị imewe nku nke na-emepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ L/D na ọsọ njem ụgbọ mmiri a họọrọ maka ụgbọ elu nwere nku, si otú ahụ na-eme ka akụ na ụba dịkwuo elu. Dị ka ihe niile dị na injinia ụgbọ elu, oke-ebuli-na-adọkpụrụ abụghị naanị ihe a na-eche maka imewe nku. Ịrụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ọgụ dị elu na ụlọ ahịa dị nro dịkwa mkpa.

== Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Glide ==
Dị ka fuselage ụgbọ elu na njikwa elu ga-agbakwunye ịdọrọ na ikekwe ụfọdụ ebuli, ọ dị mma ịtụle L/D nke ụgbọ elu ahụ n'ozuzu ya. Oke glide, nke bụ nha nke njem ụgbọ elu na-aga n'ihu (enweghị ike) na mgbada ya, bụ (mgbe ọ na-efe na ọsọ mgbe niile) n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ha nhata L/D ụgbọ elu. Nke a bụ mmasị karịsịa na nhazi na ịrụ ọrụ nke ụgbọ elu ụgbọ elu dị elu, nke nwere ike inwe oke glide fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 60 ruo 1 (nkeji 60 nke anya na-aga n'ihu maka nkeji nke ọ bụla) n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, ma na 30: 1 na-ewere ọrụ dị mma maka ntụrụndụ izugbe. Inweta L/D kacha mma nke glider n'omume chọrọ njikwa ziri ezi nke ọsọ ikuku yana arụ ọrụ dị nro yana mgbochi nke njikwa ahụ iji belata ịdọrọ site na elu njikwa ewepụrụ. N'ọnọdụ ikuku efu, L/D ga-eme njem nha anya site na elu furu efu. Ị nweta ebe kacha elu maka elu furu efu na ọnọdụ ikuku chọrọ ngbanwe ọzọ nke ikuku kacha mma, dị ka njem ụgbọ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe. Iji nweta oke ọsọ n'ofe obodo, ndị na-anya ụgbọ elu na-atụ anya ọkụ ọkụ siri ike na-ebukarị ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri ha (ụgbọ elu ụgbọ mmiri) na mmiri ballast: ụbara nku nku pụtara oke glide kacha mma na oke ikuku, mana ọ na-eri ịrịgo nwayọ nwayọ na thermals. Dị ka e kwuru n'okpuru, L/D kachasị adabereghị na ibu ma ọ bụ nku nku, mana na ntinye nku ka ukwuu, L/D kachasị na-eme na ọsọ ọsọ. Ọzọkwa, ikuku na-agba ọsọ pụtara na ụgbọ elu ga-efe na ọnụ ọgụgụ Reynolds ka ukwuu na nke a ga-ebutekarị ọnụ ọgụgụ drag drag efu efu. 

== Echiche ==

=== Akara ụda ===
Na mgbakọ na mwepụ, enwere ike ịtụle oke elu na ịdọrọ dị ka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Loftin, LK Jr.|title=Quest for performance: The evolution of modern aircraft. NASA SP-468|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm|accessdate=2006-04-22|archivedate=2018-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529231420/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: &lt;math&gt;(L/D)_\text{max} = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{\pi \varepsilon \text{AR}}{C_{D,0}}},&lt;/math&gt;

ebe AR bụ akụkụ nke nha, &lt;math&gt;\varepsilon&lt;/math&gt; ihe na-eme ka arụmọrụ dị ogologo, ọnụọgụgụ dị obere karịa mana dị nso na ịdị n'otu maka nku ndị dị ogologo, nke nwere ihu kwụ ọtọ, na &lt;math&gt;C_{D,0}&lt;/math&gt; ihe ndọda efu nke na-ebuli elu .

Nke kachasị mkpa, oke elu na-adọkpụ na-adabere na ịdị arọ nke ụgbọelu, mpaghara nku, ma ọ bụ ibu nku.

Enwere ike igosi na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala abụọ kachasị na-ebuli-to-drag maka ụgbọ elu nwere nku bụ ogologo nku na mkpokọta mmiri mmiri. Otu ụzọ a ga-esi amata ọnụọgụ ihe ndọtị efu nke ụgbọ elu bụ usoro mgbakasị akpụkpọ anụ. Maka ụgbọ elu emebere nke ọma, drag zero-lift (ma ọ bụ drag parasite) na-abụkarị nke ịdọrọ esemokwu akpụkpọ ahụ gbakwunyere obere pasent nke nrụgide nrụgide kpatara nkewa nkewa. A na-eji usoro ahụ eme ihe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Raymer|first=Daniel|title=Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach|date=2012|publisher=AIAA|location=New York|edition=5th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: &lt;math&gt;C_{D,0} = C_\text{fe} \frac{S_\text{wet}}{S_\text{ref}},&lt;/math&gt;

ebee &lt;math&gt;C_\text{fe}&lt;/math&gt; bụ nha nhata nke esemokwu akpụkpọ ahụ, &lt;math&gt;S_\text{wet}&lt;/math&gt; bụ ebe mmiri dị na ya na &lt;math&gt;S_\text{ref}&lt;/math&gt; bụ mpaghara ntụaka nku. Ihe nhata nke esemokwu akpụkpọ ahụ na-akọwa ma ndọkpụ nkewa na ndọkpụ nke esemokwu akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ uru na-adịgide adịgide maka ụdị ụgbọelu nke otu klas ahụ. Tinye nke a n'ime nha nha maka oke ebuli-na-dọkpụ, yana nha nha maka nha nha akụkụ ( &lt;math&gt;b^2/S_\text{ref}&lt;/math&gt; ), na-emepụta nha nhata &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;
 (L/D)_\text{max} = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{\pi \varepsilon}{C_\text{fe}} \frac{b^2}{S_\text{wet}}},&lt;/math&gt; ebe ''b'' bụ nku. Okwu ahụ &lt;math&gt;b^2/S_\text{wet}&lt;/math&gt; a maara ya dị ka oke akụkụ mmiri mmiri. Usoro a na-egosi mkpa ọ dị inwe oke akụkụ mmiri mmiri iji nweta imewe dị irè nke ikuku.

=== Supersonic ===
N'ọsọ supersonic ụkpụrụ L/D dị ala. Concorde nwere oke mbuli/ ịdọrọ ihe dị ka 7 na Mach 2, ebe 747 nwere ihe dịka 17 n'ihe dịka mach 0.85.&amp;nbsp;

Dietrich Küchemann mepụtara mmekọrịta na-ahụ anya maka ịkọ ọdịdị L / D maka ọnụ ọgụgụ Mach dị elu: 

: &lt;math&gt;L/D_\text{max} = \frac{4(M + 3)}{M},&lt;/math&gt;

ebe ''M'' bụ nọmba Mach. Ule nke Windtunnel egosiwo na nke a bụ ihe ziri ezi.

== Ihe atụ nke L / D ratios ==
[[Faịlụ:Bruno_Gantenbrink_Nimeta_D-KGYY.jpg|thumb|eta nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị mma maka ụgbọelu]]
 
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        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354447709|Lift-to-drag ratio]]&quot;</comment>
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[[Faịlụ:Airfoil_lift_and_drag.svg|thumb|Lift na drag bụ ihe abụọ dị n'ime Ike ikuku zuru oke na-arụ ọrụ na aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọelu.]]
Na aerodynamics, ihe na-ebuli-na-adọkpụrụ (ma ọ bụ L/D ratio) bụ ihe ebuli na-emepụta site na aerodynamic ahụ dị ka aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu, kewara site aerodynamic drag kpatara site na-ebugharị site na ikuku. Ọ na-akọwa arụmọrụ ikuku n'okpuru ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu enyere. Oke L/D maka ahụ ọ bụla enyere ga-adịgasị iche dịka ọnọdụ ụgbọ elu ndị a si dị.

Maka nku aerofoil ma ọ bụ ụgbọ elu kwadoro, a na-akọwapụta L/D mgbe ọ nọ n'ụgbọ elu kwụ ọtọ na larịị. Maka onye na-agbagharị agbagharị ọ na-ekpebi oke glide, nke ebe dị anya na-aga megide ịdị elu ya.

A na-agbakọ okwu ahụ maka ọsọ ikuku ọ bụla site n'ịtụ elu ewepụtara, wee kewaa site na ịdọrọ na ọsọ ahụ. Ndị a na-adịgasị iche n'ọsọ, yabụ a na-edobe nsonaazụ ya na eserese akụkụ abụọ. N'ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ihe niile eserese ahụ na-etolite ọdịdị U, n'ihi akụkụ abụọ bụ isi nke ịdọrọ. Enwere ike gbakọọ L/D site na iji mgbako mmiri mgbakọ ma ọ bụ ịme anwansị kọmputa. A na-atụ ya nke ọma site na ịnwale na ọwara ikuku ma ọ bụ n'ule ụgbọ elu efu &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1177/1729881418766190|title=Accurate calculation of aerodynamic coefficients of parafoil airdrop system based on computational fluid dynamic|date=2018|author=Wu|first=Wannan|journal=International Journal of Advanced Robotic Systems|volume=15|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ọdịdị L / D na-emetụta ma ụdị drag nke ahụ na site na drag induced jikọtara ya na ịmepụta ike ibuli elu. Ọ na-adabere n'ụzọ bụ isi na lift na drag coefficients, angle nke mwakpo na ikuku na-aga na nku.

Ọnụọgụ L/D na-agbanwe agbanwe na ike achọrọ maka ụzọ ụgbọ elu enyere, nke mere na ime okpukpu abụọ nke L/D ga-achọ naanị ọkara nke ume maka otu njem ahụ. Nke a na-ebute akụ na ụba mmanụ ọkụ ka mma.

Enwere ike iji oke L/D maka ụgbọ mmiri na ụgbọ ala. A na-ekpebi oke L/D maka ụgbọ mmiri hydrofoil na ọrụ mbugharị n'otu aka ahụ na ụgbọ elu

== Ibuli elu na ịdọrọ ==
[[Faịlụ:DragvsSpeed.jpg|thumb|Drag vs Speed. L/DMAX na-eme na ọ dịkarịa ala Total Drag (dịka Parasite gbakwunyere Induced) ]]
[[Faịlụ:Coefficients_of_Drag_and_Lift_vs_AOA.jpg|thumb|Njikọta nke drag C &lt;sub&gt;D&lt;/sub&gt; na lift C &lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; vs n'akụkụ mwakpo .]]
[[Faịlụ:Polar_Curve_2.png|thumb|Polar curve na-egosi angle glide maka ọsọ ọsọ kachasị mma (L / D kachasị mma). Ọ bụ akụkụ kachasị dị larịị nke ikuku dị jụụ, nke ga-eme ka ebe dị anya karịa. Ụzọ ikuku a (akara kwụ ọtọ) kwekọrọ na ebe tangent nke akara na-amalite site na mmalite nke eserese ahụ. Ụgbọelu na-efe ngwa ngwa ma ọ bụ nwayọ karịa ọsọ ụgbọelu a ga-ekpuchi obere ebe tupu ọ daa.&lt;ref name=&quot;bw&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Wander|first=Bob|title=Glider Polars and Speed-To-Fly...Made Easy!|date=2003|publisher=Bob Wander's Soaring Books &amp; Supplies|location=Minneapolis|pages=7–10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;faa&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Glider Flying Handbook, FAA-H-8083-13|date=2003|publisher=U.S. Department of Transportation, FAA|isbn=9780160514197}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
Enwere ike ịmepụta ebuli mgbe ahụ dị ka ikuku ikuku na-aga site na mmiri viscous dị ka ikuku. A na-akụkarị ikuku aerofoil na/ma ọ bụ na-edobe ya n'akụkụ mbuso ikuku. Mbuli ahụ na-abawanye ka square nke ikuku ọsọ 

Mgbe ọ bụla ahụ ikuku na-eme ka e bulie ya elu, nke a na-emekwa ka e bulite ma ọ bụ mee ka e bufee ya. Na ọsọ dị ala, ụgbọelu ga-eme ka e bulie ya elu na akụkụ dị elu nke mwakpo, nke na-akpata nnukwu drag. Okwu a na-achịkwa akụkụ ọsọ dị ala nke eserese nke ibuli elu na ọsọ.
[[Faịlụ:DargPolarAL.png|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|Drag curve maka obere ụgbọelu. Tangent na-enye akara L / D kachasị elu.]]
Ihe na-akpata dọkpụrụ akpụ bụ site na mmegharị nke ahụ site na ikuku. Ụdị ịdọrọ a, nke a makwaara dị ka nguzogide ikuku ma ọ bụ ịdọrọ profaịlụ na-adịgasị iche na square nke ọsọ (lee drag equation). N'ihi nke a, a na-akpọpụta ịdọrọ profaịlụ n'ọsọ ọsọ dị ukwuu, na-akpụ akụkụ aka nri nke eserese elu/ọsọ nke U shape. A na-ewetu draịva profaịlụ site n'ịkwalite na ibelata akụkụ obe.

N'ihi ya, ngụkọta drag na ahụ ọ bụla nwere ihe abụọ, drag induced na form drag.

=== Bulite na dọrọ ọnụọgụgụ ===
A na-akpọ ọnụego mgbanwe nke ebuli na ịdọrọ nwere akụkụ mwakpo (AoA) n'otu n'otu, ihe ndị na-ebuli na ịdọrọ bụ C &lt;sub&gt;L&lt;/sub&gt; na C &lt;sub&gt;D.&lt;/sub&gt; A na-akọwakarị oke mgbanwe nke ebuli na ịdọrọ na AoA n'ihe gbasara ihe ndị a.

Maka uru ọ bụla e nyere nke ebuli, AoA na-adịgasị iche na ọsọ. A na-akpọ eserese nke CL na CD vs. ọsọ dị ka akụkụ ịdọrọ. Egosiri ọsọ na-abawanye site n'aka ekpe gaa n'aka nri. A na-enye oke mbuli / ịdọrọ site na mkpọda site na mmalite ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ n'usoro na ya mere oke L/D kachasị anaghị eme na ebe ọ dịkarịa ala ịdọrọ ọnụọgụ, ebe kachasị ekpe. Kama, ọ na-eme n'ọsọ dịtụ karịa. Ndị na-emepụta ihe ga-ahọrọkarị imewe nku nke na-emepụta ọnụ ọgụgụ L/D na ọsọ njem ụgbọ mmiri a họọrọ maka ụgbọ elu nwere nku, si otú ahụ na-eme ka akụ na ụba dịkwuo elu. Dị ka ihe niile dị na injinia ụgbọ elu, oke-ebuli-na-adọkpụrụ abụghị naanị ihe a na-eche maka imewe nku. Ịrụ ọrụ n'akụkụ ọgụ dị elu na ụlọ ahịa dị nro dịkwa mkpa.

== Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Glide ==
Dị ka fuselage ụgbọ elu na njikwa elu ga-agbakwunye ịdọrọ na ikekwe ụfọdụ ebuli, ọ dị mma ịtụle L/D nke ụgbọ elu ahụ n'ozuzu ya. Oke glide, nke bụ nha nke njem ụgbọ elu na-aga n'ihu (enweghị ike) na mgbada ya, bụ (mgbe ọ na-efe na ọsọ mgbe niile) n'ọnụ ọgụgụ ha nhata L/D ụgbọ elu. Nke a bụ mmasị karịsịa na nhazi na ịrụ ọrụ nke ụgbọ elu ụgbọ elu dị elu, nke nwere ike inwe oke glide fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ 60 ruo 1 (nkeji 60 nke anya na-aga n'ihu maka nkeji nke ọ bụla) n'ọnọdụ kachasị mma, ma na 30: 1 na-ewere ọrụ dị mma maka ntụrụndụ izugbe. Inweta L/D kacha mma nke glider n'omume chọrọ njikwa ziri ezi nke ọsọ ikuku yana arụ ọrụ dị nro yana mgbochi nke njikwa ahụ iji belata ịdọrọ site na elu njikwa ewepụrụ. N'ọnọdụ ikuku efu, L/D ga-eme njem nha anya site na elu furu efu. Ị nweta ebe kacha elu maka elu furu efu na ọnọdụ ikuku chọrọ ngbanwe ọzọ nke ikuku kacha mma, dị ka njem ụgbọ mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ na-agbanwe agbanwe. Iji nweta oke ọsọ n'ofe obodo, ndị na-anya ụgbọ elu na-atụ anya ọkụ ọkụ siri ike na-ebukarị ndị na-anya ụgbọ mmiri ha (ụgbọ elu ụgbọ mmiri) na mmiri ballast: ụbara nku nku pụtara oke glide kacha mma na oke ikuku, mana ọ na-eri ịrịgo nwayọ nwayọ na thermals. Dị ka e kwuru n'okpuru, L/D kachasị adabereghị na ibu ma ọ bụ nku nku, mana na ntinye nku ka ukwuu, L/D kachasị na-eme na ọsọ ọsọ. Ọzọkwa, ikuku na-agba ọsọ pụtara na ụgbọ elu ga-efe na ọnụ ọgụgụ Reynolds ka ukwuu na nke a ga-ebutekarị ọnụ ọgụgụ drag drag efu efu. 

== Echiche ==

=== Akara ụda ===
Na mgbakọ na mwepụ, enwere ike ịtụle oke elu na ịdọrọ dị ka &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Loftin, LK Jr.|title=Quest for performance: The evolution of modern aircraft. NASA SP-468|url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm|accessdate=2006-04-22|archivedate=2018-05-29|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529231420/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-468/cover.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: &lt;math&gt;(L/D)_\text{max} = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{\pi \varepsilon \text{AR}}{C_{D,0}}},&lt;/math&gt;

ebe AR bụ akụkụ nke nha, &lt;math&gt;\varepsilon&lt;/math&gt; ihe na-eme ka arụmọrụ dị ogologo, ọnụọgụgụ dị obere karịa mana dị nso na ịdị n'otu maka nku ndị dị ogologo, nke nwere ihu kwụ ọtọ, na &lt;math&gt;C_{D,0}&lt;/math&gt; ihe ndọda efu nke na-ebuli elu .

Nke kachasị mkpa, oke elu na-adọkpụ na-adabere na ịdị arọ nke ụgbọelu, mpaghara nku, ma ọ bụ ibu nku.

Enwere ike igosi na ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala abụọ kachasị na-ebuli-to-drag maka ụgbọ elu nwere nku bụ ogologo nku na mkpokọta mmiri mmiri. Otu ụzọ a ga-esi amata ọnụọgụ ihe ndọtị efu nke ụgbọ elu bụ usoro mgbakasị akpụkpọ anụ. Maka ụgbọ elu emebere nke ọma, drag zero-lift (ma ọ bụ drag parasite) na-abụkarị nke ịdọrọ esemokwu akpụkpọ ahụ gbakwunyere obere pasent nke nrụgide nrụgide kpatara nkewa nkewa. A na-eji usoro ahụ eme ihe &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Raymer|first=Daniel|title=Aircraft Design: A Conceptual Approach|date=2012|publisher=AIAA|location=New York|edition=5th}}&lt;/ref&gt;

: &lt;math&gt;C_{D,0} = C_\text{fe} \frac{S_\text{wet}}{S_\text{ref}},&lt;/math&gt;

ebee &lt;math&gt;C_\text{fe}&lt;/math&gt; bụ nha nhata nke esemokwu akpụkpọ ahụ, &lt;math&gt;S_\text{wet}&lt;/math&gt; bụ ebe mmiri dị na ya na &lt;math&gt;S_\text{ref}&lt;/math&gt; bụ mpaghara ntụaka nku. Ihe nhata nke esemokwu akpụkpọ ahụ na-akọwa ma ndọkpụ nkewa na ndọkpụ nke esemokwu akpụkpọ ahụ ma ọ bụ uru na-adịgide adịgide maka ụdị ụgbọelu nke otu klas ahụ. Tinye nke a n'ime nha nha maka oke ebuli-na-dọkpụ, yana nha nha maka nha nha akụkụ ( &lt;math&gt;b^2/S_\text{ref}&lt;/math&gt; ), na-emepụta nha nhata &lt;math display=&quot;block&quot;&gt;
 (L/D)_\text{max} = \frac{1}{2} \sqrt{\frac{\pi \varepsilon}{C_\text{fe}} \frac{b^2}{S_\text{wet}}},&lt;/math&gt; ebe ''b'' bụ nku. Okwu ahụ &lt;math&gt;b^2/S_\text{wet}&lt;/math&gt; a maara ya dị ka oke akụkụ mmiri mmiri. Usoro a na-egosi mkpa ọ dị inwe oke akụkụ mmiri mmiri iji nweta imewe dị irè nke ikuku.

=== Supersonic ===
N'ọsọ supersonic ụkpụrụ L/D dị ala. Concorde nwere oke mbuli/ ịdọrọ ihe dị ka 7 na Mach 2, ebe 747 nwere ihe dịka 17 n'ihe dịka mach 0.85.&amp;nbsp;

Dietrich Küchemann mepụtara mmekọrịta na-ahụ anya maka ịkọ ọdịdị L / D maka ọnụ ọgụgụ Mach dị elu: 

: &lt;math&gt;L/D_\text{max} = \frac{4(M + 3)}{M},&lt;/math&gt;

ebe ''M'' bụ nọmba Mach. Ule nke Windtunnel egosiwo na nke a bụ ihe ziri ezi.

== Ihe atụ nke L / D ratios ==
[[Faịlụ:Bruno_Gantenbrink_Nimeta_D-KGYY.jpg|thumb|eta nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị mma maka ụgbọelu]]
 
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|+Njirimara aerodynamic kọmputa
!Ụgbọelu Jetliner
!Ụgbọ mmiri L/D
! data-sort-type=&quot;date&quot; |Ụgbọelu mbụ
|-
|Lockheed L1011-100
|14.5
|Nọvemba 16, 1970
|-
|McDonnell Douglas DC-10-40
|13.8
|Ọgọst 29, 1970
|-
|Airbus A300-600
|15.2
|Ọktoba 28, 1972
|-
|McDonnell Douglas MD-11
|16.1
|Jenụwarị 10, 1990
|-
|Boeing 767-200ER
|16.1
|Septemba 26, 1981
|-
|Airbus A310-300
|15.3
|Eprel 3, 1982
|-
|Boeing 747-200
|15.3
|Febụwarị 9, 1969
|-
|Boeing 747-400
|15.5
|Eprel 29, 1988
|-
|Boeing 757-200
|15.0
|Febụwarị 19, 1982
|-
|Airbus A320-200
|16.3
|Febụwarị 22, 1987
|-
|Airbus A310-300
|18.1
|November 2, 1992
|-
|Airbus A340-200
|19.2
|Eprel 1, 1992
|-
|Airbus A340-300
|19.1
|Ọktoba 25, 1991
|-
|Boeing 777-200
|19.3
|June 12, 1994
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* Ike ndọda - rọket nwere ike ịnwe nkwalite dị irè na drag ratio mgbe ha na-anọgide na-enwe ịdị elu.
* Coefficient na-ebuli elu
* Ogologo (ụgbọelu) na-adabere na oke elu / ịdọrọ.
* Ntinye mmanụ ụgbọala a kapịrị ọnụ iji dọrọ ya na-ekpebi nrụgide achọrọ iji nọgide na-adị elu (nke e nyere ịdị arọ nke ụgbọelu), na SFC na-enye ohere ịgbakọ ọnụego ọkụ mmanụ.
* Ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ihe na-adọkpụ na ihe dị arọ

== Edensibịa ==

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
      <sha1>n1ed5mjcy3sba2cyqzhvbmwjye5yf1f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
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    <title>Lon Oden</title>
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        <username>Angel Amaechi</username>
        <id>23570</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304376206|Lon Oden]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Alonzo Van Oden''' (15 Machị 1863 - 11 Ọgọst 1910) bụ onye Texas Ranger, onye ọchụnta ego, na onye na-azụ anụ ụlọ.

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Alonzo &quot;Lon&quot; Van Oden na Tilden, Texas na Aaron Van Buren Oden na Mary Jane Walker Oden. Nna ya, nke sitere na Sweden, jere ozi dị ka onye Texas Ranger. Ọnwa anọ mgbe amuchara Oden, nna ya na onye na-azụ anụ ụlọ George Hindis zutere Julian Gonzales, onye ohi ịnyịnya si Starr County, Texas. N'ọgụ egbe sochirinụ, e gburu ndị ikom abụọ ahụ. Ndị Hindu, na-enweghị ngwá ọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị, liri Aaron Oden n'ebe a gbara ya égbè wee gwa nwunye Oden dị afọ iri na itoolu banyere ọnwụ di ya. Mary Jane Oden nwụrụ na ọgọọst 31, 1864, otu afọ di ya nwụsịrị. Nna ya, Joe, dere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ya na ọ nwụrụ n'ihi obi gbawara agbawa.

Ndị nne na nna ochie ya mechara zụlite Oden, ebe ezinụlọ Walker na ezinụlọ Oden jikọtara aka n'ịrụ ọrụ ahụ. Nne nne ya kụziiri ya akwụkwọ ochie ndị Sweden, uri, na nka dị iche iche. Ezinụlọ Walker kụzikwara ya ịgba egbe na nka ịlanarị n'ọnọdụ siri ike.Nna nna ya, Joe Walker, mụrụ ụmụ iri na itoolu. Ebe Oden ghọrọ nwa mgbei mgbe ọ dị naanị afọ 1, Joe Walker gosiri ya ịhụnanya pụrụ iche ma tinye nnukwu mgbalị n'ịzụlite ya. Mgbe Oden dị afọ 2, Joe Walker nyere ya ehi 150, ma debanye ha n'okpuru akara ehi &quot;ODN&quot;.

Oden mụtara ọrụ ịzụ na ịzụ ahịa ehi n'aka ụmụnne nna ya, Tom na James. N'oge ahụ, ọ na-ahụkarị ọgụ ezinụlọ ya na-alụ megide ndị Comanche na-abịa na-awakpo ebe a na-azụ ehi ha iji zuo ịnyịnya ma ọ bụ ehi.N'abalị ekeresimesi, n'afọ 1868, e gburu nwanne nna ya, William &quot;Buck&quot; Taylor, n'ogbugbu egbe ,nke ụfọdụ kwuru na ọ bụ mmalite nke esemokwu Sutton-Taylor.

== Ọrụ Texas Ranger ==
Oden lụrụ di na nwunye na nke mbụ ya na 1889, mana alụmdi na nwunye ahụ kwụsịrị na ịgba alụkwaghịm n'oge na-adịghị anya. Na Machị 1, 1891, ọ sonyeere Texas Rangers. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mbụ na mpaghara gbara San Antonio gburugburu mana e mechara zigara ya n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ka ya na Ranger John R. Hughes rụọ ọrụ. E zigara Oden na Hughes na Shafter n'ihi na ndị òtù ụmụnne Carrasco, nke Antonio Carrasco du, na-eme ohi iji zuo ọlaọcha a na-ebupụ site na ebe a na-egwupụta ọlaọcha. Site n'enyemaka nke Ranger na onye ọrụ nzuzo Ernest St. Leon, ndị Rangers nyochara ogbunigwe a na-atụ anya na a ga-elekwasị anya dabere na ozi dị n'ime St. Leon nwetara. Mgbe ndị omempụ malitere ịgba égbè mgbe ha jụrụ inyefe onwe ha, ndị Rangers gburu ndị ikom atọ ahụ.

E zigara Oden na El Paso, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge wee mata Ranger Bass Outlaw. N'afọ 1893, mgbe a wakporo Ranger Captain Frank Jones ma gbuo ya, John Hughes weghaara Ranger Captain maka mpaghara ahụ. N'ihi na Jones na obere ìgwè ya nke Rangers nọ na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] mgbe a wakporo ha, ọ dịghị onye a kpụpụrụ maka ọnwụ Jones. Otú ọ dị, Ernest St. Leon, ka na-ezo ezo, nyere Captain Jones ndepụta nke aha ndị a maara na ha sonyere na ogbugbu ahụ. Otu ụlọ ọrụ ndị Rangers, gụnyere Oden, nke Hughes duziri, chọtara ma gbuo ndị ikom 18 niile nọ na ndepụta ahụ, ma ọ bụ site na ịgba ha égbè ma ọ bụ kwụgbuo ha.

Oden biri na Ysleta, Texas, n'oge a. O sonyere n'ọtụtụ mwakpo ndị Ranger, ya na ndị Rangers ibe ya belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ohi na ihe atụ nke ndị ohi ehi na mpaghara ahụ. Na Eprel 5, 1894, John Selman gbara Bass Outlaw égbè ma gbuo ya na El Paso. Onye omekome, na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè ma na-ewe iwe n'ihe o lere anya dị ka mmeso ọjọọ site n'aka onye ọka ikpe obodo, gbara Ranger Joe McKidrict égbè ma gbuo ya n'ime ụlọ ndị akwụna. Mgbe Selman, onye uwe ojii n'oge ahụ, zutere, Outlaw na Selman lụrụ ọgụ, nke mere ka Selman merụọ ahụ na Outlaw nwụọ. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, na Eprel 5, 1896, onye iwu na enyi Outlaw, George Scarborough, gbara Selman égbè ma gbuo ya n'ọgụ egbe sitere na ogbugbu Selman gburu Outlaw.

Oden gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye Ranger ma mepụta aha ọma maka itinye aka na ọtụtụ izute ndị omempụ na ndị ohi ehi, nke na-akpatakarị ọnwụ, njide, ma ọ bụ kwụgbuo. N'ihe dị ka afọ 1894, ya na nwanyị di ya nwụrụ bụ Annie Laura Hay malitere ịlụ na Jenụwarị 17, 1897, di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ. Ọ hapụrụ Rangers n'oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ ghọchara onye na-azụ anụ ụlọ na onye ọchụnta ego, malite ụlọ na-aga nke ọma na Marfa, Texas. Ọ nwụrụ n'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1910, site na ọrịa akpa ume a na-akọwaghị aha ya. N'afọ 1936, nwa ya nwanyị, Annie Laura Oden Jensen, bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, na-edekọ ahụmahụ ya dị ka onye Ranger.

== Ihe edeturu ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080624054752/http://www.texasranger.org/dispatch/6/LonOden.htm Nkwupụta Ranger]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090212064010/http://www.sipes-houston.org/story_behind_the_photo.htm Eziokwu Dị n'Iche Foto]
* Lon OdennaChọta Ili
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Angel Amaechi</username>
        <id>23570</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1304376206|Lon Oden]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Alonzo Van Oden''' (15 Machị 1863 - 11 Ọgọst 1910) bụ onye Texas Ranger, onye ọchụnta ego, na onye na-azụ anụ ụlọ.

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ  Alonzo &quot;Lon&quot; Van Oden na Tilden, Texas, nye Aaron Van Buren Oden na Mary Jane Walker Oden. Nna ya, onye sitere n'agbụrụ ndị Sweden, bụbu onye ọrụ Texas Rangers. Ọnwa anọ ka a mụsịrị Oden, nna ya na onye nwe ugbo anụ ụlọ aha ya bụ George Hindis zutere Julian Gonzales, onye ohi ịnyịnya sitere na Starr County, Texas. N'agha egbe sochiri nke ahụ, ụmụ nwoke abụọ ahụ nwụrụ.N'ihi na Hindis enweghị ngwaọrụ kwesịrị ekwesị iji lie ozu, o liri Aaron Oden n'ebe ọgụ ahụ mere, ma mesịa gaa gwa nwunye Oden, bụ́ onye dị naanị afọ 19 na di ya anwụọla.Mary Jane Oden nwụrụ n'abalị Ọgọst 31, 1864, otu afọ ka di ya nwụsịrị. Nna ya, Joe, dere n'akwụkwọ ndekọ ndụ ya na ọ nwụrụ n'ihi oke mwute na mgbu obi sitere n'ọnwụ di ya.

Ndị nne na nna ochie ya mechara zụlite Oden, ebe ezinụlọ Walker na ezinụlọ Oden jikọtara aka n'ịrụ ọrụ ahụ. Nne nne ya kụziiri ya akwụkwọ ochie ndị Sweden, uri, na nka dị iche iche. Ezinụlọ Walker kụzikwara ya ịgba egbe na nka ịlanarị n'ọnọdụ siri ike. Nna nna ya, Joe Walker, nwere ụmụ iri na itoolu. Ka Oden ghọrọ nwa mgbei mgbe ọ dị afọ 1, Joe Walker nwere mmasị pụrụ iche n'ebe nwata ahụ nọ na ịzụlite ya, nyere ya ehi 150 mgbe Oden dị afọ 2, na-edebanye aha ha na akara &quot;ODN&quot;.

Oden mụtara ahịa ehi site n'aka ụmụnne nna ya, Tom na James. N'oge a, ọ na-ahụkarị agha ezinụlọ ya megide ndị Comanches na-awakpo anụ ụlọ maka ịnyịnya ma ọ bụ ehi. Na Christmas Eve 1868, e gburu nwa nwanne nna ya William &quot;Buck&quot; Taylor na ịgba égbè nke ụfọdụ kwuru na ọ bụ mmalite nke esemokwu Sutton-Taylor.

== Ọrụ Texas Ranger ==
Oden lụrụ di na nwunye na nke mbụ ya na 1889, mana alụmdi na nwunye ahụ kwụsịrị na ịgba alụkwaghịm n'oge na-adịghị anya. Na Machị 1, 1891, ọ sonyeere Texas Rangers. Ọ rụrụ ọrụ na mbụ na mpaghara gbara San Antonio gburugburu mana e mechara zigara ya n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ ka ya na Ranger John R. Hughes rụọ ọrụ. E zigara Oden na Hughes na Shafter n'ihi na ndị òtù ụmụnne Carrasco, nke Antonio Carrasco du, na-eme ohi iji zuo ọlaọcha a na-ebupụ site na ebe a na-egwupụta ọlaọcha. Site n'enyemaka nke Ranger na onye ọrụ nzuzo Ernest St. Leon, ndị Rangers nyochara ogbunigwe a na-atụ anya na a ga-elekwasị anya dabere na ozi dị n'ime St. Leon nwetara. Mgbe ndị omempụ malitere ịgba égbè mgbe ha jụrụ inyefe onwe ha, ndị Rangers gburu ndị ikom atọ ahụ.

E zigara Oden na El Paso, ebe ọ rụrụ ọrụ nwa oge wee mata Ranger Bass Outlaw. N'afọ 1893, mgbe a wakporo Ranger Captain Frank Jones ma gbuo ya, John Hughes weghaara Ranger Captain maka mpaghara ahụ. N'ihi na Jones na obere ìgwè ya nke Rangers nọ na [[Mézíkọ|Mexico]] mgbe a wakporo ha, ọ dịghị onye a kpụpụrụ maka ọnwụ Jones. Otú ọ dị, Ernest St. Leon, ka na-ezo ezo, nyere Captain Jones ndepụta nke aha ndị a maara na ha sonyere na ogbugbu ahụ. Otu ụlọ ọrụ ndị Rangers, gụnyere Oden, nke Hughes duziri, chọtara ma gbuo ndị ikom 18 niile nọ na ndepụta ahụ, ma ọ bụ site na ịgba ha égbè ma ọ bụ kwụgbuo ha.

Oden biri na Ysleta, Texas, n'oge a. O sonyere n'ọtụtụ mwakpo ndị Ranger, ya na ndị Rangers ibe ya belatara ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ndị ohi na ihe atụ nke ndị ohi ehi na mpaghara ahụ. Na Eprel 5, 1894, John Selman gbara Bass Outlaw égbè ma gbuo ya na El Paso. Onye omekome, na-aṅụbiga mmanya ókè ma na-ewe iwe n'ihe o lere anya dị ka mmeso ọjọọ site n'aka onye ọka ikpe obodo, gbara Ranger Joe McKidrict égbè ma gbuo ya n'ime ụlọ ndị akwụna. Mgbe Selman, onye uwe ojii n'oge ahụ, zutere, Outlaw na Selman lụrụ ọgụ, nke mere ka Selman merụọ ahụ na Outlaw nwụọ. Afọ abụọ ka e mesịrị, na Eprel 5, 1896, onye iwu na enyi Outlaw, George Scarborough, gbara Selman égbè ma gbuo ya n'ọgụ egbe sitere na ogbugbu Selman gburu Outlaw.

Oden gara n'ihu na-arụ ọrụ dị ka onye Ranger ma mepụta aha ọma maka itinye aka na ọtụtụ izute ndị omempụ na ndị ohi ehi, nke na-akpatakarị ọnwụ, njide, ma ọ bụ kwụgbuo. N'ihe dị ka afọ 1894, ya na nwanyị di ya nwụrụ bụ Annie Laura Hay malitere ịlụ na Jenụwarị 17, 1897, di na nwunye ahụ lụrụ. Ọ hapụrụ Rangers n'oge na-adịghị anya ka ọ ghọchara onye na-azụ anụ ụlọ na onye ọchụnta ego, malite ụlọ na-aga nke ọma na Marfa, Texas. Ọ nwụrụ n'abalị iri na otu n'ọnwa Ọgọstụ n'afọ 1910, site na ọrịa akpa ume a na-akọwaghị aha ya. N'afọ 1936, nwa ya nwanyị, Annie Laura Oden Jensen, bipụtara akwụkwọ akụkọ ya, na-edekọ ahụmahụ ya dị ka onye Ranger.

== Ihe edeturu ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080624054752/http://www.texasranger.org/dispatch/6/LonOden.htm Nkwupụta Ranger]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090212064010/http://www.sipes-houston.org/story_behind_the_photo.htm Eziokwu Dị n'Iche Foto]
* Lon OdennaChọta Ili
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Trichloroethylene</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>77489</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673476</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T22:15:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360983816|Trichloroethylene]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Trichlorethylene (TCE, IUPAC aha: trichloroethene) bụ organochloride nwere usoro C2HCl3, nke a na-ejikarị dị ka ihe nrụpụta mmepụta ihe. Ọ bụ mmiri doro anya, enweghị ụcha, nke anaghị ere ọkụ, mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere isi chloroform dị ụtọ dị ụtọ'''.  A na-ere Trichloroethylene n'okpuru aha azụmahịa dị iche iche maka ebumnuche dị iche iche. N'okpuru aha azụmahịa '''Trimar''' na '''Trilene''', a na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ọgwụ na-akụnwụ ahụ na dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi mgbochi na-eku ume na ọtụtụ nde ndị ọrịa. Ndepụta ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere trichlor, '''Trike''', Tricky na tri.
[[Otú:Articles with short description]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673479</id>
      <parentid>673476</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T22:18:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360983816|Trichloroethylene]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673479</origin>
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'''Trichlorethylene (TCE, IUPAC aha: trichloroethene) bụ organochloride nwere usoro C2HCl3, nke a na-ejikarị dị ka ihe nrụpụta mmepụta ihe. Ọ bụ mmiri doro anya, enweghị ụcha, nke anaghị ere ọkụ, mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere isi chloroform dị ụtọ dị ụtọ'''.  A na-ere Trichloroethylene n'okpuru aha azụmahịa dị iche iche maka ebumnuche dị iche iche. N'okpuru aha azụmahịa '''Trimar''' na '''Trilene''', a na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ọgwụ na-akụnwụ ahụ na dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi mgbochi na-eku ume na ọtụtụ nde ndị ọrịa. Ndepụta ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere trichlor, '''Trike''', Tricky na tri.

Trichlorethylene dị arọ karịa mmiri na mmiri na-adịghị edozi ya, ya mere ọ na-emikpu n'okpuru mmiri mgbe ọ wụfuru nke na-eme ka ọ na-akwaga ala site na ala na aquifers. Ọ na-edozi na ala nke aquifers wee mepụta mmetọ dị n'okpuru ala nke siri ike ịchọpụta na mezie ya.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==

[[Otú:Articles with short description]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673482</id>
      <parentid>673479</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T22:22:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360983816|Trichloroethylene]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673482</origin>
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'''Trichlorethylene (TCE, IUPAC aha: trichloroethene) bụ organochloride nwere usoro C2HCl3, nke a na-ejikarị dị ka ihe nrụpụta mmepụta ihe. Ọ bụ mmiri doro anya, enweghị ụcha, nke anaghị ere ọkụ, mmiri na-agbanwe agbanwe nwere isi chloroform dị ụtọ dị ụtọ'''.  A na-ere Trichloroethylene n'okpuru aha azụmahịa dị iche iche maka ebumnuche dị iche iche. N'okpuru aha azụmahịa '''Trimar''' na '''Trilene''', a na-eji ya eme ihe dị ka ọgwụ na-akụnwụ ahụ na dị ka ọgwụ mgbochi mgbochi na-eku ume na ọtụtụ nde ndị ọrịa. Ndepụta ụlọ ọrụ gụnyere trichlor, '''Trike''', Tricky na tri.

Trichlorethylene dị arọ karịa mmiri na mmiri na-adịghị edozi ya, ya mere ọ na-emikpu n'okpuru mmiri mgbe ọ wụfuru nke na-eme ka ọ na-akwaga ala site na ala na aquifers. Ọ na-edozi na ala nke aquifers wee mepụta mmetọ dị n'okpuru ala nke siri ike ịchọpụta na mezie ya.

== Akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
Auguste Laurent kọrọ na njikọta trichloroethylene mbụ na 1836. Laurent nwetara ya site na mmetụta nke potassium hydroxide na ngwakọta nke 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane na 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane nke e ji chlorination nke ethylene dichloride mee ma depụta ya dị ka  (n'oge ahụ, a na-eche na oke atọm nke carbon bụ ọkara nke ihe ọ bụ n'ezie  ). O kpọrọ trichloroethylene ''chlorétherise'' aha mana ọ nyochaghị ihe mejupụtara ya nke ọma n'ihi na ihe nlele ya yiri ka ọ na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe.  
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  <page>
    <title>Ihe mmetọ nkịtị</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>673481</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T22:20:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Angel Amaechi</username>
        <id>23570</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316176455|Conventional pollutant]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673481</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1609" sha1="fmub7syeww471x3nh74azs6mlqbi2ar" xml:space="preserve">Ihe mmetọ nkịtị a bụ okwu a na-eji na United States akọwa ụdị mmetọ mmiri nke enwere ike iwepụ ma ọ bụ gwọọ nke ọma n'ebe ọchịchị ime obodo na-ehicha mmiri mkpofu.Ndepụta bụ isi nke ụdị mmetọ ndị a ka e depụtara n'ime U.S. Clean Water Act. E mechakwara gbanwee ma melite ndepụta ahụ site n'iwu na ụkpụrụ nke Environmental Protection Agency :  

* Mkpa oxygen nke biochemical (BOD) 
* nje bacteria fecal coliform
* mmanụ na mmanụ
* pH (karịa oke iwu) 
* ngụkọta nke ihe siri ike (TSS). 

Iwu ọgwụgwọ nke abụọ nwere ụkpụrụ mbupụ nke mba maka BOD, pH na TSS, nke metụtara ụlọ ọrụ nhicha nsị na US.

Ọgwụgwọ Ọhụrụ

Nnyocha dị ugbu a elewo anya iji usoro microalgae dị ka teknụzụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ maka iwepụ mmetọ ndị a na-ahụkarị na mmiri nsị. Microalgae enweela ike iwepụ mkpa oxygen biochemical (BOD), mmanụ na mmanụ, na mmetọ ndị ọzọ ma, n'otu oge ahụ, mepụta biomass iji tinye maka ike ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117678|issn=0301-4797|volume=337|author=Amaro|first=Helena M.|title=Microalgae systems - environmental agents for wastewater treatment and further potential biomass valorisation|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|date=2023|pmid=36948147}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Secondary treatment
* [[Ịdị mma mmiri|Water quality]]
* Criteria pollutants, a similar list of pollutants of air

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>673516</id>
      <parentid>673481</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T00:59:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Angel Amaechi</username>
        <id>23570</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1316176455|Conventional pollutant]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673516</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1597" sha1="8x0kx8dv72b8dpq45q4m16ppy2thfv3" xml:space="preserve">Ihe mmetọ nkịtị bụ okwu a na-eji na USA akọwa ụdị mmetọ mmiri nke enwere ike iwepụ ma ọ bụ gwọọ nke ọma n'ebe ọchịchị ime obodo na-ehicha mmiri mkpofu Ndepụta bụ isi nke ụdị mmetọ ndị a ka e depụtara n'ime U.S. Clean Water Act  E dezigharịrị ndepụta ahụ na iwu nke Ngalaba Na-ahụ Maka Nchebe Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nyere:

* Mkpa oxygen nke biochemical (BOD) 
* nje bacteria fecal coliform
* mmanụ na mmanụ
* pH (karịa oke iwu) 
* ngụkọta nke ihe siri ike (TSS). 

Iwu ọgwụgwọ nke abụọ nwere ụkpụrụ mbupụ nke mba maka BOD, pH na TSS, nke metụtara ụlọ ọrụ nhicha nsị na US.

Ọgwụgwọ Ọhụrụ

Nnyocha dị ugbu a elewo anya iji usoro microalgae dị ka teknụzụ na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ maka iwepụ mmetọ ndị a na-ahụkarị na mmiri nsị. Microalgae enweela ike iwepụ mkpa oxygen biochemical (BOD), mmanụ na mmanụ, na mmetọ ndị ọzọ ma, n'otu oge ahụ, mepụta biomass iji tinye maka ike ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ọrụ ugbo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.117678|issn=0301-4797|volume=337|author=Amaro|first=Helena M.|title=Microalgae systems - environmental agents for wastewater treatment and further potential biomass valorisation|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|date=2023|pmid=36948147}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Hụkwa ==

* Ọgwụgwọ nke abụọ
* [[Ịdị mma mmiri|Ịdị mma nke mmiri]]
* Criteria pollutants, ndepụta yiri nke mmetọ ikuku

== Edensibịa ==
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        <username>Angel Amaechi</username>
        <id>23570</id>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312934320|SymbioCity]]&quot;</comment>
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SymbioCity bụ ụzọ zuru oke na nke na-agụnye atụmatụ na mmepe obodo na-adịgide adịgide dabere na ahụmịhe nke obodo ndị Sweden na Omume kachasị mma n'ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sida.se/contentassets/0a5aeb74d5b642329e121f0ffa5fc9a5/15396.pdf|title=Evaluation of the Development of the Sustainable City Approach|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe afọ 2010, a na-eji SymbioCity eme ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ nkwado maka obodo dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa na ebumnuche zuru oke iji melite Ọnọdụ ndụ maka ụmụ amaala, na-ekwusi ike na ndị ogbenye nọ n'[[Okeama|obodo ukwu]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://symbiocity.org/|title=SymbioCity - Towards sustainable and inclusive cities|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; SymbioCity na-enye ngwá ọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na nkwado usoro maka ọrụ dịgasị iche iche - site na otu agbata obi ruo nnukwu ọrụ mmepe mpaghara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.sweco.se/swecos-35-nya-processledare-i-hallbar-samhalls-och-stadsutveckling-bidrar-med-smarta-losningar-for-framtiden/|title=Swecos 35 nya processledare i hållbar samhälls- och stadsutveckling bidrar med smarta lösningar för framtiden! [Sweco´s 35 new process leaders in sustainable urban development contribute with smart solutions for the future!]|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; SymbioCity na-akwado mmepe nke ngwọta mmepe obodo site n'iji usoro jikọrọ aka, usoro ntinye aka na nyocha zuru oke. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A haziri usoro a iji melite nkwado, njikọ aka n'etiti usoro obodo ukwu, itinye aka nke ndị na-eme ihe dị iche iche na mmepe, ịhazi na ijikwa mpaghara obodo ukwu, ọnọdụ mmepe ọzọ, nyocha mmetụta na nyocha. Site na usoro, usoro na ngwaọrụ, SymbioCity na-ejikọta akụ na ụba, gburugburu ebe obibi, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mpaghara yana okike na echiche ndị ogbenye na mmepe obodo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; SymbioCity na-ele mmepe obodo anya site n'okwukwe na usoro arụmọrụ—ọ bụghị naanị ngwọta teknụzụ- na-eji nwayọọ nwayọọ na-akpali anyị gaa n'ọnọdụ ndụ ka mma. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cib-uclg.org/news/sweden-and-indonesia-work-sustainable-urban-development|title=Sweden and Indonesia work on sustainable urban development|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime oge 2010 ruo 2020, SymbioCity rụrụ ọrụ site n'ịkwado ọrụ mmepe obodo na mmemme iwulite ikike n'ihe karịrị mba 20 dị na Europe, Africa, Latin America, na Asia.A na-achịkwa ọrụ ndị a site na SymbioCity Secretariat nke dị na SKL International, nke bụ ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka nke Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions  (SALAR). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sklinternational.se/projects/project/symbiocity-approach-2-0|title=SKL International - SymbioCity Approach 2.0|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
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        <id>23570</id>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1312934320|SymbioCity]]&quot;</comment>
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SymbioCity bụ ụzọ zuru oke na nke na-agụnye atụmatụ na mmepe obodo na-adịgide adịgide dabere na ahụmịhe nke obodo ndị Sweden na Omume kachasị mma n'ụwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sida.se/contentassets/0a5aeb74d5b642329e121f0ffa5fc9a5/15396.pdf|title=Evaluation of the Development of the Sustainable City Approach|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kemgbe afọ 2010, a na-eji SymbioCity eme ihe dị ka ngwá ọrụ nkwado maka obodo dị iche iche gburugburu ụwa na ebumnuche zuru oke iji melite Ọnọdụ ndụ maka ụmụ amaala, na-ekwusi ike na ndị ogbenye nọ n'[[Okeama|obodo ukwu]]. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://symbiocity.org/|title=SymbioCity - Towards sustainable and inclusive cities|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; SymbioCity na-enye ngwá ọrụ na-agbanwe agbanwe na nkwado usoro maka ọrụ dịgasị iche iche - site na otu agbata obi ruo nnukwu ọrụ mmepe mpaghara. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.sweco.se/swecos-35-nya-processledare-i-hallbar-samhalls-och-stadsutveckling-bidrar-med-smarta-losningar-for-framtiden/|title=Swecos 35 nya processledare i hållbar samhälls- och stadsutveckling bidrar med smarta lösningar för framtiden! [Sweco´s 35 new process leaders in sustainable urban development contribute with smart solutions for the future!]|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt; SymbioCity na-akwado mmepe nke ngwọta mmepe obodo site n'iji usoro jikọrọ aka, usoro ntinye aka na nyocha zuru oke. &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; A haziri usoro a iji melite nkwado, njikọ aka n'etiti usoro obodo ukwu, itinye aka nke ndị na-eme ihe dị iche iche na mmepe, ịhazi na ijikwa mpaghara obodo ukwu, ọnọdụ mmepe ọzọ, nyocha mmetụta na nyocha. Site na usoro, usoro na ngwaọrụ, SymbioCity na-ejikọta akụ na ụba, gburugburu ebe obibi, mmekọrịta mmadụ na ibe ya na mpaghara yana okike na echiche ndị ogbenye na mmepe obodo. &lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; SymbioCity na-ele mmepe obodo anya site n'okwukwe na usoro arụmọrụ —ọ bụghị naanị ngwọta teknụzụ—bụ ihe na-enyere anyị aka nwayọọ nwayọọ iru ọnọdụ ndụ ka mma.  &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cib-uclg.org/news/sweden-and-indonesia-work-sustainable-urban-development|title=Sweden and Indonesia work on sustainable urban development|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ime oge 2010 ruo 2020, SymbioCity rụrụ ọrụ site n'ịkwado ọrụ mmepe obodo na mmemme iwulite ikike n'ihe karịrị mba 20 dị na Europe, Africa, Latin America, na Asia.A na-achịkwa ọrụ ndị a site na SymbioCity Secretariat nke dị na SKL International, nke bụ ụlọ ọrụ enyemaka nke Swedish Association of Local Authorities and Regions  (SALAR). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sklinternational.se/projects/project/symbiocity-approach-2-0|title=SKL International - SymbioCity Approach 2.0|author=|first=|date=|work=|archiveurl=|archivedate=|accessdate=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
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    <title>Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana</title>
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      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
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      <text bytes="46241" sha1="n5wvze9bwsao7bkjimouy0sxnv45oce" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Ọdọ mmiri Alkaline dị n'ókè Etiopia na Kenya}}

'''Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana''' bụ ọdọ mmiri nnu dị na Ndagwurugwu Rift nke Kenya, nke kachasị na ugwu Kenya; njedebe ugwu dị anya na-agafe na Etiopia.&lt;ref&gt;
The boundary between Ethiopia and Kenya has been a contentious matter. A brief consideration of the topic can be found in the State Department document, [http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf Ethiopia – Kenya Boundary] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090318063413/http://www.law.fsu.edu/library/collection/limitsinseas/IBS152.pdf |date=18 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri ọzara kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa na ọdọ mmiri alkaline kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa. Dịka olu ya si dị, ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri nnu nke anọ kachasị ukwuu n'ụwa&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lake Turkana in Kenya - The Jade Sea|url=http://www.kenyasafari.com/lake-turkana-kenya.html|website=www.kenyasafari.com|access-date=2020-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe Oké Osimiri Caspian gasịrị, Issyk-Kul, na Ọdọ Mmiri Van (na-agafe Oké Osimiri Aral nke Ndịda), nakwa n'etiti ọdọ mmiri niile dị n'ọkwa nke iri abụọ na abụọ.

Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana na-eyi egwu ugbu a site n'iwu mgbidi Gilgel Gibe nke Atọ na Etiopia n'ihi mgbochi mmiri nke Osimiri Omo nke na-enye ọtụtụ mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=Moran2017&gt;{{cite news | author=Moran, B. | date=23 May 2017 | title=A way of life under threat in Kenya as Lake Turkana shrinks | url=http://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/feature/2017/05/23/way-life-under-threat-kenya-lake-turkana-shrinks | publisher=The New Humanitarian | access-date=8 November 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ejikarị ọdọ mmiri ahụ eme ihe—ma ruo n'ókè ụfọdụ—ma e jiri ya mee ihe ọṅụṅụ, nnu ya (nke na-adị ntakịrị nro) na oke fluoride (nke dị elu karịa nke dị na mmiri fluoride) na-emekarị ka ọ ghara ịdị mma ịṅụ ya;  ọ bụkwa isi iyi nke ọrịa ndị sitere na mmiri ruru unyi na-agbasa. N'ụzọ na-arịwanye elu, obodo ndị gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburugburu na-adabere na isi iyi mmiri dị n'okpuru ala maka mmiri ọṅụṅụ.&lt;ref name=Serem2012&gt;{{cite news | author=Serem, B. | date=29 November 2012 | title=For villages in Turkana, Kenya, a new initiative that brings clean water to the community is life-changing | url=https://www.unicef.org/wash/kenya_66520.html | publisher=UNICEF | access-date=8 November 2019 | archive-date=8 November 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191108110615/https://www.unicef.org/wash/kenya_66520.html | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Otu ihe ndị ahụ mere ka ọ ghara ịdị mma maka ịṅụ mmiri na-egbochi ojiji ya maka ịgba mmiri.&lt;ref name=Johnson2009&gt;{{cite book | author1=Johnson, T.C. | author2=J.O. Malala | year=2009 | chapter=Lake Turkana and its connection to the Nile | pages=287–306 | editor=H.J. Dumont | title=The Nile | series=Monographiae Biologicae | volume=89 | publisher=Springer Science + Business Media B.V | isbn=978-1-4020-9725-6 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihu igwe dị ọkụ ma kpọọ nkụ nke ukwuu.

Nkume nke mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu bụ ugwu mgbawa ugwu. Central Island bụ ugwu mgbawa na-arụ ọrụ, na-ewepụta uzuoku. A na-ahụ ihe ndị dị n'èzí na nkume n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ na ndịda nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ebe ájá ájá, olulu mmiri na ala dị larịị dị n'ọdịda anyanwụ na ugwu, n'ebe dị ala karịa.

Ifufe n'ụsọ oké osimiri na n'èzí nwere ike ịdị oke ike, ebe ọ bụ na ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-ekpo ọkụ ma na-ajụ oyi nwayọ karịa ala. Na mberede, oké ifufe na-abịa mgbe niile. Osimiri atọ (Omo, Turkwel na Kerio) na-asọba n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ, mana enweghị mmiri na-asọpụta, naanị mmiri na-efunahụ ya bụ site na uzuoku. Olu na nha ọdọ mmiri dị iche iche. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ọkwa ahụ dara site na {{convert|10|m}} n'etiti 1975 na 1993.&lt;ref&gt;Historic lake levels are graphed in the [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-20.html World Lakes Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118225224/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-20.html |date=18 January 2006 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; N'agbanyeghị enweghị mpụta, na gburugburu ebe obibi, a na-ewere ya dị ka akụkụ nke - ma ọ bụ ma ọ dịkarịa ala jikọtara ya na - n'ihi njikọ ya na usoro a tupu oge eruo na myirịta dị n'anụmanụ mmiri ha.&lt;ref name=Johnson2009/&gt;

N'ihi okpomọkụ dị n'ógbè ahụ — mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ {{cvt|27-31|C|F|disp=sqbr}}, okpomọkụ ikuku nke mpaghara ahụ yikwara ma ọ bụ karịa ntakịrị — oke ọkọchị na enweghị ike iru ebe ahụ, ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-ejigide àgwà ọjọọ ya.&lt;ref name=Johnson2009/&gt; A na-ahụ agụ iyi Naịl n'ọtụtụ ebe n'ụsọ oké osimiri. N'akụkụ nkume ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ahụ, akpị na ajị anụ na-ebi n'ime ha. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bara ụba n'azụ, ịkụ azụ dịkwa oke mkpa maka akụnụba obodo, mana ọ na-eyi egwu ịdaba n'ọkwa mmiri na ịkụ azụ gabiga ókè.&lt;ref name=Moran2017/&gt;

A na-ede aha ogige ntụrụndụ mba nke ọdọ mmiri Turkana ugbu a dị ka ebe UNESCO na-edebe ihe nketa ụwa. Ogige Ntụrụndụ Sibiloi dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ebe Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba Central Island na Ogige Ntụrụndụ Mba South Island dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ. A maara ha abụọ maka agụ iyi Naịl ha.

A chọpụtala ọtụtụ ihe ndị e ji ihe ndị dị ndụ mee n'ógbè gbara Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana gburugburu.&lt;ref name=Moran2017/&gt;

Ọ dịghị mmadụ ole na ole na-abịa ebe ahụ, ebe ọ bụ na ọ ga-ewe ụbọchị abụọ iji si Nairobi gaa. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụkwa ókèala Rendille, Borana na Oromo ruo ala Turkana. Ebe ahụ bụ isi ihe e ji ụrọ mee, ọ na-esikwa n'ala alkaline karịa mmiri oké osimiri.

== Aha njirimara ==
Mgbe nnwere onwe nke [[Kenya]] gasịrị, onyeisiala, Mzee Jomo Kenyatta, gbanwere aha ya na 1975 mgbe ọ bụ Ndị Turkana, ebo kachasị ukwuu n'ebe ahụ. Ndị Turkana na-akpọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ ''Anam Ka'alakol'', nke pụtara &quot;oké osimiri nke ọtụtụ azụ̀&quot;. Ọ bụ site na aha Ka'alakol ka Kalokol, obodo dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri ọdịda anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana, n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Lodwar, na-enweta aha ya. Aha mbụ e ji mara Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana nke Turkana bụ ''Anam a Cheper''. Ndị obodo bi gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana gụnyere Turkana, Rendille, Gabbra, Daasanach, Hamar Koke, Karo, Nyagatom, Mursi, Surma, na ndị Molo. Maka ebe ọtụtụ n'ime ndị a nọ, lee maapụ olumba dị n'isiokwu ahụ.

=== Ọdọ Mmiri Rudolf ===
A kpọrọ ọdọ mmiri ahụ na mbụ Ọdọ Mmiri Rudolf (iji sọpụrụ Eze Ukwu Rudolf nke Austria) site n'aka Count Sámuel Teleki de Szék na onye nke abụọ ya bụ Lieutenant Ludwig Ritter Von Höhnel, onye Hungary na onye Austria, na 6 Maachị 1888.&lt;ref&gt;A summary of the European discovery as well as Teleki's map and some Turkana tribe legends are stated in a [http://www.sslmit.univ.trieste.it/crevatin/documenti/Turkana/tesi/..%5Ctesi%5CIntroduction.htm University of Trieste] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071206100219/http://www.sslmit.univ.trieste.it/crevatin/documenti/Turkana/tesi/Introduction.htm |date=6 December 2007 }} document online.&lt;/ref&gt; Ha bụ ndị Yuropu mbụ gara leta ọdọ mmiri ahụ mgbe ha mechara njem ogologo oge n'ofe ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nọgidere na-aza aha ndị Yurop n'oge ọchịchị ndị Britain East Africa. Agbanyeghị, a maara ya nke ọma na Yuropu ogologo oge tupu Teleki echepụta nleta ya, ebe ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị, ọdịdị ya na ebe ọ dị.&lt;ref&gt;[Wakefield, Thomas. &quot;Routes of Native Caravans From the Coast to the Interior of Eastern Africa, Chiefly from Information Given by Said Bin Ahedi, a Native of a District Near Gazi, in Udigo, a Little North of Zanzibar.&quot; Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 40 (1870): 303–39&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Oké Osimiri Jade ===
N'oge a na-amaghị ama, ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwetara aha ọzọ dị ka &quot;Oké Osimiri Jade&quot; site na agba turquoise ya a hụrụ ka ọ na-abịa site n'ebe dị anya. Agba ya sitere na algae ndị na-apụta n'elu ala n'oge ihu igwe dị jụụ. Nke a nwekwara ike ịbụ aha ndị Yurop.

=== Basso Narok ===
J. W. Gregory kọrọ n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ''The Geographical Journal'' nke afọ 1894 na a kpọrọ ya &quot;Basso Narok&quot;, nke pụtara &quot;Ọdọ Mmiri Ojii&quot; n'asụsụ Samburu. N'otu aka ahụ, ọdọ mmiri Chew Bahir nke Etiopia dị nso ka a na-akpọ &quot;Basso Naibor&quot; na Samburu, nke pụtara &quot;Ọdọ Mmiri Ọcha&quot;. Ndị Samburu so n'agbụrụ ndị kacha pụta ìhè n'ógbè ọdọ mmiri Turkana mgbe ndị nchọpụta bịara.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation|jstor=1773534|title=Contributions to the Physical Geography of British East Africa|journal=The Geographical Journal|volume=4|issue=4|pages=289–315|last1=Gregory|first1=J. W.|year=1894|doi=10.2307/1773534|bibcode=1894GeogJ...4..289G }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ihe bụ ụdị okwu a, ihe ọ pụtara, na asụsụ bụ nke na-edoghị anya.

== Bayọlọji ==
[[File:Lake turkana satellite.jpg|thumb|left|Foto satịlaịtị nke Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana, nke a pụrụ ịmata site na agba jade ya. Osimiri Omo na-abanye n'elu. Osimiri a na-ahụ anya n'aka ekpe ala bụ Turkwel, nke e tinyere n'ime mmiri maka ike eletrik.]]

=== Biomes ===
Isi ihe ndị dị ndụ bụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke bụ biome mmiri, na mpaghara gbara ya gburugburu, nke a na-akpọ ọzara na osisi ubi xeric. Ọzara Chalbi dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ. N'oge mmiri na-ekpo ọkụ, ala kpọrọ nkụ na-apụta, na-egosipụtakwa ''Aristida adscensionis'' na ''A. mutabilis''. N'oge ọkọchị, ahịhịa na-apụ n'anya. Osisi ndị dị n'ime ha nwere osisi dwarf, dịka ọmụmaatụ ''Duosperma eremophilum'' na ''Indigofera spinosa''. N'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ osisi nkwụ doum

=== Plankton ===
[[File:Neuston, Plankton, Nekton, Benthos.jpg|thumb|Ogidi nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ.]]
A na-ahụ ma phytoplankton ma zooplankton n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=ILEC&gt;The [http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-20.html World Lakes Database] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118225224/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-20.html |date=18 January 2006}} includes mention of the lake plankton, some of which are responsible for its turquoise colour.&lt;/ref&gt; N'ime ndị mbụ, a na-anọchite anya cyanobacteria site na ''Microcystis aeruginosa'' na obere algae site na ''Botryococcus braunii''. Ndị ọzọ dịkwa ugbu a gụnyere ''Anabaenopsis arnoldii'', ''Planctonema lauterbornii'', ''Oocystis gigas'', ''Sphaerocystis schroeteri'', na ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ. Zooplankton gụnyere copepods, cladocerans na protozoans.

=== Azụ ===
[[File:Heterotis niloticus 154613099.jpg|thumb|alt=Row of large fresh fish with mouths agape stacked on ground cloths at a market|''Heterotis niloticus'' (African arowana) ihe atụ nke ụdị azụ dị iche iche na Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana]]
Ma e jiri ya tụnyere ọdọ mmiri ndị ọzọ buru ibu n'Africa, Turkana enweghị ụdị azụ ole na ole. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ihe dị ka ụdị azụ iri ise, gụnyere iri na abụọ endemics: cichlids ''Haplochromis macconneli'', ''Haplochromis rudolfianus'', ''H. turkanae'' na ''Hemichromis exsul'', the barb ''Enteromius turkanae'', catfish ''Chrysichthys turkana'', robber tetras ''Brycinus ferox'' na ''B. minutus'', Rudolf lates ''Lates longispinis'', lampeyes ''Lacustricola jeanneli'' na ''Micropanchax rudolfianus'', ya na cyprinid ''Neobola stellae''.&lt;ref name=FEW&gt;Freshwater Ecoregions of the World (2008). ''[http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=530 Lake Turkana.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005204328/http://www.feow.org/ecoregion_details.php?eco=530 |date=5 October 2011 }}'' Accessed 2 May 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị na-abụghị ndị endemic gụnyere Nile tilapia, mango tilapia, bichir, elephantfish ''Mormyrus kannume'', African arowana, African knifefish, ''Distichodus niloticus'', Nile perch na ọtụtụ ndị ọzọ.&lt;ref name=ILEC/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Freshwater Fish Species in Lake Turkana &amp;#91;East Africa&amp;#93;|url=http://www.mongabay.com/data/ecosystems/Lake%2520Turkana.htm|access-date=2023-02-07|website=TropicalFreshwaterFish.com}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; N'oge mbụ Holocene, ọkwa mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị elu, ọ na-asọbakwa n'ime Osimiri [[Naịl]], na-enye azụ na agụ iyi ohere ịbanye. N'ihi ya, azụ̀ ndị na-anaghị adịkarị n'ọdọ mmiri bụkarị ụdị azụ̀ ndị dị n'akụkụ osimiri nke sitere na Nilotic.&lt;ref name=FEW/&gt; Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị na-anaghị amụ nwa anaghị amụ nwa n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, kama ha na-akwaga n'Osimiri Omo na ndị ọgaranya ndị ọzọ ka ha mụọ nwa.&lt;ref name=FEW/&gt; A na-akụkarị azụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke ukwuu.

=== Nnụnụ ===
[[File:Eremopterix signatus.jpg|thumb|Nnụnụ]]
Mpaghara ọdọ mmiri Turkana bụ ebe obibi nke ọtụtụ narị ụdị nnụnụ sitere na [[Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;The Internet hosts a number of bird sites giving scientific names, data and photographs of birds found around the lake: [http://www.sibiloi.com/fauna_flora.htm The Sibiloi National Park] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029161851/http://www.sibiloi.com/fauna_flora.htm |date=29 October 2006 }} site, the [http://www.kenyabirds.org.uk/iba.htm Kenya Birds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061209040200/http://www.kenyabirds.org.uk/iba.htm |date=9 December 2006 }} site, the [http://www.birdquest.net/afbid/photographers.php?pageno=4&amp;func=images&amp;af_bd_id=2&amp;query=&amp;page=4 African Bird Image Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222220152/http://www.birdquest.net/afbid/photographers.php?pageno=4&amp;func=images&amp;af_bd_id=2&amp;query=&amp;page=4 |date=22 December 2010 }}, the [http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/sites/index.html?action=SitHTMDetails.asp&amp;sid=6418&amp;m=0 BirdLife International] site, and many others.&lt;/ref&gt; Usoro Ahịhịa Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka na-ejekwa ozi dị ka ụzọ e si efe nnụnụ ndị na-akwaga ebe ọzọ, na-eweta ọtụtụ narị ndị ọzọ. Nnụnụ ndị ahụ na-enweta nkwado site na ọtụtụ plankton n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, bụ́ ndị na-azụkwa azụ̀.

Ụfọdụ nnụnụ ndị Turkana na-ahụkarị bụ [[little stint]], [[wood sandpiper]], na [[common sandpiper]]. [[African skimmer]] (''Rhyncops flavirostris'') na arụ akwụ n'akụkụ Central Island. [[White-breasted cormorant]] (''Phalacrocorax lucidus'') dị n'ofe ọdọ mmiri ahụ, dịka ọtụtụ nnụnụ mmiri ndị ọzọ si eme. Mmiri [[flamingo ka ukwuu]] na-asọ n'ime ala ya dị omimi. [[Heuglin's bustard]] (''Neotis heuglinii'') dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke mpaghara ọdọ mmiri ahụ.

=== Anụ na-akpụ akpụ ===
[[File:Pelusios subniger subniger - adult Pan Terrapin.jpg|thumb|Mud Turtle]]
Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mmadụ kachasị ukwuu n'Africa nke [[Agụ iyi Naịl]]: 14,000, dịka e mere atụmatụ na nnyocha Alistair Graham mere na 1968.&lt;ref&gt;Alistair Graham, ''Eyelids of Morning''&lt;/ref&gt;

Ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwekwara ọtụtụ nnukwu mbe mmiri, ọkachasị n'ógbè Central Island. [[Mbe apịtị Turkana]] bụ [[Endism|ihe jupụtara na ya]] n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ.&lt;ref name=Rhodin2017&gt;{{cite book |author=Rhodin, A.G.J. |author2=Iverson, J.B. |author3=Bour, R. |author4=Fritz, U. |author5=Georges, A. |author6=Shaffer, H.B. |author7=van Dijk, P.P. |collaboration=[[Turtle Taxonomy Working Group]] | year=2017 | title=Turtles of the World: Annotated Checklist and Atlas of Taxonomy, Synonymy, Distribution, and Conservation Status |editor=Rhodin, A.G.J. |editor2=Iverson, J.B. |editor3=van Dijk, P.P. |editor4=Saumure, R.A. |editor5=Buhlmann, K.A. |editor6=Pritchard, P.C.H. |editor7=Mittermeier, R.A. | series=Conservation Biology of Freshwater Turtles and Tortoises: A Compilation Project of the IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group | edition=8 | journal=Chelonian Research Monographs | volume=7 | pages=1–292 | doi=10.3854/crm.7.checklist.atlas.v8.2017| isbn=9781532350269}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Anụmanụ ===
[[File:Equus grevyi (Zèbre de Grévy) - 390.jpg|thumb|Grevy's Zebras]]
N'elu ala kpọrọ nkụ, e nwere ìgwè mmadụ na-adịghị ike nke anụmanụ na-ata nri na anụ ọhịa na-eri anụ. Ndị bụ isi na-ata nri gụnyere [[Grevy's zebra]], [[Burchell's zebra]], [[beisa oryx]], [[Grant's gazelle]], [[topi]] na [[reticulated giraffe]]. Ọdụm na [[mgbawa]] na-achụ ha. A naghịzi ahụ enyí na rhinocerose ojii ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na Teleki kọrọ na ọ hụrụ (ma gbaa) ọtụtụ. Ihe kacha nso n'ájá bụ [[cushioned gerbil]] (''Gerbillus pulvinatus'').&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lake Turkana|url=http://www.kenya-and-beyond.com/index.php?id=577|date=2016-09-21|website=www.kenya-and-beyond.com|language=en|access-date=2020-05-27|archive-date=7 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807120354/http://www.kenya-and-beyond.com/index.php?id=577|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Geology ==
[[File:Lake Turkana in Kenya 01.jpg|thumb|left|alt=View of Lake Turkana with the Koobi Fora formations in the background.|Onyonyo nke Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana na nhazi [[Koobi Fora]] dị n'azụ.]]
Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana bụ ihe dị na [[East African Rift]].&lt;ref&gt;A good introduction is stated in the [http://www.visitkenya.com/guide/index.php?mID=1&amp;contID=17 Regions of Kenya] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513235557/http://www.visitkenya.com/guide/index.php?contID=17&amp;mID=1 |date=13 May 2007 }} site.&lt;/ref&gt; [[rift]] bụ ebe na-adịghị ike n'ime ala ụwa n'ihi nkewa nke [[tectonic plate]] abụọ, nke a na-esokarị ya na [[graben]], ma ọ bụ ite mmiri, ebe mmiri ọdọ mmiri nwere ike ịchịkọta. Ọgbawa ahụ malitere mgbe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka, nke mmiri ozuzo dị na [[Mantle (geology)|mantle]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=FURMAN |first1=TANYA |last2=KALETA |first2=KELLY M. |last3=BRYCE |first3=JULIA G. |last4=HANAN |first4=BARRY B. |date=2006-03-21 |title=Tertiary Mafic Lavas of Turkana, Kenya: Constraints on East African Plume Structure and the Occurrence of High-μ Volcanism in Africa |journal=Journal of Petrology |volume=47 |issue=6 |pages=1221–1244 |doi=10.1093/petrology/egl009 |issn=1460-2415|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; malitere ikewapụ onwe ha site na akụkụ ndị ọzọ nke Afrịka, na-aga n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ. Ugbu a, graben dị kilomita 320 n'obosara n'ebe ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, kilomita 170 n'ebe ndịda. Ọgbawa a bụ otu n'ime abụọ, a na-akpọkwa ya Nnukwu Ọgbawa ma ọ bụ Ọgbawa Ọwụwa Anyanwụ. E nwekwara nke ọzọ n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, Ọgbawa Ọdịda Anyanwụ.

Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana bụ ihe pụrụ iche nke ala Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Afrịka. E wezụga na ọ bụ ọdọ mmiri na-adịgide adịgide nke na-adịgide adịgide, ọ bụ naanị ọdọ mmiri na-ejide mmiri sitere na mpaghara abụọ dị iche iche nke [[Naịl]]. Mmiri mmiri ọdọ mmiri Turkana na-adọta mmiri ya site na [[Ọcha Ugwu | Ugwu Kenya]] na [[Ethiopian Highlands]].
[[File:A map of Lake Rudolf and the region to the south-west. Reprinted from the Geographical Journal April 1935. (WOMAT-AFR-BEA-305-5).jpg|thumb|Maapụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Turkanl
]]
A chọpụtala na nkume ndị dị n'okpuru ala nke mpaghara ahụ bụ ihe dị ka afọ 522 na 510 nde gara aga (mya). Ọ dịghị mgbawa ọ bụla dị n'oge ahụ. A na-egosi mgbawa site na mgbawa ugwu mgbawa site na ájá ahụ na-adịghị ike. Mgbawa mgbawa ugwu kacha ochie n'ógbè ahụ mere na ugwu Nabwal nke dị n'ebe ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ Turkana ma a na-akọ na ọ ruru mya 34.8 na ngwụcha [[Eocene]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=McDougall |first1=Ian|last2=Watkins |first2=Ronald T. |date=January 2006|title=Geochronology of the Nabwal Hills: a record of earliest magmatism in the northern Kenyan Rift Valley |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/geochronology-of-the-nabwal-hills-a-record-of-earliest-magmatism-in-the-northern-kenyan-rift-valley/B5BC8346805C488318C51197D2AA2B00 |journal=Geological Magazine |language=en |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=25–39 |doi=10.1017/S0016756805001184 |bibcode=2006GeoM..143...25M |issn=1469-5081|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Njirimara tectonic a na-ahụ anya nke mpaghara ahụ sitere na nnukwu mmịpụta nke [[basalt]] n'elu ala Turkana-Omo na windo 4.18–3.99 mya.&lt;ref&gt;See [http://www.people.carleton.edu/~bhaileab/Petrology/LKNturkana-paper.pdf Mineral chemistry of Turkana basalts and implications for basin development], Karla Knudson, Louise Miltich, Nick Swanson-Hysell. The article is highly technical. Look for the summaries.&lt;/ref&gt; A na-akpọ ndị a otu Gombe Basalts. E kewara ha abụọ n'ime Mursi Basalts na Gombi Basalts.

A na-amata basalt abụọ ikpeazụ dị ka ihe ndị na-etolite ugwu nkume na ala ndị gbara ọdọ mmiri gburugburu. N'akụkụ Omo nke basin, nke Mursi Basalts, usoro Mursi dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ nke Omo, Nkalabong dị na Omo, na Usno na Shungura n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Omo. O nwere ike ịbụ na ndị a kacha mara amara n'ime usoro ndị a bụ [[Koobi Fora]] dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Turkana na Nachukui dị n'ọdịda anyanwụ.

Mgbanwe dị mkpirikpi n'ọkwa ọdọ mmiri yana mmụba ntụ ugwu mgbawa na-apụta n'ógbè ahụ emeela ka mkpuchi ala kpuchie nkume ndị dị n'ala n'ụzọ na-enweghị atụ. Enwere ike ịkọwa oge ndị a kpọmkwem site na nyocha kemịkalụ nke [[tuff]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=McDougall |first1=Ian |last2=Brown |first2=Francis H. |date=January 2006|title=Precise &lt;sup&gt;40&lt;/sup&gt;Ar/&lt;sup&gt;39&lt;/sup&gt;Ar geochronology for the upper Koobi Fora Formation, Turkana Basin, northern Kenya |url=https://doi.org/10.1144/0016-764904-166 |journal=Journal of the Geological Society |volume=163 |issue=1 |pages=205–220 |doi=10.1144/0016-764904-166 |bibcode=2006JGSoc.163..205M |issn=0016-7649|url-access=subscription }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ebe a kwenyere na mpaghara a bụ ebe e si enweta [[hominin]]s, ụbọchị ndị ahụ dị mkpa maka imepụta usoro ihe ndị dị ndụ nke diachronic, ma [[hominoid]] ma nke na-abụghị nke mmadụ—ya bụ, ma nke &quot;enwe (gụnyere ndị mmadụ)&quot;' ma nke &quot;abụghị nke mmadụ&quot;. E gwupụtala ọtụtụ puku.

A na-ahụ mbara ala ndị na-anọchite anya osimiri ochie na [[Turkana Basin]]. Nke kachasị elu dị mita 100 n'elu ọdọ mmiri ahụ (naanị ihe dị ka, ebe ọkwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agbanwe agbanwe), nke mere ihe dị ka afọ 9500 gara aga, na njedebe nke [[Pleistocene]] dịka akụkụ nke [[oge mmiri ozuzo nke Afrịka]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloszies 64–76&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Bloszies|first1=C.|last2=Forman|first2=S. L.|last3=Wright|first3=D. K.|date=1 September 2015|title=Water level history for Lake Turkana, Kenya in the past 15,000 years and a variable transition from the African Humid Period to Holocene aridity|journal=Global and Planetary Change|volume=132|pages=64–76|doi=10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.06.006}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-echekarị na Turkana bụ akụkụ nke usoro Nile dị n'elu n'oge ahụ, na-ejikọta na [[Ọdọ Mmiri Baringo]] na nsọtụ ndịda na [[Naịl Ọcha]] n'ebe ugwu, na mgbanwe ala ugwu mgbawa ahụ mebiri njikọ ahụ. Echiche dị otu a na-akọwa ụdị Naịl dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, dịka agụ iyi na ebe a na-akpọ Naịl. Oke mmiri dịkwa ihe dị ka afọ 9000, 6000 na 5000 gara aga, nke ọ bụla sochiri mbelata n'ọkwa ọdọ mmiri nke ihe karịrị mita 40 n'ime ihe na-erughị afọ 200.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloszies 64–76&quot;/&gt; A na-eche na mgbanwe dị na ọnọdụ nke ókèala ikuku Congo metụtara ikike mmiri si n'Oké Osimiri Atlantic iru ọwụwa anyanwụ Afrịka,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Costa|first1=Kassandra|last2=Russell|first2=James|last3=Konecky|first3=Bronwen|last4=Lamb|first4=Henry|date=1 January 2014|title=Isotopic reconstruction of the African Humid Period and Congo Air Boundary migration at Lake Tana, Ethiopia|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=83|pages=58–67|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2013.10.031|bibcode=2014QSRv...83...58C|url=https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8H13CRK/download|hdl=2160/42513|hdl-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author-link1=Jessica Tierney|last1=Tierney|first1=Jessica E.|last2=Russell|first2=James M.|last3=Sinninghe Damsté|first3=Jaap S.|last4=Huang|first4=Yongsong|last5=Verschuren|first5=Dirk|date=1 April 2011|title=Late Quaternary behavior of the East African monsoon and the importance of the Congo Air Boundary|journal=Quaternary Science Reviews|volume=30|issue=7–8|pages=798–807|doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2011.01.017|bibcode=2011QSRv...30..798T}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke nwere mmetụta dị ukwuu n'ọkwa ọdọ mmiri Turkana na mmiri ndị dị ya nso.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloszies 64–76&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Junginger|first1=Annett|last2=Roller|first2=Sybille|last3=Olaka|first3=Lydia A.|last4=Trauth|first4=Martin H.|date=15 February 2014|title=The effects of solar irradiation changes on the migration of the Congo Air Boundary and water levels of paleo-Lake Suguta, Northern Kenya Rift, during the African Humid Period (15–5 ka BP)|journal=Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology|volume=396|pages=1–16|doi=10.1016/j.palaeo.2013.12.007|bibcode=2014PPP...396....1J}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ebe [[archaeoastronomical]] [[Namoratunga II|Namoratunga]], nke e dere ihe dị ka afọ 300 [[Oge A Na-ahụkarị|BCE]], dị nso n'Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana.

== Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmadụ ==
[[Hominin]] A hụla ihe ndị e ji mee ụfọdụ ndị nna ochie mmadụ mbụ n'ime Osimiri Turkana. A na-ewere ọdọ mmiri Turkana dị ka ebe ndụ mmadụ si malite n'ihi ụdị anụmanụ dị iche iche nke ndị bi n'ime ala ọzara a dị iche iche. Ihe ndị a emeela ka mmadụ ghọta usoro mgbanwe mmadụ na-agbanwe agbanwe ma na-egosi na ha sitere n'otu nna ochie karịa, na-agbanwe gaa n'ọtụtụ usoro.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Herrero |first=Hannah |date=20 May 2022 |title=Discoveries at Lake Turkana |url=https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/discoveries-lake-turkana}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe dị n'ime oke ọhịa mere ka ndị mmadụ mbụ nwee ike imeghari onwe ha ka ha wee nwee ike ịhụ anụ ọhịa ndị na-eri anụ n'anya nke ukwuu. Ntụ ugwu mgbawa na ebe kpọrọ nkụ dị mma maka ichekwa ihe ndị a dị ndụ mana ọ na-emekwa ka ọdọ mmiri ahụ daa ma ọ bụ pụọ n'anya mgbe ụfọdụ.

N'ime ala mmiri kpọrọ nkụ, ebe [[Lomekwi]] atọ ahụ chọtara ngwa ọrụ ochie [[hammer]], [[anvil]], na ịkpụ ihe. Agbanyeghị, mpụta nke teknụzụ Acheulean anaghịzi eche na ojiji ngwaọrụ bụ ihe dị iche n'etiti ụdị &quot;Homo&quot; ebe [[Australopithecus afarensis]] jikwa ngwaọrụ dị mfe tupu ụdị ''[[Homo]]'', ihe karịrị nde afọ 3.3 gara aga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Britannica |first=The Editors of Encyclopaedia |date=21 Jan 2016 |title=Lake Turkana remains |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lake-Turkana-remains.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Australopithecus anamensis]]'' ihe ndị e ji ihe ndị dị ndụ nke [[Meave Leakey]] chọpụtara n'afọ 1994 malitere ihe dị ka nde afọ anọ gara aga, na-eme ka ụbọchị mmalite nke ịgba ụkwụ abụọ laghachi azụ ọkara nde afọ. [[Richard Leakey]] eduzila ọtụtụ njem [[mmepe mmadụ|mmadụ]] n'ógbè ahụ nke dugara n'ọtụtụ nchọpụta dị mkpa nke ihe fọdụrụ n'ihe gbasara hominin.

A chọtara [[skull 1470]] dị afọ nde abụọ n'afọ 1972. E chere na mbụ na ọ bụ ''[[Homo habilis]]'', mana aha sayensị ''[[Homo rudolfensis]]'', V. P. Alexeev tụrụ aro ya site na aha ochie nke ọdọ mmiri a (Rudolf) na 1986. Na 1984, [[Kamoya Kimeu] chọtara [[Nwa okorobịa Turkana]], ọkpụkpụ fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ nke zuru oke nke nwatakịrị ''[[Homo ergaster]]''. N'oge na-adịbeghị anya, Meave Leakey chọtara okpokoro isi dị nde afọ 3.5 n'ebe ahụ, nke akpọrọ ''[[Kenyanthropus platyops]]'' (&quot;nwoke Kenya nwere ihu dị larịị&quot;).

[[Marta Mirazón Lahr]] chọpụtara ihe akaebe mbụ nke agha ụmụ mmadụ n'ebe [[Nataruk]] dị, nke dị nso n'ụsọ oké osimiri Turkana ochie ma buru ibu, ebe a na-ekwu na ọtụtụ ọkpụkpụ mmadụ na-egosi nnukwu mmerụ ahụ n'isi, olu, ọgịrịga, ikpere na aka bụ ihe akaebe nke esemokwu dị n'etiti otu ndị na-achụ nta na ndị na-achịkọ ihe dị ka afọ 10,000 gara aga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title = Inter-group violence among early Holocene hunter-gatherers of West Turkana, Kenya|journal = Nature|pages = 394–398|volume = 529|issue = 7586|doi = 10.1038/nature16477|first1 = M. Mirazón|last1 = Lahr|first2 = F.|last2 = Rivera|first3 = R. K.|last3 = Power|first4 = A.|last4 = Mounier|first5 = B.|last5 = Copsey|first6 = F.|last6 = Crivellaro|first7 = J. E.|last7 = Edung|first8 = J. M. Maillo|last8 = Fernandez|first9 = C.|last9 = Kiarie|pmid=26791728|year=2016|url = https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/253726|bibcode = 2016Natur.529..394L|s2cid = 4462435}}&lt;/ref&gt; A hụrụ ihe karịrị mmadụ 230 n'ebe Koobi Fora dị n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ, ma gbasaa ọkpụkpụ &quot;Homo sapiens&quot; nwere akara ọkpụkpụ n'akụkụ osimiri ọwụwa anyanwụ na saịtị Nataruk, mpaghara a na-enye nghọta dị ukwuu banyere ụzọ ụmụ mmadụ mbụ a si too ma lanarị ihu igwe na-adịghị agbanwe agbanwe n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri na n'ofe ya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Bush |first=Eliot |date=27 Jun 2020 |title=The Meaning of Time in the Place Where Humanity's Earliest Ancestors Arose |website=[[Scientific American]] |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-meaning-of-time-in-the-place-where-humanitys-earliest-ancestors-arose/.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

'[[Homo erectus]]'' bụ onye kacha nso n'ime ndị nna ochie ''Homo sapiens''{{'}} ma zọọ mpi ịbụ onye mbụ ga-agafe ụzọ Levantine site n'Africa gaa Europe na Eshia afọ 1.8 nde gara aga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Hogenboom |first=Melissa |date=9 Dec 2015 |title=The Importance of Lake Turkana |url=https://www.bradshawfoundation.com/news/index.php?id=The-Importance-of-Lake-Turkana}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A na-anọchite anya ọtụtụ asụsụ dị iche iche n'ógbè dị gburugburu Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Lynch|first1=B. M.|last2=Robbins|first2=L. H.|date=1 July 1979|title=Cushitic and Nilotic Prehistory: New Archaeological Evidence from North-West Kenya|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-african-history/article/div-classtitlecushitic-and-nilotic-prehistory-new-archaeological-evidence-from-north-west-kenyadiv/B6CA07A4242B0F6205A90C5E6E5303BF|journal=The Journal of African History|volume=20|issue=3|pages=319–328|doi=10.1017/S0021853700017333|s2cid=162787847 |issn=1469-5138|url-access=subscription}}&lt;/ref&gt; nke bụ ihe akaebe maka ọtụtụ njem nke ndị mmadụ dị iche iche ruo ọtụtụ puku afọ. Asụsụ ndị dị ugbu a gụnyere ma ọ dịkarịa ala otu atọ dị iche iche nke [[Asụsụ Nilotic|Nilotic]] ([[Asụsụ Nilo-Saharan|Nilo-Saharan]]) na [[Cushitic languages|Cushitic]] ([[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]]) ezinụlọ ezinụlọ, bụ́ ndị ekewaala n'ihu n'ihe karịrị asụsụ iri na abụọ gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburugburu taa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Eastern and Southern Africa in World History 1000 BC to AD 400|last=Ehret|first=Christopher|publisher=University of Virginia Press|year=1998|isbn=9780813920573}}&lt;/ref&gt; Na mbido [[Holocene]] (n'oge [[Holocene climate optimality|Holocene Climatic Optimum]]), ọkwa ọdọ mmiri dị elu, ịkụ azụ na ịzụ nri bụ isi akụ na ụba ndụ. Ọrụ ugbo anụmanụ nọchiri nke a n'ihe dị ka afọ 5000 gara aga, mgbe ọkwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ na-agbanwe ngwa ngwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; N'oge Holocene nke mechara, mmeghachi omume mmadụ nye mgbanwe ihu igwe gụnyere ịkụ azụ̀ siri ike mgbe ọkwa ọdọ mmiri dị elu na ịgbanwe gaa n'ịzụ ehi mgbe ọkwa ahụ dara.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Wright|first1=David K.|last2=Forman|first2=Steven L.|last3=Kiura|first3=Purity|last4=Bloszies|first4=Christopher|last5=Beyin|first5=Amanuel|date=27 June 2015|title=Lakeside View: Sociocultural Responses to Changing Water Levels of Lake Turkana, Kenya|journal=African Archaeological Review|language=en|volume=32|issue=2|pages=335–367|doi=10.1007/s10437-015-9185-8|issn=0263-0338|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-ahụ ili ndị megalithic nke gbasaara ebe niile n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ, o yikwara ka ha kwekọrọ n'oge mbụ e webatara anụmanụ ndị a na-azụ n'ógbè ahụ ihe dị ka afọ 5000 gara aga,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Grillo|first1=Katherine M.|last2=Hildebrand|first2=Elisabeth A.|date=1 June 2013|title=The context of early megalithic architecture in eastern Africa: the Turkana Basin c. 5000–4000 BP|journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa|volume=48|issue=2|pages=193–217|doi=10.1080/0067270X.2013.789188|s2cid=162193899|issn=0067-270X}}&lt;/ref&gt; mgbe e mesịrị, e liri ndị nwụrụ anwụ n'obere ili.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.african-archaeology.de/index.php?page_id=154&amp;journal_id=42&amp;pdf_id=328|title=Stone Cairns and Material Culture of the Middle to Late Holocene, Lake Turkana|last=D.K. Wright, K.M. Grillo &amp; R. Soper|website=www.african-archaeology.de|language=de|access-date=7 March 2017}}{{Dead link|date=August 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ndị bi n'ógbè a taa na-ebi ndụ dị iche iche, na-agbanwe n'etiti ịchụ nta, ịkụ azụ na ịzụ anụmanụ dabere na ihe enwere ike ime n'otu afọ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Agbanyeghị, owuwu nke akụrụngwa dịka ọdụ ndị ozi ala ọzọ nke Ndị Kraịst, mwepụta ike (ikuku, mmanụ) na [[Òtù na-abụghị nke gọọmentị|NGO]] ebe ndị na-ekesa enyemaka emeela ka mpaghara ahụ jikọọ na ihe ndị dị n'èzí ma dabere na ihe ndị dị mkpa maka ndụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233492400|title=Success and Failure: The Breakdown of Traditional Drought Coping Institutions Among the Pastoral Turkana of Kenya|last=McCabe|first=Terrance|date=1990|journal=African and Asian Studies|volume=25|issue=3|pages=146–160|language=en|access-date=7 March 2017|doi=10.1177/002190969002500302|s2cid=220931072}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=MONTCLOS|first1=M.-A. P. D.|last2=KAGWANJA|first2=P. M.|date=1 June 2000|title=Refugee Camps or Cities? The Socio-economic Dynamics of the Dadaab and Kakuma Camps in Northern Kenya|journal=Journal of Refugee Studies|language=en|volume=13|issue=2|pages=205–222|doi=10.1093/jrs/13.2.205|s2cid=145079117|issn=0951-6328}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akụnụba ego na-agbakwụnye ụzọ ọdịnala nke ibi ndụ dịka ịzụ anụ ụlọ na ịkụ azụ.

== Ike ifufe ==

Ọrụ Ike Ifufe nke Lake Turkana (LTWP) na-enye ọkụ eletrik 310 MW nye okporo ọkụ eletrik mba Kenya site n'itinye ọnọdụ ifufe pụrụ iche gburugburu ọdọ mmiri ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2022-02-26|title=Home - Lake Turkana Wind Power|url=https://ltwp.co.ke/|access-date=2023-02-07|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; E nwere 365 [[ụgbọala ikuku]], nke ọ bụla nwere ike [[ikike aha]] nke kilowatts 850. E nyere ya ọrụ na Ọktoba 2018.

E mepụtara ọrụ azụmaahịa zuru oke na Julaị 2019 mgbe e mechara eriri ọkụ eletrik na-ebuga ihe ndị a. E nwetara ikike 100% (nke pụtara na 310 MW zuru oke emepụtara) na Machị 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Lake Turkana Wind Project - Our journey|url=https://ltwp.co.ke/our-journey/|access-date=2024-03-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ọdọ mmiri==

Etiopịala na-arụzi ọdọ mmiri Gibe nke atọ n'akụkụ Osimiri Omo ya, ebe a maara na ọ ga-eme ka mmiri si n'akụkụ osimiri pụta dị ukwuu ma belata mmiri na-abata n'Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana nke Kenya, nke na-enweta pasentị iri itoolu nke mmiri ya site n'osimiri ahụ. Dịka akụkọ ARWG si kwuo, mgbanwe ndị a ga-emebi ụzọ ndụ nke opekata mpe ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ 200,000, Ndị ọrụ ugbo na ndị ọkụ azụ̀ ndị dabere na idei mmiri n'akụkụ Osimiri Omo na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọkụ azụ̀ 300,000 gburugburu ọdọ mmiri Turkana – itinye agbụrụ dị iche iche n'ógbè ahụ n'agha ime ihe ike gafere ókèala nke ruru South Sudan, ebe agụụ na-eche ha niile ihu.

Akụkọ a na-egosi nnukwu ihe gbasara usoro mmepe nwere nnukwu nsogbu nke ego ụwa na gọọmentị Africa na-akwalite. N'ime usoro a, ọ na-achọpụta nnukwu ihe egwu ndị a na-eleghara anya ma ọ bụ ndị a na-ebelataghị n'ụzọ ọzọ, ọ bụghị nke kacha nta bụ atụmatụ nke US Geological Survey nke nwere nnukwu ihe egwu maka ala ọma jijiji nke oke 7 ma ọ bụ 8 na mpaghara Gibe III dam.

===Mmetụta na Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana===
Mmetụta nke ihe mgbochi mmiri na ọrụ ịgba mmiri nke ihe mgbochi mmiri nwere ike inwe na ọkwa mmiri nke Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana bụ ihe a na-arụrịta ụka. Nnyocha mmiri emere maka African Development Bank na Nọvemba 2010 kwubiri na ijupụta mmiri ahụ ga-ebelata mmiri ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na mita abụọ, ọ bụrụ na a gaghị eme mmiri ọ bụla. Ịgba mmiri ga-eme ka ọkwa ọdọ mmiri ahụ daa ọzọ.

Ndị Enyi nke Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana, otu nzukọ Kenya nke na-anọchite anya ndị obodo dị na ugwu ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya nke ihe ndị ha na-ebi na ya jikọtara na Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana, e burula ụzọ kwuo na ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere ike ibelata ọkwa ọdọ mmiri Turkana ruo mita iri, nke ga-emetụta ihe ruru mmadụ 300,000. Nke a nwere ike ime ka mmiri ahụ dị nro mụbaa nke na ndị obodo gbara ọdọ mmiri ahụ gburugburu agaghịzi enwe ike ịṅụ ya. Ugbu a, nnu dị n'ime mmiri ahụ dị ihe dịka 2332mg/L, a na-eme atụmatụ na mbelata mita iri n'ọkwa mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri Turkana nwere ike ime ka nnu dị n'ime mmiri ahụ ruo 3397mg/L. Ịba ụba nnu nwere ike ibelata ọnụọgụ azụ̀ dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ nke ukwuu, bụ́ ndị mmadụ gbara Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana gburugburu na-adabere na ya maka ihe oriri na ihe ha ji ebi ndụ. Dịka ndị nkatọ si kwuo, nke a &quot;ga-ama ọdọ mmiri ahụ ikpe ọnwụ na-adịghị nwayọ.&quot;

Dịka ndị na-akwado mgbochi mmiri si kwuo, mmetụta dị na ọdọ mmiri Turkana ga-abụ naanị mbelata oge na mmiri na-asọ asọ n'oge a na-ejupụta ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Ebe dị iche iche na-ekwu na mmiri ahụ nwere ike ịdị n'etiti otu oge mmiri ruo atọ.[9][26] Oke nchekwa nke ọdọ mmiri Gibe III ga-adị n'etiti ijeri cubic mita 11.75 na 14, dabere na isi mmalite. Dịka ụlọ ọrụ na-ewu mgbochi mmiri si kwuo, nke a ga-ebelata ọkwa mmiri dị n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ site na &quot;ihe na-erughị 50cm kwa afọ ruo afọ atọ&quot; nakwa na nnu &quot;agaghị agbanwe n'ụzọ ọ bụla&quot;.[26]

Dịka Kọmitii Gburugburu Ebe Obibi nke Ọdọ Mmiri Mba Nile si kwuo, 90% nke mmiri Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana na-esi n'Osimiri Omo ebe a ga-ewu Ọdọ Mmiri ahụ.[31] Ebe ọ bụ na ọdọ mmiri Turkana enweghị ebe ọ ga-esi abanye, mmiri ruru mita 2.3 kwa afọ ka mmiri ghara ịpụ apụ, ọkwa ya na-adịkwa mfe nghọta maka mgbanwe ihu igwe na oge. Iji tụnyere ya, ọkwa akụkọ ihe mere eme nke Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana dara site na elu nke mita 20 karịa ọkwa taa na afọ 1890 ruo otu ọkwa ahụ taa na afọ 1940 na 1950. Mgbe ahụ, ọ mụbara ọzọ nwayọ nwayọ site na mita asaa ruo n'ọkwa kachasị elu n'ihe dị ka afọ 1980, wee belata ọzọ.[31]

Nchịkọta nke Nnyocha Mmetụta Gburugburu Ebe Obibi na Ọha na Eze (ESIA) nke ọrụ ahụ enyochaghị mmetụta nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ nwere n'ọkwa mmiri na ịdị mma nke Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana.[32] Onyeisi nke Òtù Na-ahụ Maka Ọrụ Mmiri nke Kenya, John Nyaoro, rụrụ ụka na ọdọ mmiri ahụ agaghị enwe mmetụta ọjọọ ọ bụla na Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana.[33]

Akụkọ gọọmentị Kenya mere na 2021 kwuru na elu ọdọ mmiri Turkana amụbaala site na 10% n'etiti 2010 na 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Tobiko |first=Keriako |date=2021 |title=Rising Water Levels in Kenya's Rift Valley Lakes, Turkwel Gorge Dam and Lake Victoria |url=http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=Kenya Government and UNDP |archive-date=28 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220428030814/http://www.environment.go.ke/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/MENR_Scoping_Report_Latest-5-07-21.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Baraka |first=Carey |date=2022-03-17 |title=A drowning world: Kenya's quiet slide underwater |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/17/kenya-quiet-slide-underwater-great-rift-valley-lakes-east-africa-flooding |access-date=2022-03-17 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leekwa ==
{{Commons}}
* [[Gilgel Gibe III Dam]]
* [[Hadar, Ethiopia]]
* [[Laetoli]]
* [[Lake Suguta]]
* [[List of rivers of Kenya]]
* [[Middle Awash]]
* [[Olduvai Gorge]]
* [[Omo Kibish Formation]]
* [[Rift Valley lakes]]
* [[Tugen Hills]]

==N'ọdịnala ama ama==
*A na-egosi Ọdọ Mmiri Turkana n'egwuregwu vidiyo nke afọ 2002 ''[[Xenosaga Episode I: Der Wille zur Macht]]''. N'okwu mmalite nke egwuregwu ahụ, nke e mere na 20XX AD, njem ihe mgbe ochie na Lake Turkana chọpụtara Zohar, otu ihe omimi dị omimi nke na-eje ozi dị ka isi ihe dị na akụkọ egwuregwu ahụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Script of Xenosaga Episode I – Prologue|url=https://www.xenoserieswiki.org/wiki/Script_of_Xenosaga_Episode_I/Prologue|publisher=Xeno Series Wiki|access-date=2025-10-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ọdọ mmiri ahụ dị n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ (na [[Loiyangalani]]) bụ ebe e si dee akwụkwọ akụkọ [[[John le Carré]] nke akpọrọ ''[[The Constant Gardener]]'', ọ bụkwa ebe e si dee ihe nkiri ahụ nke nwere otu aha ahụ.
*Akụkụ nke ihe ndị mere n'akwụkwọ akụkọ ''&quot;Невозвращенец&quot;'' (&quot;The Non-Returnee&quot;) nke [[Andrei Gusev]] mere n'ụsọ mmiri nke ọdọ mmiri Turkana na Loiyangalani (n'akụkụ nke abụọ nke akwụkwọ akụkọ a).&lt;ref&gt;[https://mliterature.narod.ru/Remaining.htm   Review of ''&quot;Невозвращенец&quot;'' (&quot;The Non-Returnee&quot;)] on the site of public fund &quot;Union of writers of Moscow&quot;, 2023&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://andrei-gusev.narod.ru/Non-Returnee.htm ''&quot;Невозвращенец&quot;'' (&quot;The Non-Returnee&quot;)] by [[Andrei Gusev]], 2022&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== Isi mmalite ==
* ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' under &quot;Rudolf, Lake&quot;
* ''Chambers World Gazetteer'', ed. David Munro, W &amp; R Chambers Ltd. &amp; The Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 5th Edition, 1988, {{ISBN|978-1-85296-200-5}} under ''Turkana, Lake.''
* ''Quest for the Jade Sea: Colonial Competition Around an East African Lake'', by [[Pascal James Imperato]] and published by Westview Press, 1998 {{ISBN|0813327911}}.
* ''Where Giants Trod: The Saga of Kenya's Desert Lake'', by Monty Brown and published by Quiller Press, 1989 {{ISBN|1870948254}}. Descriptions of the various discovery expeditions to Lake Turkana in the 19th century. The accounts inevitably offer observations about the geology and anthropology of the area.
*Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. &quot;Lake Turkana remains&quot;. ''Encyclopedia Britannica'', 21 Jan. 2016, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Lake-Turkana-remains. Accessed 30 May 2022.
* Bush, Eliot. &quot;The Meaning of Time in the Place Where Humanity's Earliest Ancestors Arose&quot;. ''Scientific American'', 27 Jun. 2020, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-meaning-of-time-in-the-place-where-humanitys-earliest-ancestors-arose/.
* Herrero, Hannah. &quot;Discoveries at Lake Turkana&quot;. ''National Geographic'', 20 May 2022, https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/discoveries-lake-turkana.
* Hogenboom, Melissa. &quot;The Importance of Lake Turkana&quot;. ''Bradshaw Foundation'', 9 Dec. 2015, https://www.bradshawfoundation.com/news/index.php?id=The-Importance-of-Lake-Turkana.

== Njikọ mpụga ==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20080510070614/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/sibiloi.html Lake Turkana's entry on UNESCO's list of World Heritage Sites]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20041020044329/http://edcwww.cr.usgs.gov/earthshots/slow/Turkana/Turkana Satellite images showing Lake Turkana's falling water levels]
* [http://www.kfrp.com Ongoing Palaeoanthropological research in the Turkana Basin]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060118225224/http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/afr/afr-20.html World Lakes Database]
* [http://www.tours-kenya.net/lake-turkana-national-park.html Lake Turkana National Park]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}
* {{WWF ecoregion|name=Masai Xeric Grasslands and Shrublands|id=at1313}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928020937/http://www.originsafaris.info/brochure/CradleofMankind07.pdf Remote Tribes of Northern Kenya]
* [http://www.junglephotos.com/africa/afanimals/reptiles/crocodilenathist.shtml Crocodile Natural History]
* [http://www.arwg-gibe.org/ Africa Resources Working Group Gibe III Dam Lake Turkana]
* [http://www.turkanabasin.org The Turkana Basin Institute]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050324014526/http://sibiloi.com/ Sibiloi National Park, World Heritage Site]

{{African Great Lakes}}
{{Lakes of Kenya}}
{{Great Rift Valley, Kenya}}
{{Turkana Basin}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Turkana}}</text>
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    <title>Coal slurry</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351510984|Coal slurry]]&quot;</comment>
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Coal slurry bụ ngwakọta nke ihe siri ike (kol a gwupụtara n'ala ma ọ bụ mkpofu kol) na mmiri ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri sitere n'ihe ndị dị ndụ , nke ụlọ ọrụ na-akwadebe kol mepụtara.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Shin|first=Yu-Jen|date=2007-06-01|title=Preparation of coal slurry with organic solvents|journal=Chemosphere|volume=68|issue=2|pages=389–393|doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.12.049|pmid=17276487|issn=0045-6535}}&lt;/ref&gt; .


== Nkwadebe ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Hlist/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Sidebar/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt; 

Iji gbanwee ntụ kol ka ọ bụrụ slurry, a na-ekewa kol site na ihe ndị na-abụghị ọkụ ma nwee ike ịkewa ya site na nha nke ihe. Enwere ike ibufe slurry coal site na pipeline ma ọ bụ na mgbapụta pụrụ iche dị ka mgbapụta oghere na-aga n'ihu iji mee ka mgbapụta nke abrasive, corrosive na viscous coal slurry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalpumps.com.au/case-studies/transferring-coal-slurry-made-easy|title=Transferring coal slurry made easy|author=Admin|work=www.globalpumps.com.au|language=en-gb|accessdate=2019-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-egwupụta ihe karịrị ijeri tọn coal 7 kwa afọ (2010), na-eji ihe dịka lita mmiri 200 kwa tọn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Coal Handbook: Towards Cleaner Production. Volume 1; Coal Production|date=2013|publisher=Woodhead Publishing Ltd|others=Osborne, D. G.|isbn=9780857097309|location=Cambridge|oclc=875224821}}&lt;/ref&gt; Otú ọ dị, oke mmiri a chọrọ na-adabere n'àgwà elu nke kol a na-eji. Ọtụtụ coal slurries na-achọ ka a gbakwunye surfactant  iji belata ịdị arọ ma ọ bụ ịdịkpa  nke ngwakọta ahụ. Nke a na-enyere aka ibelata nrụgide na-ada n'elu ọkpọkọ na igwe mgbapụta mmiri .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Guo|first=D|date=1998-02-01|title=Rheological behaviour of oil-based heavy oil, coal and water multiphase slurries|journal=Fuel|volume=77|issue=3|pages=209–210|doi=10.1016/s0016-2361(97)00172-5|issn=0016-2361}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nnyocha ndị e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya ejirila ụzọ ọhụrụ nke nkwadebe slurry, dị ka iji radiation ultrasonic na ngwakọta nke ihe ndị e kere eke na nke aka mere iji melite nkwụsi ike na njirimara rheological nke coal slurry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Das|first=Debadutta|date=2013-09-01|title=Improving stability of concentrated coal–water slurry using mixture of a natural and synthetic surfactants|journal=Fuel Processing Technology|language=en|volume=113|pages=41–51|doi=10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.02.021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Guo|first=Zhaobing|date=2007-07-01|title=Improvement in properties of coal water slurry by combined use of new additive and ultrasonic irradiation|journal=Ultrasonics Sonochemistry|volume=14|issue=5|pages=583–588|doi=10.1016/j.ultsonch.2006.12.001|pmid=17236802|issn=1350-4177}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Nchegbu banyere gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Faịlụ:Coal_slurry_spill_at_Patriot_Coal,_WV.jpg|thumb|Mmiri coal nke afọ 2014 wụbara n'osimiri dị na Patriot Coal, West Virginia. E meela ihe mkpofu ahịhịa gafee osimiri ahụ iji gbalịa igbochi nsị ahụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Coal slurry spill blackens 6 miles of West Virginia creek&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|author=Conlon|first=Kevin|title=Officials: Coal slurry spill blackens 6 miles of West Virginia creek|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2014/02/11/us/west-virginia-slurry-spill/|work=CNN|date=12 February 2014|accessdate=2 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
N'ụzọ dị mma,coal slurry nwere naanị coal na mmiri, nke enwere ike ike ikewapụ nke ọma. N'omume, nkewa ahụ dị oke ọnụ n'ihi nnukwu mmiri dị mkpa na mmiri na-adịghị mma nke usoro ahụ mepụtara. Ọzọkwa, slurry nwekwara ezigbo uzuzu coal nke na-akpata ihe mkpofu a na-akpọ blackwater. Dị ka a pụghị ime ka [[Blackwater (coal)|mmiri ojii]] dị ọcha site na ụlọ ọrụ na-edozi mmiri,  a na-echekwa ya na nnukwu ọdọ mmiri. Ọdọ mmiri ndị dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịpụ n'ụzọ ọdachi, dị ka Idei mmiri nke Buffalo Creek nke 1972 ma ọ bụ nsị coal nke Martin County nke 2000, nke wepụtara ihe karịrị nde galọn 250 nke nsị coals. Coal slurry nwere ike ịnwe kemịkal dị ize ndụ dịka arsenic na mercury ma nwee ike igbu anụ ọhịa mmiri, dịka ọ dị na Martin County. Mmiri a a na-ekpofu ahịhịa nwere ike ijikọ ọtụtụ ijeri galọn mgbe ụfọdụ  n'otu ụlọ ọrụ. 

== Mmetụta nke ngwa coal slurry ==
Ruo ugbu a, a matala na mmanụ ọkụ sitere na coal slurry nwere ike ume dị ala . N'ihi nke a, a na-enwekarị ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịkụ ya ọkụ naanị n'ime injin nwere mkpakọ dị elu , dịka injin diesel ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik na-eji gas turbine (nnukwu injin ndị na-arụ ọrụ nke ọma ọbụna mgbe ike ume mmanụ ọkụ dị ala).Ụdị injin ndị ọzọ gụnyere injin diesel na-agba nwayọọ na turbines a na-eji eme ka ụgbọ mmiri na-aga nakwa maka mmepụta ọkụ eletrik n'ebe ọrụ kwụụrụ onwe ya.Otú ọ dị, n'ahịa ebe a na-eji ya eme ọkụ n'obere na etiti ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik, nke ike ha sitere na 20 kW (27 hp) ruo 5 MW (6,700 hp), iji coal slurry  eme ihe ga-achọ ka e megharịa ma ọ bụ gbanwee boiler ndị dị ugbu a  ka ha nwee ike ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na ụdị mmanụ ọkụ a.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Gary K Ellem|date=2023-12-12|title=A NOVEL 2ND GENERATION LIQUID BIOFUEL PRODUCTION CONCEPT USING BIOMASS CHAR|url=https://search.informit.org/doi/epdf/10.3316/informit.969623539482571|journal=Chemeca 2010: Engineering at the Edge; 26–29 September 2010, Hilton Adelaide, South Australia}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Bridgwater|first=A. V.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0knzCAAAQBAJ&amp;dq=Biomass+Pyrolysis+Liquids+Upgrading+and+Utilization&amp;pg=PA1|title=Biomass Pyrolysis Liquids Upgrading and Utilization|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science &amp; Business Media|isbn=978-94-011-3844-4|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ngwa ndị ọzọ a chọtara maka slurries ndị a dị na usoro ndị dị ka boilers, gasifiers na engines kwụ otu ebe nwere ihe ndị a chọrọ nke e kewara n'akụkụ abụọ: kemịkal na anụ ahụ dị ka egosiri na tebụl dị n'okpuru. 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|Ọdịdị
|Parameter
|Ntinye aha
|-
| colspan=&quot;1&quot; rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |Ọdịdị mmanụ ụgbọala &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Abdullah|first=Hanisom|date=2010-10-21|title=Bioslurry as a Fuel. 3. Fuel and Rheological Properties of Bioslurry Prepared from the Bio-oil and Biochar of Mallee Biomass Fast Pyrolysis|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ef1008117|journal=Energy &amp; Fuels|language=en|volume=24|issue=10|pages=5669–5676|doi=10.1021/ef1008117|issn=0887-0624}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Low N &lt; 0.6 wt% (db.) 
Low S &lt; 0.1 wt% (db.) (ókè maka corrosion)  
|Ebe a na-esi mmiri ọkụ
|-
|Ash &lt; 0.01% wt% (db.) 
|Diesel engine (Nọmba 2 diesel fuel) 
|-
|Ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu 0.6-0.9 ton/m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; ma ọ bụ karịa
|Ihe na-eme ka mmiri na-esi ísì ụtọ
|-
|Ihe onwunwe na njikwa &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
|Viscosity ≤1000 mPa na ọnụego shear nke 100s&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; na 25   (dị mma maka njikwa mmanụ).
|Ebe a na-esi mmiri ọkụ
|}

== Hụkwa ==

* Mmanụ a na-etinye na coal
* Coal e gburu egbu
* Sludge (ihe nkiri) 
* Ihe mgbochi mmiri nke Tailings

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Njikọ mpụga ==

*  </text>
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    <title>Ben Kilpatrick</title>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352576107|Ben Kilpatrick]]&quot;</comment>
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'''Ben Kilpatrick''' (Jenụwarị 5, 1874 - Machị 12, 1912)  bụ onye omekome Amerịka n'afọ ikpeazụ nke  American Old West. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu Wild Bunch, nke Butch Cassidy na Elzy Lay na-edu.E jidere ya maka izu ohi ma maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ 10 na 15, mana ọ nọrọ ihe dị ka afọ 10 tupu a tọhapụ ya. Mgbe ọ pụtara n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ laghachiri n'omume mpụ, ma n'ikpeazụ otu onye ha jidere dị ka onye eji egwu egwu gburu ya mgbe ọ na-apụnara ụgbọ oloko ihe.

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Kilpatrick na Coleman County, Texas, na 1874, nwa nke atọ n'ime ụmụ itoolu nke onye ọrụ ugbo a mụrụ na [[Tennessee]], George Washington Kilpatrick (ma ọ bụ &quot;Killpatrick&quot;), site na nwunye ya, Mary, onye [[Nleda anyanwu Kàròlina|South Carolina]], dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mba Federal nke 1880.

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agba ịnyịnya ruo oge ụfọdụ na [[Texas]] wee mara Tom na Sam Ketchum na Bill Carver.

== Ndụ onye omekome ==
Mgbe a tọhapụrụ Cassidy n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ya na  Lay haziri Wild Bunch, nke mechara bụrụ ndị kacha nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịpụnara ụgbọ oloko ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.A kwenyere na Kilpatrick bụ enyi  Lay, ma o nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sonyeghị ma ọ bụ sonyeere ntakịrị n'omume mpụ ndị metụtara Butch Cassidy ma ọ bụ Sundance Kid.Kilpatrick mechara sonyere Kid Curry n'omume mpụ, ma a maghị nke ọma ebe ma ọ bụ otú ha abụọ si malite ịma onwe ha.

=== Ịgbapụ ===
Ndị òtù ahụ ga-eme ohi ha, kewaa, wee gaa n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche, na-ezute oge ụfọdụ ka e mesịrị na Hole-in-the-Wall na Wyoming.

Kilpatrick na Bullion gara Nashville, ebe ha zutere Kid Curry na enyi nwanyị ya, Della Moore.N'oge na-adịghị anya, e jidere Della Moore n'ihi na ọ na-eji ego a chọpụtara na o sitere n'otu n'ime izu ohi ndị otu ahụ mere eme ihe.

=== Njide ===
E jidere Kilpatrick na Nọvemba 5, 1901, na St. Louis, Missouri, ma a mara ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ iri na ise.

=== Ọnwụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Two_train_robbers_killed_near_Sanderson_Tex.,_Mar._13,_1912_LCCN2006680243.jpg|thumb|313x313px|Foto na-egosi ozu Ben Kilpatrick na Ole Hobek ka ndị ọzọ na-ejide mgbe e gburu ha na nso Sanderson, Texas, na Machị 13, 1912.]]
A tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'ọnwa Juun 1911. N'abalị 12 Maachị 1912, Kilpatrick na onye omekome Ole Hobek nwụrụ mgbe  ha na-ezu ohi n'ụgbọ oloko ihe n'akụkụ Sanderson.A kwenyere na ha abụọ sonyere n'ọtụtụ mwakpo ịpụnara ụgbọ oloko ihe n'èzí Memphis n'ọnwa Nọvemba 1911 na Febrụwarị 1912, nakwa n'ọtụtụ obere izu ohi ndị ọzọ n'ógbè WestTexas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ben Kilpatrick and the last full sized train robbery in Texas, Sanderson, 1912.|url=http://www.texasescapes.com/FEATURES/Arthur_Soule/Ben_Kilpatrick_Texas_train_robberies.htm|accessdate=2021-06-28|work=www.texasescapes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Na Machị 1912, Kilpatrick banyere ụgbọ okporo ígwè Southern Pacific Express dị nso na Sanderson, Texas, n'akụkụ onye mkpọrọ mbụ ya bụ onye ya na ya ghọrọ enyi. N'ịgbalị izu ohi, Kilpatrick jidere onye ozi ngwa ngwa, David Trousdale, na akpa na ụgbọ ala akwụkwọ ozi Wells Fargo. Mgbe Kilpatrick zuru igbe ahụ na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ bara uru ọ nwere ike ịchọta, Trousdale jisiri ike zoo ice marlet n'okpuru azụ jaket ya. Trousdale wee gwa Kilpatrick na e nwere ngwugwu bara uru dị n'ala. Kilpatrick debere égbè ya n'ụkwụ ya ka ọ na-adabere iji bulie ngwugwu ahụ. Ka ọ na-eme, Trousdale wepụrụ hama ahụ n'okpuru uwe elu ya wee kụọ Kilpatrick ugboro atọ n'azụ olu na isi. Kilpatrick nwụrụ ozugbo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ice Mallet used to Kill Outlaw Ben Kilpatrick|url=https://www.oldwestevents.com/highlights/2019/1/11/ice-mallet-used-to-kill-outlaw-ben-kilpatrick|accessdate=2021-06-28|work=Old West Events|date=11 January 2019|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; site na olu gbajiri agbaji na okpokoro isi. Ihe a na-eji hama ahụ tie ya bụ ihe obi ọjọọ nke na ụbụrụ Kilpatrick mebiri mgbidi ụgbọ ala ahụ. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Izu ohi ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke Baxter

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Soule, Arthur, ''The Tall Texan - Akụkọ Ben Kilpatrick'', Deer Lodge, Montana: TrailDust Publishing Inc., 1995

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.legendsofamerica.com/WE-OutlawList-K.html Akụkụ ndụ Ben Kilpatrick]
* [http://www.butchandsundance.com/timeline1910.htm Usoro iheomume]
* [http://www.texasescapes.com/FEATURES/Arthur_Soule/Ben_Kilpatrick_Texas_train_robberies.htm Akụkọ banyere izu ohi ikpeazụ Kilpatrick]
* Ben KilpatricknaChọta Ili
{{Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
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'''Ben Kilpatrick''' (Jenụwarị 5, 1874 - Maachị 12, 1912) bụ onye omekome Amerịka n'afọ ikpeazụ nke American Old West. Ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu Wild Bunch, nke Butch Cassidy na Elzy Lay na-edu.E jidere ya maka izu ohi ma maa ya ikpe ịga mkpọrọ afọ 15, mana ọ nọrọ ihe dị ka afọ 10 tupu a tọhapụ ya. Mgbe ọ pụtara n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ọ laghachiri n'omume mpụ, ma n'ikpeazụ otu onye ha jidere dị ka onye eji egwu egwu gburu ya mgbe ọ na-apụnara ụgbọ oloko ihe. 

== Ndụ mbido ==
A mụrụ Kilpatrick na Coleman County, Texas, na 1874, nwa nke atọ n'ime ụmụ itoolu nke onye ọrụ ugbo a mụrụ na [[Tennessee]], George Washington Kilpatrick (ma ọ bụ &quot;Killpatrick&quot;), site na nwunye ya, Mary, onye [[Nleda anyanwu Kàròlina|South Carolina]], dị ka ọnụ ọgụgụ mba Federal nke 1880.

Ọ rụrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agba ịnyịnya ruo oge ụfọdụ na [[Texas]] wee mara Tom na Sam Ketchum na Bill Carver.

== Ndụ  omekome ==
Mgbe a tọhapụrụ Butch Cassidy n'ụlọ mkpọrọ, ya na Lay haziri Wild Bunch, nke mechara bụrụ ndị kacha nwee ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịpụnara ụgbọ oloko ihe n'akụkọ ihe mere eme.A kwenyere na  Kilpatrick bụ enyi Lay, ma o nwere ike ịbụ na ọ sonyeghị ma ọ bụ sonyeere ntakịrị n'omume mpụ ndị metụtara Butch Cassidy ma ọ bụ Sundance Kid.Kilpatrick mechara sonyere Kid Curry n'omume mpụ, ma a maghị nke ọma ebe ma ọ bụ otú ha abụọ si malite ịma onwe 

=== Ịgbapụ ===
Ndị òtù ahụ ga-eme ohi ha, kewaa, wee gaa n'ọtụtụ ụzọ dị iche iche, na-ezute oge ụfọdụ ka e mesịrị na Hole-in-the-Wall na Wyoming.

Kilpatrick na Bullion gara Nashville, ebe ha zutere Kid Curry na enyi nwanyị ya, Della Moore.N'oge na-adịghị anya, e jidere Della Moore n'ihi na ọ na-eji ego a chọpụtara na o sitere n'otu n'ime izu ohi ndị otu ahụ mere eme ihe.

=== Njide ===
E jidere Kilpatrick na Nọvemba 5, 1901, na St. Louis, Missouri, ma a mara ya ikpe afọ iri na ise 

=== Ọnwụ ===
[[Faịlụ:Two_train_robbers_killed_near_Sanderson_Tex.,_Mar._13,_1912_LCCN2006680243.jpg|thumb|313x313px|Foto na-egosi ozu Ben Kilpatrick na Ole Hobek ka ndị ọzọ na-ejide mgbe e gburu ha na nso Sanderson, Texas, na Machị 13, 1912.]]
A tọhapụrụ ya n'ụlọ mkpọrọ n'ọnwa Juun 1911. Na 12 Maachị 1912, Kilpatrick na onye omekome Ole Hobek nwụrụ mgbe ha  na-ezu ohi n'ụgbọ oloko ihe n'akụkụ Sanderson.A kwenyere na ha abụọ sonyere n'ọtụtụ mwakpo ezu ohi ụgbọ oloko ihe n'èzí Memphis n'ọnwa Nọvemba 1911 na Febrụwarị 1912, nakwa n'ọtụtụ obere izu ohi ndị ọzọ n'ógbè West Texas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ben Kilpatrick and the last full sized train robbery in Texas, Sanderson, 1912.|url=http://www.texasescapes.com/FEATURES/Arthur_Soule/Ben_Kilpatrick_Texas_train_robberies.htm|accessdate=2021-06-28|work=www.texasescapes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Na Machị 1912, Kilpatrick banyere ụgbọ okporo ígwè Southern Pacific Express dị nso na Sanderson, Texas, n'akụkụ onye mkpọrọ mbụ ya bụ onye ya na ya ghọrọ enyi. N'ịgbalị izu ohi, Kilpatrick jidere onye ozi ngwa ngwa, David Trousdale, na akpa na ụgbọ ala akwụkwọ ozi Wells Fargo. Mgbe Kilpatrick zuru igbe ahụ na ihe ọ bụla ọzọ bara uru ọ nwere ike ịchọta, Trousdale jisiri ike zoo ice marlet n'okpuru azụ jaket ya. Trousdale wee gwa Kilpatrick na e nwere ngwugwu bara uru dị n'ala. Kilpatrick debere égbè ya n'ụkwụ ya ka ọ na-adabere iji bulie ngwugwu ahụ. Ka ọ na-eme, Trousdale wepụrụ hama ahụ n'okpuru uwe elu ya wee kụọ Kilpatrick ugboro atọ n'azụ olu na isi. Kilpatrick nwụrụ ozugbo &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Ice Mallet used to Kill Outlaw Ben Kilpatrick|url=https://www.oldwestevents.com/highlights/2019/1/11/ice-mallet-used-to-kill-outlaw-ben-kilpatrick|accessdate=2021-06-28|work=Old West Events|date=11 January 2019|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; site na olu gbajiri agbaji na okpokoro isi. Ihe a na-eji hama ahụ tie ya bụ ihe obi ọjọọ nke na ụbụrụ Kilpatrick mebiri mgbidi ụgbọ ala ahụ. 

== Hụkwa ==
 

* Izu ohi ụgbọ okporo ígwè nke Baxter

== Edensibịa ==
&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Reflist/styles.css&quot; /&gt;{{Reflist}}

== Ịgụ ihe ọzọ ==

* Soule, Arthur, ''The Tall Texan - Akụkọ Ben Kilpatrick'', Deer Lodge, Montana: TrailDust Publishing Inc., 1995

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.legendsofamerica.com/WE-OutlawList-K.html Akụkụ ndụ Ben Kilpatrick]
* [http://www.butchandsundance.com/timeline1910.htm Usoro iheomume]
* [http://www.texasescapes.com/FEATURES/Arthur_Soule/Ben_Kilpatrick_Texas_train_robberies.htm Akụkọ banyere izu ohi ikpeazụ Kilpatrick]
* Ben KilpatricknaChọta Ili
{{Butch Cassidy's Wild Bunch}}
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>George Newcomb</title>
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    <id>77495</id>
    <revision>
      <id>673504</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T23:24:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Angel Amaechi</username>
        <id>23570</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353412668|George Newcomb]]&quot;</comment>
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'''George &quot;Bitter Creek&quot; Newcomb''' (1866 - May 2, 1895) bụ onye omekome Amerịka nke American Old West.Na mbụ, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu Dalton . Bob Dalton lere ya anya dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike nke ukwuu ma ọ bụ onye na-achịkwaghị onwe ya, ya mere o mechara hapụ otu ahụ ma sonye na Bill Doolin n'ịmepụta Wild Bunch. 

== Mbido ndụ na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Newcomb na nso Fort Scott, Kansas na 1866. Site n'ezinụlọ dara ogbenye, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agba ịnyịnya n'oge ọ dị obere, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ. Ọrụ mbụ Newcomb bụ na &quot;Long S Ranch&quot;, nke C.C. Slaughter nwere. N'''Ihe dị ka'' 1892, ọ banyere na Oklahoma Territory, ebe ọ zutere Bill Doolin.

Wild Bunch malitere na otu Dalton,nke Newcomb, Doolin, na Charley Pierce bụ ndị otu ya. Ha sonyere na ohi ụgbọ okporo ígwè na Adair, Oklahoma Territory, na July 15, 1892, ebe ndị nche abụọ na ndị obodo abụọ, ndị dọkịta abụọ, merụrụ ahụ, otu n'ime ndị dọkụ nwụrụ n'echi ya. Doolin, Newcomb, na Pierce mere mkpesa na Bob anaghị ekewa ego n'ụzọ ziri ezi n'etiti ndị òtù ahụ wee pụọ iji mee mkpesa, mana ọ ga-emesị laghachi. Dị ka akụkọ ụfọdụ si kwuo, Bob Dalton gwara Doolin, Newcomb, na Pierce na ọ dịghịzi ha mkpa. Doolin na ndị enyi ya laghachiri n'ebe ha zoro na Ingalls, Oklahoma Territory. N'October 5, a ga-egbu ndị fọdụrụ na Dalton Gang (ma e wezụga Emmett onye lanarịrị n'agbanyeghị na a gbagburu ya ugboro 27) na Coffeyville, Kansas.

Doolin haziri òtù nke ya na 1893, na-akpọ ha Wild Bunch, site na ihe fọdụrụ na Dalton Gang mbụ na Newcomb dị ka onye otu. Bill Dalton mechara sonye n'òtù ahụ, a makwaara ha dị ka Doolin-Dalton Gang. Newcomb malitekwara mmekọrịta ịhụnanya na nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na anọ aha ya bụ Rose Dunn; o nwere ụmụnne nwoke anọ bụ ndị omempụ ma mara Newcomb, ọ bụ ezie na ha mechara bụrụ ndị na-achụ nta, na-akpọ onwe ha Dunn Brothers. Ka ọ na-erule 1895, Newcomb bụ onye na-agba ọsọ na ụgwọ ọrụ $ 5,000 n'elu ya, nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ dị ndụ. Rose Dunn sooro ya mee njem, ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwere ike ịbanye n'obodo iji zụta ihe. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ndị omempụ ahụ na-agakarị n'obodo Ingalls, Oklahoma, nke ọtụtụ ndị omempụ nke oge ahụ na-aga, ebe ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na-agbachitere ndị omempụrụ iwu ma nyere aka zoo ha n'aka ndị omempaka, n'ihi na ndị omempọ na-enye aka nke ukwuu na akụ na ụba mpaghara. N'otu ọgụ ya na ndị omekome na Ingalls, nke a na-akpọ Agha nke Ingalls, n'oge a gbagburu ndị omekọ atọ na ndị omempụ atọ, a na-ebo Rose Dunn ebubo na o nyere aka zọpụta ndụ Newcomb mgbe e merụrụ ya ahụ, site n'ịgba ọsọ n'ọgụ égbè ahụ na-ewetara ya mgbọ ọzọ, ma gbaa ndị omekọrịta égbè ka ọ na-ebugharị égbè ya. Otú ọ dị, a kwenyere na nke ahụ bụ akụkọ ifo, na site na akụkọ US Marshals, Newcomb lụrụ ọgụ na-adịchaghị mma, na-agba égbè abụọ tupu e merụọ ya ahụ ma gbaa ọsọ. Mgbe ọtụtụ ndị uwe ojii gbasịrị égbè, Newcomb na onye omekome Charley Pierce gbagara ebe zoro ezo dị nso na Norman, Oklahoma, ha abụọ merụrụ ahụ na égbè Ingalls na US Marshals. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Na 2 Mee 1895,  Newcomb na Charley Pierce gara n'ugbo ezinụlọ Dunn, ma eleghị anya iji leta Rose. Mgbe ha ridata, ụmụnne nwoke Rose meghere ha ọkụ egbe, mee ka ndị omekome abụọ ahụ daa.N'echi ya, ụmụnne Dunn tinyere ozu ha abụọ n'ime ụgbọ ha ma na-ebuga ha n'obodo ka ha gaa nata ụgwọ ọrụ e kwere maka ijide ha. Ka ha na-aga, eNewcomb na mberede bere ákwá ma rịọ maka mmiri, nke otu n'ime ụmụnne ahụ ji mgbọ ọzọ zaghachi. 

A maghị ma Rose Dunn nyere aka na nke a ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. E nweela ọtụtụ ịkọ nkọ na Rose Dunn na ezinụlọ ya na-emekọrịta ihe, nakwa na ụmụnne ya sooro ya gaa n'ugbo ahụ, wee chere ka ọ pụọ tupu ha abanye ma gbuo ndị omempụ abụọ ahụ. Ọ gọnahụrụ na ọ raara Newcomb nye, ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke kwadoro akụkọ ya, na-egosi na ọ maghị na ha na-agbaso Newcomb, n'ihi egwu ha na ọ ga-ekpughere Newcomb nke a ma si otú a wepụ ikike ha iju ndị omempụ anya. Bill Dunn, onye ndú nke Dunn Brothers, nwụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị mgbe ọ gbagburu Sheriff Frank Canton, onye a ma ama na-agba égbè, n'ihi na Canton na-enyocha ụmụnne maka izu ohi ehi, n'oge ahụ Canton gbara égbè, na-egbu Dunn.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.legendsofamerica.com/WE-OutlawList.html Akụkọ ndụ dị mkpirikpi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311101351/http://www.grahamleader.com/news/get-news.asp?id=9538&amp;catid=5&amp;cpg=get-news.asp Rose Dunn]
* [http://www.usmarshals.gov/history/dalton/doolin-dalton.htm Agha Ingalls]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673521</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T01:48:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Angel Amaechi</username>
        <id>23570</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353412668|George Newcomb]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673521</origin>
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'''George &quot;Bitter Creek&quot; Newcomb''' (1866 – 2 Mee 1895) bụ onye omekome Amerịka nke American Old West.Na mbụ, ọ bụ otu n'ime ndị otu Dalton . Bob Dalton lere ya anya dị ka onye na-eme ihe ike nke ukwuu ma ọ bụ onye na-achịkwaghị onwe ya, ya mere o mechara hapụ otu ahụ ma sonye na Bill Doolin n'ịmepụta Wild Bunch.

== Mbido ndụ na ọrụ ==
A mụrụ Newcomb na nso Fort Scott, Kansas na 1866. Site n'ezinụlọ dara ogbenye, ọ malitere ịrụ ọrụ dị ka onye na-agba ịnyịnya n'oge ọ dị obere, mgbe ọ dị afọ iri na abụọ. Ọrụ mbụ Newcomb bụ na &quot;Long S Ranch&quot;, nke C.C. Slaughter nwere. N'''Ihe dị ka'' 1892, ọ banyere na Oklahoma Territory, ebe ọ zutere Bill Doolin.

Wild Bunch malitere na Dalton Gang, nke Newcomb, Doolin, na Charley Pierce bụ ndị otu ya. Ha sonyere na ohi ụgbọ okporo ígwè na Adair, Oklahoma Territory, na July 15, 1892, ebe ndị nche abụọ na ndị obodo abụọ, ndị dọkịta abụọ, merụrụ ahụ, otu n'ime ndị dọkụ nwụrụ n'echi ya. Doolin, Newcomb, na Pierce mere mkpesa na Bob anaghị ekewa ego n'ụzọ ziri ezi n'etiti ndị òtù ahụ wee pụọ iji mee mkpesa, mana ọ ga-emesị laghachi. Dị ka akụkọ ụfọdụ si kwuo, Bob Dalton gwara Doolin, Newcomb, na Pierce na ọ dịghịzi ha mkpa. Doolin na ndị enyi ya laghachiri n'ebe ha zoro na Ingalls, Oklahoma Territory. N'October 5, a ga-egbu ndị fọdụrụ na Dalton Gang (ma e wezụga Emmett onye lanarịrị n'agbanyeghị na a gbagburu ya ugboro 27) na Coffeyville, Kansas.

Doolin haziri òtù nke ya na 1893, na-akpọ ha Wild Bunch, site na ihe fọdụrụ na Dalton Gang mbụ na Newcomb dị ka onye otu. Bill Dalton mechara sonye n'òtù ahụ, a makwaara ha dị ka Doolin-Dalton Gang. Newcomb malitekwara mmekọrịta ịhụnanya na nwa agbọghọ dị afọ iri na anọ aha ya bụ Rose Dunn; o nwere ụmụnne nwoke anọ bụ ndị omempụ ma mara Newcomb, ọ bụ ezie na ha mechara bụrụ ndị na-achụ nta, na-akpọ onwe ha Dunn Brothers. Ka ọ na-erule 1895, Newcomb bụ onye na-agba ọsọ na ụgwọ ọrụ $ 5,000 n'elu ya, nwụrụ anwụ ma ọ bụ dị ndụ. Rose Dunn sooro ya mee njem, ebe ọ bụ na ọ nwere ike ịbanye n'obodo iji zụta ihe. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Ndị omempụ ahụ na-agakarị n'obodo Ingalls, Oklahoma, nke ọtụtụ ndị omempụ nke oge ahụ na-aga, ebe ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na-agbachitere ndị omempụrụ iwu ma nyere aka zoo ha n'aka ndị omempaka, n'ihi na ndị omempọ na-enye aka nke ukwuu na akụ na ụba mpaghara. N'otu ọgụ ya na ndị omekome na Ingalls, nke a na-akpọ Agha nke Ingalls, n'oge a gbagburu ndị omekọ atọ na ndị omempụ atọ, a na-ebo Rose Dunn ebubo na o nyere aka zọpụta ndụ Newcomb mgbe e merụrụ ya ahụ, site n'ịgba ọsọ n'ọgụ égbè ahụ na-ewetara ya mgbọ ọzọ, ma gbaa ndị omekọrịta égbè ka ọ na-ebugharị égbè ya. Otú ọ dị, a kwenyere na nke ahụ bụ akụkọ ifo, na site na akụkọ US Marshals, Newcomb lụrụ ọgụ na-adịchaghị mma, na-agba égbè abụọ tupu e merụọ ya ahụ ma gbaa ọsọ. Mgbe ọtụtụ ndị uwe ojii gbasịrị égbè, Newcomb na onye omekome Charley Pierce gbagara ebe zoro ezo dị nso na Norman, Oklahoma, ha abụọ merụrụ ahụ na égbè Ingalls na US Marshals. [Ihe e dere n'ala ala peeji] &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)&quot;&gt;citation needed&lt;/span&gt;]]''&amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

== Ọnwụ ==
Na 2 Mee 1895, Bill Newcomb na Charley Pierce gara n'ugbo ezinụlọ Dunn, ma eleghị anya iji leta Rose. Mgbe ha si n'ịnyịnya ha rituo ala, ụmụnne nwoke Rose meghere ha ọkụ egbe, mee ka ndị omekome abụọ ahụ daa.N'echi ya, ụmụnne Dunn tinyere ozu ha abụọ n'ime ụgbọ ha ma na-ebuga ha n'obodo ka ha gaa nata ụgwọ ọrụ e kwere maka ijide ha. Ka ha na-aga, Newcomb kpọrọ ntamu na mberede,  ma rịọ maka mmiri, nke otu n'ime ụmụnne ahụ ji mgbọ ọzọ zaghachi. 

A maghị ma Rose Dunn nyere aka na nke a ma ọ bụ na ọ bụghị. E nweela ọtụtụ ịkọ nkọ na Rose Dunn na ezinụlọ ya na-emekọrịta ihe, nakwa na ụmụnne ya sooro ya gaa n'ugbo ahụ, wee chere ka ọ pụọ tupu ha abanye ma gbuo ndị omempụ abụọ ahụ. Ọ gọnahụrụ na ọ raara Newcomb nye, ụmụnne ya ndị nwoke kwadoro akụkọ ya, na-egosi na ọ maghị na ha na-agbaso Newcomb, n'ihi egwu ha na ọ ga-ekpughere Newcomb nke a ma si otú a wepụ ikike ha iju ndị omempụ anya. Bill Dunn, onye ndú nke Dunn Brothers, nwụrụ n'oge na-adịghị anya mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị mgbe ọ gbagburu Sheriff Frank Canton, onye a ma ama na-agba égbè, n'ihi na Canton na-enyocha ụmụnne maka izu ohi ehi, n'oge ahụ Canton gbara égbè, na-egbu Dunn.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://www.legendsofamerica.com/WE-OutlawList.html Akụkọ ndụ dị mkpirikpi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070311101351/http://www.grahamleader.com/news/get-news.asp?id=9538&amp;catid=5&amp;cpg=get-news.asp Rose Dunn]
* [http://www.usmarshals.gov/history/dalton/doolin-dalton.htm Agha Ingalls]
[[Otú:Articles with hCards]]</text>
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        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871339|Transhumance]]&quot;</comment>
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Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T01:50:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871339|Transhumance]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673523</origin>
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Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673524</id>
      <parentid>673523</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T01:53:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871339|Transhumance]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673524</origin>
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Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.</text>
      <sha1>ap5lxa8voxre8j3d7612k6r8u4fjqp4</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>673569</id>
      <parentid>673524</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T06:46:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871339|Transhumance]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673569</origin>
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Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673570</id>
      <parentid>673569</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T06:48:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871339|Transhumance]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673570</origin>
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Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 </text>
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    <revision>
      <id>673577</id>
      <parentid>673570</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-07T07:11:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871339|Transhumance]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="6263" sha1="tsoedfa6tfz1aasujibdvu1he0l03cv" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Ịgagharị na Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France]]
Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===

=== Balkan ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871339|Transhumance]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="9551" sha1="0qpjj3mozjye3v8qeqh8f37j2olqc7u" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Ịgagharị na Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France]]
Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===
Na Poland, a na-akpọ transhumance redyk, ọ bụkwa emume nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na nkịta ha na-azụ atụrụ ịga rie nri n'ugwu (spring redyk), yana nlọghachi ha site na ịta nri (utumn redyk). N'asụsụ ugwu mpaghara, a na-akpọ uosod uosod, nke sitere na okwu Polish {{Lang|pol|uosiadć}}  (ôsawiedź), nke pụtara &quot;ịlaghachi atụrụ n'ugbo nke ọ bụla&quot;. E nwekwara echiche na ọ sitere na okwu uozchod (ôzchod), nke pụtara &quot;nkewapụ atụrụ na gazdōwek (ugbo) nke ọ bụla&quot;. N'okwu a, enwere ike ịnwe mfu zuru oke nke ịkpọpụta ch, nke n'asụsụ Podhale (Poland) n'ụdị ọnọdụ a na-akpọ h nke a na-anaghị anụ nke ọma (nke a na-akpọ ụda h), n'otu aka ahụ na okwu schować, nke a na-akpọ n'asụsụ ugwu dị ka sowa. N'akwụkwọ Ncheta nke Tatra Society nke afọ 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, nye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ). Nke a bụ ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;agụmakwụkwọ&quot;. A na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ nke na otu juhas, onye ji chaplet n'aka ya, na-etinye otu mkpụrụ osisi maka atụrụ iri ọ bụla a gụrụ. Nke abụọ na-ewere otu atụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụọ n'ogige ndị e ji ogige gbaa ogige, ọ na-agụta: otu, abụọ, atọ, wdg ruo iri, mgbe nke ọ bụla gasịrị, ọ na-akpọ: &quot;desat&quot; 

E jiri usoro anwansi tupu e duzie atụrụ ahụ, e chere na ọ ga-echebe ha pụọ na ọdachi na ịbụ ndị a na-eme anwansi. Maka nke a, a na-agba ọkụ ma na-edu atụrụ n'ọkụ. Ọ malitere site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke &quot;ọkụ nsọ&quot; dị na kolyba (ụlọ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ). Omenala kwuru na site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ isi - onye ọzụzụ atụrụ - ga-anọgide na-ere ya mgbe niile. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-edu atụrụ gburugburu obere osisi chevron ma ọ bụ osisi spruce rapaara n'ala - nke a na-akpọ mojka (nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ahụike na ike nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ) ma jiri ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ ma wetara ha połazzka na sałasz. E bu n'uche ka a sachapụ ha ọrịa ma gbochie ọdachi. Mgbe ahụ, a na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ gburugburu ya ugboro atọ, nke e bu n'uche ka ha tinye atụrụ n'otu ìgwè ma gbochie anụmanụ ọ bụla ịgbapụ. Ọrụ Baca bụ ịdọpụ atụrụ n'azụ ya, na-enyere onwe ya aka na nnu nke ọ fesaara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Site n'enyemaka nke nkịta na ọkpọ, Juhasi gbara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ ume ma hụ na atụrụ ahụ na-eso onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ahụ. Atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí gburugburu ahụ gosiri na ha na-arịa ọrịa. E kwenyere na ọnụọgụ atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí okirikiri ahụ ga-anwụ n'oge na-abịa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-07T09:17:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Bigcee007</username>
        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871339|Transhumance]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>673585</origin>
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      <text bytes="9838" sha1="3fibwwbcbsweqy8dmllxlmc4re6tp77" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Ịgagharị na Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France]]
Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===
Na Poland, a na-akpọ transhumance redyk, ọ bụkwa emume nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na nkịta ha na-azụ atụrụ ịga rie nri n'ugwu (spring redyk), yana nlọghachi ha site na ịta nri (utumn redyk). N'asụsụ ugwu mpaghara, a na-akpọ uosod uosod, nke sitere na okwu Polish {{Lang|pol|uosiadć}}  (ôsawiedź), nke pụtara &quot;ịlaghachi atụrụ n'ugbo nke ọ bụla&quot;. E nwekwara echiche na ọ sitere na okwu uozchod (ôzchod), nke pụtara &quot;nkewapụ atụrụ na gazdōwek (ugbo) nke ọ bụla&quot;. N'okwu a, enwere ike ịnwe mfu zuru oke nke ịkpọpụta ch, nke n'asụsụ Podhale (Poland) n'ụdị ọnọdụ a na-akpọ h nke a na-anaghị anụ nke ọma (nke a na-akpọ ụda h), n'otu aka ahụ na okwu schować, nke a na-akpọ n'asụsụ ugwu dị ka sowa. N'akwụkwọ Ncheta nke Tatra Society nke afọ 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, nye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ). Nke a bụ ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;agụmakwụkwọ&quot;. A na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ nke na otu juhas, onye ji chaplet n'aka ya, na-etinye otu mkpụrụ osisi maka atụrụ iri ọ bụla a gụrụ. Nke abụọ na-ewere otu atụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụọ n'ogige ndị e ji ogige gbaa ogige, ọ na-agụta: otu, abụọ, atọ, wdg ruo iri, mgbe nke ọ bụla gasịrị, ọ na-akpọ: &quot;desat&quot; 

E jiri usoro anwansi tupu e duzie atụrụ ahụ, e chere na ọ ga-echebe ha pụọ na ọdachi na ịbụ ndị a na-eme anwansi. Maka nke a, a na-agba ọkụ ma na-edu atụrụ n'ọkụ. Ọ malitere site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke &quot;ọkụ nsọ&quot; dị na kolyba (ụlọ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ). Omenala kwuru na site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ isi - onye ọzụzụ atụrụ - ga-anọgide na-ere ya mgbe niile. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-edu atụrụ gburugburu obere osisi chevron ma ọ bụ osisi spruce rapaara n'ala - nke a na-akpọ mojka (nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ahụike na ike nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ) ma jiri ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ ma wetara ha połazzka na sałasz. E bu n'uche ka a sachapụ ha ọrịa ma gbochie ọdachi. Mgbe ahụ, a na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ gburugburu ya ugboro atọ, nke e bu n'uche ka ha tinye atụrụ n'otu ìgwè ma gbochie anụmanụ ọ bụla ịgbapụ. Ọrụ Baca bụ ịdọpụ atụrụ n'azụ ya, na-enyere onwe ya aka na nnu nke ọ fesaara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Site n'enyemaka nke nkịta na ọkpọ, Juhasi gbara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ ume ma hụ na atụrụ ahụ na-eso onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ahụ. Atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí gburugburu ahụ gosiri na ha na-arịa ọrịa. E kwenyere na ọnụọgụ atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí okirikiri ahụ ga-anwụ n'oge na-abịa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nnọ n'ọhịa (hala) na-amalite n'ụbọchị St. Wojciech (23 Eprel), ma kwụsị n'ụbọchị Michaelmas (29 Septemba).

Ụzọ a e si azụ atụrụ bụ ihe ochie nke ọrụ ugbo transhumant, nke a na-ahụkarị na Carpathians. (Ọrụ ugbo transhumant nke Carpathian).</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>24507</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871339|Transhumance]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="10548" sha1="52dyrq4nmbsmtvsfd0k297vr5h4jb58" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Ịgagharị na Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France]]
Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===
Na Poland, a na-akpọ transhumance redyk, ọ bụkwa emume nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na nkịta ha na-azụ atụrụ ịga rie nri n'ugwu (spring redyk), yana nlọghachi ha site na ịta nri (utumn redyk). N'asụsụ ugwu mpaghara, a na-akpọ uosod uosod, nke sitere na okwu Polish {{Lang|pol|uosiadć}}  (ôsawiedź), nke pụtara &quot;ịlaghachi atụrụ n'ugbo nke ọ bụla&quot;. E nwekwara echiche na ọ sitere na okwu uozchod (ôzchod), nke pụtara &quot;nkewapụ atụrụ na gazdōwek (ugbo) nke ọ bụla&quot;. N'okwu a, enwere ike ịnwe mfu zuru oke nke ịkpọpụta ch, nke n'asụsụ Podhale (Poland) n'ụdị ọnọdụ a na-akpọ h nke a na-anaghị anụ nke ọma (nke a na-akpọ ụda h), n'otu aka ahụ na okwu schować, nke a na-akpọ n'asụsụ ugwu dị ka sowa. N'akwụkwọ Ncheta nke Tatra Society nke afọ 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, nye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ). Nke a bụ ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;agụmakwụkwọ&quot;. A na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ nke na otu juhas, onye ji chaplet n'aka ya, na-etinye otu mkpụrụ osisi maka atụrụ iri ọ bụla a gụrụ. Nke abụọ na-ewere otu atụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụọ n'ogige ndị e ji ogige gbaa ogige, ọ na-agụta: otu, abụọ, atọ, wdg ruo iri, mgbe nke ọ bụla gasịrị, ọ na-akpọ: &quot;desat&quot; 

E jiri usoro anwansi tupu e duzie atụrụ ahụ, e chere na ọ ga-echebe ha pụọ na ọdachi na ịbụ ndị a na-eme anwansi. Maka nke a, a na-agba ọkụ ma na-edu atụrụ n'ọkụ. Ọ malitere site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke &quot;ọkụ nsọ&quot; dị na kolyba (ụlọ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ). Omenala kwuru na site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ isi - onye ọzụzụ atụrụ - ga-anọgide na-ere ya mgbe niile. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-edu atụrụ gburugburu obere osisi chevron ma ọ bụ osisi spruce rapaara n'ala - nke a na-akpọ mojka (nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ahụike na ike nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ) ma jiri ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ ma wetara ha połazzka na sałasz. E bu n'uche ka a sachapụ ha ọrịa ma gbochie ọdachi. Mgbe ahụ, a na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ gburugburu ya ugboro atọ, nke e bu n'uche ka ha tinye atụrụ n'otu ìgwè ma gbochie anụmanụ ọ bụla ịgbapụ. Ọrụ Baca bụ ịdọpụ atụrụ n'azụ ya, na-enyere onwe ya aka na nnu nke ọ fesaara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Site n'enyemaka nke nkịta na ọkpọ, Juhasi gbara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ ume ma hụ na atụrụ ahụ na-eso onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ahụ. Atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí gburugburu ahụ gosiri na ha na-arịa ọrịa. E kwenyere na ọnụọgụ atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí okirikiri ahụ ga-anwụ n'oge na-abịa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nnọ n'ọhịa (hala) na-amalite n'ụbọchị St. Wojciech (23 Eprel), ma kwụsị n'ụbọchị Michaelmas (29 Septemba).

Ụzọ a e si azụ atụrụ bụ ihe ochie nke ọrụ ugbo transhumant, nke a na-ahụkarị na Carpathians. (Ọrụ ugbo transhumant nke Carpathian).

N'omenala ịzụ atụrụ na Poland, a na-ahụ Redyk dị ka ememme obodo kacha mma. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enye atụrụ ha nye onye ọzụzụ atụrụ maka oge niile, tupu ha ata nri n'ọhịa, na-edepụta ha (ọtụtụ mgbe site n'itinye akara n'osisi, osisi ma ọ bụ osisi onye ọzụzụ atụrụ), na-akara ha akara ma tinye ha n'ime nkata e ji tynin mee. Na Ncheta nke Tatra Society site na 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, na-enye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ).</text>
      <sha1>52dyrq4nmbsmtvsfd0k297vr5h4jb58</sha1>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871339|Transhumance]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="11104" sha1="j2qy1qz2wgfj2w76ijmc0re8l2ihms5" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Ịgagharị na Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France]]
Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===
Na Poland, a na-akpọ transhumance redyk, ọ bụkwa emume nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na nkịta ha na-azụ atụrụ ịga rie nri n'ugwu (spring redyk), yana nlọghachi ha site na ịta nri (utumn redyk). N'asụsụ ugwu mpaghara, a na-akpọ uosod uosod, nke sitere na okwu Polish {{Lang|pol|uosiadć}}  (ôsawiedź), nke pụtara &quot;ịlaghachi atụrụ n'ugbo nke ọ bụla&quot;. E nwekwara echiche na ọ sitere na okwu uozchod (ôzchod), nke pụtara &quot;nkewapụ atụrụ na gazdōwek (ugbo) nke ọ bụla&quot;. N'okwu a, enwere ike ịnwe mfu zuru oke nke ịkpọpụta ch, nke n'asụsụ Podhale (Poland) n'ụdị ọnọdụ a na-akpọ h nke a na-anaghị anụ nke ọma (nke a na-akpọ ụda h), n'otu aka ahụ na okwu schować, nke a na-akpọ n'asụsụ ugwu dị ka sowa. N'akwụkwọ Ncheta nke Tatra Society nke afọ 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, nye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ). Nke a bụ ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;agụmakwụkwọ&quot;. A na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ nke na otu juhas, onye ji chaplet n'aka ya, na-etinye otu mkpụrụ osisi maka atụrụ iri ọ bụla a gụrụ. Nke abụọ na-ewere otu atụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụọ n'ogige ndị e ji ogige gbaa ogige, ọ na-agụta: otu, abụọ, atọ, wdg ruo iri, mgbe nke ọ bụla gasịrị, ọ na-akpọ: &quot;desat&quot; 

E jiri usoro anwansi tupu e duzie atụrụ ahụ, e chere na ọ ga-echebe ha pụọ na ọdachi na ịbụ ndị a na-eme anwansi. Maka nke a, a na-agba ọkụ ma na-edu atụrụ n'ọkụ. Ọ malitere site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke &quot;ọkụ nsọ&quot; dị na kolyba (ụlọ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ). Omenala kwuru na site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ isi - onye ọzụzụ atụrụ - ga-anọgide na-ere ya mgbe niile. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-edu atụrụ gburugburu obere osisi chevron ma ọ bụ osisi spruce rapaara n'ala - nke a na-akpọ mojka (nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ahụike na ike nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ) ma jiri ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ ma wetara ha połazzka na sałasz. E bu n'uche ka a sachapụ ha ọrịa ma gbochie ọdachi. Mgbe ahụ, a na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ gburugburu ya ugboro atọ, nke e bu n'uche ka ha tinye atụrụ n'otu ìgwè ma gbochie anụmanụ ọ bụla ịgbapụ. Ọrụ Baca bụ ịdọpụ atụrụ n'azụ ya, na-enyere onwe ya aka na nnu nke ọ fesaara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Site n'enyemaka nke nkịta na ọkpọ, Juhasi gbara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ ume ma hụ na atụrụ ahụ na-eso onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ahụ. Atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí gburugburu ahụ gosiri na ha na-arịa ọrịa. E kwenyere na ọnụọgụ atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí okirikiri ahụ ga-anwụ n'oge na-abịa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nnọ n'ọhịa (hala) na-amalite n'ụbọchị St. Wojciech (23 Eprel), ma kwụsị n'ụbọchị Michaelmas (29 Septemba).

Ụzọ a e si azụ atụrụ bụ ihe ochie nke ọrụ ugbo transhumant, nke a na-ahụkarị na Carpathians. (Ọrụ ugbo transhumant nke Carpathian).

N'omenala ịzụ atụrụ na Poland, a na-ahụ Redyk dị ka ememme obodo kacha mma. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enye atụrụ ha nye onye ọzụzụ atụrụ maka oge niile, tupu ha ata nri n'ọhịa, na-edepụta ha (ọtụtụ mgbe site n'itinye akara n'osisi, osisi ma ọ bụ osisi onye ọzụzụ atụrụ), na-akara ha akara ma tinye ha n'ime nkata e ji tynin mee. Na Ncheta nke Tatra Society site na 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, na-enye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ).

A chịkọtara atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ niile n'otu ebe n'ala ugwu, e mesịakwa kpụọ otu nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ gaa na szalas. [ O doro anya na nke a bụ okwu Hungary nke sałasz, yabụ na ọ bụghị nke dị na ngalaba Poland. ] E mesikwara okwu ike nke ọma n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke hala: e nwere ịgba égbè, ịkụ ọkpọ na iti mkpu ruo ebe niile. E bu n'obi nke a ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ n'anụmanụ ha ma mee ka ìgwè atụrụ ahụ dum dịrị n'otu.
[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871339|Transhumance]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="11362" sha1="pqwtdn8q5blekavxbpbkojqwughgws7" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Ịgagharị na Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France]]
Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===
Na Poland, a na-akpọ transhumance redyk, ọ bụkwa emume nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na nkịta ha na-azụ atụrụ ịga rie nri n'ugwu (spring redyk), yana nlọghachi ha site na ịta nri (utumn redyk). N'asụsụ ugwu mpaghara, a na-akpọ uosod uosod, nke sitere na okwu Polish {{Lang|pol|uosiadć}}  (ôsawiedź), nke pụtara &quot;ịlaghachi atụrụ n'ugbo nke ọ bụla&quot;. E nwekwara echiche na ọ sitere na okwu uozchod (ôzchod), nke pụtara &quot;nkewapụ atụrụ na gazdōwek (ugbo) nke ọ bụla&quot;. N'okwu a, enwere ike ịnwe mfu zuru oke nke ịkpọpụta ch, nke n'asụsụ Podhale (Poland) n'ụdị ọnọdụ a na-akpọ h nke a na-anaghị anụ nke ọma (nke a na-akpọ ụda h), n'otu aka ahụ na okwu schować, nke a na-akpọ n'asụsụ ugwu dị ka sowa. N'akwụkwọ Ncheta nke Tatra Society nke afọ 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, nye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ). Nke a bụ ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;agụmakwụkwọ&quot;. A na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ nke na otu juhas, onye ji chaplet n'aka ya, na-etinye otu mkpụrụ osisi maka atụrụ iri ọ bụla a gụrụ. Nke abụọ na-ewere otu atụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụọ n'ogige ndị e ji ogige gbaa ogige, ọ na-agụta: otu, abụọ, atọ, wdg ruo iri, mgbe nke ọ bụla gasịrị, ọ na-akpọ: &quot;desat&quot; 

E jiri usoro anwansi tupu e duzie atụrụ ahụ, e chere na ọ ga-echebe ha pụọ na ọdachi na ịbụ ndị a na-eme anwansi. Maka nke a, a na-agba ọkụ ma na-edu atụrụ n'ọkụ. Ọ malitere site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke &quot;ọkụ nsọ&quot; dị na kolyba (ụlọ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ). Omenala kwuru na site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ isi - onye ọzụzụ atụrụ - ga-anọgide na-ere ya mgbe niile. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-edu atụrụ gburugburu obere osisi chevron ma ọ bụ osisi spruce rapaara n'ala - nke a na-akpọ mojka (nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ahụike na ike nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ) ma jiri ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ ma wetara ha połazzka na sałasz. E bu n'uche ka a sachapụ ha ọrịa ma gbochie ọdachi. Mgbe ahụ, a na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ gburugburu ya ugboro atọ, nke e bu n'uche ka ha tinye atụrụ n'otu ìgwè ma gbochie anụmanụ ọ bụla ịgbapụ. Ọrụ Baca bụ ịdọpụ atụrụ n'azụ ya, na-enyere onwe ya aka na nnu nke ọ fesaara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Site n'enyemaka nke nkịta na ọkpọ, Juhasi gbara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ ume ma hụ na atụrụ ahụ na-eso onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ahụ. Atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí gburugburu ahụ gosiri na ha na-arịa ọrịa. E kwenyere na ọnụọgụ atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí okirikiri ahụ ga-anwụ n'oge na-abịa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nnọ n'ọhịa (hala) na-amalite n'ụbọchị St. Wojciech (23 Eprel), ma kwụsị n'ụbọchị Michaelmas (29 Septemba).

Ụzọ a e si azụ atụrụ bụ ihe ochie nke ọrụ ugbo transhumant, nke a na-ahụkarị na Carpathians. (Ọrụ ugbo transhumant nke Carpathian).

N'omenala ịzụ atụrụ na Poland, a na-ahụ Redyk dị ka ememme obodo kacha mma. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enye atụrụ ha nye onye ọzụzụ atụrụ maka oge niile, tupu ha ata nri n'ọhịa, na-edepụta ha (ọtụtụ mgbe site n'itinye akara n'osisi, osisi ma ọ bụ osisi onye ọzụzụ atụrụ), na-akara ha akara ma tinye ha n'ime nkata e ji tynin mee. Na Ncheta nke Tatra Society site na 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, na-enye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ).

A chịkọtara atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ niile n'otu ebe n'ala ugwu, e mesịakwa kpụọ otu nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ gaa na szalas. [ O doro anya na nke a bụ okwu Hungary nke sałasz, yabụ na ọ bụghị nke dị na ngalaba Poland. ] E mesikwara okwu ike nke ọma n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke hala: e nwere ịgba égbè, ịkụ ọkpọ na iti mkpu ruo ebe niile. E bu n'obi nke a ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ n'anụmanụ ha ma mee ka ìgwè atụrụ ahụ dum dịrị n'otu.

Mgbe emume ahụ gasịrị, e nwere egwu na ịgba egwu ọnụ. Ndị egwu ahụ kpọrọ ngwa egwu ọdịnala: gajdas na violin. Dịka egwu si sonye, ndị Sałashniks mere egwu kacha ochie - owiedziok, owczarza, kolomajka, swinszczok, na masztołka.
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355871339|Transhumance]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="11897" sha1="avn3cx5p4ztlelb2mlchzp893s6crjn" xml:space="preserve">[[Faịlụ:Mouton_sur_la_route_de_Entrevaux_a_Annot_0566.JPG|thumb|Ịgagharị na Alpes-de-Haute-Provence, France]]
Transshumance bụ ụdị ịzụ anụmanụ ma ọ bụ ịla ezumike nká, mmegharị oge nke anụ ụlọ n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ n'oge okpomọkụ na oge oyi. Na mpaghara ugwu (transhumance kwụ ọtọ), ọ na-apụta ngagharị n'etiti ebe a na-ata anụ ụlọ dị elu n'oge ọkọchị na ndagwurugwu ndị dị ala n'oge oyi. Ndị na-azụ anụ nwere ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide, nke na-abụkarị na ndagwurugwu. N'ozuzu, naanị ìgwè ehi na-eme njem, yana ọnụọgụgụ mmadụ dị mkpa iji lekọta ha, ebe ndị isi bi na-anọ n'okpuru ala. N'ụzọ dị iche, mmegharị n'ala dị larịị ma ọ bụ ala dị larịị (transhumance kwụ ọtọ) na-adịkarị mfe ịdaba na mgbanwe ihu igwe, akụ na ụba, ma ọ bụ ndọrọ ndọrọ ọchịchị.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|author=Blench|first=Roger|url=http://www.odi.org.uk/work/projects/pdn/eps.pdf|title='You can't go home again' – Pastoralism in the new millennium|date=17 May 2001|publisher=Overseas Development Institute|location=London|accessdate=23 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Mgbanwe omenala ma ọ bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka emeela n'ụwa niile, ọkachasị [[Obodo Békè|Europe]] na ọdịda anyanwụ [[Asia|Eshia]]. Ọ na-adịkarị mkpa maka ndị na-azụ anụ, ebe ọ bụ na ngwaahịa mmiri ara ehi nke ìgwè atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ (mmiri ara ehi, bọta, yogọt na cheese) nwere ike ịmepụta ọtụtụ n'ime nri nke ndị dị otú ahụ. N'ọtụtụ asụsụ, e nwere okwu maka ebe ịta nri dị elu n'oge okpomọkụ, a na-ejikwa okwu ndị a eme ihe ugboro ugboro dị ka aha ebe: dịka hafod na Wales, shieling na Scotland, ma ọ bụ alp na Germany, Austria na mpaghara ndị na-asụ German na Switzerland.

== Okwu mmalite na nkọwa ==
Okwu a bụ transhumance sitere na French ma si na okwu Latin trans &quot;across&quot; na humus &quot;ala&quot;. N'ezie, ọ pụtara ịgafe ala.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/transhumance-the-seasonal-droving-of-livestock-01964|title=Transhumance, the seasonal droving of livestock - UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage|work=ich.unesco.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Transshumance malitere na kọntinent ọ bụla a na-ebi. Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere ọdịiche dị ukwuu na ọdịbendị na teknụzụ, omume ndị dị n'okpuru iji uru nke ebe ịta nri dịpụrụ adịpụ yiri n'asụsụ.
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance-Aigoual-1.jpg|thumb|Ịkwaga atụrụ n'okporo ụzọ ndị na-azụ atụrụ na Massif Central, France]]
Khazanov kewara ụdị ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ime otu ise dịka ndị a: &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi dị ọcha&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla&quot;, &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'ebe dị anya&quot; na &quot;ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla. Eickelman anaghị eme ka a mata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị mmadụ n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla, mana o doro anya na ọ na-amata ọdịiche dị n'etiti ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla na ọrụ nlekọta ndị agadi n'oge ọ bụla..

== Tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme ==
E nwere ihe akaebe na a na-eme njem n'ụwa niile tupu akụkọ ihe mere eme edere: na Europe, ọmụmụ isotope nke ọkpụkpụ anụ ụlọ na-egosi na a na'oge ụfọdụ anụmanụ.&lt;ref name=&quot;Costello&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|author=Costello|first=Eugene|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qGJODwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT27|title=Historical Archaeologies of Transhumance across Europe|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|year=2018|isbn=978-1-351-21337-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; : 27 : 27 

Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị iche iche nke ndị Hill gburugburu ụwa na-egosi na ihe ọmụma ndị obodo gbasara mgbanwe mmadụ ga-abụrịrị na ọ dịla ndụ kemgbe ọtụtụ ọgbọ iji nye ohere inweta nkà zuru oke iji mee nke ọma n'ógbè ugwu. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2024)&quot;&gt;Achọrọ ihe e dere n'ebe a&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt; Ọtụtụ [[Droving|ndị na-azụ anụ]] maara [[Ọrụ ugbo na-adịgide adịgide|ọrụ ugbo]], [[Ịzụ atụrụ|ịzụ anụ ụlọ]] yana oke ọhịa na mmiri oyi kpọnwụrụ akpọnwụ na njikwa iyi ngwa ngwa. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Louhaichi|first=Mounir|date=2021-06-25|title=Rangeland Biodiversity and Climate Variability: Supporting the Need for Flexible Grazing Management|journal=Sustainability|volume=13|issue=13|pages=7124|doi=10.3390/su13137124|issn=2071-1050}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Europe ==

=== Ugwu Alps ===
[[Faịlụ:Transhumance_ways_of_the_Vlachs.jpeg|áká_ịkẹngạ|thumb|500x500px|Ịgagharị ndị Romanian na ndị Vlach na Balkan]]
[[Faịlụ:Raffet_-_Berger_du_Banat.jpg|thumb|Onye ọzụzụ atụrụ Vlach na Banat]]
Na Balkans, ndị Albania, ndị Gris Sarakatsani, ndị Eastern Romance (ndị Romania, ndị Aromania, ndị Megleno-Romanians na ndị Istro-Romanians) na ndị Yörük nke Turkey na-anọkarị ọnwa okpomọkụ n'ugwu ma laghachi na ala dị ala n'oge oyi. Mgbe mpaghara ahụ bụ akụkụ nke Alaeze Ukwu Austro-Hungary na Ottoman, ókèala dị n'etiti Gris, Albania, Bulgaria na Yugoslavia mbụ adịghị egbochi. N'oge ọkọchị, ụfọdụ ìgwè na-aga ruo n'ebe ugwu ruo Ugwu Balkan, ha na-anọkwa n'oge oyi n'ala dị ọkụ n'akụkụ Oké Osimiri Aegean.

Ndị Morlach ma ọ bụ Karavlach bụ ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ nke Eastern Romance (&quot;ndị nna ochie&quot; nke ndị Istro-Romanians) bụ́ ndị bi na Dinaric Alps (ndị Balkans ọdịda anyanwụ nke oge a), na-akwaga mgbe niile na-achọ ebe ịta nri ka mma maka ìgwè atụrụ ha. Mana ka mba dị iche iche pụtara n'ógbè Alaeze Ukwu Ottoman mbụ, e mepụtara ókèala steeti ọhụrụ nke kewara ebe obibi oge okpomọkụ na oyi nke ọtụtụ ndị na-azụ atụrụ. Ihe ndị a gbochiri mmegharị dị mfe n'ofe ókèala, karịsịa n'oge agha, nke a na-emekarị.

=== Poland ===
Na Poland, a na-akpọ transhumance redyk, ọ bụkwa emume nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ìgwè atụrụ ha na nkịta ha na-azụ atụrụ ịga rie nri n'ugwu (spring redyk), yana nlọghachi ha site na ịta nri (utumn redyk). N'asụsụ ugwu mpaghara, a na-akpọ uosod uosod, nke sitere na okwu Polish {{Lang|pol|uosiadć}}  (ôsawiedź), nke pụtara &quot;ịlaghachi atụrụ n'ugbo nke ọ bụla&quot;. E nwekwara echiche na ọ sitere na okwu uozchod (ôzchod), nke pụtara &quot;nkewapụ atụrụ na gazdōwek (ugbo) nke ọ bụla&quot;. N'okwu a, enwere ike ịnwe mfu zuru oke nke ịkpọpụta ch, nke n'asụsụ Podhale (Poland) n'ụdị ọnọdụ a na-akpọ h nke a na-anaghị anụ nke ọma (nke a na-akpọ ụda h), n'otu aka ahụ na okwu schować, nke a na-akpọ n'asụsụ ugwu dị ka sowa. N'akwụkwọ Ncheta nke Tatra Society nke afọ 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, nye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ). Nke a bụ ihe ha na-akpọ &quot;agụmakwụkwọ&quot;. A na-agụ akwụkwọ ahụ n'ụzọ nke na otu juhas, onye ji chaplet n'aka ya, na-etinye otu mkpụrụ osisi maka atụrụ iri ọ bụla a gụrụ. Nke abụọ na-ewere otu atụrụ n'ìgwè atụrụ ahụ, ka ọ na-ahapụ ya ka ọ pụọ n'ogige ndị e ji ogige gbaa ogige, ọ na-agụta: otu, abụọ, atọ, wdg ruo iri, mgbe nke ọ bụla gasịrị, ọ na-akpọ: &quot;desat&quot; 

E jiri usoro anwansi tupu e duzie atụrụ ahụ, e chere na ọ ga-echebe ha pụọ na ọdachi na ịbụ ndị a na-eme anwansi. Maka nke a, a na-agba ọkụ ma na-edu atụrụ n'ọkụ. Ọ malitere site na mbilite n'ọnwụ nke &quot;ọkụ nsọ&quot; dị na kolyba (ụlọ onye ọzụzụ atụrụ). Omenala kwuru na site n'ụbọchị ahụ gaa n'ihu, onye ọzụzụ atụrụ bụ isi - onye ọzụzụ atụrụ - ga-anọgide na-ere ya mgbe niile. Mgbe nke ahụ gasịrị, a na-edu atụrụ gburugburu obere osisi chevron ma ọ bụ osisi spruce rapaara n'ala - nke a na-akpọ mojka (nke a na-eche na ọ bụ ihe nnọchianya ahụike na ike nke onye ọ bụla nọ n'ụlọ nzukọ ahụ) ma jiri ahịhịa na-ere ọkụ ma wetara ha połazzka na sałasz. E bu n'uche ka a sachapụ ha ọrịa ma gbochie ọdachi. Mgbe ahụ, a na-azụ ìgwè atụrụ gburugburu ya ugboro atọ, nke e bu n'uche ka ha tinye atụrụ n'otu ìgwè ma gbochie anụmanụ ọ bụla ịgbapụ. Ọrụ Baca bụ ịdọpụ atụrụ n'azụ ya, na-enyere onwe ya aka na nnu nke ọ fesaara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ. Site n'enyemaka nke nkịta na ọkpọ, Juhasi gbara ìgwè atụrụ ahụ ume ma hụ na atụrụ ahụ na-eso onye ọzụzụ atụrụ ahụ. Atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí gburugburu ahụ gosiri na ha na-arịa ọrịa. E kwenyere na ọnụọgụ atụrụ ndị dara n'èzí okirikiri ahụ ga-anwụ n'oge na-abịa. &lt;sup class=&quot;noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact&quot; style=&quot;white-space:nowrap;&quot;&gt;&amp;#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Tinye edensibịa|&lt;span title=&quot;This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)&quot;&gt;achọrọ ntụaka&lt;/span&gt;]]'' &amp;#x5D;&lt;/sup&gt;

Nnọ n'ọhịa (hala) na-amalite n'ụbọchị St. Wojciech (23 Eprel), ma kwụsị n'ụbọchị Michaelmas (29 Septemba).

Ụzọ a e si azụ atụrụ bụ ihe ochie nke ọrụ ugbo transhumant, nke a na-ahụkarị na Carpathians. (Ọrụ ugbo transhumant nke Carpathian).

N'omenala ịzụ atụrụ na Poland, a na-ahụ Redyk dị ka ememme obodo kacha mma. Ndị ọrụ ugbo na-enye atụrụ ha nye onye ọzụzụ atụrụ maka oge niile, tupu ha ata nri n'ọhịa, na-edepụta ha (ọtụtụ mgbe site n'itinye akara n'osisi, osisi ma ọ bụ osisi onye ọzụzụ atụrụ), na-akara ha akara ma tinye ha n'ime nkata e ji tynin mee. Na Ncheta nke Tatra Society site na 1876, a kọwara ụzọ e si eme nke a: &quot;[...] ha na-azụ atụrụ site n'obodo dum gaa n'otu ebe ha kwekọrịtara, na-enye ha ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ na ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ otu otu, wee gwakọta ha ọnụ ma gụọ ọnụọgụ nke ìgwè atụrụ dum (ìgwè atụrụ).

A chịkọtara atụrụ nke ndị ọzụzụ atụrụ niile n'otu ebe n'ala ugwu, e mesịakwa kpụọ otu nnukwu ìgwè atụrụ gaa na szalas. [ O doro anya na nke a bụ okwu Hungary nke sałasz, yabụ na ọ bụghị nke dị na ngalaba Poland. ] E mesikwara okwu ike nke ọma n'ọnụ ụzọ mbata nke hala: e nwere ịgba égbè, ịkụ ọkpọ na iti mkpu ruo ebe niile. E bu n'obi nke a ịchụpụ mmụọ ọjọọ n'anụmanụ ha ma mee ka ìgwè atụrụ ahụ dum dịrị n'otu.

Mgbe emume ahụ gasịrị, e nwere egwu na ịgba egwu ọnụ. Ndị egwu ahụ kpọrọ ngwa egwu ọdịnala: gajdas na violin. Dịka egwu si sonye, ndị Sałashniks mere egwu kacha ochie - owiedziok, owczarza, kolomajka, swinszczok, na masztołka.

Redyk gụnyere ọtụtụ omume obodo, emume na emume. N'oge a, ọ bụ akụkụ nke ntụrụndụ ọdịnala obodo. Oge opupu ihe ubi na oge mgbụsị akwụkwọ nke oge a, Redyk (ụgbọ atụrụ) nwere àgwà nke ihe ngosi ọdịnala nke a na-agwa ndị obodo na ndị njem nleta, kamakwa nye ndị bi n'ugwu n'onwe ha, ndị ga-amata omenala ha. Mgbe ụfọdụ, a na-ahazi redyk nkịtị na Czechia, Slovakia na Romania. Na Poland, ndị nhazi bụ Transhumant Pastoral Foundation.

=== Briten ===

==== Wales ====

[[Otú:Pages with unreviewed translations]]</text>
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      <comment>Ekere na itugharị ihụakwụkwọ nke a &quot;[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1258486599|Oyun river]]&quot;</comment>
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      <text bytes="963" sha1="bvrkd04e1hafj77qfj2lplp7g1ykjym" xml:space="preserve">'''Osimiri Oyun''' ([[Ndi Yoruba|Yoruba]]: Odò Òyun) bụ osimiri dị na mpaghara [[Ilorin]] na Kwara Steeti, [[Naijiria|Naịjirịa]] . Osimiri Oyun na-asọ site na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo na ndịda ọdịda anyanwụ. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Manta|first=I. H.|date=2010-12-31|title=RIVER DISCHARGE GENERATION USING WATER BALANCE COMPUTER MODEL: A CASE STUDY OF RIVER OYUN, KWARA STATE, NIGERIA|url=https://journal.njtd.com.ng/index.php/njtd/article/view/112|journal=Nigerian Journal of Technological Development|language=en|volume=7|issue=2|pages=94–103|issn=2437-2110}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=River Oyun (Oyun River) - Kwara State Map, Weather and Photos - Nigeria: stream - Lat:8.58333 and Long:4.56667|url=https://www.getamap.net/maps/nigeria/nigeria_(general)/_oyun_river/#google_vignette|accessdate=2024-08-02|work=www.getamap.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Edensibịa ==
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[[Otú:Ȯra Kwara]]</text>
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[[File:Lake Victoria Basin in Kenia OSM.png|right|thumb|330px|Osimiri Nzoia (n'elu aka ekpe)]]
'''Osimiri Nzoia''' bụ osimiri {{convert|257|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} [[Kenya]]n, nke si n'ugwu [[Cherangany]] na-ebili. Ọ gafere Kapsara, Springer, na Moi's Bridge wee gafere ruo Kakamega County. Ọ na-asọga n'ebe ndịda wee gaa n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ, mechaa na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]] dị nso n'obodo [[Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri Victoria, Kenya|Ọdụ Ụgbọ Mmiri Victoria]].

Osimiri ahụ na-asọpụta ihe dị ka mita 118 ma ọ bụ ihe dị ka mita kubik nde 3,721 kwa afọ, nke mere ka ọ bụrụ osimiri nke abụọ kachasị ukwuu na mba ahụ site na mmiri ozuzo.

Osimiri ahụ dị mkpa nye Ọdịda Anyanwụ Kenya, na-agafe mpaghara a na-eme atụmatụ na ihe karịrị nde mmadụ 3.5 bi na ya. Mmiri ya na-agba mmiri n'afọ niile, ebe idei mmiri kwa afọ gburugburu ala dị larịị nke Budalang'i na-etinye ihe mkpofu nke na-enyere aka na mmepụta ugbo dị mma na mpaghara ahụ, ọ bụ ezie na ọ na-achụpụ ọtụtụ narị mmadụ ma na-ebibi ebe obibi.

Gburugburu mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe nke dị na [[Webuye]], osimiri ahụ na-amịkọrọ ọtụtụ ihe mkpofu sitere na ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe [[akwụkwọ]] na [[shuga]] dị na mpaghara ahụ. Osimiri ahụ nwere ọtụtụ mmiri ozuzo ma nwee ike imepụta ọkụ eletrik dị mma. Osimiri ahụ na-enwe idei mmiri kwa afọ na nsọtụ ala dị larịị na nke apịtị n'ihi nlọghachi nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.Nke a na-ebute nsogbu enyemaka mmadụ na-enwe mgbe niile n'ala mmiri Budalangi.

== Njikọ mpụga ==

* [http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/IOTD/view.php?id=35977 Flooding on the Nzoia River] at [[NASA Earth Observatory]]</text>
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      <comment>Jiri 'FaithSpeaks is a project aimed at bringing inspiring words and teachings from Christian leaders around the world to Igbo Wikiquote so that it can be accessible, meaningful and relatable to Igbo speakers. The goal is to preserve and share the words of wisdom of respected Christian voices; pastors, priests, evangelists, missionaries and other faith leaders – by making their quotes available in the Igbo language for readers, learners and future generations.' kere ihü</comment>
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      <text bytes="460" sha1="sni4427vjlfs5lw1mjtktvgzpajz33h" xml:space="preserve">FaithSpeaks is a project aimed at bringing inspiring words and teachings from Christian leaders around the world to Igbo Wikiquote so that it can be accessible, meaningful and relatable to Igbo speakers. The goal is to preserve and share the words of wisdom of respected Christian voices; pastors, priests, evangelists, missionaries and other faith leaders – by making their quotes available in the Igbo language for readers, learners and future generations.</text>
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==FaithSpeaks: Christian Voices in Igbo Wikiquote==
FaithSpeaks is a project aimed at bringing inspiring words and teachings from Christian leaders around the world to Igbo Wikiquote so that it can be accessible, meaningful and relatable to Igbo speakers. The goal is to preserve and share the words of wisdom of respected Christian voices; pastors, priests, evangelists, missionaries and other faith leaders – by making their quotes available in the Igbo language for readers, learners and future generations.</text>
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=='''FaithSpeaks: Christian Voices in Igbo Wikiquote'''==
FaithSpeaks is a project aimed at bringing inspiring words and teachings from Christian leaders around the world to Igbo Wikiquote so that it can be accessible, meaningful and relatable to Igbo speakers. The goal is to preserve and share the words of wisdom of respected Christian voices; pastors, priests, evangelists, missionaries and other faith leaders – by making their quotes available in the Igbo language for readers, learners and future generations.


== '''Project Timeline''' ==
*Project Launch/Physical event - '''  Saturday, 18th July 2026
**Time - ''' 11:00AM UTC+1

*Edit-A-Thon start date - ''' Saturday, 18th July 2026
**Time - ''' 11:00AM UTC+1

*Edit-A-Thon end date - ''' Sunday, 2nd August 2026
**Time - ''' 11:00PM UTC+1


== '''Facilitators''' ==
# [[User:Senator Choko]] - Project Lead/Facilitator
# [[User: Vivian Amalachukwu]] - Co-Facilitator


== '''Expectation''' ==
#Expansion of Igbo Wikiquote Content.
#Increased contributor capacity.
#More active contributors in Igbo Wikiquote.
#Preservation and Promotion of Igbo language.
#Improved access to Inspirational and Educational resources.


== '''Target audience''' ==

* Members of the Igbo Wikimedians User Group
* Wikimedia grantees
* Igbo language speakers
* Students and researchers
* Anyone interested in contributing to Wikimedia projects in Igbo


== '''Outcome''' ==
'''TBD'''

== '''Gallery''' ==
'''TBD'''</text>
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      <text bytes="14279" sha1="k5kilw4z7osk7yz58k5zgkzl1jhxh2f" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Osimiri dị na Kenya}}

'''Osimiri Yala''' bụ [[osimiri]] dị n'ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya, otu akụkụ nke [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]. Ọ na-asọfe ngwa ngwa n'elu ala okwute site na nnukwu ndagwurugwu tupu ọ banye na [[Osimiri Nzoia]] wee mepụta [[Apịtị Yala]] n'ókèala Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria. A na-akọkarị ala dị n'akụkụ ya ma ọ bụ jiri ya mee ihe maka ịta nri, ebe ọ bụ na ọ dị obere ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ọhịa mbụ ahụ. [[Mbibi ala]] na-apụta ìhè n'akụkụ osimiri ahụ dum, ọkachasị n'akụkụ ala. A na-arụ ọrụ iji mee ka osimiri ahụ nwee ike iji mmiri rụọ ọrụ.

==Usoro ==

Osimiri Yala na-arịgo n'ime [[Nandi Escarpment]] dị na [[Rift Valley Province]], Kenya. Ọ na-asọga n'ebe ọdịda anyanwụ maka {{convert|219|km}} ruo n'ọnụ ya na [[Lake Victoria]] na [[Siaya County]], Kenya.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} Ọ bụ otu n'ime osimiri Kenya kachasị ukwuu na-eri nri n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria, nke na-agbapụta nkezi nke {{convert|27.4|m3/s}}.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=4}} Osimiri ahụ na-enye ihe dị ka pasentị ise nke mmiri na-abata kwa afọ na Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}}

Osimiri Yala na-agafe ndagwurugwu sara mbara, nke toro eto nke yiri ka e megharịrị ya ọhụrụ n'oge ntụgharị nke metụtara mmegharị nke etiti-[[Pleistocene]]. Ọ na-agba ọsọ ọsọ n'elu akwa nkume, ebe enweghịkwa ụlọ dị larịị na mbara ihu.{{sfn|Ominde|1971|p=30}} Ọwa isi ahụ dị ihe dịka {{convert|30|m}} n'obosara, ewezuga Yala Swamp.{{sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} Osimiri ahụ na-agafe n'akụkụ ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke [[Ọhịa Kakamega]], ebe o nwere mmiri mmiri dị egwu nke {{convert|20|m|adj=on}}.{{sfn|Mwangi|Chege|2019|p=4}}

[[Apịtị Yala]] dị n'ọnụ osimiri ahụ na-ekpuchi ihe dị ka {{convert|175|km2}} n'akụkụ ugwu nke ọdọ mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} Apịtị ahụ nwere {{convert|15|km2}} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli]], ala mmiri dị mmiri deltaic dị ọhụrụ nke nwere omimi nkezi nke {{convert|3|m}}, nke mmiri idei mmiri nke [[Osimiri Nzoia|Nzoia]] na osimiri Yala na-enye nri site na mmiri si n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria. Ọdọ mmiri ahụ bụ ebe mgbaba maka ọtụtụ ụdị azụ̀ ndị na-adịghịzi na Lake Victoria.{{sfn|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}}

N'oge gara aga, Osimiri Yala na-asọfe site na 20% nke Ọwara Yala n'akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ ruo n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli, wee banye n'ime nnukwu apịtị, wee si n'obere ọdọ mmiri banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria. Taa, akụkụ ọwụwa anyanwụ nke apịtị ahụ agbapụtala mmiri, osimiri ahụ na-asọba ozugbo n'ime apịtị ukwu nke {{convert|80|km2}}. Ọdọ mmiri dị n'ime ala dị larịị ekewapụrụ ya site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli. Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli na-enweta mmiri ya ugbu a site n'ebe mmiri gbara ya gburugburu na site n'ala mmiri dị n'azụ.
Ọkpọ mmiri ewepụla ọdọ mmiri ahụ n'ọdọ mmiri ahụ, nke mere ka mmiri zoo n'azụ ya wee malite {{convert|5|km2}} [[Ọdọ Mmiri Sare]].{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} Ọdọ mmiri Sare, nke nwere njikọ kpọmkwem na Ọdọ mmiri Victoria, dị mkpa n'ichekwa anụ azụ̀ [[cichlid]] nke Ọdọ mmiri Victoria.{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005|p=340}} Mmiri osimiri ahụ na-abanye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria site n'Ọdọ Mmiri Sare site na ọwa mmiri nke gafere n'okporo ụzọ C27 nke dị n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ Goye.{{sfn|Relation: Yala (8873639)}}{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005|p=341}}

==Basin==
[[File:Crossing The Yala.jpg|thumb|Raft e ji aka rụọ n'osimiri ahụ]]

Ebe mmiri nke Osimiri Yala na-ekpuchi {{convert|3351|km2}}.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} Nnyocha njikwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke ọdọ mmiri Yala na [[Osimiri Nzoia|Nzoia]] wepụtara akụkọ mmalite na 2008. Ọ mụrụ ihe gbasara blọk ala atọ a na-anọchite anya ha n'ime mmiri Yala.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=5}} N'ime blọk atọ ahụ niile, a kụrụ ọtụtụ ala ahụ. Ihe ubi ndị e ji ebi ndụ gụnyere [[ọka]], [[agwa]], [[sorgum]], [[unere]], [[akpụkpọ]] na [[potato]], ebe ihe ubi ego gụnyere [[tii]], [[wit]] na [[mango]].{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=9, 27, 43}}

Oke Ogidi Yala dị na [[Uasin Gishu District]] gụnyere [[Lake Lessos]], otu n'ime isi iyi mmiri Yala. Ógbè ahụ nwere ala dị larịị, ugwu ndị dị larịị nwere ala dị larịị. E nwekwara ala mmiri na obere iyi na-adịgide adịgide. Ugbo ndị ahụ buru ibu, ọrụ ugbo ha anaghịkwa adị mfe. Ala a na-akọ ihe jupụtara na ahịhịa.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=41}} Mmepụta mmiri ara ehi dị mkpa.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=43}} Pasentị iri abụọ na abụọ nke ala ahụ gosiri mbuze ala na 2008.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=46}}

Ógbè Yala nke dị n'etiti na [[Ógbè Vihiga]] na [[Ógbè Kakamega]] nwere ugwu ugwu nwere ọtụtụ obere iyi, ma nwee ọtụtụ ala mmiri. E nwere ihe fọdụrụ n'ime ọhịa ndị a na-echekwa n'ime blọk ahụ dum e ji eme ihe maka omenala, nakwa osisi n'ime ọhịa Kaimosi dị na ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ nke blọk ahụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ugbo ndị ahụ bụ ndị a kụrụ n'ubi gabigara ókè, na-enweghị ntụgharị ọdịnala na oge ọdịda. A na-elekọta ugbo ndị ahụ nke ọma n'ebe ugwu nke blọk ahụ, ha nwekwara ọtụtụ osisi na ogige, ebe a na-akọkwa ugwu ndị dị elu n'ebe ndịda n'enweghị usoro nchekwa.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=25}} Ihe dị ka ọkara nke blọk ahụ na-egosi ihe akaebe nke mbuze ala.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=29}}

Blọk Yala nke dị na [[Mpaghara Kisumu]] na [[Mpaghara Siaya]] nwere ala dị ala ruo na nke dị n'etiti, nwere obere ugwu ole na ole buru ibu. Ọtụtụ n'ime ndị bi na ya bụ [[ndị Luo|Luo]], mana n'ebe ụfọdụ, ndị mmadụ bụ [[ndị Luhya|Luhya]].{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=9}} A na-eji ihe dị ka pasentị iri anọ na atọ nke ala ahụ eme ihe ubi, ebe pasentị iri ise na ise maka anụ ụlọ ịta nri.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=13}} Anụ ụlọ gụnyere ehi, ehi, ọkụkọ, ewu na atụrụ.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=18}} E nwere obere osisi, na mbuze ala gbasaara ebe niile.{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=14}}

==Ọrụ mmiri eletrik==

Ruo afọ 2016, e mechaala ọmụmụ ihe gbasara mmepe nke dam mmiri Nandi Forest iji kwado ịgba mmiri, inye mmiri na mmepụta ọkụ eletrik. Ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ahụ ga-enwe turbine Pelton abụọ nke nwere ike 25 MW ma na-enye 185 GWh kwa afọ.{{sfn|Lahmeyer International GmbH|2016|p=59}} N'ọnwa Eprel afọ 2020, a mara ọkwa na Tembo Power nke Mauritius, tinyere Metier na WK Construction nke South Africa, abanyela aka na nkwekọrịta maka mmepe nke [[ọsọ-na-ọsọ-na-na-osimiri-ọkụ eletrik]] n'elu Osimiri Gala.{{sfn|Kenya: Tembo Power ...}} A ga-enwe ike ike [[Ọdụ Ike Kaptis Hydroelectric]] nke nwere ike ịrụ ọrụ ruo 2022. Ọrụ a ga-efu nde dọla iri atọ. A ga-enye ọkụ eletrik ahụ na grid nke gọọmentị [[Kenya Power and Lighting Company]] (KPLC) na-arụ ọrụ.{{sfn|Takouleu|2020}} A chọrọ ka ụlọ ọrụ ọkụ eletrik ahụ dị nso n'obodo [[Kakamega]].{{sfn|Creamer|2020}}

==Mgbanwe gburugburu ebe obibi==
[[File:Kenyaboli1.JPG|thumb|[[Ọdọ Mmiri Kanyaboli]] ]]
Nnyocha e mere gbasara data mwepụ site na 1950 ruo 2000 gosiri mmụba n'ozuzu nke mwepụta. Nke a nwere ike ịbụ n'ihi mbibi nke mkpuchi ala, gụnyere oke ọhịa ndị obodo.{{sfn|Sangale|Okungu|Opango|2011|p=6}} Ntọhapụ nri dị n'ime ọdọ mmiri ahụ kwa afọ dị ihe dị ka tọn 1,000 nke [[nitrogen]] na tọn 102 nke [[phosphorus]].{{sfn|Boye|Verchot|Zomer|2008|p=4}} Ihe ndị na-eyi gburugburu ebe obibi osimiri egwu gụnyere ihe mkpofu sitere na ikpochapụ ihe ndị dị n'ime ala, mwụfu mmanụ n'ime na nso osimiri ahụ, igbukpọ ọhịa na mbuze nke si na nsọtụ osimiri pụta, na mwepụ ájá.{{sfn|Okuna|2019}} Ọrụ mmepe gụnyere ọrụ ịgba mmiri na mmiri mmiri n'akụkụ ala na etiti nke ọdọ mmiri ahụ, ike mmiri, na ngwaahịa ala mmiri, njem nlegharị anya gburugburu ebe obibi na njem nlegharị anya egwuregwu mmiri, na ikekwe [[nchekwa carbon]].{{sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}}

A ghaghị iji nlezianya jikwaa mgbanwe nke ala mmiri maka mmepụta ihe ubi iji hụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na-adịgide adịgide. A ghaghị ịnọgide na-enwe ala mmiri zuru oke iji chịkwaa mbuze ma melite mma mmiri, nke na-emetụta azụ̀ n'osimiri na ọdọ mmiri dị n'akụkụ ya. A ga-arụkwa ọrụ ndozigharị nke ebe mmiri ahụ iji nọgide na-enwe mmepụta ihe ubi ma belata mbuze na nsị nke ala mmiri na osimiri.{{sfn|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} Akụkọ nke afọ 2005 gosiri mgbanwe dị na Lake Sare nke yiri gburugburu ebe obibi ọdọ mmiri ahụ egwu site na mmetọ ikuku na mmebi. Ọ tụrụ aro atụmatụ njikwa gụnyere ihe niile gbasara ogige mmiri Yala iji gbochie mmebi ọzọ nke gburugburu ebe obibi.{{sfn|Gichuki|Maithya|Masai|2005||p=347}} Dịka ọ dị na 2019, BirdLife International kwuru na ihe iyi egwu nke ebe apịtị ahụ dị elu, o nweghịkwa olileanya maka ihe a ga-eme.{{sfn|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}}

==Ihe ndetu==
{{reflist|25em}}

{{commons category|Yala River}}

==Isi mmalite==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.oceandocs.org/bitstream/handle/1834/6839/ktf0256.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |access-date=2021-03-07 |first1=Anja |last1=Boye |first2=Louis |last2=Verchot |first3=Robert |last3=Zomer |publisher=International Centre for Research in Agorforestry |location=Nairobi, Kenya |date=5 March 2008 |title=Baseline Report Yala and Nzoia River Basins |type=Western Kenya Integrated Ecosystem Management Project: Findings from the Baseline Surveys }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*{{citation |url=https://www.engineeringnews.co.za/article/debt-funders-appointed-for-15-mw-kenya-hydropower-project-2020-04-16/rep_id:4136 |access-date=2021-03-07
 |last=Creamer |first=Terence |date=16 April 2020 |work=Engineering News  |title=Debt funders appointed for 15 MW Kenya hydropower project}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268351503 |access-date=2021-03-07
 |last1=Gichuki |first1=John |first2=Jacob |last2=Maithya |first3=D. M. |last3=Masai  |title= Recent ecological changes in of Lake Sare, western Kenya
 |date=September 2005 |publisher=Kenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.fcgkenya.co.ke/projects/identification-of-a-multipurpose-water-resources-development-project-in-the-yala-river-basin-in-kenya |access-date=2021-03-07
 |title=Identification of a multipurpose water resources development project in the Yala River basin in Kenya |publisher=FCG Kenya 
 |ref={{harvid|Identification of a multipurpose water resources ...}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://www.africa-energy.com/article/kenya-tembo-power-develop-first-hydro-project-metier |access-date=2021-03-07
 |title=Kenya: Tembo Power to develop first hydro project with Metier |date=17 April 2020 |work=African Energy |ref={{harvid|Kenya: Tembo Power ...}} }}
*{{citation |url=https://docplayer.net/30808072-Development-of-a-power-generation-and-transmission-master-plan-kenya.html |access-date=2021-03-07
 |author=Lahmeyer International GmbH |title=Development of a Power Generation and Transmission Master Plan, Kenya |date=May 2016}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |access-date=2021-03-07 |title=Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya |publisher=Global Nature Fund |ref={{harvid|Lake Kanyaboli – Kenya GNF}} |archive-date=2021-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054119/https://www.globalnature.org/35619/Living-Lakes/National-Networks/Network-East-Africa/Kanyaboli/resindex.aspx |url-status=dead }}
*{{citation |url=https://www.nema.go.ke/images/Docs/EIA_1680-1689/EIA_1683_Kakamega%20Forest%20fence%20ESIA%20Study-min.pdf |access-date=2021-03-07
 |last1=Mwangi |first1=Peter |last2=Chege |first2=David |date=December 2019 |publisher=Kenya Wildlife Service
 |title=Environmental and Social Impact Assessment Study Report for the Proposed Kakamega Forest Conservation Fence Project}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.grin.com/document/465661 |access-date=2021-03-06 |location=Munich |publisher=GRIN Verlag
 |last=Okuna |first=Patience |year=2019 |title=Threats to the survival of river Yala in Kenya}}
*{{citation
 |last=Ominde|first=Simeon Hongo|title=Studies in East African Geography and Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WgamvCA98usC&amp;pg=PA30
 |date=1971-01-01|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-02073-3}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/8873639#map=12/-0.0290/34.0623 |access-date=2021-03-07
 |title=Relation: Yala (8873639) |work=OpenStreetMap |ref={{harvid|Relation: Yala (8873639)}} }}
*{{citation |title=Variation of flow of water from Rivers Nzoia, Yala and Sio into Lake Victoria |year=2011
 |last1=Sangale |first1=Felix |last2=Okungu |first2=John |last3=Opango |first3=Peterlis |publisher=Ministry of Environment and Natural Resources  |url=http://repository.eac.int:8080/bitstream/handle/11671/824/Variation%20of%20flow%20of%20water%20from%20rivers%20Nzoia%2c%20Yala%20and%20Sio%20into%20Lake%20Victoria.pdf?sequence=1&amp;isAllowed=y |access-date=2021-03-07}}
*{{citation |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/kenya-eaif-and-finnfund-finance-15-mw-kaptis-hydroelectric-project/ |access-date=2021-03-07
 |last=Takouleu  |first=Jean-Marie|date=20 April 2020  |title=KENYA: EAIF and Finnfund finance 15 MW Kaptis Hydroelectric Project |work=Afrik21}}
*{{citation |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/factsheet/yala-swamp-complex-iba-kenya |access-date=2021-03-07
 |title=Yala Swamp Complex |publisher=BirdLife International |ref={{harvid|Yala Swamp Complex ... BirdLife}} }}
{{refend}}

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    <title>Osimiri Gucha</title>
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      <text bytes="5709" sha1="cbwntgp2vdxe04lkt8j43fvdj63k60x" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox river
| name               = Gucha - Migori
| name_other         = Kuja
| name_etymology     = 
&lt;!---------------------- IMAGE &amp; MAP --&gt;
| image              = 
| image_size         = 
| image_caption      = 
| map                = Lake Victoria Basin in Kenia OSM.png
| map_size           = 
| map_caption        = Gucha River (center left)
| pushpin_map        = 
| pushpin_map_size   = 
| pushpin_map_caption= 
| mapframe = yes
&lt;!---------------------- LOCATION --&gt;
| subdivision_type1  = Country
| subdivision_name1  = [[Kenya]]
| subdivision_type2  = 
| subdivision_name2  = 
| subdivision_type3  = 
| subdivision_name3  = 
| subdivision_type4  = 
| subdivision_name4  = 
| subdivision_type5  = 
| subdivision_name5  = 
&lt;!---------------------- PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS --&gt;
| length_km          = 149
| length_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;jica_2014&quot;/&gt;
| width_min          = 
| width_avg          = 
| width_max          = 
| depth_min          = 
| depth_avg          = 
| depth_max          = 
| discharge1_location= 
| discharge1_min     = 
| discharge1_avg     = {{convert|58 &lt;ref name=&quot;jica_2014&quot;/&gt;|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| discharge1_max     = 
&lt;!---------------------- BASIN FEATURES --&gt;
| source1            = 
| source1_location   = [[Nyamira County]]
| source1_coordinates= {{coord|-0.563813|34.993856|display=inline}}
| source1_elevation  = 
| mouth              = [[Lake Victoria]]
| mouth_location     = [[Migori County]]
| mouth_coordinates  = {{coord|-0.905|34.144|display=inline,title}}
| mouth_elevation    = 
| progression        = 
| river_system       = 
| basin_size_km2     = 6900
| basin_size_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;jica_2014&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;lbda_2008&quot; /&gt;
| tributaries_left   = Sare River, Oyani River, [[Migori River]], Ongoche River
| tributaries_right  = Riana River
| custom_label       = 
| custom_data        = 
| extra              = 
}}

'''Osimiri Gucha''', nke a na-akpọ Osimiri Kuja site n'aka [[Luo (ezinụlọ nke agbụrụ)|Luo]] obodo sitere n'ugwu Kiabonyoru dị na [[Nyamira County]] na-agafe n'etiti [[Mpaghara Gucha]] na-aga ọdịda anyanwụ site na obodo Migori ebe ọ na-esonyere Osimiri Migori ma na-asọba dị ka Osimiri Kuja-Migori na-abanye [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite thesis |last=Mang’era |first=Ondemo, Fredrick |title=Evaluating Fish Community Structure In Relation To Water Quality Along Nyangweta Tributary, Kuja- Migori River Basin, Kenya |date=2023 |publisher=Kisii University |url=http://repository.kisiiuniversity.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/8309 |language=en |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20260112175532/http://repository.kisiiuniversity.ac.ke:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/8309 |archive-date=2026-01-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ka ọ na-agafe n'Ala Gusii, akụkụ ya na-aghọ Osimiri Mogonga, nke a maara maka mmetụta dị egwu ya mgbe idei mmiri ruru. Mogonga na Gucha fọrọ nke nta ka ha hà nhata, ha na-ezute naanị otu maịlụ tupu ha agafee n'etiti obodo [[Ogembo]].

Osimiri Gucha-Migori gbanwere ụzọ ya n'akụkụ ọnụ ya n'afọ 2001-2002, wee gaa n'ebe ugwu ruo ebe ọ dị ugbu a.&lt;ref name=&quot;jica_2014&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=WRMA and JICA|title=Appendix 3-4 Gucha Migori River Basin Integrated Flood Management Plan Draft|url=http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/1000018470_03.pdf|accessdate=4 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204174450/http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/1000018470_03.pdf|archivedate=4 December 2016|date=July 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

N'ihe dị ka kilomita iri anọ na ise site na [[Migori]], e mechara mmiri mmiri [[Gogo Falls]] n'afọ 1956, nke nwere ike ike mmiri nke 2MW, nke jikọtara ya na grid mba Kenya.&lt;ref name=&quot;lbda_2008&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lake Basin Development Authority|title=PROPOSAL FOR A FEASIBILITY STUDY ON KUJA RIVER MULTIPURPOSE PROJECT|url=http://www.lbda.co.ke/downloads/HEP_projects/HEP%20Kuja.pdf|accessdate=4 December 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161204152121/http://www.lbda.co.ke/downloads/HEP_projects/HEP%20Kuja.pdf|archivedate=2016-12-04|date=June 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Kenya Electricity Generating Company]] (Kengen) na-arụ ọrụ mgbochi mmiri a.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=HYDRO POWER STATIONS|url=http://www.kengen.co.ke/?q=content/hydro-power-stations|website=www.kengen.co.ke|accessdate=4 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160417203736/http://www.kengen.co.ke/?q=content%2Fhydro-power-stations|archive-date=17 April 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
Na 2014, gọọmentị Kenya kwupụtara nkwalite na ọdọ mmiri ahụ, iji mee ka ikike ya ruo 12MW, chịkwaa mmiri iji gbochie idei mmiri, ma kwe ka mmiri gbaa ihe dị ka hekta 25,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Government to boost energy capacity of Gogo Falls|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/article/2000105509/government-to-boost-energy-capacity-of-gogo-falls|website=Standard Digital News|date=February 2014|accessdate=4 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Ruo ọnwa Febụwarị afọ 2016, e wurula mmiri na ọwa mmiri Orango n'okpuru ọdọ mmiri ahụ maka ojiji nke ndị ọrụ ugbo Okenge na Owiro na [[Migori County]], mana e gbuola oge iwu nke ọwa nkesa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Endless  wait  for  irrigation  water  dampens  Nyatike  farmers’  hopes|url=http://kenyanewsagency.go.ke/en/endless-wait-for-irrigation-water-dampens-nyatike-farmers-hopes/|website=Kenya News Agency|date=February 2016|accessdate=4 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220045247/http://kenyanewsagency.go.ke/en/endless-wait-for-irrigation-water-dampens-nyatike-farmers-hopes/|archive-date=20 December 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ebe ihe ochie [[Gogo Falls]] dị nso na mgbochi mmiri ahụ.

== Edensibia ==
{{Reflist}}


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    <title>Osimiri Nyando</title>
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      <text bytes="7918" sha1="s3otz0omd93zkyw7o0d1o1srl0z14qe" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Osimiri dị n'ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2026}}

'''Osimiri Nyando''' dị na [[[Western Province (Kenya)| ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya]], na-agafe na mpaghara [[Kericho County | Kericho]], [[Nandi County | Nandi]], na [[Kisumu County|Kisumu]] tupu ha abanye n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]. Osimiri na ala ya na-arụ ọrụ dị mkpa na mmụta mmiri, akụ na ụba, na gburugburu ebe obibi nke Basin Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=Satellite imagery uncovers the scale of Kenya's floods |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/health/satellite-imagery-uncovers-the-scale-of-kenya-s-floods-4385492 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=Biophysical Baseline Information For The Nyando Catchment Area |url=http://localhost:8080/dspace/handle/0/8279 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Osimiri ahụ dị ihe dị ka kilomita 153.

== Ọdịdị ala na usoro ==
Osimiri Nyando sitere n'ugwu Tinderet Forest dị na [[Nandi Hills, Kenya|Nandi Hills]] na mpaghara [[Mau Escarpment]] dị na [[Rift Valley Province|Rift Valley]]. Ọ na-aga n'akụkụ ọdịda anyanwụ site na mpaghara Kericho yana [[Muhoroni Constituency|Muhoroni]] gawa n'akụkụ Nyando nke Kisumu, na-agagharị nso Ahero dị na Kano Plains tupu ha abanye na [[Winam Gulf]] nke dị na mgbago ugwu ọwụwa anyanwụ nke Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria. Osimiri ndị bụ́ isi bụ Osimiri Asawo, Osimiri Awachi, Osimiri Paragusi, Osimiri Kipchorian na Ombei.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Basin na hydrology ==
A na-eme atụmatụ na mpaghara Osimiri Nyando dị square kilomita 3,600, ebe ịdị elu ya sitere na ihe dị ka mita 2,700 n'ime ala elu ruo mita 1,100 n'akụkụ ọdọ mmiri ahụ. Ógbè mmiri ahụ nwere usoro mmiri ozuzo [[Multimodal distribution|bimodal]], nke na-eme ka idei mmiri na-apụtaghachi ugboro ugboro na ala dị larịị n'oge mmiri ozuzo dị ogologo (Maachị–Mee) na obere mmiri ozuzo (Ọktoba–Disemba).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-08-29 |title=New flood forecasting system brings hope to Nyando residents |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/health/new-flood-forecasting-system-brings-hope-to-nyando-residents-4742690 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Idei mmiri na nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi ==
Idei mmiri n'akụkụ Osimiri Nyando bụ nsogbu na-aga n'ihu, ọkachasị n'ala dị larịị nke mpaghara Kano Plains, Ahero, Kadibo, na [[Nyando Constituency|Nyando]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-11-29 |title=Ahero Floods: Nyando River In Kisumu Bursts Its Banks |url=https://thekenyatimes.com/latest-kenya-times-news/families-sleep-on-highway-as-two-villages-are-submerged/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2022-05-25 |title=Nyando - NWHSA |url=https://www.waterauthority.go.ke/nyando/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.waterauthority.go.ke |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Na 1961, e nwere ihe ndị mere n'ime idei mmiri nke mere n'afọ 1997 ruo 1998 [[El Niño]], na 2020, mmiri ozuzo nke ọdọ mmiri Victoria kpuchiri obodo nta dị na Ahero na West Kano.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |last=Ram |first=Ed |date=2020-06-02 |title='The water will come back': why Kenya's struggle against flooding is far from over |url=https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2020/jun/02/the-water-will-come-back-why-kenyas-struggle-against-flooding-is-far-from-over |access-date=2026-05-27 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mmiri ozuzo na-ezo nke ukwuu na igbukpọ oke ọhịa na-akpata nsị ájá, mbelata ikike mmiri ịgbapụta mmiri, na mbufe obodo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=[PHOTOS] Destruction, vehicles submerged in Ahero as River Nyando breaks banks |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/counties/nyanza/2024-05-05-photos-destruction-vehicles-submerged-in-ahero-as-river-nyando-breaks-banks |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=The Star |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iji belata mmetụta ndị a, ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na òtù ndị na-abụghị nke gọọmentị (NGO) na-emejuputa ọtụtụ ọrụ njikwa idei mmiri na njikwa mmiri.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-05 |title=Kisumu-Nairobi highway rendered impassable after river Nyando bursts its banks |url=https://www.citizen.digital/news/kisumu-nairobi-highway-rendered-impassable-after-river-nyando-bursts-its-banks-n341569 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Citizen Digital |language=en-KE}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2024-05-05 |title=Transport paralysed on Kisumu-Nairobi highway as River Nyando bursts banks |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/kisumu/transport-paralysed-on-kisumu-nairobi-highway-as-river-nyando-bursts-banks--4613634 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọmụmụ ihe gbasara gburugburu ebe obibi ==
[[Ala mmiri]], [[papyrus]] apịtị, na ahịhịa ndị dị n'ime idei mmiri so n'ime ebe obibi ndị na-eto nke ọma na ala Nyando dị ala. Usoro gburugburu ebe obibi ndị a dị oke mkpa maka ịmụpụta azụ, ọnụọgụ nnụnụ, na nzacha mmiri na Lake Victoria. Agbanyeghị, mmepe ọrụ ugbo, nsị mmiri, na mmetọ sitere na mmiri ozuzo obodo na ugbo na-etinye ahụike gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihe ize ndụ.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-29 |title=Kisumu residents sue Agro Chemicals over pollution |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/counties/kisumu/kisumu-residents-sue-agro-chemicals-over-pollution-243066 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite report |url=https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/articles/report/Pollution_by_sugar_industries_in_Kenya_the_damage_to_communities_along_River_Nyando/26446978/1 |title=Pollution by sugar industries in Kenya: the damage to communities along River Nyando |last=Onjala |first=Joseph |date=1996-12-31 |publisher=The Institute of Development Studies and Partner Organisations |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2020-06-28 |title=Pollution: Nema withdraws Agro-Chemicals licence |url=https://nation.africa/kenya/news/pollution-nema-withdraws-agro-chemicals-licence-230828 |access-date=2025-11-06 |website=Daily Nation |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |date=2019 |title=Assessment of water quality of the Nyando River (Muhoroni-Kenya) using the water quality index (WQI) method |url=https://www.isca.me/IJENS/Archive/v8/i2/4.ISCA-IRJEvS-2018-103.php |journal=International Research Journal of Environmental Sciences |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=27–33}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akụ na ụba na ojiji ala ==
[[File:Nyando_at_Ahero_people.jpg|thumb|Ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na-eji Osimiri Nyando dị nso n'obe Ahero.]]
N'ihi ụrọ vertisols, nke siri ike ịgbapụta mmiri ma dịkwa mma maka ịkọ osikapa, osimiri ahụ na-enye ebe a na-agba mmiri, gụnyere [[Ahero Irrigation Scheme]], nke [[National Irrigation Authority (Kenya)|National Irrigation Authority]] na-arụ ọrụ ma na-emepụta osikapa, ọka, na akwụkwọ nri.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Obodo ndị dị n'osimiri ahụ na-adabere n'osimiri ahụ maka ịkụ azụ, mmiri ụlọ, na obere ọrụ ugbo. N'afọ ndị na-adịbeghị anya, a na-agba mbọ ịkwalite njikwa ala na ịkpụgharị ọhịa n'ebe ndị dị elu.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2023-11-07 |title=Analysis of Land Use Land Cover Changes of Okana Wetland Ecosystems in Lower Nyando River Basin, Kisumu County, Kenya – Journal of Research Innovation and Implications in Education |url=https://www.jriiejournal.com/analysis-of-land-use-land-cover-changes-of-okana-wetland-ecosystems-in-lower-nyando-river-basin-kisumu-county-kenya/ |access-date=2025-11-06 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A na-egwupụta ala osimiri ndị a nke ọma maka ájá e ji arụ ọrụ n'ime mpaghara ahụ.

== Leekwa ==
* [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]
* [[Ndepụta osimiri Kenya]]
* [[Atụmatụ Ịgba Mmiri Ahero]]

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    <title>Osimiri Sondu Miriu</title>
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      <comment>Translated this article from English</comment>
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      <text bytes="3997" sha1="fvcu44nuekyyni8qy75xqsly4lc30li" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Osimiri dị na Kenya}}
'''Osimiri Sondu Miriu''' bụ osimiri sara mbara dị na [[Ọdịda Anyanwụ (Kenya)|ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya]] nke na-asọba n'ime [[Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria]]. Ọ na-enye aka nke ukwuu na mmụta mmiri na mpaghara ahụ, mmepụta ike, ụdịdị dị iche iche nke ihe ndị dị ndụ, na ihe nketa omenala. Ebe mmiri mmiri nke osimiri ahụ gụnyere akụkụ nke ógbè [[Kericho County|Kericho]], [[Kisumu]], Nyando, na [[Homa Bay]], nke mere ka ọ bụrụ ebe dị mkpa maka obodo, ọrụ ugbo, na mmepe mba.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Ochieng |first1=Willis Owino |last2=Oludhe |first2=Christopher |last3=Dulo |first3=Simeon |last4=Olaka |first4=Lydia |date=2022 |title=Climate Change Adaptation Strategies for Hydropower Development in Sondu Miriu Basin |journal=Advances in Meteorology |language=en |volume=2022 |issue=1 |article-number=6485960 |doi=10.1155/2022/6485960 |bibcode=2022AdMet202285960O |doi-access=free |issn=1687-9317}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Kenya: Resistance to the Sondu Miriu Dam project {{!}} World Rainforest Movement |url=https://www.wrm.org.uy/bulletin-articles/kenya-resistance-to-the-sondu-miriu-dam-project |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.wrm.org.uy |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ọdịdị ala na usoro ==
Osimiri Sondu Miriu malitere na [[Mau Escarpment]] dị na mpaghara [[Rift Valley Province|Rift Valley]] ma na-asọfe site na mpaghara Bomet, Kericho na Kisumu tupu ọ banye n'Ọdọ Mmiri Victoria. Ógbè mmiri ahụ nwere ihe dị ka 3,470km² ma nwee apịtị, ugwu ndị dị n'oké ọhịa, na ala ubi.

== Ike mmiri eletrik ==
Osimiri ahụ nwere [[Ọdụ Ike Mmiri Sondu Miriu]], ọrụ mmiri nke nwere ike ịgba ọsọ nke MW 60 nke [[Ụlọ Ọrụ Na-emepụta Ọkụ eletrik Kenya]] (KenGen) na-achịkwa.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Directors |first=Hydro Review Content |date=2008-04-10 |title=Kenya completes commissioning of 60-MW Sondu Miriu |url=https://www.renewableenergyworld.com/energy-business/new-project-development/kenya-completes-commissioning-of-60-mw-sondu-miriu/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Factor This™ |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ọrụ a malitere n'afọ 1999, e wee malite ọrụ ikpeazụ na 2008, ọ na-enyekwa aka nke ukwuu na nhazi mba Kenya. Tinyere nke ahụ, e mechara wuo [[Ọdụ Ike Mmiri Sang'oro]] iji jiri mmiri a gbapụtara site na Sondu Miriu, wee tinye 20 MW nke [[ike mmeghari ohuru]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sondu |url=https://www.kengen.co.ke/index.php/olkaria/sondu.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.kengen.co.ke}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Sondu Miriu power project to ease energy crisis in western Kenya - Business Daily |url=https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/Sondu-Miriu-power-project-to-ease-energy-crisis-in-western-Kenya/-/539546/1216804/-/12wc4gdz/-/index.html |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=www.businessdailyafrica.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Construction of Sondu Miriu Hydro Power Project – H Young &amp; Co. (E.A.) Ltd |url=https://hyoung.com/portfolio/construction-of-sondu-miriu-hydro-power-project/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Durrant &amp; Company International Ltd - Africa Project |url=https://durrantinternational.com/ProjectPage_africa6.htm |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=durrantinternational.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=By |date=2009-07-24 |title=Kenya launches Sondu Miriu power plant |url=https://www.capitalfm.co.ke/business/2009/07/kenya-launches-sondu-miriu-power-plant/ |access-date=2025-09-08 |website=Capital Business |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mkpa omenala dị ==
Osimiri ahụ dị mkpa n'ọdịnala obodo ndị dị na ọdịda anyanwụ Kenya, ọkachasị [[ndị Luo]]. Ọ na-akwalite ọrụ ịkụ azụ ọdịnala ma a na-amata ya n'akụkọ ihe mere eme obodo dị ka isi iyi mmiri dị nsọ ma bụrụ ihe nnọchianya.

== Leekwa ==
* Ọdịdị ala nke Kenya
* Ndepụta osimiri Kenya

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